Aeticle v.— A Descriptive Catalogue of the Fhalanr/iiiKt' of

Illinois. By Clarence M. Weed, M. So.

INTEODUCTION.

The great majority of the American species of those fa-

miliar creatures commonly known as ''harvest-men " or "dad-

dy-long-legs" (not to be confounded with the crane-flies—
Tipulida'— which go by by the latter name in Europe) belong

to the subfamily PJialangiind' of the family Phalangi(Ja> of the

suborder Opilonea and order Arthrogastra. Though abundant

and widely distributed, these arachnids have as yet received

comparatively little attention in this country. The first Ameri-

can descriptions were published by Thomas Say in 1821 (Jour.

Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. IT., pp. 65-68), when four species

were characterized under the genus Phalangium. Besides

the above the only descriptive paper that has appeared is that

by Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Jr., entitled "On the Phalangese

of the United States of America," which was published in 1868

in the Communications of the Essex Institute (Vol. VI., pp.

10-40). In 1885, Prof. L. M. Underwood published a list of

the described species (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XVI., pp.

167-160), but added nothing to our knowledge of the group.

Finally, in the "American Naturalist" for October, 1887 (Vol.

XXL, p. 935), the present writer published a brief note calling

attention to the proper generic position of several species

hitherto retained in the old genus Phalangium.

In the present paper I have followed, in a general way, the

classification adopted by Simon in his admirable monograph

Les Arachnides de France (Vol. VII.), and my characteriza-

tions of genera are little more than translations from this

author. For an elaborate discussion of the anatomy and rela-

tions of the group, I must refer the reader to the above mono-

graph and other general works on the subject.

The Laboratory collections on which this paper is based,

have largely been made within the last two years, and represent



80 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

the phalangid fauna of the northern, central, and southern por-

tions of Illinois. I have also received, through the kindness of

my brother, Mr. Howard E. Weed, a fine series of certain species

from Lansing, Michigan; and from Mr. T. V. Carter, a number
of specimens collected at Jacksonville, 111. I am, further, under

special obligations to Mr. Chas. W. Wood worth, who has

verified my determinations of several of Wood's species by

comparison with the types in the Museum of Comparative

Zoology at Cambridge; and have to thank Professors Forbes

and Garman and Mr. Chas. A. Hart for many favors.

The Phalangiina3 are found abundantly from lyiidsummer

until late in autumn in the fields and woods, especially about

rocky ledges, and in the vicinity of barns and out-houses. They

ordinarily hide during the day, but at twilight wander about

in search of food. Until quite recently it has generally been

supposed that they captured and ate living insects; but Dr. H.

Henking, of Germany, has shown* that they prefer dead insects,

and seldom, if ever, attack living ones. The females of most

species deposit spherical white eggs in the ground in autumn,

and the adults ordinarily do not survive the winter. One

species (Liohunum (?) formosiini)^ however, seems to be an

exception to this rule, as I have found the adults abundant

during the early spring months.

The harvest-men are easily collected and preserved in alco-

hol for study or exhibition. As the genital organs are fre-

quently of great value in determining species, it is well to pre-

serve them exposed— a simple operation, requiring only that

the abdomen of the living specimen be compressed between

the thumb and finger, when these organs will be extruded,

and if the specimen is immediately dropped into alcohol will

ordinarily remain exposed.

Champaign, III., Nov. 22, 1887.

* Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Vol. XL V., p. 87.



The Fhnlan(jii)i(t' of Illinois. 81

SUBFAMILY PHALANGIIN^.

Arachnids having the body composed of a single piece

with long slender legs. Teganients not coriaceous. Segments

only indicated by striai, which are often obsolete. Five ventral

segments. A single anal" piece. Two lateral pores easily seen.

Stigmata visible. Maxillary lobe of palpns with two tubercles.

Epistoma in the form of a triangular plate.

The three genera that have been recognized in Illinois may
be distinguished as follows :

I. First joint of mandibles with a tooth on ventral surface

near base.

A. Maxillary lobes of second pair of feet, with a large

base, impressed, straight and elongated, not at-

tenuate, but rather a little enlarged from the base

to the apex and very obtuse ; claw of palpus den-

ticulate Liobimum.

B. Maxillary lobes of second pair of feet forming elon-

gated triangles, quite large at the base, then

gradually retracted, not impressed, with anterior

border straight ; claw of palpus not denticu-

late , Oligolophus.

II. First joint of mandibles without tooth Phalangiitin.

LiOBUNUM, C. Koch, 1839.

Teguments soft or subcoriaceous. Strife of the cephalo-

thorax and of the three last abdominal segments very distinct
;

those of the anterior segments scarcely or not at all distinct

(especially in the 6). Anterior and lateral borders of the

cephalothorax smooth. Eye eminence relatively small; smooth
or, rarely, provided with small, slightly distinct, tubercles;

widely separated from the cephalic border. Lateral pores

small, oval, and marginal. Anal piece large, transverse-oval

or semicircular, much wider than long, and much wider than

the reflected borders of the eighth segment. Mandibles short,

similar in the two sexes ; first joint furnished at the base below
with an acute tooth. Palpi simple ; femur, patella, and tibia



82 Illinois State Lahoratory of Natural History.

without any process and without projecting angles ; maxillary

lobe provided at the base with two strong, conical teeth. Max-
illary lobe of the second pair of feet very long, nearly straight

from the base, not attenuated, directed mesad nearly horizon-

tally, and united on the ventro-meson to the lobe from the

opposite side without forming a sensible angle; the two together

lightly arched on the cephalic border, and forming an even

curve. Sternal piece large, slightly contracted between the

fourth pair of coxae, gradually enlarging and obtusely truncate

cephalad. Feet very long and slender ; tibia of the second

pair with a few false articulations. Palpal claw denticulate.

The following synopsis will aid in distinguishing our Illi-

nois species!

1. L. dorsatiun. Dorsum grayish or reddish brown, with

distinct central dark marking. Palpi long, reddish brown.

Body of 5 5 mm. long; second legs 50 mm. Northward.

2. L. vittatnm. Much like dorsatiim, but body is larger

and legs are much longer. Body of 6 7 mm. long; second legs

00 mm.
3. L. nigropalpi. Dorsum reddish brown, with central

marking subobsolete. Middle joints of palpi blackish. Body
small; legs very long. Body of <? 4 mm. long; second legs

100 mm.
4. L. verrucosum. Dorsum reddish, with subobsolete

central marking. Palpi brownish white. Body large, with legs

comparatively short and thick. Body of S 6.5 mm. long; sec-

ond legs 50 mm.
5. L. elegans. Dorsum blackish on margins, brownish in

middle, with a faint indication of a central marking. Palpi

light brown. Very small, with long, slender legs. Body of S

3.2 mm. long; second legs 38 ram.

6. L. politiis. Dorsum and trochanters clear reddish

brown, with scarcely an indication of a central marking. Body

of c? 5 mm. long; second legs 51 mm.
7. L. (?) calcar. Dorsum reddish brown, with faint cen-

tral marking. Femur of palpus, with a robust spur-like pro-

cess on its outer ventro-lateral surface. Body of 6 7.5 mm.
long; second legs 40 mm.



The Phalangiince of Illinois. 83

8. L.{?) formosum. Dorsum very smooth, blackish. Pa-

tella of palpus with its inner distal lateral angle prolonged

into a short apophysis, with a thin brush of hairs on its lateral

surface. Body 5 mm. long; second legs 22 mm.

L. dorsatum, (Say).

Phalangimn dorsatum, Say, Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol.

II., p. 66.

Wood, Commun. Es ex Inst.. Vol. VI., p.

18.

$. Body 5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide. Palpi 7 mm. long.

Legs: I., 27 mm.; II., 50 mm.; III., 27 mm.; IV., 36 mm.

LlOBUNUM DORSATUM. $

Dorsum granulate, varying from a light grayish-brown to

a deep reddish-brown, often of an intermediate, somewhat

golden, tint. A well marked dark stripe begins at the eye emi-

nence, expands for a short distance, then contracts until it

reaches the cephalic portion of the abdomen, whence it runs

with parallel sides a short distance, then very slightly expands un-

til it reaches the caudal third of the abdomen, where it contracts

and runs as a stripe to the anus. Cephalothorax with an irregular

parallelogrammic dark V-shaped marking cephalad of the eye



84 lUinoh State Laboratory of Natural History.

eminence, sometimes obsolete, especially in older specimens.

In some individuals there is so much black cephalad of the eye

eminence that the central marking appears to begin on the

cephalic margin of the cephalothorax. Eye eminence of about

equal height, length, and breadth, sloping slightly backward,

dark above, canaliculate, with a few (two to five or six) sub-

obsolete acute blackish tubercles. Mandibles very light brown,

tips of claws black; dorsal surface of second joint sparsely cov-

ered with short spinous hairs. Palpi long, reddish brown, depth

of color varying with the rest of the body. Femur with a row

of short conical tubercles on its outer ventro-lateral surface,

commencing near the base and running to the apical extremity,

where there are about a dozen similar tubercles on the ventral

surface; another short, slightly oblique series on the dorsal

surface, beginning at the apical margin and extending distally

about one fourth the length of the femur. Patella with a row

of tubercles on its outer ventro-lateral surface, similar to those

on the femur, and a few subobsolete ones on its dorsal and

ventral surfaces. Tibia with two nearly parallel rows of tuber-

cles, one on the ventral and the other on the outer ventro-

lateral surface; a short row also on the distal portion of its

inner ventro-lateral surface. Tarsus sparsely covered with stiff

hairs, and furnished with a well pronounced row of dark

tubercles on its inner ventro-lateral surface. Ventrum varies

from whitish to dark reddish-brown, with well marked gran-

ulations in older specimens. Coxas slightly tuberculate, each

having a row of short tubercles on the cephalic margin. Legs

varying from light grayish-brown to black, with darker annu-

lations. Shaft of penis slender, distally bent nearly at right

angles, and terminating in a very acute point.

?. Body 5-7 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide. Palpi 5 mm,
long.

Legs : L, 27-30 mm. ; H., 50-61 mm. ; IIL, 28-31 mm.
;

IV., 40-44 mm.
Differs from male as follows :

Body much thicker and more rounded. Color generally

darker with much less reddish. Legs brownish rather than

black. Palpi very much more slender, shorter, and having the



The Phalangiina' of Illinois. 85

tubercles partially replaced by hairs. Apical portion o£ ovi-

positor white, with no dark rings.

Described from many specimens. Collected by the hun-

dred in Champaign county at all times between the latter part

of June and early in November. Also taken at various dates

late in summer and throughout the fall in Edwards, Kankakee,

Lake, La Salle, McLean, and Morgan counties, ia Illinois, and

received from Lansing, Michigan.

This is by far the commonest species throughout the

northern portion of the State. It develops largely in the fields

and woods, and, when full grown, apparently migrates to the

vicinity of houses, barns, and out-buildings, where it sometimes

congregates in great numbers. I have found the young ones

very common in corn fields, among the leaves of the growing

plants, where I suspect they live upon the numerous small

insects drowned in the moisture contained in the bases of the

unfolding leaves. They become mature in June.

I was at first much puzzled over this species because of the

great variation in the color of different specimens, and was

inclined to separate the series then at hand into two species.

Being able to find, however, no structural difference, and

noticing that the deeply colored specimens were the only ones

obtained late in autumn, and, also, that the light ones were only

taken early in the season («. e., soon after they became adults),

it occurred to me that the color might vary with the age of the

individual. After examining hundreds of specimens collected

at various times between July and November, I became con-

vinced that such was the case, and the field observations of

the present season have verified the conclusion.

L. vittatum, (Say).

I'luilanyiumvittatum, Say, Jour, riiil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol, II.,

p. 65.

Wood, Commun. Essex Inst., Vol. VI., p.

20.

. 5. Body 7 mm. long, 4 mm. wide. Palpi 7 mm. long.

Legs : I., 44 mm ; IF., 89 mm.; III., 45 mm.; IV., 64 mm.
Dorsum reddish brown, with a central dark marking com-

mencing at the eye eminence and extending caudad to the



86 Illinois State Laboratori/ of Natural History.

ultimate or penultimate segment, slightly contracting near

cephalic margin of abdomen, then gradually expanding until

about the beginning of the caudal third of the abdomen, where

it again slightly contracts. Ventrum slightly paler than,

dorsum ; both finely granulate and entirely glabrous. Eye
eminence slightly wider than high, black above, canaliculate,

with small black tubercles over the eye?. Mandibles light

yellowish-brown, tips of claws black ; second joint with short,

sparse hairs. Palpi long, reddish brown ; tarsal joints paler.

Femur and patella curved, with two rows of rather blunt, dark

tubercles on the outer ventro-lateral surface ; femur also having

a few small subobsolete ones on its dorsal surface. Tibia with

a similar row on its outer ventro-lateral surface, a short row

on the distal portion of its inner ventro-lateral surface, and a

short row on the proximal portion of its ventral surface.

Tarsus pubescent, with a row of short, blunt, black tubercles

on the inner ventro-lateral surface, extending from th^

base to near the apex. Legs light brown or black, patella

generally black and tarsi brown, the other joints varying from

one color to the other. Coxse reddish brown, minutely tuber-

culate. Trochanters generally dark brown, with niinute scat-

tered tubercles. Femora and patellae with fine spinose tu-

bercles. Tibia3 with very short hairs. Shaft of penis slender,

subcylindrical, not broadened distally, bent at an obtuse angle

and terminating in a very acute point.

?. Body 8-9 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide. Palpi 5 mm. long.

Legs : I., 42 mm.; II., 90 mm.; ILL, 43 mm.; IV., 61 mm.
Besides its rounder body and much more robust appear-

ance, it differs from the male as follows :

Dorsum of a much darker shade of brown, with less of the

reddish tint, and ventrum paler. Second joint of mandibles

with fewer hairs. Palpi shorter, more slender, with the_ rows

of tubercles on the tibia subobsolete, and that on the tarsus

entirely wanting. Legs generally light brown, with black

annulations at the articulations. Ovipositor white, with no

color in the apical rings.

Described from many specimens collected in Union Co., 111.,

September 25th, 1886. It has also been obtained in Johnson

Co., 111., and at East Cairo, Ky,



The Phalangiino' of Illinois. 87

This species is very abundant on the rocky ledges of certain

parts of southern Illinois, being, in fact, the commonest har-

vest-man in the region, apparently replacing P. dorsatum. On
the farm of Mr. Parker Earle, at Cobden, I obtained a long

series of both sexes, the creatures being everywhere abundant

about the rocky bluffs running across the place.

Dr. Wood has shown that L. viftatiiin and L. dorsatum are

very closely allied and difficult to separate. According to him,

the former may be looked upon as the southern representative

of the latter, of which he had never seen any specimens from

farther south than Washington, D. C. After examining hun-

dreds of specimens of dorsatum and dozens of vittatum, I am
unable to find any constant structural character by which they

may be separated, though the difference in the size of the body

and length of legs is very marked. I have only collected the

latter species late in the season when the individuals were

fully colored, but from some alcoholics collected earlier, I judge

that it undergoes the same color changes as dorsatum.

L. nigropalpi, (Wood).

Phalangium nigropalpi, Wood, 1. c, p. 22.

5. Body 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. Palpi 4 mm. long.

Legs: L, 49 mm.; IF., 99 mm.; III., 50 mm.; IV., 67 mm.

Dorsum minutely tuberculate, reddish brown, with a

subobsolete dark central marking, sometimes simply repre-

sented by obscure dark blotches. Eye eminence at least as broad

as high, black above, canaliculate, with small black tubercles on

the carina. Mandibles light yellowish-brown, tips of claws

black; second joint with sparse hairs. Palpi slender, light brown,

distal portion of femur, and almost all of patella, black; femur,

patella, and tibia with small scattered tubercles, and short hairs;

tarsus pubescent, with a row of subobsolete, small, black tu-

bercles on its inner ventro-lateral surface. Ventrum paler than

dorsum, of a nearly uniform tint. Coxae minutely tuberculate,

of same color as ventrum. Trochanters black. Legs very long,

slender, black, with white annulations at distal extremities of

femur and tibia, especially in the second and fourth pairs.

Shaft of penis flattened, contracted near its distal extremity,

•and bent upwards, terminating in an acute point.



88 Illinois State Lithovatonj of Natural Hi.sforij.

Described from many specimens collected at (^obden, Union

Co., 111., 25th September, 1886. We have also specimens from

Johnson county.

The males of this species are much more numerous than

the females. Out of a large number of specimens collected, I

was surprised not to find a single female. Wood states that he

found six times as many males as females. According to him,

"The females are to be distinguished by their larger size, the

brown color of their legs and palpi, as well as the darker and

less uniform color of the dorsum, which also frequently loses

almost all of the reddish tint."

This species is chiefly remarkable for the enormous length

of its legs. Though the body is very small, the legs are im-

mensely developed. Like L. vittatum, this harvest-man fre-

quents the rocky ledges of southern Illinois, where it is quite

abundant. I have never taken it anywhere else.

L. verrucosum, (Wood).
Phalangium verrucosum, Wood, 1. c, p. 29.

6. Body 6.5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide. Palpi 4.5 mm. Legs:

^ I., 27 mm.; II., 50 mm.; IIL, 28 mm.; IV., 39 mm.
Dorsum minutely tuberculate (almost appearing finely

granulate), of a rich dark golden-brown color, somewhat

darker in front, with a faint indication of a dark central mark-

ing in some specimens. Eye eminence well pronounced, longer

than high, black above, scarcely at all canaliculate, with two

rows of small black tubercles, frecjuently subobsolete. Man-
dibles light brown, tips of claws black ; second article with

sparse dark hairs. Palpi slender, grayish or brownish in some

specimens, with more or less black on basal joints. Femur
with short, scattered hairs ; ventral surface beset with well-

developed black tubercles. Patella curved, with short Jiairs

and small black tubercles. Tibia and tarsus thickly beset

with short hairs ; without tubercles, except a subobsolete row

on the inner ventro-lateral surface of tarsus. Ventrum grayish

brown, cephalic portion tuberculate. Legs dark brown or

black. Trochanters tuberculate. Femora, patella?, and tibiae,

with rows of small spines. Shaft of penis straight, except at

tip, broad, flat ; about two thirds of the way from the base to



The J'hahoigiitKr of Illinois. 89

the apex expanding into an alate portion, which continues.for

about one fifth the entire length of the shaft, then suddenly

contracting into a rather robust, curved, canaliculate end, and

terminating in an acute point; with two curved spinous hairs

just behind the base of the jointed tip.

Described from several specimens collected in Champaign

Co., 111., 23d to 26th June, and 8th July, 1887.

L. elegans, sp. n.

S. Body 3.2 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide. Palpi 2.1 mm. long.

Legs: I., 19 mm.; IL, 38 mm.; IIL, 20 mm.; IV., 29 mm.

Dorsum blackish at the margins, especially on the abdo-

men, and light brownish in the middle, with a faint indica-

tion of a central marking. Finely granulate, with numerous

very small black tubercles scattered in patches over the surface,

and a transverse row of larger whitish tubercles on each abdom-

inal segment. Eye eminence prominent; light brown, darker

above; canaliculate, with two rows of well developed tubercles,

having whitish bases and black tips. Mandibles whitish, tips

of claws black. Palpi slender, light brown. Femur, patella,

and tibia, with distant, short, spinose tubercles. Tarsus with

whitish hairs. Ventrum whitish brown, with a transverse row

of tubercles on each abdominal segment, and the pectus and

coxae closely tuberculate. Legs very slender, proximal portions

light brown, distally darker. Femora furnished with minute

blackish spines.

Described from two specimens collected in Champaign Co.,

III., during the autumn of 1886.

L. politus, sp. n.

$. Body 5 mm., long, 2.8 mm. wide. Palpi 3.5 mm. long.

Legs: I., 25 mm.; II., 51 mm.; III., 26 mm.; IV., 36 mm.

Dorsum smooth, finely granulate; clear reddish brown, with

no marking and only a faint indication (shown by a slightly

dark shade) of the usual central marking. Eye eminence rather

prominent, black above, canaliculate, with a regular curved

series of small, acute, black spines over each eye. Mandibles

whitish, with tips of claws black. Palpi slender, whitish, with



90 Illinois State Laboratory of Naiural Ilistorij.

femur and patella dusky; finely pubescent, with a subobsolete

row of minute dark tubercles on the inner ventro-lateral sur-

face of femur, and another row on the inner ventro-lateral sur-

face of tarsus. Ventrum reddish brown. Coxa?, including the

membranous distal lateral tips, reddish. Trochanters brownish

red. Proximal portions of legs light brown, darker distally.

Shaft of penis nearly straight, slender, flattened, canaliculate,

distal portion very slightly expanded, then slightly contracted,

and again expanded in a half spoon-shaped portion, and ter-

minating in a small, acute point.

Described from three specimens collected about a shed,

Champaign Co., 111., 25th July and 9th August, 1887,

L. (?) calcar, (Wood).'

Phalangium calcar, Wood, I. c, p. 20.

i.. Body 7.5 mm. long, 4.5 mm. wide. Legs : I., 21

mm.; IT., 40 ram.; III., 22 mm.; IV., 32 ram.

Dorsum reddish brown, minutely tuberculate, tubercles

blackish, some specimens having a faint indication of a central

marking, and scattered light-colored spots. Eye eminence of

moderate size, of nearly equal height, length, and breadth
;

black above ; scarcely at all canaliculate; with two rows of

small acute tubercles. Mandibles brownish white, with obscure

markings of a darker color, especially on the inner* dorso-lateral

surface of the second joint, where they are arranged in the form

of a series of irregular parallelograms ; dorsal surface of second

joint sparsely clothed with stiff hairs ; tips of claws black.

Palpi long, very robust ; reddish brown, lighter distally.

Femur enlarging from base to apex, with a very robust spur-

like process on its outer ventro-lateral surface near the distal

extremity, the anterior edge of which is provided with a row of

short, black tubercles ; dorsal surface of femur with numerous

scattered, short, black tubercles ; and a few also on the prox-

imal portion of the inner ventro-lateral surface; sparsely pro-

vided with spinous hairs. Patella short, thick, so united with

the femur as to form an arch, with sparse hairs and a few

scattered tubercles on its dorsal and outer lateral surfaces.

Tibia arched, densely clothed with long black hairs ; a patch

of short black tubercles on the proximal portion of its ventral



The Fhalangnnw of Illinois. 91

surface, and a short row of similar tubercles on the apical

portion of its inner ventro-lateral surface. Tarsal joint densely

clothed with long black hairs, with a thick row of short black

tubercles on its inner ventro-lateral surface, terminating in a

short denticulate claw, Ventrum light reddish-brown. Coxae

reddish, with a few short hairs ; two anterior pairs with a row

of subobsolete tubercles on the cephalic border. Trochanters

light brown, darker dorsally. Remaining joints of legs light

brown with darker annuli ; femora, patellae, and tibiae, with

rows of short spines. Shaft of penis very robust, flattened,

distally contracted and curved, and terminating in a short,

acute point.

Described from four specimens collected in Champaign

Co., 111., 23d June and 9th August; 1887, and at Cave-in-

Rock, Hardin Co., 111., 27th July, 1883.

So far as I know, the female of this rare form has never

been taken.

I refer this species, provisionally, to Liohminm^ although,

on account of the spur-like process on the femur of the palpus,

it does not strictly belong there.

L. (?) formosum, (Wood).
Fhalanginmformosum, Wood, 1. c, p. 30.

5, ?. Body 4-6 ram. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide. Palpi 2.6

mm. long. Legs: [., 10 mm.; 11., 22 mm.; III., 11 mm.; IV.,

16 mm.
Dorsum remarkably smooth, mot-

tled with gray and blackish brown
;

wide a dark brown or black central

marking commences on the cephalic

margin and runs to the middle of

the fifth abdominal segment, where

it abruptly terminates ; it is expanded

on the cephalothorax, contracted on

the first abdominal segment, and /
then again expanded. The entire hoimnum (?) formosum
abdomen caudad of the middle of the fifth segment usually

much lighter than the part cephalad. There is a peculiar

oblique sinus caudad of each lateral pore. Eye eminence



92 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

brownish, perfectly smooth, not at all canaliculate, almost

hemispherical. Mandibles whitish, with the usual black tips

to the claws ; second article with sparse blackish hairs on

dorsal surface. Palpi rather slender, mottled, distally whitish;

furnished with short blackish hairs. Patella with its inner

distal lateral angle prolonged into a short apophysis, and

having a rather thin brush of hairs on its inner lateral surface.

Tarsal claw denticulate. Ventrum, including coxae, grayish

brown, cephalic portion with short dark hairs. Trochanters

brownish black. Legs light brown, ringed with dark brown
;

furnished with very minute blackish spines.

Described from many specimens collected in Champaign,

Effingham, and McLean counties.

I refer this species to the genus Liobunum, for the present,

with considerable hesitancy, as it does not strictly belong there

on account of the projecting inner angle of the palpal patella.

Its life history also is different from that of any other mem-
ber of the family with which I am acquainted, as it lives over

winter as an adult instead of depositing eggs and dying in

autumn, as do the other species. I have collected it repeatedly

under boards in fields during the months of September,

October, November, January, April, and May.

Phalangium, Linn". 1758.

Teguments soft or subcoriaceous. Striae of the cephalo-

thorax, and of the three last abdominal segments very distinct,

those of the five cephalic segments only slightly so. Cephalic

border of the cephalothorax smooth; lateral border more or less

toothed; dorsum nearly always furnished with small teeth.

Dorsum of abdomen having transverse series of small teeth or

hairs. Eye eminence of medium size, canaliculate, provided

with two series of pointed tubercles, always separated from the

cephalic border by a space larger than its diameter. Lateral

pores large, elongate-oval, sub-marginal, visible from above.

Anal piece quite small, wider than long, of the same width, or

scarcely narrower than the curved borders of the eighth seg-

ment. Mandibles short and simple in the female, often more

developed and provided with tubercles in the male; first article

unarmed below. Palpi simple, often having the inner distal



The Phalangiina' of Illinois. 93

angle of the femur and of the patella very slightly produced,

but never prolonged into a process; hairs equal, or sometimes

thicker on the inner side, but not forming a brush; patella

always shorter than tibia; maxillary lobe provided at the base

with two conical tubercles. Maxillary lobe of the second pair

of legs much longer than wide, gradually narrowing from the

base to the extremity, directed obliquely forward and not meet-

ing, anterior border straight. Pectus large, parallel between

the coxte, rounded in front or slightly lanceolate, more rarely

enlarged and obtusely truncate. Feet long, more or less robust,

tibiee without false articulations. Claws of palpus simple.

P. cinereum, Wood.
Phalatujiumcinereum, Wood, Commun. Essex Institute, Vol. VI.,

p. 25.

S. Body 5-6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. Palpi 4 mm. long.

Legs: I., 21-32 mm.; II., 42-52 mm.; lit., 23-33 mm.; IV., 32-

43 mm.
Dorsum cinamon-gray, with a slightly darker subobsolete,

wide, vase-shaped, central marking ; with transverse series of

small spinose tubercles caudad of the eye eminence, and a

curved series cephalad of it. These tubercles having whitish

bases and acute black apices, and also generally having a spinous

hair arising on one side of the tubercle near the apex of the

white portion, and reaching beyond the tip of the tubercle.

Cephalad of the eye eminence, there are also two longitudinal

series of these tubercles of about three each. Lateral borders

of cephalothorax sub-sinuate. Eye eminence low, canalicu-

late, with a series of five or six tubercles, like those on the

dorsum, surmounting each eye. Mandibles brownish white,

tips of claws black ; second joint and apical portion of first

joint furnished with short, black, stiff hairs. Palpi light

brown, rather slender, first four joints with minute tubercles

and short black hairs ; none of the angles prolonged ; tarsal

joint without tubercles, but with hairs. Claw moderately

robust. Ventrum (including coxa3), light grayish-brown, with

many somewhat quadrangular patches of a more pronounced

brown, and scattered blotches of chocolate-brown. Trochanters

light brown, with many small tubercles. Remaining joints of

legs cinnamon-brown, more or less annulated with darker and



94 Illinois State Laboratori/ of Natural History.

li<^hter shades ; angular, with longitudinal rows of black spines.

Sheath of penis subcylindrical, truncate. Shaft robust, with

two lateral oval openings near distal extremity, then con-

tracted into a blunt scoop-shaped piece, turned upward at

nearly a right angle, and terminating with a slender acute

point.

In very small specimens of this species, as of many others

of the group, the tubercles on the body and members are often

partially wanting or replaced by hairs.

?. Body 7.8 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide. Palpi 4 mm. long.

Legs: I., 20 mm.; II., 36 mm.; III., 20 mm.; IV., 28 mm.
Differs from $ as follows :

Dorsum darker gray, more mottled ; central marking more

distinct. Tubercles on eye eminence more numerous, and those

forming the longitudinal series cephalad of the eye eminence

also more numerous. Palpi with hairs, but without tubercles.

Legs with annulations more distinct ; trochanters without

tubercles ; spines on femur less prominent and on tibia obso-

lete. Narrow quadrangular brown patches on ventrum of

abdomen arranged in transverse series. Distal joints of ovi-

positor black.

Described from many specimens collected in Champaign

Co., 111., during October, 1886, and August, 1887. I have

also received a fine lot of this species from my brother, Mr.

Howard E. Weed, collected at Lansing, Michigan, where it was

very common during the autumn of 1886.

Oligolophus, C. Koch, 1872.

Teguments soft or subcoriaceous. Striae of the cephalo-

thorax and of the three last abdominal segments very clear,

those of the first five segments only slightly distinct. Anterior

border of the cephalothorax smooth, or provided at the middle

with three small geminated points; lateral borders more or

less spiny; dorsal surface of cephalothorax nearly always pro-

vided with small teeth. Abdomen presenting transverse series

of small teeth or hairs. Eye eminence of medium size, as wide

as long, or a little wider than long, lightly canaliculate, pro-

vided with two series of low tubercles, separated from the



The Phalangiina' of Illinois-. 95

anterior border by a space wider than (often nearly double) its

diameter. Lateral pores large, oval, submarginal. Anal piece

quite large, wider than long, at least as wide as the bent bor-

ders of the eighth segment, rounded before, its posterior border

truncate and slightly curved. Mandibles quite short, and nor-

mal in both sexes; first article provided below at the base with

a pointed tooth, slightly curved in front. Palpi, inner surface

of the extremity of the femur, patella, and tibia thickly fur-

nished with hairs forming a brush; upper internal angle of the

femur and patella slightly projecting, rarely prolonged; patella

slightly shorter than tibia, enlarged from the base to the

extremity; maxillary lobe having at the base two conical

tubercles. Maxillary lobe of the coxte, and feet as in Phalan-

gium.

O. pictus, (Wood).

Phalangium plctum, Wood, 1. c, p. 30.

6. Body 6 mm. long, 3.2 mm. wide. Palpi 4.1 mm. long.

Legs: L, 10 mm.; II., 24 mm.; III., 12 mm.; IV., 17 mm.
Dorsum minutely scabrous,

mottled ash-gray, much lighter

in some specimens than others.

Dark central marking generally

very distinct, commencing at the

cephalic border of the cephalo-

thorax, the dorsal surface of

which it almost covers, and sud-

denly contracting at its caudal / \
margin, so that it starts on the Oligolophus i-ictus. S

abdomen as a narrow line, slightly wider than the eye eminence,
then gradually expanding until it reaches the end of the cephalic

third of the abdomen, where it suddenly contracts, its borders
irregularly curving toward the dorso-meson, then expanding
again,— though not becoming as wide as before,- and finally

gradually contracting and running as a stripe to the anus, or,

as in some specimens, simply terminating at the cephalic mar-
gin of the penultimate segment. Cephalic margin of cephalo-
thorax nearly straight, lateral angles slightly produced, each
having a black spine on an elevated base; three large brownish



96 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

black tooth-like processes just caudad of the middle of the

margin, each terminating with a minute spine, the middle proc-

ess being slightly cephalad of the others. Dorsad of these

but cephalad of the eye eminence, there is a curved series

of minute spines on whitish elevated bases, and caudad of

the eye eminence on the cephalothorax there are two similar

nearly transverse series. There is also a similar transverse

series on "each segment of the abdomen — most easily seen

on the black central marking. Eye eminence large, brownish,

canaliculate; each carina having four thick, brownish tubercles,

each of which terminates in a black spine. Mandibles light

brown, tips of claws black; dorsal surface of second joint and of

apical portion of first joint furnished with short black hairs

;

second joint with a blunt tubercle on its inner dorso-lateral sur-

face, just above the base of the finger forming part of the claw,

and the apical portion of its outer lateral surface (caudad of the

insertion of the thumb) prolonged into a tubercular process.

Thumb with a prominent dorsal tubercle near its base. Palpi

mottled; the outer ventro-lateral portion of the femur with

an irregular row of long, slender, white tubercles, terminating

with black spines ; inner ventro-lateral surface with a series of

long, black, curved, spinous hairs ; inner lateral surface with

similar shorter hairs more numerous, forming a brush on the

slightly produced inner distal angle ; dorsal and outer lateral

surfaces with short spinous hairs. Patella nearly as long as

tibia, its inner distal angle produced and furnished with a

brush of black hairs with recurved tips ; shorter hairs in dis-

tant rows on its dorsal and lateral surfaces. Tibia with its

inner lateral distal angle slightly swollen, but not projecting

forward as does that of the patella, bat furnished with a

similar brush of hairs; outer ventro-lateral surface with a sub-

obsolete row of white tubercles, tipped with spinous hairs
;

dorsal and outer lateral surface furnished with sparse short

hairs. Tarsus thickly covered with long black recurved hairs,

usually with a row of subobsolete, short, black tubercles on its

inner ventro-lateral surface, and terminating in a moderately

robust simple claw. Ventrum light grayish-brown, hispid.

Legs short, robust. Coxa3 light gray, covered with spinous

hairs on elevated bases. Trochanters light brown or grayish.



The Phalangiinw of Illinois. 97

tuberculate. Remaining joints mottled with blackish brown

and gray ; all except tarsi with longitudinal rows of small

black spines, and acute tubercles on their dorso-distal borders.

Tibia? angular. Tarsi hairy. Sheath of penis enlarged dis-

tally, truncate ; shaft moderately robust, distally canaliculate,

then expanded into a spoon-shaped portion, and terminating in

a short, black, acute, articulated piece.

?. Body 7 mm. long, 4.5 mm. wide. Palpi4.3 mm. long.

Ringed portion of ovipositor 4 mm. long. Legs: I., 11 mm.;

IT., 27 mm.; TIL, 13 ram.; IV., 20 mm.
Besides its larger size and more robust appearance, it dif-

fers from the male in having no tubercles on the mandibles ;

joints of ovipositor grayish.

Described from many specimens collected in Champaign

Co.* TIL, during September, October, and November, 1886.



ADDENDA AND ERRATA.

To coiiiplete the list of species recogiii/.cil by St<ll as. be-

loiiginj^ to this family, the following are appended, not from

the belief that they belong here, l)i]t because there should be

no hasty change made in the classification of the Homoptera

until they have l^een more carefully studied.*

SUBFAMILY CENTROTINiE, Stal.

LXVI. TOLANIA, Sta]..

27<). T. oppoNENS, Walk.

18r)8. Cent rot US oppouois. Walk. List Horn. B. M.

Suppl. 17AI

1862. ToJanid opponens. Still. Of. . Vet.- Akad. Forh.

491.

7/rt6.—Mex. {Walker).

LXVI I. t ^THALTON, LaTR.

277. A. CtRatus, Walk.

1858. .Ethalion (jmtmu. Walk. List Horn. B. M.

Snppl. 109.

1864. .Ethajion dUatatum. StAl, Hem. Mex. 73, 450.

1869. ^Eflwlmi fjratns. Stal, Bid. Memb. Kan. 299,

14. '

.

Hab.—Mex. {Walker).

278. A. NERVOSO-PUNCTATUS, Sign.

1851. A^thaJioii neyvoso-piinctdtutn. Sign. Ann. Ent.

Soe. France, Ser. 2, ix, 679, 14, pi. 14, fig. 10.

1858. ^Ethfdion nerroso-punct<(tuni. Walk. List Hom.

B. M. Suppl. 168.

1869. jEthalion nervoso-imndains. Stal. Bid. Memb.

Kiiu. 299, 12.

ITafe.—Mex. ( Walker).

*M()iie of the species DDentioped here have a prolongnticn of

tleprothorax backward, aud they rightfully belong with the Jassidiv.

|Thero are tiS instead of liT crpnerarepresentfd in this cataloaue,

and 282 species instead of 278, XIV., 41,42,43, and 44 being duplicated.



Described Memhracidw of North America. 479

The following additional localities have been obtained

since this catalogue was put in the printer's hands:

For numbers 7, 8, 140, 177, 203, 204, 205, 206, 211, and

AconopJiorti lanceoJata, Fairm., Guatemala {Hejtshair) ; 14, 27,

and 142, Me. and Mass. (Henshaw); 15, la. (Osborn), N. Y.

{Van Dtizee); 19, Mich. (Cook), Pa. {Rafhvon), Me. (Hen-

shair) ; 21, N. Y. {Lintner); 14, 19, 22, 27, 28, 41, 53, 65,

71, 76, 85, 96, 107, 131, 216, 223, 261, Neb. {Barher)\ 28,

Mich. {Cool-), Me., Fla., Tex., Calif., and B. C. {Henshaw);

34, 44, 66, 91, 116, 122, 132, and 145, Mich. {Cool-) ; 41,

B. C. {Henshaw), Nev. {Hillman); 43, Miss. {Weed), Mich.

{Cool-) ; 46, Mass. {Henshaw), Mich. {Cook) ; 52, Mich.

{Cool), la. {Osborn), Ya. and Md. {Henshaw)', 55, Mich.

{Cook), Pa. {Rathvon), la. ? {Osborn), Me. {Henshaw); 57, 111.

{Godincj) ; 65, 68, 75 (recorded as jugafa Uhler, which is a

MS. name), 131, and 261, la. {Osborn); 67, Mich. {Cook), Mass.

and Me. {Henshaw); 72, Mass. {Henshaw); 73, 83, and 85, la. ?

{Osborn); 86, Mass. and Pa. {Henshaw); 95, Pa. {Rathvon);

97, and 119, la. {Osborn), Mich. {Cook); 114, Mich. {Cook),

Tex. {Henshaw); 121, Pa. {Henshaw); 136, and 192. Va.

{Henshaw); 137, N. Mex. {Townsend), Col. {Gillette)] im, Col.

{Goding); 188, Ya., Tex., and Yict. {Henshaw); 194, Mass.,

Tex., Calif., Yict. {Henshaw); 198, Cent. Am. {Henshatv); 211,

Me. {Henshair); 223, Mich. {Cook), Anticosti, Mass., Pa., Md.,

Ya., D. C, Oregon, and Wash. {Henshaw); 248, Tex. {Hen-

shaw).

Page 391, line 19, for Entomolgiqne rea.d Entomologiqtie.

Page 393, for No. 5 substitute as follows: *

P. DISPAK, Fabr.

1803. Darnis dispar. Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. 32, 23.

1836. Entylia dispar. Burm. Silb. Rev. iv, 182, 2.

1869. Parmula dispar. Still, Hem. Fabr. ii, 29, 1.

Hah .—Mexico (Goding).

Page 397, between lines 12 and 13 from bottom insert as

follows: 1893. Entilia sinuata. Rice, Insect Life, v, 243.

Page 399, line 7, after " one " insert female.

* P. mnnda. W^lk ,
».•',.» ps to Pli;i i--' (Fiih- F"< >«•-))



480 Illinois iState Laboratory of Natural History.

Page 400, between lines IJ and 10 insert as follows: 1851.

Cyphonia redispina. Walk. List Horn. B. M. 597, 6; line 19,

for postfaciata read posffasciata.

Page 401, line 4, for huhalus read diceros.

Page 402, at bottom of page add as follows:

1891. Ceresa huhalus. Fletcher, Rep. Ent. and Bot.

Can. 191.

1892. Ceresa huhalus. Osb. Trans. la. Hort. Soc. 119,

fig. 30.

1893. Ceresa biihalus. Osb. Fruit and Forest Tree Ins.

24, fig. 80.

Page 403, line 21, for the interrogation point substitute a

period; between lines 2 and 3 from bottom insert as follows:

1892. Ceresa taurina. Osb, Trans. la. Hort. Soc. 119.

1893. Ceresa taurina. Osb. Fruit and Forest Tree Ins.

24.

Page 409, between lines 4 and 5 from bottom insert as fol-

lows: Stictocephala gillettei, $. Godg. Ent. News, iii, 200.

Page 411, line 2, for nigripes, Stal, read numda, Walk.; be-

tween lines 2 and 3 insert as follows : 1858. Parmula munda.

Walk. List Hom. B. M. Suppl. 152; line 4, for Mex. {Stdl),

read Mex. and Guatemala ( Walk.).

Page 412, between lines 11 and 12 from bottom insert as

follows :

1892. Thelia cratwgi. Osb. Trans. la. Hort. Soc. 119.

1893. Thelia cratcegi. Osb. Fruit and Forest Tree

Ins. 24.

Page 413, line 12 from bottom, and page 414, line 1, for

acuminata read acuminatus.

Page 414, line 11, for Hyphina read Hyphinoe.

Page 416, line 8 from bottom, for Telamona read Mem-

bracis.

Page 417, line 1, for 1841 read 1851.

Page 422, between lines 8 and 9 insert as follows : 1892.

Telamona niexicana? Godg. Ent. News, iii, 108.

Page 424, line 9, for toj) read tips.



Described Memhracidce of North America. 481

Page 425, line 6, dele " fig." ; line 2 from bottom, for

galata read gahata.

Page 427, line 4 from bottom, ior Membracis read Acutalis.

Page 429, line 15, after '' lower " insert edge.

Pages 435 and 436. Note.— An examination of the types

shows that numbers 122 to 126 belong to Cyrtolobus.

Page 437. After the numbers 128, 129, and 130, for A.

read E. *

Page 441, line 17 from bottom, for V. read Ama&tris'\;

line 4 from bottom, insert (?) before V.

Page 442, between lines 8 and 9 insert as follows : 1851.

Thelia exjjansa. Walk. List. Hom. B. M. 563, 26; between

lines 14 and 15 from bottom, insert as follows: Thelia mar-

morata. Walk. List. Hom. B. M. 555, 4.

Page 444, line 15 from bottom, after "scar" insert as fol-

lows: Apical cell much longer than in marmorata, the length ex-

ceeding the breadth more than twice, while in marmorata the

cell is but a little longer than broad; line 14 from bottom, after

'' fuliginous" and '"yellow" substitute semicolons for commas;

line 7 from bottom, after " process," add as follows: in not

being suddenly depressed a short distance before apex, in

not having the median carina flat from this depression, and

in being much more depressed anteriorly.

Page 445, line 8. Note.—Through the kindness of Rev. W.
W. Fowler, of Lincoln, England, I have had the opportunity to

examine St3,rs type of the genus Optilete, and, as surmised, it

proves to be a typical marmorata, Say. Between lines 16 and

17 from bottom insert as follows: 1851. Hemij)tycha longicor-

nis. Walk. List Hom. B. M. 569, 7.

Page 449, line 10 from bottom. Note.— Walker's Darnis

lineola belongs to Phacusa {Fide Fowler).

Page 452, No. 181, for prunitia, Butler, read hastata,

St4l (A*c?e Fowler).

* Ashmeadea being preoccupied, the name was changed to Ev-
ashmeadea.

t A more careful study of the species places it in Amaatris.