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( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city 

of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 

 

Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia 1 , Lahiniriko Abel Solaar 1 , Andrianjafinoro 

Tsiriniaina Hasinjanahary 2 , Ratsimandresy Naomy Namboarintsoa 1 , 

Andrianasolo volahasina valentina 1 , Razanadraisoa Albertine 1 , Rabarijaona 

Sergio Nicko Haritiana 1 , Ranaivo Joachim Marco 1 , Ralaiarimanana Liantsoa 

Fanja Emmanuel 1 . 

1. Department of Dental Prosthetics - Institute of Tropical Odonto-Stomatology of 

Madagascar – University of Mahajanga – Madagascar 

2. Department of Conservative Odontology Endodontics - Institute of Tropical 

Odontology-Stomatology of Madagascar – University of Mahajanga – Madagascar 

Corresponding author: Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia 

Dentistry Department, PZaGa University Hospital Center, Mahajanga 

Department of dental prosthesis, Institute of Tropical OdontoStomatology of 

Madagascar (IOSTM) 

 
Abstract 

A bonded bridge is a fixed prosthesis bonded to the palatal or lingual 

surface of the abutment teeth. It is one of the current trends in prosthetics. For this 

reason, we wanted to know where we stood with regard to this issue, which is why 

we conducted this study, the aim of which was to describe the knowledge and 

practice of odontostomatologists on this subject. 

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from 12 June to 21 

July 2023 among odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo who were 

registered with the National Order of Odontostomatologists and who had given 

their consent to be surveyed. A total of 107 odontostomatologists were included. 

Thirty-four point six percent were aware of bonded bridgework and 6.5% of 

them practiced it. This knowledge was related to their place of training (p=0.033) 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

and their practice was strongly related to their knowledge (p=0.000), as well as to 

their specialization (p=0.022). The main obstacle to their practice was lack of 

knowledge (83%). On average, 71.4% followed the steps in the procedure. The most 

common bonding material used was luting cement (71.4%) and the most common 

bonded bridge was the 2-winged bridge (85.7%). 

This study revealed that bonded bridges were less well known and very 

little practiced. Additional awareness-raising and training could be considered to 

promote and encourage them to practice it. 

Keywords: knowledge, practice, bonded bridge 

Introduction 
  A bonded bridge is a fixed prosthesis that is bonded to the dental structures, 

mainly to the previously prepared enamel.  It can be used to correct a single or 

short gap.   This bridge represents a better alternative, especially in developing 

countries where access to implant treatment is still limited for the majority of the 

population, or in the event of implant failure [1, 2, 3]. According to Lam's 2013 

study in China, bonded bridges had a higher success rate of 89.7% compared to 

implant solutions, which achieved a success rate of 69.2%. In addition, they 

showed fewer complications, with a percentage of 25.6%, while the implant 

solution recorded a complication rate of 7.7% after more than 8 years of 

observation [4].  Originally, this type of prosthesis had two wings, but thanks to 

improved bonding techniques, the development of new materials, changes in 

preparation and wing concepts and the partial debonding of the two-wing 

prosthesis, the bonded bridge is gradually changing and the trend is beginning to 

move towards the single-wing bonded bridge, also known as the cantilever 

bonded bridge, which has a much higher success and survival rate than its 

predecessor [5].  This survival rate was 100% in Germany according to Huttig F 

and Klink A [6], in Switzerland according to Sailer I and Hämmerle CH [7], in 

China according to Xu B et al [8], and in Egypt according to Saker S et al [9]. In 

2016, the French National Authority for Health (HAS) recommended bonded 

single-arch bridges for single tooth edentulism [10], and practitioners in 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

developed countries have widely integrated these bridges into their daily 

practice. 

In view of this trend towards bonded bridges, we wanted to find out more 

about the situation in Madagascar. The aim of this study was to describe the 

knowledge and practice of bonded bridges in dental practices in the city of 

Antananarivo. 

Methodology   
This study was carried out among odontostomatologists in the city of 

Antananarivo, in private or public practice.  

It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that took place over a period of 

one and a half months, from June 12, 2023 to July 21, 2023. 

All odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo registered with the 

Ordre National des Odontostomatologistes (National Order of 

Odontostomatologists) who gave their consent to be surveyed were included in 

the study. Excluded were those who did not fill in their form completely (on the 

last day of our visit) or correctly. 

Sampling was exhaustive, and 107 odontostomatologists were selected.  

Data were collected using individual self-administered forms. Each form 

was divided into three distinct parts. The first part contained socio-demographic 

information such as age, gender, place of training, length of practice, professional 

status, and specialization in prosthetics.  The second part dealt with knowledge 

of bonded bridges, and the third with the practice of bonded bridges. 

Data were then processed and analyzed on a computer using Statistical 

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20.0 for Windows.  

Univariate analyses were performed to examine frequency distribution, while 

bivariate analyses were used to assess relationships between dependent and 

independent variables.  The relationship between variables was verified by the 

chi-square test, where the significance level was 0.050.  

As part of this study, we obtained authorization to conduct surveys from 

the President of the Ordre National des Odontostomatologistes. The request for 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

authorization to conduct a survey (attached) was issued by the Head of the 

Odontostomatology Department at the Institut d'Odontostomatologie Tropicale 

de Madagascar. We have taken every precaution to guarantee the confidentiality 

of the data collected. We also ensured the anonymity of participants' responses. 

The study was limited by the sincerity, cooperation and availability of the 

odontostomatologists. 

Results 

Table I: Distribution of odontostomatologists according to socio-demographic 

profile 

Socio-demographic profile Workforce Percentage (%) 

Gender   

Male 55 51.4 

Feminine 52 48.6 

Total 107 100 

age range   

Less than or equal to 

40 years 
42 39.2 

41 years or older 40 37.4 

Not mentioned 25 23.4 

Total 107 100 

Year of exercise   

Less than 10 years old 32 29.9 

Between 11 to 20 years 

old 
36 33.6 

More than 20 years 39 36.4 

Total 107 100 

Activity area   

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

Audience 32 29.9 

Private 75 70.1 

Total 107 100 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table II: Distribution of odontostomatologists according to place of training 

Training site Workforce Percentage (%) 

Madagascar 96 89.7 

STRANGER  6 5.6 

MADAGASCAR and 

abroad 
5 4.7 

Total 107 100 

Table III: Distribution of odontostomatologists according to their knowledge  

and practice of bonded bridge 

 Workforce Percentage (%) 

Knowledge of bonded 

bridge 
  

Yes 37 34.6 

No 70 65.4 

Total 107 100.0 

   

bonded bridge practice   

Yes 7 6.5 

No 100 93.5 

Total 107 100.0 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

Table IV: Distribution of odontostomatologists according to their reason  

for not practicing glued bridge 

Patterns Workforce Percentage (%) 

Lack of concept 83 83 

Rumor about its high failure rate 6 6 

Fear of premature separation 4 4 

Absence of patient to practice it 2 2 

Product supply problem 2 2 

High cost 1 1 

Banned by the workplace 1 1 

Incapacity of prosthesis laboratories 1 1 

Total 100 100 

 

 

Table V : Distribution of odontostomatologists according to their practice 

protocol 

Protocols Numbers (n=7) Percentage (%) 

Pre-prosthetic treatments 6 85.7 

Preparation of abutment teeth 6 85.7 

Temporary filling 6 85.7 

Creation of a temporary prosthesis 4 57.1 

Tooth surface conditioning 6 85.7 

Conditioning the prosthetic surface 3 42.9 

Checking the occlusion 7 100 

 

 

 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

Table VI: Distribution of odontostomatologists according to the materials of 

manufacture and assembly and the number of wings of the bonded 

bridges produced 

Materials Numbers (n=7) Percentage (%) 

Crafting materials   

Metal-ceramic 03 42.9 

Fiber reinforced 

composite 
02 28.6 

Ceramic 04 57.1 

Zircon 00 0 

Assembly materials   

Sealing cement 05 71.4 

Composite 03 42.9 

Glue 02 28.6 

Hybrid materials 01 14.3 

Number of fins   

A fin 03 42.9 

Two fins 06 85.7 

More than two fins 00 00 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

Table VII : Distribution of odontostomatologists according to their knowledge  

and socio-demographic profile 

Socio-demographic profile 

Knowledge of glued bridge 

p Yes No Total 

not % not % not % 

Gender       0.225 

 Male 22 40 33 60 55 100 

 Feminine 15 28.8 37 71.2 52 100 

 Total 37 34.6 70 65.4 107 100 

age range       0.445 

 Less than  

or equal to 40 years 
16 38.1 26 61.9 42 100 

 41 years or older 15 37.5 25 62.5 40 100 

 Not mentioned 6 24 19 76 25 100  

 Total 37 34.6 70 65.4 107 100  

Year of exercise       0.472 

 Less than 10 years 

old 
11 34.4 21 65.6 32 100 

 Between 11 to 20 

years old 
15 41.7 21 58.3 36 100 

 More than 20 years 11 28.2 28 71.8 39 100 

 Total 37 34.6 70 65.4 107 100 

Activity area       0.977 

 Audience 11 34.4 21 65.6 32 100 

 Private 26 34.7 49 65.3 75 100 

 Total 37 34.6 70 65.4 107 100 

Training site       0.033 

 Madagascar 30 31.2 66 68.8 96 100 

 STRANGER _ 5 83.3 1 16.7 6 100 

 Madagascar  

and abroad 
2 40 3 60 5 100 

 Total 37 34.6 70 65.4 107 100 

Specialization       0.195 

 Prosthesis 4 66.7 2 33.3 6 100 

 None 32 33.3 64 66.7 96 100 

 Others 1 20 4 80 5 100 

 Total 37 34.6 70 65.4 107 100 

 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

Table XIII: Distribution of odontostomatologists according to the practice of glued 

bridge and their socio-demographic profile 

Socio-demographic profile 

Bonded bridge practice 

p Yes No Total 

not % not % not % 

Gender       0.753 

 Male 4 7.3 51 92.7 55 100 

 Feminine 3 5.8 49 94.2 52 100 

 Total 7 6.5 100 93.5 107 100 

age range       0.451 

 Less than  

or equal to 40 years 
2 4.8 40 95.2 42 100 

 41 years or older 2 5 38 95 40 100 

 Not mentioned 3 12 22 88 25 100 

 Total 7 6.5 100 93.5 107 100 

Year of exercise       0.091 

 Less than 10 years 

old 
1 3.1 31 96.9 32 100 

 Between 11 to 20 

years old 
5 13.9 31 86.1 36 100 

 More than 20 years 1 2.6 38 97.4 39 100 

 Total 7 6.5 100 93.5 107 100 

Activity area       0.936 

 Audience 2 6.2 30 93.8 32 100 

 Private 5 6.7 70 93.3 75 100 

 Total 7 6.5 100 93.5 107 100 

Training site       0.504 

 Madagascar 6 6.2 90 93.8 96 100 

 STRANGER _ 1 16.7 5 83.3 6 100 

 Madagascar  

and abroad 
0 0 5 100 5 100 

 Total 7 6.5 100 93.5 107 100 

Specialization       0.022 

 Prosthesis 2 33.3 4 66.7 6 100 

 None 5 5.2 91 94.8 96 100 

 Others 0 0 5 100 5 100 

 Total 7 6.5 100 93.5 107 100 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

 

Discussion 

We undertook a descriptive cross-sectional study to describe the knowledge 

and practice of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo regarding 

bonded bridges. 107 odontostomatologists were surveyed. 

1. Socio-demographic profile of surveyed odontostomatologists (table I) 

In the present study, 76.6% of the odontostomatologists surveyed agreed to 

state their age. This ranged from 25 to 68 years, with an average age of 42. Of 

these, 39.2% were 40 or under, while 37.4% were 41 or over (Table I). These 

results are similar to those of the study conducted by Anguis M et al in France in 

2021, which also observed a rejuvenation of dental professionals [11].  

A slight male predominance ((51.4%) with a sex ratio of 1.06 was observed. 

The majority of odontostomatologists worked in the private sector (70.1%) and 

had more than 20 years' experience (36.4%). In contrast to this study, Anguis M 

et al in France and Randriamalala NC in the Analamanga, Boeny and Atsimo 

Andrefana regions of Madagascar, in 2021 reported respectively that women 

were more numerous and the major part or 37.6% had experience of 1 to 10 years 

[11, 12]. In accordance with Ranivoarilanto E's 2014 study on the status and 

outlook for oral health in Madagascar, 52.80% of odontostomatologists practiced 

in the private sector [13]. 

2. Training site 

A minority of odontostomatologists have trained and graduated abroad 

(5.6%) (Table II). The lack of resources and the relatively high cost of training in 

developed countries may account for this. This result corroborates those of the 

study carried out by the Observatoire National de la Démographie des 

Professions de Santé on the current state of the demography of dental surgeons 

in France in December 2013, which showed that 4.3% of odontostomatologists in 

France obtained their diploma abroad [14]. 

3. Knowledge and practice of bonded bridges 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

The results in Table III show a low rate of knowledge and practice of 

bonded bridges among oodontostomatologists: 34.6% and 6.5% respectively. 

These figures differ from those of a study carried out in Côte d'Ivoire by Koua in 

2018, where a knowledge rate of 76.1% was observed, although the practice rate 

was similar [15]. And moreover, knowledge of bonded bridge was significantly 

related to place of training, with a p-value equal to 0.033 (Table XII); which 

meant that there was a high probability that odontostomatologists who 

graduated abroad would have more knowledge of bonded bridge compared to 

those who underwent initial training in Madagascar. Similarly, there was a 

significant relationship between the practice of bonded bridgework and 

specialization in prosthetics, with a p-value equal to 0.022 (Table XIII). This 

would mean that those who had specialized in prosthetics were more likely to 

practice bonded bridgework than those who had not. This correlation could be 

attributed to insufficient theoretical and virtually non-existent practical training 

during their initial and continuing education [16]. What's more, according to the 

HAS, the teaching of bonded bridges is faculty-dependent, and their performance 

by odontostomatology students during their course of study often appeared 

optional for annual validation [17]. The results of the survey confirmed this 

observation, as 83% of the odontostomatologists questioned admitted that lack of 

knowledge on the subject was their main obstacle to the practice of this type of 

fixed prosthesis (table V). 

 

3.1. Stages in the bonded bridge procedure 

As part of the pre-prosthetic treatment, scaling and caries treatment were 

considered by the majority of odontostomatologists (71.4%). 42.9% of them 

devitalized the abutment teeth prior to prosthetic treatment, thereby reducing 

their resistance [18]. According to Boschatel DJ, Vanoverschelde S in 2022, 

gingival preparation was little practiced by odontostomatologists (14.3%), yet it is 

of major importance for optimal esthetic integration, particularly in cases of 

space filling caused by dental agenesis. According to them, this involved creating 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

a gingival contour by ovalizing the edentulous ridge and compressing the gingiva 

to create a base for the future prosthesis [19]. 

As for tooth preparation, 14.3% of odontostomatologists did not prepare the 

abutment teeth. In 2005, Kern described how stabilization, support and retention 

of the bridge could be ensured by creating a shoulder with a rounded internal 

angle, two mesial and distal grooves, and a cingular stabilization well [20].  

Furthermore, some odontostomatologists (14.3%) had skipped the provisional 

stage, even though dentine hypersensitivity was common after tooth preparation. 

However, it is only this stage, which is sometimes neglected, that ensures 

protection of the dentino-pulpary complex and promotes healing [21]. 

Before bonding a bridge, the tooth surface must be conditioned to ensure 

optimum adhesion. This step was carried out by 85.7% of odontostomatologists, 

while 14.3% did not. According to Bouhai (2021), it is not possible to bond bridge 

wings to enamel that has not been treated with 30-40% concentrated 

orthophosphoric acid. This conditioning procedure must be protected from 

moisture, as the adhesives used are hydrophobic. This is also why adhesion to 

dentin is not recommended, as it has intrinsic moisture and is therefore less 

retentive [22]. To ensure the durability of the bonded connection, it was 

recommended that a specific surface treatment should also be carried out, 

particularly on the prosthesis winglet. This step was carried out by only 42.9% of 

odontostomatologists. According to Cazier S and Amar J, simple bonding without 

adequate surface treatment would not be sufficient to ensure the longevity of the 

bonded junction. It is therefore necessary to prepare the prosthetic surface 

appropriately before bonding. Techniques such as sandblasting, silica deposition 

or the use of a specific bonding agent can be employed to improve adhesion 

between the prosthesis and surrounding tooth surfaces. This surface treatment 

optimizes bond retention[23].  

Finally, checking the occlusion is also a crucial step in the bridge bonding 

process, and all the odontostomatologists who practiced this bridge took this step 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

into account. According to Dahan L, it is essential to ensure that there is no 

occlusal contact at the limit of the bridge's fins. This is necessary to avoid 

cleavage or shear stresses that could compromise the strength of the bonded 

connection [24]. Careful checking of the occlusion and adjustment of the occlusal 

contacts, if necessary, ensures optimum distribution of masticatory forces and 

increased durability of the bonded bridge [4]. 

3.2. Type of bonded bridge and materials used for fabrication and 

assembly 

Two-winged bonded bridges were more commonly used by 

odontostomatologists than single-winged bridges, with a percentage of 85.7% 

versus 42.9% (Table IV). Despite their higher frequency of use, bonded two-wing 

bridges may present an increased risk of complications compared to single-wing 

bridges, since, according to Lucile D, as the number of abutment teeth increases, 

so does the risk of detachment [24]. In addition, Damien A and Daniel D in 2020 

demonstrated that single-wing bonded bridges have a significantly higher success 

and survival rate than double-winged bridges [5].  

The majority of odontostomatologists (71.4%) used luting cement as luting 

materials, and only 28.6% used adhesives. Cazier S and Amar J pointed out that 

this was due to the lack of adhesives available on the market [23] and the high 

cost of the product. This limitation was one of the reasons why some 

odontostomatologists chose not to perform bonded bridges (Table IV). However, 

the choice of a suitable bonding material is essential to optimize the adhesion of 

the bonded bridge [21].  

All-ceramic bonded bridges were the most common, accounting for 57.1%. 

In second place were metal-ceramic bridges with 42.9%, followed by glass-fiber-

reinforced bonded bridges with 28.6%. However, no zircon bridges were made. 

This may be explained by the fact that ceramic is more rigid than metal. As a 

result, it has less resistance to bending forces, according to Lanoiselee E in 2022 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

http://ijojournals.com/ Volume 06 Issue 12 || Dec., 2023 || 

Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

[25].  Numerous studies have also shown that metal-ceramic is frequently used in 

the manufacture of cemented bridges, in particular cantilever cemented bridges 

[26,27]. 

Conclusion 

A bonded bridge is a fixed prosthesis that is attached by a bonding system 

to the palatal or lingual surfaces of healthy abutment teeth. One of the current 

trends is the two-winged to single-winged bonded bridge, which is a modern 

option for the management of a single edentulous tooth.  

In the city of Antananarivo, bonded bridgework has been less common and 

still lags behind the evolution of this type of bridge. This was mainly due to a 

lack of knowledge on the subject. In addition, some odontostomatologists did not 

follow the correct steps in bridge fabrication, and the bonding material most 

commonly used was unsuitable for this type of prosthesis, due to the cost and 

unavailability of glue on the market in Madagascar. This situation jeopardizes 

the survival of bonded bridges. 

At the end of this study, we hope to bring about a change of attitude among 

odontostomatologists in their general practice and with regard to the 

management of small edentulous restorations. 

 

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( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

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Knowledge and practices of odontostomatologists in the city of Antananarivo on bonded bridges 
 

 

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IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING  
( ISSN: 2814-2098 )                                                                                               Lalanirina Gaël Lauricia * 

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https://www.editionscdp.fr/recherche/article.html?query=%22%3Cb%3EYves%20Allard%3C/b%3E%0A%09%09%09***%22&revues%5B%5D=CDP&sortby=relevance
https://www.editionscdp.fr/recherche/article.html?query=%22%3Cb%3EYves%20Allard%3C/b%3E%0A%09%09%09***%22&revues%5B%5D=CDP&sortby=relevance
https://www.editionscdp.fr/revues/les-cahiers-de-prothese/article/n-124/economie-tissulaire-et-esthetique.html
https://www.editionscdp.fr/revues/les-cahiers-de-prothese/article/n-124/economie-tissulaire-et-esthetique.html
https://www.lefildentaire.com/auteur/jeandavidboschatel/
https://www.lefildentaire.com/auteur/sebastienvanoverschelde1/
https://www.lefildentaire.com/auteur/edouardlanoiselee/

	3.1. Stages in the bonded bridge procedure
	3.2. Type of bonded bridge and materials used for fabrication and assembly

