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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

https://ijojournals.com/                                      Volume 05 || Issue 12 || December, 2022 || 

 

BEACH RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BAYELSA 
STATE, NIGERIA. 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
ABSTRACT 

 

This study sought to examine the relationship between beach resources and sustainable tourism 
development in Bayelsa state. This was against the backdrop of a number of concerns 
threatening the sustainable development of tourism industry in Bayelsa that solutions were 
sought through this study. To achieve the aim of the study,  beach resources  was studied for its 
impact on three measure of sustainable tourism development. The data for the study was 
gathered via the use of questionnaire distributed to the sampled beach/water tourist sites, using a 
sample random sampling technique, a total of 400 questionnaires was distributed, out of which 
296 were used for analysis. With Pearson Moment Correlation andsimple  regression, the study 
found that beach resources is significant predictor of sustainable tourism development in Bayelsa 
state. Consequently, the entire null hypothesis were rejected. On the basis of conclusion, 
recommendations were offered. Among other recommendation, the need for deliberate and 
collaborative efforts between private tourism practitioners, government and host communities 
towards the development of tourism sector was emphasized. 

 

Key Words: Beach resources. Economic Development. Socio-cultural Development. Environmental 

Development. 

 
Introduction 
 
The tourism sector has witnessed consistent development and expansion for decades. We may 
anticipate further progress over the next 20 years. Tourism is the second-largest business in the 
world, after agriculture, and contributes 9.8% of the global GDP, according to estimates from the 
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (7.2billion USD). Tourism accounts for 

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SUBAI, TONBARA

  &

NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.

Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Port Harcourt.

mailto:eugene.ndu@uniport.edu.ng


IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

https://ijojournals.com/                                      Volume 05 || Issue 12 || December, 2022 || 

 

7% (1.5 trillion USD) of the world's exports of goods and services, whereas in many developing 
nations it is the largest source of export amongst several industries. At the same time, it generates 
over 284 million employment opportunities; this connotes that tourism creates 1 in every 11 jobs 
across the globe. The increase in travellers from 25 million in 1950 to 1186 million in 2015 is 
evidence that travel is becoming more popular worldwide (UNWTO, 2016). Due to the world's 
increasing economic expansion, beach resources are crucial both in Bayelsa State and other parts 
of Nigeria.  Despite these enormous potentials tourism wields, incessant governments pay little 
attention to the growth of tourism as a strategic source of economic independency and 
diversification, which is typically a source of worry to economic experts and tourism 
practitioners. The strategies to promote and market the touristic potentials of beach resources and 
tourism in Bayelsa State still suffer incoherence and inconsistency. How to incorporate tourism 
development within the scope of integrated beach resources and improve the one of the major 
obstacles facing the state's tourist sector is the probability of long-term sustainability.Due to 
negligence, many rivers, lakes, oceans, beaches, and other water resources have become havens 
for kidnappers, terrorists, and oftentimes serve as a haven or escape route for unscrupulous 
characters. Meanwhile, some individuals utilize the waterways and locations as public restrooms, 
places to dispose of their sewage, and abandon rickety ships and boats. People avoid visiting 
beaches, lakes, and rivers because of all these fears. The lack of sufficient restrooms and trash 
disposal facilities, as well as the lack of adequate safety and security measures, are additional 
difficulties that Bayelsa State's beaches still contend with. Some regions of the country lack the 
necessary modern infrastructure, and there are severe underdevelopment and poverty issues that 
many potential tourists may not want to encounter. 
These issues can be resolved if beach resources are good and appealing with clear, white sand 
beaches, manageable waves, and hills surrounded by lush vegetation. If these conditions are met, 
the area has the potential to draw in a lot of local and foreign tourists through the use of water 
resources, beach destinations, and adventure beaches, among other things. Based on this context, 
the study set out to determine how beach resources and tourism growth interacted in Bayelsa 
State. 

Aim and Objectives of the Study 
The aim of this study is to empirically examine the relationship between beach resources and 
sustainable tourism development in Bayelsa State. The specific objectives are; 

 
1. To examine if there is any relationship between sand resource and economic development in 

Bayelsa State. 
2. To examine if there is any relationship that between sand resource and environmental 

development in Bayelsa State. 
3. To examine if there is any relationship between sand resource and sociocultural 

development. 
 
 
 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

https://ijojournals.com/                                      Volume 05 || Issue 12 || December, 2022 || 

 

LiteratureReview 
Theoretical Foundations 
 
Systems Theory 
Ludwig von Bertalanffy was the one who initially propounded the system theory. According to 
him, a system is "a collection of interrelated and inter-dependent components.  A systems-
theoretic point of view is offered in Leiper (1990). He suggested that it was a collection of parts, 
bodies, or pieces that were held together by at least one distinguishing quality. It is a unique 
concept that brings everyone together. Because there are systems inside systems, this denotes 
that everything is interconnected, has an effect on other things, and is impacted by other things. 
According to Easton (1953), the system does not have to respond to turbulence by simply 
oscillating or moving relative to its previous point of equilibrium in order for it to be seen as 
having done so. One strategy for lowering arousal levels is to work toward changing the 
environment in such a way that there is no longer a link between the individual and the 
environment that is both stressful and adaptive.  
 
Systems theory provides a unique way of knowing, which makes it useful in a wide variety of 
research initiatives and disciplines of study. Because it has an effect on both cognition and 
practice in all of these areas, as well as disciplines in many more, it is also highly useful in the 
instruction of practical interdisciplinary subjects. As a result of this, its application to tourism 
research as well as the travel and tourism industry is expansive and multifaceted. General 
systems theory has as one of its primary goals the investigation and resolution of challenges and 
notions that appear challenging to an organization in the service of achieving a more extensive 
purpose. The goal is to simplify things as much as possible, which will have the positive side 
effect of making things and ideas less difficult to grasp, deal with, and control (Emery, 1981). 
The system method also has the advantage that academics can consider how such changes would 
affect the tourism system and predict how they will affect other sectors. This is a benefit that the 
system method offers. The experience is encapsulated inside the structure (Page & Connell, 
2006). When it comes to tourism systems, one of the most essential points to bear in mind is that 
whatever takes happening in one location will almost certainly have repercussions in other 
locations. Leiper (1990) proceeded by determining the principles of the subsequent tourism 
system. Travellers; areas that benefit economically from tourism a path that passengers use to go 
from their starting location to the travel and tourism sector (including places to stay, modes of 
transportation, and companies and organizations that provide services and commodities to 
travellers); According to this research, transportation is an essential component of the tourism 
system, as it links regions of production to destinations that are represented in terms of the 
number of travellers that visit them. The beaches of Bayelsa cannot sustain or cultivate their own 
growth on their own. To get the full experience of the area, guests from all over the world need 
to go here. In order for this area to be classified as a "beach resort," it is necessary to include 
some extra man-made or cultural attractions. It is important to keep the transportation routes that 
go to this place and other locations of Bayelsa State in good condition in case tourists are 
interested in investigating such areas.  

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

https://ijojournals.com/                                      Volume 05 || Issue 12 || December, 2022 || 

 

Conceptual Review 

 
Beach Resources 
Resources, according to Okpoko (2002), are money and materials that are available to people or 
nations and may be used to accomplish goals. Another definition of resource is something set 
aside or reserved that he can use when things go tough. There are essentially two types of 
materials with regard to this study in particular. Natural and cultural resources might be included. 
Natural resources might be those that nature has made accessible and usable. Forests, wildlife, 
lakes, streams, mountains, mineral ores, petroleum, and gas are a few of them. Cultural resources 
might be created from natural resources. Whatever originates from nature and is made up of 
different elements like land, mountains, valleys, rivers, waterfalls, rain, etc. is referred to as a 
resource since it may be used to satisfy demands and enhance the welfare of living creatures 
(Hendrymahendra, 2017).Beach resources relate to the kind of beach tourism that occurs (Page 
& Connell, 2006). All tourism-, leisure-, and recreation-related activities that take place in the 
coastal zone and offshore coastal waters are included in the definition of beach resources. The 
beach resource is built on a special resource combination at the boundary between the land and 
sea environments: sun, water, beaches, breathtakingly vistas, a diverse range of living things 
(birds, whales, corals, and so on), seafood, and a decent transit system. It is a type of land 
formation found beside an ocean, sea, lake, or river. It typically consists of loose particles, such 
as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, or cobblestones, which are frequently made of rock. Sometimes 
biological materials like mollusc shells or coralline algae make up the beach's particles. Sand and 
other loose sediments that make up the beach are moved by waves or currents while they are 
kept in suspension, creating beaches. The pressures of waves and currents cause the rock 
elements to move on shore, offshore, or along shore. The majority of beach materials are the 
results of erosive weathering. 

Sand, sun, and sea are the three Ss that define the beach, and each beach has a profile and a 
berm. The beach's topography—both above and below the water—is described in the beach 
profile. It transitions from season to season as a result of the fluctuating wave energy that is felt 
during the summer and winter seasons, but is felt more frequently during the summer as a result 
of the gentle wave action. On the contrary, the beach berm is the portion of the beach that is 
generally above water (depending on the tide) and is more or less actively influenced by the 
waves at some point in the tide. This portion of the beach is known as the beach berm. 

The vegetation in the intertidal zone, which may include trees, shrubs, or grasses; the type of 
sand and rock; and the height of the tidesfound there are among the areas above the water. 
Beaches are a component of coastal regions, which act as transitional zones between terrestrial 
and marine ecosystems and are impacted by changes in both the land and the sea. Commercial, 
cultural, and entertainment functions are brought about by development in beach areas. Coastal, 
marine, and small island resources also play a significant role in development(Suratiniet.at, 
2019). 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Beach resources include coastal elements like sand, forests, mangroves, water flora and fauna, 
cliffs, contours, and shade are all found in the surrounding area of the beach, and vistas that need 
to be developed and preserved, according to Suratini et al. (2019). The beach's inherent potential 
for scenery can be seen in the beach panorama. There are numerous types or forms of beaches. 
Beach resources are factors that affect the growth of coastal tourism where there are potential 
drivers or things that tend to have weaknesses so that they can impede the growth of coastal 
tourism (Oktaviani and Suryana, 2006 as cited in Suratini et al., 2019). Beaches are an interface 
or meeting zone between land and water. They are dynamic traits that are frequently influenced 
by a variety of processes and circumstances, all of which are dynamic in their own right. These 
consist of oceanic, geological, and climatic processes. Beaches are significant from an ecological 
and monetary standpoint. Sand beaches, for instance, are crucial for sea turtles' ability to lay their 
eggs. Additionally, beaches provide leisure opportunities for both locals and visitors. Muddy 
beaches are home to a variety of benthic species, which is consumed by a range of migratory and 
permanent birds. Beaches also provide coastal towns with places to work, beautiful, calming 
settings, and a way to make money through tourism. Many human activities have an impact on 
beaches, some of which result in issues with beach erosion, inaccessibility for locals if the 
beaches have been privatized, and disturbance of the nesting places. The greatest risks to beaches 
include sand removal and blockage, deterioration of protective ecosystems, and building on the 
beaches. 

Sustainable Tourism Development 
According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism is "a social, cultural, and 
economic phenomenon involving the travel, for pleasure or commercial purposes, of humans to 
sites beyond their customary surroundings." This definition is widely accepted today. These 
individuals, who might be visitors, excursionists, locals, or even people from out of town, take 
part in activities that entail spending money on tourism-related activities (United Nations World 
Tourism Organization, 2008). According to the World Travel & Tourism Council(2017), the 
tourism industry is continuing to experience phenomenal expansion, outpacing the growth of a 
number of other industries that make significant contributions to the economy of the entire 
world, such as the production of food, automobiles, and oil (UNWTO, 2016). As a result, it is 
essential to develop the tourist business in regions that have promise in order to capitalize on the 
benefits associated with doing so. The generation of profits in foreign currency, the attraction of 
foreign investment, the increase in tax revenues, and the creation of extra job opportunities are 
all ways in which tourism contributes to the expansion of the economy (Alam, &Paramati, 
2016). The huge economic importance of the tourism sector is demonstrated by the repercussions 
of its activities. The expansion of tourism has piqued the interest of a number of governments, 
regional and municipal authorities, commercial investors, and other parties due to the industry's 
capacity to generate income and employment opportunities while also contributing significantly 
to a number of countries' overall contributions to their respective balances of payments. In a 
fundamental research that was published in 1961, Kraph claimed that tourism in underdeveloped 
nations serves a function that is distinct from any other industry. He referred to these 
responsibilities as "economic imperatives" in his statement (Kraph, 1961). Utilizing the country's 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

https://ijojournals.com/                                      Volume 05 || Issue 12 || December, 2022 || 

 

natural resources, being internationally competitive due to favourable trade circumstances, being 
able to produce the bulk of necessary goods and services domestically, and improving the 
country's overall payments balance are all goals that need to be accomplished. The benefits of 
tourism investment to society include job creation, the generation of multiplier effects, and the 
maintenance of balanced expansion. According to Kraph (1961), the tourism sector has seemed 
to possess the ability to generate substantial capital from reasonable investments in plant and 
infrastructure. This assertion comes from the author's examination of the industry. After that, the 
money could be redistributed to various other sectors of the economy and could result in further 
development since. In no time the country would begin to notice the multiplier effect of tourism 
investments in other areas like employment creation, educational growth, improved public 
transportation system, improved reputation of the country, foreign direct investment through 
foreign exchange opportunities amidst host of other benefits. 

When promoting tourism in a way that is sustainable, the needs of both present visitors and the 
communities that host them are given priority, all while chances for the future are preserved and 
developed. This is expected to lead to the management of all resources in a way that meets 
economic, social, and artistic objectives while also preserving cultural integrity, basic ecological 
processes, biological diversity, and the system that sustains life.Therefore, it is a good idea to 
develop tourism in a way that is ethically and socially responsible, as well as financially and 
ecologically viable. The three measures of sustainable tourism development used in the study are 
economic, socio-cultural and environmental development. 

Economic Development: this connotes the economic activities associated with tourism activities that 

engenders economic development in a tourism destination. It involves the creation of tourism 

infrastructure that leads to the maximisation of resource efficiency and minimize negative 

environmental impact. Other evidence of economic development includes job creation, and growth and 

development of the local economy, improved personal standards of living.  

Socio-Cultural Development: this connotes activities that engenders quality of life of the local people in 

a tourism destination. Evidence of socio-cultural development includes healthy internal environment, 
provision of social amenities and recreational facilities, Safety (personal, household and 
environmental), and having access to jobs. 

 
 
Environmental Sustainability – connotes preserving the environment throughEnergy 
efficiency, Water efficiency/Conservation, pollution prevention,  reduction of greenhouse gas 
emissions , Waste management / recycling Material efficiency, protect and enhance biodiversity, 
etc. 
 
 
 
 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

https://ijojournals.com/                                      Volume 05 || Issue 12 || December, 2022 || 

 

Empirical Review 
Discussion on tourism development has for long been of great concern to scholars and other 
stakeholders in the tourism industry. For example, a few studies have attempted to explain 
sustainable development from several perspectives. The social, economic, and tourist satisfaction 
levels of Alpha Beach were investigated and assessed by Ajani et al. (2016). Structured 
questionnaires were distributed to two tiers of stakeholders, including 100 locals who were 
willing to participate and 101 tourists, in order to collect information on socio-demographic 
characteristics, economic advantages, the condition of the infrastructure, the attraction of tourists 
to the resort centre, level of satisfaction, and likelihood of return. There was no correlation found 
between the ages of the respondents, their genders, or their levels of schooling. There is no 
statistically significant correlation between the Alpha Beach Resort's tourist attraction and the 
level of satisfaction felt by the hotel's guests. 

In Ghana, Eshun et al. (2019) highlights how important it is to maintain the cleanliness of 
Ghana's beaches in order to maintain a successful and long-term coastal tourism industry. The 
participation of stakeholders, promotional efforts, policies to ensure clean beaches, and sanitation 
challenges impacting Ghanaian beaches were the primary focuses of the study's main objectives. 
The results revealed that there are some policies and procedures in place to keep beaches clean, 
particularly in Accra. Akendoretal. (2003)in South-South Nigeria, used a sample of twenty-six 
(26) different tourist attractions located in the South-South area of Nigeriacomprising  the states 
of Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers. The study found a relationship that 
is significant and positive between marketing efforts and the growth of tourist destinations in 
South South, Nigeria; there is a relationship that is positive but not significant between 
destination attributes and this growth; and there is a relationship that is negative but not 
significant between demand variation management and this growth. 

Suratini et al. (2019) investigated Beach Development Strategy as it relates to Tourism 
Destinations in Tabanan Bali. Because of its exceptional potential for growth as a tourist 
attraction, Pasut Beach in Tibubiu Village, Kerambitan District, Tabanan was selected as the 
venue for the study using purposeful sampling. Their decision was made because Pasut Beach is 
located in Tabanan. The sample for this research consisted of a total of 49 people, including 
representatives from various levels of government, prominent community figures, and actors in 
the tourist industry. In addition to using a SWOT analysis, this research also makes use of 
qualitative analysis, which provides evaluations and interpretations of the acquired data that are 
much more in-depth. In addition, the IFE matrix and the EFE matrix are applied in the SWOT 
method in order to determine the weight, rating, and score, in addition to the strategy and 
placement of Beach quadrant. In addition to that, models such as EFAS and IFAS are used. Pas 
Po has moved into Quadrant I of the S-O matrix, which indicates that both its strength and 
opportunity values are strong. This was accomplished by improving the quality of its human 
resources, particularly in the areas of technology, communication, and information mastery. 
Oron and Itu are both communities that can be found in Akwa, which is a state in Nigeria.  

 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Okhiria et al. (2014) carried out a research with the purpose of investigating the effects that 
tourism has on native ways of life, natural environments, and human societies in these two 
communities. For the purpose of data collection, questionnaires that had been field-tested and 
validated were distributed at random to employees, merchants, and residents of the tourist areas. 
In all, there were 150 people who answered the survey. The analysis of the data used the 
concepts of simple frequency and mean scores. Despite the fact that tourism is demonstrated to 
be beneficial to the communities that host visitors, the research demonstrates that there are also 
negative ramifications that should be a matter for concern. Deterioration of the environment, 
eviction from agricultural land, theft of genetic material from native species, unfair labour and 
pay practices, and other issues are included in this category of dangers. 

Rutty and Scott conducted a study in 2013 on the issue of the varied climatic preferences of 
beachgoers from across the world. An examination of the climatic preferences of important 
tourist market sectors in the Caribbean islands of Barbados, Saint Lucia, and Tobago is based on 
the findings of a research that involved the participation of 472 beachgoers. The primary results 
suggest that visitors coming from tropical regions have greater temperature preferences and 
tolerances than those coming from countries with a more moderate climate. In addition, a 
statistically significant difference was found between people living in regions with temperate and 
tropical climates for every single climatic variable that was examined (p 0.05); these include 
temperature, amount of precipitation, wind, and overall weather. Ijeomah et al. (2020) conducted 
a study utilizing field research and in-depth interviews to investigate the tourist destinations and 
activities in some coastal districts of Nigeria's Niger delta. These locations are popular tourist 
attractions. Finima Nature Park, Bomadi Beach, Lake Efi,Opukuma Beach, Seigbenogugu Lake, 
Port Harcourt Tourist Beach, River Ethiopia, and Rivotel River Resort are some of the most 
popular places to visit along this stretch of coast. The most common types of visitor activities in 
these locations are swimming, picnics, boating, sport fishing, breathing in the salty air of the 
ocean, sunbathing, and participating in local cultural celebrations. One of the most popular 
activities that visitors to the Rivotel river resort may participate in is the boat rental trip. 

 
As a direct consequence of this, the following hypotheses were formulated: 
 

 
HO1: There is no significant relationship between sand resource and economic development in 

Bayelsa State. 
HO2: There is no significant relationship between sand resource and environmental 

development in Bayelsa State. 
HO3: There is no significant relationship between sand resource and sociocultural development 

in Bayelsa State. 
 
 
 

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Methodology 
 
This study adopteda quasi-experimental research design. This method was considered most 
appropriate since the object of the study involves humans; unlike animals, plants or other object 
whose actions can be completely put under the control of the researcher.The study's population 
consists of adults in the Bayelsa East Senatorial District. The Nigerian Census figures from the 
National Population Commission were utilized in the study (NPC). Bayelsa State's population is 
expected to reach 2,537,400 by 2022, according to NPC figures. Consequently, the 2, 537, 400 
individuals of Bayelsa State served as the study's population sample. The researcher used  
TaroTamane formula for sample size determination to obtain a sample size of 400. The beaches 
where the study was conducted are listed in Table 1. 

 
Table 1: Beaches in Bayelsa State 

S/N Beach  Address(LGA) 
1 Okpoama Beach Brass LGA 
2 Odioma Beach Brass LGA 
3 Bayelsa Ferry Terminal and Resorts Nembe LGA 
4 Polaku Beach  Yenegoa LGA 
5 Famgbe Beach Yenegoa LGA 
6 Sagbama Beach Sagbama LGA 
7 Koluama Beach Southern Ijaw LGA 
8 Agei  Palm Beach Ekeremor LGA 
9 Foropa Beach Southern Ijaw LGA 
10 Opokuma beach Akarabiri town in Opokuma clan Kolokuma Opokuma LGA 

Source: Nigerian Directory, 2021 
 
 
Considering the objectivist position to this study, primary data shall be collected from all the ten 
(10) selected beaches in Bayelsa State aided by structured copies of questionnaire. The unit of 
analysis in this study are top management and other staff of beach sites in Bayelsa State. In this 
regard, forty (40) copies of structured questionnaire were hand delivered to these respondents 
representing four hundred (400) copies of questionnaire. 
 
For the questionnaire's "beach sand resources and tourism development" variables, a 5-point 
Likert scale format (5 = Strongly Agree, 4 = Agree, 3 = Undecided, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly 
Disagree) was derived from Kigenyi (2017) and modified in line with the goals of this study. The 
Likert-type scale of measuring variables was chosen.Beach  sandresources was the predictor 
variable (adapted from Arcana &Wiweka, 2015;Dantata, 2011). On the other hand, the 
dependent variable Tourism development was measured with economic development, socio-
cultural development and environment development  (adapted from Dantata, 2011; Sharpley & 
Telfer, 2002).  

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IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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The instrument used in this study was a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided 
into four (4) sections (section A-D) containing twenty-one (33) item questions in all. Section A 
has five (5) questions on the demographics characteristics of the participating respondents. In 
section B, twelve (4) questions were generated regarding beach resources dimensions;section C 
was made-up of the same eight (8) questions on the measures of sustainable tourism 
development while section. A 5-point Likert measurement scale was used in weighting the 
responses.The face and content validity were confirmed by experts in the field of Tourism. In 
terms of reliability,the Cronbach Alpha test with a threshold of 0.7 was employed to measure 
dependability. The value of .823 showed that the research instrument achieved internal 
consistency. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
Results 
 
Table 2: Questionnaire Distribution and Retrieval  
Questionnaire Frequency Percent 
Distributed  400 100% 
Not retrieved  23 5.75% 
Retrieved  377 94.25% 
Useful response  296 74.00% 
Not used - NIL 
  
The table above shows the distribution of questionnaire to respondents and retrieval.  Four 
hundred questionnaires were administered, while three hundred and seventy seven (377) copies 
(91.2%) were retrieved. A total of twenty three 23 (5.75%) copies distributed questionnaire were 
not retrieved. The two hundred and ninety six (296) questionnaires were all useful. Data 
collected from respondents were statistically treated as indicated on the Table 3 below: 
 
 
 
 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Table 3: Demographic profile of respondents  

S/No Demographic variables No Percent 
1 Gender   
 Male 118 39.8 
 Female 178 60.2 
 Total 296 100.0 
3               Age    
                 20-30years  72 24.3 
                 31-40years  98 33.1 
                 41-50years  78 26.3 
                 51& above  48                       16.3 
                  Total                                                                               296                      100 
3               Marital status    
                 Married 132 44.6 
                 Single 148 49.3 
                 Divorced/Separated  16  6.1 
                 Total                                                                                296 100 
4              Educational Background    
                SSCE  24  8.1 
                OND/NCE  58  19.6 
                Degree/HND  111  37.5 
M.Sc/MBA   72  24.3 
Ph.D/DBA   31  10.5 
               Total                                                                                 296                      100 
 

Section 1 of Table 3 shows the gender of respondents. 118 respondents (39.8%) were male, 
while 178 respondents (60.2%) were female. This information implies that majority of the 
respondents were female.Section 2 of Table 3 above shows the information on age brackets of 
the respondents. 72 respondents (24.3%), were within 20-30 years, 98 respondents (33.1%) were 
within 31–40 years, 78 respondents (26.3%) were within 41–50 years, while 48 respondents 
(16.3%) were greater than 51 years. This information shows that majority of the respondents 
were within the ages of 31 – 40 years. Section 3 of Table 3 shows the marital status of 
respondents. 132 respondents (44.6%) were married, 148 respondents (49.3%) were single, 16 
respondents (6.1%) were divorced/separated. This information implies that majority of the 
respondents were single. 
Section 5 of Table 3 shows the educational background of respondents. SSCE (24) (8.1%), 
OND/NCE (58) (19.6%), Degree/HND (111) (37.5%), M.Sc/MBA (72) (24.3%), Ph.D/DBA 
(31) (10.5%). From the information it shows that respondents with B.SC are of the majority. 
 
 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Test of Hypotheses 
 
Pearson Correlation Coefficient   
For this study, Pearson Order Correlation Coefficient analysis was performed to predict the 
extent of sustainable tourism development in terms of qualitative and quantitative attributes:  
economic development and socio-economic development and environmental development. 
 
 
 Correlation Analysis  
DECISION RULE  
If   PV   < 0.05        = Reject  Ho 

PV   >0.05         =  Accept Ho 
 
 
 

Beach sand resources and economic development  
HO1: There is no significant relationship betweenbeach sand resources and economic 

development  
Table 4: Beach sand resources and economic development  

Correlations 

 
Beach Sand 
Resources 

Economic 
Development 

Beach Sand Resources Pearson Correlation 1 .918
**
 

Sig. (2-tailed)  .000 

N 296 296 

Economic Development Pearson Correlation .918
**
 1 

Sig. (2-tailed) .000  

N 296 296 

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 

 
The information in Table 4 above shows the result of Pearson Correlation Coefficient   analysis.  
The correlation coefficient (r) =0.918.  This value indicates that strong relationship exists 
between beach sand resources and economic development. The positive sign of the correlation 
coefficient is an indication that a direct association exist between beach sand resources and 
economic development. The extent of this relationship is shown in the regression result below. 
 
 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Table 5 Model Summary 

Model R R Square Adjusted R 
Square 

Std. Error of the 
Estimate 

1 .918
a
 .843 .837 .084 

a. Predictors: (Constant), Beach Sand Resources 

 
Table 6: Coefficients

a
 

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized 
Coefficients 

t Sig. 

B Std. Error Beta 

1 

(Constant) 2.695 .158  17.089 .000 

Beach Sand 
Resources 

.032 .060 .918 .538 .000 

a. Dependent Variable: Economic Development 

 
The table above shows the model summary and coefficients of the regression analysis. While 
correlation establishes that there is a significant relationship between the constructs, regression 
analysis shows the magnitude of the relationship.  

Thus from the result, R2 value of 0.843 shows that beach sand resources is a high predictor of 
economic development as it boast of 85.0% predictive capacity on economic development. This 
implies that beach sand resources can predict economic development to the tune of 84.3%. The 
result also reflects a beta value β of 0.918 (p-value 0.000). The regression models becomes 
=2.695+.0.918*BSR. Since the p-value 0.000 is less than the level of significance (0.005), the 
null hypothesis H0 is not upheld. Therefore the alternative hypothesis is which states that there is 
a significant relationshipbetween beach sand resources and economic development.   

Beach sand resources and environmental development 
HO3: There is no significant relationship betweenbeach sand resources and environmental 

development   
Table 7: Beach sand resourcesand environmental development  

Correlations 

 
Beach Sand 
Resources 

Environmental 
Development 

Beach Sand Resources Pearson Correlation 1 .946
**
 

Sig. (2-tailed)  .000 

N 296 296 

Environmental Development Pearson Correlation .946
**
 1 

Sig. (2-tailed) .000  

N 296 296 

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 
 
The information in Table 7 above shows the result of Pearson Correlation Coefficient   analysis.  
The correlation coefficient (r) =0.946.  This value indicates that strong relationship exists 
between beach sand resources and environmental development. The positive sign of the 
correlation coefficient is an indication that a direct association exist between beach sand 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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resources and environmental   development. The extent of this relationship is shown in the 
regression result below. 
 

Table 8 Model Summary 

Model R R Square Adjusted R 
Square 

Std. Error of the 
Estimate 

1 .946
a
 .894 .889 .736 

a. Predictors: (Constant), Beach Sand Resources 

 
 
 

Table 9 Coefficients
a
 

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized 
Coefficients 

t Sig. 

B Std. Error Beta 

1 

(Constant) 1.244 .252  4.938 .000 

Beach Sand 
Resources 

.608 .098 .946 6.199 .000 

a. Dependent Variable: Environmental Development 

 

The table above shows the model summary and coefficients of the regression analysis. While 
correlation establishes that there is a significant relationship between the constructs, regression 
analysis shows the magnitude of the relationship.  

Thus from the result, R2 value of 0.894 shows that beach sand resources is a high predictor of 
environmental development as it boast of 89.4% predictive capacity on environmental 
development. This implies that beach sand resources can predict environmental development to 
the tune of 89.4%. The result also reflects a beta value β of 0.946 (p-value 0.000). The regression 
models becomes =1.244+.0.946*BSR. Since the p-value 0.000 is less than the level of 
significance (0.005), the null hypothesis H0 is not upheld. Therefore the alternative hypothesis is 
which states that there is a significant relationshipbetween beach sand resources and 
environmentaldevelopment. 

Beach sand resources and socio-cultural development. 
HO3: There is no significant relationship between beach sand resources and socio-cultural 

development. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Table 10: Beach sand resources and socio-cultural development. 
Correlations 

 
Beach Sand 
Resources 

Socio-Cultural 
Development 

Beach Sand Resources Pearson Correlation 1 .890
**
 

Sig. (2-tailed)  .000 

N 296 296 

Socio-Cultural Development Pearson Correlation .890
**
 1 

Sig. (2-tailed) .000  

N 296 296 

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 

The information in Table 10 above shows the result of Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis.  
The correlation coefficient (r) =0.890.  This value indicates that strong relationship exists 
between beach sand resources and socio-cultural development. The positive sign of the 
correlation coefficient is an indication that a direct association exist between beach sand 
resources and socio-cultural development. The extent of this relationship is shown in the 
regression result below. 

Table 11 Model Summary 

Model R R Square Adjusted R 
Square 

Std. Error of the 
Estimate 

1 .890
a
 .792 .779 .947 

a. Predictors: (Constant), Beach Sand Resources 

 
Table 12 Coefficients

a
 

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized 
Coefficients 

t Sig. 

B Std. Error Beta 

1 

(Constant) 1.248 .324  3.852 .000 

Beach Sand 
Resources 

.573 .126 .890 4.543 .000 

a. Dependent Variable: Socio-cultural Development 

 
The table above shows the model summary and coefficients of the regression analysis. While 
correlation establishes that there is a significant relationship between the constructs, regression 
analysis shows the magnitude of the relationship.  

Thus from the result, R2 value of 0.792 shows that beach sand resources is a high predictor of 
socio-cultural development as it boast of 79.2% predictive capacity on socio-cultural 
development. This implies that beach sand resources can predict socio-cultural development to 
the tune of 79.2%. The result also reflects a beta value β of 0.890 (p-value 0.000). The regression 
models becomes =1.248+.0.890*BSR. Since the p-value 0.000 is less than the level of 
significance (0.005), the null hypothesis H0 is not upheld. Therefore the alternative hypothesis is 
which states that there is a significant relationshipbetween beach sand resources and socio-
culturaldevelopment. 
 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Discussion of Findings  
The  findings of the study emanated from the result of hypotheses testing  which had the 
objective to examine the relationship beach sand resources and the measures of sustainable 
tourism development; which are economic, environmental and socio-cultural developments.The 
study found that there is a significant relationship between beach sand resources and the 
sustainable tourism development. Specifically, the result showed a value of (r=.918, 946, 890 
atp=000<.050) for economic development, environmental development and socio-cultural 
development respectively.The result is consistent with previous studies such as Simpeh and 
Amonsah-Tawiah (2011), and Milliman   (2002) who found in their study that the business 
developed to offer relaxation and entertainment at the beaches enhances the organisational 
performance of the firms concerned as well as development of new businesses. These businesses 
does not only generate wealth to the owner, it also create employment opportunities to the host 
communities; giving them avenue for an improved economic welfare. The serene environment 
offered by the beach will continue to engender business growth which empowers the local people 
economically. Beach sand resources will continue to enhance the preservation of the 
environment through a good environmental programme by the tourism stakeholders. This 
involves managing coastal risks to maintain a pleasant and safe recreational environment, clean 
water and air quality, and healthy coastal ecosystems. A better environment will be provided for 
present generation and the future ones via good coastal management methods, especially with 
respect to the appropriate site of tourist infrastructure (Milliman, 2002).SimilarlySuratini et al 
(2019) explained in support of the finding that the economic empowerment arising from business 
opportunities makes it possible for the quality of life of the local people to improve. Also, the 
beach sand resources offer recreational ground for the local people to socialise with foreign 
tourists and language exchange/education.  
On contrary, Eshun et al. (2019) targeted the supply of clean beaches in Ghana as the primary 
focus of their research in order to encourage the robust and sustainable growth of coastal 
tourism. The engagement of stakeholders, promotional activities, and policies to maintain clean 
beaches, and sanitation difficulties influencing Ghanaian beaches were the primary focuses of 
the study. During the course of the investigation, both quantitative and qualitative research 
approaches were used. A total of 150 residents in the area under investigation were chosen at 
random to fill out semjkvi-structured questionnaires, and the sample method used was 
convenience sampling. The results revealed that there are some policies and procedures in place 
to keep beaches clean, particularly in Accra. However, concerns such as low local participation 
in beach cleaning, poor image at certain sites due to inadequate sanitation, inferior facilities, and 
insufficient stakeholder collaboration need to be addressed in order for Ghana to achieve 
sustainable coastal tourism. Ajani et al. (2016) in their study also found that the community is 
not very satisfied with the socio-economic impact of private beach in their communities. 

 
 
 
 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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Conclusion  
Overall, this study examined the relationship between beach sand resources and sustainable 
tourism development in Bayelsa state. In achieving this purpose, beach sand resources  (water 
resources was adopted against the three pillars of sustainable tourism development (economic, 
environmental and socio-cultural development). The result showed that beach resources is 
significant predictor of sustainable tourism development in Bayelsa.Thus the study was 
concluded that there is need for collaborative efforts between private tourism business and other 
public stake holders like state and federal government and host communities in order to foster 
sustainable tourism development in Bayelsa state. 
 

 

Recommendations   
The following are recommendation of the study;  
 
i. Beach site managers should endeavour to ensure that sustainable planning strategies are 

put in place to protect and maintain the beach sand and other resources at the beach; poor 
state of beach facilities can dissuade tourist and this would not be healthy for the 
attainment of sustainable tourism development 

ii. The study also recommends that there is need for collaborative efforts between private 
tourism business and other public stake holders like state and federal government and 
host communities to come up with policies that will enhance the growth of tourism 
activities in order to foster sustainable tourism development in Bayelsa state. 

 
Suggestion for Further Research  
This study is focused on the relationship between beach resources and sustainable tourism 
development in Bayelsa state which is conducted on the broad tourism sector.  Therefore, future 
researchers could consider adopting a longitudinal design with a lot more time allotted to 
particular tourist beach sites. This will enable them understand the dynamics and interplay of the 
phenomena under consideration.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                   NDU, EUGENE CHIGOZIE, PhD.* 

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