Effectiveness of the use of Indigenous Knowledge in Livestock Production in Oriire Local Government Area of Oyo State Ayoade, A. R., Adewole, W. A.,Adetunbi, S. I., and Dairo, P. O. Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, LadokeAkintola University of Technology, P. M. B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria ABSTRACT This study, focused effectiveness of the use of indigenous knowledge in livestock production in Oriire Local Government Area ofOyo State.A multistage sampling technique was employed for the study. Data were collected with the aid of well-structured interview schedule while frequency, percentage, mean and weighted mean score were used to present results. Chi square test was used in testing the hypothesis of the study. The results of the findings revealed that majority (71.1%) of the respondents were married, with the mean age of 41.66years. Observing good hygiene practices was ranked first with the WMS of 2.61 while the use of herbs was ranked second with the WMS of 2.34 as the IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 1 indigenous method utilized by the respondent’s Indigenous knowledge products are cheap and in most cases cost free in monetary terms was the highest benefits of all (100%) the respondents. The results of Chi square test revealed a significant between age(r = 0.437**, p = 0.000), years spent in school (r =0.273**, p= 0.009) and the level of use of indigenous knowledge system. The study concludes that the most effective indigenous knowledge method was observation good hygienic practices. Therefore, it wasrecommended that relevant agencies of government like NAFDAC should encouraged provision of good hygienic environment among participants of indigenous knowledge. Keywords-Indigenous, diagnosis, feeds and livestock. I INTRODUCTION The agricultural sector plays an important role in Nigeria’s economy, contributing 37 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employing 65% of the adult labour force. Over 90% of Nigeria’s agricultural output is by small-scale (less than 5 ha) resource-poor farmers who have, for centuries, IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 2 sustained the national food supply through a considerable wealth of IK about how to harness both natural and socio-economic factors of production (Chimaraokeet al., 2003). Despite the introduction of agro-chemicals, many farmers continued to rely on indigenous farm practices, either on their own or in combination with modern technologies. Small-scale, resource-poor farmers have good reasons for sticking to their local knowledge and farming practices attendant thereto, and that modern technologies can only be successful and sustainable if the interplay of local knowledge of cultural, social and ecological systems are taken into consideration. In so stating, it is suggested that, given the pervasive scenario of rapid population growth (2-3% per annum) and the attendant domestic food demand deficits, there is the emergent need to balance the sustaining IK of the production system with modern technology, through a systematic hybridization strategy. Livestock contribute enormously to food security and livelihoods at the global, national and community levels. Globally, livestock provide a source of livelihood for 800 million poor people and account for 30% of agricultural GDP IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 3 in developing countries (Gupta, 1990). In Nigeria, the livestock sector which is dominated by small ruminants contributes about 7% of agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and serves a major source of income and employment for the growing populations, especially rural people. Nearly 95% of livestock keepers in Nigeria are rural small-scale farmers who provide the bulk of the national output (Federal Ministry of Agriculture (Goswamiet al., 2006). The indigenous knowledge method commonly used to control diseases includes constant and low costs but at most times are curative. The emphasis throughout the world is prevention as found in modern medical care such as the use of vaccines, although where these are available, they are supplied irregularly, sometimes in insufficient quantities and very expensive. Therefore it becomes difficult for the peasant farmer to get it. The objectives are to;  Examine the socio-economic characteristics of livestock farmers in the study area. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 4  Ascertainthe effectiveness of the indigenous knowledge’s being employed by the respondents in the study area.  Evaluate factors influencing theeffectiveness of the indigenous knowledge’s being employed by the respondents in thestudy area. Hypothesis of the study: H01: There is no significant relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and the effectiveness of the use of indigenous knowledge in livestock production. II. METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in Oriire local Government Area of Oyo State. It is located around latitude 8030’N of the equator and longitude 3054’S of the Greenwich meridian. It as population of about 150, 628 (NPC, 2006). The headquarters are in the town of Ikoyi. The land area is 2,116 km2.The mean temperature is 26.20C,lowest temperature of 24.300C while highest temperature is 28.700C. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 5 Oriire Local Government Area is in derived savanna climatic zone where agricultural products such as yam, melon, cashew, mango, shea-butter, cocoa, kola nut, palm-oil etc can be found. Most of the inhabitants engaged in farming as their major occupation while some are hunters, traders, fish farmers, etc. (Jeliliet al., 2015). It is inhabited by over 100 communities such as Tewure, Iluju, Apiko, Saamo, Igbori, Odun-Ifa and Olokoto among many others. The Local Government Area has 10 wards. The population of the study consists of all livestock farmers at Oriire Local Government of Oyo State of Nigeria.A multistage sampling technique was employed for the study. The first stage involved the purposive selection of Ogbomoso agricultural zone out of the four agricultural zonesin Oyo State and those zones are; Ibadan/Ibarapa, Ogbomoso, Oyo, and Saki.The second stage involved selection of Oriire Local Government Area. The third stage involved purposive selection of two blocks from the LGA rural areas. The fourth stage involved snow ballsampling of livestock farmers: and a total of 90 livestock farmers were sampled. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 6 The tools and procedure that were employed elucidated the objectives of the study: this includes the following. Descriptive statistics: They are the mean, percentages and frequency distribution. These were used as tools to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents and effectiveness of the indigenous knowledge’s being employed by the respondents. Chi square test: Chi square test was used to evaluate the factors influencing the effectiveness of the indigenous knowledge’s being employed by the respondents in the study area and the test of hypothesis. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 7 The distribution of the respondents by age revealed that 21.1% of the respondents were less than equal to 30 years of age, 22.2% were between 31 and 40years of age,33.33% were between 41 and 50years of age, 17.77% were between 51 and 60 years of age while 5.6% of the respondents were above 60years of age. The mean age of the respondents was 41.66years this means that the respondents are of average age, still strong and agile for agricultural production and will be expected to know and have access to various indigenous knowledge system The distribution of the respondents by sex revealed that 60% of the respondents were male while 40% were female. The result shows that there were more male among the respondents than female. The distribution of the respondents by religion revealed that 54.4% of the respondents were Christians while 45% of the respondents were Muslims. The result indicates that both Islamic and Christian religion were being IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 8 practiced by the respondents though the Christians were a little more than the Muslims. The distribution of the respondents by marital status revealed that 71.1% of the respondents were married while 28.9% of the respondents were single. This results shows that most of the respondents were married. Being married shows that there will be availability of family labour supply to the respondents for their farming activities. The distribution of the respondents by level of education revealed that 20% of the respondents had non-formal education,10% completed primary school,17.7% did not complete primary school,22.2% completed secondary school,12.2%did not complete primary school while 20% of the respondents had tertiary education. The distribution of the respondents by household size revealed that 10% of the respondents had household size of between 1 and 3 members,40% had between 4 and 6 members, 40% had between 7 and 9 members while IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 9 10% of the respondents had household above 10. The mean household size was 6 members. This shows a relatively large family size which will be a source of family labour to the respondents. Table 1: Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Respondents Variable Frequency Percentage Mean Age <=30 19 21.10 31-40 20 22.22 41-50 30 33.33 41.66 51-60 16 17.77 Above 60 5 5.6 Sex Male 54 60 Female 36 40 Religion Christian 49 54.4 Muslim 41 45.6 Marital Status Married 64 71.1 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 10 Single 26 28.9 Level of Education No formal education 18 20.00 Primary education completed 9 10.00 Primary education uncompleted 16 17.70 Secondary education completed 20 22.20 Secondary education uncompleted 11 12.20 Tertiary education 18 20 Years spent in School 0 18 20.00 1-5 9 10.00 6-10 15 16.6 9.67 11-15 38 42.2 16-20 10 11.2 Household Size 9 10 1-3 9 10 6.00 4-6 36 40 7-9 36 40 Above 10 9 10 Source: Field Survey, 2018 IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 11 Effectiveness of various Indigenous Knowledge Methods of controlling Livestock Diseases The distribution of the respondents by the effectiveness of indigenous knowledge system of controlling livestock diseases that was measured on 3- point scale of very effective, effective and not effective, while weighted mean score (WMS)was used in ranking of the items. Observing good hygiene practices was ranked first with the WMS of 2.61, the use of herbs was ranked second with the WMS of 2.34, movement away from the infested area ranked third with the WMS of 2.25, self diagnosis, boundering and hand removal of tick, lices and worms had a joint ranking of fourth with WMS of 1.98. Furthermore, burning of infested pasture and herd sharing had a joint ranking of seventh with the WMS of 1.71, the use of holy books and left over egg mixed with feeds ranked 9th with the WMS of 1.53. the use of cow urine to wash affected part ranked thirteen with WMS of 1.26 while the use of honey mixed with monkey droppings had the least ranking of fourteen with WMS OF 1.24. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 12 Table 2: Effectiveness of Various Indigenous Knowledge Methods of Controlling Livestock Diseases Indigenous Knowledge Method Very Effective Effective Not Effective WMS Rank Observing good hygienic practices 81(90) 9(10) - 2.61 1st The use of Herbs 54(60) 36(40) - 2.34 2nd Movement away from the infested area 63(70) 18(20) 9(10) 2.25 3rd Self-Diagnosis 45(50) 18(20) 27(30) 1.98 4th Bush Burning of infested pasture - 81(90) 9(10) 1.71 7th Herd Sharing 27(30) 27(30) 36(40) 1.71 7th Boundering 27(30) 54(60) 9(10) 1.98 4th Hand Removal of ticks, lice and worms 36(40) 36(40) 18(20) 1.98 4th Incantation - 40(44.4) 50(55.6) 1.3 11th Isolating infected animals 9(10) 36(40) 45(50) 1.4 11th Use of Holy books 9(10) 45(50) 36(40) 1.53 9th IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 13 Left over egg (un- hatch egg), mix with feeds 18(20) 27(30) 45(50) 1.53 9th Cow urine use to wash affected parts - 36(40) 54(60) 1.26 13th Honey mix with monkey droppings apply to parts 9(10) 18(20) 63(70) 1.24 14th Source: Field Survey, 2018 Factors influencing the effectiveness of the indigenous knowledge’s being employed by the respondents The results of Chi square analysis showing the relationship between some selected socioeconomic characteristics and the level of use of indigenous knowledge methods revealed a significant relationship between Sex (Chi value = 42.00, p = 0.000), marital status (Chi value = 56.27, p= 0.000), educational status (Chi value = 75.20, p = 0.000) and membership of social organization (Chi value = 86.97, p = 0.000). The results revealed that sex, IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 14 marital status, educational status and membership of social organization significantly influenced the level of use of indigenous knowledge system. The null hypothesis there is no significant relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and the effectiveness of the use of indigenous knowledge in livestock production. Since, sex, marital status, educational status and membership of social organization were significant at 1 percentage level, the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and the effectiveness of the use of indigenous knowledge in livestock production was rejected. Table 3: Factors influencing the effectiveness of the indigenous knowledge’s being employed by the respondents Variable Chi–value P – value Remarks Sex 42.00 0.000 Significant Religion 4.113 0.129 Not Significant IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 15 Marital status 56.27 0.000 Significant Educational status 75.20 0.000 Significant Membership of social Organization 86.97 0.000 Significant Source: Field Survey, 2018 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study concludes that the most effective indigenous knowledge method was observation good hygienic practices. Also, educational status and membership of social organization significantly increased the level of use of indigenous knowledge system. Therefore, it was recommended that relevant agencies of government like NAFDAC (National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control)should ensure that provision of good hygienic environment should be practiced among participants of indigenous knowledge.Educated individuals should be encouraged to participate in good indigenous knowledge methods. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 16 REFERENCES Chimaraoke, O.I., Ugai, G.A., Ukwayi, J.K., 2003. Indigenous knowledge and communal conflict resolution: evidence from Nigeria. INDILINGA, African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2 (2). Goswami, B., Mondal. S. and Dana, S.S. (2006). Indigenous Technical Knowledge in fishfarming. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. Vol. 5(1) 1-166. Gupta, A.K. 1990. Documenting indigenous farmer’s practices.ILIEANews letter, 6 (2) (1990), 29-30. JeliliM. O., Saliu, I. and Abiola, F. (2013): Charcoal Production in Oriire Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria: Environmental and Socio-Economic Questions. Civil andEnvironmental Research, 7(12): 21-28. National Population Commission, Nigeria (2006).Census Report. IJO- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH Volume 3| Issue 12| December | 2020 http://www.ijojournals.com/index.php/ssh 17