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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

https://ijojournals.com/                                                          Volume 07 || Issue 12 || December, 2024 || 

A Comparative Investigation of Family Acceptance on LGBTQ+ Level of Confidence 

 

A Comparative 
Investigation of Family 

 
 

 

 

 
 

ABSTRACT:Family acceptance plays a crucial role in 
shaping the self-esteem of LGBTQ+ individuals. However, 
despite growing awareness of the challenges faced by 
LGBTQ+ individuals, there is a notable lack of studies 
investigating the comparative impact of family 
acceptanceon their self-esteem. This study comparatively 
investigated the family acceptance of the 300 College and 
Secondary Highschool students who are part of the 
LGBTQ+ community. The data Collected through 
purposive sampling method using traditional survey 
questionnaire and google form. The result revealed that 
there is a significance differences between level of self-
esteem on LGBTQ+ students who are accepted and not 
accepted by their family. The study affirmed that both 
accepted (M= 1.97; SD= 0.44) and not accepted (M=1.73; 
SD= 0.43) had a result of low self-esteem. However, 
despite that both have low self-esteem, using the Mann 
Whitney U test, there is still a significant difference 
between their level of self-esteem (U= 0.89, Z-score= -
3.34, p= .000). In conclusion this study provides valuable 
insights of the importance of family acceptance and other 
factors that affects the self-esteem of LGBTQ+ individuals. 
This study underscores the critical role of family 
acceptance and societal attitudes to promote the well-
established self-esteem of LGBTQ+ individuals as well as 
their overall well-being. The importance of this of this 
study willsupport future researchers in exploring further 

areas related to LGBTQ+ issues including self-esteem and 
other wider societal adverse effects 

Keywords:  college students, secondary high school 
students, family acceptance, LGBTQ+, self-esteem 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Members of the LGBTQ+ community are constantly 
criticized, yet they are fighting for acceptance and equal 
rights. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ population is 
widespread, making it a serve issue (Malviya, 2019). Some 
Teenagers who identify as LGBTQ are more likely to 
suffer from sadness, hopelessness, thoughts of killing 
themselves, criminal conduct, academic failure, a lack of 
relationship and protection, and lack of determination to 
complete their education thantheirheterosexualpeers. 
According to Chan et al., (2022) when there where 
variations depending on gender and sexual orientation, 
LGBTQ youth experienced more abuse. 

Family acceptance is among the best indicators of 
LGBTQ+ young people’s wellness, mental health, and 
overall well-being. In addition, it takes time to become 
accepted, and the process of becoming so is often 
challenging and depends on parents having the support 
they require to deal with the stress of knowing that their 
child identifies as gay or lesbian (Ghosh, 2020). According 
to Alibudbud (2024), there is also proof of violence and 
discrimination towards Filipinos which identify as queer, 
Bisexual, or transgender. According to a 2018 Human 
Rights Campaign survey, 70% of LGTQIA+ young people 
reported feeling hopeless or useless in the previous week, 
even though 91% of them take pride in their identification. 
Furthermore, 67% of participants said they had heard 
family members make anti- LGBTQIA+ criticism reasons 
that lead to low self-esteem among LGBTQIA+ youth 
(Bhardan, 2021). 

Negative reaction frequently leads to emotional distress 
parent-child disputes, and negative psychological outcomes 
like substance abuse, depression, and, in the worst 
situations, a higher risk of suicidal thoughts with low self-
esteem. A study by Tripathiet et al., (2022), looks at the 
difficulties and mental health problems LGBTQ youth 
encounter as well as the importance of parental acceptance 
following coming out. Moreover,  bullying and rejection 
from family were linked to lower LGBTQ identitypride, 
which in turn was linked to higher levels of depression and 
low self-esteem, according to the findings (Chang et al., 
2021)

Goal number five of the SDG is very helpful for human 
rights defenders and supporters because it has the most 
connections with LGBTQ+ rights. It has been shown that 

violence against persons because of their perceived or 
actual sexual orientation, gender identity, gender 
expression, or sexual characteristics is common throughout 

Acceptance on 
LGBTQ+ Level of 
Confidence
Jezca Desales1, Jenne Bee Magalso1, Angel Kesiah 
Sarcena1, Niña Chreisha Espiritu1, Marcc Andrew 
Mahusay1, Jay Louie Masan1, Marian Joy 
Batiancila1*
1Department of Arts and Sciences, University of Mindanao 
Digos College, Digos, Davao del Sur, Philippines

*Correspondence:  Jezca Desales1

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mailto:jezcadesales4@gmail.com


II. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

https://ijojournals.com/                                                          Volume 07 || Issue 12 || December, 2024 || 

A Comparative Investigation of Family Acceptance on LGBTQ+ Level of Confidence 

 

the world. Hence, we can take advantage of this chance to 
promote the inclusion and rights of LGBTQ+ when states 
develop program or policies with the goal of fulfilling SDG 
#5 in order to guarantee that no one is left behind. 
 
A. Research Questions 

Determining out whether LGBTQ+ students’ self-
esteem affects between those who are accepted by their 
families and those who are not is the primary objective of 
this study, following question among college and senior 
high school students: 

1. What is the measured level of self-esteem among 
LGBTQ+ young people who have family acceptance? 

2. What is the measured level of self-esteem among 
LGBTQ+ students whose families did not accept them? 

3. Does the level of self-esteem of LGBTQ+ 
students who have family acceptance differ significantly 
from among those who do not? 
 
B. Hypotheses 

The following hypothesis are formulated based on the 
statement of problem. 

H0: The confidence level of LGBTQ+ students who had 
their family accept them and those who did not does not 
differ significantly 
H1: Students who felt accepted by their families and those 
who were not have significantly different levels of self-
esteem. 
 
C. Conceptual Framework 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual 
Framework  
This study revolves around two variables level of self-
esteem, which is the dependent variable and accepted and 
not accepted is the independent variable. 

 

II. METHODS 

This section shows the methods that are used in this 
study in gathering data and analysis that are relevant to the 
research. The methodology area presents the research 
design, research respondents, research sampling, data 

collection, research instrument, statistical treatment, and 
ethical consideration 

A. Research Respondents 

This study involved 300 participants currently enrolled 
at the University of Mindanao Digos College and Digos 
Central Adventist Academy Inc., all of whom are members 
of the LGBTQ+ community. The participants were 
purposively selected based on their relevance to the 
research topic to provide valuable insights through the 
research questionnaire. The gender distribution among the 
respondents revealed that the majority identified as 
Bisexual (f=151, 50%), followed by those identifying as 
Gay (f=50, 17%), Others (including Pansexual, Polysexual, 
Androsexual, etc.) (f=49, 14%), lesbian (f=30, 10%), and 
Transgender (f=13, 7%). Most participants were Senior 
High School students (91 respondents, 34%), followed by 
1st-year students (73 respondents, 25%), 2nd-year students 
(55 respondents, 19%), and 4th-year students (20 
respondents, 6%). The total number of respondents was 
300, ensuring comprehensive representation of the 
LGBTQ+ community. 
 

B. Research Sampling 

The researchers used purposive sampling to ensure that 
the participants are Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, Queer, and 
others (Pan-sexual, Adro-sexual, Agender etc.) and the 
participants enrolled from University of MindanaoDigos 
College and Digos Central Adventist Academy Inc. are part 
of this LGBTQ+ Community. This diverse population of 
students are well-suited to investigate then significant 
difference between accepted and not accepted to the 
students’ level of self-esteem. According to Andrade 
(2020) purposive sampling method has the characteristics 
that are defined for a specific purpose that is relevant to the 
study. The findings of a study that used convenience and 
purposive sampling can only be applied to the 
subpopulation from which the sample is taken from, not to 
the population as a whole. Each sampling methods clearly 
identifies each study’s reliability for data collecting and 
analysis (Campbell et al., 2020). 
 

C. Data Collection 

The researchers identified one questionnaire and 
gathered relevant literature of the study. It is structured into 
2 dimensions: first dimensions consist of one question that 
can be answered yes or no about family acceptance; second 
dimension is related to overall feelings of self-esteem 
acceptance through Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale with 10 
items, to identify their level of self-esteem. By using the 
traditional data gathering questionnaire and Google Form, 

Accepted 

Not Accepted 

Self-Esteem 

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II. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

https://ijojournals.com/                                                          Volume 07 || Issue 12 || December, 2024 || 

A Comparative Investigation of Family Acceptance on LGBTQ+ Level of Confidence 

 

the questionnaire was administered to the 300 chosen 
LGBTQ+ students from the two school which in UMDC 
and DCAA. 
 

D. Research Instrument 

The researchers collected data to accomplish the 
research objectives through survey questionnaires. The 
researchers used Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) as an 
instrument to measure self-esteem. According to Morris 
Rosenberg (1975), the purpose of the RSE scale is to 
measure self-esteem. Originally the scale was specialized 
to measure the self-esteem of the college and senior high 
school students. However, since its development, the scale 
has been utilized with a wide range of population including 
adults, with norms available for many of those groups. The 
questionnaire consists of a 10-item Likert scale. Using a 5-
point Likert scale, items 3,5,8,9, and 10 that ranges from 
3= Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 1= Agree, 0= Strongly 
Agree. For items 1,2,4,6, and 7 that ranges from 3= 
Strongly Agree, 2= Agree, 1= Disagree, 0= Strongly 
Disagree. 

Subsequently, the researcher conducted a reliability and 
validity test on Rosenberg’s Self-esteem scale, conducted 
at the University of Mindanao Digos College, specifically 
among the 50 LGBTQ+ students from the Bachelor of 
Science in Psychology using the traditional survey 
questionnaires. After collecting the data, the researchers 
utilized the “IBM SPSS Statistics 25” application to assess 
the questionnaires’ reliability. The researcher also used 
Pearson Correlation Coefficient to assess the validity of the 
questionnaires. 

The researchers found an overall value of alpha= 0.802, 
indicating a good reliability. This is supported by a study 
conducted by Monuth (2022), where the Cronbach’s Alpha 
value was 0.91 in self-esteem, social contentedness and 
equality of life among the LGBTQ+ community in South 
India. 

Using the Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale during their 
pilot testing, the researchers found out the an overall result 
on their validity which indicates an overall valid remark, 
this is supported by an article that published by Gupta 
(2024), that states that the Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale 
has a construct validity, which means it only measures 
what it is intended to measure and nothing more, Dr. 
Daramus (2024) added, that Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale 
also has a concurrent validity, which means that your 
scores will be consistent with the scores of another valid 
self-esteem scale if you compare it. 
 

E. Statistical Treatment 

The researchers used Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test to 
determine whether the data was normally distributed and 
whether the null hypotheses would be rejected. The test 
result (D= 0.064, P-value= 0.05) did noy show if the 
continuous variables have a normal distribution by 
assumption. The data were evaluated using IBM SPSS 25.0 
and significance level was considered as p<0.05. Yidirim 
(2022). To investigate the family acceptance on LGBTQ+ 
level confidence, the researcher utilized the Mann Whitney 
U Test. According to Foster (2024), the Mann Whitney U 
test was used to determine the differences between primary 
groups. 

 
TABLE 1: Range of Means and Interpretation 
 

Range of Means 
Score 

Meaning Qualitative 
Description 

1.00 – 1.80 Very Low  The students have 
very low self-esteem 

 
1.81 – 2.60 Low The students have low 

self-esteem 
 

2.61 – 3.20 Moderate The students have 
moderate self-esteem 

 
3.21 – 4.20 High The students have 

high self-esteem 
 

4.21 – 5.00 Very High The students have 
very high self-esteem 

 
 

F. Ethical Considerations 

For ethical research consideration, before the study will 
be conducted the researcher firstly ask the respondents 
about their gender identity and will receive briefing and 
key information about the purposed of the study. The 
researchers ensure that the information will be kept 
confidential and will not force them to answer the 
questionnaire. The benefits of survey participation could 
include feeling good about helping to increase 
understanding to the LGBTQ+ people. To acknowledge the 
participation of the respondents, the researchers provide a 
token as a give thanks to their participation. 
 

III.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

This chapter presents the results and discussions 
of the study. It deals with the difference, between 
LGBTQ+ students who are accepted and not accepted 
by their family. It also provides the analysis and 
interpretation of the data that has been gathered 
according to the research question enumerated. 

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II. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

https://ijojournals.com/                                                          Volume 07 || Issue 12 || December, 2024 || 

A Comparative Investigation of Family Acceptance on LGBTQ+ Level of Confidence 

 

 
TABLE 2: Level of Self-Esteem onAccepted and Not Accepted 
 

 Self-Esteem 
 M SD Interpretation 

Accepted 1.97 0.44 Low 
Not Accepted 1.71 0.43 Very Low 

 

The table 2 shows that students who are accepted by 
their family have a higher self-esteem score (M= 1.97) than 
those who are not accepted by their family. However, the 
data revealed that even the LGBTQ+ students are accepted 
by their families, they still have low self-esteem. A study 
by Nguyen et al., (2019) discovered that students’ poor 
self-esteem had a substantial impact to their quality of life. 
Nguyen et al., (2019) also found that poor self-esteem was 
associated with anxiety, sadness, academic stress, and 
suicidal ideation. The researchers concluded that there may 
be other variables contributing to these LGBTQ+ students’ 
poor self-esteem. 

According to Taylor et al., (2019), their study adds 
significant knowledge to the literature regarding 
LGBTQIA+ people are victims of violent hates crimes 
every year, including rape, burglary, severe beatings, 
emotional abuse and more (Bardhan, 2020). Being a victim 
or at danger of becoming one can led to low self-esteem 
and poor mental health and wellness. Those who 
experience prejudice may suffer from stress, anxiety, 
sadness, suicidal thoughts, and social motivation, among 
other detrimental effects on their psychological health 
(Chaw, 2023). 

Low self-esteem and insecurity can also result from 
living in a condition of perpetual anxiety and upset. 
According to Ridings (2020), LGBTQ+ youth have not 
only experience discrimination based on their sexual 
identity and gender orientation but also face prejudice on 
the identities, which include national origin, race, ethnicity, 
religion, color and disability status. Religion can also be 
one factors of why they have low self-esteem according to 
Brandon (2020) previous literature addresses the ways that 
religion has attempted to understand the stigma 
surrounding LGBTQ+ individuals. Many faith-based 
universities that sexual and gender monitory (SGM) 
identities (e.g. LGBTQ+) are sinful (i.e. morally wrong) 
and substandard to heterosexual and cisgender identities 
(Kay, 2022). And in the school setting according to Russel 
(2021) students may experience dangerous school 
situations, such as bullying and discrimination that roots 
from their sexual identity and gender orientation. 
Unfavorable school environments and discriminatory 
interactions may jeopardize the well-being of the LGBTQ+ 
teenagers. And according to Bridge et al., (2022), young 
individuals who were a member of the LGBTQ+ 
community are prone to face mental health problems than 

their heterosexual classmates. On average, they have lower 
self-esteem, which may contribute to the development have 
a complex viewpoint on self-esteem, underscoring the need 
for mor research for LGBTQ+ and the affecting variable 
which is self-esteem. 

On the other hand, LGBTQ+ students who are not 
accepted by their family scores (M= 1.73) a very low self-
esteem. According to Wilson (2024), people who lack 
confidence and have low self-esteem may have an 
imbalanced perception of themselves and question their 
skills or abilities. Social interaction, building careers, and 
academic pursuits can all be affected by having low self-
esteem and lack of confidence. In the absence of remedies, 
it might also negatively impact their physical and 
emotional well-being. According to Grant (2018), people 
who identify as LGBTQ+ are known to be especially 
vulnerable to poor self-esteem. And parental support was a 
key protective factor for LGBTQ+ people since it allowed 
them to build their own identities, peer and romantic 
relationships, and views without relying in their parents. 
Positive parental attitudes toward their children may assist 
young people avoid acquiring mental health problems 
(Enverga University, 2023) and such as having low self-
esteem. Findings from a study by Meanly et al., (2021), 
family support is positively connected with self-esteem, 
while family rejection is negatively associated with it. 
Family rejection was statistically a significant moderator 
that reduces the relationship between familial bond and 
self-esteem. According to research, LGBTQ+ young 
people who have positive relationship with their parents 
come out sooner and have more positive sexual identities 
than LGBTQ+ children who have negative relationship 
with their parents (Mills-Koonce et al., (2023). In addition, 
according to Amory et., (2022) LGBTQ+ individuals who 
reported higher level of family acceptance are less likely to 
commit suicide, experience symptoms of depression, and 
to contract HIV. 

Family rejections can take many forms, including 
complete removal of the child from the house and family 
and physical or psychological abuse, one should not 
undervalue the detrimental effects of rejection from family 
members (Grubss, 2023). According to Ryan et al., (2009), 
LGBTQ+ young adults who are reported to experienced 
higher levels of family rejections during their teenage years 
were 5.9 times more likely to report higher level of 
depressive symptoms, 3.4 times more likely to use illegal 
drugs, and 8.4 times more likely to have engaged in unsafe 
sex than their peers from families that reported no or low 
level of family rejections. Young LGBTQ+ identity can 
have a huge impact on how their peers and family react to 
them, and it can directly lead to self-harming thoughts and 
experiences (Williams, 2023) and such as low self-esteem. 
The result shot the family rejection has a greater impact 

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II. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH  

( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

https://ijojournals.com/                                                          Volume 07 || Issue 12 || December, 2024 || 

A Comparative Investigation of Family Acceptance on LGBTQ+ Level of Confidence 

 

towards LGBTQ+ self-esteem indicating that there are 
risks that can affect not just their self-esteem but as well as 
their mental health well-being. According to study by 
Huand (2021), there is a higher likelihood of depression 
among LGBTQ+ people. Among LGBTQ+ people, social 
pressure and family acceptance may be risk factors for 
depression. These existing factors can help future 
researchers on the other existing variables affecting the low 
self-esteem of LGBTQ+ individuals. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TABLE 3: Mann Whitney U Test 
 

Null 
Hypothesis 

U Z-score Sig. Decision 

The 
distribution 

of self-
esteem is 
the same 

across 
categories 
of Family 

Acceptance 
(1- Yes, 2- 

No) 

0.89 -3.48 .000 Reject the 
Null 

Hypothesis 

Significance level is .05 
 

A Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to compare scores 
of self-esteems between LGBTQ+ students who are 
accepted and not accepted by their family. The result 
indicated (U= 0.89, Z-scores= -3.34, p= .000). Despite both 
of them has a low self-esteem, still LGBTQ+ students who 
are accepted by their family has a higher scores of self-
esteem than those who are not accepted by their family, 
indicating a (p= .000) result that suggests to reject the null 
hypothesis, meaning, there us still a significance difference 
between the level of self-esteem of the LGBTQ+ students 
who are accepted and who are not accepted by their family. 
This statement was supportive by Price (2019) which he 
stated that individual parental rejection who are facing 
mental health issues (lower self-esteem), whereas 
individuals who were supported by their parents report 
higher self-esteem and improved well-being.  McCurdy et 
al., (2023) also added that young people who live in a 
household who receives negative reactions from their 
family had higher depressive symptoms and lower self-

esteem compared to those youth who receives moderately 
positive or very positive reactions. A study by Gattamorta 
et al. (2022) shows that the more individuals experience 
parental rejection based on their sexual identity the more 
they most likely to have a moderate to severe psychological 
distress, with social isolation and LGBTQ+ identity 
concealment as the two significant predictors in the model. 
The results show whether they are accepted and not 
accepted the participants exhibit a lower level of self-
esteem. However, both of them still have a significant 
difference which can help future researcher to dig deeper of 
what affects the self-esteem of the LGBTQ+ aside from 
family acceptance. 
 

IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 

Based on the findings of the study, the following 
conclusions were drawn:  

The results for LGBTQ+ who are accepted by their 
family indicates a total mean and a standard deviation of 
(M= 1.97; SD= 0.44) which indicates a low self-esteem for 
LGBTQ+ who are accepted by their family. On the other 
hand, the result of LGBTQ+ who are not accepted by their 
family indicates a total mean of and standard deviation of 
(M=1.73; SD= 0.43) which indicates a very low self-
esteem. Lastly, the result from the Mann Whitney U test 
(U= 8979.00, Z-scores= -3.34, p= .000). The Mann 
Whitney U test suggests rejecting the null hypothesis with 
a (p= .000) indicates that there is a significant difference 
between the two groups, family accepted and not accepted. 
Based on the findings of this study, the researchers 
indicated that establishing self-esteem should begin at 
home, as family plays an important role in developing an 
LGBTQ+ individual’s self-worth and self-esteem. By 
offering supportive and caring relationships, an individual 
can create a strong foundation of self-esteem. As parent’s 
acceptance a positive outcome on the LGBTQ+ self-
esteem, the researchers also recommended that parents 
should give a widely understanding and acceptance to their 
children that are part of the LGBTQ+ community as they 
are prone to have a low self-esteem and struggles with 
mental health well-being, the support from the family 
already had a significant impact on each LGBTQ+ people’s 
lives as they face discrimination outside the family. And, 
because every LGBTQ+ person faces discrimination 
outside their family, the researchers recommended that 
people should learn about what it means to be Lesbian, 
Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, or Queer and other, in order to 
better comprehend their experiences. To end this prejudice 
and victimization, and to encourage people to engage in 
open discourse in order to minimize stigma and develop 
empathy, understanding, respect, and acceptance, all of 
which contribute to high levels of positive self-esteem. By 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

https://ijojournals.com/                                                          Volume 07 || Issue 12 || December, 2024 || 

A Comparative Investigation of Family Acceptance on LGBTQ+ Level of Confidence 

 

implementing these principles, society can create an 
environment in which LGBTQ+ people feel valued, 
respected, and empowered to live. Finally, the researchers 
suggested that future researchers should investigate more 
areas connected to LGBTQ+ concerns, self-esteem, and 
broader societal implications. These recommendations can 
assist future studies and get vital insights to promote and 
improve the lives of LGBTQ+ people by encouraging 
social acceptance, mental well-being and long-term 
empowerment. 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

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( ISSN 2811-2466 )                                                                                                                           Jezca Desales1, * 

https://ijojournals.com/                                                          Volume 07 || Issue 12 || December, 2024 || 

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