

























ErinleOlusolaOyetunde

FederalUniversityofTechnology,

UniversityHealthCentre,Akure,

OndoState,Nigeria.

Topic:

INFLUENCEOFOCCUPATIONALSTRESS,ROLE-CONFLICT,SEX,AGE

ANDWORKEXPERIENCEONMARITALSATISFACTIONAMONG

NURSESINUNIMEDTEACHINGHOSPITAL,AKURE.

Abstract

Thisstudywasdesignedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofoccupationalstress,role-
conflict,sex,ageandworkexperienceonmaritalsatisfactionamongnursesin
UniversityofMedicalScience Teaching HospitalAkure.The studyutilises the
descriptive surveydesign.200 respondents purposivelydrawn among married
nursesworkinginUNIMEDTeachingHospital,Akureparticipatedinthestudy.The
instrumentsused forthe studywere standardized questionnaire which include
EnrichMaritalSatisfactionscale,JobrelatedtensioninventoryandWorkfamily
conflictscale.Thedataobtainedfrom thestudywereanalysedusingindependentt-
test,ANCOVAandANOVAtotestallthehypothesesraisedforthestudyat0.05level
ofsignificance.Theresultofthestudyrevealedthatoccupationalstresshasno
significantinfluenceonmaritalsatisfactiont(198)=.178,p>0.05.Thestudy
revealedfurtherthatthereisnosignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstresson
maritalsatisfactionF(1,198)=.032p>.05withtheinterferenceofroleconflictwith
occupationalstressthereisstillnosignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstresson
maritalsatisfactionF(1,197)=.023p>.05.Alsothereisnosignificantinfluenceof
stress on maritalsatisfaction F(1,194)= .148 p>.05.Subsequently,there is no
significantinfluenceofageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,194)=.992p>.05.Thereisno
significantjointinfluenceofsexandageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,1194)=.219
p>.05.Finallyworkexperiencehasnosignificantinfluenceonmaritalsatisfaction
F(4,195)=1.96p>.05.Basedonthefindingsofthisstudyitwasconcludedthat
occupationalstress,workexperience,age,sexandroleconflictdoesnotinfluence
maritalsatisfaction.Theresearcherrecommendedthatsinceallthevariablesdidnot
significantlyinfluencemaritalsatisfaction,thefutureresearchercouldlookintothe
areaofchoiceofmarriage,personality,culturalbackground,sexualintimacyand
religiousadherencetoworkon.Also,Nursesandhealthworkersshouldtryasmuch
possibletostrikeabalancebetweentheirofficeandfamilyresponsibilities;none
should be taken with levity as role managed wellwillnotinfluence marital
satisfaction.

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Emailaddress:erinleolusola67@gmail.com



Keywords:occupationalstress,maritalsatisfaction,roleconflict,work-

experience,age.

Backgroundtothestudy

Nursingisknownasajobwithhighriskofexhaustionanddisease.Thehospital

environmentcancausestressandphysicalproblemsamongitsemployees;infact

jobstresscanleadtophysicalinjuryormentalillnessandinthelongterm cancause

negativeresultsinperformanceofpeopleanditsworkplace.Pressureinnursing

can affectfamilylife and maritalproblems,disruptcommon socialproblems,

increasefamilyconflictsandendangerpeople’sgeneralhealth.Workisoneofthe

mainsourcesofstressinpeople.(Peimanpack,Mansur,Sadeghi,Purebrahim (2013).

Maritalsatisfactionsimplymeansmaritalcontentment.Satisfactioniswhenthe

desire,intimacyandperceivedneedofapartnerinarelationshipareactualized.Itis

astateofcontentmentandpleasurewiththeabsenceofproblem andcomplaint.

AccordingtoFincham (2006),therearemanyfactorsthatcontributetoahappy

marriagebecausetheredoesnotseem tobeonemagicfactorthatguarantees

maritalbliss.Thesefactorsincludeeffectivecommunication,interaction,gender

roles,conflictmanagement,problem solvingandintimateplay.Maritalsatisfaction

isthegeneralhappinessandpleasurebetweencouples.Itisthegoodfeelingof

marriage.

Workisofprimaryimportancetomankindandithasbeenamotivatorphysically,

ethicallyandideologically.Workhasgivenhumanbeingasenseofmasteryover

natureandithasbeenatremendousfeelingofself-fulfilment.Itisanyexpenditure

ofenergythatproducesservicesandproductsofvaluetootherpeople.Particular

valuesandfunctionsofworkarespecifictotimeandplace(Omolayo2005).Thibaut

andKelly(1989)definedworkasaweaponwithwhichcommonmancouldachieve

notonlywealthbutalsohappiness.

Familyisthebasicunitoflife;itisthefundamentalunitofsocietyreferredtoasthe

buildingblockofanysociety.Oakley(1984)definesfamilyasasetofpeoplerelated

byblood,marriageorsomeotheragreeduponrelationshiporadoptionwhoshares

theprimaryresponsibilityorreproductionandcaringformembersofthesociety.

Roleconflictoccurswhenthereareincompatibledemandsplaceduponaperson

relatingtotheirjoborposition.Personexperiencesroleconflictwhentheyfind

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themselvespulledinvariousdirectionsastheytrytorespondtothemanystatuses

theyhold.Burke&Green-glass(1999).Therearetwotypesofroleconflict;intrarole

conflictreferringtoincompatiblerequirementswithinthesamerole,andinterrole

conflictreferringto clashingexpectationsfrom separateroleswithinthesame

person.Roleconflictisastressorthatcanoccurintheworkplacewhenpersonal

valuesconflictswithjobresponsibilities,rolesarepoorlydefined,incompatibleroles

areperformed,orexpectedrolesforoneorganisationdon’tmatchthoseofanother,

whenconflictingrolesbothhavethesamestatusrolestrainresults.Thishappens

whenapersonwhoneedstofulfilacertainroleisstrainedbecauseofobligationsor

extensivedemandsonenergy,timeorresourcescausedbythemultipleroles.

Workexperiencehasalongwaytoupholdandtodisintegratemaritalsatisfactionin

oursociety.Experiencetheysayisthebestteacher,thehigheryougoinhierarchy

themoreresponsibilityyouhaveinnursingprofession,therearesomeskillsgained

from workexperiencesuchasproblem solvingskills,interpersonalskills,maturity,

team work,practicalskills,self-confidenceandself-esteem havingalltheseskillswill

helpmarriednursestocopeathomeleadingtomaritalsatisfaction.

Gendertendstodenotethesocialandculturalroleofeachsexwithinagivensociety.

Ratherthanbeingpurelyassignedbygenetics,assexdifferencesgenerallyare,

peopleoftendeveloptheirgenderrolesinresponsetotheirenvironmentsincluding

familyinteractions,themedia,peersandeducation.

Ageisthelengthoftimethatapersonhaslivedorhasexisted(Chaffee1991).Age

gapaffectstheevolutionmaritalsatisfactionoverthedurationofmarriage.Marital

satisfactiondeclineswithmaritaldurationforbothmenandwomenindifferently.

Agedcouplesarerelativetothoseinsimilaraged-relationship.Theinfluenceofage

onmaritalsatisfactionamongmarriednursescouldnotbeascertainasthereisa

divorceandseparationoccasionallyamongyoungmarriedcoupleslikewisethose

whohadbeenmarriedforalongtime.

Statementoftheproblem

Nursingasaprofessionbringsalotofresponsibilities,whichcanbeexhausting,

complicated,boring,andstressful.Overtheyears,thenursesworkinginalltiersof

governmenthealth facilities are faced with a series ofmaritalchallenges as

applicabletomanydivorcesintheirhomewhichcanbeattributedtojobstressand

strainswithresultantmaritaldissatisfaction.

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TheratioofmaletofemalenursesinAkureOndoStateisabout1:4,accordingtothe

studyconductedbyAdejumo,Akinbode,Iyawe,EmmanuelandOgungbemi(2018)

forassessmentofknowledgeofchronickidneydiseaseamongnon-nephrology

nurses,themajorityofnursesarefemale.Theresearcherkeepsonwonderinghow

theywillmaintainmaritalsatisfactionattheendoftheclosinghourofeveryshift

dutybecauseNursesbattlewiththreedifferenttypesofshifttoensuretheycover24

hoursoftheday,thenursesatUNIMEDareoftenandareusuallytoobusyattending

tovariousformsofcasualtiesandemergencycases.Theresearcherperceivedthat

thismayberesponsibletomostofthebehaviourexhibitedatworkandathome

therebyinfluencetheirtemperamentandemotionsandthismakesthesocietyto

haveimpressionthatnursesaretootemperamental.Thewearandtearonnursesat

everyshiftdutyisbecomingalarmingandyetmostnursesensurethattheymaintain

maritalsatisfactionlikeeveryotherprofessionalwhileattimesthereverseisthe

case.The workload from the discharge ofnursesdutydirectlyand inversely

influencetheirmaritalsatisfactionandoccasionallyresortedintosocial,physical,

psychologicalandemotionalviolenceamongthemarriednursesandthisinfluences

theirmaritalstabilityandsatisfaction.

Copingwithparentingalsoasanursebringsadditionalstress;parentingistime

consuming,eventhoughparentsallovertheworldtakecareoftheirchildrenwith

devotion,enjoymentandlove.Parentingbringsalotofresponsibilitywhichcanbe

exhausting,complicatedandunrewardingattimes(Bögels,Hellemans,Deursen,

Römer,&Meulen,2014).Whilethebirthofachildmostoftenaffectstheparents

positively,theresponsibilityandroleconflictbetweenworkandfamilymayhave

negativeeffectsonmaritalsatisfaction(Nomaguchi&Milkie,2003).Basedonthe

backgroundofthisstudyithoweverbecomesanapparentinteresttoinvestigate

moreintothisstressorandevaluateitseffectonmaritalsatisfactionamongnurses.

ObjectivesoftheStudy

-Themainobjectiveofthisstudyistoinvestigatetheinfluenceofoccupational

stressonmaritalsatisfaction.Otherobjectivesarespecificallyto;

-Accesswhetherroleconflictcouldinterferewithoccupationalstresstoinfluence

maritalsatisfactionamongNurses.

-InvestigatewhethersexandagecouldinfluencemaritalsatisfactionamongNurses.

-Examinewhetherworkexperiencecould influencemaritalsatisfactionamong

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Nurses.

Thehypothesesforthisstudyare:-

1-Therewillbeasignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction

amongUNIMEDNurses,Akure.

2-Therewouldbeinterferenceofroleconflictwithoccupationalstresstoinfluence

maritalsatisfaction

3-Therewillbeasignificantinfluenceofsexandageonmaritalsatisfaction

4-Workexperiencewillinfluencemaritalsatisfaction.

SignificanceoftheStudy

Thisstudyaimstoimproveindividualunderstandingontheroleofoccupational

stress,role-conflict,age,sexandworkexperienceanditsdetrimentaleffecton

maritalsatisfactionandwillrecommendwhatpossiblechangesshouldbeadoptedif

thesevariableswouldinfluencemaritalsatisfaction.Thestudywillhelptoknow

whatinfluencesmaritalsatisfactionamongnurses.Thefindingsofthisstudywill

addtotheexistingliteratureonmaritalissues,alsothisstudywillrecommend

variouspsychologicaldimensionsinamelioratingmaritalproblemsandoccupational

stressamongnursesandotherhealthprofessionals.

LiteratureReview

Thetheoreticalframeworkforthisstudyshallbesocialexchangetheoryand

transactionalmodelofstress:SocialexchangetheoryproposedbyThibault&Kelly

(1989)poststhatallhumanrelationshipsareformedbytheuseofsubjectivecost-

benefitanalysis and comparism of alternatives.This theory strengthen the

adaptation and adjustmentstrategy ofa married couple to enhance marital

satisfaction,alsohelpstofacetherealityoflifesquarelyanddeviceanalternative

meanstoachievemaritalsatisfaction.

TransactionalModelofStressThetransactionalmodeldefinesstressasarising

from theappraisalthatparticularenvironmentaldemandsareabouttotaxindividual

resources,thusthreateningwell-being(Holroyd&Lazarus,1982).Stressisaproduct

ofthetransactionbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment.Theauthorityand

powerofthetransactionliesintheprocessofappraisalthatbindsthepersonand

theenvironmentand,itisthis“relationalmeaning”(Lazarus,2001)thattheperson

constructsfrom thetransactionandthatliesattheheartofthestressprocess.

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Theabovemodelexplainedtheimplicationoftheenvironmentasastimulusthat

predisposesstressinanindividual,andunconduciveenvironmentwillinitiatestress,

likewiseunconduciveenvironmentintheworkplacewillcausestressandmayaffect

maritalbliss.Italsoevaluatestheavailabilityofcopingstrategiesandtechniques

foradaptingto stressinorderto maintainmaritalsatisfactionanditprovides

measuresforself-interpretationandevaluationoffactorsresponsibleforstressto

ensuremaritalsatisfaction.

EmpiricalLiteratureReview

StoryandRepetti(2006)conductedahierarchicallinearmodelling(HLM)among43

couplestoinvestigatetheeffectofdailyfluctuationsinmaritalbehaviour(angerand

withdrawal)asafunctionofsame-dayjobstressors.Theresultsshowthatthereare

greatsignificantrelationsbetweenjobstressorsandmaritalinteraction;theresults

alsosuggestthatspousesinhigh-conflictfamiliesmaybeespeciallyvulnerableto

theeffectsofjobstressorsonmaritalinteraction.Inaresearchinvestigationby

Baltes and Heydens-Gahi (2003), the role of selection, optimisation, and

compensation(SOC)behavioursinrelationtobothjobandfamilystressorsand

work-in-family(WIF)conflictandfamily-in-work(FIW)conflictwasexamined.The

resultssuggestthattheuseofgeneralSOCbehavioursinbothworkandfamily

domainsarerelatedtoloweramountsofjobandfamilystressorsandsubsequently

loweramountsofWIFconflictandFIW conflict.

AnotherstudyconductedbyWierda-Boer,GerrisandVermulst(2009)examinedhow

personality,domain-specificstress,andwork-familyinterferenceareinterrelated.A

questionnairedataof276 Dutch dual-earnercoupleswith young children were

analysedusingstructuralequationmodelling.Thefindingsdemonstratedthatjob

stressandparentingstresswerepositivelyrelatedtowork-to-familyconflictand

family-to-workconflictrespectively.Forwomen,aThepresenceofstressatworkis

almostinevitableinmanyjobswhenpressurebeginstobuildup,itcancause

adversestrainonone’semotions,thoughtprocesses,andphysicalcondition.When

stressbecomesexcessive,employeesdevelopvarioussymptomsofstressthatcan

harm theirjobperformanceandhealth,andeventhreatentheirabilitytocopewith

theenvironment.Peoplewhoarestressedmaybecomenervousanddevelopchronic

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worry.Theyareeasilyprovokedtoangerandareunabletorelax.Theymaybe

uncooperativeorusealcoholordrugsexcessively.Althoughtheseconditionsalso

occurfrom othercauses,theyarecommonsymptomsofstress.Inthewordsof

Leth(1995),“toearnagoodsalaryonehastoearnalivingandtoearnagoodsalary

onecannotlivelife”. Stressoveraprolongedtimealsoleadstogeneratediseases

oftheheart,kidney,bloodvessels,andotherpartsofthebody.Therefore,itis

importantthatstressbothonandoffthejob,bekeptatalowlevelenoughformost

peopletotoleratewithoutdisorders(Asthana,1985).

Methodology

Theresearchdesignforthisstudyisasurveyresearchdesignwherecopiesof

questionnairesweredistributedtoresearchparticipantsinordertomeasuretheir

response.Thesamplesforthisstudyweredrawnfrom apopulationofmarried

nursesofUNIMEDTeachinghospitalinAkurewherebyacarefullyselectedsample

of200participants(MarriedNurses)wasconsidered.Stratifiedrandom sampling

techniqueswereusedinselectingresearchparticipantsinordertoensurethatall

targetpopulationswereadequatelyrepresentedforthestudy.Thedatacollectionin

thisstudywasthroughtheaidofstandardquestionnairesmadeof4sectionswith

totalnumberof40items.

SectionA;demographicdatawith5itemstapingthepersonaldataofthe

participantssuchasage,sex,maritalstatus,workexperienceandemployment

status

SectionB;

EnrichMaritalSatisfactionScale.

EMSisa15itemsscaleusedtomeasuremaritalsatisfaction,usinga5pointLikert

scalerangingfrom (1)stronglydisagreestostronglyagree(5).Respondentswere

askedtoindicatetheirlevelofagreementwithstatements

Reliability

TheEMSScalewasevaluatedforinternalconsistencyandtest-retestreliability.

Cronbach’salpharevealedaninternalreliabilityof.86.Test-retestreliabilitywas

assessedwith115individualsoveraperiodof4weeks.Thereliabilitycoefficient

overtimewas.86.Item-totalcorrelationswereconductedtofurtherassessthe

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degreetowhichtheitemsform acohesivescale.

Validity

Concurrentvalidity;EMSscalehadcorrelationsof.71formenand.77forwomen

andhadcorrelationsof.71forconstructvalidity.EMSScaleisareliableandvalid

scaleforthemeasurementofmaritalsatisfaction

SectionC

JobRelatedTensionInventory

Jobrelatedinventoryispsychologicalinstrumentmeasuringoccupationalstress.It

wasdevelopedbyR.LKahn,(1964).Tomeasurethenature,causesandconsequence

ofjobstress.Itconsistsof15itemsusinga6pointLikertscale.Respondentsare

askedtoindicatehow frequentlytheyarebotheredbyjobrelatedfactorsranging

from 1(neverbothered)to5(botheredallthetime)and6(doesnotapply).

ReliabilityThecoefficientofalphaobtainedbySheridan(1979)andOseghare(1988)

are0.87and0.89respectively.

Validity Avaliditycoefficientof0.77wasobtainedbycorrelatingJ.T.withrated

performance(Sheridan,1978)whileOseghare(1988)obtainedacoefficientof.86

whenthecorrelatedJ.TequivalentwithchecklistsymptomsstressbyKyriaconand

Cliff(1978).

ScoringThescaleisscoredusingdirectscoringfrom 1,2,3,4,and5.Thehighest

participantscangetoneachscaleis70.Thelowestis14.

SectionD

WorkFamilyconflictscale

WorkFamilyconflictscaleisapsychologicalinstrumentmeasuringroleconflicts.It

wasdevelopedbyNetemeyer,(1996)withaCronbachalphaof0.94.Theaverage

alphalevelforWorkFamilyConflictscalewas.88(Netemeyer,1996)witha5point

Likertscale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5).The

respondentswereaskedtoindicatetheirlevelofagreementwithstatementssuch

as:“The amountoftime my job takes up makes itdifficultto fulfilfamily

responsibilities”and“ThingsIwanttodoathomedonotgetdonebecauseofthe

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demandsmyjobputonme”.

Procedurefordatacollection

The sample technique thatwas used forthis research was stratified random

samplingtechnique.Theresearchwasconductedbetween11/04/2019and11/05

/2019.The researchercollected letterofintroduction from EKSU psychology

departmenttothechairmanethicsandresearchcommitteeoftheUNIMEDteaching

hospitalAkure,seekingtheirpermissiontocollectthedata.Thereaftermarried

nursesinUNIMEDwereapproached;thepurposeandbenefitsofthestudywere

explainedtothem.Theywereassuredoftheirconfidentiality.Aresearchassistant

whoisanurseandalsoworkinginUNIMEDwasemployedtohelpinthecollectionof

dataandallthe200copiesofquestionnairewereretrieved.

RESULTS

Table1:Independentt-testsummarytableshowingtheinfluenceof

Occupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction

Variable N mean SD SE df t p

Highoccupationalstress 101 27.37 1.67 .17 .86>.05

198 .178

Lowoccupationalstress 99 27.32 1.76 .18

From thetable1aboveitisobservedthatoccupationalstresshasnosignificant

influenceonmaritalsatisfaction.Thisnegateshypothesis1whichstatesthatthere

wouldbeasignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction(t(198)

=.178,p>.05).Hypothesisnotsupported

Table2:Analysisofcovarianceshowingtheinterferenceofroleconflictwith

occupationalstresstoinfluencemaritalsatisfaction.

Source SS df MS F P

Roleconflict .384 1 .384 .130 .72

Occupationalstress .067 1 .067 .023 .88

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Error 582.72 197 2.96

Total 583.19 199

From thetable2above,itisobservedthatthereisnosignificantinfluenceof

occupationalstressonmaritalsatisfactionF(1,198)=.032p>.05.withthe

interferenceofroleconflictwithoccupationalstressthereisstillnosignificant

influenceofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfactionF(1,197)=.023p>.05.This

negateshypothesis2thatstatesthattherewouldbeinterferenceofroleconflict

withoccupationalstresstoinfluencemaritalsatisfaction.Hypothesisnot

supported.

Table3:Descriptivetableshowingthemeanofsexandagescoreonmarital

satisfaction.

Variables N mean S.D

Sex Male 56 27.25 1.79

Female 144 27.38 1.68

Age 20-35 39 27.28 1.77

36-45 126 27.25 1.74

>45 35 27.74 1.52

Table3revealedthatthesexwhichcomprisesofmaleandfemalehadthetotal

numberof200whilethecompositionis56menand144femalewiththefollowing

meanscore;27.25and27.38respectively.TheSD formaleis1.79andSD for

femaleis1.68.ThevariabilityintheirSDis0.11,thereforethemalenursesand

femalenursesarenotlikelytobetoodifferfrom eachotherinmostoftheirdealings.

Themeanscorefortheiragerangesbetween20-35,36-45,>45are27.28,27.25and

27.74respectively.TheSDforthethreecategoriesofageare1.77,1,74and1.52

respectively.Thevariabilityintheagerangebetween20-35and36-45is0.03while

thevariabilityintheagerangebetween36-45and>45is0.22.Thisshowsthatthe

varianceishigherbetweentheagerangeof36-45and>45whileitislowerinage

rangebetween20-35and36-45

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Table4:2x3ANOVAtableshowingtheinfluenceofsexandageonmarital

satisfaction.

Source SS df MS F P

Sex .439 1 .439 .148 .701

Age 5.88 2 2.94 .992 .373

Sex&Age .438 2 .219 .074 .929

Error 575.01 194 2.96

Total 583.19 199

From thetable3&4aboveitshowsthatthereisnosignificantinfluenceofsexon

maritalsatisfactionF(1,194)=.148p>.05).

ThereisnosignificantinfluenceofageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,194)=.992p>

.05).

ThereisnosignificantjointinfluenceofsexandageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,194)

=.219p>.05).Hypothesisnotsupported.

Table5:OnewayANOVAsummarytableshowingtheinfluenceofworkexperience

onmaritalsatisfaction.

Workexperience N Mean SD df F P

1-5yrs. 43 27.72 1.55

6-10yrs. 38 26.71 1.51 4

1.96 .103

11-15yrs. 38 27.47 1.78 195

16-20yrs. 45 27.44 1.92

>20yrs. 36 27.31 1.65

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From thetable5aboveitisobservedthatworkexperiencehasnosignificant

influenceonmaritalsatisfaction.Thisnegateshypothesis4whichstatesthatwork

experiencewillinfluencemaritalsatisfactionF(4,195)=1.96p>.05).Hypothesisnot

supported.

Discussion

Hypothesisonestatesthatoccupationalstresswillsignificantlyinfluencemarital

satisfactionanditwasobservedfrom thestudythatthereisnosignificantinfluence

ofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction.Thisresultisnotinagreementwith

theworkofDierdorffandEllington(2008)whoinvestigatedthe3behaviour-based

antecedentsofwork–familyconflictlinkedspecificallytooccupationalworkrole

requirements(interdependence,responsibilityforothers,andinterpersonalconflict).

Thevariancemayperhapsbeasaresultofdifferentenvironmentalconditioninthe

researchsettingandculturalvariation.AccordingtoBradbury,Fincham &Beach

(2000)affirmedthatmaritalrelationshipsareheavilyguidedbyculturallydetermined

norms,customsandexpectation(Berscheid,1995).Maritalsatisfactionnot

determinedbystressalonebecausemanyundergostressdailybutstillhaving

maritalfulfilment.

Itisimportantto recognizethatexamining differencesin work–familyconflict

acrossoccupationsnaturallyinvolvesvaryinglevelsofanalysis,asindividualsare

“nested”withinoccupations.Onewaytoconceptualizeoccupationsinthismanneris

byconsideringthedistinctbehaviouralcontextsthatoccupationsgenerate.These

behaviouralcontextsaredelineatedbythevarietyofsituationalopportunitiesand

constraintscommensuratetoanoccupation(Johns,2006,ascitedin,Dierdorffand

Ellington,2008).Theaboveliteraturereview revealstherelationshipbetweenlong

hoursofwork,heavyworkload,person-jobfit;jobstressorssignificantlyaffectthe

maritalhappinessamong employees.Thereview also showsthatorganization

policiesandsupportcanimprovesignificantlymaritalhappinessandinturnimprove

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theworkefficiency,physicalandpsychologicalwell-beingoftheemployees.The

earlierresearches also show thatemployees who are high on maritalrole

commitmentwereassociatedwithincreasedenhancementinworkefficiency.Thus,

these researches provide a potentialassertto the presentinvestigation to

understandtherelationshipbetweentheworkenvironmentandmaritalhappiness.

A meta-analysisbyTwenge(2003)ontheeffectsofhavingchildrenonmarital

satisfaction,indicatedthatbecomingaparenthasanegativeeffectonmarital

satisfactionandeveryadditionalchildaddstothateffect.Parentsreportedless

maritalsatisfactionthancoupleswhodidnothavechildren.Womenreportedless

maritalsatisfactionthanmen;especiallymothersofinfants.Thosewithhigher

educationallevels and better financialpositions also reported less marital

satisfactionintheroleofparenthood.

Hypothesis two states that role conflict willsignificantly influence marital

satisfactionanditwasobservedfrom thestudythatroleconflictdoesnothavea

significantinfluenceon maritalsatisfaction.Thisresultnegatestheopinion of

Carstensen(2010)whosuggestedthatroleconflicthasanegativeinfluenceon

maritalsatisfactionandthusaffectsthepsychologicalwell-beingofanindividual.

Roleconflictsaidtobringpsychologicaldiscomforttothestressorandthishasthe

capabilityofinfluencingthemaritalsatisfactionofanindividual.HSU,Chen,Yu,&

Lou(2010)alsoarguedthatindividualwithanundefinedrolemayfinditdifficultto

realizetheirfullpotentialinanygiventaskandthisthuscouldfosteraggressionand

intra-psychicconflictwithinsuchindividual,ifthisisnotaddressedintime,thein

burntangeriscapableofleadingtodepressionwhichinturnwillleadtomarital

dissatisfactionassuchindividualmayfinditdifficulttomaintainrelationshipwith

anotherperson.

Theresultofthisstudyshowsthatabilitytomanagemanyrolespreventmarital

crisis,manywithlimitedrolesmayhaveconflictsifnotproperlymanaged.

Hypothesis3statesthatsexandagewillsignificantlyinfluencemaritalsatisfaction

anditwasobservedfrom thetablethatsexandagedoesnothavesignificant

influenceonmaritalsatisfaction.ThisresultnegatestheworkofBridge(2009)who

opined thatolderpeople tends to be more satisfied maritallyas a resultof

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experiencegottenfrom theirjobinanattempttorelateworkwiththeirmaritallife.

Also,wang-shengLee&TerraMckinnish(2018)alsoopinedthatoldernursestends

toenjoytheirmarriagethantheyoungerones,inhisstudy,hearguedthatolder

nurseshaslearntinthetimepastsignificantfactorsthat’scapableofinfluencing

maritalsatisfactionandmanyareintheprimesoftheircareerandtheyarenotas

busyastheyarewhentheyareyoung,sothisthusallow them tocaterfortheir

homesinordertoenjoythepeaceintheirmaritallifeandthismaybeveryunlikelyto

theyoungerones.Thisstudyisinagreementwithpreviousstudiesconductedby

Schwartz(2006)thatagewasfoundtobenegativelyrelatedtomaritalsatisfaction.

Hypothesis fourstates thatworkexperience willsignificantlyinfluence marital

satisfaction and itwas reported from the table thatwork experience has no

significantinfluenceonmaritalsatisfaction.Theresultisnotinagreementwiththe

workofKahana&Kahana(1971)thatarguedthatexperiencegottenfrom workacts

a moderatorofmaritalsatisfaction.Forinstance,A nursewho haslearntthe

contributionofgooddiettoindividualphysicalwell-beingandpsychologicalwell-

beingmaythereforeunderstandthestrongreasonofpreparinggoodmealsathome

inanattempttoimprovethephysicalandpsychologicalwell-beingofthemembers

ofhis/herfamily.

InaccordancewithLee& Shehan(1989)foundthatactoreffectofworkhours

deferredformenandwomen.Men’sworkhourswerenegativelyassociatedwith

theirmaritalsatisfaction,consistentwithhypothesis4andthenotionthattime

baseddemandscandepletepersonalresourcesandreducefamilysatisfaction.

However,incontrasttothishypothesis,women’slongerworkhourswerepositively

associatedwiththeirmaritalsatisfaction.

Experiencegoesalongwayininfluencingmaritalsatisfaction.Bandura(1971)

arguedthatbehaviourcanbelearntandunlearnandthislearningisapermanent

changeinbehaviourasaresultofourexperience.Theconsistencymayalsobe

linkedtosimilarityinthehumanbehaviourregardlessofthetribe,raceandethnicity.

Therefore,learningisanadaptivemeasurethatallowsindividualtoknowwhattodo

atamomentinordertoenjoytheblissoflife.

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Conclusion

Basedontheabovediscussion,itcanbeconcludedthatoccupationalstress,role

conflict,sex,age,andworkexperiencedoesnothaveasignificantinfluenceon

maritalsatisfaction.This implies thatnurses are resilientand thatmarital

satisfactionandoccupationalstressaretwodifferententitieswhichmayormaynot

influenceeachother.Thesocietywillnowunderstandthatnurses’temperamentand

maritalsatisfactionisnotasaresultofoccupationalstressandsameapplicableto

otherprofessions.

Recommendations

Basedonthefindings,thefollowingaretherecommendationsofthestudy:

- Followingcriticalreviewandanalysisofthisstudy,itseemsotherfactorslike

numberofchildren,sexualsatisfaction,choice ofmarriage,personality,

culturalbackground,religiousadherencecoupledwithothervariablescould

significantlyinfluencemaritalsatisfactionthereforefutureresearchercould

worktowardsthisdirection.

- Nursesandhealthworkersshouldtryasmuchaspossibletostrikeabalance

betweentheirofficeandfamilyresponsibilities;(noneshouldbetakenwith

levity)asrolemanagedwellwillnotresultinmaritalinstability

- Individualshouldattaincertainagebeforegoingto marriageandbefore

engagingintoanypensionableworkasthevariabilityinmaritalsatisfactionis

higheratagegreaterthan45.

- Workers atalllevels should be wellinformed through various religious

organisationtoimproveontheirlevelofresilienceandadaptationinorderto

enhancehighmaritalsatisfaction

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