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( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC 

RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, 

MADAGASCAR 

 

    

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract 

The aim of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to describe the attitude and 

practice of odontostomatologists towards fixed prosthetics. 

A survey based on a questionnaire containing 6 items concerning socio-

demographic and clinical characteristics, attitude, practice of standard guidelines 

on pre-prosthetic preparation and on impression taking was carried out among 

114 odontostomatologists in practice in the urban commune of Antananarivo 

Madagascar  in 2023, practicing fixed prosthetic restoration. Univariate and 

bivariate analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 software. The Chi² test was 

used to compare proportions. The differenceis significant for p<0.05 with a 

confidence level of 95%. 

The sex ratio was 1.59; 77.2% worked in private practices; 59.6% worked less 

than 8 hours a day; 62.3% treated fewer than 10 patients a day. All (100%) of 

those surveyed offered their patients a prosthetic restoration. When preparing 

abutment teeth, 34.2% took a preoperative radiograph, 12.3% used a retraction 

cord, 75.4% used diamond burs. For the impression, 55.3% used alginate, 92.1% 

always disinfected it.  The use of standard guidelines for fixed prosthetic 

restorations was influenced by gender (p=0.029), post-graduate training 

(p=0.001), place of practice (p=0.006), number of years in practice (p=0.01). 

A more in-depth and wider-ranging study of odontostomatologistspractising 

throughout Madagascar would be desirable to fully identify the reality of their 

practice. 

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Authors :Volahasina Valentina ANDRIANASOLO, Jacques Adrien RAMAGASON, 

Florian Adélis ANDRINIAINA, Boris Roger TSARALAHY, Gael Lauricia 

LALANIRINA, Simone RAKOTO ALSON, Liantsoa Fanja Emmanuel 

RALAIARIMANANA

(1) Department  of  Prosthodontics,  Institute  of  Tropical  Odonto-stomatology  of

  Madagascar, University of Mahajanga, Madagascar

(2) Department  of  Oral  surgery,  Institute  of  Tropical  Odonto-stomatology  of

  Madagascar, University of Mahajanga, Madagascar

(3) Department  of  Orthodontics,  Institute  of Tropical  Odonto-stomatology  of

  Madagascar, University of Mahajanga, Madagascar

(4) Department  of  Periodontology,  Institute  of  Tropical  Odonto-stomatology  of

  Madagascar, University of Mahajanga, Madagascar



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Key words: Assesment Practice, odontostomatologist, fixed prosthesis, 

Antananarivo Madagascar 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION 

Dentures are synthetic replacements for missing natural teeth. Some types of 

dentures are designed to replace a few missing teeth. Other types of dentures 

replace all the teeth, gingiva  and even surrounding tissues [1]. 

Joint prostheses or fixed prostheses are a range of therapeutic methods 

designed to replace missing teeth and/or reconstruct decayed teeth to restore 

function and aesthetics in a context of optimal bio-integration. It can be dental or 

implant-supported [2]. 

It is the treatment of choice for the reconstruction of decayed, discolored or 

missingteeth, particularlywhencomfort and esthetics are paramount [3]. 

In fact, it provides the patient with a sense of well-being and good masticatory 

efficiency. Its natural appearance and irremovable character help patients regain 

their self-esteem in the case of anterior edentulous teeth [4]. 

The different types of fixed dental prostheses are : 

- dental crowns, to cover damaged teeth. 

- dental bridge; used to replace one or more lost teeth, and can be 

adapted to a number of different situations. 

- implant-supported dentures; this is a type of prosthesis that uses 

permanent dental implants to hold replacement teeth in place [5]. 

 To ensure the longevity of the fixed prosthesis, which is the most delicate 

of all prostheses, perfect mastery of the clinical and laboratory sequences is 

essential, something not all odontostomatologists (OS) and prosthetists can 

achieve. Many errors can be accumulated during the production of a fixed 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

prosthesis, with inevitable repercussions on the durability of the dento-prosthetic 

element, including the loss of dental abutments [5,6]. 

Treatments must meet patients' needs, which are essentially aesthetic or 

functional in nature, and are very often linked to socio-cultural factors. The main 

complaints mentioned by patients were occlusal (31.6%), followed by pulpal 

(27.8%) and finallyaesthetic and periodontal (15.6%) [7]. 

In Madagascar, data on fixed prosthesis are scarce/limited, hence the interest of 

this work whose objectives were to:  

- describe the attitude and practice of odontostomatologists (OS) regarding 

fixed prostheses; 

- analyze the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical profiles 

and the attitude and practice of OSs towards fixed prosthetics. 

METHODS 

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of odontostomatologists(OS) 

working in the city of Antananarivo (Antananarivo Urban District called CUA), 

in the Analamanga Region, Madagascar. 

The study ran from December 2022 to April 2023. 

As study population, we chose dental surgeons practicing in the city of 

Antananarivo, in private, inter-company, public and military dental practices. 

Dental surgeons practising for more than 05 years and registered with the 

National Order of odontostomatologists were included in our study. OS not 

practising fixed prosthetic restoration and those who were absent and 

uncooperative during the survey were excluded. 

Sampling was carried out exhaustively. 

The independent variables were inspired by Ghoneim's model [8].  

These variables were : 

- sociodemographic variables: gender, total years of practice, 

postgraduate training, place of work;  

- clinical characteristics: number of hours worked per day, 

number of patients seen per day. 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

The dependent variables focused on the attitude and practice of OS on the 

standard guideline to be followed in fixed prosthetic practice. 

The surveys were carried out at the dental surgery. Initially, we contacted 

the SOs and explained to them the purpose of our study, and the value of their 

cooperation in our study. After obtaining their informed consent, we proceeded to 

fill in their respective survey forms. 

After the survey, the questionnaires were counted manually.  

Data were processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social 

Sciences (SPSS) 25.0. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to 

examine frequency distribution and association between independent and 

dependent variables, respectively. The Chi² test was used to compare 

percentages. The difference is significant for p< 0.05 at the 95% confidence level. 

 

 

 

 

 

RESULTS 

Of the two hundred and twenty-three (223) OS  practicing in the CUA , 114 

met our inclusion criteria. 

 Socio-demographic characteristics (Table I) 

Among the study population, 61.4% were male, with a sex ratio of 1.59, 

and 57% had been working for more than 15 years.  

Nine point six percent (9.6%) of the study population worked in public 

dental practices, 77.2% in private practices, 7.9% in inter-company centers and 

5.3% in military dental practices. 

Of these, 35% had specialised after obtaining their state doctorate diploma. 

 Clinicalcharacteristics(Table II)  

In terms of total hours worked per day, 59.6% worked less than 08 hours. 

The number of OS treating fewer than 10 patients per day was 62.3%. 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

 OSattitude 

All the surgeons advisedtheir patients to have a fixed coronal restoration. 

 OS practice in fixed prosthesis design 

 Pre-prosthetic check-up 

Forty point four percent (40.4%) of OS always used a mouth model before 

making a fixed prosthesis; 42.1% rarely used it and 17.5% never used it (Table 

III).  For dental technicians who had attended post-graduate training courses 

after their thesis, 57.5% always used a mouth model, 25% used it rarely and 

17.5% never used it. In contrast, 31.1% of OS who had not attended training 

courses after their thesis always used a mouth model, 51.4% rarely used it and 

17.6% never used it. The difference is statistically significant (p=0.012). (Table 

IV) 

Thirty-four point two percent (34.2%) of OS always took radiographs of the 

abutment teeth; 43% rarely did so and 22.8% of OS never did so (Table III). 

Sixty percent (60%) of dental technicians who had undergone post-graduate 

training did so always, 22.5% rarely and 17.5% never. And for OS who had not 

undergone training after their thesis, 20.3% always took a preoperative X-ray, 

54.1% rarely did so, and 25.7% never did.  

The difference is highly statistically significant (p=.0.001). (Table IV) 

For the pulp vitality test on abutment teeth, 96.5% of OS did so, while 

3.5% did not (Table III). 

 Preparingabutmentteeth 

The retracting cord was always used by 12.3% of OS, 7% rarely and 80.7% 

never (Table VI). No OS working between 5 and 10 years used the retracting 

cord, 6.3% of OS working between 10 and 15 years always used it, and 18.5% of 

OS working more than 15 years. The differenceishighlystatisticallysignificant (p= 

0.001). (table V) 

In terms of the type of burr used for dental preparation, 7.9% used 

tungsten carbide burs, 75.4% used diamond burs and 16.7% used both types of 

burs at the same time (Table VI).In terms of the type of burr used for dental 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

preparation, 7.9% used tungsten carbide burs, 75.4% used diamond burs and 

16.7% used both types of burs at the same time (Table VI). 

For those OS who took a diploma course after their thesis, 15% used 

tungsten carbide burs, 60% used diamond burs and 25% used both types of burs. 

OS who did not follow diploma courses afterwards used tungsten carbide burs for 

4.1% of them, 83.8% used diamond burs and 12.2% used both types of burs. The 

differenceisstatisticallysignificant (p= 0.015). (Table VII) 

For those OS who took a diploma course after their thesis, 15% used 

tungsten carbide burs, 60% used diamond burs and 25% used both types of burs. 

OS who did not follow diploma courses afterwards used tungsten carbide burs for 

4.1% of them, 83.8% used diamond burs and 12.2% used both types of burs. The 

differenceisstatisticallysignificant (p= 0.015). (Table VII) 

As for the type of burr used, 63.6% of OS working in the public sector used 

diamond burs and 27.3% tungsten carbide burs. OS in the private sector used 

diamond burs for 80.7% and 2.3% used tungsten carbides. For OS working in 

inter-company centers, 55.6% used diamond burs and 22.2% used tungsten 

carbides. Among military OS, 50% used diamond burs and 33.3% tungsten 

carbide burs. The differenceishighlystatisticallysignificant (p=.0.006). (Table 

VIII) 

 Impression taking 

Fifty-five point three percent (55.3%) of OS surveyed used alginate as 

impression material, 43.9% used silicone and 0.9% used other materials. (Table 

IX) Fifty-two point nine percent (52.9%) of the male gender used silicone versus 

47.1% for alginate. For the female gender, 29.5% used silicone versus 68.2% who 

used alginate. The difference is statistically significant (p= 0.029). (Table X) 

Fifty-seven point five percent (57.5%) of OS with diploma training used silicone 

and 40% used alginate. OS who had not completed a diploma course after their 

thesis used alginate as an impression material for 63.5% of them, and 36.5% used 

silicone. The differenceisstatisticallysignificant (p= 0.029). (Table XI) 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

All the dental surgeons used inter-occlusal registration for the replacement 

of severalteeth; 41.2% didsowith silicone and 58.8% with wax (Table IX). 

As for the type of material used for inter-occlusal registration, silicone was 

used by 55% of OSs who had undergone diploma training after their thesis, while 

45% used wax. But for OSs who had not undergone post-graduate training after 

their thesis, 33.8% used silicone for inter-occlusal registration and 66.2% used 

wax. The differenceisstatisticallysignificant (p= 0.028). (Table XI) 

Disinfection of the final impression was always carried out by 92.1% of 

dental technicians, 6.1% rarely did so, and 1.8% of dental technicians never 

disinfected the final impression before processing it or sending it to the 

laboratory. (Table XII) All OS in the public sector always did so, 95.5% in the 

private sector, 55.6% in inter-company centers and 83.3% in the military. The 

difference is highly statistically significant (p= 0.009). (Table XIII)  

 Temporary crown 

Fifty-six point one percent (56.1%) of dental technicians always used a 

provisional crown after the impression, 31.6% rarely and 12.3% never (Table 

XII). 

In the public sector, 72.7% of OS always used a provisional crown after the 

impression, 54.4% of OS in the private sector, 55.6% in inter-company centers 

and 50% in the military. The differenceisstatisticallysignificant (p= 0.04). (Table 

XIII) 

 

DISCUSSION 

We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, 

attitude and practice of fixed dental prosthesis in a sample of 114 OS working in 

the capital of Madagascar (Antananarivo). Our sample was representative of OS 

in Antananarivo in terms of age range and practice status. We used a face-to-face 

interview with the OS, which resulted in a fairly high participation rate of 

51.12% of OS. In fact, this rate is lower than that of Chisini's study in Brazil, 

where the rate was 68% [9]. 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Of the OS surveyed, 61.4% were male. This differs from the study by 

Andrianasolo [10], who found 55% of the OS in Mahajanga to be female. 

Fifty-nine point six percent (59.6%) of the operatives said they worked less 

than 8 hours a day, which corresponds to article 8, which states that the legal 

work schedule is 113.33 hours per month, equivalent to eight working hours per 

working day (continuous day system), with the exception of specific jobs (such as 

night watchman or concierge), with a break between 12 and 1pm [11]. 

The use of mouth models is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment 

planning.Our study showed that 40.6% of OS always performed a mouth model 

before starting a fixed prosthesis. This is slightly higher than the study by 

Alhoumaid et al on the knowledge, attitude and practice in fixed prosthetics of 

OS in Quassim in 2019, which showed that 37.2% of practitioners used mouth 

models routinely [12]. 

Radiographic root studies of abutment teeth in fixed coronal restorations 

are necessary to obtain detailed knowledge of the extent of bone support and root 

morphology of each abutment tooth to establish a comprehensive treatment plan 

[13]. In our study, only 34.2% of OS always radiographed the abutment teeth 

prior to preparation.This is similar to the study by Mohamed et al (2010) in 

Karthoum, which was 35.57% [14]. 

Assessingpulphealth and evaluatingpulpprognosis are essential 

prerequisites for restorations on pulpedteeth. ofrestorations on pulplessteeth. 

The question oftenaskedbeforerestoringpulpteethiswhether the tooth can 

berestored at all. oftenboils down to whether the tooth can bekept alive, or 

whetheritshouldbebedepulped [15]. Our studyshowedthat 96.5% of OS 

alwaystested the pulpvitality of abutmentteeth. This 

resultisconsiderablyhigherthanMohamed's figure of 46% [14]. 

With regard to the use of the retraction cord, our survey revealed that only 

12.3% of OSs in our study always used it. This is considerably lower than Moldi's 

study, which showed that 72.8% used the gingival retraction cord before taking 

the final impression; marginal fit being one of the vital factors dictating the 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

prognosis of fixed prosthetics, it is essential to record the prepared and 

unprepared surfaces of the abutment with absolute precision [16]. 

The success of a fixed prosthesis depends on compliance with mechanical, 

aesthetic and periodontal requirements. A study by Médina et al on the practice 

of fixed prosthodontics in Ouagadougou in 2018 showed that the preparation of 

abutment teeth, the first link in the prosthetic chain, is the second greatest 

difficulty encountered by practitioners in their daily work (39.4%) but above all 

the leading cause of failure in fixed prosthetic restorations (54.5%) [7]. This study 

showed that 7.9% of OS used tungsten burs, 75.4% diamond burs and 16.7% both 

types of burs. Alhoumaidan's study showed that diamond burs were mainly used 

during preparation (53.8%), while 46.2% used both tungsten and diamond burs 

during preparation [12]. 

As impression materials, 55.3% of the dental surgeons in this study used 

alginate, and 43.9% silicone. This differs from Moldi's study in India (2013), the 

aim of which was to assess dental practice regarding impression taking for 

prosthetic treatment, where in the urban area, 41.43% of OS used alginate 

impression materials and 58.57% of participants preferred silicone impression 

materials [16]. 

Concerning the use of occlusal registration, 100% of our study population 

always did so. Wax was the most used material at 58.8%, followed by silicone at 

41.2%. Alhoumaidan's study showed that 83.4% of OS in Quassim always took 

bite registration for multiple tooth replacement, and wax was the most used 

material for bite registration at 61.7% [12]. A study by Maru et al on the trend in 

the selection, use and techniques of inter-occlusal registration among private OS  

in India showed that 79% of OS  use inter-occlusal registration materials for the 

fabrication of crowns and bridges. The mostcommonlyused inter-occlusal 

registration materialwas wax (54.6%) [17]. 

The temporary crown restores the anatomical shape of the prepared teeth. 

It prefigures the final result and, above all, ensures that the patient's socio-

professional life is not hampered during the final prosthetic phase [18]. The study 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

by Alhoumaidan (2018) had shown that 45.5% of OS in Quassim were still using 

provisional restorations [12]. In ourpresentstudy, the provisional crown 

wasstillused by 56.1% of OS surveyed. 

The risk of contamination of nursing staff and laboratory personnel via 

impressions exists, and must be properly managed. A study carried out in Dakar 

on the typology of microorganisms present on fixed prosthetic impressions in 

dental surgeries showed that almost all impressions (94.3%) were rinsed after 

insertion under a trickle of tap water. 25.7% were decontaminated. Chlorinated 

compounds were the decontamination solutions used exclusively, i.e. 100% [19]. 

In our study, 92.1% of OS disinfected their impressions, but the decontamination 

solution was not specified. 

However, a study carried out in Khartoum showed that 73.6% did not 

disinfect the impression before sending it to the dental laboratory [14]. 

 

CONCLUSION 

The standard guideline to be followed in the practice of fixed prosthetic 

restoration has yet to be fully adopted by OSs in the Malagasy capital. A more in-

depth and wide-ranging study of dental surgeons practicing throughout 

Madagascar would be desirable to fully identify the reality of their practice. 

 

 

REFERENCES 

1. Norreddine B. Contribution à l’automatisation de la conception et de la 

fabrication des prothèsesdentaires. 2013. Thèse de doctorat. Ecole 

nationalepolytechniqued'Oran-Maurice Audin 

2. Batarec E. Lexique des termes de prothèsedentaire. 2ème Edition, CDP, 

1998, 90 pages. 

3. Ogolnik R, Vignon M, Taïeb F. Prothèsefixée :principes et pratiques. 

Elseveir Masson, Paris, 1993, 246 pages 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

4. Unger F, Lemaitre P, Hoornaert A. Prothèsefixée et parodonte. Éditeur 

CDP, collection Guide clinique, 1997. 

5. Bronnec F, Hombrouck J. Approche multi-disciplinaire des cas complexes. 

Real clin. 2003 ; 14 (1) : 103-17.  

6. Morchad B, El Yamani A. Erreursenprothèsefixéelors des préparations et 

des essaiscliniques. Cahprothèse2012 ; 157 :39-45.  

7. Fall M, Thioune N, Diarra A, El Hadj BM . Pratique de la prothèsefixée 

:enquêteauprès des praticiens de la ville de Ouagadougou. AJDI. 2021 ; 20 : 62-70. 

8. Ghoneim A, Yu B, Lawrence HP, Glogauer M, Shankardass K, Quiñonez 

C. Does competition affect the clinicaldecision-making of dentists? A geospatial analysis. 

Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2019 ; 00 :1–11. DOI : 10.1111/cdoe.12514. 

9. Chisini LA, Conde MC, Correa MB, Dantas RV, Silva AF, Pappen FG, 

Demarco FF. Vital pulp therapies in clinical practice : findings from a survey with 

dentist in southern Brazil. Braz Dent J. 2015 ; 26(6) :566–71. DOI : 10.1590/0103-

6440201300409 

10. Andrianasolo VV. Connaissance, attitude et pratique des 

odontostomatologistes de Mahajanga-I devant les dents délabrées. 2021. Mémoireen 

Sciences de la Santé, Option SantéPublique. IOSTM, Université de Mahajanga 

11. Chen M, Andersen RM, Barmes DE, Leclercq MH, Lyttle CS. Comparing 

oral health care systems. A second International collaborative study. World Health 

Organisation. Geneva.1997 

12. Alhoumaidan A, Mohan MP, Doumani M. The knowledge, attitude and 

practice of fixed prosthodontics: A survey among Qassim dental practitioners. J Family 

Med Prim Care 2019 ; 8 : 2882-7. 

13. Bartala M, Blanchard JP, Soenen A. Prothèsefixée. Guide 

cliniqued’odontologie. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2011  

14. Mohamed AB, Abu-Bakr NH. Assessment of crown and bridge work 

quality among Sudanese dental practitioners. The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic 

Society. 2010 ; 10 : 53-6. 

15. Moldi A, Gala V, Puranik S, Karan S, DeshpandeS, Neela N. Survey of 

impression materials and techniques in fixed partial dentures among the practitioners in 

India. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2013. Article ID 430214, 5 pages 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

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ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

16. Talabani RM. Influence of abutment evaluation on designing of fixed 

partial denture : A clinical study. Int J Oral Health Med Res. 2016 ; 3:2395-7387. 

 

17. Guddu G. A Study on Application of Prosthodontic Techniques in Private 

Practice-A Survey. University Journal Of Dental Sciences. 2022: 8, (1). 

18. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary Fixed Prothodontics. 

3rd ed. St Louis : Mosby ; 2001. p. 2. 

19. Thioune N, Cissé B, Fall M, Bandiaky O, Gueye M, Mbodj EHB. Typologie 

des microorganismesprésents sur les empreintesenprothèsefixée : Etude descriptive dans 

les cabinets dentaires de la région de Dakar. Rev Col Odonto-StomatolAfrChir Maxillo-

fac. 2021; 28 (3) : 68-72. 

Table I: OS distribution by socio-demographiccharacteristics (N= 114) 

Social characteristics Number (n) Proportion (%) 

Gender   

Male 70 61,4 

Female 44 38,6 

Year of exercise   

05 to 10 years 17 14,9 

11 to 15 years 32 28,1 

16 years and over 65 57 

Place of work   

Public  11 9,6 

Private 88 77,2 

Inter-company 9 7,9 

Military camp 6 5,3 

Continuing training   

Yes 40 35 

No 74 65 

 

IJO JOURNALS

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table II: OS distribution by clinicalcharacteristics (N=114) 

Clinicalcharacteristics Number (n) Proportion (%) 

Total workinghours per day (h)   

≤ 8 68 59,6 

> 8 46 40,4 

Total 114 100 

Number of patients treated per 

day 

  

≤ 10 71 62,3 

> 10 43 37,7 

Total 114 100 

Table III: OS response rates for pre-prostheticpreparations (N=114) 

 Number (n) Proportion (%) 

Using a mouth model   

Always  46 40,4 

Rare  48 42,1 

Never 20 17,5 

Total 114 100 

Preoperativeradiography of 

abutmentteeth 

  

Always 39 34,2 

Rare  49 43 

Never 26 22,8 

Total 114 100 

Pulp vitality test on abutmentteeth   

Yes 110 96,5 

No  4 3,5 

Total  114 100 

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 13



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table IV: Distribution of OS according to pre-prostheticpreparation and 

post-thesis continuing training 

 

 

Pre-prostheticpreparation 

Post-thesis training 

p Yes  No  Total 

n (%) n (%) n (%) 

Mouth model use 

Always  23 (57,5) 23 (31,1) 46 (40,4) 

0,012* 
Rare   10 (25) 38 (51,4) 48 (42,1) 

Never  7 (17,5) 13 (17,6) 20 (17,5) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

Radiography of 

abutmentteeth 

Always  24 (60) 15 (20,3) 39 (34,2) 

0,001** Rare  9 (22,5) 40 (54,1) 49 (43) 

Never 7 (17,5) 19 (25,7) 26 (22,8) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

Pulp vitality test  
Yes  38 (95) 72 (97,3) 110 (96,5) 

0,525 No   2 (5) 2 (2,7) 4 (3,5) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

      

 

*p= 0,012 (< 0,05) significant 

**p= 0,001 (< 0,01) very significatif 

 

  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 14



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table V: Distribution of OS according to pre-prostheticpreparation and 
year of practice 

Pre-

prostheticpreparation 

  Year of practice 

05 to 10 

years 

11 to 

15 

years 

16 years 

and over 

Total 

p 

n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) 

Mouth model 

use 

Always 8 (47,1) 11 

(34,4) 

27 (41,5) 46 (40,4) 

0,873 

Rare 6 (35,3) 14 

(43,8) 

28 (43,1) 48 (42,1) 

Never 3 (17,6) 7 

(21,9) 

10 (15,4) 20 (17,5) 

Total 17 (100) 32 

(100) 

65 (100) 114 

(100) 

Radiography of 

abutmentteeth 

Always 7 (41,2) 7 

(21,8) 

25 (38,5) 39 (34,2) 

0,059 

Rare 10 (58,8) 14 

(43,8) 

25 (38,5) 49 (43) 

Never  - 11 

(34,4) 

15 (23) 26 (22,8) 

Total 17 (100) 32 

(100) 

65 (100) 114 

(100) 

Pulp vitality 

test  

Yes  16 (94,1) 29 

(90,6) 

65 (100) 110 

(96,5) 
0,052 Non 1 (5,9) 3 (9,4) - 4 (3,5) 

Total 17 (100) 32 

(100) 

65 (100) 114 

(100) 

Using the 

retractablecord 

Always - 2 (6,3) 12 (18,5) 14 (12,3) 

0,001** 

Rare 6 (35,3) - 2 (3,1) 8 (7) 

Never 11 (64,7) 30 

(93,8) 

51 (78,5) 92 (80,7) 

Total 17 (100) 32 

(100) 

65 (100) 114 

(100) 

 

**p= 0,001 (< 0,01) verysignificant 

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 15



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table VI: OS response rate for preparation of abutmenttooth(s)(N=114) 

 
Number (n) Proportion (%) 

Using the retractablecord   

Always 14 12,3 

Rare  8 7 

Never  92 80,7 

Total  114 100 

Types of burrused   

Tungstencarbide 9 7,9 

Diamond 86 75,4 

Both 19 16,7 

Total 114 100 

 
  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 16



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table VII: Distribution of OS according to preparation of abutmentteeth 
and post-thesis training 

Abutmentteethpreparation 

Post-thesis training 

p Yes  No  Total 

n (%) n (%) n (%) 

Types of 

burrused 

Tungstencarbide 6 (15) 3 (4,1) 9 (7,9) 

0,015 
Diamond  24 (60) 62 (83,8) 86 (75,4) 

Both 10 (25) 9 (12,2) 19 (16,7) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

Impression 

material type 

Alginate  16 (40) 47 (63,5) 63 (55,2) 

0,029 Silicone  23 (57,5) 27 (36,5) 50 (43,9) 

Others 1 (2,5) - 1 (0,9) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

Inter-occlusal 

registration 

Yes  40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 
- No  - - - 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

Type of 

materialused for 

inter-occlusal 

registration 

Silicone  22 (55) 25 (33,8) 47 (41,2) 
0,028 Wax  18 (45) 49 (66,2) 67 (58,8) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

 

*p= 0,015 (< 0,05) significant 

*p= 0,029 (< 0,05) significant 

*p= 0,028 (< 0,05) significant 

 

  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 17



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table VIII: Distribution of OS according to abutmentpreparation and 
place of practice 

Preparation of abutmentteeth 

  Place of practice 

p 
Public  Private Inter-

company 

Military 

camp 

Total 

n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) 

Types of 

burrused 

Tungstencarbide 3 

(27,3) 

2 (2,3) 2 (22,2) 2 (33,3) 9 (7,9) 

0,006 

Diamond 7 

(63,6) 

71 

(80,7) 

5 (55,6) 3 (50,0) 86 

(75,4) 

Both 1 (9,1) 15 (17) 2 (22,2) 1 (16,7) 19 

(16,7) 

Total 11 

(100) 

88 

(100) 

9 (100) 6 (100) 114 

(100) 

Impression 

material 

type 

Alginate  6 

(54,5) 

49 

(55,7) 

7 (77,8) 1 (16,1) 63 

(55,3) 

0,440 
Silicone  5 

(45,5) 

38 

(43,2) 

2 (22,2) 5 (83,3) 50 

(43,9) 

Others - 1 (1,1) - - 1 (0,9) 

Total 11 

(100) 

88 

(100) 

9 (100) 6 (100) 114 

(100) 

Inter-

occlusal 

registration 

Yes  11 

(100) 

88 

(100) 

9 (100) 6 (100) 114 

(100) 
- 

No  - - - - - 

Total 11 

(100) 

88 

(100) 

9 (100) 6 (100) 114 

(100) 

Type of 

materialused 

for inter-

occlusal 

registration 

Silicone  6 

(54,5) 

36 

(40,9) 

1 (11,1) 4 (66,7) 47 

(41,2) 

0,123 Wax  5 

(45,5) 

52 

(59,1) 

8 (88,9) 2 (33,3) 67 

(58,8) 

Total 11 

(100) 

88 

(100) 

9 (100) 6 (100) 114 

(100) 

 

*p= 0,006 (< 0,01) verysignificant 

p= 0,440 (> 0,05) not significant 

p= -  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 18



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

p= 0,123 (> 0,005) not significant 
 

Table IX: OS response rates for impression taking (N=114) 

 Number(n) Proportion (%) 

Impression material type 
  

Alginate 63 55,3 

Silicone 50 43,9 

Others 1 0,9 

Total 114 100 

Inter-occlusal registration 
  

Yes 114 100 

No - - 

Total 114 100 

Type of materialused for inter-occlusal 

registration 

  

Silicone 47 41,2 

Wax  67 58,8 

Total 114 100 

 

 

  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 19



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table X: Distribution of OS by impression and gender 

Impression 

Gender 

p Male Female Total 

n (%) n (%) n (%) 

Impression 

material type 

Silicone 37 (52,9) 13 (29,5) 50 (43,9) 

0,029 Alginate 33 (47,1) 30 (68,2) 63 (55,3) 

Others - 1 (2,3) 1 (0,9) 

Total 70 (100) 44 (100) 114 (100) 

Inter-occlusal 

registration 

Yes  70 (100) 44 (100) 114 (100) 
- No  - - - 

Total 70 (100) 44 (100) 114 (100) 

Type of 

materialused for 

inter-occlusal 

registration 

Silicone  31 (44,3) 16 (36,4) 47 (41,2) 
0,403 Wax  39 (55,7) 28 (63,6) 67 (58,8) 

Total 70 (100) 44 (100) 114 (100) 

 

*p= 0,029 (< 0,05) significant 

p= - 

p= 0,177 (> 0,05) not significant 
 

  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 20



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table XI: Distribution of OSsaccording to impression and post-thesis 
training 

Impression 

Post-thesis training 

p Yes No  Total 

n (%) n (%) n (%) 

Impression 

material type 

Alginate  16 (40) 47 (63,5) 63 (55,2) 

0,029 Silicone  23 (57,5) 27 (36,5) 50 (43,9) 

Others 1 (2,5) - 1 (0,9) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

Inter-occlusal 

registration 

Yes  40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 
- No  - - - 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

Type of 

materialused for 

inter-occlusal 

registration 

Silicone  22 (55) 25 (33,8) 47 (41,2) 
0,028 Wax  18 (45) 49 (66,2) 67 (58,8) 

Total 40 (100) 74 (100) 114 (100) 

 

*p= 0,029 (< 0,05) significant 

*p= 0,028 (< 0,05) significant 
 

  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 21



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table XII: OS response rate for impression and abutment management 
afterpreparation (N=114) 

 Number (n) Proportion (%) 

Impression disinfection 
  

Always 105 92,1 

Rare  7 6,1 

Never 2 1,8 

Total 114 100 

Temporary crowns use   

Always 64 56, 1 

Rare  36 31,6 

Never 14 12,3 

Total 114 100 

 

 

  

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 22



IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Dr Valentina ANDRIANASOLO* 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

ASSESMENT AND PRACTICE OF FIXED PROSTHETIC RESTORATION IN THE CITY OF ANTANANARIVO, MADAGASCAR 

 

 

Table XIII: Distribution of OSs on impression and abutment 
management afterpreparation and place of practice 

 

  Place of practice 

p 

Public  Private Inter-

compan

y 

Military 

camp  

Total 

n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) 

Impression 

disinfection 

Always 11 (100) 84 (95,5) 5 (55,6) 5 (83,3) 105 

(92,1) 0,003*

* Rare - 3 (3,4) 3 (33,3) 1 (16,7) 7 (6,1) 

Never - 1 (1,1) 1 (11,1) - 2 (1,8) 

Total 11 (100) 88 (100) 9 (100) 6 (100) 114 (100) 

        

Temporary 

crowns use 

Always 8 (72,7) 48 (54,5) 5 (55,6) 3 (50) 64 (56,1) 

0,040* 
Rare 2 (18,2) 32 (36,4) - 2 (33,3) 36 (31,6) 

Never 1 (9,1) 8 (9,1) 4 (44,4) 1 (16,7) 14 (12,3) 

Total 11 (100) 88 (100) 9 (100) 6 (100) 114 (100) 

 

 

*p= 0,04 (< 0,05) significant 

**p= 0,009 (< 0,01) verysignificant 

 

 

 

IJO JOURNALS

Volume 06 | Issue 12 | December 2023 | http://ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 23


	Table I: OS distribution by socio-demographiccharacteristics (N= 114)
	Table II: OS distribution by clinicalcharacteristics (N=114)
	Table III: OS response rates for pre-prostheticpreparations (N=114)
	Table V: Distribution of OS according to pre-prostheticpreparation and year of practice
	Table VI: OS response rate for preparation of abutmenttooth(s)(N=114)
	Table VII: Distribution of OS according to preparation of abutmentteeth and post-thesis training
	Table VIII: Distribution of OS according to abutmentpreparation and place of practice
	Table IX: OS response rates for impression taking (N=114)
	Table X: Distribution of OS by impression and gender
	Table XI: Distribution of OSsaccording to impression and post-thesis training
	Table XII: OS response rate for impression and abutment management afterpreparation (N=114)
	Table XIII: Distribution of OSs on impression and abutment management afterpreparation and place of practice

