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2 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2008

The critically endangered Ricord’s Iguana (Cyclura ricordii) has a very limited geographic distribution in the southwestern Dominican
Republic and an adjacent area in Haiti.

RUPP, INCHÁUSTEGUI, AND ARIAS

JA
N

 R
A

M
ER



IGUANA  •  VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2008 3

Ricord’s Iguana (Cyclura ricordii) is one of the most special-
ized iguanas of the endemic Caribbean genus Cyclura. The

species, which is sympatric with the Rhinoceros Iguana (Cyclura
cornuta), has a very limited geographic distribution in the south-
western Dominican Republic. Three known subpopulations are
within the Dominican Jaragua–Bahoruco–Enriquillo Biosphere
Reserve. A fourth population has been discovered recently in
Anse-à-Pitres, Haiti. The species is included as Critically
Endangered in the IUCN Red List, and is the subject of a recov-
ery plan produced by the IUCN Iguana Specialist Group (ISG)
in 2003 and reviewed in 2004. 

Grupo Jaragua, a Dominican not-for-profit conservation
organization, has been working for biodiversity conservation in
the area for the last 15 years. It is a member of a consortium of
national and international organizations that has been working
for the recovery of the species under the leadership of the
International Iguana Foundation and the Iguana Specialist
Group.

Conserving Cyclura ricordii 2007
Ernst Rupp, Sixto J. Incháustegui, and Yvonne Arias

Grupo Jaragua Inc.
El Vergel # 33

Santo Domingo
Dominican Republic
(jaragua@tricom.net)

Photographs by Ernst Rupp except when otherwise indicated.

CONSERVING CYCLURA RICORDII

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Ricord’s Iguanas (Cyclura ricordii) survive today only in the most xeric
Hispaniolan habitats.

The known distribution of Ricord’s Iguana (Cyclura ricordii) on Hispaniola.



4 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2008 RUPP, INCHÁUSTEGUI, AND ARIAS

The recovery of C. ricordii is part of Grupo Jaragua’s pro-
gram to conserve biodiversity in the biosphere reserve in the
southwestern part of the Dominican Republic, thought to be
one of the most diverse sites in the insular Caribbean. Work is
conducted in close coordination with the Dominican
Government, integrating community-based local municipalities,
national, and international organizations.

During 2007, Grupo Jaragua continued to survey nesting
activities of Cyclura ricordii. A land tenure study in the
Pedernales region was undertaken, and we began the investiga-
tion of population densities. We are presently working on the
translation of the iguana teaching manual from Spanish into
French for Haitian schools.

Nesting
After the 2007 season, we now have four years of data on the
nesting of C. ricordii and C. cornuta in the Pedernales area. The
study includes the four major nesting zones of C. ricordii, which
are Fondo de la Tierra, Fondo de la Malagueta, Fondo de
Robenson, and Fondo de la Jinagosa. Two nesting sites where
only C. cornuta is present (Puente arriba and Puente abajo) also
are included in the study.

Nests were marked with flags and their coordinates taken
with GPS. Hatched nests are easily identified by the escape holes
hatchlings excavate when digging their way out of the nests.

The nesting season for C. ricordii starts in early to mid-
March and extends for roughly three months until early to mid-
June. Hatching occurs from the second half of June to the later
half of September. The nesting season for C. cornuta starts in
mid-June and ends in mid-July. Hatchlings appear from mid-
September to mid-October. The nesting season for C. ricordii
spans three months, but that for C. cornuta lasts barely a month.
The nesting seasons of the two species do not overlap. The main
nesting efforts of Ricord’s Iguana are in April and May, which
usually coincides with the spring rainy season, and hatching
occurs during the drier part of the year. For C. cornuta, the sit-
uation is reversed. Nesting occurs during the dry parts of June
and July, and hatching coincides with the heavy autumn rainy
season. Hatchling C. ricordii may have a harder time finding suf-
ficient food resources when hatching during a period with little
fresh vegetation, whereas hatchling C. cornuta usually are able to
feast on lush new growth.

A total of 194 nests were found and marked during the
2007 nesting season. Hatching success for marked nests in all
study areas combined was 92.4%. Adding non-marked hatched
nests found during hatching season, a total of 219 hatched nests
were encountered.

When examining the nesting results for the last four years,
the number of “total nests hatched” fluctuates around 200 nests
per year. Nesting success has been relatively constant.

Localities in the Pedernales region where the presence of Cyclura ricordii has been confirmed.



Multiplying 200 nests by the average of 12.5 eggs per nest pro-
vides an estimate of ~2,500 hatchlings/year for all study areas
combined.

A new record was set for the number of eggs in a single
nest. One nest in the Fondo de la Tierra contained 20 hatched
eggs. The old record was 19 eggs.

The fondos, with their deep, well-drained soils, seem to
provide the perfect nesting medium for C. ricordii. Cyclura cor-
nuta also uses these fondos for reproduction, but seems to con-
fine nesting activities to the fringes of the fondos close to the sur-
rounding rocky areas. The fondos with C. ricordii nests support
a low number of C. cornuta nests. In contrast, the two small fon-
dos of Puente Arriba and Puente Abajo, where Ricord’s Iguanas
are not known to nest, show a high concentration of C. cornuta
nests.

The number of hatched C. cornuta nests dropped sharply
from 101 in 2006 to 38 in 2007. We attribute this reduction to

IGUANA  •  VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2008 5CONSERVING CYCLURA RICORDII

Table 1. Nesting and hatching seasons of Rock Iguanas in the southwestern Dominican Republic.

Species
Year Cyclura ricordii Cyclura cornuta

Nesting Hatching Nesting Hatching

2003 APR/MAY JUL/AUG — —

2004 19 MAR 2 JUN 29 JUN 12 SEP 16 JUN 16 JUL 02 SEP* 20 OCT

2005 08 MAR† 16 JUN 10 JUN 19 SEP 22 JUN 17 JUL 14 SEP 17 OCT

2006 15 MAR 09 JUN 11 JUL 19 SEP 15 JUN 17 JUL 10 OCT 15 OCT

2007 12 MAR 08 JUN — 19 SEP 13 JUN 10 JUL 14 SEP 19 OCT

* Hatchlings dug out of nest
† First nest outside study area on 28 FEB

Table 2. Nesting records for Cyclura ricordii in 2007. 1 = Fondo de la Tierra; 2 = Fondo de la Malagueta; 3 = Fondo de Robenson;
4 = Fondo de la Jinagosa.

Site Size Transect Nests Nests Escape Marked Percent Non- Total Nests
(ha) Area Marked not Hole not and Nests marked Nests Hatched

(ha) Found Found Hatched Hatched Hatched Hatched per ha

1 10.3 — 89 2 8 79 88.8 24 103 10.0

2 47.1 4.2 83 1 5 77 92.8 10 87 20.7

3 25.1 4.3 15 — — 15 100.0 4 19 4.4

4 0.6 — 7 — — 7 100.0 3 10 16.7

Total — — 194 3 13 178 92.4 41 219 11.3

Nest with a new record of 20 hatched eggs in the Fondo de la Tierra
excavated by students Gerson Feliz and José Luis.

Table 3. Total Cyclura ricordii nests hatched in the four major study areas (see text).

Year Nests Nests not Escape Hole Marked and Percent Non-marked Total Nests Nests Hatched
Marked Found not Found Hatched Nests Hatched Hatched Hatched per ha

2004 208 5 20 183 88.0 15 198 10.2

2005 166 1 14 151 91.0 27 178 9.2

2006* 214 5 23 186 86.9 51 227 11.7

2007 194 3 13 178 92.4 41 219 11.3

* vegetation was destroyed in Fondo de la Tierra before nesting season



the presence of a band of feral dogs that rampaged through the
nesting grounds at Puente Arriba and Puente Abajo. Fourteen
mutilated C. cornuta carcasses were found in those areas. During
the C. ricordii nesting season, we also found three mutilated
Ricord’s Iguana females in the Fondo de la Malagueta. The esti-
mated number of dogs ranges between 5 and 15 according to
different witnesses. These animals are extremely shy and seem to
have a very large activity range. We are trying to capture them
in order to avoid further disasters.

We have surveyed the area around Anse-à-Pitres in Haiti
now for the second year without finding any nests.

Land Tenure
In the Pedernales region, Cyclura ricordii is found mainly in an
area of limestone terraces northeast of “Los Olivares,” a flat plain
of roughly 12 km2 characterized by well-drained, deep soil of
reddish color. It is currently subject to intensive agricultural use,
which includes an elaborate irrigation system. Residents men-
tion that Los Olivares had a dense population of C. ricordii
before being converted into agricultural land.

The rocky outcrops of the limestone terraces where Ricord’s
Iguanas still exist do not offer the same soil conditions as those
found in Los Olivares. Soil occurs only in depressions within the
rocks, which are called “fondos.” These are the sites where
females nest. The fondos constitute less than 5% of the area
where the species is still extant. They thus represent a limited
resource, in sharp contrast to former times when the flat plain
of Los Olivares provided many suitable nesting sites.

In order to provide Ricord’s Iguanas a future, special atten-
tion must be given to the protection of the fondos, especially the
larger ones like Fondo de la Malagueta, Fondo de Robinson,
Fondo de la Tierra, and Fondo de la Jinagosa. The creation of
the Municipal Protected Area by the Municipality of Pedernales
in 2004, which covers most Ricord’s Iguana living space and
includes all four of the major fondos, was a huge step in provid-
ing legal protection for the species. Part of the area also is within
the limits of Jaragua National Park.

In February 2006, a powerful land baron claimed to have
bought the Fondo de la Tierra and started to remove the vege-
tation with bulldozers with blatant disregard for its legal pro-
tected status. Alerted by our field assistant Salvador, Grupo
Jaragua, in cooperation with the Municipality of Pedernales, was
able to intervene and the destruction was stopped. However,
considerable damage had already been done. About 40 active
Ricord’s Iguana retreats had been destroyed. Although nesting
activities later in the same year were not affected, we decided to
fence the entrance to the fondo to prevent further unwanted
access. Unfortunately, the danger of intrusion remains. The
Fondo de la Tierra and other minor nesting areas are bordered
closely by agricultural land. Without a buffer, the desire of farm-
ers to extend their property into iguana territory is an ever-pres-
ent threat.

In the southwest of the country, government-owned land
traditionally has been regarded as no man’s land that could be

6 IGUANA  •  VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2008 RUPP, INCHÁUSTEGUI, AND ARIAS

Carcass of gravid female Ricord’s Iguana killed by feral dogs.

Table 4. Cyclura cornuta nests hatched where C. ricordii is present (four major study areas combined).

Year Nests Nests not Escape Hole Marked and Percent Non-marked Total Nests Nests Hatched
Marked Found not Found Hatched Nests Hatched Hatched Hatched per ha

2004 23 0 0 23 100.0 5 28 1.4

2005 25 0 3 22 87.0 2 24 1.2

2006* 17 0 2 15 88.2 3 18 0.9

2007 32 0 3 29 90.6 3 32 1.6

* vegetation was destroyed in Fondo de la Tierra before nesting season

Table 5. Cyclura cornuta nests hatched where C. ricordii is not present (Puente Arriba and Puente Abajo combined).

Year Nests Nests not Escape Hole Marked and Percent Non-marked Total Nests Nests Hatched
Marked Found not Found Hatched Nests Hatched Hatched Hatched per ha

2004 — — — — — 124 124 1,851

2005 — — — — — 101 101 1,507

2006* — — — — — 101 101 1,507

2007 — — — — — 38 38 567



IGUANA  •  VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1  •  MARCH 2008 7

claimed and possessed by simply putting it to agricultural use or
fencing it. Although the legal picture regarding ownership has
changed in recent years, some people cling to this practice.
Especially during periods prior to elections — and 2008 will see
another presidential election — when vigilance is less effective,
this practice takes its toll, even in protected areas. The Ricord’s
Iguana areas are not immune.

Aware of this imminent danger, Grupo Jaragua proceeded
with a study to determine land tenure in and around the criti-
cal habitats. The study itself is somewhat tricky as hardly any

ownership is actually recorded with a land title in the official
government registry. So, we had to go to the field to survey the
area plot by plot to determine the actual owners. Fieldwork has
been completed and a final report, with legal conclusions, will
be available by the end of the year.

The idea of the exercise is to pinpoint critical areas where a
clash between agricultural use and conservation could poten-
tially occur. Viable solutions for these areas must be resolved.
Means of defusing smoldering conflicts should probably include
some combination of the following strategies: (1) The purchase
of land for a buffer zone around sensitive areas, especially the
nesting areas (in contrast to the lack of respect for government-
owned land, private ownership is generally acknowledged in the
community). (2) The promotion of land use with minimal
impact on the iguanas (bee keeping, agroforestry systems with
native species). (3) Vigilance in close coordination with the
applicable government agencies to prevent further fencing of
critical iguana habitat.

Population Studies
Ongoing fieldwork is providing preliminary results for the
Pedernales region, and we will address the southern shore of
Lago Enriquillo during the next few months. Ideally, we will
combine forces with the crew from the Indianapolis Zoo in
April. They are planning to do population studies on Isla
Cabritos, which will facilitate a coordination of methods and an
exchange of information.

Translation of Iguana Manual
The Spanish version of the iguana manual has been translated
into French and is being proofread in Canada. We are looking
forward to cooperating with the IRCF on the layout for the
manual. John Binns of the IRCF has designed t-shirts promot-
ing Ricord’s Iguana conservation and is polishing our reports for
publication. The manual is of great importance in a country
where printed material is scarce. It will be used by schoolteach-
ers as a teaching aid.

Acknowledgements
We thank the IIF for financial support, and also express our grat-
itude to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
and the Municipalities of Pedernales and Duvergé for collabo-
ration in the project.

References
Arias, Y., S.J. Incháustegui, and E. Rupp.

2004. Cyclura ricordii on the Barahona
Peninsula: A Preliminary Report.
Iguana 11:9–14

Ottenwalder, Jose. 1999.  Ricord’s Iguana,
Cyclura ricordi, pp. 51–55. In: A.
Alberts (comp. & ed), West Indian
Iguanas: Status Survey and Conservation
Action Plan. IUCN/SSC West Indian
Iguana Specialist Group. IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge,
UK.

Ramer, J. 2004. A Survey of Ricord’s Iguanas
(Cyclura ricordii) and Rhinoceros
Iguanas (Cyclura cornuta) in Isla
Cabritos National Park, Dominican
Republic 2003: A Preliminary Report. Iguana 11:89–95.

CONSERVING CYCLURA RICORDII

Field assistants Pirín and Salvador at the entrance of the Municipal
Protected Area.

Surveyor Téudis Perez and student José Luis mapping fenced areas
within Ricord’s Iguana habitat.




