







































 

 
 

 36 

 

Received:  

February 4, 2023 

 

Revised:  

June 9, 2023 

 

Accepted:  

June 11, 2023 

Historical Review of Smallholder Coffee Farmers Population in 

Kayumas Village, Situbondo Regency   
 

Latifatul Izzah1*, Yety Rochwulaningsih,2 I. G. Krisnadi,1 Denny Antyo Hartanto,3 

Insan Cita Sampurna4 

1Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Jember 

Jl. Kalimantan No. 37 Kampus Tegal Boto, Jember, East Java, Indonesia 
2Doctoral Program of History, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Diponegoro 

Jl. Prof. Soedarto, S. H. Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 
3Department of Television and Film, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Jember 

4Postgraduate of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agricutulture, Universitas Jember 

 

*Corresponding Author: latifatul.sastra@unej.ac.id 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v7i1.17370 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction 

The period of 1870 was the beginning of a glorious era for investors who wanted to 

invest in the Dutch East Indies. The insistence from investors on the Parliament of the 

Netherlands Kingdom to have the opportunity to enjoy the profits of tropical plant 

products (i.e., coffee, sugar, tobacco, and so on), eventually paid off with the issuance 

of two regulations, namely Agrarische Wet and Agrarische Besluit (Cremer, 1891; Izzah 

et al., 2022). These regulations provide guarantees and protection for area leased by 

investors. 

The Agrarische Wet Regulation which was passed by parliament on April 9, 1870, 

contains two main things, namely area ownership by the native population in the 

Dutch East Indies and the release of area as a form of leasing (erfpacht) (Berger, 2003). 

In its implementation, the Parliament approved the issuance of detailed and complete 

Abstract 

 
This study discusses the historical context of the existence of community coffee 

farmers in Kayumas Village, Arjasa District, Situbondo Regency, starting in 1883 

until the formation of a coffee farmer group in 2018. Based on the historical 

research using primary and secondary sources, this study informs that before 

Persil Kayumas were rented by a Dutch investor named H. H. van Kol and his 

colleague J. C. Egter van Wissekerke in 1883, there were already some residents 

who were growing Arabica coffee. Arabica coffee cultivation was ultimately 

carried out from generation to generation, because farmers knew that the market 

for Arabica coffee was higher than products outside of coffee, such as ginger, 

tobacco, and so on. It was proven that in 2018, eight coffee farmer groups 

consisting of 410 farmers were formed. 

 

Keywords:  Kayumas Village; Arabica coffee; Smallholder Farmers; Coffee 

Plantations. 
 



 

 
 

 37 

regulations which were promulgated on 20 July 1870, under the name Agrarische 

Besluit (Staatsblad 1870). With the enactment of this regulation, the customary rights 

or values governing area ownership by residents would still be recognized and 

respected by the Dutch colonial government, and would even be guaranteed by 

colonial legal institutions by being released in laws and ratified by the highest 

authority in the Dutch East Indies territory, namely the Governor General 

(Vollenhoven, 1931). 

The previous-two regulations can be a magnet for European investors to invest 

in the Dutch East Indies. They are competing to invest in Besuki Residency. The 

investors are engaged in the crop business which sells well in the European market 

(i.e., coffee, sugar cane processed into sugar, tobacco, and so on), by renting area used 

to establish modern plantations. 

Almost the entire area of Besuki Residency offered by the Dutch Colonial 

government was leased by investors. Starting from 1883-1922, the Afdeling Panarukan 

and Regentschap Bondowoso had increasingly become the target of investors when the 

Agrarische Wet and Agrarische Besluit regulations were enacted. These European 

investors were (1) NV “Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas” under the flag of H. H. van 

Kol, in 1883, opened a coffee plantation in Persil Kayumas, Sumberwaru District, 

Afdeling Panarukan; (2) NV “Cultuurmaatschappij der Edjinlanden te Djember” under the 

flag o., J. F. Couvreur. a., in 1894 opened a coffee plantation in Kalisat 1, 2, 3; (3) A. van 

Hoboken & Co. o„ G. E. H. L. Geul. a., in 1895 opened coffee plantations in Blawan Lor 

and Blawan Kidoel; (4) NV “Cultuur Maatschappij Djelboek” under the flag of A. Van 

Hoboken & Co., in 1897, opened tobacco, coffee, and rubber plantations; (5) Landbouw 

Maatschappij "Soekowono" under the flag of Jhr. G. C. Quarles van Ufford, in 1898 

opened a tobacco plantation in Soekowono; (6) NV “Landbouw Maatschappij Soekasarie” 

under the flag of A. van Hoboken & Co., vervolg., in 1910, opened a tobacco plantation 

in Soekasarie; (7) NV Tabakcultuur Maatschappij "Soember Sarie" under the flag of A. Van 

Hoboken & Co., vervolg., in 1922 opened a tobacco plantation (Bestuur, 1915). 

Furthermore, the investors also rented land from indigenous peoples which were 

used to establish tobacco and sugar cane plantations, including: (1) Sekarpoetih Tobacco 

Plantation Company owned by NV Tabakmaatschappij Sekarpoetih, o., under the flag C. H. 

F. van Otterloo, a.; (2) Amsterdam Tobacco Plantation Company Besoeki Tabak Maatschappij 

belonged to NV Amsterdam Besoeki Tabak Maatschappij, o., under the flag of C. A. 

Koniug, Directeur, C. E. Brugman, vertegenwoordiger; (3) Boendoer Tobacco Plantation 

Company, Dabasah en Sentong owned by NV "Cultuur-maatschappij Sentong", o., under 

the flag of J. W. Ch. F. Filet, hoofd a.; (4) Kalianjar Tobacco Plantation Company owned by 

NV Besoeki Tabak Maatschappij, o., under the flag of J. C. Caro, a.; (5) Soembersari Tobacco 

Plantation Company, Sokkosari en Bonosari belonged to Firma Larsen en Co., o., under the 

flag of Th. F. Leijder Havenstroom, a.; (6) Loetjoe Tobacco Plantation Company belonged 

to NV Landbouw Maatschappij Loetjoe, o., under the flag of J. A. Arends, a.; (7) Besoeki 

Tabak-Maatschappij Plantation Company belonged to NV Besoeki Tabak Maatschappij, o., 

under the flag of J. H. A. Croin, hoofd, a.; (8) Sugarcane Plantation Company de Maas 

belonged to NV Cultuur Maatschappij “de Maas", o., under the flag of L. Strüben, a.; (9) 



 

 
 

 38 

Tobacco Plantation Company Boedoean belonged to NV “Cultuur Maatschappij Boedoean", 

o., under the flag G. Selleger, a.; (10) The Tanggarang Tobacco Plantation Company 

belonged to NV "Cultuur-Maatschappij Pradjekan-Tanggarang", o., under the flag of Jhr. 

M. G. de Seriere, a. (Bestuur, 1915). 

The modern plantation companies founded by investors certainly have an impact 

on the lives of the people living around the plantations. The establishment of the coffee 

plantation company NV “Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas” (Izzah et al., 2022) rented 

erfpacht land in the Kayumas Persil, Sumberwaru District afdeling Panarukan, had 

inspired the community to participate in planting Arabica coffee. Arabica coffee has 

coffee beans that are relatively larger and more oval in shape than Robusta coffee beans 

(Mihailova et al., 2022). The Arabica coffee bean processing process usually involves a 

lighter roast to maintain its distinctive flavor and aroma characteristics (Abubakar et 

al., 2021). Arabica coffee is distinguished by its smooth, balanced, nuanced flavor, and 

has a more acidic flavor and has less caffeine than other forms of coffee, such as 

Robusta coffee (Santosa et al., 2020).  

This study was conducted in Kayumas Village, Arjasa District, Situbondo 

Regency. During the Dutch Colonial period, the village was part of the Sumberwaru 

District, Afdeling Panarukan. The name ‘Kayumas’ had existed before the Dutch 

investor rented a land in Kayumas. This study aimed to reveal the existence of coffee 

farmers as smallholders in Kayumas Village from the Dutch colonial era to the 

formation of a coffee farmer group in 2018. Smallholders can be defined as farmers or 

owners of small agricultural land who have a relatively small business scale 

(Agussabti et al., 2020). They often own smaller farms than huge agricultural 

corporations or large-scale plantations. Smallholders often manage their own land and 

make use of scarce resources such as land, water, labour, and capital. Kayumas Village 

is an area where the majority of the farmers were planting Arabica coffee, and the 

minority of them were planting Robusta coffee. For the farmers as smallholders, they 

plant Arabica coffee because the position of the area is over 800dpl apart from the price 

of Arabica coffee that has a high price.  

 

Method 

This study used the historical method as it had been used by some previous 

researchers, such as Rochwulaningsih (2016), Maziyah et al. (2016), Treasure (2016), 

Rinardi et al. (2017), Maziyah (2018), Susilowati & Masruroh (2018), and Puguh & 

Utama (2018). The historical method is used to reveal the history of Kayumas Village 

coffee farmers from the Dutch colonial era to the formation of coffee farmer groups in 

2018 in detailed and chronological order. There were four stages we carried out in this 

study, namely: 1) the heuristic stage, namely collecting data sources; 2) the critical 

stage to sort out the data; 3) the interpretation stage to analyze the data; and 4) the 

historiography to carry out historical writing into a form of a manuscript (Gottschalk, 

1986; Black & MacRaild, 2007). 

Furthermore, this study was using primary and secondary sources. The primary 

source was obtained through observation, participation, and interview 



 

 
 

 39 

(Rochwulaningsih, 2015; Alamsyah, 2015; Indrahti et al., 2017; Indrahti et al., 2018; 

Rochwulaningsih 2018; Amaruli et al., 2022), as well as using colonial data sources. In 

this case, we carried out a series of visits (Basuki, 2006) to Kayumas Village. The 

interview was used to obtain information about the existence of the coffee farmers in 

Kayumas Village, with some key informants: coffee farmers, coffee plantation 

workers, heads of coffee farmer groups, and Kayumas Village officials. Meanwhile, 

the colonial sources used both primary sources and secondary sources. The 

contemporary colonial sources included information obtained from a book 

commemorating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of NV Cultuur Maatschappij 

Kajoemaas (Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., Naamlooze Vennootschap Cultuur 

Maatschappij Kajoemaas 1883 – 1933) (Amsterdam: Directeuren der NV Cultuur My 

"Kajoemaas, 1933). 

 

Naamlooze Vennootschap (NV) Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas in 1883 

Thirteen years after the publication of the Agrarische Wet and Agrarische Besluit 

regulations by the Dutch Colonial government, two Dutch investors named J. C. Egter 

van Wissekerke and H. H. van Kol were interested in renting vacant land in Kayumas 

Persil, Besuki Residency. The application for erfpacht rights (lease rights) was made, 

starting on July 2, 1881, to the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies (Lid van de 

Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933). It spent nearly two years to obtain a permit to 

establish a new plantation. On March 31, 1883, a permit was obtained with the issuance 

of a Decree of the Governor General with a 75-year erfpacht right. The record of Deed 

No. 22 concerning area leases in Kayumas Persil covering an area of 504 bau was made 

before Resident Besuki on April 19, 1883 (Lijst van: 1. Particuliere Ondernemingen in 

Nederlandsch-Indie op Gronden door het Gouvernement Afgestaan in Huur (Voor 

Landbouwdoeleinden) en Erfpacht, 1915). It was only on August 9, 1883, that the NV 

coffee plantation company "Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas" was established and 

legalized by notary Al Snouck Hurgronje in Surabaya with a company capital of f 

80,000, and divided into four shares with a value of f 20,000/share. On March 29, 1884, 

he rented area in Afdeling Taman Arum with an area of 545 bau (Lid van de Firma van 

Heekeren & Co., 1933), and divided it into 4 shares with a value of f 20,000/share.  

The Kayumas coffee plantation in 1883 consisted of eight sections, including (1) 

Pondok; (2) Raja; (3) Sabrang; (4) Kidang; (5) Kidul; (6) Taman; (7) Kendeng; dan (8) 

Sukmailang. The Taman Arum plantation in 1884 consisted of six sections, including 

(1) Plampang; (2) Kidul; (3) Taman; (4) Taman Dadar; (5) Kacep, dan (6) Kendeng (Lid 

van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933). Kayumas coffee plantation area as reflected 

in Figure 1. 



 

 
 

 40 

 
Figure 1. The plantation map belonged to the plantation company “Naamlooze 

Vennootschap (N.V.) Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas, located in Afdeling Kayumas and 

Taman Arum  

Source: Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933, p. 133. 

 

The plantation companies established by investors do not always get profits 

immediately. It takes patience, tenacity, and struggle, as an investor who owns an 

occupant company like George Birnie (Izzah, 2021). At the beginning of the business 

to develop tobacco plantations, he also experienced losses since the tobacco business 

began in 1859-1861. These consecutive losses did not dampen George Birnie's 

enthusiasm to stop trying. Likewise, the coffee plantation business opened by J. C. 

Egter van Wissekerke and H. H. van Kol in Persil Kayumas suffered losses several 

years after it was founded in 1883-1898. It was only in 1899 that there were not so many 

profits, only 5% from 2,996 kilograms of HS-type coffee. In that year, the price of 

coffee/kilograms f was 35, so the profit was only f 5,243. New increased profits were 

obtained between 1907-1931 (see Appendix 3 in Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 

1933). 

On the other hand, the former indigenous people around the NV Cultuur 

Maatschappij Kajoemaas coffee plantations had planted coffee in their gardens and 

fields. They learned to grow coffee when they became plantation workers in 

Regentschap Banyuwangi. The residents' coffee production was purchased by the 

company NV Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas. The owners of coffee area in the gardens 

and fields included Wariati, Soeki, Pa Poernam, and Poerdjo with a total of 102 bau 

and 172 Rr of coffee being planted (Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933). 

 



 

 
 

 41 

The Great Role of Panarukan Port  

The most important ports on the North Coast of Java during the Dutch colonial period 

were Besuki Port, Panarukan Port, and Jangkar Port. Besuki Port is used for boat 

voyages to Madura and for ships carrying sugar from the Boedoean and De Maas 

factories. Jangkar Port is only useful for the export of sugar from the Asembagus 

Factory. Panarukan Port is the most important port. In 1928, Panaroekan Maatschappij 

built a new warehouse to store sugar with a capacity of 100,000 kilograms. The 

shipping company "Bodemeijer" organized shipping from Sumenep to Panarukan every 

day. People from Madura and Sapudi who came to Afdeling Panarukan and 

Regentschap Bondowoso to find work used this shipping traffic. When a ship arrived 

at the port, buses were available to transport them to Panarukan, Bondowoso, Jember, 

and Banyuwangi. The transportation facilities and infrastructures made by the Dutch 

Colonial government become an economic node that made it easier to bring the 

people's crops, as well as the results of plantation companies inland. 

On the other hand, the Dutch Colonial government also provided road facilities 

from Kayumas plantation to Situbondo (Lid van de Firma van Heekeren & Co., 1933). 

This facility was to make it easier for plantation companies to bring plantation 

products into Panarukan Port. From the Panarukan Port, the plantation product was 

brought to Batavia to go to Rotterdam, the Netherlands by the steamship 

"Rotterdamsche Lloyd" (De Indische Mercuur, 47e Jaargang No. 47, 21 November 1924: 

824). Arabica coffee products from the plantation company NV Cultuur Maatschappij 

Kajoemaas which were exported to Europe were known as Javakoffie-land Kajoemaas, 

because they had a unique and delicious taste. 

 

Arabica Coffee Plantation: A Generational Business 

The people living in Persil Kayumas existed in 1883, before being rented by J. C. Egter 

van Wissekerke and H. H. van Kol. They supported their economy by growing Arabica 

coffee. In the end, the production results were sold to both investors. The opening of 

the Arabica Coffee plantation company NV Cultuur Maatschappij Kajoemaas certainly 

requires a large number of workers, because the area that was leased in Persil Kayumas 

was 504 bau, and 545 bau in Persil Taman Arum. The workers were brought in from 

the Madura region through Panarukan Port. Certainly, this evidence was inseparable 

from the contribution of the indigenous people around the plantation, where the 

majority of the people were Madurese. They brought their relatives from Madura 

Island to work on the plantations. 

 The large number of people who work as laborers on plantations owned by J. 

C. Egter van Wissekerke and H. H. van Kol will later inspire them to participate in 

planting coffee in their gardens or fields. This is evident from their descendants 

continuing to grow coffee plants in the gardens they have inherited (interview with 

Edianto, head of the “Delima” coffee farmer group, May 20, 2022). Likewise, with the 

coffee farmers in Kayumas Village, the majority continued the coffee plantation 

business from their parents or grandfathers (interview with Mulyono, head of the 

“Mulya Jaya” coffee farmer group, June 1, 2022). Similarly to this evidence, a study on 



 

 
 

 42 

Guatemala’s coffee farmers indicated that they also cultivated a high-quality coffee in 

their own area using family labor and hiring day workers, thus selling the coffee to the 

cooperative (Fischer & Victor, 2014).  

 In 2018, there were around 410 coffee farmers in Kayumas Village who joined 

eight coffee farmer groups, including: (a) “Delima” coffee farmer group consisted of 

20 farmers; (b) "Mulya Jaya" coffee farmer group consisted of 131 farmers; (c) 

“Sukmaelang Jaya” coffee farmer group consisted of 17 farmers; (d) "Delima 2" coffee 

farmer group consisted of 32 farmers; (e) "Sumber Kayu Putih 2" coffee farmer group 

consisted of 77 farmers; (f) “Sukma Jaya” coffee farmer group consisted of 47 farmers; 

(g) Sumber Kayu Putih 3" coffee farmer group consisted of 66 farmers; (h) “Sejahtera” 

coffee farmer group consisted of 20 members (interview with Edianto as the head of 

“Delima” coffee farmer group on May 20, 2022.). Details of the group information can 

be seen in Table 1. Meanwhile, coffee plantation area can be seen in Table 2.  

 

Table 1. List of Coffee Farmers Group  2018 

No. Name of Coffee Farmers Group Chief Name Number of 

Members 

1 Sukmaelang Jaya Ahmad Imam Miftahul 

Arifin 

17 

2 Mulya Jaya Mulyono 131 

3 Sumber Kayu Putih 2 Herman Rahman 77 

4 Delima Edianto 20 

5 Delima 2 Markus 32 

6 Sumber Kayu Putih 3 Hariyono 66 

7 Sukma Jaya Iwan Kurniawan 47 

8 Sejahtera Siswono 20 

 Total  410 

Source: Agriculture Office of Situbondo Regency. 

 

Table 2. Coffee Plantation Area of Kayumas Village Coffee Farmers Group in 2018 

No. Farmer Group Name Plantation Area 

(Hectares) 

Coffee Plantation 

Area (Hectares) 

1 Sukmaelang Jaya 363 39,4 

2 Mulya Jaya 435 298 

3 Sumber Kayu Putih 2 115 115 

4 Delima 182 182 

5 Delima 2 87.6 33,3 

6 Sumber Kayu Putih 3 92.7 92.7 

7 Sukma Jaya 151 90.6 

8 Sejahtera 61.7 61.7 

 Total 1488 912.7 

Source: Agriculture Office of Situbondo Regency. 

 



 

 
 

 43 

 The coffee farmers in Kayumas Village produced their crops in the form of OSE 

and coffee powder. Each group had products with different brands. Delima group 

with its product “Talimas”, Sukmaelang Jaya with “Maeja”, Sumber Kayu Putih 3 with 

“Masbro”, Sumber Kayu Putih 2 with “Segitiga Emas”, Delima 2 with “Anugrah”, and 

Mulya Jaya with “Mulya”. Several products of coffee powder belonged to a group of 

coffee farmers in Kayumas Village can be seen in the following figures.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 2. Coffee Products from Kayumas Village Farmers in 2018 

Source: Research Documentation. 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 3. Coffee Products from Kayumas Village Farmers in 2018 

Source: Research Documentation. 

 

 

Conclusion 

The Dutch colonial exploitation did not always have a negative impact on Dutch East 

Indies society. As an illustration, a coffee plantation founded by a Dutch investor 

turned out to have a positive impact on the people of Kayumas Village. Kayumas 

Village community is able to think critically by participating in planting coffee in their 

gardens and fields. The production results are sold to investors. The inspiration to 



 

 
 

 44 

participate in growing coffee during the Dutch colonial period continued to their 

descendants by continuing to plant Arabica coffee. In 2018, there was awareness from 

the coffee farmers to form coffee farmer groups. This was done to minimize unfair 

competition, as well as make it easier for the group to get assistance from the regional 

and central governments. In this context, the existence of eight coffee farmer groups 

consisting of 410 coffee farmers, has become evidence of the coffee farmers population 

in Kayumas Village whose geographical location is difficult to reach. 

 

Acknowledgments 

Thanks to the Chancellor of the University of Jember, through the funding of the 

KeRis-DiMas Grant for the 2022 Fiscal Year. The authors also thank Prof. Dr. Yuli 

Witono, S.TP., MP, Head of LP2M University of Jember who gave the author the 

opportunity to receive a KeRis-DiMas Grant for the 2022 Fiscal Year. 

 

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