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24 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2006 KRYSKO ET AL.

Neonate Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) along water’s edge at Vanderbilt Beach County Park, Collier County.

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The Florida herpetofauna presently contains 50 recognized
species of lizards, with an overwhelming 34 (68%) of these

being non-native and primarily of tropical origin (Krysko and
Enge 2005). Fifteen (44%) of these non-native lizards are in the
superfamily Iguania (sensu Frost et al. 2001), and eight are anoles
in the family Polychrotidae. The Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vitta-
tus Wiegmann 1828) is the only established representative of the
family Corytophanidae in Florida, although a few adult Green
Basilisks (Basiliscus plumifrons Cope 1876), a larger and more
arboreal species than B. vittatus, have occasionally been observed
(Bartlett and Bartlett 1999, Meshaka et al. 2004, R. Goushaw,
pers. comm.). Because no voucher specimens or photographs of
B. plumifrons from Florida are available, we view these sightings
as escaped or released pets that do not presently represent estab-
lished populations. Until recently, B. vittatus had only been doc-
umented from northern Miami-Dade County and adjacent
Broward County in the southeastern peninsula. Herein, we doc-
ument likely modes of introduction of this species in Florida and
illustrate range expansion to the south, north, and west.

Materials and Methods
To determine the present geographic distribution of Basiliscus vit-
tatus in Florida, we made field collections of this species from July
2000 through June 2005. Specimens were collected by hand,
with nooses (Strong et al. 1993), blowguns shooting tapered
corks, and fishing rods using invertebrates for bait (Krysko 2000).
Basiliscus vittatus can be extremely wary and difficult to approach
closely, but we were extremely successful at collecting this species
using domestic crickets or crabs on a fishing hook for bait. When
a lizard was observed, we used a fishing rod to cast a food item
to within about 3 m of the lizard. Lizards would typically jump
off their perches or out from dense vegetation and eat the bait,
and were then easily reeled in and collected. Specimens were

deposited in the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH),
University of Florida (UF collection). We also obtained locality
records from the literature and systematic collections throughout
the United States. Source acronyms for collections follow Leviton
et al. (1985), with the addition of Everglades National Park
(EVER), from which the entire collection is currently being
accessioned into UF. All records with locality data were plotted
using ArcView v3.2 (ESRI).

Results and Discussion
Native Distribution and Natural History.—Basiliscus vittatus is
found in lowland habitats from coastal regions of central México
south through Central America and northern South America to
Ecuador (Savage 2002, Köhler 2003). Basiliscus vittatus inhab-
its tropical and subtropical forests in both disturbed and undis-
turbed habitats, where it can be found on the ground, in bushes,
or on the lower branches of trees, particularly near bodies of
water (Campbell 1998). Juveniles are more closely associated
with the water’s edge than adults (Maturana 1962, Hirth 1963,
Laerm 1974).

This diurnally active species is most frequently observed in
August and September, but is active year-round (Hirth 1963).
Peak activity occurs in the early morning and late afternoon dur-
ing sunny days, but lizards may be active sporadically through-
out the day during overcast weather (Hirth 1963). Basiliscus vit-
tatus has a small home range of about 7.9–19.8 m2 in Costa
Rica (Fitch 1973a). At night, B. vittatus retreats to elevated
(0.3–2.7 m or more) perches (i.e., in palm fronds, on twigs or
branches overhanging rivers, under bridges), where it sleeps until
daybreak (Conant 1951, Neill and Allen 1959, Alvarez del Toro
1960, Hirth 1963).

Neonates, which measure 35–40 mm snout-vent length
(SVL) and weigh 1.5 g, grow an average of 15 mm during their

The Introduced Brown Basilisk 
(Basiliscus vittatus) in Florida

Kenneth L. Krysko1, Jason C. Seitz1, Josiah H. Townsend1,2, and Kevin M. Enge3

1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (kenneyk@flmnh.ufl.edu and jseitz@flmnh.ufl.edu)
2Tropical Conservation and Development Program, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA

(jtownsend@flmnh.ufl.edu)
4Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Quincy, Florida 32351 (kevin.enge@myfwc.com)

Abstract,—The Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann 1828) is the only established representative of the family
Corytophanidae in Florida. Until recently, the only reported populations of B. vittatus in the United States were in the south-
eastern Florida peninsula from northern Miami-Dade County and adjacent Broward County to the north. Herein, we doc-
ument likely modes of introduction of this species in Florida and illustrate range expansion as far south as Homestead in
Miami-Dade County, as far north as St. Lucie County, and as far west as Collier County.

Key Words: Corytophanidae, Exotic, Iguania, Lizard, Non-native

IGUANA  •  VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2006 25BASILISCUS VITTATUS IN FLORIDA

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first month of life (Hirth 1963). Maturity is reached at about six
months of age; adults typically measure around 115 mm
(females) to 134 mm SVL (males), but males may grow as large
as 170 mm SVL and > 90 g (Fitch 1973a, b, Savage 2000).
Basiliscus vittatus is reported to live about three years in the wild,
but most survive less than one year (Hirth 1963, Fitch 1973a).
A female usually deposits between two and four clutches of 2–6
eggs annually (maximum of 12 eggs; Alvarez del Toro 1960),
primarily during a nine-month nesting season beginning in mid-
February (Fitch 1973a).

Neonates are reported to eat a variety of invertebrates —
tenebrionid beetles, ants, grasshoppers, amphipods, lycosid spi-
ders, and lepidopteran larvae — whereas adults feed on both

invertebrates and plant matter such as grasses, seeds, stems, and
berries (Hirth 1963, Lee 2000). Predators include snakes, birds,
other lizards, and Atlantic Ghost Crabs (Ocypode quadratus).
Basilisk eggs oviposited on beaches may sometimes be unearthed
by nesting sea turtles (Hirth 1963, Campbell 1998). Basilisks
may run up to 30 m towards water or vegetation to escape pre-
dation (Fitch 1973a), often in a bipedal stance with only their
hind feet touching the ground. Basilisks are popularly referred
to as “Jesus Christ lizards,” because of their ability to run across
the surface of water for short distances.

Distribution in Florida.—We compiled 307 records of Basiliscus
vittatus from Florida. Sixty-eight of these are preserved speci-

26 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2006 KRYSKO ET AL.

Records (n = 307) of the Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) in Florida. Localities include: (1) Vanderbilt Beach Park, (2) Golden Gate, (3)
Homestead, (4) Snapper Creek Canal, (5) Red Road, (6) Miami International Airport, (7) Krome Avenue and US 27, (8) Key Biscayne, (9) Elaine
Gordon Park, (10) Cooper City, (11) Davie, (12) Hollywood, (13) Parkland, (14) Loxahatchee, (15) Fort Pierce, and (16) Header Canal and
Glades Cutoff Roads.

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IGUANA  •  VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2006 27BASILISCUS VITTATUS IN FLORIDA

mens collected between 1979 and 2005 (Appendix), 55 of
which were collected during our surveys. The remaining 239
records are our observations of individuals in the wild. Basiliscus
vittatus was found in five Florida counties, including Broward,
Collier, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach, and St. Lucie.

Wilson and Porras (1983) first recorded Basiliscus vittatus
in Florida from three localities in Miami-Dade and Broward
counties, and these had been the only reported populations in
the United States until recently (see Conant and Collins 1998,
Crother 2000[2001]). In 1976, B. vittatus was found in two
areas of Miami, Miami-Dade County: near a sparsely vegetated
canal near the northwestern corner of Miami International
Airport (MIA), and around an animal dealer’s compound near
NW 70th Street and 70th Avenue (Wilson and Porras 1983). In
1981, the latter site was demolished, but lizards were subse-
quently seen on a nearby canal bank. Wilson and Porras (1983)
predicted that the merging of these two nearby populations was
likely because of the species’ ability to adapt to modified habi-
tats and that its dispersal was not limited by city growth.
Meshaka et al. (2000) speculated that B. vittatus would be the
next non-native species to enter Everglades National Park.

In Miami-Dade County, we recorded Basiliscus vittatus in
parking lots and along canals, shores of lakes, and borrow pits
from SW 120th Avenue and 72nd Street east to the Snapper
Creek Canal and Red Road, near the junction of Krome Avenue
and US 27, in Enchanted Forest Elaine Gordon Park, in Bill
Baggs Cape Florida State Park and Crandon Park on Key
Biscayne, and as far south as SW 117th Avenue and E Palm
Drive in Homestead near the Turkey Point Power Plant. For
example, at MIA we observed 20 juvenile B. vittatus in one hour
hiding in grass about 60 cm tall along a single canal. At this site,
we also recorded Cane Toads (Bufo marinus), Green Anoles
(Anolis carolinensis/porcatus), Bark Anoles (A. distichus), Brown
Anoles (A. sagrei), Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana), Tropical
House Geckos (Hemidactylus mabouia), and Brahminy Blind
Snakes (Ramphotyphlops braminus). We recorded five B. vittatus
on sidewalks, in parking lots, and in grass on SW 117 Avenue
from Snapper Creek to just south of Sunset Drive. At this site,
we also recorded Greenhouse Frogs (Eleutherodactylus
planirostris), Giant Whiptails (Aspidoscelis motaguae), and Anolis
sagrei. On two occasions, while fishing for Aspidoscelis motaguae,
we blind casted a live cricket on the sidewalk in front of vehic-
ular traffic and had a B. vittatus run out from shrubs onto the
sidewalk to grab and eat the insect. We recorded more than 50
B. vittatus along Snapper Creek on Red Road between SW 88
and 100 streets. There, B. vittatus is frequently observed on trees,
grass, or cement walls. At this site, we also recorded Red-eared
Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), Anolis distichus, A. carolinen-
sis/porcatus, A. sagrei, Puerto Rican Crested Anoles (A. cristatel-
lus), Knight Anoles (A. equestris), and Iguana iguana. Around 25
B. vittatus were collected using flashlights at night as they slept
in vegetation along a canal near the junction of Krome Avenue
and US 27 (B. Love, pers. comm.). Along with at least 43 other
non-marine amphibian and reptilian species, we recorded more
than 125 B. vittatus from Crandon Park and Bill Baggs Cape
Florida State Park on Key Biscayne (Krysko et al., in prep.). We
recorded seven B. vittatus in vegetation along canals near the
Turkey Point Power Plant. At these sites, we also recorded Two-

toed Amphiuma (Amphiuma means), Bufo marinus,
Eleutherodactylus planirostris, Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea),
Cuban Treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis), Anolis carolinen-
sis/porcatus, A. sagrei, Hemidactylus mabouia, Corn (Elaphe gut-
tata) and Yellow Rat (E. obsoleta) snakes, Southern (Nerodia fas-
ciata) and Florida Green (N. floridana) watersnakes,

Juvenile Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) on vegetation along Snapper
Creek on Red Road between SW 88 and 100 streets, Miami-Dade
County.

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Adult female Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) on a tree along Snapper
Creek on Red Road between SW 88 and 100 streets, Miami-Dade
County.

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Adult male Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) on a Fig (Ficus sp.) along
Snapper Creek on Red Road between SW 88 and 100 streets, Miami-
Dade County.

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Ramphotyphlops braminus, Ribbon Snakes (Thamnophis sauri-
tus), Florida Soft-shelled Turtles (Apalone ferox), Common
Snappers (Chelydra serpentina), Striped Mud Turtles (Kinosternon
baurii), Peninsula Cooters (Pseudemys peninsularis), American
Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), and American Crocodiles
(Crocodylus acutus).

Wilson and Porras (1983) reported a third well-established
population of Basiliscus vittatus, of unknown origin, along a
canal on NW 70th Street between Stirling and Griffin roads in
Davie, Broward County. In Broward County, we found B. vit-
tatus along many canals and lakes, and in parking lots at locali-
ties such as Wolf Lake Park and Stirling Road just west of NW
66th Avenue in Davie, Stirling Road about 0.8 km west of I-95
in Hollywood, Stirling Road about 1.6 km east of I-95 and just
east of NW 65th Avenue in Hollywood, C-11 Canal in Cooper

City, and in Parkland. We recorded 16 B. vittatus along lake
margins at Wolf Lake Park, along with Anolis distichus, A. sagrei,
Iguana iguana, Ringneck Snakes (Diadophis punctatus), Elaphe
guttata, Ramphotyphlops braminus, and Florida Brown Snakes
(Storeria victa). We recorded four B. vittatus in the parking lot
of a reptile dealer on Stirling Road just east of NW 65th Avenue
in Hollywood, along with African Rainbow Lizards (Agama
agama), Anolis equestris, A. sagrei, Common House Geckos
(Hemidactylus frenatus), Red-sided Curly-tailed Lizards
(Leiocephalus schreibersii), a Chinese Water Dragon (Physignathus
cocincinus), and Smooth-backed Gliding Geckos (Ptychozoon
lionotum). We recorded five B. vittatus in the vicinity of NW 81
Terrace in Parkland, along with Hispaniolan Green Anoles
(Anolis chlorocyanus), Large-headed Anoles (A. cybotes), A. sagrei,
and Iguana iguana.

28 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2006 KRYSKO ET AL.

Juvenile Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) on a palm at Crandon Park,
Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County.

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Adult male Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) along a driveway on curb
at Crandon Park, Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County.

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Adult male Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) on a tree at Wolf Lake Park, Broward County.

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IGUANA  •  VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2006 29BASILISCUS VITTATUS IN FLORIDA

Krysko et al. (2005) first reported Basiliscus vittatus from
Palm Beach County in Loxahatchee, where an adult male and
female were observed in a backyard. However, in 1992, a reptile
dealer reported buying 100–150 B. vittatus per week from chil-
dren who collected them in the West Palm Beach area, and a
commercial collector caught about 300 B. vittatus in three nights
along canals in West Palm Beach in 2003 (G. Ward, pers.
comm.).

Krysko et al. (2005) first reported Basiliscus vittatus farther
north in St. Lucie County at the northern end of CR 609
(Header Canal Road), as well as east of Carlton Road ca. 1.6 km
north of Glades Cutoff Road, where an adult male and female
and two juveniles were spotlighted and observed in dense vege-
tation along canals at night. An adult female was collected while
sleeping on a branch at night in an abandoned citrus grove along
Eleven Mile Road ca. 1 km north of CR 712 (Midway Road).
A disjunct population has been established since about 1990 in
White City, south of Fort Pierce (G. Ward, pers. comm.).

Krysko et al. (2005) first reported Basiliscus vittatus from
southwestern Florida at Vanderbilt Beach County Park in
Naples, and near the junction of 17th Street SW and 16th
Avenue in Golden Gate, Collier County. Basiliscus vittatus was
first observed at Vanderbilt Beach County Park in 2000, where
a locally abundant population inhabits an urbanized coastal
wetland of predominantly Red Mangroves (Rhizophora mangle)
and Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). This small wet-
land is positioned around the perimeter of a public parking lot
adjacent to a Gulf of Mexico beach. All size classes have been
observed at this locality, mostly along the edges of water and
the adjacent parking lot, sidewalks, and roads, where lizards are
frequently observed basking and foraging. Basiliscus vittatus has

also been observed since January 2004 along a canal in adjacent
Golden Gate.

Natural History in Florida.—In Florida, Basiliscus vittatus is com-
monly found along the edges of vegetated canals and lakes, espe-
cially those bordered by Australian Pine (Casuarina equisetifolia),
Brazilian Pepper, willow (Salix spp.), Buttonwood (Conocarpus
erectus), and mangrove trees. This species is diurnal and is fre-
quently observed on hot, sunny days; on overcast or cool days,
it often basks on vegetation overhanging water or near the
water’s edge.

In Miami-Dade County, Basiliscus vittatus is known to feed
on beetles (including the Eyed Elator, Alaus oculatus), roaches,
ants, hemipterans, and Ficus fruits (Meshaka et al. 2004). At
Vanderbilt Beach County Park in Naples, Collier County, one
of us (JCS) observed B. vittatus pursuing and eating large insects
and arachnids 2.4–3.0 m away, as well as two B. vittatus fight-
ing over a captured Anolis sagrei. At this site, we have used
domestic crickets, as well as locally collected Wood (Sesarma
cinereum) or Fiddler (Uca pugilator) crabs as bait on fishing rods
to collect B. vittatus.

Senior author holding an adult male Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vitta-
tus) at Wolf Lake Park, Broward County.

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Adult male Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) in vegetation east of
Carlton Road, St. Lucie County.

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Adult male Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) on a Brazilian Pepper
(Schinus terebinthifolius) stump within Red Mangroves (Rhizophora
mangle) at Vanderbilt Beach County Park, Collier County.

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Gravid female Basiliscus vittatus have been found from
March through July in Florida, and a gravid female collected in
June oviposited a second clutch in October (Meshaka et al.
2004). Elaphe guttata, Black Racers (Coluber constrictor), and
Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) are reported to
have been observed eating juvenile B. vittatus (see Meshaka et
al. 2004).

Since the introduction of Basiliscus vittatus in 1976 (Wilson
and Porras 1983), this species had slowly spread throughout
many parts of Miami-Dade and Broward counties. Its current
presence in Palm Beach County is likely due to natural range
expansion. However, the occurrence of this species in Collier
and St. Lucie counties is likely due to subsequent illegal intro-
ductions, because large gaps in distribution occur between these
localities. Nonetheless, its preference for riparian habitats and
the presence of an extensive and interconnected system of
drainage canals will continue to allow B. vittatus to expand its
range naturally into almost every area in southern Florida.

Acknowledgments
We thank Anthony T. Reppas, A. Nichole Hooper, Ellen M.
Donlan, Elizabeth A. Golden, Todd S. Campbell, Julian C. Lee,
Andy P. Borgia, Rick Rego, Steve A. Johnson, Kurt W. Larson,
Esther M. Langan, Larry D. Wilson, Sean B. Thompson,
Debbie T. Townsend, Steve H. Townsend, Bill Love, F. Wayne
King, Chris S. Samuelson, Brooke L. Talley, Kristen L. Bell,
Brian J. Camposano, Lorraine P. Ketzler, Ronald St. Pierre,
George J. Ward, and Mark A. Flowers for assistance in the field;
Thomas M. Cravens and Markus Hennig for providing photo-
graphs; Bill Love, Stan Chrzanowski, Raymond Goushaw, and
J.H. Altman for information on basilisk populations in Florida;
and Jenny Seitz for support to JCS. 

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Bartlett, R.D. and P.P. Bartlett. 1999. A Field Guide to Florida Reptiles and
Amphibians. Gulf Publ. Co., Houston, Texas.

Conant, R. 1951. Collecting lizards at night under bridges. Copeia
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Conant, R. and J.T. Collins. 1998. A Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of
Eastern and Central North America. 3rd ed., expanded. Houghton Mifflin,
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Crother, B.I. (ed.). 2000 (2001). Scientific and Standard English Names of
Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with
Comments Regarding Confidence in our Understanding. SSAR
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Fitch, H.S. 1973a. A field study of Costa Rican lizards. University of Kansas
Science Bulletin 50:39–126.

Fitch, H.S. 1973b. Population structure and survivorship in some Costa Rican
Lizards. Occasional Papers of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural
History (18):1–41. 

Frost, D.R., R. Etheridge, D. Janies, and T.A. Titus. 2001. Total evidence,
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tion of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania). American Museum Novitates
(3343):1–38.

Hirth, H.F. 1963. The ecology of two lizards on a tropical beach. Ecological
Monographs 33:83–112.

Köhler, G. 2003. Reptiles of Central America. Herpeton, Offenbach.

Krysko, K.L. 2000. A fishing technique for collecting the introduced Knight
Anole (Anolis equestris) in southern peninsular Florida. Caribbean Journal
of Science 36:162.

Krysko, K.L. and K.M. Enge. 2005. A new non-native lizard in Florida, the
Butterfly Lizard, Leiolepis belliana (Sauria: Agamidae). Florida Scientist
68:247–249.

Krysko, K.L., K.M. Enge, J.H. Townsend, E.M. Langan, S.A. Johnson, and
T.S. Campbell. 2005. New county records of amphibians and reptiles
from Florida. Herpetological Review 36:85–87.

Laerm, J. 1974. A functional analysis of morphological variation and differen-
tial niche utilization in basilisk lizards. Ecology 55:404–411.

Lee, J.C. 2000. A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Maya World:
The Lowlands of Mexico, Northern Guatemala, and Belize. Cornell Univ.
Press, Ithaca, New York.

Maturana, H.R. 1962. A study of the species of the genus Basiliscus. Bulletin of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology 128:1–34.

Meshaka, W.E., Jr., B.P. Butterfield, and J.B. Hauge. 2004. The Exotic
Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. Krieger Publ. Co., Malabar, Florida.

Meshaka, W.E., Jr., W.F. Loftus, and T. Steiner. 2000. The herpetofauna of
Everglades National Park. Florida Scientist 63:84–103.

Neill, W.T. and R. Allen. 1959. Studies on the amphibians and reptiles of
British Honduras. Publ. Research Div. Ross Allen Reptile Inst., Inc.
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Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna
between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.

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Appendix. Specimens examined from Florida counties. Note
that Everglades National Park (EVER) specimens are in the
process of being accessioned into UF.

Broward: UF 120962, 121430–35, 121798–99, 122501–02,
124584, 142920; Collier: UF 137034–36, 141603; Miami-
Dade: EVER 302935–37, 302960, 304113, 306530,
308399–401; KU 220259, 222395; UF 61444, 121460,
122500, 122581, 130654–56, 130773, 131490–91, 131505,
131519, 133835–37, 134228–30, 134821, 134904–05,
134911–15, 137075, 140835, 142694, 144157–61, 144248;
Palm Beach: UF 137179–80; St. Lucie: UF 137407, 137447. 

30 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2006 KRYSKO ET AL.

Juvenile Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) on a Brazilian Pepper
(Schinus terebinthifolius) stump at Vanderbilt Beach County Park,
Collier County.

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