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“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

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Abstract

Due to the challenges of high level of loss of human and material wealth caused by insecurity 

theneed for a solution cannot be overemphasized such the need for such studies of this nature.

A total of 400 sample size were 400 copies of questionnaires were distributed, but only 360

copies were returned. Considering the application of chi-square in the test of hypothesis one, it 

was discovered that calculated X2 value (301.18) is greater than critical value at 0.5 level of 

significance, based on its findings the study concluded and made several recommendations 

amongst that government should not adopt the Niger Delta solution, that is, amnesty to Boko 

Haram because up till date, nobody can evidently say that these are Boko Haram members.

Thegovernment cannot grant amnesty to people that are up till now operating invisibly.

Keyword; Boko Haram, Insecurity, Development and Safety of human and material Properties.

INTRODUCTION

Since  Nigeria’s  Independence  in  1960,  Nigerians  have  been  faced  with  a  lot  of  problems 

emanating from disorderliness, confusion and the latest insecurity challenges.  To be precise, the

Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region

By

Dr.Gbenemene Kpae

Department of sociology

University of Portharcourt

And

Ayanabia Aaron PhD

  Department of Sociology

University of Port Harcourt

IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH

( ISSN 2811-2466 ) Dr.Gbenemene Kpae1*



   
                                                                                                                                

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

first problem Nigeria encountered was the military intervention in the Nigeria’s polity.  The 

military administrations which were the fall-out of the coups and counter coups marked the 

beginning of the country’s calamities and misfortunes.  These were followed by the claims and 

agitations for resource control by the Niger-Delta region, which means demands for larger share 

of the oil revenue.  The inability of the government to meet up with such demands, led to the 

militant groups in the region taking arms and waged war against Nigerians.  Nigerians got 

relieved following the introduction of amnesty policy into Nigeria’s political and democratic 

system by the Yar’Adua’s administration. 

Unexpectedly, there arose in most recent time, a disorder of a serious religious dimension in the 

country. The dangerous trend in insecurity came with the emergence of Boko Haram, the Muslim 

fundamentalist sect, bombing and attacking everything within reach.  According to reports, 

multiple explosions went off one after the other in places like Kano, in the usual manner of 

attacks by members of Boko Haram sect in Maiduguri, Damaturu, Potiskum, Gombe, Abuja and 

Madalla in Niger State (Okpaga, 2012:77).  They attacked government institutions and later 

expanded to churches thereby inflicting terror and destruction on innocent people.  Suicide 

bombing of the United Nations Secretariat in Abuja on August 26, 2011 did not happen long after 

a similar attack on the Nigeria Police Force Headquarters on June 16.  Boko Haram as the name 

denotes does not have one particular meaning.  The name more or less connotes different 

meanings to different people.  The group is a Nigerian Islamic group that seeks the imposition of 

Sharia law throughout the whole of Nigeria.  Figuratively, members of this group believe that 

“Western Education is a sin”.  Presently, the group has an undefined structure and chain of 

command. 

Since its formation in 2002 in Maiduguri by the leader of the group Mohammed Yusuf, Boko 

Haram has been a thorn in the flesh of Nigeria’s security agencies, precisely the police force.  In 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH

( ISSN 2811-2466 ) Dr.Gbenemene Kpae1*



   
                                                                                                                                

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

the year 2004, the Islamic fundamentalist group relocated its base to Kananma, Yobe State.  The 

new location was named “Afghanistan”, and from there, the group set about attacking and leaving 

members of the Nigerian Police Force lifeless.It is no longer news that the activities of the Boko 

Haram and other similar political or religious sects have often led to loss of lives, properties and 

even the breakdown of law and order, peace and security in the Nigerian society at large.  It has 

been observed that a lot of attacks have been made on many states, which includes the federal 

capital territory, Abuja.  What puzzles most observers is the fact that most of the attacks are not 

carried out by suicide bombers yet the culprits often get away unarrested.  This leaves a big 

question mark on our security agencies as regards to their duty in the protection of lives and 

properties, and the procurement of weapons of mass destruction to combat this menace which is 

eating deep into the Nigerian society today.  Without exaggeration, Boko Haram crisis does not 

have any advantage.  Instead, it is a vicious and nefarious act carried out by individuals for their 

selfish desires, the motivating factor being to control the religious and political power. 

HYPOTHESIS  

For the purpose of this study, the following hypotheses are formulated: 

1. Boko Haram’s insurgence affects the Development of Nigeria. 

2. Boko Haram is a regional religious sect. 

3. Boko Haram terrorism has led to loss of revenue and seeming disunity in Nigeria. 

The Ideology 

Boko Haram is an indigenous salafist group which only turned itself into a Salafist  Jihadist group in 

2009.  It propagates that not only interaction with the western world is forbidden, but it is also against the 

Muslim establishment and the government of Nigeria.Boko Haram seeks the establishment of an Islamic 

State in Nigeria.  It opposes westernization of Nigerian society and the concentration of the wealth of the 

country among members of a small political elite, mainly the Christians in the southern part of Nigeria. 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 ) Dr.Gbenemene Kpae1*



   
                                                                                                                                

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

On the 13th of November 2008, Mohammed Yusuf was arrested following an attack on a police station in 

Maiduguri in which 17 of his followers were killed.  His followers were members of the “Jama-atuAlhis 

Sunna Lidlaaueati Wal Jihad”, otherwise, known as Boko Haram.During the Nigerian sectarian violence 

in 2009, the Nigerian security captured and killed the leaders of the radical Islamic terrorist sect.  

Mohammed Yusuf was responsible for the clashes which led to the death of more than 700 people.  He 

was captured in Borno State and detained at the GiwaBaracks.  Mohammed Yusuf was arrested, and he 

died in police custody while trying toescape. Mohammed Yusuf’s body was on display at the state police 

command Headquarters.  His bullet riddle body was shown on state television.  (Shehu Sani (2011). 

The consequences of Mohammed Yusuf’s death have fuelled the Boko Haram crisis.  After the killing of 

Yusuf in Police custody on July 30, 2009, the sect carried out its first terrorist attack in Borno State, in 

January 2010, under Shekau its current leader.  It resulted in the killing of four people.  Since then, the 

violence has escalated both in frequency and intensity (News Watch, 2012). 

Reason Behind Boko Haram’s Violence  

Non-stop violence, rivers of blood, thousands of deaths and intensified fears about the future- this is what 

the citizens of Nigeria’s North East are going through, some of them every day. 

The scale of attacks has not been limited to the Northern region.  Within a short period of time, suspected 

Boko Haram terrorists have raided Kaduna, Lagos, Gombe, Federal Capital Territory and other areas.  In 

this trying times for Nigeria, it is important to consider the major reasons why Boko Haram violence 

persists, based on the analysis of the reports of local and international media houses.  The reasons include 

the following; 

Ethnic and Religious Mix  

It is widely believed that Boko Haram fighters are (at least predominantly) Muslims.  However, basically 

all the Islamic scholars have been saying that Boko Hara has nothing to do with Islam.  They openly 

disagree with the sect and are outraged.  That terrorists use religion to justify atrocities, and to cause 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 ) Dr.Gbenemene Kpae1*



   
                                                                                                                                

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

division in society.The dreaded sect has attacked or attempted to attack several mosques during prayers.  

Mary Muslims, like Christians, have become victims of mass murders.Imbalance Between the North and 

the SouthSeemingly disconnected historical event over the past 60-70 years started the slide into poverty 

and inequality that eventually led to the formation of Boko Haram.  Before Nigeria’s Independence in 

1960, British colonial authorities ruled the north (where most Muslims live) and south of Nigeria (where 

most Christians live) separately.  Western schools started by Christian missionaries flourished in the 

south, but Muslim leaders were reluctant to allow Christian mission schools to open in the north. 

The long-term result, is a massive economic and educational imbalance between the north and south 

which persists today.  In many southern state, more than 90% of women are literate.  The corresponding 

percentage is below 5% in some states in the far north less, than 10% of Nigerian University applicants 

come from the 12, major Muslim States in northern Nigeria (where Boko Haram’s insurgency rages). 

Boko Haram draws its members from the legions of uneducated, unemployed, poor and disenchanted 

young northern men and women. 

POVERTY AND YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT 

The vicious cycle of poverty that mainly happened is all due to youths unemployment, over 64 million 

Nigerian youths are unemployed and 1.5 million youths are underemployed.  Unemployment causes 

social frustration, dejection, dependency on family and desperation.  This dependency situation has left 

the youths in vicious cycle of chronic poverty that daily erodes their confidence of bright future.  In such 

a case, most of this unemployed youths are the primary target of the insurgent (Adebago 2014). 

In addition, international fund for Agricultural Development (FAD 2007)said “despite Nigeria’s bountiful 

resources and oil wealth, poverty is widespread to the extent that the country was ranked one of the 20 

poorest counties in the world”.  Indeed over 70 percent of Nigeria’s population is classified as poor, with 

35 percent living in absolute poverty. 

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https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

Northern Nigeria in particular has the highest figure of relative poverty in comparison with South-West 

and South-East zones which have relative poverty of 67.0% and 59.1% respectively.  The North East and 

North-West zones have 76.3% and 77.7% relative poverty respectively (NBS 2014). 

The increasing rate of unemployed youths in the region, which were economically deprived, mostly was 

the recruiting target of Boko Haram.  In 2013, the federal government released some detainees of Boko 

Haram, mostly wives and children of the sect members, some children confessed of providing keys of fuel 

to Boko Haram to set schools and other building ablaze in Maiduguri for the sum of five thousand naira 

(N5,000), (Olojo  2013).  This shows how the people in that area were living in absolute poverty due to 

the failure of government to provide education and economic opportunity in the area for more than a 

decade.  These socio-economic problem has contributed to the escalation of Boko Haram terrorism in 

North-Eastern Nigeria. 

POLITICAL FACTOR:  The dispute over 2011 election result which left over eight hundred (800) people 

dead, has also played a role in Boko Haram’s escalating violence.  Many northern Nigerians view the 

presidency of Goodluck Jonathan, a Christian, as illegitimate, arguing that he ignored an informal power 

rotation agreement that should have kept a Muslim as president this round.  (Muslim President Umar 

Musa Yar’Adua died in 2010, two years into his four years term).  Leadership Newspaper (2012). Voting 

irregularities during the election as well as effort to change presidential term limits, further alienated the 

north from Jonathan.  The Boko Haram sect also want political power in the nation thereby making a 

northerner or Muslim as the president because they believed that the Christians or southerners are 

corrupting influence in governance. 

 

 The effects of Boko Haram 

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https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

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There is no gain saying the fact that an activity has increasingly and predominantly taken the airwaves in 

the country.  The implication is that the country, which already has series of problems to deliberate on, is 

presently preoccupied with the issue of incessant bombings in the country. 

The problem of kidnapping was one that really dealt a death blow in the country, especially, considering 

the case of the Niger Delta.  But comparing that to the on-going terrorist activities in the country, we 

begin to understand that the later is nothing compared to the former.  The Boko Haram acts have 

disrupted the social, economic, political, religious and environmental activities and President Goodluck 

Jonathans transformational agenda in the country.  This becomes very relevant when considering the 

outfits that are prone to attacks by the sect which include, recreational centers, office complex, social 

gatherings, beer parlors, buildings etc. 

 THE EFFECT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT  

Nigeria is a country endowed with natural and material resources, all competing favourably with one 

another in securing a big chunk of foreign exchange earnings for the country in the early 60s, the 

discovery of oil and the unprecedented wealth accrued from it in the 70s, soon emerge Nigeria as a major 

foreign exchange earner, inspite of all the national and mineral resources which the country is endowed 

with which the country is endowed, the country has virtually become a battle field where incessant ethno-

religious and political crisis are staged. 

The implication of the crisis on the economic development is that, the instruments which is supposed to 

be used for sustainable development, is conversely being used for destruction and vandalization purposes.  

(Mohammed 2002).Since no economic development could take place in an atmosphere of fear, anarchy 

and insecurity.  It therefore implies that Boko Haram menace are bane to economic development, looking 

at it internationally, Boko Haram crisis has added to the fear of foreign investors that are in Nigeria.  

Abonyi (2006), cases of kidnapping of expatriates in Nigeria are no more news.  One wonders how 

foreign investors could decide to establish firms in the war zone.  These crisis have also made investors to 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 ) Dr.Gbenemene Kpae1*



   
                                                                                                                                

https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

flee the nation’s troubled sport particularly Plateau State.  Also neighbouring states have had their 

economies disrupted by the influx of the crisis.  The greatest of these scenarios is the amount of funds 

being diverted to security issues and related matters.  The irony is that while the country is striving 

towards capacity building, the Boko Haram insurgency is crumbling all the efforts.  (Leadership 

Newspaper 2012). 

 THE EFFECT ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT  

The effect of Boko Haram crisis on the social development is that it creates more hatred between social 

groups in the north which would have united together to form a social conscious society.  Also it 

increases lacuna in the interactions of social groups.  A member of a social group might join Boko Haram 

sect, and this will cause a very big problem, because the person that joined might reveal the secret of the 

social group. 

According to Imam (2004) education is very vital in attaining social development.  The nation have been 

striving to put in place amenities for the purpose of elevating the educational standard of the country.  

This is, however hampered by incessant closure of schools and institutions in the northern part of the 

country.  Many schools had been burnt down while many were forced to close down for months 

(University of Maiduguri) which in effect made the interactions of the youths impossible and created a 

very bad opportunity for parents of different ethnic groups to withdraw their children from school. 

 THE EFFECT ON POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT  

The implication of the Boko Haram crisis on political development is that Igbo’s was sidelined in the 

political scene, since after Independence no Igbo man has become the President of Nigeria and this has 

created a wide gap between the Igbo’s and the northerners in the political system, the northerners now 

wants to monopolize power because they believe that the west is a corrupting influence in governance 

(Afolabi: 2006).The Boko Haram crisis also affected former President Goodluck Jonathan’s 

transformational agenda.  Goodluck during his electioneering campaign assured Nigerians of his 

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https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

administration’s readiness to transform the country, and when he was finally inaugurated, a violent group 

in the Northeast that was not interested in the transformation came up and decided to be a log in the wheel 

of journey, by unleashing and causing instability in the country with the obvious intention of diverting 

attention from the transformational agenda of the president.  This to a very large extent has worked 

verywell for this violent group.  Instead of giving full attention to the transformational agenda, the Federal 

Government spent more time trying to solve the insurgency of Boko Haram. 

 

 THE EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 

The emissions into air occasioned by the bomb blast carrying toxic substance pollutes the air and makes it 

so unhealthy for human and animals to breath.  The air pollution also results in global warming which 

retards plants development and causes hotness of the weather.  Instances abound where at the time of the 

bombing, the atmosphere is covered with smoke and motorists and passerby finds it so difficult to find 

their way.  This has resulted to multiple accidents when people struggle to run for their dear lives.  (Ejeh, 

2010). 

 SERIES OF BOKO HARAM VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA  

The table below depicts series of violence being perpetuated by Boko Haram sect in Northern Nigeria 
between July 2009 to April 2017. 

S/N Date  States  Nature of Attack Causalities  

1. July 27, 2009 Yobe Attack on Potiskum, Yobe State’s 
Divisional Police headquarters. 

Three Police men and 5 
service officers died. 

2. January 2010 Borno The group struck in Dela Alemderi ward 
in Maiduguri metropolis 

Four people were killed. 

3. October 1, 
2010 

Abuja Explosion near the eagle square, Abuja Claimed 12 lives, leaving 
many injured. 

4. December 24, 
2010 

Plateau  A bomb attack in BarkinLadi Jos  Killed eight people  

5. April 8, 2011 Niger  Bomb blast, at INEC office in Suleja, at 
Niger State. 

Claimed of lives of 8 corps 
members and a suicide 
bomber. 

6. April 29, 2011 Bauchi Army barracks in Bauchi bombed.  

7. May 30, 2011 Borno Bomb exploded in Bega road in Claimed five lives and 

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https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

Maiduguri, Borno State. several others injured. 

8. August 26, 
2011 

Abuja Bombing of the United Nations (UN) 
House in Abuja. 

Twenty three (23) persons 
were killed and 129 others 
injured. 

9. December 25, 
2011 

Niger  Multiple bomb explosion at St. Theresa 
Catholic Church, Madalla Suleja 

Killed dozens including 35 
worshippers. 

10. January 20, 
2012 

Kano Multiple attacks in Kano About 250 people killed. 

11. April 8, 2012 Kaduna  Bomb explosion in a church on Easter 
Sunday 

38 People killed. 

12. September 20, 
2013 

Borno Boko Haram sect made high way 
Armbush 

142 Corpses evacuated from 
bushes. 

13. January 3, 
2015 

Borno Boko Haram militants raze the entire 
town of Baga in North-east Nigeria.  
Borno State. 

Over 2000 people were 
killed. 

14. March 2, 2015 Borno State  Boko Haram militants disguised as 
herdsmen were killed near Konduga 
town in Borno State. 

73 Boko Haram terrorist 
were killed. 

15. June 22, 2015 Maiduguri Two female suicide bombers invaded a 
crowded mosque and bombed the 
mosque to mark the start of Ramadan  

About 30 people were 
killed. 

16. 30 January 
2016 

Maiduguri  Bomb blast in Dalori village  86 People were killed and at 
least 62 injured. 

17. 21, April 2017 Borno Attack on the Nigerian military base in 
Sabon Gari 

86 People were killed and at 
least 62 injured. 

18. January 8, 
2017 

Borno Attack on Nigerian soldiers. At least 3 Nigerian soldiers 
were killed and 5 injured. 

Source:  Extracted from various Newspapers 
 

GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TOWARDS RESOLVING THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY 

1. DECLARATION OF STATE OF EMERGENCY  

In an obvious move to reassure Nigerians of their security after the gruesome murder of no fewer than 40 

people through suicide bombing of Saint Theresa’s Catholic Church in Madalla, Niger State, last six 

Christmas, Goodluck Jonathan, in his new year broadcast to the nation, declared a state of emergency in 

15 Local Government Areas spread across four Northern States of Borno, Niger, Plateau and Yobe.  

(Broad Street Journal, 2012:41). 

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https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

The former president said the declaration of the state of emergency was part of the government’s effort to 

“restore normalcy in the country”.  International borders in the affected local government were ordered 

close to prevent cross border terrorism and stop the terrorist from escaping outside the country.  

(Vanguard, 2011). 

2. FORMATION OF DIALOGUE  

Former President Goodluck Jonathan had said that the federal government would dialogue with the 

violent sect, if the members would identify themselves and state clearly their demands as a basis for talks, 

while acknowledging that military confrontation alone will not end their insurgency.  This was the third 

time the Nigerian authorities were asking the sect for a dialogue. 

The first time was in June when police in Maiduguri called on an extremist Islamic sect 

to declare a cease fire and come to a dialogue.  (Clement, 2012). 

 

3. ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT TASK FORCE  

According to Vanguard Newspaper (June 17, 2011), the federal government had directed the 

immediate establishment of a special joint military task force specially to tackle the Boko Haram 

crises in the North with Maiduguri in Borno State as headquarters of the task force. 

The task force to be headed by a Major General of the Armored Corps would comprise of 

the Nigeria Army, Navy, Nigerian Airforce, Nigeria Police Force, Defence Intelligence Agency 

and the Department of State Security, S.S.S. (NBF News, 2012). 

 

 

 

 

 

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

 Table.1 Population Distribution Table  

States Population of the State Percentage (%) 

Borno 3,151,193 14 

Adamawa 6,066,562 26 

Kano 9,383,682 40 

Plateau 3,178,712 14 

Federal Capital Territory, Abuja  
1,405,201 

 
6 

Total 23,185,350 100 

Source:  National Population Commission (NPC) 
 

 DATA ANALYSIS 

ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE  

Section A 

Demographic Data 

This section comprises of Age, sex, marital status, educational qualifications, occupation, 

location, administrative status and electoral status. 

Table 1: Age Range  

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

18 – 25 50 14.6 

26 – 32 65 19.1 

33 – 40 89 26.2 

40 – 46 92 27.0 

47 and above  44 12.9 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table reveals that 14.7% of respondents falls within the age (18-25), 19.1% 

falls within age (26-32), 26.2% falls within (33-40) 27.0% within (40-46) and 12.9% falls within 

47 and above. 

 

 

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“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

Table 2: Gender  

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

Male  280 82.4% 

Female  60 17.6% 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table reveals that 82.4% of the respondents are males while 17.6% of the 

respondents are female. 

Table 3:  Marital Status  

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

Married  202 59.4% 

Single  100 29.4% 

Divorced  38 11.2% 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

From the above table, 59.4% of the respondents were married, 29.4% of the respondents 

were single while 11.2% were divorced. 

Table 4:  Educational Qualification  

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

Ph.D 30 8.8% 

Masters 60 17% 

B.Sc 120 35.3% 

HND/OND 60 17.7% 

NCE/Post NCE 40 11.8% 

WASSCE 30 8.8% 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table reveals that 8.8% of respondents are Ph.D holders, 17.7% are Masters 

holders, 35.3% B.Sc holders, 17.7%  HND/OND holders, 11.8% are NCE holders and 8.8% of 

respondents are WASSCE holders. 

 

 

 

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“Agitations for Resource Control by the Niger-Delta Region." 

 
 

 

Table 5:  Location 

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

North 150 44.1 

South 40 11.8 

East 80 23.5 

West 70 20.6 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

From the above table, 44.1% of respondents were from the North, 11.8% were from the 

south, 23.5% were from the East and 20.6% of respondents were from the West. 

Table 6:  Civil Service Officer/Administrative Staff 

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

Yes 200 58.8% 

No 140 41.2% 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table reveals that 58.8% percent of respondents are civil servants while 41.2% 

are not civil service officers. 

Table 7:  Are you an elected officer? 

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

Yes 105 30.8% 

No 235 69.11% 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

From the table above, 30.8% of the respondents are elected officers while 69.11% are 

elected officers. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 1 

Is there really Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria. 

Respondents View  

Options Frequency Percentage (%) 

Yes 340 100% 

No 0 0.0% 

Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

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The above table reveals that 340 respondents representing 100% were all aware of the Boko 

Haram terrorism in Nigeria.  From the returned questionnaire, 340 respondents gave their 

response positively, on the contrary, none of them answered no. 

The 340 respondents were able to identify the attacks caused by Boko Haram sect in Nigeria and 

they equally mentioned how the Boko Haram crisis came about.Therefore, there is Boko Haram 

terrorism in Nigeria. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 1 

If yes, where have they occurred? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. South-South 0 0.0% 

b. South-East  0 0.0% 

c. South-West 0 0.0 

d. North-East  328 96.5 

e. No-Idea 12 3.5 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table shows that 328 respondents accepted the view that Boko Haram have occurred 

mostly in the North Eastern region of Nigeria while 12 respondents did not have an idea of where 

they have occurred. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 2 

What are the remote and immediate causes of Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Political power  50 14.7 

b. 2011 election result 68 20 

c. Imposition of Sharia law 200 8 

d. Western education 12 3.5 

e. All of the above  10 2.9 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table reveals that 50 respondents viewed that political power is the remote and 

immediate causes of the crisis, while 65 respondent viewed that 2011 election result is the remote 

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and immediate excuse of Boko Haram 210 respondents viewed the imposition of Sharia Law as 

the remote and immediate cause of Boko Haram terrorism, 12 respondents are of the opinion that 

western education is the remote and immediate cause of Boko Haram terrorism.  Meanwhile 10 

respondents believed that all the options provided are the remote and immediate causes of Boko 

Haram terrorism in Nigeria 

RESEARCH QUESTION 3 

What are the socio-political and religious impact of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Break down of law and order  17 5 

b. Increase in crimes  43 12.6 

c. Civil Disturbance  38 11.2 

d. Affected President Goodluck Jonathan  100 29.11 

e. All of the above  142 41.8 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The data collected shows that 5% of the respondents identified breakdown of laws and order as 

the socio-political and religious.  Impact of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria, while 43 

respondents which represent 12.6% identified increase in crimes, 35 respondents of 11.2% 

identified civil disturbance, 100 respondents of 29.4% identified that the crisis affected President 

Goodluck Jonathan transformational Agenda, 142 respondents of 41.8% agreed that all the 

options been given are the socio-political and religious impact of Boko Haram terrorism in 

Nigeria. 

 RESEARCH QUESTION 3a 

What effect have this implications on national unity and the people? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Positive  0 0.0 

b. Negative  340 100 

c. No Idea  0 0 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

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This table reveals that 340 respondents are of the view that the implication of Boko Haram have 

affected the people negatively and has led to disintegration of national unity, thereby, causing 

mass migration from the North to other geo-political zones in Nigeria. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 4 

What suggestions can you give to the federal government to help tackle Boko Haram terrorism? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Dialogue  66 19.4 

b. Force/coercion  241 70.9 

c. Amnesty  23 6.8 

d. No Idea  10 2.8 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The table above shows that 66 respondents are of the view that government can tackle the crisis 

through the formation of Dialogue.  While 241 respondents accepted the view that the 

government can tackle the crisis through the use of force or coercion.  23 respondents were of the 

view that the federal government can tackle the Boko Haram crisis through amnesty 10 

respondents had no suggestion. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 4a 

Has the government taken the right steps in order to resolve the Boko Haram menace? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Yes 54 15.9 

b. No 265 77.9 

c. No Idea  21 6.2 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The table above shows that 54 respondents were of the view that the government has taken the 

right steps in order to resolve the Boko Haram menace while 265 respondents representing 

77.91% were of the view that the government has not taken the necessary steps towards resolving 

Boko Haram menace. 

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RESEARCH QUESTION 5 

What is the position of government in the management, prevention and resolution of Boko Haram 
terrorism in Nigeria? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Provisions of essential materials for the 
displaced victims 

82 24.1 

b. Peace keeping by law enforcement agents. 54 15.9 

c. Provision and establishment of Almajiri 
institution 

191  56.2 

d. No idea 13 3.8 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The table shows that 82 respondents represent 24.1% were of the view that provision of essential 

materials for the displaced victims is the position of government in the management, prevention 

and resolution of Boko Haram terrorism.  In Nigeria, 34 respondents representing 15.9% view 

peace keeping by law enforcement agents as the position of government and 191 respondents 

representing 56.2% viewed the position of government in management, prevention, and 

resolution of Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria is by provision and establishment of Almajiri 

institution.  13 respondents representing 3.8% had no idea on the position of government in the 

management, prevention and resolution of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 6 

How can the Nigerian citizens help to tackle Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Giving information to the police 80 25.5 

b. Imams should preach against violence  60 17.6 

c. Proper check of immigrants by 
immigration officers  

50 14.7 

d. All of the above  150 44.1 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

 

 

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https://ijojournals.com/                                                                             Volume 08 || Issue 08 || August, 2025 || 

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RESEARCH QUESTION 7 

Has the Nigerian citizens helped the federal government in tackling Boko Haram terrorism? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Yes  0 0.0 

b. No 340 100 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table shows that 340 respondents representing 100% were aware of the fact that 

Nigerian citizens have not been of help to the federal government in tackling Boko Haram 

terrorism. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 8 

What is your feeling concerning Boko Haram terrorism? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Good  0 0.0 

b. Sad / bad  340 100 

c. Neutral  0 0.0 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The table above shows that 340 respondents were aware of Boko Haram crisis in the country and 

felt sad/bad because of the loss of lives and properties in the Northern region of Nigeria. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 9 

Is Boko Haram a regional religious sect? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Yes  300 88.2 

b. No  40 11.8 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The table above shows that 300 respondents are of the view that Boko Haram is a religious sect 

while 40 respondents are of the view that Boko Haram is not a regional religious sect. 

 

 

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RESEARCH QUESTION 10 

Has Boko Haram insurgence affected the Development of Nigeria? 

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. Yes  330 97.1 

b. No 10 2.9 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The table above shows that 340 respondents agreed to the fact that Boko Haram insurgence 

affects the development of Nigeria. 

RESEARCH QUESTION 11 

Boko Haram terrorism has led to loss of revenue and seeming disunity in Nigeria.  True or False  

S/N Options Number of Respondents  Percentage (%) 

a. True  300 88.2 

b. False  40 11.8 

 Total 340 100 
Source:  Field Survey 2017 

The above table shows that 300 respondents agreed that Boko Haram has led to loss of revenue 

and seeming disunity in Nigeria. 

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS  

I. Boko Haram insurgence affects the development of Nigeria. 

To test the above hypothesis, data obtained from table 10 will be used. 

Options  Number of Respondents 

Yes  330 

No 10 

Total 340 

 Oi Ei Oi – Ei (Oi – Ei)2 (Oi – Ei)2 
ei 

Yes  330 170 160 25600 150.59 

No 10 170 -160 25600 150.59 

 340    301.18 
 

X2  =  301.18 

df  =  C – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1, P < 0.5 

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Interpretation  

Since obtained value is greater than critical value at 0.5 level of significance, then the hypothesis 

which states that Boko Haram insurgence affects the development of Nigeria is accepted. 

HYPOTHESIS 2 

Boko Haram is a regional religious sect. 

To test the above hypothesis, data obtained from table 9 will be used. 

Options  Number of Respondents 

Yes  300 

No 40 

Total 340 

 

 Oi Ei Oi – Ei (Oi – Ei)2 (Oi – Ei)2 
ei 

Yes  300 170 130 16,900 99.4 

No 40 170 -130 16,900 99.4 

 340    198.8 
 

X2  =  198.8 

df  =  C – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1, P < 0.5 

Interpretation  

Since obtained value is greater than critical value at 0.5 level of significance, then the hypothesis 

which stated that Boko Haram is a regional religious sect is accepted. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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HYPOTHESIS 3 

Boko Haram terrorism has led to loss of revenue and seeming disunity in Nigeria. 

To test the above hypothesis, data obtained from table 11 will be used. 

Options  Number of Respondents 

True  330 

False  40 

Total 340 

 Oi Ei Oi – Ei (Oi – Ei)2 (Oi – Ei)2 
ei 

True  300 170 130 16,900 99.4 

False  40 170 -130 16,900 99.4 

 340    198.8 
 

X2  =  198.8 

df  =  C – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1, P < 0.5 

Interpretation  

Since obtained value is greater than critical value at 0.5 level of significance, then the hypothesis 

which states that Boko Haram terrorism has led to loss of revenue and seeming disunity in 

Nigeria is accepted. 

DATA DISCUSSION  

The study was to ascertain the impact of Boko Haram terrorism on national development.A total of 400 

sample size were 400 copies of questionnaires were distributed, but only 360 copies were returned.  

Considering the application of chi-square in the test of hypothesis one, it was discovered that calculated 

X2 value (301.18) is greater than critical value at 0.5 level of significance, thus leading to the acceptance 

of the alternate hypothesis which states that Boko Haram insurgence affects the development of Nigeria. 

Taking into account the application of chi-square in testing the second hypothesis, it was 

discovered that calculated X2 value (198.8) is greater than critical value at 0.5 level of 

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significance, thus leading to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis which states that Boko 

Haram is a regional religious sect. 

Lastly, is testing the third hypothesis which states that Boko Haram terrorism has led to loss of 

revenue and seeming disunity in Nigeria, chi-square was applied and it was discovered that the 

calculated X2 value (198.8) is greater than critical value at 0.5 level of significance, thus leading 

to the acceptance of the Hi (alternate) hypothesis which state that Boko Haram terrorism has led 

to loss of revenue and seeming disunity in Nigeria.  

CONCLUSION 

The activities of Boko Haram have heightened serious fears among the Nigerian populace, especially 

those in the Northern part of Nigeria.  The trend has led to loss of lives and property.  Business ventures 

and shops have remained closed.  Boko Haram terrorists have succeeded in instilling fear and hatred 

among the people.  Boko Haram insurgency represents the worst threat to Nigeria’s peace, security, and 

stability.  Boko Haram phenomenon can be attributed to the failure of the Nigerian government to provide 

basic services to the teeming population in the country.  Though this cannot be the justification for armed 

insurrection and violence.  The threat posed by the zealots has negatively impacted Nigeria’s polity, 

jeopardizing its social political and economic development.  The major aspiration of the sect, is to destroy 

Nigeria’s democratic institutions and to enthrone Islamic Sharia rule rather than its existing secular 

system. 

Compelled by the spate of violence and the impunity with which the Boko Haram has been ravaging the 

North, the federal government responded by mobilizing its security forces to tackle the menace.  Though 

the sect has shown resilience, the federal government is daily improving its counter-terrorism measures to 

the effect that the activities of the sect are now restricted to only three states in the North, namely: Borno, 

Adamawa and Yobe states.  Through the combined efforts of the troops from Chad, Cameroon, Niger, the 

Nigeria army its having upper hand in the war against the insurgents.  Many of the Boko Haram captives 

including women and children have been rescued from Sambisa forest, the den of Boko Haram in Borno 

State. 

  

 RECOMMENDATIONS 

The study made the following recommendations  the following for effective resolution of Boko Haram 

terrorism, as its dislodgement will encourage rapid development in the country. 

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1. Government should not adopt the Niger Delta solution, that is, amnesty to Boko Haram because 

up till date, nobody can evidently say that these are Boko Haram members.  The government 

cannot grant amnesty to people that are up till now operating invisibly. 

2. We strongly recommend in this study that the federal government should provide funds, instead 

of amnesty, to help upgrade and switch its intelligence gathering gadgets.  It was easy for Osama 

Bin Ladinto evade American intelligence for so long because Osama decided to deny himself the 

luxury of technology.  In fact, he lived a life of a hermit.  But from what we know so far, these 

Boko Haram people enjoy all these technological packs with impunity knowing that our 

intelligence gathering techniques is so archaic that our security agencies only believe in toting 

guns around government officials.  If only the government and the security officials have the 

needed facility to intercept mails and many other electronic means of communication. 

3. Again to overcome the menace of Boko Haram in the country, the government should do 

whatever it can to find out how this movement is funded.  Who are their funders?  If the 

government is able to do this, the government will have gone an extra-mile in solving the Boko 

Haram crisis in Nigeria long time ago. 

4. Similarly, since the government under former President Goodluck Jonathan decided to adopt the 

carrot and stick approach, we recommend that government should please exhaust all the available 

options within the stick, no matter how long it takes.  This is because the inclusion of the carrot at 

this stage shows a great weakness on the part of government. 

5. The federal government on its part should make adequate legislative pronouncements that will 

discourage and close down all forms of ethnic based movements.  The reason for the 

recommendation is that these groups threaten the sovereignty of the nation as they tend to be 

loyal to their ethnic groups. 

 

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Abdullihi A. (1991).  Leading Issues in Economic Development and Social Welfare, Kano: 

Samarib Publishers. 
 
Abdulli A.A. et al (2005).  Combating Political Violence in Nigeria: Issues, Prospect and 

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Imam, Y.O. (2004).  Religious Crisis and Social Disruption in Northern Nigeria.  Ibadan: Lovel 

Books Publishers. 
 
Mohammed, I.Z. (2002).  The Concept of Economic Growth and Development.  Kano: Samarib 

Publishers. 
 
Ojukwu, C.C. (2009).  Terrorism, Foreign Policy and Human Right Concern in Nigeria.  

Abakiliki: Willy Publishing Company. 
 
 
Osuala, E.C. (2005).  Introduction to Research Methodology.  Enugu: AFP First Publisher 

Limited. 
 
Shehu, S. (2007).  The Killing Fields, Religious Violence in Northern Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum 

Book Limited. 
 
Taro Yamani (1964).  Statistic:  An Introductory Analysis.  (3rd Edition).  New York: Harper and 

Row Publishing Limited. 
 
Umar, S. (2011).  The Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Salafi Counter-Radicatism in Nigeria. 

Kano: Evanston Publishers. 
 
Walker, A. (2012).  What is Boko Haram?  United State Institute of Peace Retrieved.  2013 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist Insurgency in Nigeria. 
 

 

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