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Indonesian Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 86-95 © 2019 | E-ISSN: 2579-4213 

Oral History in Indonesian Contemporary Historiography                | 86  
 

Oral History in Indonesian Contemporary Historiography: 
A Case Study of Female Political Prisoners in Plantungan Camp 

1969 – 1979 
 

Amurwani Dwi Lestariningsih  
Ministry Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia, 

Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia 
 

 Corresponding Author: amur.gunawan@gmail.com  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v3i2.6216  

 
 

Abstract 
 
In the Indonesian contemporary historiography study, the approach of oral 
history is important. In contemporary history, oral history is used to explore 
sources and collect data and facts. One of the examples is the study of Female 
Political Prisoners in Plantungan Camp due to the movement of 30 September 
1965. Through the approach of oral history, the violence, trauma, and stigma 
toward female political prisoners can be revealed. This research intends to 
reconstruct the story of female political prisoners in Plantungan Camp, Kendal, 
Central Java. The Camp was formerly functioned as a concentration camp of 
female political prisoners who were involved in “Gerakan 30 September 1965.” 
 
Keywords: Contemporary History; Plantungan; Political Prisoners; Oral History. 
 

 
 
Introduction 
In historical study, writing a story from the experience of a living historical actor is a 
controversial matter. In journey of life, someone faces various experiences in his/her 
career. In fact, the experience which were encountered not always joyful, frequently, 
it could be something traumatic. (Nugroho, 1984: 6). 

Based on the conventional definitions, history was defined as a continuous 
dialogue between the present and the past to understand and plan the future. Hence, 
in order to maintain the quality of dialogue, reliable sources were required. Each of 
them has its own methodology and analysis on what must be done and how to do it 
correctly. Among the historians, only a few people can accept something which has 
not been documented, as the term “no document, no history” (Morrison, 2000: 1). If 
people keep referring to that opinion, Indonesians will not have the habit particularly 
of writing what they have experienced. For Indonesians who are accustomed to the 
oral tradition, it is difficult to fulfil the opinion of the historians who override the oral 
history. As stated by James, if oral sources were limited and people did not 
appreciate them as something which can be correctly verified, it was just the same as 
closing the door against most people of the world who exist, live, and die to 

Received:  
11 October 2019 
 
Accepted:  
30 November 2019 



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document and differentiate them. Indonesia’s herritage in term of folklore, oral 
tradition, and oral information became the evidence of a living oral culture and self-
discovery (Morrison, 2000, p. 2). 

According to Djoko Suryo, the oral history is considered a new approach in 
the contemporary historical writing, even though this approach has been known in 
the period of classic historical writing. In the classic historical writing, oral tradition 
is a reflection in traditional historiography (Suryo, 1991, p. 14). Mona Lohanda stated 
that oral history is defined as a record of memories spoken by informants based on 
their direct experience. Meanwhile, Harsja W Bachtiar said that oral history has two 
main roles in general. The first collects important information from main characters 
directly involved in it, the latter represents common society in the history so that 
their history remains persistent. The oral history provided sources which were 
unavailable in the conventional sources in the form of documents (Lysa, 2000, p. 62). 
 Similar to conventional history, the exploration of oral history sources also 
uses the technique of sources exploration, for instance the historical method applied 
in written sources. The main function of oral history in contemporary history is to 
serve as the means to extract or collect historical data and facts (Vansina, 2014). Those 
data and facts are then used to formulate a historical reconstruction (historiography). 
As stated by Djoko Surya, historical reconstruction is obtained through the making 
process of history, aiming to reconstruct the history as the real actuality 
(historiography as actuality) into a history arranged in a written method 
(historiography as written), namely historiography. In conventional history, 
historical activities are extracted through written sources, then in oral history, 
historical activities are conducted through oral sources, namely remembered history 
(Surya, 1991, p. 14). 
 A similar thing was stated by Paul Thompson that oral history provided 
sources which were basically similar to published autobiographies. As an 
autobiography, oral history can complement the perspective which cannot be found 
in document sources. Oral sources create a more realistic reconstruction of the past. 
In reality, if it is compared with other sources, oral history enables the reconstruction 
of various points of view which existed from the beginning. Oral history provides 
media to reconstruct a more realistic and balanced historical narration. Therefore, 
oral history has a radical implication for the whole social message of history 
(Thompson, 2012, p. 5-7). 

Nugroho Notosusanto has conducted a record of those stories by using the 
approach of oral history. At glance, narrating a history of a person who is still alive  
was considered unnecessary, because it will cause a controversy. It was caused by 
the fact that contemporary history often involves living actors, making it seemingly 
not a part of the real “history” (Notosusanto, 1984, p. 6). 

Contemporary history is defined as an era of those who lived together, along 
with the history readers and writers as well. David Thomson in Notosusanto (1984) 
stated that what was called as contemporary history comprises of 20th century. 
According to Nugroho, contemporary history in Indonesia has initiatedsince the 



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period of Kebangkitan Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Awakening). 
However, due to the age of Indonesian historians who almost did not experience the 
era of National movement, the definition was shifted. The era of National Movement 
was no longer included in the periodization of contemporary history. Furthermore, 
the periodization category of contemporary history is also shifted. Its perspective is 
no longer starts in the National Movement era, but in the Japan era. Thus, the 
boundaries of contemporary history from one generation to another keep shifting 
(Notosusanto, 1984, pp. 6-7).  

Several difficulties were encountered in applying contemporary history 
approach, one of those is the greater subjectivity from the historical actors whose 
stories were written. It was because the actors who experienced the event is still 
alive. In several cases, they  pretend to put  a greater role to themselves compared to 
actual reality.The absence of time gap on the actors strengthens the subjectivity level, 
particularly those related to the interpretation in analyzing the sources (Notosusanto, 
1984: 8). In contemporary history, since the actors mostly are still alive, the approach 
of oral history becomes the method often used to collect the sources. The usage of the 
approach of oral history in contemporary history is to provide more data which were 
rarely found in conventional documents. Therefore, the approach of oral history was 
considered more appropriate to be applied in contemporary history (Notosusanto, 
1984, pp.10-15). 
 In temporary history, implementing the approach of oral history is highly 
relevant because the historical actors still could be foun  Their testimony is a data 
source which is required to be explored  in oral history. Interview is the basis of all 
research of oral history. It can be in the form of narrative interview, elite interview, 
group interview, and life experience interview--which is a discourse between two or 
more people about the issues. Interview method is effective if it is conducted with a 
dialogue between two people, namely interviewer and informant (interviewee). The 
interviewer must possess broad knowledge to acquire information from the 
interviewee. The interviewer must be careful in selecting data from the informants, 
without having to wait for the information being told to the interviewer.  In terms of 
interviewing the informant, the interviewer does not prepare by reading references 
related to the problem extracted from the informant, the interviewer will not be able 
to explore deeper information from the informant, to analyze the primary source, 
and consider the questions and answers. Therefore, the informants will not function 
as they should and the information obtained from the interviewer will not have 
sufficient quality (Notosusanto, 1984, p. 16). 

Oral history has an important meaning as written by Paul Thompson that it 
changes the whole characteristics of historical writing. At least, oral history has 
provided new evidences by shifting new area, challenging several assumptions, and 
judgements which have been the reference of many historians ever since, and 
reviewing the groups which have never been in the study of history. The scope of 
history is also broadened, it simultaneously shifted the social message into more 
democratic (Thompson, 2001, pp. 3-9). 



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A strong motivation to write contemporary history is caused by the existence 
of great and rapid changes in the modern era. In several developed countries, those 
changes were not felt that great and rapid because the condition of the society has 
been stable. On the other hand, in developing countries, for instance Indonesia, a 
change, particularly in 1942 was felt so drastic. The great changes sometimes made 
the actors lose their orientation. Those changes often become confusion and 
ignorance for the people who experiencing them. Corruption is one of the cases 
Currently, corruption are considered as a new matter. In fact, it was deeply rooted in 
history and has been a serious discussion for the society.  

Due to the rapid change in the developing society, corruption wasperceived as 
a new matter.  It  triggered a confusion and anxiety in society. Thus, contemporary 
history by applying the approach of oral history is needed in order to  counterballace 
towards the rapid changes with the available sources. Any oral source that can be 
recorded in a certain method, probably has not been considered as a part of 
“history”. However, one day when oral sources have been documented 
systematically, it will be a part of the real “history” in the future time. According to 
Asvi Warman Adam, oral history has given a sort of discovery to the historians. 
Furthermore, it gave achance to develop a research in the future, and recover  the 
oldest skill in the profession of history, namely interview (Adam, 2000, p. xviii).  

Themes, such as military history, social history, political history, 
environmental history, local history, economic history, agricultural history, maritime 
history, female history, and other themes which can be categorized into 
contemporary history can apply the approach of oral history. The research aims to 
reconstruct the story of female political prisoners in Plantungan Camp, Kendal, 
Central Java by using the approach of oral history. Plantungan, Kendal, Central Java 
is a concentrated camp of female political prisoners involved in the incident of 
“Gerakan 30 September 1965.” 
 Every September 30th, we were reminded of a national tragedy. The tragedy 
left a deep collective trauma and wound for Indonesians. The incident was initiated 
by the murder of seven Generals in Jakarta. The political situation at that time was 
chaotic along with the widespread hoax, as a result, the security condition was 
unstable. In a short time, the horizontal conflict was inevitable. The conflict initially 
occurred in Jakarta and spread to Java and Bali. The scope of the conflict shifted from 
local to national conflict. In such condition, many people comitted acts of violence 
and burnt the houses or buildings owned by Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).  
 The tragedy created a new problem for Indonesians. Besides the civil war, it 
also leaves new problem for PKI members and their followers. After PKI and their 
ounderbouws were dispersed, a problem rose for the people who were accused of 
being involved in that incident. The same thing happened to Gerakan Wanita 
Indonesia (Gerwani) which was considered being involved in the incident of 30 
September 1965. The newspapers at that moment contained the news about the 
involvement of Gerwani members, such as Berita Yudha, Angkatan Bersendjata, and 
Kompas, between October and December 1965. They were arrested and jailed. Initially 



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they were placed in the detention centers in Bukit Duri (Jakarta), Wiragunan 
(Yogyakarta), and Bulu (Semarang). 
 The situation of the detention centers was insufficient because the increasing 
number of prisoners which was estimated to be increasing up to 30% in 1968, 
resulting in the consequence of their great life cost. Therefore, the policy issue of the 
New Order government was to move the female political prisoners of B group to 
Plantungan. According to the notes of the Himpunan Surat Keputusan/Perintah, the 
instructions and other provisions related with the matter of Kamtibmas on July 1969 
until February 1974, there were 500 people placed in Temporary Detention Center 
(Tefaatra), Plantungan. The placement was aimed to prevent the prisoners to develop 
communist ideology opposing the ideology of Pancasila. Tefaatra was also called as 
inrehab Pulau Buru, a utilization camp of political prisoners in the era of New Order 
(Amurwani, 2011, p. 151). 
 
Plantungan, Female Political Detention Camp 
The life in Plantungan Camp can be seen in three patterns of interaction relationship. 
The first pattern is the interaction relationship pattern among the female political 
prisoners. The second one is the interaction relationship pattern between the female 
political prisoners and the camp wardens. The third one is the interaction 
relationship pattern between the female political prisoners and the local citizens. In 
building the interaction relationship were social spaces built by the local inhabitant 
of Plantungan Camp. In a life fully and strictly controlled by the wardens, the 
prisoners were not allowed to talk to each other. They were strictly monitored. In 
order to communicate with each other, the female political prisoners used code 
language. The interaction among the female political prisoners were limited. They 
were also not allowed togather with more than two people. If it was done, they 
would receive punishments because they had done a “political movement” (gerpol), 
a term used by the wardens when the political prisoners interacted with other 
political prisoners. Their movement space was greatly limited and continuously 
monitored. 

Intrigues were often attempted by the female political prisoners to acquire 
“freedom” from the wardens. These female political prisoners would cooperate with 
the wardens to provide reports on their friends who conducted violations (Hearman, 
2009, p. 25). As the reward, they would acquire “freedom”. In this case, the female 
political prisoners whose information could be trusted by the wardens, would get 
different treatment than their friends. As stated by Foucault that authority must be 
understood as a form of immanent authoritative relation in the space in which the 
authority is valid. Authority must be understood as something maintaining that 
authoritative relationship, forming the chain or system of that relation, or even 
isolating them from the others from an authoritative relation. Therefore, authority is 
a strategy in which authoritative relation is the effect (Kamahi, 2019, pp.119-120). 

 The female prisoners in Plantungan camp could communicate freely to the 
wardens. However, it was what often stimulated the conflicts among the female 



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political prisoners in Platungan. This condition was usually utilized by the wardens 
to make the political prisoners not violating the rules in the detention center. The 
prisoners were prohibited to write and read newspapers or books. In order to 
overcome the restriction of those activities, several political prisoners arranged 
words which were then turned into a song to alleviate their longing of their families 
or to reminisce an event which was considered important and meaningful for them. 
A similar thing also applies with the people outside the complex. They were strictly 
prohibited to interact with the people outside. Everytime they were needed to do 
activities outside the detention complex, there was always a strict monitoring 
(Amurwani, 2011, p. 219). That relationship shows how an authority is produced in a 
certain way by the state. 
 
Investigating the Collective Memory of the Female Political Prisoners  
In the study of history, writing a story from an experience of a living historical actor 
is a controversial matter. In one’s life journey, various experiences were faced in 
his/her career. In reality, the experience faced was not always joyful, oftentimes, it 
was unpleasant experiences. 

As a beginner in conducting historical research, there are several considerations 
in deciding to choose oral history. The limitation to obtain written documents is the 
main reason besides the difficulty in accessing the source itself at that time, 
particularly the events related with the incident of 1965. Another consideration is the 
development of a paradigm to reveal the history of common people at that time 
among the young historians. History is not only possessed by influencial people and 
political elites. In the effort to conduct the camp life reconstruction of female 
prisoners  in 1969-1979, using oral history is the appropriate choice. Therefore, the 
initial step is conducting a library research and searching for various documents in 
various libraries. 

The various collected data, in the form of legal products and primary and 
secondary sources from personal notes or owned by the states, can not provide any 
description about the life of a community, the prisoners. The whole life description of 
the relationship between the prisoners and the community inside the camp, even 
with the community outside the camp is greatly shallow. By realizing that fact, it is 
necessary to add more data which can be added into a work of an oral source. 

In digging oral sources, the approach of oral history is highly required. 
Referring to the opinion of Djoko Suryo, there are three elements required in oral 
history, namely: 1) structure and process, 2) acts and interaction of human life, and 3) 
sociocultural context recorded in the past (Suryo, 1991, p. 16). The change from the 
life of society in general into the camp life of the female political prisoners causes 
changes of interaction and regulation patterns created by the camp community of 
female political prisoners themselves. In the historical process, the prisoners are 
presumed to have a collective experience in facing the changes occurring around 
their life, which means the welfare aspect in giving meaning of life in their 
community. Their collective experience in responding to the changes from a free 



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society to a community of female political prisoners gives descriptions about a phase 
of camp life community of female political prisoners which has not been known by 
people in general. 

The investigation through oral history from historical witnesses and actors of 
the camp community of female political prisoners is expected to give an in-depth 
description about a structure and process of social activities and interaction of that 
community. In order to obtain a deeper and wider description, it is necessary to visit 
the location and do several interviews with the historical witnesses and actors. The 
interview were conducted to both the camp staffs and female political prisoners, a 
particular technique and approach are required. There are several cooperative camp 
staff who give all the information easily, but there are also those who mind to answer 
the questions. The same thing applies to the female political prisoners. Sometimes the 
prisoners find it difficult to reveal the experience residing in their memory. 
Perseverance and patience are necessary things to be able to dig data deeper. 
Therefore, before conducting an interview, a guide line is commonly created 
beforehand about the things which will be asked and arranging the guide line to 
develop the obtained information. 

The interview result is then transcribed into texts. In the science of history, texts 
are not only translated into written meanings, but also into words which are given 
meaning. According to Gadamer, hermeneutic approach sees an ongoing 
interpretation based on the dialectic process between the researcher’s subject and the 
object studied. Moreover, Gadamer explains that the text here is the written one 
which is different in term of socio-culture and era from the researcher and the object 
studied. As stated by Gadamer (Magetsari, 2018, p. 21)  it is called as the thing 
between the one who understands and the one who is understood. This reciprocal 
process separated with distance and time requires a “mediator”, namely language. 
Ricoeur also sees the existence of a dialectic process in understanding a text. There is 
a reciprocal process between the text and the reader. In this case Ricoeur shares the 
same opinion with Gadamer (Magetsari, 2018, p. 22). Those texts are then given 
meaning and interpreted to reconstruct a historical event. 

Eventually, the texts in a wider scope of knowledge can be defined as an 
artefact because a text originally being non-verbal after being transcribed into an 
important source. Those texts are understood from their words and language 
structures so that the object being studied can be understood as a meaningful thing. 
Accordingly, the scope of hermeneutic approach depends on how it is seen. If the 
approach is based on materialism, what is revealed will be dependent on social 
behavior and system (Magetsari, 2018, p. 24). 

In order to arrange a social system of female political detention camp 
community, in-depth observation and interview on the social witnesses and actors in 
the female political detention camp community are required. It is necessary to give 
explanation about each interaction patterns undertaken by the female political 
prisoners. Those political prisoners often experienced various kinds of pressure, both 
normatively and psychologically. For instance, during the family visit time, a 



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political prisoner was forced not to acknowledge her children. Even though it was 
hard for them to do that, they only could see their children afar so that it would not 
be known that those children are their own children. The confession of a mother to 
her biological children will bring a high risk for their future. It was a heavy burden 
for a mother to be apart with her family, especially with their children until an 
unknown time (Amurwani, 2011, p. 235). 1 

The relationship between the male wardens and the female political prisoners 
often violated the morality. Sexual harassments were often experienced by the female 
political prisoners. The strong patriarchal culture caused authority dominance 
toward the female political prisoners. They could not resist when they were harassed 
sexually. A political prisoner even got pregnant for three times. 

In 1977, the female political prisoners were released gradually until 1979. The 
release period was not an easy period for them. As an ex political prisoner, they 
experienced social outcast. They kept receiving punishment from the society. Various 
occupations both in formal and informal sectors are shut for them. The stigma which 
had been adhered to them could not just be removed. The existence of “bersih 
lingkungan” in the New Order period forced them to change their family status, 
particularly their children. They were forced to change the status of their children as 
the biological children of their far relatives or other families who want to take care of 
them. They were all done so that the children could be accepted by the society and 
have the opportunity to work in the formal sector.  

Suspicions on ex female political prisoners in the society keep on occurring. 
Even there are people who straightly deny their presence. That is why the ex-female 
political prisoners isolate themselves from the surrounding society. The reality must 
be accepted by them because the society in general already has values and norms 
built from the experience and comprehension on history. Those ex political prisoners 
changed their identities with the new ones so that they could be accepted by the 
society in their new environment.  

After the reform, the ex-political prisoners tried to open their self to the society. 
They started to make testimony to the audience who wanted to listen to their 
testimony. Various discourses so far considered taboo started to be discussed. Slowly, 
the dark mist started to be unveiled. Various efforts were done to return them so that 
they would be wholly accepted in the society. The historical vengeance created 
conflicts among humans and everlasting trauma. The bittersweet of history has been 
experienced by the people of this nation. Then, what is left from that incident is 
historical wisdom. The willingness to understand the context of an incident in a 
national dynamics journey. The willingness to make peace with the past and to learn 

                                                
1 The interview conducted on Sutiah, Mia Bustam, as well as the diary of dr. Sumiarsi stated 

that. The heaviest pressure for a mother is when the family visit time in which their children also came 
to see them. Their longing of their family, especially their children must be resisted. Their desire to 
hug their children must be eliminated so that their children would not be involved in their 
involvement as a member or follower of a forbidden organization. 



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appreciating differences wisely and humanely for the nation’s unity in the present 
and in the future (Amurwani, 2016, p. 4). 
 
Conclusion 
Oral history is required to obtain deeper information and more detailed description 
of a community which are not obtainable from written sources. In the digging of oral 
history, a communicative relationship between the interviewer and the informants is 
required. In verifying the data, a distance between the interviewer and the 
informants is required. A data cross-check is required by using various sources. 
Therefore, it is expected that from the data digging and interpretation, a result which 
is as objective as it can be is obtained. Through hermeneutical approach and dialectic 
process, it is expected that an interpretive understanding of texts is obtained. The 
understanding and interpretation of texts is what can be used as the data to 
reconstruct a historical event. 
 
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Hoopes, James (1980). Oral history an introduction for strudents. California: The 
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Informants 
Interwiew with Sutiah, 4 Mei 2005, in Kramat Raya, Jakarta. 
Interview with Mia Bustam, 5 & 9 Juni 2005 in Limo, Depok. 


