




































 
 

The Place of Meteorology and Prophetism in 
Sustainable Development 

 

Olatunji Samuel  AKINWUMI (Ph.D) 
Department of Christian Religious Studies, School of Arts and Social Sciences, College of 

Education, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria 
E-mail:tunji.samakin@gmail.com 

 

& 

Foyeke Omoboye IBIMILUA (Ph.D) 
Department of Spatial and Planning Sciences, School of Social and Management Sciences, 

College of Science, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria 
E-mail:fibimilua63@gmail.com 

      

Abstract 
Meteorology and Prophetism are universal phenomena which as a result of their significance 
and relevance had from time immemorial engaged the interest of scholars. Discourses on 
meteorology and prophetism had however revealed and undeniable fact that they are 
stabilizing agents and effective tools for arresting the tide of misfortune and misery. They are 
also being used to enhance creativity and increase productivity for the common good. 
Unfortunately, as important and interesting as discourses on meteorology and prophetism 
are, they are often been studied in isolation development which has consequently made it  
impossible to examine the benefits they have in common and how they have contributed to 
sustainable development. This paper therefore aims at doing comparative study of 
meteorology and prophetism with the purpose of exploring their common benefits to 
humanity by paying special attention to their points of convergence and divergence. Being an 
historical study, historical method of analysis is employed. The study reveals that 
meteorology is a branch of science that is concerned with the process and phenomena of 
atmosphere especially as a means of forecasting the weather while prophetism is a spiritual 
method or act of foreseeing and foretelling events. While a meteorologist employs scientific 
principles to observe, explain and forecast weather, a prophet or prophetess relies on 
inspiration to predict events. Meteorology and prophetism help people to plan what to wear, 
when to travel or which products to stock in supermarkets. An accurate forecast and 
prediction may mean the difference between life and death. Hence, their role in sustainable 
development and how they can enhance national interaction with the dynamic of 
globalization cannot be overemphasized. The paper however recommends that persistent 
comparative studies of both science and religion should be done since this will entrench 
progressive human development. 
Keywords: Meteoriology, Prophetism, Scientific principles, Prediction, Forecasting. 

INTRODUCTION 

 Meteorology and prophetism are technically synonymous with forecasting, 

foretelling, prediction and prognostication. All these terms have to do with  having the 

knowledge of the past present and future. Man’s life will be in complete shambles and total 

disarray without adequate knowledge of the workings of his environment. a predicted future 

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is well prepared for. It is in view of this that this paper examines the place of meteorology 

and prophetism in human development. 

 Meteorology is the study of atmosphere, atmospheric phenomena and atmospheric 

effects on our weather. (The atmosphere is the gaseous layer of the physical environment that 

surrounds a planet). This means that anything that happens with the weather:  wind, rain, 

snow, sun, dew, frost, fog, e.t.c is opened for study in meteorology. Meteorologists often 

focus on atmospheric research or operational weather forecasting. Research shows that 

meteorology includes: climate modeling, remote sensing, air quality, atmospheric physics and 

climate change. It also covers the relationship between the atmosphere and Earth’s climate, 

oceans and biological life. 

 Weather forecast provides critical information about the expected weather conditions 

for a certain period of time and at a particular  location. Forecasts may be prepared also for a 

particular area or route between two locations. There are many different techniques involved 

in weather forecasting from relatively simple observation of the sky to highly complex 

numerical models on powerful super computers such as the famous “Cray computer”. 

 Most religions, if not all, have produced the phenomenon of prophecy either 

continuously or not at certain stage in their development. This observation according to 

Ugwueye (2002) holds true not only for the so-called primitive religions but also for highly 

sophisticated ones. By prophecy, we understand not specifically or even principally the 

foretelling of the future but the mediation and interpretation of the divine mind and will. It 

was in this sense that the term prophet was used from about the 5th century B.C to designate 

those who interpreted the divine mind as made known in various ways to themselves or to 

others. 

 Fischott (1993) defined a prophet as an individual bearer of charisma who by virtue of 

this mission proclaims a religious doctrine or divine commandment.  Fonrer (1970) regard a 

prophet or prophetess as a person with charismatic gifts, conscious of having been singled out 

and called out, an individual who feels constrained to proclaim message and performs actions 

during a state of spiritual inspiration and possibly accompanied by mild or intense ecstasy. 

Just as a meteorologist uses scientific apparatus to predict the weather of a particular location 

and at a particular time, a prophet is charged with the responsibility of announcing God’s will 

to the people in different situations. A prophet’s major concerns are prophecy and prediction. 

That is, he is charged with the task of speaking about his contemporary situation and to 

predict what will happen in the future. 

 It is however very obvious that both Meteorology and prophetism deal with 
prediction, forecasting and foretelling as earlier stated in this work. The work therefore aims 
at examining the inter-relatedness between the two concepts. To this extent, the study shall 
focus on the conceptual clarification, history of Meteorology, the meaning of prophetism, 
origin and development of prophetism, common features between meteorology and 
prophetism, sustainable development and the place of meteorology and prophetism in 
sustainable development. 
 
CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION 
 
Atmosphere 

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 Atmosphere is the gaseous layer of the physical environment that surrounds a planet. 
It is the layer of gases commonly known as air that surrounds the planet earth’s and it is 
retained by earth’s gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by absorbing 
ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention and reducing 
temperature between day and night(Gerrat, 1992). 
 The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 x 108kg: three quarters of which is written 
about 11km of the earth surface. Earth’s atmosphere can be divided into five main layers 
which include the Exosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. The 
exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the 
atmosphere). It extends from the exobase which is located at about 70km above the sea level 
to about 10,000km feet where it merges into the solar wind. The exosphere is located too far 
above Earth surface (Deikman, 1982). 
 The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth’s atmosphere. It extends from 
the meso-pause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80km.The 
height of the thermopause varies considerably due to change in solar activity. 
 The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth’s atmosphere occupying the region 
above the stratosphere and bellow the thermosphere. The stratosphere is the second-lowest 
layer of Earth’s atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the 
tropopause. The stratosphere is so conditioned to the  stratosphere to an extent that it lacks 
the weather producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. 
 The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth atmosphere. It extend from Earth’s 
surface to an average height of about 12km. nearly all atmosphere water vapour of moisture 
is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth’s weather takes place. 
 
Weather forecasting 
 Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the 
condition of the atmosphere for a given location and time. Human beings have attempted to 
predict the weather informally for millennia and formally since the 19th century. Weather 
forecasts are made collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere at a 
given place and using scientific understanding of atmosphere processes to project how the 
atmosphere will change. Human input is required to pick the best possible forecast model to 
base the forecast upon that which involves pattern recognition skills, telecommunications, 
knowledge of model performance and knowledge of model biases. 
 The inaccuracy of forecasting is due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere, the 
massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, 
the error involved in measuring the initial conditions and an incomplete understanding of 
atmospheric processes. Hence, forecasts become less accurate as the difference between 
current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the range of the forecast) 
increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus help narrow the error and pick the most 
likely outcome. There are varieties of end use  to weather forecasts. Weather warming are 
important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on 
temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture and therefore to traders within 
commodity markets. 
 Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming 
days. On daily basis people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. 
Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain, snow and wind chill, forecasts 
can be used to plan activities around these events and to plan ahead and survive them. It is in 
view of this that meteorology has been defined as the study of weather and its changes 
especially with the aim of predicting it accurately. 
 

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Meteorology 
 The word “meteorology” is a derivative of a  Greek word ‘meteroros’ which means 
“lofty, high (in the sky). The word was coined from three Greek word meta (above), aeiro (I 
lift up), and logia i.e. the study of things in the air” (Holton, 2016). 
 Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric science which includes atmospheric 
physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. (Holton:2016) The study of Meteorology 
dates back to millennia though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until 18th 
century. The field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. 
Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It wasn’t until after the 
elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly the development of the computer, 
allowing for the automated solution of a great many equation that model the weather in the 
later half of the 20th century that significant breakthrough in weather forecasting were 
achieved.(Jacobson, 2005) 
 Meteorology phenomena are observable weather events that are explained by the 
science of meteorology. Meteorology phenomena are described and quantified by the 
variables of Earth’s atmosphere temperature at pressure, water vapour, mass flow, and the 
variations and interactions of those variables and how they change over time. 
 Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics and atmospheric   chemistry are sub-
discipline of the atmospheric science. Meteorology and hydrology comprise the inter 
disciplinary field of hydrometeorology. The interactions between Earth’s atmosphere and its 
oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmospheric system. Meteorology has application in many 
diverse fields such as the military, Energy producing company, transport, agriculture and 
construction. 
 
History and origin of Meteorology 
 The beginning of meteorology can be traced back to ancient India 
(https://www.science daily.com/terms/meteorology.htm) where serious discussion about the 
seasoned cycles caused by the movement of Earth around the sun 
emanated.(https://www.nationalgeographicorg/encyclopedia/meteorology)Varahamitira’s 
classical work Britatsamnita written about 500A.D provides clear evidence of theknowledge 
of atmospheric processes existed even at that time(https://www.at a deep kscience 
daily.com/terms/meteorology.htm). 
 The development of meteorology is deeply connected to development in science, 
math and technology. The Greek philosophers, Aristotle who has been described as the first 
major scholar of the atmosphere studied around 340 BCE. A growing belief in the scientific 
method profoundly changed the study of meteorology in the 17thand 18th centuries. 
Evangelista Torrically, an Italian physist observed that changes in air pressure were 
connected to changes in weather.(Jacobson, 2005) In 1643 Torricalli invented the Barometer 
to accurately measure the pressure of air. The barometer is still a key instrument in 
understanding and forecasting weather systems. In 1714, Daniel Fanrenheit a German 
physicist, developed the mercury thermometer. These instruments made it possible for 
meteorologist to accurately measure how important atmospheric variables are(Gerrat:1992). 
 There was no way to quickly transfer weather data until the invention of the telegraph 
by an American inventors, Samuel Morse in the mid-18000s. Using this new technology, 
meteorological offices were able to share information and produce the first modern weather 
maps. These maps combined and displayed more complex sets of information such as isobers 
(lines of equal air pressure) and isotherms (lines of equal temperature). With these large –
scale weather maps, Meteorologist could examine a broader geographic picture of weather 
and make more accurate forecasts 
(https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/forecast). 

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https://www.science/
https://www.nationalgeographic/


 
 

 In the 1920s, a group of Norwegean meteorologists developed the concepts of air 
masses and fronts that are the building blocks of modern weather forecasting. Using basic 
laws of physics, these Meteorologists discovered that huge cold and warm air masses that 
move and meet in patterns which are the root of many weather system (Richard:2015). 
 Military operations during World War II brought great advances to meteorology. The 
success of these operations was highly dependent on weather over vast regions of the globe. 
The military invested heavily in training, research and new technologies to improve their 
understanding of weather. The most important of these new technologies was radar, which 
was developed to detect the presence, direction and speed of aircraft and ships. Since the end 
of World War II radar has been used and improved to detect the presence, direction and speed 
of precipitation and wind patterns 
(https://www.nationalgeographicorg/encyclopedia/meteorology). 
 The technological developments of the 1950s and 1960s made it easier and faster for 
meteorologists to observe and predict weather systems on a massive scale. During the 1950s, 
computers created the first models of atmospheric conditions by running hundreds of data 
points through complex equations. These models were able to predict large scale weather 
such as the series of high and low pressure systems that circle our planet 
(https://www.science daily.com/terms/meteorology.htm). 
 TIROS 1, the first meteorological satellite provided the first accurate weather forecast 
from space in1962. The success of TIROS 1 prompted the creation of more sophisticated 
satellites. Their ability to collect and transmit data with extreme accuracy and speed has made 
indispensable to meteorologists. Advanced satellites and the computers that process their data 
are the primary tools used in meteorology today. Modern meteorologists have a  variety of 
tools that help them examine, describe, model, and  predict weather systems. These 
technologies are being applied at different meteorological scales to improve forecast accuracy 
and efficiency. 
 Radar is an important remote sensing technology used in forecasting. A radar dish is 
an active sensor in that it sends out radio waves that bounce off particles in the atmosphere 
and return to the dish. A computer processes these pulses and determines the horizontal 
dimension of clouds and precipitation,  the speed and direction in which these clouds are 
moving. A new technology known as dual-polarization radar transmits both horizontal and 
vertical radio wave pulses. With this additional pulse, dual-polarization radar is better able to 
estimate precipitation and differentiate types of precipitation, rain, snow, sleet or hail. Dual 
polarization radar will greatly improve flash flood and winter weather forecasts. 
 Tornado research is another important component of meteorology. Starting in 2009 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Science 
Foundation conducted the largest tornado research project in history, known as VORTEXZ. 
The  VORTEXZ  team consists  of about 200people and more than 80 weather instruments, 
they travelled  more than 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles) across the great plains of the 
United State to collect data on how, when, and why tornadoes form. The team made history 
by collecting extremely detailed data before, during, and after a specific 
tornado(https://www.science daily.com/terms/meteorology.htm). This tornado is the most 
intensively examined in  history and will provide key insights into tornado 
dynamics(https://www.science daily.com/terms/meteorology.htm). 
 Satellites are extremely important to our understanding of global scale weather 
phenomena. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and NOAA 
operate three Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) that provide 
weather observations for more than 50 percent of the Earth’s surface (https://www.science 
daily.com/terms/meteorology.htm). 

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 GOES -15, launched in 2010 includes a solar X-ray, imager that monitors the sun’s X-
rays for the early detection of solar phenomena, such as solar flares. Solar flares can affect 
military and commercial satellite communications around the globe, A highly accurate 
imager  of the Earth’s surface,  detects the movement and transfer of heat, it improves our 
understanding of the global energy balance and processes such as global warming, 
convection and severe weather. 
 
Prophetism 

The term  ‘prophet’, ‘prophecy’ and ‘prophetism’ are often used by religious leaders 
in the 21st century  to encourage believers to take action in order to make the world a better 
place (Devillers, 2010). 

A popular opinion according to Deviller (2010) is that prophecy foretells the future; 
however the meaning is rejected by the vast majority of biblical scholars. Yet even scholars 
are not unanimous in their attempt at providing a single definition of ‘prophetism’. It is 
however necessary to look at the origins of the Greek ‘[prophets’ the word which the 
Septuagint (LXX) used for the translation of the Hebrew “nabi”. In this sense, prophet is 
someone who acts as a “mouthpiece of god”, a prophet is a human medium who is capable of 
receiving and transmitting a message from a deity (Nissinen, 2004). 

De Jong (2007) as quoted by Devillier (2010) posits that all prophecy has bearing on a 
particular socio-historical circumstances so that the divine-human communication is 
interpreted as an event in the present or something that happened in the past. Prophecy is seen 
as the disclosure of a divine message which is important for the state of affairs in the present. 
Rather than straightforward descriptions of future events, the element of prediction is 
something that develops out of a present situation in which the divine plan relating to matters 
in the future is disclosed. Reading the signs in the present, the prophet is able to make 
calculated projections of what may not happen in the imminent future. 

To sum up therefore, a prophet can be described as someone who delivers a divine 
message while prophecy or prophetism pertains to the interpretation of this message. 
Prophetism is in truth and reality an emanation sent forth by divine being through the 
medium of the active intellect in the first instance to man’s rational faculty and then to his 
“imaginative faculty”. Prophecy is not limited to a particular culture; it is a common property 
to all known ancient societies around the world. 

Earlier scholars according to De Villier (2004) draw a distinction between divination 
and prophecy thereby aiming to distinguish between inductive and non-inductive measures 
that would separate the diviners from the prophets. Diviners make use of inductive measure 
and technical operations to evolve the message of a deity, whiles prophet received it 
spontaneously albeit an audible word, a dream or a vision.  There are however two types of 
divination; Inductive and non-inductive divinations. 

Inductive divination was common in the Ancient Near East but only vaguely attested 
to in the Hebrew Bible. This form of divination requires rather specialized knowledge and 
technical operations which range from astrology, good omens and bad omens to  
necromancy. Abnormal appearances in the phases of the heavenly bodies, abnormalities in 
the birth of animals or humans or in the intestine of ritually slaughtered animals, all served as 
media by which the gods disclosed some important message to earthly beings. Also the 
colour or motion of oil poured upon water could be a significant indication of events or 
otherwise the diviner could look out the direction of smoke from an incense burner. These 
forms of divination required special training skills and expert knowledge.  

Non-inductive divination refers to the spontaneous revelation of divine messages to 
the recipients, s that is the prophet which is more similar to the kind of prophecy of the 
Hebrew Bible (De Viller, 2004). 

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Common features between Meteorology and Prophetism 

Meteorology and prophetism have unique and similar characteristics both should be 
studied together and not in isolation. While Meteorology is seen as the branch of science that 
deals with the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere especially a means of forecasting 
the weather, prophetism is considered as the disclosure of a divine message which is 
important for the state affairs of the present. 

While meteorologists predict weather condition, prophets predict events. 
Meteorologists forecast but prophets foretells 
Prophetism is in truth and reality an emanation sent forth by divine being through the 

medium of the active intellect. Meteorology deals with a variety of tools that are used to 
examine and describe model and predict weather systems. 

The act of prophesying may at times be innate. Meteorology absolutely involves 
learning processes so that after undergoing the process involved the person concerned 
becomes an expert. 

While prophetism is deeply spiritual, meteorology is purely scientific. 
While meteorologist uses scientific apparatus to forecast weather a prophet relies 

solely on inspiration. 
It is however necessary at this juncture to look at the points of convergence between 

meteorology and prophetism: Both deals with prediction. While a Meteorologist predicts 
weather a prophet predicts future events. 

A prophet needs to interpret his numerous events as divinely inspired before 
prophesying. A meteorologist also interprets the various data at his disposal before he can 
forecast. 

Meteorologist through weather forecast help people to plan the kind of cloth to wear, 
when to travel and the kind of products to stock in supermarkets. Prophets also are able to 
warn people where to travel, what to eat and the kind of trade transactions to be involved in. 
Both need the knowledge of the present to forecast or foretell the future event 
 
Sustainable Development        
    Development must involve two basic processes. The first has to do with improving and 
refining that which is already in existence and adapting it to contemporary requirement 
(Tunde, 2007). The second process involves finding solutions to new problems or new forms 
of solutions to old problems. Both imply creative responses for social political and economic 
affairs. 

Sustainable development suggests an enduring, remarkable, non-terminal 
improvement in the quality of life, standard of living and life chances of the people. Such 
development must be capable of surviving generations over a prolonged period of time. It 
favours a progress curve in human development encompassing enhanced creativity, for 
increased productivity. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of 
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the human needs 
to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources 
and ecosystems, on which we, and the future generations depends. 
    Sustainable development implies economic growth together with the protection of 
environmental quality, each reinforcing the other. The essence of this form of development is 
a stable relationship between human  activities and the natural world which does not diminish 
the prospects for future  generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as our own.  

The term refers to achieving economic and social development in ways that do not 
exhausts a country’s natural resources. It is a process of change in which the exploitation of 

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resources, the direction of investments the orientation of technological development and 
institutional change are made consistent with the future as well as present needs. 

Sustainable development can therefore be defined as a deliberate and systematic 
policy of ensuring the survival of a state in such conditions that the social, economic and 
political necessities that are imperative for the enjoyment of the good life and ensuring the 
greatest good for the greatest numbers are available now without this constituting a denial of 
the capacity of being able to enjoy the same benefits to generations yet unborn in the 
foreseeable future.  

Another way of understanding the concept of Sustainable development is to say that 
the society should be managed in an effective and efficient manner such that it benefits all 
and sundry, with enough resources still available for the continuation of the human race in 
future. This is achievable through the judicious and careful use of global resources. A 
necessary adjunct to this concern therefore is the imperative of poverty eradication, control of 
diseases, improvement of the standards of living of the people, good governance and the 
forgiveness of debts. Sustainable development refers to the definitive growth of the society in 
every sphere. 
 
The Place of Meteorology and Prophetism in Sustainable Development 

As earlier pointed out in this work, sustainable development entails how the society 
should be managed effectively and efficiently such that it benefits all and sundry with enough 
resources still available for the continuation of human race in the future, Meteorology and 
Prophetism make this achievable. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our 
time and its adverse impacts undermine the ability to achieve sustainable development. 
Climate change makes the survival of many societies and of the biological support systems of 
the planet impossible. It may have negative impact on: Food security; Agriculture; Rural 
development and Water management. It may also cause global health threats; Natural 
resources depletion; Environmental degradation and so on. A proper prediction of the 
conditions of the atmosphere for a given location and time helps to sustain development in 
the following ways: 

  It ensures healthy lives and promotes wellbeing for all ages: With accurate 
predictions either from a Meteorologist or Prophet, adequate preparation is 
made to prevent any calamity that unfavourable weather might cause .Since 
weather condition determines attitudes at a given time evils and disaster are 
avoided with accurate predictions. When disasters are avoided, peaceful co-
existence which leads to development becomes possible. 

 It promotes, sustains, inclusive economic growth and productive 
employment. Proper prediction enhances economic growth if right 
transactions are made and needed goods are sold .Productive employment 
becomes necessary when profits are made. Employment will no doubt reduce 
the level of poverty which will in turn lead to economic sustainability. 

 It builds resilient infrastructure, promotes inclusive and sustainable 
industrialization and fosters innovation. Through timely predictions, the 
building of dependable infrastructure and promotion of inclusive and 
sustainable industrialization will become an easy task. Persistent and reliable 
predictions also foster and contribute greatly to economic sustainability. 

 It makes cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and 
sustainable. As no one is ready to settle in any region devoid of peace, proper 
prediction is necessary because settlement in any peaceful environment will 
enhance development. 

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 It protects, restores and promotes sustainable use of terrestrial 
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halts and 
reverse land degradation and halts biodiversity loss(https://www.buiness-
humanrights.org.).(biodiversity loss is the variety of life on Earth in all its 
forms and interactions. It is the variability among living organisms from all 
sources, including terrestrial marine and other aquatic ecosystems). 
Biodiversity loss will no doubt affect the Gross Domestic Product(GDP) of 
any nation which in turn hamper its economic growth and development. 

 It revitalizes the global partnership for sustainable development: Accurate 
meteorological or prophetic predictions enhance economic partnership among 
different countries. Apart from peaceful co-existence that global partnership 
brings, it contributes tremendously to economic development. 

 It promotes peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development. 

CONCLUSION 
The role being played by meteorologists and prophets in the world cannot be 

overemphasized most especially when one considered the benefits of prophetism and 
meteorology to human development. 

It is however not an exaggeration to opine that lives will remain inhabitable and of 
course miserable without these phenomena. Without weather forecast or prophetic prediction 
disasters of different degrees will be inevitable since sustainable development will remain 
unattainable grandiose and a mere illusion. 

In view of the above analysis, it is however recommended that persistent comparative 
studies of  science and religion should be done since this will pave way for expected 
sustainable development. 

 
 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH ( ISSN 2811-2466 )

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