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78 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 BRADLEY AND GERBER

Male Cyclura pinguis (no. 9) one year after the initial release. This iguana traveled only about 13 m from the original release site on
Middle Cay.

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Natural History

Herbivorous Rock Iguanas (Iguanidae: Cyclura) occur only
in the West Indies. The critically endangered Anegada

Iguana (Cyclura pinguis) is one of the largest species in the genus.
Adults can grow to 550 mm in snout-vent length (SVL) and
weigh up to 7 kg (Carey 1975). Genetic studies have shown this
species to be the most basal of extant lineages (Malone et al.
2000). The extent of the historical range is uncertain. The
species is known to have occurred on Puerto Rico, where cave
fossils date from 15,000–20,000 years ago, before the arrival of
humans (Pregill 1981). Fossil evidence also has been found on
St. Thomas (U.S. Virgin Islands). These remains, however, are
associated with Native American middens (Miller 1918).
Whether these remains were imported or collected locally is

unknown. Regardless, presumably before Europeans arrived in
the Americas, the Anegada Iguana became restricted to the
island of Anegada in what is now the British Virgin Islands
(BVI).

Since 1984, the species’ range has been expanded through
the introduction of iguanas from Anegada to Guana, Necker,
and, most recently, Norman Island, all three of which are also in
the BVI (Goodyear and Lazell 1994, Lazell 1995). These islands
are privately owned and afford these established populations
some protection from threats facing the population on Anegada.
These satellite populations appear to be thriving, and serve as a
hedge against extinction for the species as a whole.

On Anegada, iguanas typically are found in two habitat
types, sandy scrub or rocky woodland. Sandy scrub is charac-

Conservation of the Anegada Iguana
(Cyclura pinguis)

Kelly A. Bradley1 and Glenn P. Gerber2

1Department of Herpetology, Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX 75203, USA (kbradle@mail.ci.dallas.tx.us)
2Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92112, USA

Abstract.—The long-term survival of the Anegada Iguana (Cyclura pinguis) is uncertain. The species is in danger of becoming extinct due
to habitat destruction, competition with feral livestock, and the introduction of non-native mammalian predators. In an effort to save
the Anegada Iguana, the IUCN Iguana Specialist Group and the British Virgin Islands National Parks Trust began a concerted conser-
vation effort in 1997. They initiated a headstart program in order to bolster the wild population until many of the problems facing the
iguanas can be minimized or removed. Headstarted iguanas were released back into the wild in October of 2003 and 2004. This paper
briefly reviews the natural history of C. pinguis and presents some preliminary results from the ongoing long-term monitoring of the
subadult iguanas reintroduced to the wild.

Key Words: Anegada Iguana, Cyclura pinguis, British Virgin Islands, Conservation, Headstarting, Reintroduction, Radiotelemetry

IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 79ANEGADA IGUANA

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terized by small to medium-sized woody shrubs, grasses, and
some larger trees. Vegetation can be very dense and can limit
access in some areas. In this habitat, iguanas dig burrows for
retreats. Rocky woodland has a limestone substrate with many
holes and crevices that iguanas use as retreats. Vegetation is com-
posed of some smaller shrubs, tall mature trees, and cacti.
Vegetation at both sites supplies iguanas with food (leaves and
fruit), shade, and retreats.

Reproductive activity is tied to seasonal changes that pro-
mote a high hatch rate (Alberts 2000, Harris 1982, Rand and
Green 1982, Wiewandt 1982). The mating season falls in May
and June. Females dig nests from late June through July, shortly
after the spring rains, when the ground is soft. Temperatures are
high during the summer 90-day incubation period. Hatchlings
emerge during the wet fall, when food resources are most abun-
dant (Gerber 2000).

Females can lay up to 20 eggs, although the average is 13.
The reproductive strategy of producing fewer but larger off-
spring is the result of evolving in a predator-poor environment.
This strategy, however, renders the species very vulnerable to
introduced predators that target juveniles. In contrast, the Green
Iguana (Iguana iguana), which evolved in the predator-rich envi-
ronments of Central and South America, can produce clutches
of fifty eggs. Consequently, introduced Green Iguanas can
become established even on islands with effective predators such
as cats and mongooses.

Conservation Status and Major Threats
The Red List of the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources currently lists C. pinguis as
“Critically Endangered” (IUCN 2004) and the species is listed
in Appendix I by the Convention on the International Trade of
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 2004).
Recent population estimates suggest that the Anegada Iguana
has suffered an 80% decline in numbers since the late 1960s
(Mitchell 1999). Accurately estimating population size is diffi-
cult because of the species’ secretive nature and fragmented pop-
ulation. The most recent estimates are 200 wild adults and 44
repatriated iguanas on Anegada (Gerber 2004) plus 80 individ-

uals currently in the headstart facility (Walker, pers. comm.),
130 on Guana, and 30 on Necker (Perry and Mitchell 2003).
These low numbers suggest that C. pinguis is one of the most
endangered lizards in the world.

Cyclura pinguis faces many threats. Human encroachment
is destroying the remaining habitat. An ongoing controversy
over land ownership on Anegada has resulted in many of the
long-term residents being unable to acquire clear title to land on
which they have lived for generations, and many locals have neg-
ative feelings toward establishing a large national park that incor-
porates most of the core iguana area. A portion of the core
iguana area on Anegada is within a Ramsar site (Ramsar
Convention on Wetlands), which is internationally protected
wetland. However, the most productive nesting area for the
remaining population is currently unprotected.

A second major threat to the survival of C. pinguis is the
large feral livestock population. Large herds of cattle, donkeys,
goats, and sheep range freely. Simply by stepping on them, live-

80 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 BRADLEY AND GERBER

A hatchling Cyclura pinguis emerges from a nest that was excavated in
July by a female in the Bones Bight area of Anegada.

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The staff of the British Virgin Islands National Trust (Nevil
Vanterpoole, Raymond Walker, and Rondel Smith) and Sylvia
Faulkner, a local resident who participated in the release of headstarted
iguanas back into the wild.

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Fort Worth Zoo veterinarians surgically place transmitters into the
coelomic cavity of each iguana.

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stock can collapse burrows and nest chambers, which can result
in the death of an animal or an entire clutch of eggs. Secondly,
livestock is a significant competitor for food. Vegetation is
severely overbrowsed, and the plants not consumed by livestock
come to dominate large sections of habitat, where the flora has
been completely degraded. The result is vegetation that is used
by neither mammals nor iguanas.

The most immediate threat to the survival of C. pinguis is
the feral cat (Felis catus), a very effective predator of iguanas
(Iverson 1978). Each fall, when hatchling iguanas emerge from
their nests, feral cats prey on the naïve iguanas, resulting in high
juvenile mortality. As a result, the wild population on Anegada
is made up almost entirely of older adults, with other age classes
virtually absent.

In the late 1990s, the British Virgin Islands National Parks
Trust (BVINPT) contacted the IUCN Iguana Specialist Group
regarding the creation of a conservation plan modeled after the
Jamaican Iguana headstart program. The C. pinguis headstart
program was established in 1997, when Rondel Smith of the
BVINPT found three hatchlings floating in Manhead Pond. In
cooperation with the ISG, a captive facility was constructed on
Anegada to serve as a safe place for hatchling iguanas to be
raised. This headstart facility has expanded over the years and

currently houses over 80 iguanas. Each July, nesting females are
located and their nests are marked. The BVINPT then places
protective barriers around each nest. Hatchlings are collected in
October and transferred to the headstart facility, where the igua-
nas are raised in a protective environment by the BVINPT until
they are large enough to survive in the wild at relatively little risk
from feral cats.

The first release of Anegada Iguanas back into the wild was
designed to answer several questions: (1) What is the smallest
body size at which an iguana can survive cat predation? (2)
What habitat type correlates with the highest survival rates? (3)
Can compromised habitat with feral livestock support additional
iguanas? (4) Can iguanas adapt to living in the wild after spend-
ing the first four to six years in captivity?

Methods
Study Animals.—Forty-eight iguanas were selected from the
headstart facility on Anegada during a pre-release health screen-
ing. These animals had been in the facility from four to six years.
The health screenings consisted of physical exams, blood chem-
istry analyses, and fecal analyses. These were performed by the
Fort Worth Zoo veterinary staff as part of a five-year, multi-
species, health-screening project funded by a Morris Animal

IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 81ANEGADA IGUANA

A rare hatchling Cyclura pinguis was captured along the road near Pomato Point on Anegada. This individual was transferred to the headstart facil-
ity after being weighed and measured and having a blood sample taken for genetic studies.

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Foundation grant to Bonnie Raphael and Rick Hudson. All
health screenings followed the guidelines for pre-release screen-
ing adopted by the ISG.

After passing the health screening, animals underwent sur-
gery to implant radio-transmitters. A transmitter was surgically
placed in the coelomic cavity of each animal prior to release by
veterinary staff of the Fort Worth and Bronx zoos. Two radio-
transmitter models manufactured by Holohil Systems, Ltd.
(Ontario, Canada) were used. Twelve animals were implanted
with model SI-2, which weighed 9.3 g and had a projected bat-
tery life of 12–14 months. Thirty-six animals were implanted
with model AI-2T, which weighed 16 g and had a projected bat-
tery life of 24–26 months. Each transmitter type provided both
directional and temperature data. All transmitters were less than
1% of the average subject mass. The smaller transmitters were
used in the smaller iguanas (<1200 g).

Morphometric data (SVL, tail length, mass, head width,
head length, and largest crest scale length) were recorded for each
animal prior to release. Animals were uniquely marked by using
colored glass beads attached to nuchal crest scales. Additionally,
each animal also had an identification number painted on each
side of its body using T-shirt bubble paint. After a recovery
period of 5–10 days, the iguanas were released into the wild.

To experimentally determine the optimal body size of head-
started iguanas for release back into the wild, we released a vari-
ety of sizes (Table). In 2003, we released 24 animals ranging in
mass from 750–2050 g. In 2004, we released another 24 igua-
nas ranging in mass from 597–1590 g. We released equal num-
bers of male and female iguanas at each site in both years.

Release Sites.—Each year, we released iguanas at two sites where
wild iguanas were present prior to the release. Iguanas were
transported from the headstart facility and released in the early
morning. Each year, half of the iguanas were released on Middle
Cay, one of the large peninsulas located in the western salt

ponds. The substrate on Middle Cay is eroded limestone filled
with solution holes and crevices. Iguanas typically use the rock
crevices and sink holes for retreats. Vegetation is mostly xero-
phytic thorn forest, with the principle plants being “Pokemeboy”
(Acacia anegadensis), Loblolly (Pisonia subcordata), and cactus
(Melocactus intortus) (Carey 1975, Mitchell 1999).

The second release site is the Faulkner site, located in the
Bones Bight area. The Faulkner site, part of the dune system on
the northwestern shore, is a coastal scrub habitat with a sand sub-
strate. Iguanas typically dig burrows in the sand to use as retreats.
Vegetation is fairly dense, and principal plants are Torchwood
(Dodonaea viscose), Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera), and Black
Candlewood (Erithalis fruiticosa) (Carey 1972, Mitchell 1999).

Both sites are within the remaining core iguana area and are
encompassed within the Ramsar site, affording the iguanas some
degree of protection. All of the animals were released in the same
location at each study site on approximately the same day in

82 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 BRADLEY AND GERBER

Table.  Initial mass of headstarted Cyclura pinguis at time of release for the 2003 and 2004 study groups. Mass in g.

2003 Release 2004 Release

Middle Cay Faulkner Site Middle Cay Faulkner Site

Sex Mass Sex Mass Sex Mass Sex Mass

M 2050 M 1900 M 1540 M 1590

M 1300 M 1590 M 1340 M 1150

M 1200 M 1170 M 1040 M 950

F 1420 F 1360 F 1160 F 1160

F 1400 F 1360 F 1040 F 1060

F 1250 F 1290 F 950 F 980

M 1150 M 1250 M 760 M 930

M 1000 M 910 M 750 M 710

M 860 M 890 M 605 M 680

F 1200 F 1285 F 860 F 870

F 890 F 880 F 665 F 685

F 800 F 750 F 665 F 597

Kelly Bradley manually tracking iguanas at the Faulkner study site.

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IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 83ANEGADA IGUANA

early October, during the peak of the wet season, corresponding
to natural hatching periods when food resources are presumably
most abundant.

Post-release Monitoring.—Animals were manually tracked for
the first 30 days after initial release in October. Post-release mon-
itoring trips lasting two to three weeks were made at 60 days,
120 days, 180 days, 270 days, and 360 days post-release during
the first year for a total of 125 days of monitoring. Animals that
have a two-year battery transmitter will also be tracked at 420
days, 510 days, 570 days, 630 days, and 720 days for a total of
204 days of monitoring.

Animals were located daily, using a YAGI antenna and a
TX1001 receiver. Each time an animal was sighted, its location
was recorded using a Trimble GEO XT GPS unit. In addition to
manual tracking, a telemetry station was installed at the Faulkner
site. The telemetry station consists of a Televit RX-900 scan-
ner/receiver/data logger attached to four directional antennae on
a 20-foot metal pole. During fieldtrips, the unit continuously
records data, spending one minute on each iguana’s frequency.
Each time a frequency is detected, the unit records which
antenna(e) responded, the strength of the signal, the pulse period
relating to internal body temperature, and the time and date.

We conducted focal animal observations on one individual
each day. Iguanas were observed for 45 minutes. Observation
periods occurred throughout the day to determine temporal pat-
terns. Data were collected on diet, habitat use, activity periods,
and interactions with wild adults.

Virtually all animals were recaptured 60 days post-release.
For each captured animal, we recorded morphometric data,
body temperature, presence and location of ectoparasites, body
condition, and surgical incision-site condition. Identification
numbers on the animals were reapplied and glass beads reat-
tached, if necessary. We also attempted to recapture iguanas dur-
ing subsequent monitoring trips, however, iguanas quickly
learned the capture techniques, and new techniques had to be
used. As a result, recaptures were not always successful. At vari-
ous time, we used noose poles, large fishnets, and live traps. All
animals were released at the point of capture.

We collected all fecal deposits found in the field to docu-
ment the diet and seasonal changes in diet of the headstarted
iguanas as compared to the diet of wild adults. A size difference
in fecal boluses from wild adults and the much smaller head-
started animals made the distinction obvious.

Results
This is an ongoing project and information presented here is
only an overview of results to date. Data will continue to be
taken through October 2006 or until transmitter batteries die.

2003 Release.—Sixteen months after initial release in October
2003, 83% of individuals survived. Of the four animals lost, two
from each site, three were males, and all were of medium size
(890–1170 g). One female was found dead on Middle Cay two
days after the initial release, and the death was attributable to com-
plications from surgery. A second mortality occurred after 60 days
for reasons unknown; only the transmitter was recovered. A thor-
ough search of the area was made, but the carcass was not recov-
ered. This animal was the smallest male released at the Faulkner
site, and also had traveled the farthest from the original release site.
The last time this animal was observed alive, at the end of October
2003, it was approximately 322 m south of the point of release.
Rondel Smith of the National Trust saw the animal for another
two weeks, but was unable to locate it after that time.

Two mortalities were discovered during the March moni-
toring trip. After 195 days, the transmitter of a medium-sized

Kelly Bradley and Glenn Gerber measure and weigh each iguana prior
to release.

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Kelly Bradley and Glenn Gerber paint an identification number on a
male iguana before he is released back into the wild at the Faulkner
study site.

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male was found at the Faulkner site. The transmitter appeared
to be damaged by rats. We assumed that rats or large land crabs
scavenged the carcass. The second mortality was another
medium-sized male found in a rock crevice on Middle Cay. The
animal was found alive, but in very poor shape. The animal was
captured, but died on its way to the local veterinarian. This
death occurred 202 days after initial release. A subsequent
necropsy conducted by Shannon Ferrell, D.V.M., of the Fort
Worth Zoo, showed that this animal had ample fat reserves, but
significant muscle atrophy, especially along the dorsal ridge and
rear legs. The necropsy clearly showed no signs of granuloma
formation or inflammation associated with the transmitter. The
iguana had begun to wall off the transmitter with an almost
transparent membrane. No clear cause of death was established.

Animals at the two sites moved similar distances from the
release point. The shortest and longest distances moved by ani-
mals on Middle Cay were 13 m and 391 m. The respective dis-

tances for the Faulkner site were 22 m and 322 m. The farthest
distance one animal moved in a single 24-hour period was 286
m. Approximately 26 GPS points were recorded for each of the
surviving 2003 animals, indicating that the iguanas had spread
out evenly in their respective field sites.

2004 Release.—The second group released in 2004 has been
tracked for five months with 92% surviving. One animal from
Middle Cay died at 60 days. The animal was a male with a mass
at release of 760 g. No carcass was found; only the transmitter
was recovered. A second dead iguana was discovered on Middle
Cay five months after release. This female had an original mass
of 860 g. The carcass was recovered, but it had been severely
scavenged. The animal was deposited at the BVINPT and will
undergo necropsy at a later date.

Future Plans
We hope to release a third group of iguanas from the headstart
facility during October 2005. We plan to release eight animals
of a smaller size class. Because the five smallest iguanas released
in 2003 are still alive 16 months after release, we believe that we
have not yet determined the smallest size at which an iguana can
survive in the wild while exposed to potential predation by feral
cats. The minimum size of the 2003 release iguanas was 750 g;
the minimum size for the 2004 release was 597g. We propose to
release animals with a mass as low as 450 g in 2005. By incre-
mentally decreasing the size of released iguanas, we should be
able to determine the optimum size for release. This would

84 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 BRADLEY AND GERBER

Iguana no. 4, three months after release on Middle Cay of Anegada.

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Points on the map represent locations where headstarted iguanas have
been sighted during the first 10 months after initial release in October
2003.

Our initial prediction was that the smallest individuals would suffer
the highest mortality. Instead, iguanas of medium size died. The gray
dot represents an animal that died due to complications from surgery.



IGUANA  •  VOLUME 12, NUMBER 2  •  JUNE 2005 85ANEGADA IGUANA

enable the BVINPT to minimize an individual’s time in the
headstart facility, and maximize the number of iguanas being
brought through the headstart facility. The information gained
from this study will optimize the efficiency of the headstart pro-
gram and thus bolster the remaining wild population at a max-
imum rate in future years.

Acknowledgements
We thank the following institutions for their financial support
of this project: Pittsburgh Zoological Society, Chicago
Herpetological Society, John Ball Zoological Society, Rhode
Island Zoological Society, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo,
International Iguana Foundation, Morris Animal Foundation,
Dallas Zoo, Dallas Zoological Society, Fort Worth Zoo, and San
Diego Zoo. We thank the entire staff of the British Virgin
Islands National Parks Trust for their assistance with this proj-
ect: Joseph Smith Abbott, Ester George, Raymond Walker,
Nancy Woodfield, Lee Vanterpoole, Rondel Smith, and Nevel
Vanterpoole. We also thank the following people for their help:
Allison Alberts, Rick Hudson, Lee Pagni, Jeff Lemm, Jeanette
Boylan, Cynthia Bennett, and the Fort Worth and Bronx zoo’s
veterinary staff: Drs. Shannon Ferrell, A.J. Marlar, Nancy Lung,
Bonnie Raphael, and Sandra Leel. The staff of the Dallas Zoo
Reptile Department provided support and contributions to the
project: Ruston Hartdegen, Matt Watson, Michael Burger,
Bradley Lawrence, Samantha Snavely, Jessica Crowely, Ryan
Steele, as did Clay Garrett of the Fort Worth Zoo. Kim Harding,
Kerri Mitchell, Joe Wasilewski, Elyse Kitterman, Andrew
Brinker, and Carol Andersen helped in the field.

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Author Biographies
Kelly Bradley is a Senior Research Technician for the
Dallas Zoo, Reptile Department, and a Masters stu-
dent at the University of Texas at Arlington. Kelly has
fifteen years experience in zoo herpetology, and is a
member of the IUCN Iguana Specialist Group. She
has worked on field projects with Caribbean Rock
Iguanas for eleven years, and became involved with the
Anegada Iguana recovery project in 2001.

Glenn Gerber, Ph.D., is a Millennium Postdoctoral
Fellow, Zoological Society of San Diego Conservation
and Research for Endangered Species. Dr. Gerber has
thirteen years of experience conducting conservation
and research projects on Caribbean Rock Iguanas. He
is an active member of the IUCN Iguana Specialist
Group and serves on the Steering Committee.




