ErinleOlusolaOyetunde FederalUniversityofTechnology, UniversityHealthCentre,Akure, OndoState,Nigeria. Topic: INFLUENCEOFOCCUPATIONALSTRESS,ROLE-CONFLICT,SEX,AGE ANDWORKEXPERIENCEONMARITALSATISFACTIONAMONG NURSESINUNIMEDTEACHINGHOSPITAL,AKURE. Abstract Thisstudywasdesignedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofoccupationalstress,role- conflict,sex,ageandworkexperienceonmaritalsatisfactionamongnursesin UniversityofMedicalScience Teaching HospitalAkure.The studyutilises the descriptive surveydesign.200 respondents purposivelydrawn among married nursesworkinginUNIMEDTeachingHospital,Akureparticipatedinthestudy.The instrumentsused forthe studywere standardized questionnaire which include EnrichMaritalSatisfactionscale,JobrelatedtensioninventoryandWorkfamily conflictscale.Thedataobtainedfrom thestudywereanalysedusingindependentt- test,ANCOVAandANOVAtotestallthehypothesesraisedforthestudyat0.05level ofsignificance.Theresultofthestudyrevealedthatoccupationalstresshasno significantinfluenceonmaritalsatisfactiont(198)=.178,p>0.05.Thestudy revealedfurtherthatthereisnosignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstresson maritalsatisfactionF(1,198)=.032p>.05withtheinterferenceofroleconflictwith occupationalstressthereisstillnosignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstresson maritalsatisfactionF(1,197)=.023p>.05.Alsothereisnosignificantinfluenceof stress on maritalsatisfaction F(1,194)= .148 p>.05.Subsequently,there is no significantinfluenceofageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,194)=.992p>.05.Thereisno significantjointinfluenceofsexandageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,1194)=.219 p>.05.Finallyworkexperiencehasnosignificantinfluenceonmaritalsatisfaction F(4,195)=1.96p>.05.Basedonthefindingsofthisstudyitwasconcludedthat occupationalstress,workexperience,age,sexandroleconflictdoesnotinfluence maritalsatisfaction.Theresearcherrecommendedthatsinceallthevariablesdidnot significantlyinfluencemaritalsatisfaction,thefutureresearchercouldlookintothe areaofchoiceofmarriage,personality,culturalbackground,sexualintimacyand religiousadherencetoworkon.Also,Nursesandhealthworkersshouldtryasmuch possibletostrikeabalancebetweentheirofficeandfamilyresponsibilities;none should be taken with levity as role managed wellwillnotinfluence marital satisfaction. IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 1 Emailaddress:erinleolusola67@gmail.com Keywords:occupationalstress,maritalsatisfaction,roleconflict,work- experience,age. Backgroundtothestudy Nursingisknownasajobwithhighriskofexhaustionanddisease.Thehospital environmentcancausestressandphysicalproblemsamongitsemployees;infact jobstresscanleadtophysicalinjuryormentalillnessandinthelongterm cancause negativeresultsinperformanceofpeopleanditsworkplace.Pressureinnursing can affectfamilylife and maritalproblems,disruptcommon socialproblems, increasefamilyconflictsandendangerpeople’sgeneralhealth.Workisoneofthe mainsourcesofstressinpeople.(Peimanpack,Mansur,Sadeghi,Purebrahim (2013). Maritalsatisfactionsimplymeansmaritalcontentment.Satisfactioniswhenthe desire,intimacyandperceivedneedofapartnerinarelationshipareactualized.Itis astateofcontentmentandpleasurewiththeabsenceofproblem andcomplaint. AccordingtoFincham (2006),therearemanyfactorsthatcontributetoahappy marriagebecausetheredoesnotseem tobeonemagicfactorthatguarantees maritalbliss.Thesefactorsincludeeffectivecommunication,interaction,gender roles,conflictmanagement,problem solvingandintimateplay.Maritalsatisfaction isthegeneralhappinessandpleasurebetweencouples.Itisthegoodfeelingof marriage. Workisofprimaryimportancetomankindandithasbeenamotivatorphysically, ethicallyandideologically.Workhasgivenhumanbeingasenseofmasteryover natureandithasbeenatremendousfeelingofself-fulfilment.Itisanyexpenditure ofenergythatproducesservicesandproductsofvaluetootherpeople.Particular valuesandfunctionsofworkarespecifictotimeandplace(Omolayo2005).Thibaut andKelly(1989)definedworkasaweaponwithwhichcommonmancouldachieve notonlywealthbutalsohappiness. Familyisthebasicunitoflife;itisthefundamentalunitofsocietyreferredtoasthe buildingblockofanysociety.Oakley(1984)definesfamilyasasetofpeoplerelated byblood,marriageorsomeotheragreeduponrelationshiporadoptionwhoshares theprimaryresponsibilityorreproductionandcaringformembersofthesociety. Roleconflictoccurswhenthereareincompatibledemandsplaceduponaperson relatingtotheirjoborposition.Personexperiencesroleconflictwhentheyfind IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 2 themselvespulledinvariousdirectionsastheytrytorespondtothemanystatuses theyhold.Burke&Green-glass(1999).Therearetwotypesofroleconflict;intrarole conflictreferringtoincompatiblerequirementswithinthesamerole,andinterrole conflictreferringto clashingexpectationsfrom separateroleswithinthesame person.Roleconflictisastressorthatcanoccurintheworkplacewhenpersonal valuesconflictswithjobresponsibilities,rolesarepoorlydefined,incompatibleroles areperformed,orexpectedrolesforoneorganisationdon’tmatchthoseofanother, whenconflictingrolesbothhavethesamestatusrolestrainresults.Thishappens whenapersonwhoneedstofulfilacertainroleisstrainedbecauseofobligationsor extensivedemandsonenergy,timeorresourcescausedbythemultipleroles. Workexperiencehasalongwaytoupholdandtodisintegratemaritalsatisfactionin oursociety.Experiencetheysayisthebestteacher,thehigheryougoinhierarchy themoreresponsibilityyouhaveinnursingprofession,therearesomeskillsgained from workexperiencesuchasproblem solvingskills,interpersonalskills,maturity, team work,practicalskills,self-confidenceandself-esteem havingalltheseskillswill helpmarriednursestocopeathomeleadingtomaritalsatisfaction. Gendertendstodenotethesocialandculturalroleofeachsexwithinagivensociety. Ratherthanbeingpurelyassignedbygenetics,assexdifferencesgenerallyare, peopleoftendeveloptheirgenderrolesinresponsetotheirenvironmentsincluding familyinteractions,themedia,peersandeducation. Ageisthelengthoftimethatapersonhaslivedorhasexisted(Chaffee1991).Age gapaffectstheevolutionmaritalsatisfactionoverthedurationofmarriage.Marital satisfactiondeclineswithmaritaldurationforbothmenandwomenindifferently. Agedcouplesarerelativetothoseinsimilaraged-relationship.Theinfluenceofage onmaritalsatisfactionamongmarriednursescouldnotbeascertainasthereisa divorceandseparationoccasionallyamongyoungmarriedcoupleslikewisethose whohadbeenmarriedforalongtime. Statementoftheproblem Nursingasaprofessionbringsalotofresponsibilities,whichcanbeexhausting, complicated,boring,andstressful.Overtheyears,thenursesworkinginalltiersof governmenthealth facilities are faced with a series ofmaritalchallenges as applicabletomanydivorcesintheirhomewhichcanbeattributedtojobstressand strainswithresultantmaritaldissatisfaction. IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 3 TheratioofmaletofemalenursesinAkureOndoStateisabout1:4,accordingtothe studyconductedbyAdejumo,Akinbode,Iyawe,EmmanuelandOgungbemi(2018) forassessmentofknowledgeofchronickidneydiseaseamongnon-nephrology nurses,themajorityofnursesarefemale.Theresearcherkeepsonwonderinghow theywillmaintainmaritalsatisfactionattheendoftheclosinghourofeveryshift dutybecauseNursesbattlewiththreedifferenttypesofshifttoensuretheycover24 hoursoftheday,thenursesatUNIMEDareoftenandareusuallytoobusyattending tovariousformsofcasualtiesandemergencycases.Theresearcherperceivedthat thismayberesponsibletomostofthebehaviourexhibitedatworkandathome therebyinfluencetheirtemperamentandemotionsandthismakesthesocietyto haveimpressionthatnursesaretootemperamental.Thewearandtearonnursesat everyshiftdutyisbecomingalarmingandyetmostnursesensurethattheymaintain maritalsatisfactionlikeeveryotherprofessionalwhileattimesthereverseisthe case.The workload from the discharge ofnursesdutydirectlyand inversely influencetheirmaritalsatisfactionandoccasionallyresortedintosocial,physical, psychologicalandemotionalviolenceamongthemarriednursesandthisinfluences theirmaritalstabilityandsatisfaction. Copingwithparentingalsoasanursebringsadditionalstress;parentingistime consuming,eventhoughparentsallovertheworldtakecareoftheirchildrenwith devotion,enjoymentandlove.Parentingbringsalotofresponsibilitywhichcanbe exhausting,complicatedandunrewardingattimes(Bögels,Hellemans,Deursen, Römer,&Meulen,2014).Whilethebirthofachildmostoftenaffectstheparents positively,theresponsibilityandroleconflictbetweenworkandfamilymayhave negativeeffectsonmaritalsatisfaction(Nomaguchi&Milkie,2003).Basedonthe backgroundofthisstudyithoweverbecomesanapparentinteresttoinvestigate moreintothisstressorandevaluateitseffectonmaritalsatisfactionamongnurses. ObjectivesoftheStudy -Themainobjectiveofthisstudyistoinvestigatetheinfluenceofoccupational stressonmaritalsatisfaction.Otherobjectivesarespecificallyto; -Accesswhetherroleconflictcouldinterferewithoccupationalstresstoinfluence maritalsatisfactionamongNurses. -InvestigatewhethersexandagecouldinfluencemaritalsatisfactionamongNurses. -Examinewhetherworkexperiencecould influencemaritalsatisfactionamong IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 4 Nurses. Thehypothesesforthisstudyare:- 1-Therewillbeasignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction amongUNIMEDNurses,Akure. 2-Therewouldbeinterferenceofroleconflictwithoccupationalstresstoinfluence maritalsatisfaction 3-Therewillbeasignificantinfluenceofsexandageonmaritalsatisfaction 4-Workexperiencewillinfluencemaritalsatisfaction. SignificanceoftheStudy Thisstudyaimstoimproveindividualunderstandingontheroleofoccupational stress,role-conflict,age,sexandworkexperienceanditsdetrimentaleffecton maritalsatisfactionandwillrecommendwhatpossiblechangesshouldbeadoptedif thesevariableswouldinfluencemaritalsatisfaction.Thestudywillhelptoknow whatinfluencesmaritalsatisfactionamongnurses.Thefindingsofthisstudywill addtotheexistingliteratureonmaritalissues,alsothisstudywillrecommend variouspsychologicaldimensionsinamelioratingmaritalproblemsandoccupational stressamongnursesandotherhealthprofessionals. LiteratureReview Thetheoreticalframeworkforthisstudyshallbesocialexchangetheoryand transactionalmodelofstress:SocialexchangetheoryproposedbyThibault&Kelly (1989)poststhatallhumanrelationshipsareformedbytheuseofsubjectivecost- benefitanalysis and comparism of alternatives.This theory strengthen the adaptation and adjustmentstrategy ofa married couple to enhance marital satisfaction,alsohelpstofacetherealityoflifesquarelyanddeviceanalternative meanstoachievemaritalsatisfaction. TransactionalModelofStressThetransactionalmodeldefinesstressasarising from theappraisalthatparticularenvironmentaldemandsareabouttotaxindividual resources,thusthreateningwell-being(Holroyd&Lazarus,1982).Stressisaproduct ofthetransactionbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment.Theauthorityand powerofthetransactionliesintheprocessofappraisalthatbindsthepersonand theenvironmentand,itisthis“relationalmeaning”(Lazarus,2001)thattheperson constructsfrom thetransactionandthatliesattheheartofthestressprocess. IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 5 Theabovemodelexplainedtheimplicationoftheenvironmentasastimulusthat predisposesstressinanindividual,andunconduciveenvironmentwillinitiatestress, likewiseunconduciveenvironmentintheworkplacewillcausestressandmayaffect maritalbliss.Italsoevaluatestheavailabilityofcopingstrategiesandtechniques foradaptingto stressinorderto maintainmaritalsatisfactionanditprovides measuresforself-interpretationandevaluationoffactorsresponsibleforstressto ensuremaritalsatisfaction. EmpiricalLiteratureReview StoryandRepetti(2006)conductedahierarchicallinearmodelling(HLM)among43 couplestoinvestigatetheeffectofdailyfluctuationsinmaritalbehaviour(angerand withdrawal)asafunctionofsame-dayjobstressors.Theresultsshowthatthereare greatsignificantrelationsbetweenjobstressorsandmaritalinteraction;theresults alsosuggestthatspousesinhigh-conflictfamiliesmaybeespeciallyvulnerableto theeffectsofjobstressorsonmaritalinteraction.Inaresearchinvestigationby Baltes and Heydens-Gahi (2003), the role of selection, optimisation, and compensation(SOC)behavioursinrelationtobothjobandfamilystressorsand work-in-family(WIF)conflictandfamily-in-work(FIW)conflictwasexamined.The resultssuggestthattheuseofgeneralSOCbehavioursinbothworkandfamily domainsarerelatedtoloweramountsofjobandfamilystressorsandsubsequently loweramountsofWIFconflictandFIW conflict. AnotherstudyconductedbyWierda-Boer,GerrisandVermulst(2009)examinedhow personality,domain-specificstress,andwork-familyinterferenceareinterrelated.A questionnairedataof276 Dutch dual-earnercoupleswith young children were analysedusingstructuralequationmodelling.Thefindingsdemonstratedthatjob stressandparentingstresswerepositivelyrelatedtowork-to-familyconflictand family-to-workconflictrespectively.Forwomen,aThepresenceofstressatworkis almostinevitableinmanyjobswhenpressurebeginstobuildup,itcancause adversestrainonone’semotions,thoughtprocesses,andphysicalcondition.When stressbecomesexcessive,employeesdevelopvarioussymptomsofstressthatcan harm theirjobperformanceandhealth,andeventhreatentheirabilitytocopewith theenvironment.Peoplewhoarestressedmaybecomenervousanddevelopchronic IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 6 worry.Theyareeasilyprovokedtoangerandareunabletorelax.Theymaybe uncooperativeorusealcoholordrugsexcessively.Althoughtheseconditionsalso occurfrom othercauses,theyarecommonsymptomsofstress.Inthewordsof Leth(1995),“toearnagoodsalaryonehastoearnalivingandtoearnagoodsalary onecannotlivelife”. Stressoveraprolongedtimealsoleadstogeneratediseases oftheheart,kidney,bloodvessels,andotherpartsofthebody.Therefore,itis importantthatstressbothonandoffthejob,bekeptatalowlevelenoughformost peopletotoleratewithoutdisorders(Asthana,1985). Methodology Theresearchdesignforthisstudyisasurveyresearchdesignwherecopiesof questionnairesweredistributedtoresearchparticipantsinordertomeasuretheir response.Thesamplesforthisstudyweredrawnfrom apopulationofmarried nursesofUNIMEDTeachinghospitalinAkurewherebyacarefullyselectedsample of200participants(MarriedNurses)wasconsidered.Stratifiedrandom sampling techniqueswereusedinselectingresearchparticipantsinordertoensurethatall targetpopulationswereadequatelyrepresentedforthestudy.Thedatacollectionin thisstudywasthroughtheaidofstandardquestionnairesmadeof4sectionswith totalnumberof40items. SectionA;demographicdatawith5itemstapingthepersonaldataofthe participantssuchasage,sex,maritalstatus,workexperienceandemployment status SectionB; EnrichMaritalSatisfactionScale. EMSisa15itemsscaleusedtomeasuremaritalsatisfaction,usinga5pointLikert scalerangingfrom (1)stronglydisagreestostronglyagree(5).Respondentswere askedtoindicatetheirlevelofagreementwithstatements Reliability TheEMSScalewasevaluatedforinternalconsistencyandtest-retestreliability. Cronbach’salpharevealedaninternalreliabilityof.86.Test-retestreliabilitywas assessedwith115individualsoveraperiodof4weeks.Thereliabilitycoefficient overtimewas.86.Item-totalcorrelationswereconductedtofurtherassessthe IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 7 degreetowhichtheitemsform acohesivescale. Validity Concurrentvalidity;EMSscalehadcorrelationsof.71formenand.77forwomen andhadcorrelationsof.71forconstructvalidity.EMSScaleisareliableandvalid scaleforthemeasurementofmaritalsatisfaction SectionC JobRelatedTensionInventory Jobrelatedinventoryispsychologicalinstrumentmeasuringoccupationalstress.It wasdevelopedbyR.LKahn,(1964).Tomeasurethenature,causesandconsequence ofjobstress.Itconsistsof15itemsusinga6pointLikertscale.Respondentsare askedtoindicatehow frequentlytheyarebotheredbyjobrelatedfactorsranging from 1(neverbothered)to5(botheredallthetime)and6(doesnotapply). ReliabilityThecoefficientofalphaobtainedbySheridan(1979)andOseghare(1988) are0.87and0.89respectively. Validity Avaliditycoefficientof0.77wasobtainedbycorrelatingJ.T.withrated performance(Sheridan,1978)whileOseghare(1988)obtainedacoefficientof.86 whenthecorrelatedJ.TequivalentwithchecklistsymptomsstressbyKyriaconand Cliff(1978). ScoringThescaleisscoredusingdirectscoringfrom 1,2,3,4,and5.Thehighest participantscangetoneachscaleis70.Thelowestis14. SectionD WorkFamilyconflictscale WorkFamilyconflictscaleisapsychologicalinstrumentmeasuringroleconflicts.It wasdevelopedbyNetemeyer,(1996)withaCronbachalphaof0.94.Theaverage alphalevelforWorkFamilyConflictscalewas.88(Netemeyer,1996)witha5point Likertscale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5).The respondentswereaskedtoindicatetheirlevelofagreementwithstatementssuch as:“The amountoftime my job takes up makes itdifficultto fulfilfamily responsibilities”and“ThingsIwanttodoathomedonotgetdonebecauseofthe IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 8 demandsmyjobputonme”. Procedurefordatacollection The sample technique thatwas used forthis research was stratified random samplingtechnique.Theresearchwasconductedbetween11/04/2019and11/05 /2019.The researchercollected letterofintroduction from EKSU psychology departmenttothechairmanethicsandresearchcommitteeoftheUNIMEDteaching hospitalAkure,seekingtheirpermissiontocollectthedata.Thereaftermarried nursesinUNIMEDwereapproached;thepurposeandbenefitsofthestudywere explainedtothem.Theywereassuredoftheirconfidentiality.Aresearchassistant whoisanurseandalsoworkinginUNIMEDwasemployedtohelpinthecollectionof dataandallthe200copiesofquestionnairewereretrieved. RESULTS Table1:Independentt-testsummarytableshowingtheinfluenceof Occupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction Variable N mean SD SE df t p Highoccupationalstress 101 27.37 1.67 .17 .86>.05 198 .178 Lowoccupationalstress 99 27.32 1.76 .18 From thetable1aboveitisobservedthatoccupationalstresshasnosignificant influenceonmaritalsatisfaction.Thisnegateshypothesis1whichstatesthatthere wouldbeasignificantinfluenceofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction(t(198) =.178,p>.05).Hypothesisnotsupported Table2:Analysisofcovarianceshowingtheinterferenceofroleconflictwith occupationalstresstoinfluencemaritalsatisfaction. Source SS df MS F P Roleconflict .384 1 .384 .130 .72 Occupationalstress .067 1 .067 .023 .88 IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 9 Error 582.72 197 2.96 Total 583.19 199 From thetable2above,itisobservedthatthereisnosignificantinfluenceof occupationalstressonmaritalsatisfactionF(1,198)=.032p>.05.withthe interferenceofroleconflictwithoccupationalstressthereisstillnosignificant influenceofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfactionF(1,197)=.023p>.05.This negateshypothesis2thatstatesthattherewouldbeinterferenceofroleconflict withoccupationalstresstoinfluencemaritalsatisfaction.Hypothesisnot supported. Table3:Descriptivetableshowingthemeanofsexandagescoreonmarital satisfaction. Variables N mean S.D Sex Male 56 27.25 1.79 Female 144 27.38 1.68 Age 20-35 39 27.28 1.77 36-45 126 27.25 1.74 >45 35 27.74 1.52 Table3revealedthatthesexwhichcomprisesofmaleandfemalehadthetotal numberof200whilethecompositionis56menand144femalewiththefollowing meanscore;27.25and27.38respectively.TheSD formaleis1.79andSD for femaleis1.68.ThevariabilityintheirSDis0.11,thereforethemalenursesand femalenursesarenotlikelytobetoodifferfrom eachotherinmostoftheirdealings. Themeanscorefortheiragerangesbetween20-35,36-45,>45are27.28,27.25and 27.74respectively.TheSDforthethreecategoriesofageare1.77,1,74and1.52 respectively.Thevariabilityintheagerangebetween20-35and36-45is0.03while thevariabilityintheagerangebetween36-45and>45is0.22.Thisshowsthatthe varianceishigherbetweentheagerangeof36-45and>45whileitislowerinage rangebetween20-35and36-45 IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 10 Table4:2x3ANOVAtableshowingtheinfluenceofsexandageonmarital satisfaction. Source SS df MS F P Sex .439 1 .439 .148 .701 Age 5.88 2 2.94 .992 .373 Sex&Age .438 2 .219 .074 .929 Error 575.01 194 2.96 Total 583.19 199 From thetable3&4aboveitshowsthatthereisnosignificantinfluenceofsexon maritalsatisfactionF(1,194)=.148p>.05). ThereisnosignificantinfluenceofageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,194)=.992p> .05). ThereisnosignificantjointinfluenceofsexandageonmaritalsatisfactionF(2,194) =.219p>.05).Hypothesisnotsupported. Table5:OnewayANOVAsummarytableshowingtheinfluenceofworkexperience onmaritalsatisfaction. Workexperience N Mean SD df F P 1-5yrs. 43 27.72 1.55 6-10yrs. 38 26.71 1.51 4 1.96 .103 11-15yrs. 38 27.47 1.78 195 16-20yrs. 45 27.44 1.92 >20yrs. 36 27.31 1.65 IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 11 From thetable5aboveitisobservedthatworkexperiencehasnosignificant influenceonmaritalsatisfaction.Thisnegateshypothesis4whichstatesthatwork experiencewillinfluencemaritalsatisfactionF(4,195)=1.96p>.05).Hypothesisnot supported. Discussion Hypothesisonestatesthatoccupationalstresswillsignificantlyinfluencemarital satisfactionanditwasobservedfrom thestudythatthereisnosignificantinfluence ofoccupationalstressonmaritalsatisfaction.Thisresultisnotinagreementwith theworkofDierdorffandEllington(2008)whoinvestigatedthe3behaviour-based antecedentsofwork–familyconflictlinkedspecificallytooccupationalworkrole requirements(interdependence,responsibilityforothers,andinterpersonalconflict). Thevariancemayperhapsbeasaresultofdifferentenvironmentalconditioninthe researchsettingandculturalvariation.AccordingtoBradbury,Fincham &Beach (2000)affirmedthatmaritalrelationshipsareheavilyguidedbyculturallydetermined norms,customsandexpectation(Berscheid,1995).Maritalsatisfactionnot determinedbystressalonebecausemanyundergostressdailybutstillhaving maritalfulfilment. Itisimportantto recognizethatexamining differencesin work–familyconflict acrossoccupationsnaturallyinvolvesvaryinglevelsofanalysis,asindividualsare “nested”withinoccupations.Onewaytoconceptualizeoccupationsinthismanneris byconsideringthedistinctbehaviouralcontextsthatoccupationsgenerate.These behaviouralcontextsaredelineatedbythevarietyofsituationalopportunitiesand constraintscommensuratetoanoccupation(Johns,2006,ascitedin,Dierdorffand Ellington,2008).Theaboveliteraturereview revealstherelationshipbetweenlong hoursofwork,heavyworkload,person-jobfit;jobstressorssignificantlyaffectthe maritalhappinessamong employees.Thereview also showsthatorganization policiesandsupportcanimprovesignificantlymaritalhappinessandinturnimprove IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 12 theworkefficiency,physicalandpsychologicalwell-beingoftheemployees.The earlierresearches also show thatemployees who are high on maritalrole commitmentwereassociatedwithincreasedenhancementinworkefficiency.Thus, these researches provide a potentialassertto the presentinvestigation to understandtherelationshipbetweentheworkenvironmentandmaritalhappiness. A meta-analysisbyTwenge(2003)ontheeffectsofhavingchildrenonmarital satisfaction,indicatedthatbecomingaparenthasanegativeeffectonmarital satisfactionandeveryadditionalchildaddstothateffect.Parentsreportedless maritalsatisfactionthancoupleswhodidnothavechildren.Womenreportedless maritalsatisfactionthanmen;especiallymothersofinfants.Thosewithhigher educationallevels and better financialpositions also reported less marital satisfactionintheroleofparenthood. Hypothesis two states that role conflict willsignificantly influence marital satisfactionanditwasobservedfrom thestudythatroleconflictdoesnothavea significantinfluenceon maritalsatisfaction.Thisresultnegatestheopinion of Carstensen(2010)whosuggestedthatroleconflicthasanegativeinfluenceon maritalsatisfactionandthusaffectsthepsychologicalwell-beingofanindividual. Roleconflictsaidtobringpsychologicaldiscomforttothestressorandthishasthe capabilityofinfluencingthemaritalsatisfactionofanindividual.HSU,Chen,Yu,& Lou(2010)alsoarguedthatindividualwithanundefinedrolemayfinditdifficultto realizetheirfullpotentialinanygiventaskandthisthuscouldfosteraggressionand intra-psychicconflictwithinsuchindividual,ifthisisnotaddressedintime,thein burntangeriscapableofleadingtodepressionwhichinturnwillleadtomarital dissatisfactionassuchindividualmayfinditdifficulttomaintainrelationshipwith anotherperson. Theresultofthisstudyshowsthatabilitytomanagemanyrolespreventmarital crisis,manywithlimitedrolesmayhaveconflictsifnotproperlymanaged. Hypothesis3statesthatsexandagewillsignificantlyinfluencemaritalsatisfaction anditwasobservedfrom thetablethatsexandagedoesnothavesignificant influenceonmaritalsatisfaction.ThisresultnegatestheworkofBridge(2009)who opined thatolderpeople tends to be more satisfied maritallyas a resultof IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 13 experiencegottenfrom theirjobinanattempttorelateworkwiththeirmaritallife. Also,wang-shengLee&TerraMckinnish(2018)alsoopinedthatoldernursestends toenjoytheirmarriagethantheyoungerones,inhisstudy,hearguedthatolder nurseshaslearntinthetimepastsignificantfactorsthat’scapableofinfluencing maritalsatisfactionandmanyareintheprimesoftheircareerandtheyarenotas busyastheyarewhentheyareyoung,sothisthusallow them tocaterfortheir homesinordertoenjoythepeaceintheirmaritallifeandthismaybeveryunlikelyto theyoungerones.Thisstudyisinagreementwithpreviousstudiesconductedby Schwartz(2006)thatagewasfoundtobenegativelyrelatedtomaritalsatisfaction. Hypothesis fourstates thatworkexperience willsignificantlyinfluence marital satisfaction and itwas reported from the table thatwork experience has no significantinfluenceonmaritalsatisfaction.Theresultisnotinagreementwiththe workofKahana&Kahana(1971)thatarguedthatexperiencegottenfrom workacts a moderatorofmaritalsatisfaction.Forinstance,A nursewho haslearntthe contributionofgooddiettoindividualphysicalwell-beingandpsychologicalwell- beingmaythereforeunderstandthestrongreasonofpreparinggoodmealsathome inanattempttoimprovethephysicalandpsychologicalwell-beingofthemembers ofhis/herfamily. InaccordancewithLee& Shehan(1989)foundthatactoreffectofworkhours deferredformenandwomen.Men’sworkhourswerenegativelyassociatedwith theirmaritalsatisfaction,consistentwithhypothesis4andthenotionthattime baseddemandscandepletepersonalresourcesandreducefamilysatisfaction. However,incontrasttothishypothesis,women’slongerworkhourswerepositively associatedwiththeirmaritalsatisfaction. Experiencegoesalongwayininfluencingmaritalsatisfaction.Bandura(1971) arguedthatbehaviourcanbelearntandunlearnandthislearningisapermanent changeinbehaviourasaresultofourexperience.Theconsistencymayalsobe linkedtosimilarityinthehumanbehaviourregardlessofthetribe,raceandethnicity. Therefore,learningisanadaptivemeasurethatallowsindividualtoknowwhattodo atamomentinordertoenjoytheblissoflife. IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 14 Conclusion Basedontheabovediscussion,itcanbeconcludedthatoccupationalstress,role conflict,sex,age,andworkexperiencedoesnothaveasignificantinfluenceon maritalsatisfaction.This implies thatnurses are resilientand thatmarital satisfactionandoccupationalstressaretwodifferententitieswhichmayormaynot influenceeachother.Thesocietywillnowunderstandthatnurses’temperamentand maritalsatisfactionisnotasaresultofoccupationalstressandsameapplicableto otherprofessions. Recommendations Basedonthefindings,thefollowingaretherecommendationsofthestudy: - Followingcriticalreviewandanalysisofthisstudy,itseemsotherfactorslike numberofchildren,sexualsatisfaction,choice ofmarriage,personality, culturalbackground,religiousadherencecoupledwithothervariablescould significantlyinfluencemaritalsatisfactionthereforefutureresearchercould worktowardsthisdirection. - Nursesandhealthworkersshouldtryasmuchaspossibletostrikeabalance betweentheirofficeandfamilyresponsibilities;(noneshouldbetakenwith levity)asrolemanagedwellwillnotresultinmaritalinstability - Individualshouldattaincertainagebeforegoingto marriageandbefore engagingintoanypensionableworkasthevariabilityinmaritalsatisfactionis higheratagegreaterthan45. - Workers atalllevels should be wellinformed through various religious organisationtoimproveontheirlevelofresilienceandadaptationinorderto enhancehighmaritalsatisfaction IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 15 REFERENCES AdejumoA.O,AkinbodewaA.A,IyaweI.O,EmmanuelA,andOgungbemiO(2018). Assessmentofknowledgeofchronicdiseaseamongnon-nephrologyNursesin Akure, South West Nigeria. Sandi journal of family http://www.sjkdt.org/text.asp?1417/2482 Asthama,H.S(1985).Theconceptofstress:APhenomenologicalapproachsocial scienceinternational,1,39-44. Baltes,B.B.,&Heydens-Gahi,H.A.(2003).Reductionofwork-familyconflictthrough theuseofselection,optimization,and compensation behaviors.Journalof AppliedPsychology,88(6),1005-1018. Bandura,A,(1977)self-efficacytowardsaunifyingtheoryofbehaviouralchange. Psychologicalreview,84,pp191-215.WalterR.H (1963)Sociallearningand personalitydevelopment.NewYork.Holt,Rinehart&Winston Berscheid,E(1995)Helpwanted:A grandtheoristofinterpersonalrelationships, sociologists or anthropologist preferred. J.Soc. pers.Relt. 12529- 533.doi:10.1177/0265407595124005 Bogels S.& Restifo,K (2014)Mindfulparenting:A guide formentalhealth practitioners.NewYork:Springersciencebusinessmedia. Bradbury,T.N.,Fincham,F.D.,andBeach,S.R.(2000).Researchonthenatureand determinantofmaritalsatisfaction:adecadeinreview.J.Marr.Fam.62,964- IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 16 980doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00964.x Burke.R.J&Green-glass,E.R(1999).Work-lifecongruenceandwork-lifeconcerns amongNursingstaff.CanadianjournalofNursingleadership,12(2),21-29. CarstensenL.L,GottmanJ.M,LevensonR.W (2010)Emotionalbehaviourinlong term marriage.Psychologyandaging10:457-470. Chaffee,S.HMcCleod,J.M.,(1991)Theconstructionofsocialreality,inJ.Tedeschi (Ed),Thesocialinfluenceprocess(pp50-59).Chicago:AldineAtherton. Dierdorff,E.C.,&Ellington,J.K.(2008),Itisthenatureofthework:examining behavior-basedsourcesofwork–familyconflictacrossoccupations.Journalof AppliedPsychology,93(4),883–892. Fincham F.D.,Beach S.R.H(2006)Relationship Satisfaction.In D.Perlman & A Vangelisti(Eds).TheCambridgehandbookofpersonalRelationship(pp579-594) Cambridge,England:Cambridge,universitypress. FowersB.J.OlsonD.H(1989)Enrichmaritalinventory,Adiscriminantvalidityand crossvalidityassessment.Journalofmaritalandfamilytherapy.15(1),65-79.doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1989.Tb00777.x. HelroydK.A,LazarusR.S,1982.Stresscopingandsomaticadaptation.InGoldberger LEab,S.editor.Handbookofstress;theoreticalandclinicalaspects,NewYork, NY:Freepress.pp.21-35. HSU,H.Y.,Chen,S.H.,Yu,H.Y.,&Lou,J.H(2010).Jobstressachievementmotivation andoccupationalburnoutamongmalenurses.Journalofadvancednursing. 66(7),1592-1601.http://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2648.05323. JohnsG.(2006).Theessentialpartofthecontextonorganisationalbehaviour, Academyofmanagementreview,31(2),386–408. Kahana E, Kahana B (1971). Theoretical and research perspectives on grandparenthood.Internationaljournalofagingandhumandevelopment.2:261- 268. IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 17 KahnR.LWolf,D.M.,Quinn,R.P.,Snoek,J.J.,Rosenthal,R.A(1964).Occupational stress:Studiesinroleconflictandambiguity,Newyork,Wiley. Kyriacou,C&SSutcliff(1978).Teacherstress:prevalence,sourcesandsymptoms. BritishJournalofeducationalPsychology,48,159-167. Lazarus,R.SandFolksman.S,(2001)cognitivetheoriesofstressandtheissueof circularity.In MH Appleyand R Trubull(Eds),(2001).Dynamicsofstress. Physiologicalandsocialperspectives(pp63–80).New York;Plenium.(2001) Stressandemotions:Anewsynthesis.Newyork.NY:Springer. LeeG&Sheham,C.L.,(1989).Retirementandmaritalsatisfaction.J.Gerontol,44, 226-230,doi:10.1093/geronj/44.6.s226. Netemeyer,R.G.,Boles,J.S..,&McMurrian,R.(1996),Developmentandvalidationof Work-family conflictand family work conflictscales.Journalofapplied psychology,81,(4),400-410. Nightingale,F.(1946).NotesonNursing:whatitis,andwhatitisnot.New York: Appleton-century. NomaguchiK.M.,&Milkie,M.A.(2003).Costsandrewardsofchildren:Theeffects ofbecomingaparentonadults’lives.JournalofMarriageandFamily,65(2), 356–374.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00356.x Oakley,A.(1984).Thesociologyofhousework.Oxford:Blackwell. Olson D.H,Fourier,D.G & Druckman J.M (1992) Counsellor’s manualfor Prepare/Enrich(revisededition).Minneapolis,M.N,Prepare/Enrich,lnc. Omolayo,B.O.(2005).Psychology ofhuman being atwork.Akure:Adeyemo publishinghouse. Oseghare,C.K (1988).An evaluation study ofMc Lean’s stressors checklist. DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofLagos. PeimanpakF,MansarL,SadeghiM,Purebrahim T.(2013)Therelationshipofjob stresswithmaritalsatisfactionandmentalhealthinnursesofTehranhospitals. IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 18 Quarterlyjournalofcareerandorganisationalcounselling.4(13).27-54. Schwartz,S,H.(2006).A theoryofculturalvalueorientations:explicationsand applications.Comp.social.5,137-182,doi:10.1163/156913306778667357. Selye,H.(1976).Thestressoflife(rev.edn).New YorkMcGraw-Hill.(1983)The stressconcept:Post,Presentandfuture.InC.L.Cooper(Ed),stressResearch: IssuesofEighties.Chiester:Wiley.nthestressoflife,New York:Mchraw-Hill bookcompany(1956). Sheridan,J.E(1978).Usefulnessofleadershipbehaviourandsocialpowervariables inpredictingjobtension,performanceandturnoverofnursingemployee.Journal ofappliedpsychology,6(3):89-95:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.63.1.89. Story,L.B&RepettiR(2006).Dailyoccupationalstressorsandmaritalbehaviour, Journaloffamilypsychology,20(4),690–700 Thibaut,J.&Kelly,H.(1989)Exchangetheoryandgroupdynamics:Apsychologyof Smallgroupbehavior.NewJersey:McGrawHill. Twenge,J.M.,Campbell,W.K.,& Foster,C.A.(2003).Parenthoodandmarital satisfaction:A meta-analyticreview.JournalofMarriageand Family,65(3), 574–583.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00574.x Wang-shengLee&TerraMckinnishi(2018).Themaritalsatisfactionofdifferently agedcouples.JournalofpopulationEconomics,springer:Europeansocietyfor populationEconomics.Vol.31(2),pages337-362. Wierda-Boer,H.H.,Gerris,J.R.M.,&Vermulst,A.A.(2009).Managingmultipleroles personality,stress,andwork-familyinterferenceindual-earnercouples.Journal ofIndividualDifferences,30(1),6-19. IJO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND NURSING ( ISSN: 2814-2098 Volume 06 | Issue 01 | January 2023 | https://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/hsn/index 19