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Indonesian Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 107-115 © 2019 | E-ISSN: 2579-4213 

Sayap Garuda in Sarawak and Sabah after the Second World War until the 1950s              | 107  
 

Sayap Garuda in Sarawak and Sabah after the Second World War  
until the 1950s 

 
Suffian bin Mansor 

Department of History, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 
 

Corresponding Author: smansor@ukm.edu.my 
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v3i2.6086  

 
Abstract 

 
Interaction among the islands in the Malay archipelago in early period was 
through trade, culture and brotherhood. This relationship persisted despite 
Western powers trying to set-up Western-style of political boundaries to justify 
their terrirorial claims in the archipelago. This is also the case between British 
dominions in Borneo namely Sarawak and Sabah with the Dutch domination in 
Indonesia. It was revealed that this past relationship was feared by the colonial 
powers after World War II. This is because of the liberation movement and anti-
colonial movement in  Indonesia. Meanwhile, Indonesia's independence 
movement worried the British who had just colonized Sarawak and Sabah. Both 
regions were also experiencing political changes that began to counter British rule 
in Sarawak and Sabah. Although the opposition differed between the two 
territories, their original purpose was to free themselves from British occupation. 
Of particular concern to the British was the nationalist movement in Indonesia 
which was feared to influence political movements in Sarawak and Sabah. This is 
clearly demonstrated by the presence of several active Indonesian organizations 
in Sarawak and the existence of political movements in Sabah that supported 
Sukarno and Hatta. The British tried to stop the Indonesian influence from 
working in these two territories. The purpose of this article is to look at aspects of 
cultural space that have long been involved in political movements in Sarawak 
and Sabah. This article uses a content analysis approach using primary sources 
from London and secondary materials from libraries in Malaysia. From this point 
of view, we can make a clear finding that friendship and brotherhood are strong 
in the archipelago despite the fact that Western powers are trying to separate them. 
 
Keywords:  Sarawak; Sabah; Indonesia; British; Anti-Cession; Borneo. 
 

 
 
Introduction 
The Malay World has had a long history before the arrival of foreign influence into the 
region. Many scholars had confirmed the existence of the Malay community groups 
that inhabit the islands and mainland Southeast Asia. Although there are islands that 
separate them from each other, there is a connection. This relationship is based on 
brotherhood, economic and security interests, and unity as a political entity. This 
article therefore seeks to look at the relationship between the Sarawak and Sabah 
territories with Indonesia. The focus was on post-World War II until the mid-1950s. 

Received:  
11 October 2019 
 
Accepted:  
5 December 2019 



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However, this relationship is reflected in the aspects of political movements and 
nationalism in these two regions Before going further, it would be better to discuss 
about the location and the background of Sarawak and Sabah. 

The subject being studied is about the two regions of the Malaysia’s state today, 
namely Sarawak and Sabah. Both states are located north of Borneo Island. For this 
reason, both states made Malaysia to have a border with Indonesia. This is because the 
Indonesian province of Kalimantan bordered the two regions. This border allowed 
Sarawak and Sabah to have land route with Indonesia whether legal or none legal 
access. In fact, the brotherhood between Sarawak and Sabah and the Borneo region is 
close. Prior to the intervention of Western powers on Borneo Island there was sultanate 
in the region. The Sambas Sultanate had close relationship with the people of Sarawak 
based on cultural and linguistic similarities in Sarawak. In fact, the origin of the Iban 
population in Sarawak is from the Kapuas in Borneo. The same situation happened to 
the people in Tawau and Sebatik Island which they had family and friends relations. 
This relationship is the main subject of discussion in this article. 
 
Method 
This study uses historical methods related with content analysis. This method 
provides a new and authentic historical discovery. This is because the focus of this 
research is on analyzing primary and secondary sources. These materials are available 
from various repository record departments. The original source of the material was a 
British government document obtained from the National Archives of London. Some 
of these documents contain correspondence and government reports on the situation 
in her colonialprovince of Borneo. These files from London are coded with the Colonial 
Office (CO) and Foreign Colonial Office (FCO). 

While secondary materials are mostly available at libraries in Kuala Lumpur and 
Bangi. The three of these libraries are at the Tun Seri Lanang Library, the ATMA 
Library (National University of Malaysia) and the University of Malaya Main Library. 
These secondary materials consist of a variety of books on the history of Sarawak, 
Sabah, Malaya and Indonesia. Sources of articles and chapters in the book are also used 
because there are several articles and chapters in the book that are relevant to the study 
on preparation of this article. 
 
Free Relationships 
Before  the formation of the Sarawak and Sabah  modern boundary, this northern 
Borneo region had close links with the islands in the Malay archipelago. This 
relationship began with the existing of people in both regions. The story of Datuk 
Merpati tells, how Datuk Merpati's arrival from across the country that was welcomed 
by the locals at Santubong, Sarawak. The origin of which Datuk Merpati is associated 
with three places namely Java, Sumatra and Johor. These three places indicated the 
connection between Sarawak and the outside world. Meanwhile, Datuk Kuali and 
Datu Kuli as the local chiefs in Santubong received a good reception from Datuk 
Merpati's family (Ghani, 1989, p. 73). The story of  Datuk Merpati is an important 



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reference on the Sarawak Malay community’s origins. It is associated with the relay 
lines in Kuching Malays especially the (Leight, 1998). A similar situation occurred in 
the relationship of the Malays and Dayaks in Saribas in the presence of Datu Gudam 
(some call him as a Abang Gudam). Originally from Pagaruyung, Sumatra he had 
traveled to Saribas, Sarawak (Said, 2013, p. 108). He helped Temenggung Abdul Kadir 
get his daughter from becoming the Sultan of Brunei’s wife. He later married Dayang 
Chi, the daughter of Temenggung Abdul Kadir and settled in Saribas. According to 
Datu Sanib Said, Datu Gudam became the ruler of Saribas and his descendants 
subsequently inherited the kerajaan (Sandin, 1969, p. 235). 

Regarding the kerajaan (kingdoms) that once appeared in Sarawak, Prapanca 
wrote in the book Negarakertagama which mentioned the existence of several 
kingdoms in northern Borneo. The kingdoms mentioned are Sawaku, Kalka, 
Samadong, Saribas and Melano (Yamin, 1974, pp. 61-62). From the toponymy  aspect 
of the names mentioned here are similarities to some names in Sarawak today such as 
Kalka is Kalaka, Samadong is Samarahan, Sawaku is associated with Sarawak and 
Melano is related to Melanau people in Sarawak. Even in Lundu there is the name 
Tanjung Melano. Whether it refer Melano as a race or a place but clearly shows a link 
between Sarawak with other regions in the Malay World. 

While the study in Sabah found the importance of trade relations between Sabah 
and the Malay World. It is said that there was a port known as Chu-po in Sabah in the 
3rd century (Ramli, 2012, p. 74). But more important is the role of Bukit Tengkorang in 
Sabah. The pottery industry that existed in the area helped trade in the pre-historic era. 
Meanwhile, the discovery of a Moko-type bronze drum on Pulau Bangi confirms the 
relation between the Hindu Buddhist kingdom in Java with northern Sabah. The 
influence of Hindu Buddhism on northern Borneo can also be seen by the discovery of 
various Buddhist objects in Santubong, Sarawak. Meanwhile, the discovery of the 
Ganesha statue in Limbang, Sarawak provides information on religious interaction 
with the Hindu-Buddhism kingdom in Indonesia. 

Relations between the northern provinces of Borneo continued until the arrival 
of western powers. The Dutch and the British influence began to establish their power 
by dividing the provinces in the Malay world to their economic interests through the 
Anglo-Dutch treaty in 1824. While in the north of Borneo individuals Brookes became 
the government in Sarawak (Baring-Gould, 2007, p. 80). While in Sabah the  the 
Chartered Company (CC) dominated and rule the region (Tregonning, 2007, p. 34). 
Meanwhile, the Dutch began to colonise each of the Indonesian islands. During this 
period of colonization there were still links between these territories. This relationship 
is clearly seen in terms of the migration of Java and Boyan workers to Sarawak (Ho, 
2003, p. 57). In Sarawak, the influences from Java is clearly seen in terms of food as 
well as language. Whereas the Brooke government also imported some educate’smen 
from Sumatra like Malim Pahlawan and Abu Bakar as administrators and teachers in 
the Brooke government. In fact, Shawal bin Abdul Hamid the teacher of wife of Rajah 
Charles Brooke came from  Bangkahulu, Sumatera (Sulaiman, 2004, p. 33). The 
intellectuals of Sumatra with local Malay had played importance role in formation of 



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the Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Sarawak (PKMS) in 1939. One of them was the 
government employees came from Palembang i.e.  Johari Anang (FCO141 / 12340, List 
of members of MNUS). 

Meanwhile, the Bugis community trading activities in the 19th century led them 
to choose Sabah as their visiting place, and some of them settle down. (Sakke, 2012, p. 
27). For example, Pua Ado or La Toampong's real name Andi Bukku, had served as 
Penghulu (local chief) of Tawau with appointment of the CC (Sakke, 2012, p. 28). The 
labor shortage in Sabah opens up opportunities for labour in the Dutch colonial 
territories to migrants and work with Western and Japanese companies. They consist 
of Tidung, Bugis, Banjar and Java (Sakke, 2012, p. 29). During the Japanese occupation, 
Ahmad Zaidi Adruce, a Sarawakian student, was sent to Buitenzorg College (Bogor 
Veterinary College) in Bogor (Leigh, 1988, p. 28-29). There he met A. M. Azahari, a 
student from Brunei (Said, 2010, p. 95). 
 
After the Second World War 
After the end of World War II, the situation in Southeast Asia changed. Western 
powers began to return to Southeast Asia to continue their rule. However, many of 
people in Southeast Asia began to oppose the return of their colonial master. Some of 
the regions in Southeast Asia was granted the independence. The Philippines was 
granted independence by the United States. The situation was similar to Myanmar 
when the British granted the country’s independence. However, the people of Vietnam 
waged war on France. Whereas in Malaya occurred opposition to the Malayan Union 
(Adam, 2009, p. 85). In Indonesia, Sukarno declared independence from the 
Netherlands on 17 August 1945 (Dahm, 1988, p. 148). However, these efforts were 
opposed by the Dutch and led to a war between both sides. While in Sarawak and 
Sabah, the Brooke and CC governments gave both territories to the British. In other 
words, these two territories were officially became British colonies. In Sarawak the 
British occupation of Sarawak gained resistance from the locals known as anti-cession 
movement. While in Sabah, the atmosphere was different, its inhabitants have shown 
no tangible resistance to the British presence to colonise Sabah. 

In contrast to the atmosphere of the revolution and the independence movement 
in Southeast Asia, brought the awkward position of the British to colonise Sarawak 
and Sabah. The British felt that the movement that took place in Indonesia would 
spread in Sarawak and Sabah to fight alongside with the Indonesian for the 
independence struggle. What was more interesting is that Ahmad Zaidi Adruce had 
studied in Indonesia and had joined the Indonesian national army against the Dutch. 
He was assigned to Kalimantan, Indonesia (Said, 2010, p. 95). During his struggle with 
Indonesian nationalists, he was very anti-colonial. This situation had worried the 
British in Borneo. What was even more interesting is that Indonesia's influence was 
closely monitored by the British in both countries. To discuss the influence of the 
Indonesian’s nationalism in both states, it would start with situation in Sarawak. 

 
Sarawak 



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British position is quite critical because in Sarawak Malays together with some Iban 
leaders against cession of Sarawak to the British. The Malays movement through 
various organizations such as PKMS, Barisan Pemuda Sarawak (BPS), United Sarawak 
National Association (USNA), Angkatan Semangat Anak Sarawak (ASAS), Persatuan 
Bumiputera Sarawak(PBS), Persatuan Melayu Miri (PMM), Persatuan Melayu 
Limbang ( PML), Angkatan Bintawa-Astana Sarawak (ABAS) and others. These 
organizations appear throughout Sarawak including Singapore i.e. USNA. The Iban 
people under Philip Jitam formed the Sarawak Dayak Association (SDA) to oppose the 
cession. Indonesian involvement in this movement could be seen with participation of 
Johari Anang and Sharkawi Bin Haji Osman (FCO141.12340 List of members of 
MNUS). The anti-cession movement had several activities such as boycott the a day of 
declaration of cession, unwelcome the presence of British governors who visited the 
villages of Kuching,sent letters of protest to the British government and held a 
demonstration protest against Sarawak's cession to the British. In addition, they visited 
several areas in Sarawak to explain the cession that threatened Sarawak's sovereignty. 
Although British reports show that they do not view this as serious but the movement 
is being monitored by the British. 

The British feared this movement would gain support from Indonesia's 
independence movement. This was because the British also involved in helping the 
Dutch to take control Indonesian independence movement in Indonesia. As the 
Dutchbecame weak after World War II, efforts to monitor its colonies in Southeast Asia 
were led by AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) led by Sir Phillip Christison 
of the British army. Although the British tried to show their neutrality in this regard, 
AFNEI's battle with the Indonesian people in Surabaya on October 27, 1945 (Peace, 
2015, p. 25-26) was triggered. This AFNEI military battle continues in a series of 
military campaign such as the Battle of Ambarawa. The Battle of Ambarawa clearly 
indicated that British military involvement helped the Dutch fight against Indonesia 
(Aman, 2015, p. 27). This is being feared by the British that the Indonession’s 
independence struggle would cross the border OF Sarawak and Sabah. Meanwhile, 
the movement against the Dutch in Kalimantan had intensified with the emergence of 
Barisan Pemberontakan Indonesia Kalimantan Barat  (BPIKB), Persatuan Rakyat 
Indonesia (PRI), Gerakan Rakyat Merdeka (Geram) dan Pembrontakan Borneo Barat 
(PBB).  Owing to the close border between Sarawak and Kalimantan, Indonesia's 
revolutionary movement in Borneo was easied to obtain weapons and refuge against 
the Dutch invasion. There are a lot of suspicious individuals which the British 
identified had reached Sarawak. Among them are Zainudin Abas and Abang Yusuf 
bin Abdullah. Zainudin Abas is a member of the PBB, and the PBB is also the 
organization involved in the mudering of a Dutch official in Bengkayang. Meanwhile, 
Abang Yusuf Abdullah was involved in buying weapons in Sarawak. Both figures 
were arrested and sent back to Indonesia. The British also suspected that PKMS and 
ASAS had negotiated with Indonesia on Orchard Road, Singapore. 

In addition to the movements of individuals who were hostile to the British, there 
were also British concerns over Indonesians living in Sarawak. The people of Indonesia 



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are active in society movements. They set up various organizations for various 
purposes. These organizations were Kesatuan Rakyat Indonesia Sarawak (KRIS), 
Persatuan Penoreh Getah Indonesia dan Warga Negara Indonesia (Mansor, 2013, pp. 
358-359). Out of these three movements KRIS became the main focus of the British’s 
concern. KRIS is seen had the aim to make Sarawak part of Indonesia (CO537 / 3764, 
Monthly Political Intelligence Report for November 1948). What worries the British is 
that many KRIS members are from the Sarawak Fire Department. Owing to this, the 
British worried the KRIS would sabotage government agencies (CO537 / 3764, Political 
Intelligence Report, 31 July 1948). KRIS was also suspected to have linked to the Anti-
cession movement. It was reported that an attempt was made to eliminate British 
officials with the help from KRIS in 1950 (CO537 / 6085, Sarawak and Brunei). 

This report also showed the British fear and anger after the assassination of 
Governor Duncan Stewart in late 1949 (Reece, 1993, p. 276). The British officials began 
to suspect the anti-cession movement would become violence’s movement. British 
authorities found items associated with Indonesia such as the Indonesian flag, red and 
white badges and pictures of Sukarno. For this reason, KRIS leaders are being 
monitored and suspected of being dangerous. One of these leaders was Sastro. He was 
alleged to have tried to liaise with the Sultan of Brunei to make uprisingin Sarawak. 
He was later traced, then arrested and taken back to Indonesia. Another leader of KRIS 
Panglima Jaya suspected relations with the Malays to supply arms. He was also 
arrested and sent back to Indonesia (C0537 / 6085, Sarawak and Brunei). 

Meanwhile, two other organizations are associated with Indonesia, Persatuan 
Penoreh Getah Indonesia and Warga Negara Indonesia are also overseen by the British 
government. Persatuan Penoreh Getah Indonesia planned to register as a trade union. 
It also sought to open its membership to the locals (CO537 / 6085, Sarawak and Brunei: 
Monthly Political Intelligence Report for October 1950). Meanwhile, Warga Negara 
based in Lutong, Sarawak was suspected to have linked with communist movements 
(CO537 / 6085, Sarawak and Brunei: Monthly Political Intelligence Report for August 
1950). However, these two organizations did not lead to any further investigation by 
the British. This is because the two organizations do not show such radical actions as 
KRIS. 
 
Sabah 
In Sabah, resistance movements against cession of Sabah to the British did not take 
place. Instead, what happened was the rise of several nationalist organizations in 
Sabah. One of the organization was the Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Labuan 
(PKML). The organization was led by Tengku Noordin, Abu Bakar Ahmad and 
Zakaria Gun. The organization was founded on 16 June  1946. Its members are Labuan 
educated and the government’s servant. The aim of the movement is to defend the 
interests of the natives and enhance their socio-economic development. However, the 
PKML movement was weakened by the British when Tengku Noordin was transferred 
to Jesselton. Tengku Noordin was Sumatra’s born and had his education from Malaya 
(Joko, et al., 2018, p. 103). He is a strong proponent of the concept Melayu Raya or 



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Indonesia Raya. In addition, PKML a branch of the Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu 
Malaya (PKMM) which supports the aspirations Melayu Raya. For the British, Tengku 
Noordin was dangerous to their position in Sabah. Tengku Noordin is suspected of 
trying establish PKML branches in several places in Sabah to achieve the dream of 
Melayu Raya (Joko, et al., 2018, p. 105). However, Tengku Noordin later founded the 
Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Jesselton (PKMJ). The establishment of the PKMJ had 
been welcomed by the people in Putatan, Kinarut, Bongawan, Keningau, Kota Belud 
and Kudat (Lokin, 2007, p. 164).  The PKMJ also set up their branch in these places.  
However, in 1951, Governor Jesselton asked for the PKML and PKMJ to be dissolved. 
Zakaria Gunn was later transferred to Jesselton. Tengku while Noordin has been fired 
and sent back to Malaya (Joko, et al., 2018, p. 114). 

In addition to the PKMJ, it also established an organization known as the Barisan 
Pemuda (BARIP). BARIP is an organization established and formed in Brunei in 1946 
(Osman, 1995, p. 71). BARIP aimed to unite the Malays, and later it was extended  its 
influence by established its branch in Sabah. The first branch of BARIP was established 
in Labuan under the leadership of Pengiran Ahmad and Soeharto. Soeharto was the 
leader of the Javanese community in Labuan. Another BARIP branch in Jesselton was 
founded by Raden Mohamad Sharif Ambek of Indonesia. He is better known as 
“Mandor Sharif” (Joko et al., 2016, pp. 96-97). Under the leadership of Mandor Sharif, 
BARIP Jesselton did not hesitate to wave the Indonesian and BARIP flags during the 
procession to celebrate their annual General Meeting on 17 January 1947 (Joko et al., 
2012, p. 14). Most of these BARIP Jesselton members are from Indonesian laborers in 
the Lobou Estate. Indonesian workers were willing to fight on behalf of the Malays 
and Islam together with the local population. (Joko et al.,  2018, p. 69-70) Even Mandor 
Sharif also played an important role in attracting people of Dusun Ranau into this 
association (Joko et al., 2016, p. 102). 

What is interesting about this Lobou Estate is that it had entertainment activities 
such as Bangsawan (tradisional malay drama) and Wayang Kulit (shadow play) which  
performance over the weekend. Many Sabahans and Indonesian workers came to see 
the play and puppets. Usually the theme of the performance was based on the 
oppression and misery of life and the courage of defending the rights of the colonialists 
by inserting funny and humorous elements (Joko et al., 2012, p. 115). This showed that 
it can inspire Sabahans to defend their fate under British rule. Mandor Sharif also 
played a role in spreading Islam among the Dusun and from there he promoted the 
nationalis spiritsof the people of Dusun. However, the political movement was 
suppressed by the company. Pressure was made by blocking the promotion of workers 
on the estate. Some of his employees have been relocated elsewhere to break the unity 
of BARIP (John, 2016, p. 102). 

At one point, BARIP tried to work with PKMJ and PKML for the interests of the 
Malays in Sabah. However, the BARIP in Jesselton is not in line with the PKMJ, and 
this had led to a breakdown in relations between the two organizations. This is because 
that BARIP not on favoured with PKMJ receiving the non-Malays as their members 
(Joko et al., 2018, p. 118). Only in Labuan the relationship between BARIP and PKML 



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was better. However, the British gradually tranfered the BARIP leaders to weaken this 
movement. At the end, these society failed to fight for the fate of the people of Sabah. 
 
Conclusion 
Overall, the people in the Malay Achipelago had long relations with each other before 
coming of the Western imperialism in the Southeast Asia. This relation continued 
although the Western imperialism had spread their influence in the Malay Achipelago.  
This influence could be showed by the influence political movements of the Indonesian 
in British colonies, Borneo. The similarity of cultural and linguistic made the 
Indonesian’s influence easier to associate with the local people in Sarawak and Sabah. 
While the desire to fight colonial rule in two of British colonies in Borneo had also been 
a factor in strengthening the influence of nationalism from Indonesia. This was indeed 
feared by the British colonialists. Every local and foreign political movement was 
monitored by the British. 

The British special branch had been able to gather and collected detailed 
information to see how Indonesia's influence can be rooted in these two regions. This 
is feared by the British. Thus various tactics were used by the British to  stem the 
movement of this political spirit from being a threat to them. As a result, political 
movements in these two regions have been weakened. However, political movements 
in both regions are still new and at stage of beginning. For this reason, the British used 
all the tactics of suppressing this radical movement in various ways. Eventually the 
British succeeded in control and eliminated these movements from threatening their 
positions in Sarawak and Sabah. 
 
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