The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 4643 Copyright © 2025 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal on Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 13, Number 2, December 2025 pp. 4643 - 4663 Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design Mutakhirani Mustafa1, Nirwana2, Nelly Husni Laely3, Emi Anggreani Masjur4, Eka Pitra5 1UIN Siber Syekh Nurjati Cirebon 2,Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 3,UIN Siber Syekh Nurjati Cirebon, Cirebon 4,STIT Rakeyan Santang 5Universitas Muhammadiyah Cirebon, Cirebon Corresponding E-Mail: mutakhiranimustafa@syekhnurjati.ac.id Received: 2025-05-04 Accepted: 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.24256/ideas. v13i2.6533 Abstract In the 21st century, linguistic studies have expanded their objectives, one of which is promoting Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a constructivist approach to understanding language in social contexts. Mapping current trends in CDA is essential for understanding its trajectory and methodological evolution in linguistic research. This study aims to examine research trends in CDA by analyzing articles published in Indonesian linguistic journals indexed in Sinta 1 to 4 from 2016 to 2022. Specifically, it evaluates the number of publications, CDA principles, models used, types of research and data, research objects, data collection and analysis techniques, and research subjects. Using a content analysis method with a document scanning approach, 30 articles were selected from 15 linguistic journals identified via keyword search (“linguistic”) on the Sinta index. The study shows a significant increase in CDA-related publications in the last three years. Most studies employed qualitative research, particularly descriptive designs. News texts were the most common research objects, with observation and content analysis as primary data collection and analysis methods. Norman Fairclough’s model and cultural perspectives were the most frequently applied CDA frameworks. The findings highlight the growing academic interest in CDA within Indonesian linguistic journals. However, there is still a need to diversify research types, explore alternative CDA models, enhance analytical depth, and apply more rigorous data analysis methods in future studies. http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:mutakhiranimustafa@syekhnurjati.ac.id Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4644 Keywords: linguistic journals, critical discourse analysis, data analysis, critical discourse analysis model Introduction In the field of linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has become increasingly popular as an approach used to investigate linguistic and social phenomena. In the era of technology and globalization, CDA studies have become more relevant in analysing social, political, and cultural changes in society. CDA is a methodology that addresses issues of power imbalances, ideological forms, and abuses of authority in both written and spoken discourse. This approach is used to enhance academic and analytical capabilities, such as identifying power imbalances on a national, regional, or village scale, analysing the intentions and purposes of those in power in policies, as well as the ideologies adopted by individuals or communities through discourse. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) research has significant importance in the field of linguistics for the following reasons, it reveals power structures in discourse, i.e. CDA allows in-depth analysis of the power contained in discourse. Through this approach, CDA research can identify and critique emerging imbalances of power, hierarchy, and dominance in language and communication Najibulloh, Y., Komalawati, E., & Wilantara, M. (2022) . It helps understand how power is reproduced and maintained through discourse, as well as its impact on society. Uncovering ideologies and perspectives i.e. CDA helps in uncovering ideologies embedded in discourse. In an era of rapid social and cultural change, CDA helps in analyzing the impact of such changes in discourse. Through CDA analysis, researchers can identify how language is used to maintain the status quo, oppress certain groups, or reinforce social inequality. As well as providing a deep understanding of the complexity of discourse, CDA provides a deeper understanding of the complexity of discourse. Through CDA analysis, researchers can identify and analyze various aspects such as text structure, social structure, the role of identity, and the construction of meaning in discourse. This helps uncover the layers of meaning hidden behind the language used and provides insight into how language and context influence each other. CDA research is important in the field of linguistics because it helps understand the complexity of discourse, reveal power structures and ideologies, analyze social and cultural changes, and provide a critical perspective on dominant discourse. This research provides a strong theoretical and methodological foundation for understanding language. In the Indonesian context, CDA has gained prominence among linguists and discourse scholars, especially for analyzing local power dynamics, media representation, political rhetoric, and educational discourse. However, while the IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4645 body of CDA-related research has grown, a comprehensive overview of its development in national academic journals remains scarce. Most prior studies tend to focus on isolated case analyses or individual texts, without synthesizing broader patterns in research design, theoretical orientation, or methodological diversity. As a result, the trajectory of CDA research in Indonesia its dominant models, research objects, and evolution over time remains underexplored and fragmented. This study seeks to fill that research gap by systematically mapping the trends in CDA research as published in Indonesian linguistic journals indexed in Sinta 1 to 4 between 2016 and 2022. Using content analysis, this research aims to identify what CDA models are most frequently employed, what types of data and methods are utilized, and how the research focus has shifted over the years. Such mapping is important not only to document the growth of CDA in Indonesia but also to guide future researchers in selecting relevant approaches and expanding theoretical frameworks. The significance of this study also lies in the growing interdisciplinary nature of CDA research. Modern discourse studies often intersect with fields such as sociology, political science, media studies, education, and gender studies. This interdisciplinarity is reflected in the diverse themes analyzed in recent CDA research, such as news bias, political campaign discourse, online hate speech, gender stereotyping, and educational materials. Yet, despite this richness, the actual diversity of CDA models and their theoretical underpinnings in Indonesian research remains limited, often favouring a narrow set of frameworks primarily Fairclough and Van Dijk. Moreover, recent studies post-2020 highlight the importance of expanding CDA applications beyond traditional text-based analysis. For instance, digital discourse spanning social media, visual narratives, and multimodal texts demands new analytical approaches that integrate CDA with digital ethnography or multimodal discourse analysis (Jenks, 2020). By applying these frameworks, the study aims to evaluate the intellectual direction of CDA research in Indonesia and highlight patterns in how discourse, ideology, and power are being analyzed in scholarly work. Preliminary observations suggest a dominant reliance on Fairclough and Van Dijk, with minimal use of alternative models such as Wodak’s or Mills’. There is also a strong preference for descriptive qualitative designs, focusing mostly on news articles, political speeches, and educational texts. Despite this focus, the study identifies several areas for improvement in CDA research: the need to diversify data sources (e.g., social media, digital platforms), expand theoretical models, and apply mixed methods approaches. There is also room for more context-sensitive CDA that considers local sociocultural factors and indigenous discourse practices, which are often overlooked in mainstream analyses. In conclusion, this study not only provides a comprehensive overview of CDA research trends in Indonesian linguistics but also offers practical recommendations for future research. It encourages scholars to explore underrepresented CDA models, adopt more Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4646 analytical rigor, and engage in interdisciplinary collaborations. Through this effort, CDA can continue to grow as a critical tool for understanding the role of language in shaping Indonesian society. Method This study employed a content analysis approach to examine how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has been applied in linguistic research within Indonesian academic journals. The articles analyzed were published online prior to July 2022 and were selected based on their explicit engagement with CDA in linguistic contexts. Out of hundreds of articles initially identified, 30 articles were chosen for detailed analysis. These articles were drawn from 14 linguistic journals indexed in SINTA (Science and Technology Index) 1 to 4, an official platform developed by the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education to monitor and assess scientific publication quality (http://sinta2.ristekdikti.go.id/). The selection process involved identifying journals listed under the “linguistics” category on the SINTA database as of July 2018, and extracting all articles that implemented CDA in their research frameworks. To facilitate systematic analysis, the study utilized a content analysis instrument in the form of a coding guideline. This instrument comprised seven key aspects: (1) number of CDA publications per year, (2) principles of CDA reflected in the studies, (3) the specific CDA models adopted, (4) type of research approach, (5) type of qualitative data, (6) object of research, and (7) methods of data analysis. For aspects (1), (4), and (5), categories were developed inductively during the coding process due to the lack of standardized categories in previous research and the risk of overgeneralization. Conversely, aspects (2), (3), (6), and (7) were based on predefined categories adapted from Fauzi & Pradipta (2018). The predefined categories for each aspect included various principles such as power, ideology, culture, gender, and social practice; CDA models such as those proposed by Fairclough, Van Dijk, Van Leeuwen, Wodak and Reisigl, Siegfried Ja ger, and Florentine Maier; and objects of study such as news scripts, poems, songs, speeches, textbooks, and postcolonial texts. For data analysis, each article was coded and classified according to the relevant categories by closely examining the abstract, methodology, and discussion sections. The classification decisions were based on explicit descriptions provided by the authors. The coded data were then visualized using bar charts to illustrate trends and distributions across categories. This structured content analysis allows for a systematic mapping of how CDA has been utilized in linguistic research and offers insights into patterns in theory application, research focus, and methodological diversity. IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4647 This study employed a content analysis approach to examine how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has been applied in linguistic research within Indonesian academic journals. The articles analyzed were published online prior to July 2022 and were selected based on their explicit engagement with CDA in linguistic contexts. Out of hundreds of articles initially identified, 30 articles were chosen for detailed analysis. These articles were drawn from 14 linguistic journals indexed in SINTA (Science and Technology Index) 1 to 4, an official platform developed by the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education to monitor and assess scientific publication quality (http://sinta2.ristekdikti.go.id/). The selection process involved identifying journals listed under the “linguistics” category on the SINTA database as of July 2018, and extracting all articles that implemented CDA in their research frameworks. To facilitate systematic analysis, the study utilized a content analysis instrument in the form of a coding guideline. This instrument comprised seven key aspects: (1) number of CDA publications per year, (2) principles of CDA reflected in the studies, (3) the specific CDA models adopted, (4) type of research approach, (5) type of qualitative data, (6) object of research, and (7) methods of data analysis. For aspects (1), (4), and (5), categories were developed inductively during the coding process due to the lack of standardized categories in previous research and the risk of overgeneralization. Conversely, aspects (2), (3), (6), and (7) were based on predefined categories adapted from Fauzi & Pradipta (2018). The predefined categories for each aspect included various principles such as power, ideology, culture, gender, and social practice; CDA models such as those proposed by Fairclough, Van Dijk, Van Leeuwen, Wodak and Reisigl, Siegfried Ja ger, and Florentine Maier; and objects of study such as news scripts, poems, songs, speeches, textbooks, and postcolonial texts. For data analysis, each article was coded and classified according to the relevant categories by closely examining the abstract, methodology, and discussion sections. The classification decisions were based on explicit descriptions provided by the authors. The coded data were then visualized using bar charts to illustrate trends and distributions across categories. This structured content analysis allows for a systematic mapping of how CDA has been utilized in linguistic research and offers insights into patterns in theory application, research focus, and methodological diversity. Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4648 Results 1. Number of Publications The number of article publications indicated how frequent the research was conducted in certain period. Alluding to the graph shown in Figure 1, the articles that reviewed critical discourse analysis could be found since 2016. No specific pattern of shift occurred to the number of publications from year to year. Nonetheless, referring to Figure 1, the number of publications since 2016 had increased higher than those in the previous years. The improvement trend on the number of publications about critical discourse analysis indicated that there was a significant increase in the number of researchers who were fervent to investigate high-level critical discourse analysis. Figure 1 The Improvement Trend of the Number of Linguistic Research with Critical Discourse Analysis as the Main Concern in Indonesia in 7 Years Most researches were generated from the researchers’ sensitivity on common issues that frequently occurred around them. One of the most commonly found issues nowadays was in regards to analysis news script by using critical discourse analysis. For that reason, conducting research was believed as the most effective way for the purpose of dealing with and overcoming the issue. By research, the researchers could identify the most effective instructional design or media that might be able to optimally accommodate to analysis social tradition by using critical discourse analysis. IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4649 The higher number of researches investigating critical discourse analysis, the more positive influence on Indonesian on linguistics study development will be. The premise is based on an idea proclaiming that the most ultimate goal of a research is to improve linguistics practices (Coburn & Penuel, 2016). Further, a research will influence linguistic practices and study because of various reasons, namely that: (1) its findings can be referred as credible information that can be implemented by language user for culture used, political, power, ideology, gender, social practice; (2) it can be a fundamental basis for linguistics study decision making, in national, local, or specific institutions; (3) its findings can affect language user’ ways of the aim in using language; and (4) its findings can be referred as credible information that can be implemented of the next researchers. 2. Principles of CDA finding in the research Linguistics is a scientific study of language that encompasses various topics such as phonology, morphology, syntax, phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. One approach in language study helps users understand language in its textual and contextual usage. In reality, language serves not only as a means of communication but also as a tool or instrument for accomplishing tasks or exerting power strategies. Within this framework, several publications have focused on specific principles of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) implemented in research. These principles include social and political context, power, culture, ideology, gender, and social practices. Based on Table 2, researchers chose certain principles of CDA to analyze news scripts and uncover the intentions behind language usage by society, institutions, or individuals. Culture was the most commonly selected topic for conducting such research, while the analysis of power in discourse was unfortunately limited to only one study. Therefore, it is recommended that future research using critical discourse analysis should include the principle of revealing power dynamics in discourse. Power, as one of the principles of CDA, not only represents a linguistic issue in language usage. (textual and contextual), but it also holds significant relevance to contemporary society, individuals, organizations, and institutional goals. Additionally, there is evidence that instructional activities using the Critical Discourse Analysis approach empower individuals in analyzing language use and understanding how ideology is transferred through language. Hence, it is crucial to explicitly state the reasons for selecting culture as a topic for investigation in CDA research, ensuring transparency for the readers. Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4650 Figure 2 The data shown the most and the less principles of CDA finding in the research Furthermore, two other principles of CDA commonly adopted as main focuses in research are ideology and social practice, along with social and political context. The research trends indicate that these principles shed light on how individuals or society employ language to spread ideology, engage in social practices, and navigate political contexts. Several studies have explored the role of ideology by analyzing transcriptions of speeches from U.S. presidential debates during general elections. By utilizing critical discourse analysis, these studies revealed that the goal of such debates was to disseminate specific ideologies. On the other hand, some research has examined the principle of social practice in critical discourse analysis. For example, the study titled "Mass Media Construction of Irwan Prayitno's Leadership" adopted a social practice perspective and highlighted how information related to Irwan Prayitno was influenced by the context of the West Sumatra gubernatorial election in 2015. Additionally, several studies have investigated the principle of social and political context in CDA. For instance, the research titled "The Online Media Practice in Covering Indonesian National Police's Prevention Efforts on the Prohibited Party's Ideology Spread in Indonesia" revealed that online news sites shape the representation of information, which is influenced by figures who engage in discourse. These practices can significantly impact people's perspectives, understanding, and behavior in social life. 3. Critical Discourse Analysis Model In this research, several dominant models of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) were identified. These models include the Teun Van Dijk Model, Theo Van Leeuwen Model, Siegfried Jager and Florentine Maier Model, Ruth Wodak and Martin Resigl Model, and Norman Fairclough Model. Some research did not mention the specific CDA model they used and are referred to as "Unmentioned." IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4651 Among these models, the Norman Fairclough Model was predominantly implemented in the analyses. Researchers chose the Norman Fairclough Model for several reasons. It can be used for textual analysis, which involves a descriptive analysis of each text. It can be employed in analyzing discursive practices, which entails interpretative analysis of how discourse is produced, disseminated, and consumed. It can be utilized in socio-cultural analysis, which examines the underlying factors that contribute to the emergence of a discourse. By utilizing the Norman Fairclough Model, researchers were able to conduct comprehensive analyses that encompassed textual, discursive, and socio-cultural dimensions. Figure 3 Model of Critical Discourse Analysis Based on the above graph, it shows the quantity and usage of various CDA models in discourse analysis. Out of the 30 studies examined, none of them utilized the CDA models of Theo Van Leeuwen and Siegfried Jager and Florentine Maier. This finding could be considered novel, and future research can choose to use these models for further investigations. Additionally, the CDA model by Ruth Wodak and Martin Resigl was also infrequently used in discourse analysis between the years 2016 and 2022. This model can be recommended to researchers for conducting discourse analysis. The graph also indicates the category of "Unmentioned," which was found in 10 out of the 30 studies, meaning these studies did not explicitly state the CDA model used in their discourse analysis. This number is not insignificant, and it is Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4652 advisable for future research to clearly mention the CDA model employed for discourse analysis. This can assist subsequent researchers in their work. Apart from the widely used Norman Fairclough Model, the Teun Van Dijk Model was also frequently employed, as found in 8 studies for discourse analysis. This information can be crucial for future research to understand the trends in CDA models used for discourse analysis. 4. Types of Research Types and designs of research determine the focus of a study. Based on Figure 2, qualitative research constituted the most dominant design the researchers employed to investigate critical discourse analysis. The higher number of qualitative researches than other types of research is in line with some previous studies reporting that the researchers preferred qqualitative research design to conduct research in linguistic, instead of quantitative one. In addition, quantitative approach is considered relatively new for educational researches. However, the trend of quantitative design has been shown to start increasing and have targeted social researches, including some issues of linguistic. Such a condition was closely interlinked to the advantageof quantitative approach to define a phenomenon in detailed and comprehensively. For that reason, the lack of quantitative research existence has been a good chance for further researchers to make use of quantitative design and focus their researches on critical discourse analysis. 5. Type of Qualitative Data Figure 5 Type of Qualitative Data IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4653 Nevertheless, the findings reveal the rarity of mixed-method research in Critical Discourse studies. Mixed-method research is not commonly used in linguistic research. Based on the results of this study, only 2 out of 30 studies employed a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. This suggests a recommendation for future research, particularly in the field of linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, to utilize mixed-method research designs. The graph also shows the trends in research types across various studies. However, based on the findings of this study, there was no usage of Research and Development (R&D) methods in linguistic studies, specifically in critical discourse analysis. This presents a new opportunity for future research to explore the application of R&D in linguistic studies, particularly in further discourse analysis. Similarly, the graph indicates a lack of usage of quantitative research methods in linguistic studies, particularly in critical analysis. This discovery can serve as a consideration for future researchers to explore new avenues in terms of research types in linguistic studies. Regarding qualitative research, it emerged as the dominant research type in linguistic studies, particularly in critical analysis. The most frequently chosen qualitative research type was descriptive qualitative research, with approximately 27 studies utilizing this approach compared to other types analyzed. This suggests that descriptive qualitative research is a prominent trend in linguistic studies, specifically in critical discourse analysis. The graph also indicates a new development in linguistic studies, particularly in critical discourse analysis, with the selection of research types such as ethnography, phenomenology, and library research. Out of the 30 articles analyzed, only 1 study utilized ethnography as a research type, and 2 studies employed phenomenology. This finding also provides a recommendation for future research in the field of linguistics that aims to examine language usage using a critical discourse analysis approach. Interestingly, there were several qualitative research types that have not been utilized in linguistic studies within the scope of this literature review from 2016 to 2022, specifically in the context of critical discourse analysis. No studies were found that employed the research types of case study, grounded theory, and library research. This discovery can serve as a recommendation for future research to explore new avenues in research design, particularly regarding the application of critical discourse analysis. On the other hand, the trend in qualitative research types commonly used in linguistic studies, particularly in critical analysis, is descriptive research, which is often known as descriptive qualitative research. Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4654 6. Research Object Figure 6 Research Object. The aim of empowering critical discourse analysis was to analyze news scripts. Based on the information concerning research types, the descriptive design was the most commonly utilized design preferred by the researchers. This suggests that, overall, the research aimed to compare various instructional designs in empowering students' critical discourse analysis skills. In conducting their research, the researchers required research subjects to test their hypotheses. According to Figure 4, the most frequently chosen research object were senior high school students, followed by higher education students and junior high school students, in consecutive order. Based on the analysis of this literature review, it was found that there were several research objects in linguistic studies utilizing the critical discourse analysis approach. These research objects included news scripts, text scripts of poems and songs, transcriptions of speeches, textbooks, postcolonial studies, students, and traditions. Among these research objects, news scripts emerged as a prominent trend in linguistic studies using CDA. There are several reasons why researchers are more interested in investigating news scripts as a research object. Firstly, it is easy to obtain data from news scripts, and they can be accessed at any time. Secondly, news scripts offer a wide range of topics and current issues that are relevant to power dynamics and interests. By using news scripts as a research object in linguistic studies employing the critical discourse analysis approach, researchers can uncover the various goals of individuals, groups, or organizations within a larger agenda by utilizing language as a medium. In addition, based on these findings, it was also revealed that there are two other frequently used research objects in linguistic studies employing the critical discourse analysis approach. These include the text scripts of poems and songs, as well as transcriptions of speeches. The text scripts of poems and songs are objecting IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4655 that researchers often examine to uncover the intentions of the authors in writing their works. Furthermore, there are also a significant number of studies that focus on analyzing the transcriptions of speeches. This research object is equally captivating and has gained attention in linguistic studies using the critical discourse analysis approach. It allows for the analysis of the purposes and intentions behind someone's speech or lecture by examining the transcriptions using the critical discourse analysis approach. This research also identified several research objects that utilize the critical discourse analysis approach, including the analysis of textbooks, postcolonial studies, students, and traditions. Although these research objects have not yet become a prominent trend in studies employing critical discourse analysis, they can be recommended as novel areas of investigation in linguistic studies using the critical discourse analysis approach. In the case of textbooks, there are still relatively few studies that have utilized them as research objects, despite the abundant availability of materials for analysis. This provides researchers with opportunities for data collection and analysis. On the other hand, postcolonial studies and traditions present challenging aspects for future researchers in the field of linguistics using the critical discourse analysis approach. This is significant because examining postcolonial issues and traditions can yield important information and findings that contribute to various fields, particularly within the realm of linguistic studies. Figure 4 Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4656 The Distribution of Researches with Critical Discourse Analysis as the Main Concern based on Types of Research Nevertheless, the findings reveal the rarity of mixed-method research in Critical Discourse studies. Mixed-method research is not commonly used in linguistic research. Based on the results of this study, only 2 out of 30 studies employed a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. This suggests a recommendation for future research, particularly in the field of linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, to utilize mixed-method research designs. The graph also shows the trends in research types across various studies. However, based on the findings of this study, there was no usage of Research and Development (R&D) methods in linguistic studies, specifically in critical discourse analysis. This presents a new opportunity for future research to explore the application of R&D in linguistic studies, particularly in further discourse analysis. Similarly, the graph indicates a lack of usage of quantitative research methods in linguistic studies, particularly in critical analysis. This discovery can serve as a consideration for future researchers to explore new avenues in terms of research types in linguistic studies. Regarding qualitative research, it emerged as the dominant research type in linguistic studies, particularly in critical analysis. The most frequently chosen qualitative research type was descriptive qualitative research, with approximately 27 studies utilizing this approach compared to other types analyzed. This suggests that descriptive qualitative research is a prominent trend in linguistic studies, specifically in critical discourse analysis. 7. Data Analysis Methods Figure 7 Data Analysis Method IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4657 The trend in data analysis methods used in linguistic studies employing the critical discourse analysis approach is the utilization of content analysis as a data analysis method. Content analysis is a research technique aimed at producing objective and systematic descriptions of the content contained in communication media. Content analysis is also interpreted as a systematic technique for analyzing the meaning of messages and the way they are expressed. Out of the 30 studies examined, 10 studies were identified to have employed content analysis as their data analysis method. This indicates a significant number compared to other data analysis methods. In addition, another data analysis method commonly used in linguistic studies employing the critical discourse analysis approach is the Miles and Huberman method. The Miles and Huberman method is one of the well-known data analysis methods in research, as it is used in almost all studies for data analysis. The Miles and Huberman method, also known as the Miles and Huberman model, suggests that activities in qualitative data analysis are conducted interactively and continuously until completion, reaching a point of data saturation. Data saturation is indicated by the absence of new data or information being obtained. Furthermore, the Description, Interpretation, and Explanation method also holds a similar position to the Miles and Huberman data analysis method. Although this method is not as popular as the Miles and Huberman method in other research studies, it can be considered a trend that is frequently used for data analysis in linguistic studies, particularly those employing the Critical Discourse Analysis approach. As for the analysis methods that are rarely used in data analysis for linguistic studies employing the Critical Discourse Analysis approach, we have Byram's categories and Systemic Procedures. This fact can serve as a consideration and a new aspect for future researchers in choosing data analysis methods, especially in the field of linguistics. The higher number of researches investigating critical discourse analysis, the more positive influence on Indonesian on linguistics study development will be. The premise is based on an idea proclaiming that the most ultimate goal of a research is to improve linguistics practices. Further, a research will influence linguistic practices and study because of various reasons, namely that: (1) its findings can be referred as credible information that can be implemented by language user for culture used, political, power, ideology, gender, social practice; (2) it can be a fundamental basis for linguistics study decision making, in national, local, or specific institutions; (3) its findings can affect language user’ ways of the aim in using language; and (4) its findings can be referred as credible information that can be implemented of the next researchers. Therefore, it is recommended that future research using critical discourse analysis should include the principle of revealing power dynamics in discourse. Power, as one of the principles of CDA, not only represents a linguistic issue in Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4658 language usage (textual and contextual), but it also holds significant relevance to contemporary society, individuals, organizations, and institutional goals. Additionally, there is evidence that instructional activities using the Critical Discourse Analysis approach empower individuals in analyzing language use and understanding how ideology is transferred through language. Hence, it is crucial to explicitly state the reasons for selecting culture as a topic for investigation in CDA research, ensuring transparency for the readers. This number is not insignificant, and it is advisable for future research to clearly mention the CDA model employed for discourse analysis. This can assist subsequent researchers in their work. Apart from the widely used Norman Fairclough Model, the Teun Van Dijk Model was also frequently employed, as found in 8 studies for discourse analysis. This information can be crucial for future research to understand the trends in CDA models used for discourse analysis. Discussion The findings of this study reveal a clear dominance of qualitative research designs in CDA-based linguistic studies in Indonesian academic journals. This aligns with previous research (e.g., Swastika & Esther, 2020; Najibulloh et al., 2022), which suggests that qualitative approaches are favored due to their depth and suitability for exploring complex socio-linguistic phenomena. In the context of CDA, qualitative methods allow researchers to critically examine power structures, ideological constructs, and the sociocultural dimensions embedded in discourse. Nevertheless, this strong preference for qualitative methods may also indicate a methodological gap, as the quantitative and mixed-methods approaches remain underutilized despite their potential to provide complementary insights through systematic measurement and broader generalization. Interestingly, the emerging trend of using quantitative methods in linguistic CDA research is worth noting. While still marginal, the gradual adoption of quantitative tools especially in studies involving survey-based discourse perceptions or corpus linguistics reflects an evolving methodological landscape. This suggests a growing awareness among researchers about the need for triangulation and a more nuanced understanding of discourse phenomena. Therefore, future studies could benefit from exploring mixed-method designs that integrate qualitative depth with quantitative breadth, potentially strengthening the analytical rigor and validity of CDA studies in Indonesian linguistic contexts. Regarding the research objects, the dominance of news scripts as a primary object of analysis reflects broader global trends, where media discourse is often scrutinized for its ideological influence, framing strategies, and political implications (Fairclough, 1995; Van Dijk, 2008). This suggests that Indonesian scholars are responding to similar socio-political concerns, using CDA to critique bias, propaganda, and representation in the news. However, this also highlights a lack of variety in research focus. Objects such as textbooks, postcolonial texts, IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4659 student discourses, and local traditions remain underexplored, despite offering rich opportunities for CDA to engage with educational, cultural, and identity-related themes. The relative scarcity of these alternative objects may indicate either a theoretical constraint in applying CDA to less conventional texts, or a limited exposure to interdisciplinary approaches that connect discourse with broader cultural or anthropological frameworks. Scholars such as Mills (1997) and Wodak (2015) have emphasized the importance of including gender, history, and cultural identity in discourse analysis, which are often embedded in educational and social practices. Therefore, promoting greater object diversity not only enriches the scope of CDA research but also reinforces its relevance in localized, real-world contexts. In terms of data analysis techniques, this study found that the Miles and Huberman model is among the most frequently used in CDA-related research, followed by the Description, Interpretation, and Explanation method. These approaches are valued for their interactive and iterative nature, allowing researchers to derive meaning through repeated immersion in data. However, it is notable that alternative techniques such as Byram’s intercultural categories and systemic procedures remain rarely employed. This may be due to a lack of familiarity or training among researchers in these models, or the perception that they are less suited to traditional linguistic inquiry. Nevertheless, their potential remains significant particularly in contexts involving intercultural discourse, language policy, or educational discourse and future researchers are encouraged to explore these methods more thoroughly. From a theoretical perspective, these findings contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the development and localization of CDA. While CDA has its roots in European critical theory, its application in the Indonesian context has begun to show localized interpretations especially in relation to media bias, educational policy, and political discourse. However, the findings also reveal a tendency to rely heavily on models by Fairclough and Van Dijk, with limited engagement with feminist, postcolonial, or discourse-historical approaches. This lack of theoretical diversity suggests an opportunity for scholars to broaden their analytical frameworks and integrate less dominant CDA perspectives into their work. Doing so would not only diversify the discourse but also make CDA more inclusive and contextually relevant to Indonesian sociocultural realities. One contradiction that emerged in the data is the growing interest in quantitative approaches despite the consistently dominant use of qualitative methods. This may reflect a tension between traditional linguistic training and the push toward more empirical, data-driven analysis. Reconciling this contradiction requires institutional support for methodological innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and capacity-building in research design. Mutakhirani Mustafa, Nirwana, Nelly Husni Laely, Emi Anggreani, Eka Pitra Trend of Critical Discourses Analysis Researches in Linguistics Journals of Sinta 1 to 4: from CDA model to Research Design 4660 This study is not without limitations. First, the analysis was limited to 30 articles across 15 journals indexed in SINTA 1–4, which may not fully represent all CDA research in Indonesia. Secondly, the study relied primarily on content available in the articles’ abstracts, methodology, and discussion sections, which may omit some underlying theoretical assumptions or implicit interpretations. Third, the categorization of models and data types was based on the authors' explicit mentions; in cases where these were vague or absent, some interpretative bias may have influenced classification. Lastly, the study does not quantitatively measure the impact or quality of the articles reviewed, focusing instead on descriptive trends. Overall, this study offers a meaningful contribution by mapping the current state of CDA research in Indonesian linguistic journals. It identifies dominant methodological patterns, underutilized models, and emerging trends, while also proposing strategic directions for future research, such as promoting theoretical diversity, expanding research objects, and adopting more integrated methods. These insights are expected to support scholars and educators in enhancing the critical and analytical rigor of linguistic studies through more inclusive and context- sensitive CDA practices. Conclusion This study has reviewed 30 academic articles related to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) published in Indonesian linguistic journals indexed in SINTA 1 to 4 between 2016 and 2022. The analysis shows a noticeable increase in CDA publications over the past two years, reflecting a growing scholarly interest in examining the intersections of language, power, and ideology. Among the principles explored, social and cultural contexts appeared most frequently, suggesting that Indonesian researchers often use CDA to understand how discourse shapes and reflects collective values. Fairclough’s model was the most widely applied theoretical framework, indicating its sustained relevance in the Indonesian CDA research landscape. The heavy reliance on qualitative approaches particularly descriptive qualitative designs demonstrates that researchers are more inclined to explore discourse in depth rather than through quantification. In terms of research focus, media texts such as news articles remained the dominant objects of analysis, while alternative topics such as postcolonial literature, cultural traditions, and student discourse were seldom studied. These overlooked areas present promising directions for future inquiry, especially in representing Indonesia’s linguistic and cultural diversity. Content analysis was the most common method used for data interpretation, yet many articles lacked detailed explanations of how the method was applied. Future research should strive for greater clarity in describing data analysis procedures to improve transparency and replicability. Although Fairclough’s framework remains IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 4661 prevalent, there is potential for more varied use of alternative models such as those from Van Dijk, Wodak, Van Leeuwen, or Mills which could offer more comprehensive insights into discourse structures across different contexts. This study also highlights the limited presence of quantitative and mixed- methods research in CDA, a gap that suggests the need for methodological expansion. Quantitative tools and hybrid designs could complement qualitative depth with broader generalizability. Furthermore, researchers are encouraged to ensure coherence between their research designs, hypotheses, and chosen methods to enhance the validity of their findings. Ultimately, this study contributes to a clearer understanding of CDA trends in Indonesian linguistics and underscores the importance of strengthening theoretical diversity, methodological precision, and interdisciplinary collaboration in future discourse research. By identifying dominant themes, methodological approaches, and the extent to which theoretical frameworks are implemented, the study provides valuable insights for scholars aiming to conduct more rigorous and relevant CDA research. For future research, it is recommended to conduct a comparative analysis between national and international CDA studies to evaluate the alignment of Indonesian research with global academic standards and to explore emerging interdisciplinary approaches that may enrich the scope and depth of CDA practices. References Arbain, A. (2016). Critical Discourse Analysis of Eminem’s “Love the Way You Lie Part II.” Script Journal: Journal of Linguistics and English Teaching, 1(1), 1-10. Byram, M. (1997). 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