The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 3243 Copyright © 2025 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 13, Number 2, December 2025 pp. 3243 - 3258 The Portrayal of Resistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rich Brian Zihan Mailan Nisa1, Bunyamin Faisal2, Agry Pramita3 1,2,3English Literature, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Jawa Barat Corresponding E-Mail: mailannisaz@Gmail.com Received: 2025-04-17 Accepted: 2025-06-22 DOI: 10.24256/ideas. v13i1.7212 Abstract This study discusses the analysis of rap song lyrics using Hippolyte Taine's theory and a comparison of the depiction of resistance and comparison between two rappers with different backgrounds. The purpose of this study is to reveal the cultural differences between Kendrick Lamar and Rich Brian. The method used is qualitative descriptive. The data used are rap song lyrics from each rapper. This study focuses on the analysis of three songs selected from one album from each artist, three songs from Kendrick Lamar's album "To Pump a Butterfly" that is “Alright” (2015), “The Blacker The Berry” (2015), “Mortal Man” (2015) and Rich Brian's album "The Sailor" that is “Yellow” (2019), “Kids” (2019), and “Currious” (2019). In Kendrick Lamar's three albums "To Pump a Butterfly" there are 7 "Race" theories, 8 "Miilieu", and 1 “Moment” each in each song. While in Rich Brian's album "The Sailor" there are 3 "Race" theories, 4 "Millieu", and 1 "Moment" in each song. Keywords: Hippolyte Taine; Kendrick Lamar; Rap lyrics; Resistance; Rich Brian Introduction The theme of resistance in song lyrics is an element that is inseparable from the song. Music is often a medium to convey protests, resistance to injustice, oppression and even anxiety experienced by the musician. Racism has become a consistent theme in the world of pop culture, especially rap music. Over time, in every country where rap/poetry has become part of the cultural landscape, the native language has been modified in the same way as the modified American English and then reimagined through rap/poetry. During the Black Arts Movement, the notion that someone would "utilize" a black art form wasn’t unexpected. The Jazz Age and the rock and roll period had already supplied plenty of evidence that white musicians were entirely capable of appropriating black styles and sounds. Indeed, by the time of the BAM, there was more than enough proof that black American culture significantly informed and http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:mailannisaz@Gmail.com Zihan Mailan Nisa, Bunyamin Faisal, Agry Pramita The Portrayal of Reistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rick Brian 3244 influenced American culture, but this reality never seemed to receive proper recognition from white artists or audiences. Artists as varied as Buddy Rich, Elvis, Fabian, Buddy Holly, and Woody Herman, to mention a few, had already achieved commercial success by mimicking black artists, so there was nothing novel or shocking about the emergence of MC Search or Eminem. However, what differs is that these artists, like any other rap/poets across the globe, must recognize African American culture as the foundation of hip-hop (Pate, A: 2009). Kendrick Lamar Duckworth was born on June, 17 1987 (Driscoll, C. M., Miller, M. R., & Pinn, A. B. (Eds.). 2019), reached the top of the music industry by being himself and staying true to what inspired him artistically. He is considered esoteric and completely strange, but in reality, he is just an old soul with a deep respect for hip-hop, R&B, and funk-"black music"-and he lives his life with Compton always in his mind and heart. Perhaps that is why he is so loved, because he emphasizes the importance of home wherever he goes. Kendrick was born right when gangster rap began to attract listeners beyond Southern California. In the year he was born, rapper Ice-T released a song titled "6 in the Morning'" that detailed the life of a hustler selling crack cocaine. Through its vivid imagery and lyrics, the track opened a window into the dangerous nature of life as a young Black man in America under President Ronald Reagan, where what was termed the "War on Drugs" implicitly targeted and incarcerated minorities in the inner city. Following in Ice-T's footsteps, in 1988, the Compton quintet N. W. A (Niggaz Wit Attitudes) released its debut album, Straight Out the Compton, which shed brutal light on civil despair and rampant abuse of power by police departments (Moore, M. J. 2021). Meanwhile white people rapper Brian Imanuel as known as Rich Brian who was born in Jakarta September, 3 1999 (Alamsyah, 2024)previously known as Rich Chiga, originally from Indonesia, is also building his credibility in his own way. Despite his Asian roots, he gained recognition in the rap world, which is largely dominated by black rappers. Like Eminem, Brian often overcomes criticism of his race and ethnicity by showcasing his rapping skills and challenging common expectations of what a white or Asian rapper should be. Rich Brian is from Indonesia and faces similar challenges. When he first appeared on the international rap scene, many considered him an exotic phenomenon, with some even wondering if it was just a gimmick because of his Asian background. Brian responded by pointing out that even though he is different, he still has great rapping abilities. In several interviews, he explained that he wants to be known as a rapper and not just an "Asian rapper", challenging existing stereotypes and showing that rap is a form of expression that can be used by everyone. Although not from Dr. Dre like Eminem, his career was influenced by marketing that capitalized on his fame as an Asian rapper who brought something new to the rap world. This marketing made Brian a symbol of rap's globalization and united audiences across racial and ethnic lines. IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 3245 Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French critic and historian. He is the main theoretical influence of French naturalism, the main supporter of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historical criticism. According to Taine (1871) "The goal of studying literature (which is an abstract thing) is to find the person responsible for it, the person who "acts, the physical and visible man, who eats, walks, fights, works". Taine is now famous for his efforts on literary scientific accounts, based on racial, environmental, and moment categories. Taine uses these words in French (race, milieu et moment); the term has spread widely in literary criticism in English, but is used in this context in a sense that is closer to the meaning of the word in French than its English meaning, namely, roughly, "nation", "environment" or "situation", and "time". Different roles are based on a set of duties and physical distinctions known as “race”. This understanding of race takes into account biological factors such as genetics. "physical features, skin color, body shape, and so forth," as well as social aspects related to roles and behaviors. In other words, a race is a group of people who share similar physical characteristics (Sartika & Arianto, n.d.)In the Old French language, "milieu" is a word that has its roots in the former words "mi," which mean middle, and "lieu," meaning place (Son & Satria, n.d.)And A moment consists of the collection of experiences that unite the author's creations (Uljaeva, 2021) In previous research by Erik Yuda Pratama (2024) entitled "Ideologi Hip-Hop: Analisis Wacana Kritis Terhadao Lirik Lagu Hip-Hop.” His research focuses on the ideology expressed in Hip-Hop song lyrics. The research data is based on the Hip- Hop songs of Bustha Rhymes, 2pac Shakur, Kanye West, and Ludacris. This study reveals that the meaning contained in the lyrics is that rapper represents black as batboy, black as high class, black as marginalized people, and black as high-class community. Revealing that hip-hop lyrics are used to overthrow the hegemony of white European culture by using expressions in their lyrics.(Pratama, 2024) On research by Moh. Robby Hendrawan (2018) entitled "Analasis Gaya Bahasa dalam Lagu Rap Pada Era 2000 Awal" reveals the uniqueness of rap lyrics that can be found from the language. The research results show that the language style used in rap lyrics is pleonasm, repetition, hyperbola, personification, metaphor, antithesis, and irony.(Hendrawan, 2018) Both recent studies above both use qualitative methods for their research. However, the two studies above only look at rap lyrics as an expression of the rapper himself and the language style of the lyrics without touching the theme of resistance between two rappers who have different backgrounds like this study. This research was carried out to fill the gap both theoretically and empirically. That research on rap song lyrics with different rappers in the background is still rarely found. Zihan Mailan Nisa, Bunyamin Faisal, Agry Pramita The Portrayal of Reistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rick Brian 3246 Taine argues that literature is mostly a product of the writer's environment, and that environmental analysis can produce a perfect understanding of literary works. In this sense he is a sociological positivist, although with important differences. Taine does not mean race in the specific sense that is now common, but a collective cultural disposition that governs everyone without their knowledge or consent. What distinguishes individuals in this collective "race", for Taine, is the environment: certain circumstances that distort or develop the character of a certain person. "Moment" is the accumulation of that person's experience (Wicaksana et al., 2021) The aim of writing "The Portrayal Resistance In Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rich Brian" is to find three important elements in the formation of literary works as Hypolite Taine's approach where literature is formed by three elements, namely race (ethnicity), moment (moment), environment (milieu) used to reveal these three factors which were the causes of the creation of the three songs by Kendrick Lamar on “To Pump a Butterfly” album and three songs by Rich Brian on “The Sailor” album. So that, the researcher's interest in choosing Kendrick Lamar and Rich Brian in this research is because they are very famous rappers who have different races but have similarities with the theme of resistance in some of their songs. Method This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. Bogdan and Taylor In Moleong (2010:04) said that qualitative research is. "Research methods that produce data in the form of words written or spoken by people and actions that can be seen. Therefore, this study will provide a general overview of the three important elements in the formation of literary works as Hypolite Taine's approach where literature is formed by three elements, namely race (ethnicity), moment (moment), environment (milieu). This study focuses on the analysis of three songs selected from one album from each artist, namely three songs from Kendrick Lamar's album "To Pump a Butterfly" and Rich Brian's album "The Sailor". The approach to this research uses Hypolite Taine's approach where literature is formed by three elements, namely race (ethnicity), moment (moment), environment (milieu). He developed key concepts based on race, environment, and historical period, creating a fresh and original sociological framework within the field of aesthetics (Zhang, 2023)This research was carried out on these two rappers which can be found on YouTube channels, YouTube Music or various other music platforms. The data sources taken by researchers to complete this research are secondary and primary data sources. According to Danang Sunyoto (2013:21), primary data is original data collected by researchers themselves to answer specific research problems and secondary data is data sourced from existing records at the company and from other sources. Data analysis techniques using qualitative methods. IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 3247 According to John W. Creswell, in qualitative research there are several stages that need to be followed to collect and analyze data systematically. Here are the steps according to Creswell. (1) Determine the research problem. In this research, the author determines the research problem first by looking for the problem of how the individual's experience in facing resistance is described in the three songs rap lyrics between “To Pump a Butterfly” album by Kendrick Lamar and “The Sailor” album by Rich Brian. (2) Literature Study and theoretical framework, in this study, the author examines the Hypolite Taine determinism theory as this theory is relevant to the research. (3) Collecting Data. The focus of the research is on the analysis of the lyrics of the rap songs of the two artists, namely Kendrick Lamar and Rich Brian. (4) Data Analysis Processing, After the data is collected, the next step is data analysis. The author uses thematic analysis to identify the main themes in song lyrics, such as resistance in song lyrics based on three main factors according to the Hypolite Taine theory. (5) Compiling Interpretations and Findings, After the data is analyzed, researchers need to interpret the analysis results and compile the findings. Researchers will try to provide a deeper understanding of the phenomenon being studied, by connecting the results of the analysis with the theoretical framework or existing literature by Interpreting how the song lyrics of three songs on “To Pump a Butterfly” album by Kendrick Lamar and three songs of “The Sailor” album “by Rich Brian describe resistance based on the Hypolite Taine theory. (6) Preparation of Research Report, compiled a report on "The Portrayal of Resistance in Rap lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rich Brian" and suggested further research on the representation of identity crisis in hip-hop music. Results Table.1 Kendrick Lamar songs on “To pump a Butterfly” Artist/Rappers Lyrics Race Millieu (environment) Kendrick Lamar “Alright” (Verse-1) “Alls my life, I has to fight, Alls my life, I- Hard times like, "Yah!" Bad trips like, "Yah!” ✔ (Pre-Chorus) “And we hate po- ✔ Zihan Mailan Nisa, Bunyamin Faisal, Agry Pramita The Portrayal of Reistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rick Brian 3248 po Wanna kill us dead in the street fo sho' I'm at the preacher's door My knees gettin' weak, and my gun might blow But we gon' be alright” (Verse-2) “I rap, I black on track so rest assured My rights, my wrongs; I write 'til I'm right with God’ ✔ Kendrick Lamar “The Blacker The berry” (Verse-1) “You hate me don't you? You hate my people; your plan is to terminate my culture You're fuckin' evil” ✔ (Chorus) “I said they treat me like a slave, cah' me black Woi, we feel a whole heap of pain, cah' we ✔ IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 3249 black” (Verse-3) “I'm African- American, I'm African I'm black as the heart of a fuckin' Aryan I'm black as the name of Tyrone and Darius ✔ Kendrick Lamar “Mortal Man” (Chorus) “The ghost of Mandela, hope my flows they propellin” ✔ (Verse-1) “Want you to love me like Nelson, want you to hug me like Nelson I freed you from being a slave in your mind, you're very welcome You tell me my song is more than a song, it's surely a blessing” ✔ Zihan Mailan Nisa, Bunyamin Faisal, Agry Pramita The Portrayal of Reistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rick Brian 3250 Table.2 Rich Brian songs on “The Sailor” album Artist/Rappers Lyrics Race Millieu (environment) Rich Brian “Yellow” (Verse-2) “Don’t fight the feeling cause I'm yellow” ✔ (Verse-1) “I did it all without no citizenship To show the whole world you just got to imagine” ✔ Rich Brian “Kids” (Verse-1) “Tell these Asian kids they could do what they want” ✔ (Verse 1) “Victorious tropical flow comin′ straight from Indo’. ✔ (Verse-1) “That everyone can make it, don't matter where you from” ✔ Rich Brian “Curious” (Verse-2) “Came to the States, feel like I'm goin' Lindsay Taste of fluoride ✔ IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 3251 in this water I'm drinkin’” (Verse-2) “I started thinkin' 'bout life, all the shit I been through At 14, when I didn't have friends or school Or when I thought nachos was Italian food” ✔ Discussion 1. Kendrick Lamar 1.1 “Alright” on “To Pump A butterfly” album “Alls my life, I has to fight, Alls my life, I- Hard times like, "Yah!" Bad trips like, "Yah!” is part of the “Race” theory. Kendrick who is an African-American descendant went through many struggles in his life. “I rap, I black on track so rest assured My rights, my wrongs; I write 'til I'm right with God” is also part of “Race” theory. In this lyric it explains that people with black skin will definitely be arrested, Kendrick as a rapper will always write the truth through his song lyrics because he is with God. ” And we hate po-po Wanna kill us dead in the street fo sho, I'm at the preacher's door My knees gettin' weak, and my gun might blow. But we gon' be alright” this is part of “MIllieu” theory. Kendrick explains that the police in America being racist to a black people and they’ll kill them. On his environment at that time, American police often brutally murder black people. Kendrick expresses this injustice in this lyric that they as Zihan Mailan Nisa, Bunyamin Faisal, Agry Pramita The Portrayal of Reistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rick Brian 3252 black people hate the police "And we hate po-po" is the word for "police". However, in this lyric Kendrick reassures black people especially in America that they will be okay. The last is “Moment”, Kendrick was an African-American who spoke out against police brutality and the oppression experienced by the black community. An examination of over 12,000 police-involved homicides from 1980 to 2012, based on data from the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Report, revealed that African American male teenagers aged 15 to 19 were 21 times more likely to be killed by police compared to their White peers (Chaney & Robertson, 2015). 1.2 “The Blacker the Berry” on “To Pump A Butterfly” album In the Verse-1 there are lyrics that are part of "Race" theory in the lyrics “You hate me, don't you? You hate my people; your plan is to terminate my culture You're fuckin' evil” explaining how Kendrick expresses his anger towards the racism experienced by him and the black community. “I said they treat me like a slave, cah' me black woi, we feel a whole heap of pain, cah' we black” this lyric is part of “Millieu” theory where Kendrick expresses that he feels treated like a slave. Based on "Millieu" or Kendrick's environment, it is explained that black people were indeed slaves for a long time, Nonetheless, the repercussions of the trans-Atlantic slave trade were only detected in the Americas in 1518, Nonetheless, the repercussions of the trans-Atlantic slave trade were only detected in the Americas in 1518, when Spain sanctioned the Asiento de Negros, an exclusive control over the African slave trade(Firdaus Mutawally, n.d.). Then in the "Moment" theory in this song, there is a condition where when this song was made, Kendrick and the black community experienced racism so that this song was formed IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 3253 to express his anger towards the racism that occurred. 1.3 “Mortal Man” on “To Pump A Butterfly” album In the Chorus, there is "Race" theory where Kendrick mentions the name Nelson Mendela in the lyrics “The ghost of Mandela, hope my flows they propellin” who is an activist who voices racism against black people. The "Millieu" section in this song is in Verse-1 “Want you to love me like Nelson, want you to hug me like Nelson I freed you from being a slave in your mind, you're very welcome. You tell me my song is more than a song, it's surely a blessing” explaining his environment which is full of injustice and racism by remembering Nelson Mendela, Nelson Mandela, a South African nationalist, democratic socialist and anti-apartheid revolutionary. He was born in 1918 and died in 2013 (Boepple, 2014)An activist who voiced injustice and racial equality until the end of his life. Then in the "Moment" section in this song explains the conditions of the era at the time this song was made, namely Kendrick dedicates this song to black fighters who voiced the injustice experienced by the black community with the socio-political conditions at that time. Mandela dedicated the majority of his life to dismantling apartheid. He strongly advocated for nonviolent opposition, whenever feasible, as a method to bring about transformation. He endured twenty- seven years of incarceration due to his convictions. Ultimately, his struggle would bear fruit. In 1994, apartheid was abolished. Mandela subsequently became South Africa's first black president and received the Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to ending apartheid (Meyer, 2017). Zihan Mailan Nisa, Bunyamin Faisal, Agry Pramita The Portrayal of Reistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rick Brian 3254 2. Rich brian 2.1 “Yellow “The Sailor” album “Don’t fight the feeling cause I'm yellow”. This lyric is part of “Race” theory “cause i'm yellow" here describes Asians color skin, Rich Brian, an Indonesian rapper with Chinese roots (Kresnawaty et al., 2025) who may not be accepted in the American music industry. The “Race” also found on the lyrics “That everyone can make it, don't matter where you from” And the “Millieu” is on the lyrics of the verse 1 “I did it all without no citizenship. To show the whole world you just got to imagine” These lyrics show that without having an American citizenship identity, he has succeeded in breaking into the American music industry with a background of radicalism and immigration. As an underrepresented group, individuals of Asian descent encounter numerous challenges in the United States. Incidents of hate crimes targ eting Asians and their descendants within the country have been increa sing. This surge has been particularly noticeable since the onset of the worldwide coronavirus outbreak (Covid-19) in early 2020(Alamsyah, 2024). And the “Moment” in this song is about what happened to the artist when making this song. World conditions and music at that time (2019) the world was experiencing a wave of identity awareness. Minority issues were being widely discussed especially in America where hip-hop was only dominated by blacks. However, hip-hop music also began to open up to non-western artists such as Rich Brian. 2.2 “Kids” on “The Sailor” album “That everyone can make it, don't matter where you from” is part of “Race” theory in this song lyrics. Because he comes from Asia Where very few Asians dare to be rappers in America. And in Asia itself there is no direct bridge to success as a rapper who promises success in America IDEAS, Vol. 13, No. 2, December 2025 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 3255 because of the cultural and industrial factors in Asia which are very different from America. Rich Brian, who is now successful in the world of rap music, which is basically rap on a global scale, says that everyone can do it regardless of where they come from. And on the verse-1 also found the “Millieu” and this is the lyrics “Tell these Asian kids they could do what they want”. Because he comes from Asia Where very few Asians dare to be rappers in America. And in Asia itself there is no direct bridge to success as a rapper who promises success in America because of the cultural and industrial factors in Asia which are very different from America. Rich Brian, who is now successful in the world of rap music, which is basically rap on a global scale, says that everyone can do it regardless of where they come from. “Victorious tropical flow comin′ straight from Indo’. is part of “Millieu” Rich Brian grew up and was raised in Jakarta Indonesia with a tropical environment. Tropical flow" is a metaphor for his rap style which does not follow American standards and has characteristics of Southeast Asia with tropical conditions. 2.3 “Curious” on “The Sailor” “Came to the States, feel like I'm goin' Lindsay Taste of fluoride in this water I'm drinkin” Rich Brian grew up in Indonesia where the majority of tap water in Indonesia cannot drink tap water like in Florida. This lyric is part of “Race” theory. “I started thinkin' 'bout life, all the shit I been through at 14, when I didn't have friends or school or when I thought nachos was Italian food”. Rich Brian spent his childhood in homeschooling which made him not have many friends, and helped his mother who owned an Italian restaurant and sold tacos as one of his menus, Rich Brian's innocence thought that tacos were Italian food. This lyric is part of “Millieu” theory. The “Moment” theory in this song is when Zihan Mailan Nisa, Bunyamin Faisal, Agry Pramita The Portrayal of Reistance in Rap Lyrics Between Kendrick Lamar and Rick Brian 3256 this song was created is a picture of Rich Brian's feelings who misses his family in Indonesia. Rich Brian's growth in America did not take away his longing for his home country, Indonesia. Conclusion The study showed that the six songs analyzed three songs by Rich Brian from “The Sailor” album ("Yellow," "Kids," and "Curious"), as well as three songs by Kendrick Lamar from the album “To Pump a Butterfly” ("Alright," "The Blacker the Berry," and "Mortal Man"). On the album "To Pump a Butterfly" the author analyzed the lyrics and found two theories of "Race", one "Milieu", and one "Moment". In the song "The Blacker Berry" found one "Race', two "Milieus", and 1 "Moment". In the song "Mortal Man" there is one "Race", one "Milieu", and one "Moment". Meanwhile, on Rich Brian's album "The Sailor" one "Race", one "Milieu", and one "Moment" were found on the song "Yellow". On the song "Kids" one "Race", two "Milieu" and one "Moment" were found. On the song "Curious" one "Race", one "Milieu", and one "Moment" were found. Includes several song lyrics that can be analyzed using Hippolyte Taine's theory. Based on the table above the author gets any Races, Millieu, and Moment. "Race" according to Hippolyte Taine's theory where Kendrick who is an African- American descendant went through many struggles in his life. Then the second "Race" is in the Verse-2 section where in this lyric Kendrick explains that he is a black rapper who will continue to raise the facts. Then in the Pre-Chorus section this song is analyzed as part of “Millieu" based on Hippolyte Taine's theory where Kendrick's environment at that time there were many incidents where American police brutally killed black people. In the "Moment" section or the time and era that Kendrick was going through when making this song there was an incident where American police brutally killed black people stereotypes and social injustice. Rich Brian's songs show the individual's struggle to reject the cultural view that underestimates the ability of Asians in rap music, which has been synonymous with the dominance of African- American musicians. Through his lyrics, Rich Brian raised his identity as a decent Asian who was able to work authentically in the industry. On the other hand, Kendrick Lamar's songs emphasize issues related to racism, discrimination, and social injustice that are still facing the black community in America. The lyrics in the song reflect the long historical experience of the African- American people as victims of slavery which has had an impact until now in the form of structural oppression. Kendrick uses rap music as a forum to convey social criticism, voice collective unrest, and spread hope for change. Although they come from different social and cultural backgrounds, both show that rap can be a powerful means to express forms of resistance to social pressure—both cultural and racial. 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