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Development of Historical Tourism Based on Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)                        |  28 

 
Received:  
September 8, 2023 
 
Revised:  
June 09, 2025 
 
Accepted:  
June 16, 2025 

Development of Historical Tourism Based on Augmented Reality (AR) 
and Virtual Reality (VR) at the Bongal International Historical Site, 

Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia 
 

Ichwan Azhari*1, Lukitaningsih1, Rosmaida Sinaga1, Apriani Harahap1, Syamsul Anuar 
Bin Ismail2 

1History Education Department, Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia 
2School of MultimediaTechnology and Communicatios, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia 

 
*Corresponding Author: ichwana545@gmail.com 

DOI: 10.14710/ihis.v9i1.20199 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Introduction 
Tourism contributes significantly to economic growth and is one of the factors 
supporting a country’s prosperity (Thommandru et al., 2023). Tourism has a positive 
impact on the country's economic growth, ranging from the channelling of capital, 
goods, and technology, to encouraging the progress of knowledge dissemination and 
research development, as well as promoting regional development (Brida et al., 2020; 
Calero & Turner, 2020). The growth of tourism is expected to have a positive impact 
on job creation, increase income, foster economic prosperity, and generate foreign 
exchange reserves (Bazargani & Kiliç, 2021; Thommandru et al., 2023). Other 
contributions that the tourism sector can make to the country are improving people's 
welfare, alleviating poverty, developing infrastructure, and conserving nature. All of 
these impacts are important not only for the present but also for the future (sustainable 
development) (Sørensen & Grindsted, 2021). In Indonesia, tourism contributes 
significantly to economic growth, as evidenced by the increase in foreign exchange 
earnings, regional income, and development, as well as increased national and foreign 

Abstract 
 

In 2019, researchers have successfully discovered thousands of ancient artefacts at 
the Bongal Site. The ancient artefacts found were identified as originating from 
India, China, and the Middle East. This research aims to describe how the process 
of developing historical tourism at the Bongal International Site using Augmented 
Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technology. The research method employed 
is Research and Development (R&D), which comprises three stages: pre-
production, production, and post-production. The research results successfully 
led to the creation of a prototype for historical tourism at the Bongal International 
Site, utilising Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality technology. Artefacts that 
have been successfully created using AR/VR technology include Umayyah coins, 
Abbasid coins, cups, mini statues, and Amoghapasa statues. This research also 
succeeded in creating a 360o Virtual Tour application. The creation of AR/VR 
applications for the Bongal International Site is expected to enhance the site's 
landscape, making it more enjoyable and memorable for tourists. 
 
Keywords: Historical Tourism;  Augmented Reality; Virtual Reality; Bongal Site. 



 
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investment, a higher flow of goods and technology, employment opportunities, and 
business development (Pariwisata, 2021). 

Tourism in Indonesia is currently emerging as one of the leading sectors 
supporting the country's economic growth. Increasing foreign exchange and regional 
income, as well as regional development, investment, employment, and business 
growth spread across various regions of Indonesia, is a form of tourism's contribution 
to Indonesia's economic development. By 2027, Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product 
(GDP) from tourism is expected to amount to 5.6% (Oktadiana, 2021). This number 
increased significantly in 2022 to 19.82% of the country’s tourism revenue (Johanes et 
al., 2024). 

Heritage tourism and historical tourism are the most popular and fastest growing 
types of tourism among global travellers (Zhu, 2021), because this type of tourism 
offers unique and unforgettable experiences (Arumugam et al., 2023). Global tourists 
do not just want to have fun or rest and relax; they also seek something new that 
provides an experience world citizens, mobilizes destination residents as fellow 
citizens (Kemenparekraf, 2022). These efforts are expected to create resilient and 
sustainable mass tourism (Weaver et al., 2021). In addition, today’s travellers are 
capable of becoming producers and have the technical tools to reconstruct their travel 
experiences. Travel experience, travel enjoyment, and travel satisfaction are key factors 
in today’s travel trends (Pai et al., 2021).  

The Bongal site is an area rich in world historical heritage, where in 2019, a 'lost 
ancient port city' was discovered at the site. The Bongal site is located on the coast of 
Tapanuli Bay, precisely in Jago-jago Village, Badiri Sub-district, Central Tapanuli 
Regency, North Sumatra Province. Bongal is the name of a hill 324 metres above sea 
level (Amelia et al., 2024). It is approximately 60 kilometres south of Barus, with 
coordinates: 01º35’30.9”N, 98º49’42.1”E (Soedewo et al., 2025). The three great 
civilizations of the world, namely the Middle East, India, and China are brought 
together at this site, as evidenced by the discovery of millions of artifact fragments 
such as Umayyad Dynasty and Abbasid Dynasty coins, 7th-century Persian jars, Tang 
Dynasty Chinese ceramics, statues, ancient Islamic medical equipment, inscribed 
manuscripts and wooden boards, ancient Chinese coins, shipwrecks, pottery, beads 
and various other artifacts that number in the thousands (Azhari, 2021; Soedewo, 
2021). The Bongal International Site boasts a very charming landscape, featuring a 
stretch of coastline and hills, which further enhances the attractiveness of the region to 
both local and international tourists (Azhari et al., 2020).  

The enormous potential of historical and natural tourism at the Bongal Site will 
undoubtedly be highly beneficial for the economic growth of local and national 
communities. The involvement of the Bongal Site in the ancient spice route network, 
as evidenced by the discovery of various artefacts, represents a valuable historical 
tourism asset. This site can be developed into a ‘world-class historical tourist 
destination’ that can attract both domestic and international tourists to visit. The 
development of historical tourism at the Bongal Site in line with the government’s 
efforts to realize the Spice Route of the Indonesian Archipelago as a UNESCO World 



 
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Cultural Heritage site (Wapresri.go.id, 2024). 
Amid the massive development of technology and the digital world today, one 

effort that can be made to develop the historical tourism potential of the Bongal 
International Site is through virtual technology. This technology is accessible through 
Android, iOS, or PC, providing visitors with a unique and memorable experience. 
Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are currently the most widely used 
virtual technologies in tourism development, aiming to attract tourists. AR and VR 
offer a highly interactive experience that combines the natural and virtual worlds 
(Wedel et al., 2020; Verma et al., 2022). Through Android-based mobile phones, 
tourists can easily use AR and VR applications while visiting destinations. Virtual 
reality (VR) makes it easy to access distant tourist destinations. Tourists can enjoy the 
tourist experience without having to visit the tourist location (Atzeni et al., 2022) and 
prepare a large amount of money for travelling costs (Siddiqui et al., 2022).    

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that focuses on modifying the 
perception of real-world images and adding a layer of digital data on top of them 
(Dargan et al., 2023). Overlaying digital objects on top of real-world images can 
enhance functionality and provide additional information that can enrich the content 
of the object (Al-Ansi et al., 2023). Augmented Reality (AR) utilises synthetic images 
(virtual objects) to overlay them on real images, thereby projecting virtual objects as 
part of the real world (Wedel et al., 2020; Verma et al., 2022). Additionally, AR 
technology can also augment or replace real objects with virtual ones (Verma et al., 
2022). AR is used on smartphone devices through applications or social media by 
relying on camera sensitivity (Octaviani, 2023). 

For historical tourism that showcases artefacts, historical objects, and cultural 
heritage, the use of Augmented Reality can expand the number of collections and 
complement artefacts that cannot be displayed offline. In addition, the use of AR 
during the visit can also facilitate the provision of additional information about 
artefacts that have limited textual narratives (Chen et al., 2024) and animations that 
make them more attractive and memorable (Boboc et al., 2022). 

Virtual reality is a computer-generated three-dimensional virtual environment 
that users can interact with through a head-mounted device and sensors (Hamad & 
Jia, 2022). AR will be more optimal when combined with Virtual Reality (VR) 
applications, where tourists can experience virtual tourism through 3D presentations 
and create virtual space (Daassi & Debbabi, 2021). VR focuses on the total immersive 
experience, whereas AR involves interaction between the user, digital content, and the 
real world (Xiong et al., 2021). AR technology is spatial, while VR is 3D. VR 
distinguishes between real and virtual illusions, while AR displays virtual images in 
the real world. The use of AR and VR applications engages multiple human senses, 
including sight, hearing (or sound), touch, and smell, to provide visitors with an 
immersive experience (Fan et al., 2022).  

The use of AR and VR can enable visitors to enjoy a more attractive, enjoyable 
and memorable experience (Boboc et al., 2022). AR and VR also and contribute 
positively to expanding promotion through websites and social media platforms 



 
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(Chen et al., 2024). Tourists can easily enjoy various historical tourist attractions online 
using their smartphones or PCs without having to visit the area. The use of AR and 
VR also has a positive impact on the preservation of historical artefacts, as it reduces 
physical contact that can damage sites (Karaman & Deniz, 2025). Based on these 
factors, AR and VR technology are well-suited for application at the Bongal 
International Site, which is rich in various relics of Indonesian history dating back to 
the early centuries AD. This research aims to describe how the process of developing 
historical tourism at the Bongal International Site using Augmented Reality (AR) and 
Virtual Reality (VR) technology. 
 
Method 
The method used in this research is the Research and Development (R&D) method, 
which aims to develop new products, processes, or services (Kainulainen, 2023). The 
stages used for prototyping consist of three stages: pre-production, production, and 
post-production. The pre-production stages include potential problem analysis, data 
collection, 3D object design, and planning. To analyse potential problems, 
observations and interviews were conducted to assess the potential of historical 
tourism at the Bongal International Site, which will be developed for AR and VR 
applications. In analysing the potential problems, the proposing team also conducted 
a literature review to strengthen the research hypothesis and inform the design process 
of the AR and VR-based Bongal Site History Tourism prototype. After the problem 
was identified, the next step was to collect data on the artifacts and landscapes of the 
Bongal Site through photos and videos. These data will be input into the 3D object 
design plan. The production stage involves manufacturing for 3D object modelling. 
The post-production stage involves encoding 3D elements so that they can be 
displayed during the scanning process. The end of the post-production stage involves 
creating the Unity application format and establishing the thesis website link for 
testing. 

There are several stages in designing Augmented Reality (AR) artifacts for the 
Bongal International Site. These stages are preparation (Install Unity 3D and Vuforia 
Apk then create an account), Create New Project (creating 3D artifacts on Unity Apk), 
Project Configuration, Vuforia Activation, AR Target Import, Creating AR Objects, 
Object Configuration, Creating Scripts for AR Interaction, AR Project Test, and AR 
App Optimization and Distribution. In addition, there are three stages in designing a 
Virtual Reality (VR) link to the Bongal International website, which are 360° Image 
Capture (using Street View app), creation of a 360° Virtual Tour (using Theasys.io 
website), and Virtual Reality (VR) Testing. 
 
Potential of Bongal Site as a Historical Tourism Destination in North Sumatra 
The discovery of the Bongal Site in 2019 benefits historical tourism in Central Tapanuli 
Regency. The discovery of thousands of historical artifacts found by residents or the 
result of excavations by archaeologists and historical research, can unlock new 
historical tourism potential in Central Tapanuli. The Bongal site has the potential to be 



 
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developed into a world-class historical tourism destination. This tourism potential 
contributes positively to historic preservation efforts at this site. It is also expected to 
have a positive impact on the economies of the surrounding communities as well as 
those of North Sumatra and Indonesia. 

The Bongal site played a crucial role as an ancient port city in the Nusantara Spice 
Route trade network during the early centuries AD. The three great civilisations of the 
world—namely, the Middle East, India, and China—are brought together at this site. 
This fact is supported by the discovery of various artifacts from the three world 
civilisations at the Bongal Site. This factor made the discovery of the Bongal Site in 
2019 so shocking to the world of history and antiquities. Excavations carried out since 
2021 have yielded millions of artifacts of international standard at the Bongal Site. 

Based on the results of research and excavation, the Bongal Site is the only site in 
the archipelago that contains the oldest evidence of interaction between Sumatra 
Island and the region of Islamic origin (Middle East). These facts have the potential to 
offer a new perspective on the history of Islam’s entry into Indonesia. The artifacts 
found at the Bongal Site include: 1) The ancient Dinar and Dirham currency of the 
Ummayah and Abbashah Dynasties' leaders, dating from the 7th to 9th centuries AD. 
These coins include coins of the Umayyad Dynasty dated 75-95 AH (694-713 AD); 
Abbasid Dynasty (Caliph Abdullah Al-Mansyur) coins dated 143 AH (760 AD), 147 
AH (764 AD), 149 AH (766-767 AD), 154 AH (771 AD); coin of the Abbasid Dynasty 
(Caliph Muhammad Al-Mahdi) dated 166 AH (782 AD); The coin of the Abbasid 
Dynasty (Caliph Muhammad Al-Amin) is dated 195 AH (810-811 AD); Abbasid 
Dynasty (Caliph Al-Ma'mun) coin dated 204 AH (819-820 AD) (Azhari, 2021; Soedewo, 
2021; Arrumdani et al., 2022). 

The next artefact found at the Bongal Sites was Ukkiyah. Ukkiyah is the Middle 
Eastern unit of measurement for dinars and dirhams. It was an ancient financial 
institution that controlled the monetary system in this lost city. Other artefacts are 
Neyshabur urn from Persia/Iran (VII-IX century AD); Alembic (distillation device); 
Ancient Islamic medical equipment; A teapot or kettle made of glass from the Middle 
East, X-XI century AD; Serahi (small bottle) was made in Syria or Egypt in the X-XI 
century AD; Ganesha figurines, Pandya coins, and ancient Indian jewellery; Wooden 
board inscribed with Pallawa script, VII-VIII century AD; Tin sheets are written in 
post-Pallawa (Old Sumatran) script and Old Malay and Sanskrit from the 8th-IXth 
centuries AD; Tang Dynasty ceramic bowl, 8th-Xth century AD; Ancient Chinese 
coins; Copper weights (dacin); Ancient ship body fragments and dhouw; A wooden 
structure thought to have served as a dwelling or dock; Various types of artifacts are 
made of pottery, ceramics, stone, wood, and metal (gold, silver, tin, copper, and 
bronze) (Azhari, 2021; Soedewo, 2021). 

The richness of historical narratives and cultural heritage associated with the 
Bongal Site in the World Spice Route network is a precious asset in Indonesian tourism. 
This potential can be developed into a 'world-class historical tourism destination' that 
attracts national and international tourists to visit this site. This effort aligns with the 
Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy’s program, which aims to revive the Spice 



 
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Route, once the pride of Indonesia, and to realise the Archipelago Spice Route as a 
UNESCO World Cultural Heritage by 2024/2025. Indonesia Spice Up the World 
(ISUTW), which runs until 2024, is one of the Spice Route tourism activities organized 
by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (Henry, 2024).  

The tourism potential of the Bongal Site is also closely related to the 2018-2028 
Regional Tourism Development Master Plan of Central Tapanuli Regency, which aims 
to make Central Tapanuli a world-class cultural tourism destination in Indonesia 
(Peraturan Daerah Tapanuli Tengah No. 9, 2009). This effort is expected to contribute 
positively to the preservation of history at this site and to encourage regional 
development that can have a positive impact on the economies of the surrounding 
communities, as well as North Sumatra and Indonesia. 
 
Development of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) based Historical 
Tourism at Bongal Site 
Development of Augmented Reality (AR) Prototype through Unity application 
Bongal Site 
In developing AR applications, device specifications are required. Hardware used in 
the development of Prototype AR: ASUS laptop type ROG Strix, processor Inter Core 
i7, memory 16 gigabyte, hard drive 3 terabyte, graphic card RTX 2060 6 GB. Hardware 
used in AR Prototype testing: All types of laptops and cell phones can be used in 
testing if they are connected to the internet. Next are the steps for creating and using 
Augmented Reality, such as (1) Photographs of artifacts taken directly at the Bongal 
International Site, Jago-Jago Village; (2) Download and install Unity 3D from the 
official Unity website. Create a Vuforia account on the Vuforia Developer Portal site 
(https://developer.vuforia.com). Download the Vuforia SDK and corresponding 
license from the Vuforia Developer Portal; (3) Open Unity and create a new project by 
selecting "File" > "New Project". Select an appropriate template, such as "3D". Once the 
project is open, ensure that you import the Vuforia package into the project. To do this, 
go to the "Assets" menu > "Import Package" > "Custom Package", then search and select 
the Vuforia package that you have downloaded; (4) Inside the Unity project, go to 
"Edit" > "Project Settings" > "Player". In the "More Settings" tab, change the "Script 
Runtime Version" to "Equivalent". NET 4.x". In the "XR Settings" tab, enable "Vuforia 
Augmented Reality Supported"; (5) Inside the Unity project, go to "Window" > 
"Vuforia Configuration". Click "Add License Key" and enter the Vuforia license 
obtained from the Vuforia Developer Portal. Enable "Digital Glasses" if developing a 
dedicated AR device such as HoloLens or Magic Leap; (6) Download AR targets from 
the Vuforia Developer Portal. These can be image targets or physical objects. Import 
the AR target into the Unity project by right-clicking inside the Asset, and selecting 
"Import Package" > "Custom Package," and then selecting the downloaded AR target 
file; (7) Create or import 3D objects that you want to display when an AR target is 
detected. Make sure the objects are in the correct hierarchy. Usually, it places the object 
as a child of the AR target, so the object appears when the target is detected; (8) AR 
Camera: Add the "AR Camera" component to the object hierarchy. Inside the Inspector, 



 
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set the camera mode to "Device" so that the device camera is used for AR. In the "Data 
Set Loading Behavior" section, add a data set containing the imported AR targets; (9) 
Create a C# script that will control the interaction of AR objects when a target is 
detected. You can use methods such as OnTrackingFound() and OnTrackingLost() to 
control the behaviour of objects when a target is detected or lost; (10) Connect an AR-
enabled physical device to your computer or use an AR emulator if available. Run the 
project in Unity and point the device camera at the AR target. You should be able to 
see AR objects appear when a target is detected; (11) During development, ensure the 
project is optimised for optimal performance and user experience. Once you have 
finished developing your AR project, you can distribute it to target platforms, such as 
IOS, Android, or others, as needed. Follow the platform distribution guidelines that 
are appropriate for the platform you are targeting. Here are the steps to create and use 
Augmented Reality. 
 

 
Figure 1. Photo of the excavation site of the gold mine at the Bongal Site. 

 

 
Figure 2. Artifact photos that have been used in making AR-VR applications. 
 
After creating the application, a trial is required. The steps include: Open the 

Bongal Site Unity application, then point the lens at the QR code. The following are 
the results of the AR test of the artifacts found at the Bongal International Site: 



 
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Figure 3. Display of Ummayah and Abbasid Coins in the application that has been 

made. 
Based on the picture above, if you scan the QR listed through Google Lens, the 

desktop or mobile screen will switch to AR, which contains a 3D display of Ummayah 
and Abbasid coins. The coins can be seen, with a circular movement (both the front 
and the back are visible), indicating no failures in the AR trial. 

 

 
Figure 4. Display of Cepu Artifacts in the application that has been made. 

 
Based on the picture above, if you scan the image listed through the Vuforia 

application, the desktop or mobile screen display will switch to AR, which contains a 
3D display of the cepu coin. The cepu can be seen, with a circular movement (both the 
front and the back are visible), so that nothing fails in the AR trial. 
 

 
Figure 5. Display of Mini Statue Artifacts in the application that has been created. 

 
Based on the picture above, if you scan the QR code listed through Google Lens, 

the desktop or mobile screen display in the Instagram application will switch to AR, 



 
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featuring a 3D display of mini statue artifacts. The mini statue can be seen clearly, with 
a circular movement (the front and the back are visible), so there is no failure in the 
AR trial. 

 

 
Figure 6. Display of Amoghapasa Artifacts in the application that has been created. 

 
Based on the picture above, if you scan the QR code listed through Google Lens, 

the desktop or mobile screen display in the Instagram application will switch to AR, 
which contains a 3D display of amoghapasa artifacts. The amoghapasa can be seen 
clearly, with a circular movement (both the front and the back are visible), so there is 
no failure in the AR test. 
 

 
Figure 7. Field Data Collection Process in Jago-jago Village. 

 
Virtual Reality (VR) Prototype Development through Theasys Website application 
The Virtual Reality (VR) environment comprises two primary locations: the Bongal 
International Site and the Fansuri Museum, alongside several artifacts equipped with 
QR codes. The hardware specifications necessary for the development of the VR 
prototype include a computer or laptop with internet connectivity, with all types of 
laptops suitable for VR creation. For testing the VR prototype, the hardware utilized 
was an iPhone, model 7 with 128 GB storage, operating on iOS 15.7.8, featuring an 
IMEI of 35 532608 106001 4, a 12 MP camera, a six-core graphics GPU, Wi-Fi 802.11 



 
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a/b/g/n/ac, Dual Band, and Mobile Hotspot capabilities. The 360° virtual tour image 
capture was conducted in person by researchers at Jago-Jago Village, located within 
the Bongal International Site. The 360° image capture process employs the Street View 
application, which involves capturing a comprehensive view of the user's 
surroundings. This method produces images that are more complete than those 
produced by traditional photography. The procedure includes opening the Street View 
app, selecting 'Create,' pressing the camera icon, taking a series of photos, and then 
selecting 'Done' to merge and store the 360° photos as "Private." 

Creating a 360° Virtual Tour can be done in various ways. The first way is to 
create online through the web, such as theasys.io and other service providers. The 
second way is to create a 360° virtual tour using 3D Vista software and similar tools. 
Steps to create a virtual tour in Theasys include: First, sign up for an account and 
activate it. Next, upload 360-degree panoramic photos, ensuring they are named 
systematically for easier management. Then, link the 360-degree photos together. 
Configure the look and functionality of the virtual tour. Install and activate the 
necessary plugins. Request an API token and install it in the Theasys plugin. Finally, 
input the short URL of the completed virtual tour. 
 
Virtual Reality/VR Trial 
Some artifact links that have been VR-ized have been loaded in the form of QR (Quick 
Response). The results of the Virtual Tour trial are as follows. 
 
Situs Bongal 
The Bongal website has a link: https://ths.li/zuRdKEV. Based on the Figure 8. above, if 
you click on the link listed, the desktop or mobile screen display will switch to theasys 
website on the way to the Bongal International Site. The interactive buttons appear and 
function correctly, and the view can be seen in 360 degrees, indicating no failure in the 
link test. 
 

 
Figure 8. Jago-jago Village view in the application that has been created. 

 
Fansuri Museum 
The Fansuri Museum website has a link: https://ths.li/S5ncwr4. Based on the Figure 9.  
above, if you click on the link listed, the desktop or mobile screen will switch to theasys 
website at Fansuri Museum. The interactive buttons appear and function correctly, 



 
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and the view can be seen in 360 degrees, so there is no failure in the link test. 
 

 

 
Figure 9. Display inside the Fansuri Museum in the application that has been made. 

 
The Atmosphere of Bongal Traditional Gold Mining 
 

 
Figure 10. QR code for testing the AR-VR application at the Bongal Site gold mine. 

 
If you scan the QR code from Figure 10. listed through Google Lens, the desktop or 
mobile screen will switch to Google Drive, which contains a short video about ancient 
glass flakes. Interactive buttons appear and function correctly, and a slide-shaped view 
is in full view, so that nothing fails in the QR trial. 
 
Ancient 8th Century Glass Flakes 
If you scan the QR code from Figure 11. listed through Google Lens, the desktop or 
mobile screen will switch to Google Drive, which contains a short video about ancient 
glass flakes. Interactive buttons appear and function correctly, and a slide-shaped view 



 
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is in full view, so that nothing fails in the QR trial. 

 
Figure 11. QR code for AR-VR Application Trial at Bongal Site 

 
Conclusion 
The Bongal site is an ancient port city located on the Nusantara Spice Route, a trade 
network that united three major world civilisations: the Middle East, India, and China. 
This fact is evidenced by the discovery of millions of artifacts from these three great 
civilisations in the Bongal Site area. The discovery of these artifacts also confirms 
Bongal's position as a world-class International Site with very high historical tourism 
potential.  

Technological advances in modern times provide numerous benefits, including 
the ability to be felt directly, as exemplified by the development of historical tourism 
at the Bongal International Site, which utilises Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality 
technology. The development of Bongal International Site History tourism with AR 
and VR models is expected to provide tourists with an accurate picture. Through this 
AR/VR-based application, tourists can learn about and discover the Bongal 
International Site, a historical site rich in world historical heritage. The creation of AR 
and VR prototypes for the Bongal International Site is expected to futher develop the 
site landscape, allowing tourists to experience more immersive sensations, such as 
being in the actual location of the site. 
 
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Amelia, P., Azhari, I., & Purnamasari, I. (2024). Artefacts evidence of the entry of Islam in 
the first history century (7th A.D.) at the Bongal Site, Badiri District, Central 
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Arrumdani, N., Asari, H., & Yasmin, N. (2022). Kontribusi koin Umayyah temuan 
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Arumugam, A., Nakkeeran, S., & Subramaniam, R. (2023). Exploring the factors 
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