

































 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND 
IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 

 
Peter Archibong Essoh 1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3, 

¹Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Uyo, Nigeria 
²Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Akwa Ibom 

State University, Nigeria 
³Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria 

 
Abstract: Nigeria is faced with the problem of corruption. Successive governments in the country had 
established several anti-corruption agencies to investigate, prosecute and prevent corrupt practices across 
the public and private sectors. Nigeria’s anti-corruption agencies include the Economic and Financial 
Crimes Commission (EFCC), Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission 
(ICPC), Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT), Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB) and others. This paper 
assessed the challenges confronting anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria and the implications of these 
challenges for national development. Using secondary sources, such as internet, academic journals, 
textbooks, legal statutes, government publications, periodicals and policy documents, the data were 
analysed using thematic-content analysis. The findings indicated that Nigeria’s anti-graft institutions face 
deep-rooted structural and operational challenges that severely limit their effectiveness, especially in 
handling high-profile corruption cases. These limitations not only encourage impunity and diminish public 
trust in the justice system but also lead to the mismanagement of public resources, poor governance, and 
service delivery failures. Consequently, corruption becomes entrenched, exacerbating poverty, inequality, 
and underdevelopment across key sectors, while also undermining investor confidence, weakening 
democratic institutions, and endangering the country’s socio-economic stability and development. The 
paper recommended comprehensive reforms to strengthen Nigeria’s anti-graft efforts by ensuring the 
autonomy and capacity of agencies like the EFCC and ICPC through legal protections, adequate funding, 
and modern investigative tools. It also calls for an overhaul of the judicial system to expedite corruption 
cases, including the creation of special courts, strict case timelines, and improved judicial accountability, 
all aimed at restoring public trust and reinforcing the rule of law. 

 
Keywords: Anti-Corruption Agencies, Challenges, Implications, National Development 

 
 

I.INTRODUCTION 
 

Corruption continues to pose a serious threat globally (Igwe, 2025; Babasola, 2020). The First Pension 
Custodian (2022) conceptualised corruption as any form of abuse of entrusted power for personal gain and 
may include but is not limited to bribery.In Africa, especially in Nigeria, corruption has deeply infiltrated 
nearly every aspect of national life (Nnorom, 2019), weakening institutional performance, eroding public 
confidence, and hindering development (Igwe, 2025; Adamaagashiet al., 2023). It stands as Nigeria’s most 
pressing obstacle to sustainable development (Asangausung & Brown, 2025; Ikpeze, 2013).Although 
various anti-corruption bodies like the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the 
Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), and the Code of Conduct 
Bureau (CCB) have been established, corruption remains widespread and often goes unaddressed (Azeez 
&Ajibowu-Yekini, 2018). These agencies were designed to investigate, prosecute, and prevent corrupt 
activities (Jamiu, 2021), yet their effectiveness has been compromised by structural weaknesses, 
operational inefficiencies, and political interference (Ikpeze, 2013). Reflecting this ongoing challenge, 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

Nigeria ranked 140th out of 180 countries on the 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index published by 
Transparency International (Igwe, 2025). 
 
The persistence of high-profile corruption cases and the apparent inability of anti-graft agencies to secure 
timely and effective prosecutions raise serious concerns about the institutional capacity and integrity of 
Nigeria’s anti-corruption framework (Adamaagashi et al., 2023). To fight against corruption, successive 
governments have established the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and Independent 
Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). Other agencies include the Code of 
Conduct Bureau (CCB), Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), Nigerian Extractive Industries 
Transparency Initiative (NEITI) and Public Complaints Commission. 
 
These agencies play a crucial role in preventing, investigating and prosecuting corruption cases in 
Nigeria. The ICPC and EFCC, in particular, have been established to address corruption within the public 
sector and the private sector, respectively. The ICPC, for instance, has the power to seize assets of public 
officials accused of corruption and to demand financial information (Asangausung and Brown, 2025). The 
establishment of these agencies is a testament to Nigeria’s commitment to combating corruption, a 
challenge that has long been a concern for the country. While these agencies have made strides in 
addressing corruption, challenges remain and ongoing efforts are needed to further strengthen anti-
corruption measures and promote a culture of integrity.Recently, Sanni (2021) reported that over the last 
two decades, Nigeria’s anti-corruption agencies have arrested, investigated and prosecuted suspects and 
recovered roughly N900 billion (about $2.2 billion) in stolen assets. This effort is not enough compared to 
the level of corruption in the country.  
 
Scholars such as Ekweremadu (2021) have argued that despite formal legal mandates, anti-graft agencies 
suffer from chronic underfunding, lack of skilled personnel and weak enforcement capacity. These 
limitations are compounded by the politicisation of anti-corruption efforts, which often results in selective 
investigations and prosecutions based on political interests rather than legal merit.Azeez and Ajibowu-
Yekini (2018) affirm that while the EFCC and Code of Conduct Bureau have recorded notable 
achievements, the ICPC’s relatively sluggish approach underscores the uneven performance among anti-
corruption institutions. This disparity reflects deeper systemic issues including overlapping mandates, 
inter-agency rivalry and lack of a unified strategy in combating graft. 
 
Ewaet al. (2019) highlights internal weaknesses such as poor commitment to ethical standards, 
accountability and transparency within the agencies themselves—factors that erode public trust and limit 
the scope for institutional reform. Furthermore, external societal dynamics and institutional shortcomings 
continue to constrain anti-graft efforts. Nnado and Ugwu (2015) observe that public apathy, lack of civic 
engagement and limited whistle-blower protections discourage citizens from reporting corruption. The 
absence of an effective witness protection system and the risk of victimisation have further curtailed public 
cooperation. Umoru-Oki (2019), in his comparative study of Nigeria and Uganda, contends that anti-
corruption frameworks in both countries often fail due to weak policy implementation and a lack of 
sustained political will. 
 
The impact of corruption extends beyond institutional inefficiencies to broader developmental 
consequences. Abu (2022) and Nwosu (2023) argue that the gap between Nigeria’s robust legal 
frameworks and weak enforcement mechanisms renders anti-corruption efforts largely symbolic. This gap 
allows public officials to embezzle resources meant for critical sectors like education, healthcare and 
infrastructure, exacerbating poverty, inequality and underdevelopment. From a legal standpoint, the 
Jigawa State Ministry of Justice (2023) underscores how corruption compromises judicial integrity, delays 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

justice delivery and contributes to insecurity by weakening the rule of law. Moreover, Olujobi (2023) 
highlights that even in revenue-generating sectors such as petroleum, anti-corruption statutes are 
ineffectively enforced, reflecting the larger problem of political interference and regulatory failure. 
Abomaye-Nimenibo (2022) adds that corruption perpetuates poor governance, moral decay and leadership 
failure, all of which inhibit economic growth and social stability. 
 
Against this backdrop, this study addressed a critical gap in the literature by assessing the challenges 
confronting anti-graft institutions and assess their implications for national development, using recent 
secondary data. While existing studies have explored various structural, operational and societal obstacles 
to effective anti-corruption efforts, they often do so within specific institutional or temporal confines, 
lacking a unified framework that connects these challenges directly to national development outcomes. 
Moreover, much of the prior research predates recent policy shifts, institutional reforms and socio-political 
developments that may have reshaped the anti-corruption landscape. 
 
By focusing on the current dynamics and integrating institutional analysis with developmental impact, this 
study moves beyond isolated critiques of agency performance to examine how systemic limitations, such 
as politicisation, inter-agency rivalry and legal enforcement gaps, collectively undermine governance, 
economic progress and social stability. In doing so, the study provides a timely and comprehensive 
reassessment of anti-graft efforts, offering fresh insights into how entrenched weaknesses in institutional 
frameworks are impeding Nigeria’s developmental trajectory. This integrative and updated perspective is 
largely missing from earlier works, thereby positioning the study to make a valuable contribution to both 
academic discourse and policy formulation. 
 
II. Conceptualisation and Literature Review 
 
Anti-Corruption Agencies 
Nigeria operates a multi-agency framework for combating corruption, with various institutions established 
to investigate, prosecute and prevent corrupt practices across the public and private sectors. Anti-
corruption is defined as all measures and mechanisms for controlling corruption (Babasola, 2020). These 
measures and mechanisms include the establishment of anti-corruption agencies such as the Economic and 
Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences 
Commission (ICPC), Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB), Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT) and Nigerian 
Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU). Others include, the Public Complaints Commission (PCC), Special 
Investigation Panel (SIP), Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), Servicom (Civil Service Reform), Due 
Process Review and Public Procurement (DPRPP) and the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency 
Initiative (NEITI). 

These agencies function based on distinct statutory mandates but are united in their objective of promoting 
ethical governance, transparency and accountability. Their core responsibilities include investigating 
financial crimes, prosecuting offenders, sanctioning defaulters and periodically conducting research to 
identify corruption risks. This enables the development of targeted strategies for curbing financial 
misconduct and enhancing integrity in public administration (Ayozie, 2025; Asangausung et al., 2024; 
Abu, 2022). 

In addition to enforcement, these agencies play a preventive and advisory role by formulating anti-
corruption policies, monitoring compliance with due process in procurement and fostering public 
awareness and education on the consequences of corruption. Through these functions, they contribute to 
strengthening governance institutions and improving public trust in the Nigerian state. However, as Ikpeze 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

(2013) observes, several challenges impede the effectiveness of these agencies. Key issues include human 
rights abuses, disobedience to court orders, executive manipulation through function-switching and a lack 
of inter-agency coordination, which often results in overlapping functions, duplication of efforts and 
institutional conflicts. 

Corruption 

Babasola (2020) observes that the concept of corruption is difficult to define. He defined corruption as an 
abuse of power for private gain. Scholars posited that the term corruption includes ‘all the forms of 
improper or selfish exercise of power and influence attached to a public as well as private office’. The 
Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Act (LFN, 2000), submitted that corruption include bribery, 
fraud and other related offences. Offences punishable include: willful giving and receipt of bribes and 
gratification to influence a public duty, fraudulent acquisition and receipt of properties, deliberate 
frustration of investigation by the anti-corruption commission (ICPC), making false returns, making of 
false or misleading statements to the anti-corruption commission, attempts, conspiracies and abetments of 
offences under the Act. 

National Development 
National development is a comprehensive, holistic and dynamic process aimed at improving the overall 
well-being of a nation’s citizens across multiple dimensions. It encompasses balanced progress in the 
economic, political, social, cultural, scientific, technological and ecological spheres of national life. 
According to Khosla (2019), it involves enhancing both individual and societal welfare through 
advancements in sectors such as industry, agriculture, education, health and governance. 
 
As defined by India Free Notes (2019), national development includes integrated growth in public welfare, 
infrastructure and governance, tailored to a country’s unique needs and contexts. This development 
process is not static but evolves with changing national goals and priorities. Adagbabiri and Okolie (2016) 
highlight the importance of sustainability and human dignity, arguing that national development should 
lead to both material and spiritual betterment, underpinned by the effective utilisation of a nation’s 
resources for the common good. 
 
Idike (2014) underscores that national development must lead to a reduction in inequality and promote the 
security of lives and property, ensuring that the majority of citizens experience tangible improvements in 
their quality of life. Similarly, Okeke and Idike (2016) stress that national development should foster 
social harmony, including the elimination of inter-ethnic antagonisms and the promotion of peaceful inter-
group relations. Therefore, in the context of this study, national development refers to progressive and 
sustainable transformations in all critical facets of a nation’s existence; economic, social, political, 
demographic, cultural, technological and ecological achieved in a way that safeguards both present and 
future generations. 
 

Challenges of Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption Agencies and Implications for National Development 

The role of anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria has attracted considerable scholarly attention due to the 
centrality of corruption in undermining national development. Although successive governments have 
established and empowered institutions such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), 
the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and the Code of 
Conduct Bureau (CCB), evidence suggests that these agencies face significant structural, operational and 
political constraints that impair their effectiveness. 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

Ekweremadu (2021) highlights capacity challenges as major limitations to the effectiveness of Nigeria’s 
anti-corruption agencies. Despite their formal powers to investigate and prosecute corrupt individuals, 
persistent corruption continues unabated due to legal loopholes, poor funding, inadequate personnel and 
the pervasive politicisation of anti-corruption efforts, which undermines the legitimacy of these 
institutions. In a similar vein, Azeez and Ajibowu-Yekini (2018) affirm the significance of anti-corruption 
agencies in combating graft, noting that while the EFCC and the Code of Conduct Bureau have made 
meaningful impacts, the ICPC has been less effective due to operational sluggishness. Their study, 
grounded in survey research, supports the notion that institutional performance varies, but the overall role 
of these bodies remains essential. 

Ewaet al. (2019) further problematise the effectiveness of anti-graft agencies, citing widespread 
deficiencies such as lack of commitment to ethical standards, rule of law, transparency and accountability. 
These internal governance issues have eroded public trust and limited the agencies’ ability to effect 
systemic change. Umoru-Oki’s (2019) comparative study of Nigeria and Uganda underscores the defective 
nature of anti-corruption frameworks in both countries. His findings, based on World Governance 
Indicators, point to the inadequacy of policy measures, which are often fraught with inconsistencies and 
lack real impact in curbing corruption. Abu (2022) and Nwosu (2023) both emphasize the disconnection 
between legal frameworks and practical implementation. While Nigeria has enacted numerous anti-
corruption laws, enforcement remains weak due to political interference, inadequate resources and 
inefficiencies in the justice system. These gaps make the legal regime more symbolic than effective. 

Nnado and Ugwu (2015) shed light on external societal and internal organisational factors that hinder the 
EFCC’s performance, including lack of public cooperation, poor staff capacity and systemic disorder. 
These findings align with those of Awopeju (2022), who observed that despite playing advisory roles and 
participating in policy implementation, the overall impact of anti-corruption agencies on governance 
remains limited due to weak institutional relevance in shaping policy outcomes. In the context of specific 
sectors, Olujobi (2023) reveals that in Nigeria’s upstream petroleum industry, anti-corruption statutes are 
largely ineffective. The study attributes this to feeble enforcement, lack of political will and non-
implementation of regulations, further affirming the systemic challenges confronting the anti-graft fight. 

From a broader developmental perspective, Abomaye-Nimenibo (2022) argues that corruption negatively 
affects economic development by promoting bad governance, poor infrastructure, moral decay and 
leadership failure, which collectively stunt national growth. The Jigawa State Ministry of Justice (2023) 
adds a legal dimension, asserting that corruption undermines public trust in the justice system, contributes 
to insecurity, discourages investment and delays judicial processes. This erosion of justice has grave 
implications for societal stability and economic progress, thereby further hindering national development. 

In summary, key challenges identified include, legal and constitutional loopholes, insufficient funding and 

personnel, politicisation of anti-corruption efforts, weak judicial system and enforcement mechanisms, 

public apathy and lack of societal cooperation, poor governance within anti-corruption institutions, 

absence of political will and sector-specific regulatory failures. The persistent weaknesses in Nigeria’s 

anti-corruption framework significantly impair national development. Corruption compromises economic 

growth, political stability, social equity and institutional integrity. Until structural reforms are 

implemented to enhance the independence, capacity and credibility of anti-corruption agencies, their 

contribution to national development will remain marginal. 

 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

Theoretical Framework 
This study is grounded in Susan Rose-Ackerman’s Political Economy Theory of Corruption, which offers 
a structural and institutional explanation of corrupt practices. Developed in 1978, the theory contends that 
corruption thrives in systems where public officials wield significant discretionary power and 
monopolistic control over state resources without corresponding mechanisms of accountability. In such 
environments, institutional design, rather than individual morality is central to understanding why public 
officials often prioritise self-interest over the public good. Corruption, according to this theory, emerges 
not as a personal moral failing but as a predictable outcome of flawed institutional arrangements and 
incentive structures that reward rent-seeking behavior and allow impunity. 
 
This theoretical lens is particularly relevant to Nigeria’s context, where anti-graft institutions such as the 
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other 
Related Offences Commission (ICPC) often operate under the shadow of political interference. Despite 
their formal mandates to investigate and prosecute corrupt acts, these agencies face operational constraints 
stemming from selective enforcement, lack of prosecutorial independence and manipulation by political 
elites. Their broad discretionary powers are frequently exercised in opaque ways, undermined further by 
weak oversight mechanisms and ineffective internal controls. These structural weaknesses, rather than 
isolated missteps, reflect a broader power dynamic where political elites strategically weaken anti-
corruption frameworks to serve their interests. 
 
Within this framework, the persistence of corruption in Nigeria is not incidental but symptomatic of a 
governance structure that discourages transparency and accountability. Public resources meant for critical 
sectors such as healthcare, education, infrastructure and economic development are routinely diverted, 
eroding public trust, deterring investment and weakening the legitimacy of state institutions. This 
institutional decay ultimately constrains national development and entrenches inequality and inefficiency 
in the governance system. 
 
While the Political Economy Theory provides a powerful analytical tool, it is not without limitations. Its 
reliance on rational choice assumptions may oversimplify the complex motivations behind corrupt 
behavior, particularly in culturally diverse and socially stratified contexts like Nigeria. By focusing 
primarily on formal institutions and incentive structures, the theory may neglect informal networks, 
patronage systems and socio-cultural norms that perpetuate corruption. Moreover, it does not fully address 
underlying structural issues such as poverty, unemployment and systemic inequality, which can drive 
individuals to engage in corrupt acts as a survival strategy. 
 
Despite these critiques, the theory remains a robust and pragmatic framework for understanding the 
institutional dynamics that impede the effectiveness of Nigeria’s anti-corruption agencies. It emphasises 
the need for comprehensive reforms that promote accountability, reduce political interference and 
strengthen institutional autonomy. More importantly, it underscores the necessity of redesigning incentive 
systems to reward ethical conduct and impose real penalties for wrongdoing. By shifting the focus from 
individual culpability to systemic dysfunction, the theory enables a more grounded and strategic approach 
to combating corruption and fostering sustainable national development. 
 
In essence, Rose-Ackerman’s Political Economy Theory of Corruption enhances this study by illuminating 
the deep-rooted institutional challenges that anti-graft agencies in Nigeria face. It provides a compelling 
framework for linking anti-corruption efforts with broader national development objectives and for 
recommending reforms that are both structurally sound and contextually relevant. 
 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

IV.Materials and Methods 
This study utilised secondary data to examine the challenges confronting anti-graft agencies in Nigeria and 
the implications of these challenges for national development. The choice of secondary data is justified by 
the availability of extensive literature, official government documents and institutional reports that provide 
detailed insights into the structure, operations and limitations of Nigeria’s anti-corruption bodies. 
 
Data for the study were sourced from a broad spectrum of credible materials, including peer-reviewed 
academic journals, textbooks, legal statutes and policy documents. Additional sources comprised reports 
from anti-graft institutions such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the 
Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), alongside publications by 
international organisations such as the World Bank, Transparency International and the United Nations 
Office on Drugs and Crime. These materials were supplemented by academic theses, media reports and 
critical analyses that offer nuanced perspectives on the performance, independence and institutional 
capacity of Nigeria’s anti-corruption agencies. 
 
The study applied thematic content analysis to identify, interpret and organise recurring patterns and ideas 
relevant to the research focus. Although the research does not incorporate primary data collection through 
field surveys or interviews, the breadth and depth of the secondary sources used ensure the credibility and 
reliability of the findings. To mitigate potential limitations, such as reporting bias or inconsistencies, the 
study triangulated information across multiple authoritative sources, thereby strengthening the validity of 
the conclusions drawn. The methodological approach adopted in this study thus provides a solid 
foundation for exploring the institutional dynamics of anti-corruption efforts in Nigeria and their broader 
implications for governance and development. 
 

V. Results 
 

TABLE I 
A Snapshot of High-Profile Corruption Allegations and Prosecutions in Nigeria 

S/n Individuals 
Involved 

Period Offences Amount Involved Action of Antigraft 
Institutions and how the 

matter was resolved 
1. Godwin 

Emefiele 
2014-2023 Alleged abuse of 

office, forex fraud, 
procurement fraud, 
illegal cash 
withdrawals 

Over N1.2 billion 
(ongoing 
investigations into 
larger sums) 

Arrested by DSS, later 
charged by EFCC; 
granted bail, case ongoing 

2. Diezani 
Alison-
Madueke 

2010-2015 Money laundering, 
embezzlement, 
awarding dubious 
contracts 

Over $115 million 
+ N23.3 billion 

EFCC seized properties 
worth billions; extradition 
from UK still pending 

3. Abba Kyari 2021 Alleged 
involvement in 
internet fraud with 
Hushpuppi 

$1.1 million Suspended by police, 
arrested by NDLEA on 
separate drug charges, 
case ongoing 

4. Abdulrashee
d Maina 

2010-2020 Pension fund fraud N195billion Arrested, prosecuted, 
sentenced to 8 years 
imprisonment 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

5. Stella 
Oduah 

2011-2014 Fraudulent 
contracts, money 
laundering 

N9.4 billion Under EFCC 
investigation, later 
arraigned in court in 2023 

6. Lamido 
Sanusi 

2013 Whistleblowing on 
missing oil 
revenue 

N20billion Suspended as CBN 
Governor; no formal 
charges, allegations 
politically sensitive 

7. Farouk 
Lawan 

2012 Collection of 
bribes during fuel 
subsidy probe 

$500,000 out of $3 
million 

Prosecuted and sentenced 
to 7 years imprisonment 

8. Ghaji Rahila 
(National 
Boundary 
Commission 
Staff) 

2020 Money laundering, 
fraudulent 
transactions 

 Prosecuted at Federal 
High Court, Abuja by 
ICPC 

9. David 
Umahi 

2015 Alleged diversion 
of election funds 

N400 million EFCC confiscated 
property; case under 
investigation 

10. Godswill 
Akpabio 

2007-2015 Alleged diversion 
of state funds 

N100 billion  EFCC investigations 
ongoing, no prosecution 
yet 

11. Lt Gen 
Azubuike 
Ihejirika 
(retd.) 

2016 Arms procurement 
scandal 

$2.1 billion Arrested by DSS, 
released on bail; case still 
under investigation 

12. Orji Uzor 
Kalu 

1999-2007 Money Laundering  N3.2 billion Convicted in 2019, 
sentenced to 12 years; 
conviction later 
overturned, retrial 
ongoing 

13. Adebayo 
Alao-Akala 

2007-2011 Corruption, 
contract fraud 

N11.5 billion Prosecuted by EFCC, 
case stalled before his 
death in 2022 

14. Joshua 
Dariye 

1999-2007 
(convicted 
2018) 

Diversion of 
ecological funds 

N1.126 billion Sentenced to 10 years 
imprisonment, later 
pardoned by FG in 2022 

15. Jolly Nyame 1999-2007 Misappropriation 
of state funds 

N1.64 billion Sentenced to 14 years 
imprisonment, later 
pardoned in 2022 

16. Sambo 
Dasuki 

2015 Arms deal scandal, 
diversion of 
military funds 

$2.1 billion Detained without trial for 
years; later granted bail, 
prosecution ongoing 

17. Bukola 
Saraki 

2003-2011 False asset 
declaration, money 
laundering 

N3.5 billion 
(alleged) 

Trial by CCT, discharged 
and acquitted by Supreme 
Court in 2018 

18. Patience 
Jonathan 

2009-2015 Money laundering, 
unjust enrichment 

Over $20 million EFCC froze accounts; 
legal battle ongoing over 

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 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

fund ownership 
19. NsimaEkere 2016-2019 Diversion of funds 

while serving as 
NDDC MD 

N47 billion Arrested and investigated 
by EFCC in 2022; case 
ongoing 

20. Senator 
Bassey 
Albert 
Akpan 

2010-2022 Receiving vehicles 
as bribes while 
serving as Akwa 
Ibom Finance 
Commissioner 

N204 million 
(value of vehicles) 

Prosecuted by EFCC; 
convicted in 2022 and 
sentenced to 42 years 
imprisonment, later 
released on bail pending 
appeal 

21. Udom 
Emmanuel 

2015-2023 Alleged diversion 
of public funds 
and irregular 
contracts (claims 
by opposition 
groups and 
petitions) 

Billions (not clearly 
quantified) 

No formal charges by 
EFCC; petitions 
reportedly submitted, but 
no prosecution initiated as 
of 2025 

Source: Compiled by Peter Archibong Essoh, Udom Sunday Daniel, Okoro Sunday Asangausung ,   (2025) 

 
The Table 1 presents a snapshot of high-profile corruption allegations and prosecutions in Nigeria, 
highlighting the pervasiveness of corrupt practices among public officials across various sectors and 
political eras. It reflects a systemic challenge that cuts through the judiciary, security, finance, oil and 
government administration. While billions of naira and dollars were allegedly misappropriated, laundered, 
or embezzled by the listed individuals, the outcomes of the cases underscore persistent institutional 
weaknesses and inconsistencies in Nigeria’s anti-corruption efforts. 
 
Some individuals, like Abdul rasheed Maina and Senator Bassey Albert Akpan, faced full prosecutions 
and convictions, suggesting a measure of institutional resolve. However, many others either remain under 
investigation with no clear resolution or have had their cases stalled, overturned, or dismissed, often under 
controversial circumstances. The frequent granting of bail, protracted trials and in some instances, political 
pardons, as seen in the cases of Joshua Dariye and Jolly Nyame, indicate how the enforcement of 
accountability is uneven and often subject to political influence. 
 
Moreover, despite the involvement of multiple anti-graft agencies such as the EFCC, ICPC, DSS and even 
foreign governments, as in the case of Diezani Alison-Madueke, outcomes have frequently failed to match 
the gravity of the allegations. The absence of formal charges in some cases, despite public petitions and 
media coverage, further exposes gaps in the legal and political will to confront corruption 
comprehensively. 
 
Overall, the table reflects a troubling pattern; while Nigeria has structures in place to combat corruption, 
the effectiveness of these mechanisms is undermined by selective justice, procedural delays, institutional 
rivalry and a lack of transparency. These factors collectively weaken the credibility of anti-graft 
institutions and diminish public confidence in the government’s commitment to genuine accountability. 

 
 
 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

TABLE II 
Major Challenges of Anti-Graft Agencies in Nigeria 

S/n Challenges Description Government Effort 
1. Political 

interference 
Despite public declarations of support 
for anti-corruption, political leaders 
often interfere with investigations, 
especially when allies are involved. 
Selective prosecution and a lack of 
autonomy for anti-graft agencies erode 
public trust. 

Government claims to have given 
EFCC and ICPC independence, but 
enforcement remains selective. 
Calls for legal safeguards for 
agency autonomy persist. 

2. Weak judicial 
system 

Delays in trials, frequent adjournments 
and legal technicalities allow suspects 
to evade justice.  
High-profile cases sometimes take 
years without resolution, weakening 
the deterrent effect. 

Establishment of special anti-
corruption courts in some states; 
training of judges on financial 
crimes. Reforms still slow. 

3. Institutional 
limitations 

Many agencies lack modern 
investigative tools, forensic capacity 
and data-sharing frameworks, which 
hampers effective tracking and 
prosecution of corrupt acts. 

Some support through international 
partnerships (e.g., UNODC, EU) 
and periodic training programmes. 
Budget constraints limit scalability. 

4. Corruption 
within law 
enforcement 

Some officials in police, customs and 
even anti-graft agencies themselves 
engage in corrupt practices, 
undermining the fight against 
corruption. 

Periodic staff vetting, public 
complaints mechanisms and code 
of conduct enforcement—though 
not consistently applied. 

5. Inter-agency 
rivalry 

Lack of coordination and unhealthy 
competition between EFCC, ICPC, 
DSS, Police and other agencies often 
leads to duplication, sabotage, or 
abandonment of cases. 

Efforts to enhance collaboration 
through the Inter-Agency Task 
Team (IATT); however, turf wars 
still persist. 

6. Lack of public 
support 

Apathy, fear of retaliation and lack of 
whistle-blower protection discourage 
citizens from reporting corruption. 

Whistle-blower Protection Policy 
launched in 2016; however, 
enforcement and protection remain 
weak 

7. Insufficient 
funds 

Budgetary constraints limit operations, 
investigations and prosecutions. 
Agencies often lack resources for 
technology, training and logistics. 

Government allocates funds yearly, 
but releases are often delayed or 
insufficient. External donor support 
occasionally supplements funding. 

8. Lack of 
political will 

Inconsistent commitment by 
leadership to genuinely pursue anti-
corruption, especially when it 
implicates elites or political allies. 

Anti-corruption rhetoric common in 
campaigns, but enforcement against 
top officials remains weak. Some 
reforms under pressure from civil 
society and foreign partners. 

9. Absence of 
stringent 
implementation 

Lenient sentencing, plea bargains and 
presidential pardons dilute the 
consequences of corruption. 

Some review of sentencing 
practices under judiciary reforms, 
but executive interference (e.g., 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

ofanti-
corruption 
punitive 
measures 

presidential pardons) undermines 
consistency. 

10. Inadequate 
legal 
framework 

Outdated or vague laws make 
prosecution difficult, especially with 
the evolution of cyber and financial 
crimes. 

Some updates through laws like the 
Proceeds of Crime Act (POCA) 
2022, but further legislative updates 
needed. 

11. Poor record-
keeping and 
data 
management 

Lack of centralized data systems 
hinders tracking of financial flows and 
repeat offenders. 

Government introduced Integrated 
Payroll and Personnel Information 
System (IPPIS) and BVN; digital 
case systems remain limited in 
reach. 

12. Security threats 
to investigators 
and witnesses 

Anti-graft personnel and whistle-
blowers are often threatened or 
harmed, creating fear and 
compromising investigations. 

Whistle-blower protection 
framework exists, but not legally 
entrenched; no robust witness 
protection agency currently 
functional. 
 

Source: Compiled by Peter Archibong Essoh, Udom Sunday Daniel, Okoro Sunday Asangausung ,   (2025) 
 
The table provides a detailed overview of the major structural and operational challenges confronting anti-
graft agencies in Nigeria, revealing how these barriers collectively hinder the country’s fight against 
corruption. It highlights the deeply embedded issues that compromise the efficiency, integrity and impact 
of institutions such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent 
Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). 
 
One of the most pressing concerns is political interference, where government officials, particularly those 
in power or with strong political connections, influence the direction and outcomes of investigations. This 
not only fosters selective prosecution but also severely undermines public confidence in the independence 
and credibility of anti-corruption institutions. Although the government proclaims autonomy for these 
agencies, the lack of enforceable legal frameworks means such independence remains largely theoretical. 
 
Judicial inefficiencies compound the problem. The courts are often plagued by delays, frequent 
adjournments and legal technicalities, which allow many high-profile suspects to either stall or entirely 
evade justice. While some efforts have been made to establish anti-corruption courts and train judges in 
handling financial crimes, progress remains slow and inconsistent. 
 
Operationally, many anti-graft agencies face institutional weaknesses, including outdated investigative 
tools, insufficient forensic capabilities and limited data-sharing mechanisms. These limitations are further 
exacerbated by inadequate funding and logistical support, often leaving agencies reliant on foreign donors 
for technical and financial aid. Corruption within law enforcement bodies themselves, including among 
those tasked with fighting corruption, adds another layer of complexity, making internal accountability 
both necessary and elusive. 
 
Moreover, the lack of synergy between various security and enforcement agencies, such as EFCC, ICPC, 
DSS and the Policeleads to inter-agency rivalry. This often results in duplicated efforts, stalled cases, or 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

even active sabotage of each other’s work, despite attempts to foster coordination through platforms like 
the Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT). 
 
Public apathy and fear further hamper efforts, as citizens are discouraged from reporting corrupt practices 
due to weak whistle-blower protections and occasional threats to their safety. Although policies have been 
introduced to encourage whistle-blowing, their practical enforcement and legal backing remain inadequate. 
Similarly, threats to investigators and a weak or non-existent witness protection system compromise case 
integrity and deter honest actors. 
 
The legal framework underpinning anti-corruption is also outdated in several respects. While new laws 
like the Proceeds of Crime Act (2022) have been enacted, the legal system still lags behind the evolving 
dynamics of cyber and financial crimes, making prosecution difficult. 
 
Finally, lenient sentencing, the use of plea bargains and controversial presidential pardons signal a lack of 
genuine political will to enforce anti-corruption measures with the required seriousness. Even when 
officials are prosecuted, the punishment is often minimal or circumvented, reducing the deterrent effect 
and perpetuating a culture of impunity. 
 
Altogether, the table underscores that without deep institutional reforms, legal modernisation and the 
political will to act consistently against corruption, Nigeria’s anti-graft efforts will continue to fall short, 
regardless of rhetoric or isolated actions. 
 

TABLE III 
Implications of the challenges of anti-graft agencies for National Development in Nigeria 

S/n Implications Resultant Effect 
1. Increasing cost of  

governance 
Corruption leads to inflated contracts, ghost workers and misuse of 
public funds, significantly increasing the cost of running government 
operations. Resources meant for development are diverted to sustain 
wasteful and corrupt bureaucracies. 

2. Weakening investors’ 
confidence 

Foreign and domestic investors are discouraged by opaque 
regulatory environments, lack of accountability and fear of bribery 
or extortion, leading to capital flight and stunted economic growth. 

3. Weak Service Delivery Public services like education, health, water and electricity suffer 
due to diversion of funds, lack of accountability and mismanagement 
in implementation. This limits human capital development and 
quality of life. 

4. Culture of Impunity When anti-graft efforts fail, corrupt officials operate without fear of 
punishment. This emboldens further misconduct across all levels of 
government and discourages ethical public service. 

5. Erosion of Public Trust in 
Institutions 

The failure to hold corrupt elites accountable undermines citizens’ 
faith in the judiciary, law enforcement and political institutions, 
weakening democratic participation and social cohesion. 

6. Increased Poverty and 
Inequality 

Funds embezzled by elites reduce the amount available for poverty 
reduction, job creation and social programs. This widens the gap 
between the rich and poor and deepens social unrest. 

7. Political Instability and 
Insecurity 

Corruption in the security sector, electoral manipulation and 
exclusion from public resources fuel grievances, violence and 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

insurgency, undermining national peace and unity. 
8. Undermining of the Rule 

of Law 
Corruption compromises justice systems, where laws are applied 
selectively or not at all, allowing powerful individuals to act above 
the law and weakening legal institutions. 

9. Institutional Decay Public institutions become ineffective when promotions, 
procurement and decisions are based on bribery rather than merit, 
professionalism, or national interest. 

10. Failure to Achieve 
Developmental Goals 

Corruption diverts resources meant for infrastructure, health, 
education and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 
making national and international development targets unattainable. 

Source: Compiled by Peter Archibong Essoh, Udom Sunday Daniel, Okoro Sunday Asangausung ,   (2025) 
 
The Table III presents a detailed analysis of how the challenges facing anti-graft agencies in Nigeria have 
far-reaching negative implications for national development. It shows that the inefficiency of these 
agencies contributes to a rise in the cost of governance, as corruption fuels waste and mismanagement. 
Investor confidence is eroded due to an unpredictable and corrupt business environment, limiting 
economic growth. The diversion of public funds weakens essential service delivery, particularly in health, 
education, and infrastructure, stalling human development. 
 
A persistent culture of impunity and the failure to prosecute corrupt officials foster unethical governance, 
while public trust in institutions declines as justice systems appear compromised and selective. This 
erosion of trust undermines democratic engagement and social cohesion. Moreover, widespread corruption 
deepens poverty and inequality, as public resources are siphoned away from social welfare programs. It 
also fuels political instability and insecurity, especially when corruption affects the security and electoral 
sectors.The rule of law is weakened as corrupt elites operate above legal constraints, and institutional 
integrity declines when decisions are based on patronage rather than merit. Ultimately, these effects 
coalesce to derail the achievement of national and global development goals, rendering anti-corruption 
efforts not just a legal or ethical necessity, but a fundamental requirement for Nigeria’s socio-economic 
transformation. 
 
 

V. Discussion of Findings 
 
The findings from the study paint a compelling picture of the depth, complexity and consequences of 
corruption in Nigeria, particularly through the lens of high-profile corruption cases and the structural 
weaknesses of anti-graft institutions. Table I reveals the extensive scope and scale of corruption, involving 
top-level government officials across multiple sectors; finance, oil, defence, legislature and public 
administration—over several administrations. Despite the staggering sums involved, ranging from 
hundreds of millions to billions of naira and dollars, there is a notable disparity in outcomes, with only a 
few individuals being convicted and punished decisively, while many others have evaded justice through 
legal loopholes, stalled investigations, or outright political interference. 

This pattern highlights the unevenness of Nigeria’s anti-corruption enforcement and exposes the systemic 
flaws within the judicial and prosecutorial processes. The granting of bail, delayed trials, presidential 
pardons and the lack of progress in high-profile cases point to a compromised justice system where the 
rule of law is inconsistently applied. For instance, while cases like those of Abdulrasheed Maina and 
Senator Bassey Albert Akpan resulted in convictions, others such as Diezani Alison-Madueke and Godwin 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

Emefiele remain unresolved despite extensive media coverage and public interest, undermining the 
credibility of anti-graft efforts. 

Further deepening the challenge is the institutional analysis provided in Table II, which identifies and 
elaborates on the internal and external constraints facing agencies like the EFCC and ICPC. Political 
interference emerges as a particularly formidable obstacle, often shielding politically connected 
individuals from investigation or prosecution. The weak judicial system, marked by procedural delays and 
legal technicalities, further dilutes accountability. Compounding these issues are operational deficiencies 
such as limited funding, outdated investigative infrastructure and inter-agency rivalry, all of which hinder 
coordinated and effective responses to corruption. 

The analysis also reveals that corruption within the law enforcement and judicial sectors, along with the 
absence of a robust whistle-blower and witness protection framework, creates an environment of fear and 
impunity. This not only obstructs investigations but also disincentivizes public participation in anti-
corruption efforts. Furthermore, the inconsistent application of punitive measures, lenient sentencing and 
politicised pardons reinforce a perception that corruption is a low-risk, high-reward endeavour for the 
elite. 

The implications of these challenges, as outlined in Table III, are deeply concerning for Nigeria’s socio-
economic and political development. The mismanagement and diversion of public resources inflate the 
cost of governance and erode service delivery in critical sectors like education, healthcare and 
infrastructure. This contributes to persistent poverty, inequality and weakened human capital. Moreover, 
the entrenched culture of impunity undermines public trust in government institutions and the democratic 
process, discouraging civic engagement and fueling disillusionment. 

Investor confidence is also negatively impacted, as the business environment is perceived as unpredictable 
and fraught with bureaucratic and regulatory corruption. This not only deters foreign direct investment but 
also stifles local enterprise development. The erosion of institutional integrity and rule of law fosters a 
climate of lawlessness and political instability, which can manifest in increased insecurity, violence and 
civil unrest. 

Ultimately, the findings underscore that corruption, enabled by weak anti-graft mechanisms, poses a 
significant threat to Nigeria’s national development and democratic sustainability. The persistence of these 
issues suggests that without a fundamental overhaul of institutional frameworks—ensuring autonomy, 
transparency, accountability and legal reform—anti-corruption initiatives will continue to be ineffective. 
The fight against corruption, therefore, must move beyond rhetoric and symbolic prosecutions to embrace 
systemic reforms backed by strong political will, legal modernisation and active citizen engagement. 

The findings of this study reflect and are strongly supported by existing scholarly literature, revealing the 
entrenched and systemic nature of corruption in Nigeria and the critical weaknesses in the nation’s anti-
graft mechanisms. As shown in the discussion, corruption cuts across different sectors and levels of 
government, involving staggering sums of public funds with limited accountability. This aligns with the 
observations of Ekweremadu (2021), who emphasises that despite the existence of anti-corruption bodies, 
persistent corruption thrives due to operational inefficiencies, legal loopholes and insufficient capacity, all 
of which contribute to the weak enforcement of anti-graft measures. 

The disparity in outcomes for high-profile cases, where only a few individuals are held accountable while 
others escape justice through legal and political machinations, underscores the lack of consistency in 
Nigeria’s judicial process. This phenomenon is mirrored in the works of Azeez and Ajibowu-Yekini 
(2018) and Abu (2022), who note that legal frameworks, though extensive, often serve a symbolic function 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

rather than a substantive one due to poor implementation, political interference and procedural delays. 
These insights support the observation that anti-corruption initiatives often falter when confronted with 
influential individuals or political interests, reinforcing the public perception of a compromised justice 
system. 

The operational and institutional challenges confronting agencies such as the EFCC and ICPC, as 
identified in this study, further reinforce existing research. Scholars like Ewaet al. (2019) and Umoru-Oki 
(2019) have emphasised the lack of internal governance standards, inadequate accountability and 
transparency as critical factors undermining the effectiveness of anti-graft institutions. The challenges of 
poor funding, limited manpower, inter-agency rivalry and obsolete investigative tools also mirror these 
academic critiques, suggesting a systemic inertia that prevents these bodies from executing their mandates 
effectively. 

Moreover, the politicisation of anti-corruption efforts; a recurring theme in the findingsis a major concern 
raised in both empirical and comparative studies. As observed by Nnado and Ugwu (2015), external 
societal pressures and internal weaknesses compound the problem, especially when public cooperation is 
minimal and public trust in anti-corruption agencies is low. This environment of distrust and impunity 
discourages civic engagement and makes whistle-blowing or witness testimony risky, thus stalling 
investigative and prosecutorial progress. 

The broader socio-economic consequences of unchecked corruption, as outlined in the findings, are 
consistent with the developmental perspectives in the literature. Abomaye-Nimenibo (2022) argues that 
corruption fosters leadership failure and bad governance, which in turn impede national development. 
These effects are visible in deteriorating public services, weak infrastructure and a diminished quality of 
life, particularly in critical sectors such as education and healthcare. Similarly, the Jigawa State Ministry 
of Justice (2023) highlights how the erosion of justice and rule of law deters investment and deepens 
insecurity—issues that are clearly articulated in the discussion section, which links corruption with 
investor apathy and political instability. 

In essence, the findings of this study are not isolated but rather embedded within a broader scholarly 
consensus that views corruption in Nigeria as both a symptom and a cause of systemic governance failure. 
Without significant reforms aimed at enhancing institutional autonomy, legal accountability and political 
neutrality, anti-corruption efforts will continue to be undermined. The literature supports the view that 
meaningful progress requires more than policy articulation; it demands structural transformation, 
consistent enforcement and genuine political will—factors that are critical to ensuring sustainable national 
development. 

 
VI. Conclusion 

This paper examined the challenges confronting anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria and the implications 
of these challenges for national development. The results revealed that anti-graft institutions in Nigeria are 
hampered by numerous structural and operational challenges. These include political interference, 
inadequate funding, obsolete investigative infrastructure, judicial inefficiencies and inter-agency rivalry. 
These constraints significantly weaken the agencies’ ability to investigate and prosecute high-profile 
corruption cases effectively, thereby fostering a culture of impunity and eroding public confidence in the 
justice system. Further results showed that the inefficiency of anti-graft institutions directly contributes to 
the diversion of public resources, poor service delivery and weakened governance. This, in turn, 
perpetuates poverty, inequality and underdevelopment, particularly in critical sectors such as education, 
healthcare and infrastructure. Moreover, the prevalence of corruption damages investor confidence and 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

undermines democratic institutions, ultimately threatening Nigeria’s socio-economic stability and national 
development. 
 
This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing an understanding of the entrenched 
structural and institutional barriers that hinder the effectiveness of Nigeria’s anti-graft agencies. By linking 
these challenges to broader governance and development outcomes, the research underscores the complex 
interplay between weak anti-corruption enforcement and the persistence of poverty, inequality and 
underdevelopment. It expands the discourse beyond mere institutional critique to highlight how political 
interference, operational inefficiencies and judicial shortcomings collectively sustain a climate of impunity 
and systemic failure. The study also sheds light on the socio-economic consequences of corruption, 
offering empirical insight into how compromised accountability mechanisms erode public trust, 
discourage investment and destabilise democratic governance. 
 
Given the scope and implications of these findings, further research is recommended to explore 
comparative anti-corruption models in other developing democracies, with a focus on legal and 
institutional reforms that have yielded measurable outcomes. Future studies could also examine the role of 
civil society, media and technology in promoting transparency and accountability, as well as strategies for 
strengthening public engagement in the fight against corruption. Such inquiries will be critical to 
informing policy interventions and institutional reforms aimed at revitalising Nigeria’s anti-graft efforts 
and advancing sustainable national development. 
 

VII. Recommendations 
Based on the findings, this paper recommends, first, a comprehensive institutional reform that guarantees 
the autonomy of anti-graft agencies such as the EFCC and ICPC. This should include legal safeguards 
against political interference, improved budgetary allocations and investment in modern investigative tools 
and training to enhance operational capacity. Strengthening the independence and capabilities of these 
institutions is essential to ensure that investigations and prosecutions are impartial, timely and effective. 
 
Second, there is a critical need to overhaul the judicial process to reduce procedural delays and ensure 
swift adjudication of corruption cases. This includes establishing special anti-corruption courts, enforcing 
strict timelines for case resolution and enhancing the integrity and accountability of judicial officers. These 
steps will help restore public confidence in the justice system and reinforce the rule of law as a cornerstone 
of Nigeria’s anti-corruption and development agenda. 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

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https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/anti-graft-agencies-tools-for-curbing-public-financial-misconduct-and-promoting-ethical-governance/
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https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4227221


 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  
( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                    Volume 08 || Issue 05 || May, 2025 ||  

Peter Archibong Essoh1, Udom Sunday Daniel2, Okoro Sunday Asangausung 3,    2025 

“AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" 

 

 

 
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commission (EFCC) in enhancing accountability in the Nigerian public sector. Developing Country 
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Conference Proceedings, November 6-7. Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies, 144-
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[22] Nwosu, C. (2023). Exploring the effectiveness of anti-corruption laws in Nigeria: a comparative 

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[23] Okeke, R. C.,&Idike, A. N. (2016). Ethnicity, political leadership and national development in 

Nigeria: the contradictions and the local government nexus. World Scientific News, 56, 67-81. 
 
[24] Olujobi, O. J. (2023). Nigeria’s upstream petroleum industry anti-corruption legal framework: the 

necessity for overhauling and enrichment.  Journal of Money Laundering Control, 26(7),1-27. 
 
[25] Rose-Ackerman, S. (1978). Corruption: A Study in Political Economy. Academic Press. 

Sanni, K. (2021, December 6). Nigeria’s anti-graft agencies recover N900 billion looted assets in 
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nigerias-anti-graft-agencies-recover-n900-billion-looted-assets-in-20-years-cdd.html?tztc=1 

 
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study of Nigeria and Uganda. Nigerian Academy of Management Journal, 14(1), 34-41. 

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15737828 IJO JOURNALS

Volume 08 | Issue 05 | May 2025 | https://ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh/index 18

https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=Olusola%20Joshua%20Olujobi
https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/499315-nigerias-anti-graft-agencies-recover-n900-billion-looted-assets-in-20-years-cdd.html?tztc=1
https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/499315-nigerias-anti-graft-agencies-recover-n900-billion-looted-assets-in-20-years-cdd.html?tztc=1

	Challenges of Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption Agencies and Implications for National Development
	In summary, key challenges identified include, legal and constitutional loopholes, insufficient funding and personnel, pliticisation of anti-corruption efforts, weak judicial system and enforcement mechanisms, public apathy and lack of societal cooperation, poor governance within anti-corruption institutions, absence of political will and sector-specific regulatory failures. The persistent weaknesses in Nigeria’s anti-corruption framework significantly impair national development. Corruption compromises economic growth, political stability, social equity and institutional integrity. Until structural reforms are implemented to enhance the independence, capacity and credibility of anti-corruption agencies, their contribution to national development will remain marginal.

