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IDEAS  
Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 
Linguistics and Literature 
 

ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) 
ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 

Volume 13, Number 2, December 2025 
pp. 3201 - 3213 

The Function of Phatic Language in The Novel 

Samuel by Itakrn 
Zahra 1, Gazali 2 

1,2 Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, FKIP Universitas Tadulako, Palu, Central 
Sulawesi 

Corresponding E-Mail: zahraaswar2603@gmail.com 
 
Received: 2025-07-03 Accepted: 2025-07-14 
DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v13i2.7379 
 
Abstract  
This study aims to analyze the phatic function of language in Itakrn's novel Samuel. This 
research was conducted using qualitative descriptive research with the content analysis 
method. The researcher focused this research using Roman Jakobson's language function 
theory which states that the phatic function of language consists of four parts, namely: 
conversation starters, conversation continuation, conversation closings, and expressions 
in casual chats. The data source for this study was obtained from Itakrn's novel Samuel, the 
second edition in April 2022 published by PT Akad Media Cakrawala in 2022. Data 
collection in this study used reading and note-taking techniques. The results of this study 
indicate that there are four parts of the phatic function in Itakrn's novel Samuel.  
Keywords: Fatigue, Language Function, Novel. 
 
Introduction  
   Language is a fundamental aspect of human life. In addition to its function to 
convey information and ideas, language also has an important social role. In 
language, the phatic function is used to open, maintain, or close communication. 
This function is not about what is said, but rather where and how the message is 
communicated—whether the channel and the user's attention remain active. Senft 
(2009). Phatic language was first introduced by Bronislaw Malinowski in his work 
entitled "Coral Gardens and Their Magic" (1935: 296-336).  
   In pragmatics, phatic language is studied as one way in which language use 
functions to manage social relationships and regulate communication interactions. 
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on how context plays a role in the 
use and understanding of language, including language functions that are not only 
related to literal meaning, but also social and interactional purposes. 
 



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The Function of Phatic Language in The Novel Samuel by Itakrn 

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   Phatic language is not only found in everyday conversation but also in various 
other communication media, including in literary works. Literature can be in oral 
or written form, literary works produced by writers always present characters who 
have character. Novels as one form of literary work, often contain dialogues 
between characters that not only function to move the storyline, but also describe 
social dynamics and relationships between characters. In these dialogues, phatic 
language can play an important role in showing social interactions, building 
intimacy, and creating a certain atmosphere between characters. (Naji Abu Nowar 
2019). 
   The novel "SAMUEL" by Itakrn is one of the novels that presents social and 
complex interactions between its characters. In this novel, the characters 
communicate with each other not only to convey verbal messages, but also to 
maintain social relationships between them. Through the dialogues contained in 
this novel, phatic language often appears, especially in informal conversations that 
occur between the main and supporting characters. However, studies that examine 
the function of phatic language in the novel Samuel are still rare, so this study is 
important to further reveal how phatic language functions in the novel. 
   This study focuses on the analysis of the function of phatic language in dialogue 
between characters in the novel "SAMUEL" by Itakrn, a novel with a fiction genre 
that tells the story of a man named Samuel Erlangga who is given the responsibility 
to look after a girl named Azura. This novel is the second work of the author Itakrn 
with a total of 260 pages published in October 2021. The function of phatic 
language here refers to how characters use language to maintain continuity of 
interaction, show solidarity, reduce tension, or simply open a conversation. 
Although phatic language looks simply, it has a significant influence in forming 
relationships between characters and creating social dynamics in the novel.  
    In literary works such as novels, phatic language appears in the form of 
dialogue between characters that reflects social interaction. The novel "Samuel" by 
Itakrn is the object of study because it presents the dynamics of complex social 
relationships. This study aims to analyze how the function of phatic language is 
used by characters in forming interpersonal relationships and building the 
atmosphere of the story. Previous research relevant to the topic of using phatic 
language has been conducted by the first Prabowo, M (2018) who studied "The 
Function of Phatic Language in Everyday Conversation: A Case Study in Urban 
Social Environments." and Sari, R (2020) also studied "The Use of Phatic Language 
in Film Dialogue and Its Impact on Character Development. 
   Research conducted by Prabowo, M (2018) examines the function of phatic in 
everyday conversation among urban communities, in his research using a 
qualitative approach with observation and interview methods. The results show 
that phatic language, such as greetings and small talk, is used to maintain comfort 
and social ties between speakers. Prabowo identified four main functions of phatic: 
opening a conversation, filling in the gaps, creating intimacy and closing a 



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conversation. (Prabowo, M. 2018:38-40), The second study is similar to the study 
conducted by Sari, R. (2020). The study conducted examined film dialogue and 
showed that the use of phatic language in character dialogue helps build the 
atmosphere of the story. According to Sari, phatic language in films is often 
overlooked, but actually has an important role in creating intimacy between 
characters and enriching the dynamics of the narrative. (Sari, R. 2020:61) The 
difference between research on phatic functions in general and in novels lies in the 
context and purpose of the study. General research focuses on real communication 
that occurs in everyday life, while in novels it focuses on fictional communication 
that functions to clarify relationships between characters and build an atmosphere 
in the story. However, both have similarities in the use of phatic speech types and 
their main purpose, namely maintaining smooth communication and social 
relationships. 
   This study aims to analyze the function of phatic language in the novel “SAMUEL” 
by Itakrn in building and maintaining social relationships between characters in 
the novel Samuel. 
 
Method  
   In this study, the researcher used qualitative-descriptive research. Qualitative 
research is a systematic process that involves steps to identify problems, collect 
data, analyze, and make conclusions that can be retested. (Creswell and Poth 2018: 
5-6)  
   This study involves structured activities with the aim of answering questions or 
solving problems through a logical and directed process. Qualitative research was 
chosen because it aims to understand the deep meaning of the use of phatic 
language in the novel, which cannot be measured by numbers or statistics. 
Identifying qualitative methods as research procedures that produce descriptive 
data to describe the use of phatic language according to its functions. Data were 
obtained from dialogues between characters in the novel "Samuel" by Itakrn, which 
consists of 260 pages. Data collection techniques were carried out by reading 
thoroughly, marking parts that contain phatic functions, and grouping data based 
on four categories: opening, guarding, closing conversations, and casual chats. 

Results  
   Based on the research results obtained from data analysis in Itakrn's Samuel 
novel. The researcher describes 4 functions of phatic language in its use, namely, 1) 
opening a conversation, 2) maintaining the continuity of the conversation, 3) 
closing the conversation, and 4) expressions in casual chat. These functions are also 
found in Itakrn's Samuel novel. In this case, the researcher found 22 data on phatic 
language functions represented in Itakrn's Samuel novel. The four language 
functions obtained from the novel are explained as follows: 
 
 



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A. Conversation Starter  
Data 1  
“You trash!” cursed Samuel. He slammed his opponent Raskal’s body down, lying 
helplessly on the field. You’re so rude!” Juan threw a punch at Canva, but Samuel 
immediately blocked it. His eyes stared sharply, making the Chayton member shudder 
on their own. Believe me, Samuel’s gaze was truly deadly. (Samuel, 04)  
Data 2  
“Still can’t forget him?” asked Areksa, starting the conversation. (Samuel, 23)  
Data 3  
“BABY EL! THE BOTTLE IS LEFT BEHIND!” The resounding scream came from Azura 
who suddenly came in out of breath. (Samuel, 28)  
Data 4  
“Zel,” called Samuel. (Samuel, 36)  
Data 5  
“Hi Apan, Ajan, Ilona!” replied Azura with a big smile. (Samuel, 116) 
 
B. Maintaining the Conversation  
Data 6  
“I want to.” Aura replied with sparkling eyes. (Samuel, 14)  
Data 7  
“E-Eca?” Areksa pointed at herself. “Are you serious about calling me Eca?” (Samuel, 
23)  
Data 8  
“Hurry up and go,” Areksa said to Canva who was in front of her and asked the guy to 
start his motorbike immediately. (Samuel, 42)  
Data 9  
“These tastes sweet, El. Try it.” Kiara said trying to persuade her son. “No, Nda.” 
Samuel shook his head hard. (Samuel, 89)  
Data 10  
“Do you want me to cure you?” Canva asked. “Why did you become a good person? 
Why do you always try to make other people happy?” (Samuel, 120)  
Data 11  
“Sorry…” she muttered. (Samuel, 154)  
Data 12  
"Let's just pray that he can get well soon. You can come in, Ra." David said. (Samuel, 
202) 
 
C. Closing Conversation  
Data 13  
“On the dining table, El. That's why you looked for it before asking. Okay, I want to 
sleep with Azura. Bye, devil's child!” (Samuel, 11)  
 



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Data 14  
"If that's what you want, I'll take my leave first." Raskal put the paper bag containing 
the ice cream on the table. (Samuel, 114)  
Data 15  
"Sleep well, handsome boy," said Nafisha with tears streaming down her cheeks. She 
wiped Canva's face which looked thin. (Samuel, 248)  
 
D. Expressions in Casual Conversation  
Data 16  
Ilona chuckled. "Use my moves if you're upset, Ra. Do you want me to teach you how 
to fight with a machete?". (Samuel, 95)  
Data 17  
"I'LL KICK YOUR HEAD IF MY BOTTLE FALLS AND SCRATCHES!". (Samuel, 99)  
Data 18  
“Marvel, right, is like a devil. He is arrogant but works quietly, his face is flat like a 
newly repaired asphalt road.”. (Samuel, 104)  
Data 19  
“Ready, Eca is handsome!” Azura waved her hands in salute and smiled broadly at 
Areksa. (Samuel, 164)  
Data 20  
“Jiaahhh, former OSIS chairman,” Canva replied then laughed. (Samuel, 231)  
Data 21  
“Then why are you pretending to be heartbroken?” Canva asked in surprise. “You gave 
the rules, you’re the one who lost. Huuuu wimp!” Farzan mocked. (Samuel, 135)  
Data 22  
“Baby El, am I pretty?” Azura asked Samuel. “Always pretty.” Samuel carved a thin 
smile. Samuel’s answer made the others cheer excitedly. The guy was increasingly 
open in showing his love for Azura. Compared to before, now it felt very different. 
(Samuel, 235) 
 
Discussion  
   This discussion explains the results of the study based on Senf's language 
function theory (2009). This function is not about what is said, but where and how 
the message is communicated, whether the channel and user attention remain 
active. More in the form of "good morning", "how are you?", "how are you?". which 
plays a role in building social ties and ensuring that communication continues.  
   From the results of the analysis, data on the phatic language function was found 
which was represented in the novel Samuel by Itakrn. The following is data from 
the four language functions obtained from the novel: 
A. Conversation Starter  
Data 1  
“You trash!” cursed Samuel. He slammed his opponent Raskal’s body down, lying 
helplessly on the field. You’re so rude!” Juan threw a punch at Canva, but Samuel 



Zahra, Gazali  
The Function of Phatic Language in The Novel Samuel by Itakrn 

3206 
 
 
 

immediately blocked it. His eyes stared sharply, making the Chayton member shudder 
on their own. Believe me, Samuel’s gaze was truly deadly. (Samuel, 04) 
Analysis: 

In the quote above, the sentences, although angry or mocking, have a primary 
function as a communication channel opener. The sentence "you're trash!" appears 
at the beginning of the dialogue, this is the first word that comes out of the 
character's mouth to initiate contact with the opponent. The aim is to provoke a 
reaction, attract attention, and initiate a communication relationship even though 
in an aggressive form this is a rude form of hey!" which functions to open an 
interaction. The same is true for the sentence "you're rude!" (data 02) so, although 
these sentences are not like "hello" or "good morning", in a social context they 
function to start a conversation. This data is in line with Sari, R (2020) who stated 
that phatic language is often overlooked, but actually has an important role in 
creating intimacy between characters and enriching the dynamics between 
communication. 

 
Data 2  
“Still can’t forget him?” asked Areksa, starting the conversation. (Samuel, 23) 
Analysis:  
This question is intended to start a conversation with Samuel. Its phatic function is 
seen from Areksa's intention to provoke communication and open a topic. This data 
is in line with Prabowo, M (2018) who stated that phatic language is often ignored, 
used to maintain comfort and social ties between speakers.  
 
Data 3  
“BABY EL! THE BOTTLE IS LEFT BEHIND!” The resounding scream came from Azura 
who suddenly came in out of breath. (Samuel, 28) 
Analysis:  
This shout is not only a notification, but also serves to re-open communication with 
Samuel and show his presence in the group. The tone of his shout also reflects a 
close and informal social relationship. This data is in line with Senf (2009) This 
function is not about what is said, but where and how the message is communicated, 
whether the channel and the user's attention remain active. 
 
Data 4  
“Zel,” called Samuel. (Samuel, 36) 
Analysis:  
This call serves to open a communication channel between Samuel and Azura. The 
goal is not to convey information, but to ensure that the other person is paying 
attention and is ready to engage in conversation. This data is in line with Prabowo, 
M (2018) that phatic language, such as greetings and small talk, is used to maintain 
comfort and social engagement between speakers.  



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Data 5  
“Hi Apan, Ajan, Ilona!” replied Azura with a big smile. (Samuel, 116) 
Analysis: 
Greetings as an opener of communication. This is the most basic form of phatic 
greeting to maintain social connections. This data is in line with Prabowo, M (2018) 
that phatic language, such as greetings and small talk, is used to maintain comfort 
and social ties between speakers. 
 
B. Maintaining the Conversation  
Data 6  
“I want to.” Aura replied with sparkling eyes. (Samuel, 14) 
Analysis:  
Azura's statement is a light response from the previous context. It is not informative 
or explanatory, but only keeps communication going. This data is in line with 
Prabowo, M. 2018:38-40 that phatic language, such as greetings and small talk, is 
used to maintain comfort and present social between speakers. Prabowo develops 
four main functions of phatic: opening a conversation, filling in the gaps, creating 
familiarity and closing a conversation.  
 
Data 7  
“E-Eca?” Areksa pointed at herself. “Are you serious about calling me Eca?” (Samuel, 
23) 
Analysis:  
This sentence is a spontaneous and light reaction from Areksa. He is not conveying 
an important idea, but continuing and responding to social interactions. This data 
is in line with Sari, R (2020) who stated that phatic language is often overlooked, 
but actually has an important role in creating intimacy between characters and 
enriching the dynamics between communications. 
  
Data 8  
“Hurry up and go,” Areksa said to Canva who was in front of her and asked the guy to 
start his motorbike immediately. (Samuel, 42) 
Analysis: 
Areksa's direction is also part of maintaining the rhythm of the conversation. This 
data is in line with Prabowo, M (2018) that phatic language, such as greetings and 
small talk, is used to maintain comfort and social ties between speakers.  
 
Data 9  
“These tastes sweet, El. Try it.” Kiara said trying to persuade her son. “No, Nda.” 
Samuel shook his head hard. (Samuel, 89) 
Analysis: 



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The conversation between Kiara and Samuel shows the affective relationship 
between mother and child. Kiara's words are not only to order, but to maintain a 
warm relationship in the midst of Samuel's sick condition. This data is in line with 
Sari, R (2020) who stated that phatic language is often overlooked, but actually has 
an important role in creating intimacy between characters and enriching the 
dynamics between communication. 
 
Data 10  
“Do you want me to cure you?” Canva asked. “Why did you become a good person? 
Why do you always try to make other people happy?” (Samuel, 120) 
Analysis:  
This sentence is a form of attention that builds an emotional connection, not just a 
medical offer. Azura is expressing admiration and maintaining interpersonal 
communication. This data is in line with Prabowo, M. 2018:38-40 that phatic 
language, such as greetings and small talk, is used to maintain comfort and social 
ties between speakers. Prabowo (2018) identifies four main functions of phatic: 
opening a conversation, filling in the gaps, creating intimacy and closing a 
conversation. 
 
Data 11  
“Sorry…” she muttered. (Samuel, 154) 
Analysis:  
Short utterances to show awareness and maintain communication harmony, 
although not part of important information. This data is in line with Coupland & 
Jaworski 2019: 133 In the context of everyday communication, phatic language still 
has high social significance in maintaining polite rituals and in building a person's 
social identity.  
 
Data 12  
"Let's just pray that he can get well soon. You can come in, Ra." David said. (Samuel, 
202) 
Analysis:  
Keeping the conversation going, showing empathy and giving permission that 
prolongs the interaction. This data is in line with (Kadar & Hause 2021: 313) The 
importance of phatic language in maintaining social politeness and harmony 
between speakers, especially in interpersonal and professional interactions. Such 
as greetings or small talk, can help reduce tension in formal situations, maintain 
harmony in hierarchical environments. 
 
 
 
 



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C. Closing Conversation  
Data 13  
“On the dining table, El. That's why you looked for it before asking. Okay, I want to 
sleep with Azura. Bye, devil's child!” (Samuel, 11) 
Analysis:  
This data is in line with Senft (2009) This function is not about what is said, but 
where and how the message is communicated, whether the channel and the user's 
attention remain active.  
 
Data 14  
"If that's what you want, I'll take my leave first." Raskal put the paper bag containing 
the ice cream on the table. (Samuel, 114) 
Analysis:  
The sentences “Enough” and “bye” are markers of the end of a conversation where 
someone wants to end the interaction, even with a relaxed and light tone. This data 
is in line with Senft (2009) This function is not about what is said, but where and 
how the message is communicated, whether the channel and the user's attention 
remain active.  
 
Data 15  
"Sleep well, handsome boy," said Nafisha with tears streaming down her cheeks. She 
wiped Canva's face which looked thin. (Samuel, 248) 
Analysis:  
The closing sentence from a mother to her deceased child, signifies an emotional 
separation. This data is in line with Prabowo, M. 2018:38-40 that phatic language, 
such as greetings and small talk, is used to maintain comfort and social ties 
between speakers. Prabowo (2009) identifies four main functions of phatic: 
opening a conversation, filling in the gaps, creating intimacy and closing the 
conversation.  
 
D. Expressions in Casual Conversation  
Data 16  
Ilona chuckled. "Use my moves if you're upset, Ra. Do you want me to teach you how 
to fight with a machete?". (Samuel, 95) 
This greeting maintains intimacy and indicates a relaxed and joking friendship. 
This data is in line with (Kadar & Hause 2021: 313) The importance of phatic 
language in maintaining social politeness and harmony between speakers, 
especially in interpersonal and professional interactions. Like greetings or small 
talk, it can help reduce tension in formal situations, maintaining harmony in a 
hierarchical environment.  
 
 
 



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Data 17  
"I'LL KICK YOUR HEAD IF MY BOTTLE FALLS AND SCRATCHES!". (Samuel, 99) 
Analysis:  
This utterance remains within the corridor of familiarity and maintains a 
humorous relationship between the characters. This data is in line with Prabowo, 
M. 2018:38-40 that phatic language, such as greetings and small talk, is used to 
maintain comfort and social ties between speakers. Prabowo (2009) identifies four 
main functions of phatic: opening a conversation, filling in the gaps, creating 
familiarity and closing a conversation.  
 
Data 18  
“Marvel, right, is like a devil. He is arrogant but works quietly, his face is flat like a 
newly repaired asphalt road.”. (Samuel, 104) 
Analysis:  
Phatic function in the form of jokes, this utterance is used to strengthen 
relationships with friends through jokes, not to convey serious information. This 
data is in line with (Kadar & Hause 2021: 313) The importance of phatic language 
in maintaining social politeness and harmony between speakers, especially in 
interpersonal and professional interactions. Like greetings or small talk, it can help 
reduce tension in formal situations, maintain harmony in a hierarchical 
environment.  
 
Data 19  
“Ready, Eca is handsome!” Azura waved her hands in salute and smiled broadly at 
Areksa. (Samuel, 164) 
Analysis:  
Social relations and strengthening closeness between characters. This sentence is 
more humorous and does not convey important information, but strengthens. This 
data is in line with (Kadar & Hause 2021: 313) The importance of phatic language 
in maintaining social politeness and harmony between speakers, especially in 
interpersonal and professional interactions. Such as greetings or small talk, can 
help reduce tension in formal situations, maintain harmony in a hierarchical 
environment.  
 
Data 20  
“Jiaahhh, former OSIS chairman,” Canva replied then laughed. (Samuel, 231) 
Analysis:  
This sentence is used to lighten the mood and strengthen friendship through jokes. 
Phatic often appears in the form of humor like this. This data is in line with Prabowo, 
M. 2018:38-40 that phatic language, such as greetings and small talk, is used to 
maintain comfort and social ties between speakers. Prabowo (2009) identifies four 



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main functions of phatic: opening a conversation, filling in the gaps, creating 
intimacy and closing a conversation.  
 
Data 21  
“Then why are you pretending to be heartbroken?” Canva asked in surprise. “You gave 
the rules, you’re the one who lost. Huuuu wimp!” Farzan mocked. (Samuel, 135) 
Analysis:  
Not a serious question, but part of a light conversation to lighten the mood. Fatik. 
Taunts as part of friends' jokes, used to strengthen social relationships. This data is 
in line with Prabowo, M. 2018:38-40 that phatic language, such as greetings and 
small talk, is used to maintain comfort and social ties between speakers. Prabowo 
(2009) identifies four main functions of phatik: opening a conversation, filling in 
the gaps, creating familiarity and closing a conversation.  
 
Data 22  
“Baby El, am I pretty?” Azura asked Samuel. “Always pretty.” Samuel carved a thin 
smile. Samuel’s answer made the others cheer excitedly. The guy was increasingly 
open in showing his love for Azura. Compared to before, now it felt very different. 
(Samuel, 235) 
Analysis:  
This sweet sentence lightens the mood and strengthens interpersonal relationships. 
This shows the intimacy that is now more open between them. This data is in line 
with (Kadar & Hause 2021: 313) The importance of phatic language in maintaining 
social politeness and harmony between speakers, especially in interpersonal and 
professional interactions. Like greetings or small talk, it can help reduce tension in 
formal situations, maintaining harmony in a hierarchical environment. 
 
Conclusion  
   This study concludes that the function of phatic language in Itakrn's novel 
"Samuel" plays an important role in shaping the dynamics of social interaction 
between characters. This function helps build atmosphere, reflects interpersonal 
relationships, and strengthens characterization. This finding shows the importance 
of paying attention to pragmatic aspects in literary studies to understand the social 
dimension of language used in fictional works. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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