

































 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN 

MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES. 

Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu 
Department of History and International Studies, 

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 

 
Jude A. Asenime, Ph.D. 

Department of History and International Studies, 
Delta State University, Abraka 

 
Chukwuemeka O. Ojieh, Ph.D. 

Department of History and International Studies, 
Delta State University, Abraka 

 

Abstract 

This article explores the intricate social and political dynamics shaping power relations between men and 

women traders in the vibrant commercial environments of Onitsha and Nkwo Nnewi Main Markets, two 

key economic hubs in south-eastern Nigeria. A historical glace at the political development in the two 

markets under review show that power structures and decision-making processes in these markets are 

often dominated by the male gender, especially in respect to leadership positions, leaving the female 

gender with limited opportunities for advancement in such spheres. Why? Through qualitative interviews 

and field observations, the study examines how gender influences access to resources, decision-making 

processes, and market opportunities within these trading spaces. It highlights the historical context of 

women’s participation in trade, the challenges they face, including socio-cultural biases and economic 

disparities, and the strategies employed to navigate these barriers. The findings reveal a complex 

interplay of cooperation and competition between male and female traders, highlighting instances of 

solidarity as well as conflict. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of gendered power 

relations in informal economies, showcasing the resilience of women traders and their critical role in 

local economic development. The article ultimately calls for greater recognition of gender dynamics in 

policy formulation and market regulations to promote equity within the trading sector. 

Keywords: Gender, Social, Political, Dynamics, and Markets. 

Introduction 

The economic landscape of Nigeria is marked by vibrant marketplaces that serve not only as centres for 

trade but also as sites of intricate social and political interactions. Among these marketplaces, Onitsha and 

Nkwo Nnewi Main Markets stand out due to their historical significance and the dynamic role they play 

in the regional economy of south-eastern Nigeria. These markets embody the complexities of gender 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

relations, particularly the power dynamics between male and female traders. Understanding these 

dynamics is crucial for grasping how gender influences economic participation and power structures in 

informal trading environments. 

In Nigeria, women have increasingly taken on significant roles in trade, yet they often operate within a 

social framework that imposes particular constraints. While research indicates that women traders are 

pivotal to the country’s informal economic growth (NANTS, 2024);nonetheless, these women face 

systemic barriers, including limited access to capital, discriminatory practices, and socio-cultural biases 

that marginalise their contributions (Ojinta, 2018, pp. 7-8), which has led to their zero representation in 

market union leadership positions within the period under review. Men predominantly dominate political 

positions in these markets and command higher social status within trading hierarchies. Women, on the 

other hand have created pathways to assert their agency in the marketplace (Afolabi, 2008), especially 

through organised protests and demonstrations. This duality of cooperation and competition between 

genders forms the crux of this investigation into the power relations within these markets. 

Onitsha, with its bustling port and historic trading traditions, and Nkwo Nnewi, a market deeply 

embedded in community life, present unique contexts for examining these relationships. Both markets are 

characterized by a plurality of goods ranging from textiles to automotive parts, offering insight into the 

economic behaviours and strategies employed by traders. Observational studies indicate that while 

women often dominate in the sale of certain commodities, their economic prowess is frequently 

undermined by social expectations that confine them to traditional gender roles (Aliegba et al., 2025, 

p.439). Such constraints not only hinder women's access to broader market networks but also affect their 

bargaining power in financial transactions. 

The social dynamics within these markets are also reflective of the broader political landscape in Nigeria, 

where gender inequities persist despite progressive frameworks aimed at fostering gender equality. 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

Gender relations in the marketplace are influenced by cultural narratives that dictate the roles and 

responsibilities of men and women (Ojinta, 2018; Obienusi & Chikwendu, 2020, p.176). Women traders 

often find themselves navigating a dual reality—balancing their entrepreneurial endeavours with societal 

norms that discourage assertiveness and autonomy. This phenomenon fosters a unique form of 

negotiation where women traders must assert their demands while simultaneously engaging with the 

patriarchal structures that seek to limit their power (Banco et al., 2017). 

However, the emergence of cooperative groups among women traders indicates a shift toward collective 

empowerment. These networks not only provide financial resources but also create platforms for sharing 

knowledge and strategies to effectively navigate the male-dominated marketplace (Nwankwo, 2017, p. 

25). This evolution showcases resilience and adaptability among women traders in Onitsha and Nkwo 

NnewiMain Markets, as they leverage their collective strength to challenge existing power dynamics. 

Despite the socio-political challenges, it is evident that female traders are redefining their roles and 

negotiating power within the market space. 

The focus of this article, therefore, is to unpack the social and political dynamics that govern the 

relationships between male and female traders in Onitsha and Nkwo Nnewi Main Markets. By employing 

a qualitative approach that includes interviews, participant observations, and extant literature, this study 

seeks to illuminate the complexities of these interactions and provide a holistic understanding of gendered 

power relations. Furthermore, this research intends to highlight the implications of these dynamics for 

gender equality in Nigeria's informal economy, offering insights that can inform policies aimed at 

promoting equitable access to economic opportunities. 

Social and Political Dynamics/Power Relations in the Markets, 1970 - 2022 

The social and political dynamics within Nkwo Nnewi and Onitsha Main Markets reflect the 

complex interplay of economic power, traditional hierarchies, and evolving political interests. 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

These markets are not merely centres for trade; they are vibrant socio-political arenas where 

authority, identity, and influence intersect. At the heart of these dynamics are questions about 

who controls the space, who benefits from the institutional structures in place, and how decisions 

are made and contested. Power in these markets is not evenly distributed. It flows through 

networks of associations, traditional authorities, market unions, and local government structures. 

As such, the marketplaces become mirrors of the broader society—reflecting existing 

hierarchies, contestations, and aspirations for inclusion. 

Having discussed the operational structure of the markets and established the existence of 

various market associations, other governing bodies including the local, state and federal 

governments, saw to the daily activities of the markets within the period under review, through 

the appointment of caretakers within the market unions (Innocent Ezeoha, personal 

communication, 2024). In Onitsha Main Market for instance, the Onitsha Main Market 

Amalgamated Trade Union (OMMATU) was the apex market organisation basically in charge of 

governing market activities and representing traders' interests. However, more often than not, 

this union was dissuaded from organising periodical elections, because of the State 

Government’s interest in the market, thus, giving room for the appointment of male caretakers as 

union leaders, to serve the socio-political and economic interests of these state 

stakeholders/politicians (Henry Ogbalu, personal communication, 2024).As has been established 

in the study, OMMATU's influence extended to regulating trade practices, mediating disputes, 

and liaising with governmental authorities, thereby establishing a structured hierarchy within the 

market's socio-political framework.However, the leadership landscape has not been devoid of 

challenges and it is within these challenges that one can deduce the power relations in the 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

leadership structure. Instances of internal discord have surfaced, exemplified by the crisis within 

the Onitsha Market in 2020. For example, the suspension of the Secretary-General by the 

President-General over constitutional amendments without due process highlighted tensions 

regarding governance and transparency within market unions (Ndukuba, 2020).Such conflicts 

underscore the complexities inherent in the power dynamics of market leadership, where 

authority is continually negotiated and contested. 

There is also the question of gender roles in the power dynamics of Onitsha Main 

Market.Historically, men and women have been integral to Onitsha Market's socio-economic 

fabric, engaging actively in trade and contributing to the market's vibrancy. Traditional structures 

encourage men roles in market governance, including responsibilities such as regulating prices 

and settling disputes (CiciliaIlo, personal communication, 2024). In Onitsha, the economic 

activities of female traders are vital to the local economy, yet they often face systemic barriers 

within a patriarchal framework (Uchenna Ogba, personal communication, 2024). A glance at 

table 1, for instance, affirms that male traders typically dominate the leadership positions in the 

market. They also occupy most of the higher-value trades and have greater access to capital, 

which reinforces their power in setting market prices and determining trade norms; unlike the 

female traders (Obiageri Echeka, personal communication, 2024). This disparity reflects broader 

societal norms that prioritise male authority and limit women's access to resources, despite both 

gender’s contributions towards the development of the market. Thus, the power dynamics in 

Onitsha Main Market are influenced by cultural expectations surrounding gender roles; where 

women are often expected to fulfil traditional roles related to family and domestic 

responsibilities while simultaneously engaging in trade (Pierotti et al., 2022). A respondent 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

asserted that the dual activity of domestic responsibility and trade often constrain women’s 

economic opportunities and limit their visibility in market governance structures (Joseph Okeke, 

personal communication, 2024). Nevertheless, these female traders often engage in strategic 

protests to drive their points home, allowing for collective bargaining and increased visibility in 

decision-making processes within the marketplace (Chisom Ekwunife, personal communication, 

2025). Contemporary developments indicate that indeed, women traders, particularly widows, 

have faced challenges concerning power dynamics and access to resources in the market. A good 

example can be seen in 2022, when over 500 women traders protested against their ejection from 

Pocket Layout Market, Woliwo, Onitsha, citing unauthorized demolitions and loss of livelihoods 

(Vanguard News, 2022). These incidents reflect ongoing struggles for equitable representation 

and rights within the market's socio-political landscape. More details on the place of women and 

their activities in the markets under study are presented in the preceding section of the chapter. 

Albeit these challenges, female traders have carved out significant roles in the market, often 

specialising in retailed fabric sales, perishable goods and consumer items where they can exert 

influence, contribute to the development of the State, and establish networks of support among 

their peers (Chidozie Okeke, personal communication, 2024).Such organised protests provide a 

platform through which women advocate for their interests and challenge the patriarchal 

structures that seek to marginalize them. 

There are other areas of conflicts and disputes which mirror the social and political dynamics of 

the market and which underscore the power relations therein. Worthy to note is that the socio-

political landscape in Onitsha Main Market is marked by both formal and informal power 

dynamics that emerge from the interactions between male and female traders. For example, 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

while men may hold formal leadership roles, women often exert significant influence through 

informal networks and social capital, which in some cases subvert traditional power hierarchies 

(Kenneth Onyeka and Oby Ike, personal communications, 2024). During a personal interview 

with Kenneth Onyeka (one of the past caretakers at Onitsha main market), he hinted that 

although most private land spaces in the market are controlled by the men–in respect to 

space/shop allocation, women often take advantage of their social network with their fathers, 

uncles, husbands, or male political acquaintances; to acquire these spaces in the markets. The 

ability of female traders to mobilise resources and support from their networks has been crucial 

in negotiating better trading conditions and asserting their position within the market. Through 

such actions, they challenge oppressive norms and play a critical role in shaping the socio-

economic cum political landscape of the market (Francis, 2022). This dynamic illustrates a 

nuanced interplay between gender and market politics, revealing that while patriarchal structures 

are pervasive, they are also contested and redefined through the actions and experiences of 

female traders. In fact, land ownership and infrastructural developments have been central to 

disputes within Onitsha Main Market. In 2022, for example, clashes between market women and 

the Ukwa family over land claims led to the destruction of goods and shops, highlighting the 

volatility of property rights and the impact on traders' livelihoods (Punch Newspapers, 2022). 

Similarly, tensions arose in 2023 when traders protested against planned demolitions by local 

government authorities, fearing displacement and loss of economic stability (Opinion Nigeria, 

2023). These conflicts underscore the intricate power relations involving traders, traditional 

landowners, and governmental bodies, each vying for control and influence over the market 

space. 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

Lastly, there is the link between political influence and market governance in the Onitsha Main 

Market. The market's governance has been subject to political influences, with leadership 

transitions often reflecting broader political dynamics. Innocent Ezeoha, the current caretaker at 

Onitsha main market, shared that the OMMATU constitution which allows for a 3 years 

tenureship has continued to be overridden by various State Government, with their constant 

appointment of Caretakers as leaders of the union to oversee market activities, rather than follow 

the electioneering process stipulated by the OMMATU constitution (Ezeoha, personal 

communication, 2024).  In 2021, for instance, former market leaders and stakeholders called for 

elections to replace caretaker committees, emphasising the need for democratically elected 

representatives to enhance legitimacy and address traders' concerns effectively (Vanguard News, 

2021). Such calls indicate a push towards more transparent and accountable governance 

structures within the market, aiming to balance power relations and ensure that leadership 

reflects the collective will of the traders.  

In all, between 1970 and 2022, Onitsha Main Market has navigated a multifaceted socio-political 

terrain characterised by evolving leadership structures, gender dynamics, land disputes, and 

political interventions. The market's resilience and adaptability amidst these challenges 

underscore its significance as a commercial nucleus in West Africa. Understanding these 

dynamics is crucial for formulating policies and interventions that promote equitable governance, 

protect traders' rights, and sustain the market's economic vitality. 

In Nkwo Nnewi Main Market, power relations are shaped by deeply entrenched social structures 

and trade-specific hierarchies. Leaders of trade associations such as the Agbo-Edo Motor Spare 

Parts Dealers Association (AMSPDA), the Agbo-Edo Timber Dealers Association, or the Nkwo 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

Nnewi Butchers Union, among others, play significant roles in controlling access to trade stalls, 

mediating disputes, and liaising with governmental and non-governmental actors. By 

constitution, the leaders of these associations are typically elected in a two years non-renewable 

tenure, but in practice, while the few cases of elections in the market were mostly influenced by 

social capital, ethnic affiliations, and economic clout; the State government prefers to appoint 

male union leaders, just like in the case of Onitsha main market. A trader’s rise to leadership 

within the period under review often depended not just on competence, but also on their ability 

to forge alliances across various socio-economic networks (Linus Odo, personal communication, 

2025). For instance, chairmen/caretakers of associations leverage their relationships with local 

government officials or traditional rulers to consolidate their influence. In this way, political 

power is both formal—through elections and constitutional roles—and informal—through 

personal connections and clienteles relationships (Onuoha, 2014, p. 88). 

The political character of these markets becomes particularly pronounced during election 

periods. Politicians, aware of the organisational strength and numerical size of market unions, 

often court their support in exchange for patronage or policy concessions. Leaders of major 

market associations are known to mobilise their members for political campaigns, essentially 

transforming the market into a voting bloc (Obiageri Ike, personal communication, 2024). In 

return, these leaders receive political appointments or enjoy preferential access to government 

contracts and influence over local policy decisions. This transactional relationship blurs the lines 

between commerce and politics, turning market leadership into a politically strategic role rather 

than merely an administrative one (Obiageri Ike, personal communication, 2024). In some 

instances, this has led to the politicisation of internal market elections, where aspiring leaders 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

seek external political backing to secure positions—sometimes to the detriment of the market’s 

cohesion and autonomy (Chukwu, 2019, p. 56).One notable instance occurred in 2018, when the 

New Auto Motorcycle Spare Parts (NASPA) market faced a protracted leadership crisis. The 

market had been without elected executives since August 2017, leading to growing discontent 

among traders. In response, members under the aegis of the Aspirants Forum of NASPA 

organized protests and submitted petitions to the Public Complaints Commission (PCC), 

accusing the Anambra State Ministry of Trade, Commerce and Wealth Creation of frustrating 

efforts to conduct elections (Ndukuba, 2018). They alleged that the caretaker committee 

chairman, Mr. Obinna Okechukwu, was paying substantial sums to the ministry to perpetuate his 

stay in office and avoid elections, thereby exploiting traders and undermining democratic 

processes within the market (Ndukuba, 2018).  

This mobilisation was not merely about internal market leadership but also reflected broader 

political tensions. The traders' (men and women) actions highlighted their desire for transparent 

and democratic governance, both within the market and in the wider political landscape. By 

protesting and seeking intervention from the PCC, the traders demonstrated their agency and 

willingness to challenge perceived injustices, signalling the influential role market leaders and 

traders can play in shaping political discourse and action in Nkwo Nnewi Main Market. 

Social stratification within the markets also reflects broader societal divisions. Class, gender, and 

generational differences play a central role in shaping the experience of traders and their access 

to opportunities. One key aspect of the socio-political dynamics in Nkwo Nnewi is the formation 

of women’s associations/cooperatives, such as the Nnewi Market Women Association, through 

which they carry out such protests. The group, within the period under review, served as 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

essential platforms for collective bargaining and negotiation. Female traders band together 

through such groups to address common issues such as market security, price regulation, and 

access to resources (Chinenye Ukpo, personal communication, 2024). These cooperative efforts 

empower women by amplifying their voices in market governance, especially through protests, 

allowing them to advocate for conditions that better serve their interests while challenging the 

patriarchal norms that tend to marginalise them. By fostering solidarity, these associations not 

only strengthen the economic bargaining power of female traders but also promote social 

cohesion among women, leading to an increased sense of community and mutual support 

(Krawcyzk et al., 2023). Recent decades, have witnessed women traders in not just Onitsha, but 

also in Nnewi continue this legacy by organising protests against market levies, corruption in 

leadership elections, and exploitative regulations. These actions illustrate how social dynamics 

within the market can serve both to entrench inequality and to become sites of resistance and 

agency. Power is thus negotiated continuously, with subordinate groups asserting their rights 

through both formal mechanisms and informal strategies of influence and protest (Okeke, 2017, 

p. 43). 

In addition, the markets are sites where traditional authority and modern governance coexist, 

sometimes harmoniously, other times contentiously. In Nnewi, the traditional ruler (Igwe) plays 

a cultural and symbolic role in market affairs, often consulted during major conflicts or 

infrastructural decisions. The involvement of traditional authorities in market governance helps 

to maintain social order, but it can also complicate administrative processes when traditional 

prerogatives clash with democratic market union policies or statutory governmental directives. 

This dual authority structure underscores the hybrid nature of power in Nigerian markets, where 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

modern democratic forms of organization coexist with customary governance systems. The 

balance of power between these institutions is often fluid, negotiated through constant interaction 

and compromise (Ezeani, 2015, p. 112). 

Another dimension of power relations in the markets is tied to spatial organization and access. 

Physical space in both Nkwo Nnewi and Onitsha Main Markets is a scarce and highly contested 

resource. The allocation of stalls and shops often reflects existing power dynamics. Wealthier 

traders with better political connections or long-standing tenure are more likely to occupy prime 

locations with higher foot traffic. Conversely, new entrants and smaller traders who are mostly 

the women are relegated to the peripheries or operate in temporary structures vulnerable to 

eviction. These spatial inequalities are further exacerbated by periodic demolitions and 

relocations, often justified in the name of modernisation or urban renewal but perceived by 

traders as punitive or exclusionary. Thus, the spatial politics of the market also becomes a means 

through which social hierarchies are reproduced (Nze, 2020, p. 74). Be that as it may, the 

informal networks that women create play a crucial role in shaping market dynamics. Through 

kinship ties and communal relationships, female traders leverage social capital to negotiate better 

prices and secure favourable trading conditions—practices often overlooked by male 

counterparts who dominate formal trade negotiations (Obi Ezigbogu, personal communication, 

2024). This often include mutual support systems where traders share information about market 

trends, suppliers, and customer preferences, thereby enhancing their competitive edge and 

resilience against market fluctuations (Martha Chigbo, personal communication, 2024).Despite 

the challenges posed by male dominance in market governance, the presence and active 

engagement of women traders contribute to shifting power dynamics. Their growing visibility 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

and assertiveness in decision-making arenas catalyze broader discussions about gender roles and 

economic participation. Both genders involvement in market politics, either formally or 

informally, challenges traditional norms or pushes for a re-evaluation of gendered expectations 

surrounding their contributions towards development. The study strongly posits that the growing 

recognition of women’s roles in the market laid foundations for the gradual transformation of 

power relations, encouraging a more equitable distribution of authority and resources. 

In a nutshell/conclusively, the informal power dynamics between male and female traders in 

Onitsha and Nkwo Nnewi Main Markets significantly influence market governance and 

decision-making processes. In this case where formal leadership structures are often male-

dominated, female traders have developed nuanced strategies to exercise agency and influence 

within these frameworks. They often organise themselves into cooperatives/associations such as 

the Onitsha women group under the aegis of Onitsha Leadership and Entrepreneurship Centre - 

OLEC - (Oby Ike, personal communication, 2024),and also engage in protests against 

unfavourable policies within the markets, providing a collective voice that can challenge male 

dominance in market governance (Okon kwo, 2016). Such groups enable these women to pool 

resources, share knowledge, and negotiate better trading conditions collectively. This collective 

action enhances their visibility and power in decision-making processes rather than relying on 

individual capital or standing. Their organised efforts have been instrumental in advocating for 

policy changes that also benefit female traders, highlighting a structured form of informal 

influence that can counterbalance the dominating authority held by their male counter parts. 

Moreover, the informal networks that women establish play a pivotal role in influencing 

transaction dynamics within the market. Women frequently employ social capital, built through 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

kinship ties and communal relationships, to negotiate better prices and secure favourable trading 

conditions (Ike Egbuna, personal communication, 2024). For instance, women often rely on 

relationships with male traders to access goods that are in high demand or negotiate prices in 

ways that undercut the competitive edge typically held by male traders (ChinyereIkpe, personal 

communication, 2024). This informal bargaining power is crucial, as it allows female traders to 

navigate the patriarchal structures that would otherwise limit their economic agency 

(ChinyereIkpe, personal communication, 2024).In respect to ownership of stalls/shops, the 

patriarchal nature of property or land ownership in most Igbo societies create male dominance of 

such structures in these markets. In fact, empirical data gotten from interviews and observation 

of sixty (60) randomly selected shops with female presence at both Onitsha and Nkwo Nnewi 

Main markets buttressed that there were comparatively a handful of women traders with 

ownership to stalls/shops, or engaged in medium and high level capital expenditure category of 

retail trading. The sample size consisted of a total of thirty (30) shops, each, in Onitsha and 

Nkwo Nnewi Main Markets, respectively. Among the thirty women interviewed in each of the 

shops at Onitsha main market, six of the women were female traders who claimed to have no 

level of financial ownership of their shops, which were just an extension of that of their 

husbands; thirteen of the women were sales girls who were either helping a male relative who 

owned the shop, or working to earn a living; eight of these women claimed part ownership with 

their husbands; two were widows who took control their husband’s businesses; and only one 

claimed to have set up her fabrics business by herself and had full ownership, although she 

hinted that she got the shop through the help of a friend who is a government official. In Nkwo 

Nnewi Main Market on the other hand, the thirty (30) random shops which had female presence, 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

had the following data below: four of the females interviewed, worked with their husbands and 

claimed part ownership; ten females manned the shops for their husbands with the assistance of 

an apprentice; six claimed part ownership of the shops with their husbands, however, they also 

admitted that major financial decisions were made in conjunction with her husband; six of the 

female traders hinted that  their husbands set up the shop originally, but, no longer demanded 

that they give account of the shop to him; three gained ownership of their shops through their 

male acquaintances– who still disguise as owners of the shops; and one inherited the shop from 

her late husband. The backdrop intimates the power dynamics that take place amongst gender in 

stall/shop ownerships in these markets, with the men having major control of the outcomes. 

These markets are not only economic spaces but also arenas of political negotiation and social 

contestation. Power is exercised through formal institutions like market unions and informal 

networks based on kinship, patronage, and cultural authority. While these structures have 

enabled the markets to thrive and self-regulate, they have also generated exclusions and 

contestations that mirror the inequalities of the broader society. Understanding these dynamics is 

critical for any intervention aimed at improving governance, promoting inclusivity, or enhancing 

the efficiency of these vital economic institutions. 

Conclusion 

The exploration of social and political dynamics between male and female traders in Onitsha and 

Nkwo Nnewi Main Markets reveals a multifaceted landscape marked by both collaborative 

enterprises and contentious power relations. This study has aimed to unpack the complexities 

inherent in these gender relationships, highlighting the plurality of experiences faced by women 

traders in a system that often privileges male actors. The intersection of gender, trade, and power 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

within these marketplaces serves not only as a reflection of broader societal norms but also as a 

critical lens through which to analyse the dynamics of Nigeria’s informal economy. 

The findings of this research underscore the persistent challenges women traders face, including 

limited access to financial resources, meager participation in decision-making processes, and the 

burden of societal expectations (Ojinta, 2018). Yet, amidst these challenges, women demonstrate 

remarkable resilience and ingenuity, often creating alliances that allow for the negotiation of 

their roles within the market. This duality—of striving for empowerment while contending with 

entrenched gender norms—points to significant implications for the future of gender equality in 

Nigeria’s economy. 

One of the key implications of these dynamics is the urgent need to recognise and address the 

structural inequalities that inhibit women traders from fully participating in the economic 

landscape. The informal economy, which is a significant component of Nigeria’s overall 

economic activity, is often overlooked in policy discussions. Yet, as evidenced by the 

experiences of traders in Onitsha and Nkwo Nnewi Main Market, this sector is crucial to 

understanding gender dynamics. Policymakers must therefore prioritise the informal economy in 

gender policy frameworks, not merely acknowledging women’s contributions but actively 

facilitating their access to resources and networks. 

To promote gender equality, policies must be tailored to dismantle barriers that women face in 

trading environments. It is essential to create more inclusive financial systems that recognise the 

unique situations of female traders (Banco et al., 2017). For instance, microfinance initiatives 

should prioritise women’s access to credit and support services, offering tailored loan structures 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

that consider the realities of their businesses. Moreover, providing training programs in financial 

literacy and business management would equip women with the necessary skills to navigate 

market dynamics effectively (Nwankwo, 2017). Initiatives that promote female entrepreneurship, 

such as incubation programs or grants targeted at women-owned businesses, could further bolster 

their financial independence. 

Furthermore, it is imperative to foster collaborative approaches among female traders that can 

enhance their bargaining power and social networks. The emergence of cooperative societies 

among women traders is a vital step toward collective empowerment (Nwankwo, 2017). 

Policymakers and development practitioners should facilitate the establishment and sustenance 

of these cooperatives by providing training in cooperative management and advocacy, enabling 

women to articulate their collective needs in market negotiations more effectively. This could 

lead to more substantial impact in market policies that have historically favored male traders. 

In addition to economic strategies, there is a pressing need for cultural shifts that challenge 

existing stereotypes and gender norms. Education plays a crucial role in this transformation. 

Awareness campaigns that address gender biases and highlight the contributions of women 

traders can change societal perceptions and encourage a more equitable treatment of female 

traders (Brendon et al., n.d.). Incorporating gender studies into educational curricula can equip 

future generations with a stronger understanding of equity and the value of inclusivity in 

economic participation. 

Crucially, the involvement of male traders in discussions about gender equality in the market can 

facilitate a more balanced power dynamic. Creating forums where men and women traders can 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

engage in dialogue about challenges and opportunities for collaboration can foster understanding 

and reduce competition based on gender (Ewell & Rietveld, 2025). By advocating for shared 

values of respect and equity, traders can work together to create an environment where all actors, 

regardless of gender, can thrive. 

The Implications of these social and political dynamics extend beyond the immediate context of 

Onitsha and Nkwo Nnewi. They resonate throughout Nigeria’s informal economy and inform the 

broader discourse on gender equality in Africa. As nations across the continent grapple with the 

need for economic development, acknowledging the contributions of women in informal markets 

is essential. Equitable access to economic opportunities not only empowers women but also 

catalyses overall economic growth. 

In other words, the power relations between male and female traders in Onitsha and Nkwo 

Nnewi Main Markets serve as a microcosm of the broader gender dynamics within Nigeria’s 

informal economy. The interplay of resistance and resilience exemplified by women traders is 

critical to the discourse on gender equality. As this study elucidates, addressing the systemic 

barriers women face, fostering collaborative networks, and encouraging cultural shifts are vital 

steps toward promoting equitable access to economic opportunities. A comprehensive approach 

that integrates policy initiatives, educational reforms, and community engagement can pave the 

way for a more inclusive economic future—one where the strengths of both male and female 

traders are recognised and valued in equal measure. Therefore, it is imperative that 

stakeholders—from policymakers to community leaders and traders themselves—commit to 

fostering an environment that embraces gender equity as a cornerstone of economic development 

in Nigeria. 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

“GENDER AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN ONITSHA AND NKWO NNEWI MAIN MARKETS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES." 

 

 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                      Chinyere Phillis Chikwendu*  

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 07 || July, 2025 || 

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