Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois Richard L. Larimore, Loy R. Phillippe, and John E. Ebinger Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Volume 38, Article 4 June 2008 Illinois Natural History Survey, Brian Anderson, Chief A Division of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources Illinois Natural History Survey Distribution Office I-Building 1816 South Oak Street Champaign, IL 61820 Citation: Larimore, R.L., L.R. Phillippe, and J.E. Ebinger. 2008. Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Na- ture Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 38(4):177–196. Editor: Charles Warwick US ISSN 0073-4918 US ISBN 1-882932-17-X Printed by authority of the State of Illinois © 2008 P0182869—.75M—06-08 Printed with soy ink on recycled and recyclable paper. Equal opportunity to participate in programs of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and those funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies is available to all individuals regardless of race, sex, national origin, disability, age, religion, or other non-merit factors. If you believe you have been discriminated against, contact the funding source’s civil rights office and/or the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, IDNR, One Natural Resources Way, Spring- field, IL 62702-1271; 217/785-0067; TTY 217/782-9175. Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois Richard L. Larimore, Loy R. Phillippe, and John E. Ebinger Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Volume 38, Article 4 June 2008 Illinois Natural History Survey 1816 S. Oak St. Champaign, IL 61820 USA ii iii Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Description of Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Vascular species present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Overstory survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Woody understory survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Ground layer survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Vascular flora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Old growth dry-mesic savanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Mesic ravine upland forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Southern flatwood forest/ephemeral pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Old growth dry-mesic savanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Mesic ravine upland forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Southern flatwood forest/ephemeral pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Successional trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Tables 1–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186–189 Appendix I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources for permission to study the pre- serve. Thanks are also given to: Dave Ketzner, Tim Whitfeld, Rachel Larimore, Jeff Matthews, Mary Cooprider, and Rob Hackett for help in collecting the voucher specimens, and Brad Zercher for help with GPS/GIS. Thanks to Dave Ketzner, Connie Carroll- Cunningham, Paul Tessene, and Bill McClain for reviewing this manuscript. This study was supported by the Illinois Department of Transportation, and a grant from the Illinois Wildlife Preservation Fund. iv Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 177 ABSTRACT The vascular flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois, was studied during the growing seasons of 1999–2002. A total of 376 species were found: 12 ferns, fern-allies, and gymnosperms; 99 monocots; and 265 dicots. The three families with the largest number of species were the Poaceae (44), Asteraceae (39), and Cyperaceae (34, 29 of which were members of the genus Carex). The overstory and woody understory of six forest communities were surveyed: a mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest dominated by Quercus alba (white oak) and Q. velutina (black oak); an old growth, dry-mesic savanna dominated by Q. alba with a dense understory of Acer saccharum (sugar maple); SW-facing and NE-facing forested slopes of a mesic ravine, both dominated by A. saccharum and Q. alba; a southern flatwood for- est/ephemeral pond community dominated by Q. bicolor (swamp white oak); and an immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest dominated by Q. alba and Carya ovata (shagbark hick- ory). Ground layer plants were surveyed in spring and fall in the dry-mesic upland forest com- munities, and for each species the relative cover, relative frequency, and importance values were determined. The preserve, comprised mostly of oak-hickory forest communities, was found to be in relatively good ecological condition. Mature and maturing second-growth oaks were present throughout much of the preserve. Sugar maples dominated the understory and, along with the dense overstory, were apparently limiting oak regeneration. The non-natives Lonicera spp. (bush honeysuckles), Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive), Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard), and the native sugar maple, will continue to need to be controlled. Prescribed fire is recommended to limit populations of these species. Vol. 38 Art. 4178 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin INTRODUCTION The 32.4-ha Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve (MFWNP) is located in central Vermilion County, along the eastern border of central Illinois, within the 1,153-ha Kickapoo State Park. The Middle Fork of the Vermilion River, about 27 km of which is designated as a National Scenic River, runs through the park. Approximately 2 km north of MFWNP, on the west side of the river, is the Middle Fork State Fish and Wildlife Area, encompassing 1,700 ha. North of Kickapoo Park and east of the river is the 1,214- ha Kennekuk Cove County Park. The Middle Fork of the Vermilion River forms the preserve boundary on the east, with old strip-mine land and lakes beyond the river. The land north of the preserve is logged and grazed upland forest and to the west a small creek forms the boundary, along with a county road and privately owned woods. An old-field of early successional native forest species that contains an abundance of exotic plant species lies to the south. This old-field was used as a base camp for the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) from 1939 to 1942 (McClain 1984, Wal- lace 1975). The forest communities of MFWNP were previously studied (Wallace 1975), but the results of this investigation were not published. The MFWNP is one of nine dedicated nature preserves in Vermilion County. Of these pre- serves, the vegetation of only a few has been studied. Larimore et al. (1999) examined the forests at Horseshoe Bottom Nature Preserve, while Ebinger (1981) studied the glacial drift hill prairie at Windfall Prairie Nature Preserve. Though not a dedicated nature preserve, the vegetation of the Vermilion River Observatory was recently examined (Phillippe et al. 2003). Much of the land surface within Kickapoo State Park was strip-mined and the park is currently composed of strip-mine lakes and mounds of mine spoils now covered with an abundance of successional vegetation and numerous invasive exotic species. During the strip mining operations MFWNP was not mined. Before being dedicated as a nature preserve in 1979, the area was subjected to disturbances, particularly selective timber cutting in the early 1900s, and was probably grazed until 1939 (McClain 1984). Presently the forests are recovering and the MFWNP has a high diversity of plant and animal life. The present study was undertaken to document the vascular flora of the preserve and to determine the composition and structure of the forest communities present. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA Situated within the Vermilion River Section of the Wabash Border Natural Division, the MF- WNP is on the Wisconsin Till Plain about 80 km north of the terminal moraine of Wisconsin glaciation (Schwegman et al. 1973). This level region, exposed by the retreating Wisconsinan glaciation, was dissected by rapid down-cutting by post-glacial rivers, resulting in the pres- ently entrenched Middle Fork of the Vermilion River. This area is presently characterized by rugged topography along major streams that are surrounded by relatively flat uplands. Pre-set- tlement vegetation was mostly wet-mesic to dry forests in ravines and on the dissected uplands, with mesic prairie, savanna, and open wood- lands on flat to gently rolling uplands (Ander- son 1991, Ebinger and McClain 1991). The area now known as MFWNP was in pri- vate ownership from the early 1800s to the late 1930s (Wallace 1975). Between 1910 and 1915 the United Electric Coal Company purchased large tracts of forest along the west bank of the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River including all of the land now comprising MFWNP, and logged parts of the uplands for mine timbers. In 1939 the State of Illinois purchased the land from the United Electric Coal Company and started developing the site into Kickapoo State Park. Since 1942 the area that became the MF- WNP has been relatively undisturbed though a few paths were developed, and a picnic area was maintained where the savanna community presently exists (Fig. 1). When MFWNP was dedicated in 1979, the trails and the picnic area were abandoned (McFall and Karnes 1995). A loop trail through the preserve was being main- tained at the time of our study. This 28-ha preserve, with an additional 4.4 ha of buffer, is located approximately 7.7 km west of Danville, Illinois (SE1/4 Sec 32, T20N R12W and N1/2 Sec 5, T19N R12W). The elevation varies from 167.6 m above sea level at the river to 195.0 m in the uplands. The climate of east-central Illinois is continental with cool winters, hot summers, and little or no water deficit in any season of the year (Page 1949, Fehrenbacher et al. 1967, Schwegman et Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 179 al. 1973). In Danville, Illinois, average annual precipitation is 102.0 cm, with the month of July having the highest rainfall with a mean average of 11.3 cm, and January and February being the driest months, each averaging 4.8 cm of precipitation. Mean average annual temperature in Danville is 11.3o C, with the hottest month being July with a mean average of 24o C and the coldest being January with a mean average of -3.8o C. The number of frost-free days varies from 170 to 180 (Midwestern Regional Climate Center 2004). The silvery salamander (Ambystoma pl- atineum), a state endangered species, is found in the preserve (Herkert 1992). This unisexual polyploid species is known from scattered sites in the eastern United States. At the MFWNP the salamander uses the ephemeral ponds in a southern flatwoods community for reproduc- tion (Morris 1974). An additional pond has been constructed in the buffer area of the preserve to ensure an adequate water supply for this species (Herkert 1992, Mui 2004). Further information on this study, including GPS coordinates, can be found in the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission/Natural Area files at the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) Library in Champaign. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vascular species present: During the growing seasons of 1999, 2000, and 2001, the vascu- lar flora of MFWNP was surveyed. Voucher specimens were collected, habitats for each species determined, and the plant communities delineated. Specimens collected were identi- fied and deposited in the herbarium of the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois (ILLS). The criteria for designating non-native taxa followed Gleason and Cron- quist (1991) and Mohlenbrock (2002), whereas nomenclature follows Mohlenbrock (2002). The classification of forest community types mostly followed that of White and Madany (1978). Overstory survey: In 2000 the overstory of the mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest at MFWNP was sampled using 0.03-ha circular plots. These plots were established at 30 m intervals along two north/south transects Figure 1. Forest communities within Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. (A) mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest, (B) old growth dry-mesic savanna, (C) mesic ravine upland forest, (D) southern flatwood forest/ephemeral pond, and (E) immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest. Vol. 38 Art. 4180 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin (50 plots total). In each plot all living and dead- standing individuals >10.0 cm dbh were identi- fied and their diameters recorded (Tables 1 and 2). From this data, living-stem density (stems/ ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative density, relative dominance (basal area), importance value (IV), and average diameter (cm) were calculated for each species. Determination of the IV follows the procedure used by McIntosh (1957) and is the sum of the relative density and relative dominance. Density (stems/ha), basal area (m2/ ha), and average diameter (cm) were deter- mined for dead-standing individuals. The remaining communities were much smaller and were surveyed by dividing the majority of the area of each community into contiguous quadrats 25 m on a side, the number of quadrats being determined by the size of each area. These included: 4 quadrats in an old growth dry-mesic savanna (Table 3); 8 quadrats in a SW-facing mesic ravine forest (Table 4); 8 quadrats in a NE-facing mesic ravine forest (Table 5); 4 quadrats in a southern flatwoods forest/ephemeral pond community (Table 6), and 16 quadrats in a second growth immature dry-mesic upland forest (Table 7). The data were collected and analyzed in the same way as those for the mature second growth forest. Woody understory survey: The woody under- story composition and density (stems/ha) were determined for each forest community using nested circular plots 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.01 ha in size located at 15-meter intervals along randomly located transects within each com- munity. Four additional 0.0001-ha circular plots were located 7 m from the center points of each plot center along cardinal compass directions. Counts were recorded of woody seedlings and shrubs (≤ 50 cm tall) in the 0.0001-ha plots, of small saplings and shrubs (> 50 cm tall and < 2.5 cm dbh) in the 0.001-ha plots, and of large saplings and shrubs (2.5–9.9 cm dbh) in the 0.01-ha plots. Ground layer survey: The ground layers in the dry-mesic upland forest communities were surveyed in the late summer of 2001 (Tables 8 and 9) and late spring of 2002. In each com- munity a 50 m line transect was randomly located and the ends marked with steel stakes. Along each transect 1 m2 quadrats were spaced at 1 m intervals (n=50/transect), odd-numbered quadrats to the right, even-numbered to the left. A random numbers table was used to determine the number of meters (0 to 9) the quadrat was located from the transect line. Species cover was determined using the Daubenmire cover class system (Daubenmire 1959) as modified by Bailey and Poulton (1968). Importance value (IV) for ground layer species was deter- mined by summing relative cover and relative frequency. RESULTS Vascular flora: The vascular flora of MFWNP consisted of 376 species within 231 genera and 92 families. Of these species, 40 (10.6%) were not native to Illinois. Ferns, fern-allies, and gymnosperms were poorly represented at MFWNP, accounting for only 12 species (3%), whereas angiosperms accounted for the remainder. Among the angiosperms, monocots accounted for 99 species (26%) in 44 genera and 11 families, while dicots accounted for 265 species (71%) in 181 genera and 73 families. Families with the most species were: Poaceae (44 species), Asteraceae (39), Cyperaceae (34), Rosaceae (16), Brassicaceae (12), Lamiaceae (11), Apiaceae (11), Ranunculaceae (10), and Scrophulariaceae (10). These taxa are listed in Appendix I. Mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest: Covering most of the western half of MFWNP, this community was dominated by Quercus alba (white oak), which accounted for more than one-third of the overstory trees (138.5 stems/ha), half of the total basal area (16.762 m2/ha), and nearly half of the IV (90 out of 200). Quercus velutina (black oak) ranked second with an IV of 33.3, and Acer saccharum (sugar maple) was third with an IV of 22.5 (Table 1). The oaks dominated the larger diameter classes as suggested by their average diameters of 37.3 cm dbh and 42.9 cm dbh, respectively. Acer saccharum, in contrast, was common in the smaller diameter classes as indicated by an average dbh of 15.0 cm. Acer saccharum was also common in the seedling and sapling categories. Dead-standing individu- als averaged 43.5 stems/ha with the oaks being well represented (Table 2). A total of 33 woody species were encountered in this community (Table 1). The woody understory of the upland forest was dominated by numerous small seedlings of Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 181 Fraxinus americana (white ash) along with the shrubs Lindera benzoin (spicebush) and Vibur- num prunifolium (black haw), while the woody vine Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) was also common (Tables 1 and 8). During the fall survey the dominant herbaceous species of the ground layer included Sanicula odorata (common black snakeroot), Viola soro- ria (woolly blue violet), Antenoron virginianum (Virginia knotweed), and Galium concinnum (shining bedstraw) (Table 8). During the spring survey the dominant ground layer species were Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple), Dentaria laciniata (toothwort), and Circaea lutetiana (enchanter’s nightshade) along with the same dominant species documented in the fall survey. Old growth dry-mesic savanna: Located on the flat uplands adjacent to the mesic ravine, this small savanna was less than one ha in size. The overstory was dominated by widely spaced open-grown individuals of Quercus alba that averaged 80 stems/ha with an average diameter of 67.1 cm dbh, an average basal area of 30.124 m2/ha, and an IV of 165.2 (Table 3). Only a few other tree species exceeded 25 cm dbh, all with only a few stems/ha. Acer saccharum dominated the seedling and sapling categories though many other trees and a few shrub species were com- mon (Table 3). In contrast, Q. alba was poorly represented in the sapling categories with no in- dividuals being recorded. The extensive sapling understory of A. saccharum has developed since the picnic area was abandoned when the preserve was dedicated in 1979. Mesic ravine upland forest: In the eastern part of the preserve is a mesic ravine dominated by mature second growth upland forest. Oriented northwest/southeast the SW- and NE-facing slopes were dominated by Acer saccharum, which accounted for nearly half of the stems/ha and more than one-third of the basal area (Tables 4 and 5). Quercus alba was second in IV on both slopes while most of the remainder comprised mesic species commonly associated with deep ravines in east-central Illinois. Acer saccharum accounted for more than half of the woody seed- lings and saplings in this ravine. Southern flatwood forest/ephemeral pond: This small community located near the south- western edge of MFWNP is less than one ha in size. Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak) dominated the overstory with an IV of nearly 139 and accounted for nearly 60% of the stems/ha and 85% of the basal area in the pond. Quercus alba was fairly common with an IV of 24.2 (Table 6). Swamp white oak was the only tree species found in the stand- ing water, the other species were confined to the edges of the ephemeral pond or to slightly elevated areas. Woody seedlings and saplings were nearly absent from the ephemeral pond, but some were occasionally encountered in slightly elevated areas. Herbaceous vegeta- tion was sparse, probably due to the presence of standing water and dense shade from the overstory. Immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest: This immature second growth forest is located near the center of the preserve and had been heavily harvested for timber 70 to 80 years ago (Wallace 1975). Tree species composition was similar to the mature second growth forest in the western part of MFWNP. Tree density averaged 436 stems/ha with the large majority of the individuals less than 35 cm dbh. Quercus alba was the dominant over- story species with 162 stems/ha, a basal area of 11.771 m2/ha, and an IV of 76.9 (Table 7). Carya ovata (shagbark hickory) was second in importance with an IV of 53.1, followed by Quercus rubra (red oak) and Q. velutina with IV’s of 28.4 and 13.0, respectively. All other tree species had IVs of less than 10. Dead-standing individuals averaged 55 stems/ ha with an average basal area of 1.527 m2/ha (Table 2). Tree seedlings and saplings were relatively common, but numerous shrubs dominated the woody understory with Vibur- num prunifolium (black haw) being the most important (Table 7). The woody understory of the immature sec- ond growth upland forest was dominated by a few tree seedlings and shrubs with Viburnum prunifolium, Fraxinus americana, Viburnum recognitum (smooth arrowwood) common along with the woody vine Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Tables 7 and 9). During the fall survey the dominant herbaceous species of the ground layer included Antenoron virginianum, Carex spp. (sedges), Sanicula odorata, and Viola sororia (Table 9). During the spring survey the ground layer vegetation included Podophyllum peltatum, Prenanthes altissima (tall white lettuce), Dentaria laciniata, and Vol. 38 Art. 4182 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin various species of Carex along with the same dominant species found during the fall survey. DISCUSSION Wallace (1975) studied the composition and structure of the forest vegetation at MFWNP during the 1970s; at that time the MFWNP had a total stand density of 477.61 stems/ha, a total basal area of 25.64 m2/ha, with 27 tree and shrub species encountered. Quercus alba was the dominant species, with an IV of 75.34 (total possible 300), average of 135.71 stems/ha and a basal area of 7.96 m2/ha. Q. velutina was second in importance (IV of 36.61), followed by Acer saccharum (IV of 35.47), Q. rubra (IV of 24.70), Carya ovata (IV of 23.16), and Frax- inus americana (IV of 21.82). Wallace (1975) also determined the average age of the trees in each community based on increment borings (at 1.37 meters) of the leading dominant species >9 cm dbh. Average tree age was the lowest in the immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest, and highest in the mesic ravine forest where some of the largest trees had 124 annual rings when surveyed in 1974. In the upland forests tree age averaged 48 annual rings in the immature upland forest and 62 annual rings in the more mature upland forest. Mature second growth dry-mesic upland for- est: In this forest type Wallace (1975) recorded 468 stems/ha with a basal area of 28.45 m2/ ha of which Quercus alba (IV of 162.54), Q. velutina (IV of 31.58), and Acer saccharum (IV of 26.75) accounted for 74% of the total IV. In 2002 tree density averaged 353 stems/ha with a basal area of 32.995 m2/ha. The dominants remained the same as those observed by Wal- lace (1975) and accounted for 73% of the total IV. The general trend over the past 25 years at the MFWNP has been a decrease in stems/ ha with a corresponding increase in basal area/ ha, whereas the composition of the overstory changed slightly. Old growth dry-mesic savanna: When Wal- lace (1975) conducted his study at MFWNP, the savanna was maintained as a picnic area. Many of the large open-grown white oaks are still present, which now average 80 stems/ha. The picnic area is no longer maintained and the major change in this community has been the explosive increase of a woody understory dominated by Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Prunus serotina, and Sassafras albidum (Table 3). Mesic ravine upland forest: Wallace (1975) described an Acer saccharium-Tilia americana community with small inclusions of a Quercus rubra-Quercus alba community in the steep ravines on the southwestern and western edges of MFWNP. Found exclusively within these steep ravines, this community averaged 447 trees/ha with an average basal area of 24.45 m2/ ha (Wallace 1975); Acer saccharum was the dominant species with an IV of 96.58, followed by Tilia americana (IV of 40.51), Quercus alba (IV of 33.97), and Q. rubra (IV of 25.68). Dur- ing the present survey A. saccharum was the dominant species, whereas Q. alba was second in IV (Tables 4 and 5). Tilia americana and Q. rubra were reduced in importance, but still were common forest components. Also, A. sac- charum continued to dominate the understory, accounting for more than half of the seedlings and saplings. Southern flatwood forest/ephemeral pond: This community, which is restricted to a shal- low depression often filled with water to 0.5 meters in depth from February to June, was dominated by Quercus bicolor. Two other species (Carya ovata and Fraxinus americana) were present at the edges of the depression (Wallace 1975). During the present study simi- lar results were obtained though we recorded a few individuals of Q. alba, Q. rubra, and Ulmus americana in the pond that were not recorded by Wallace (1975). Immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest: In 1974 the immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest trees averaged 525 stems/ha with a basal area of 20.68 m2/ha. Carya ovata ranked first in importance (IV of 65.6) followed by Quercus imbricaria (shingle oak) and Q. alba (Wallace 1975). In this forest community in 2002, tree density averaged 436 stems/ha and the basal area averaged 29.68 m2/ ha. A shift in species dominance also occurred in the past 25 years; Q. alba became dominant, and along with C. ovata, accounted for 65% of the total IV (Table 7). Quercus imbricaria was poorly represented, having been replaced by Q. rubra and Q. velutina. A relatively long distance to a seed source at the time of logging Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 183 probably explains a lower importance of Acer saccharum in this community. Successional trends: Wallace (1975) did not find Asimina triloba (pawpaw) or Lindera benzoin (spicebush) at MFWNP. Both may be recent arrivals, but it was more likely that these two species were scattered and uncommon on the preserve in the early 1970s. Asimina triloba is fire-sensitive, and when top-killed sprouts readily, often requiring two or more burns before dying (Larimore et al. 2003). Lindera benzoin is also easily top-killed by fire but re-sprouts rapidly. The absence of fire since the site became a dedicated nature preserve has probably been important in the increased presence of these two species as well as Acer saccharum and Viburnum prunifolium. These fire-sensitive, shade-tolerant species will prob- ably continue to increase in importance in the future. The upland forests of MFWNP have been undergoing substantial changes during the past 50–60 years. We have no definite evidence that fires were used in this forest before being dedicated as a nature preserve, but burning of grazing areas was common in Illinois during the early and middle 1900s (Miller 1920). With the absence of fire, the encroachment of mesic, fire-sensitive, shade-tolerant woody species, such as Acer saccharum and Fagus grandiflora, has been increasing dramatically (Ebinger 1986, Anderson 1991, Ebinger and McClain 1991, Abrams 1992, Packard 1993, McClain and Elzinga 1994). Acer saccharum continues to dominate the overstory and the woody un- derstory of the ravine forests, and is an impor- tant component of the mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest where it is third in IV and dominates the large sapling layer. Also, a few saplings of F. grandiflora were encoun- tered in the upland forests. This fire-sensitive species, however, is mostly restricted to the SE-facing slope of the ravine where it ranked fourth in importance. If this trend toward more mesic conditions continues, oak regeneration will likely decrease, as will the presence of other fire-resistant, shade-intolerant species. This increase in the number of A. saccharum and F. grandifolia, and the resulting decrease of oak regeneration, probably started with the re- duction in landscape fires soon after Europeans settled the area (Ebinger and McClain 1991), and was accelerated with the cutting of the forest in the early 1900s and by fire suppression and the cessation of grazing 50–60 years ago. Vol. 38 Art. 4184 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin LITERATURE CITED Abrams, M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak-forests. Bioscience 42:346-353. Anderson, R.C. 1991. Presettlement forest of Il- linois. Pages 9–19 in G.V. Burger, J.E. Ebinger, and G.S. Wilhelm, eds. Proceedings of the oak woods management workshop. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois. Bailey, A.W., and C.E. Poulton. 1968. Plant communities and environmental relationships in a portion of the Tillamook burn, northwest- ern Oregon. Ecology 49:1-13. Daubenmire, R. 1959. A canopy coverage method of vegetation analysis. Northwest Sci- ence 33:43-64. Ebinger, J.E. 1981. Vegetation of glacial drift hill prairies in east-central Illinois. Castanea 46:115-121. Ebinger J.E. 1986. Sugar maple, a management problem in Illinois forests? Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 79(1 & 2):25-30. Ebinger, J.E., and W.E. McClain. 1991. Forest succession in the prairie peninsula of Illi- nois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 34:375-381. Fehrenbacher, J.B., G.O. Walker, and H.L. Wascher. 1967. Soils of Illinois. University of Illinois Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 725:1-47. Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of the vascular flora of northeastern United States and Canada. 2nd ed. The New York Bo- tanical Garden, Bronx. lxxv + 910 pp. Herkert, J.R. 1992. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution, Vol- ume 2—Animals. Illinois Endangered Species Board, Springfield, Illinois. iv + 142 pp. Larimore, R.L., D.T. Busemeyer, and J.E. Ebin- ger. 2003. Pawpaw, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (Annonaceae), in the prairie peninsula of Il- linois, USA. Natural Areas Journal 23:356-361. Larimore, R.L., L.R. Phillippe, S.D. Simon, and J.E. Ebinger. 1999. Vascular flora of Horseshoe Bottom Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Acad- emy of Science 93:3-24. McClain, W.E. 1984. Master plan for Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion Coun- ty, Illinois. Unpublished report submitted to the Illinois Department of Conservation. 56 pp. McClain, W.E., and S.L. Elzinga. 1994. The occurrence of prairies and forest fires in Illinois and other midwestern states, 1679 to 1854. Erigenia 13:79-90. McFall, D., and J. Karnes. 1995. (eds) A direc- tory of Illinois Nature Preserves, Volume 2. Northwestern, Central and Southern Illinois. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois. iv + 321 pp. McIntosh, R.P. 1957. The York Woods. A case history of forest succession in southern Wiscon- sin. Ecology 38:29-37. Midwestern Regional Climate Center. 2004. http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu Miller, R.B. 1920. Fire prevention in Illinois forests. Department of Registration and Educa- tion, Division of the Natural History Survey. Forestry Circular No. 2. 12 pp. Mohlenbrock, R.H. 2002. Vascular flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois. x + 490 pp. Morris, M.A. 1974. An Illinois record for a trip- loid species of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex. Herpetology 8:255-256. Mui, J.M. 2004. Reproduction in Ambystoma- tid salamanders. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana. 63 pp. Packard, S. 1993. Restoring oak ecosystems. Restoration and Management Notes 11:1. Page, J.L. 1949. Climate of Illinois. University of Illinois Agriculture Experiment Station Bul- letin 39:93-364. Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 185 Phillippe, L.R., D.M. Ketzner, R.L. Larimore, and J.E. Ebinger. 2003. Vascular flora of the Vermilion River Observatory, Vermilion County, Illinois. Erigenia 19:3-16. Schwegman, J.E., M. Hutchinson, G. Paulson, G.B. Fell, W.M. Shepherd, and J. White. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois nature pre- serves system. Part 2. The natural divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Rockford. 32 pp. + map. Wallace, D.C. 1975. Community dynamics of Middlefork Woods, a forested area in east-cen- tral Illinois. Unpublished Masters of Science thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana. 94 pp. White, J., and M.H. Madany. 1978. Classifica- tion of natural communities in Illinois. Pages 310–505 in J. White, ed. Illinois natural areas inventory. Technical report. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana. Vol. 38 Art. 4186 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Table 1. Size class density (#/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative values, importance values, and average diam- eters (cm) of the woody species in a mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Species Seed- lings Small Sap- lings Large Sap- lings Trees (#/ ha) Basal Area (m2/ ha) Rel. Den. Rel. Dom. IV Av. Diam (cm) Quercus alba 560 -- -- 138.5 16.762 39.2 50.8 90.0 37.3 Quercus velutina -- -- -- 44.5 6.823 12.6 20.7 33.3 42.9 Acer saccharum 600 100 360 65.5 1.277 18.6 3.9 22.5 15.0 Carya ovata 1120 20 22 28.0 1.602 7.9 4.9 12.8 24.6 Quercus rubra -- -- -- 15.0 2.467 4.3 7.5 11.8 43.2 Carya glabra 200 -- -- 21.0 1.573 6.0 4.8 10.8 27.7 Fraxinus americana 6040 160 32 12.5 1.164 3.6 3.5 7.1 33.3 Tilia americana -- 20 6 6.5 0.232 1.9 0.7 2.6 18.8 Sassafras albidum 280 40 44 5.5 0.135 1.6 0.4 2.0 16.9 Ulmus americana 200 20 86 5.0 0.060 1.4 0.2 1.6 12.3 Quercus imbricaria 40 -- -- 2.0 0.256 0.6 0.8 1.4 39.9 Ulmus rubra -- -- 42 2.5 0.126 0.7 0.4 1.1 24.3 Gleditsia triacanthos 40 -- -- 1.0 0.255 0.3 0.8 1.1 56.4 Lindera benzoin 5360 340 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum prunifolium 3240 400 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Ribes missouriense 440 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum recognitum 240 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Zanthoxylum americanum 160 120 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Lonicera maackii 120 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Others (14 species) 2000 20 206 5.5 0.263 1.3 0.6 1.9 Totals 20640 1340 798 353.0 32.995 100.0 100.0 200.0 Table 2. Tree density (#/ha), basal area (m2/ha), and average diameters (cm) of the dead-standing woody species in a mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest and an immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Species Density (#/ha) Basal Area (m2/ha) Average Diameter (cm) Mature Second Growth Upland Forest Quercus alba 20.0 1.047 23.1 Quercus velutina 14.5 1.661 36.5 Fraxinus americana 2.0 0.139 26.9 Quercus rubra 2.0 0.133 27.1 Others 5.0 0.163 Totals 43.5 3.143 Immature Second Growth Upland Forest Quercus alba 37.0 0.914 17.5 Sassafras albidum 8.0 0.154 15.5 Quercus rubra 4.0 0.194 24.7 Carya ovata 4.0 0.176 21.7 Others 2.0 0.089 Totals 55.0 1.527 Table 3. Size class density (#/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative values, importance values, and average diam- eters (cm) of the woody species in an old growth dry-mesic savanna at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Species Seed- lings Small Sap- Lings Large Sap- lings Trees (#/ ha) Basal Area (m2/ ha) Rel. Den. Rel. Dom. IV Av. Diam. (cm) Quercus alba 750 -- -- 80.0 30.124 69.1 96.1 165.2 67.1 Acer saccharum 40250 12250 425 12.0 0.156 10.4 0.5 10.9 12.8 Fraxinus americana 5750 2500 238 8.0 0.376 6.9 1.2 8.1 21.6 Ulmus rubra 1250 -- 25 4.0 0.400 3.4 1.3 4.7 35.7 Tilia americana -- -- -- 4.0 0.152 3.4 0.5 3.9 22.0 Juglans nigra -- -- -- 4.0 0.080 3.4 0.2 3.6 16.1 Ostrya virginiana 1000 -- 25 4.0 0.064 3.4 0.2 3.6 14.2 Carya ovata 2250 375 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Sassafras albidum 2000 125 375 -- -- -- -- -- -- Prunus serotina 750 875 300 -- -- -- -- -- -- Celtis occidentalis -- -- 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum prunifolium 6750 1125 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum recognitum 500 500 75 -- -- -- -- -- -- Elaeagnus umbellata 250 -- 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- Lonicera maackii 250 -- 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- Totals 61750 17750 1551 116.0 31.352 100.0 100.0 200.0 Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 187 Table 4. Size class density (#/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative values, importance values, and average diam- eters (cm) of the woody species in a SW-facing mesic ravine upland forest at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Species Seed- lings Small Sap- Lings Large Sap- lings Trees (#/ ha) Basal Area (m2/ ha) Rel. Den. Rel. Dom. IV Av. Diam. (cm) Acer saccharum 79600 2900 260 120.0 9.676 46.4 37.3 83.7 29.8 Quercus alba 2000 -- -- 40.0 7.296 15.5 28.1 43.6 45.7 Populus grandidentata -- -- -- 30.0 1.458 11.6 5.6 17.2 24.5 Fagus grandifolia 600 200 20 16.0 1.938 6.2 7.5 13.7 35.9 Quercus rubra 200 -- -- 12.0 1.722 4.7 6.6 11.3 37.9 Tilia americana -- -- 10 6.0 1.006 2.2 3.9 6.1 42.5 Fraxinus americana 8200 1000 -- 4.0 0.974 1.6 3.8 5.4 49.5 Juglans nigra -- -- -- 6.0 0.262 2.2 1.0 3.2 23.5 Quercus velutina -- -- -- 4.0 0.408 1.6 1.6 3.2 35.5 Carya ovata 1000 -- -- 4.0 0.262 1.6 1.0 2.6 28.8 Quercus muhlenbergii -- -- -- 2.0 0.388 0.8 1.5 2.3 49.7 Ulmus rubra -- -- -- 4.0 0.174 1.6 0.7 2.3 22.1 Sassafras albidum 1400 100 -- 4.0 0.162 1.6 0.6 2.2 22.4 Prunus serotina 3400 -- -- 2.0 0.150 0.8 0.6 1.4 30.9 Ulmus americana 200 -- -- 2.0 0.036 0.8 0.1 0.9 15.2 Ostrya virginiana 2600 300 90 2.0 0.018 0.8 0.1 0.9 10.5 Carya cordiformis 2000 500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cornus florida 400 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum recognitum 1200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Elaeagnus umbellata 600 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Lindera benzoin 200 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Morus rubra -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Totals 103600 5300 380 258.0 25.930 100.0 100.0 200.0 Table 5. Size class density (#/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative values, importance values, and average diam- eters (cm) of the woody species in a NE-facing mesic ravine upland forest at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Species Seed- lings Small Sap- lings Large Sap- lings Trees (#/ ha) Basal Area (m2/ha) Rel. Den. Rel. Dom. IV Av. Diam. (cm) Acer saccharum 15800 2600 660 128.0 11.024 65.3 44.4 109.7 29.1 Quercus alba -- -- -- 12.0 5.494 6.2 22.2 28.4 76.0 Juglans nigra -- -- -- 12.0 2.434 6.2 9.8 16.0 48.8 Ulmus rubra -- -- 20 16.0 0.266 8.2 1.1 9.3 14.3 Quercus muhlenbergii -- -- -- 4.0 1.376 2.0 5.6 7.6 66.1 Carya glabra 400 -- -- 4.0 1.208 2.0 4.9 6.9 62.0 Carya ovata 400 -- -- 6.0 0.690 3.1 2.8 5.9 33.9 Quercus rubra -- -- -- 2.0 1.044 1.0 4.2 5.2 81.5 Sassafras albidum -- -- -- 4.0 0.596 2.0 2.4 4.4 43.6 Carya cordiformis -- 100 -- 2.0 0.352 1.0 1.4 2.4 47.4 Tilia americana -- -- -- 2.0 0.182 1.0 0.7 1.7 34.0 Fraxinus americana 9000 -- -- 2.0 0.102 1.0 0.4 1.4 25.4 Ulmus americana -- -- -- 2.0 0.020 1.0 0.1 1.1 11.1 Ostrya virginiana 200 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- Celtis occidentalis -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- Asimina triloba 2400 1300 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- Ribes missouriense 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Totals 28400 4000 760 196.0 24.788 100.0 100.0 200.0 Vol. 38 Art. 4188 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Table 6. Size class density (#/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative values, importance values, and average diameters (cm) of the woody species in a southern flatwood forest/ephemeral pond community at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Species Seed- lings Small Sap- lings Large Sap- lings Trees (#/ ha) Basal Area (m2/ ha) Rel. Den. Rel. Dom. IV Av. Diam. (cm) Quercus bicolor -- -- -- 120.0 24.196 58.8 79.9 138.7 46.7 Quercus alba -- -- -- 20.0 4.356 9.8 14.4 24.2 51.3 Carya ovata -- -- 10 28.0 0.580 13.7 1.9 15.6 15.5 Ulmus americana -- 100 250 28.0 0.468 13.7 1.5 15.2 14.3 Quercus rubra -- -- -- 4.0 0.372 2.0 1.2 3.2 34.4 Fraxinus lanceolata 2000 100 10 4.0 0.328 2.0 1.1 3.1 32.2 Carpinus caroliniana 400 100 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- Crataegus pruinosa -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- Ulmus rubra -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum prunifolium 600 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum recognitum 400 300 120 - -- -- -- -- -- Totals 3400 600 490 204.0 30.300 100.0 100.0 200.0 Table 7. Size class density (#/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative values, importance values, and average diameters (cm) of the woody species in an immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Species Seed- lings Small Sap- lings Large Sap- lings Trees (#/ ha) Basal Area (m2/ ha) Rel. Den. Rel. Dom. IV Av. Diam. (cm) Quercus alba -- -- -- 162.0 11.771 37.2 39.7 76.9 29.7 Carya ovata 1800 -- 20 141.0 6.162 32.3 20.8 53.1 22.5 Quercus rubra 200 -- -- 45.0 5.368 10.3 18.1 28.4 37.6 Quercus velutina -- -- -- 21.0 2.445 4.8 8.2 13.0 37.3 Fraxinus lanceolata 9800 900 20 18.0 1.507 4.1 5.1 9.2 31.5 Carya tomentosa -- -- -- 9.0 0.348 2.1 1.2 3.3 21.3 Quercus imbricaria -- -- -- 6.0 0.562 1.4 1.9 3.3 33.6 Ulmus americana -- -- 100 9.0 0.178 2.1 0.6 2.7 15.3 Acer saccharum 200 -- 80 8.0 0.080 1.8 0.3 2.1 11.2 Sassafras albidum 400 200 80 6.0 0.145 1.4 0.5 1.9 16.7 Tilia americana -- -- -- 4.0 0.332 0.9 1.0 1.9 26.1 Carya glabra -- -- -- 3.0 0.202 0.7 0.7 1.4 28.4 Quercus bicolor -- -- -- 1.0 0.369 0.2 1.2 1.4 68.5 Carya cordiformis -- -- -- 2.0 0.130 0.5 0.4 0.9 28.2 Gleditsia triacanthos 200 -- -- 1.0 0.081 0.2 0.3 0.5 32.2 Prunus serotina 800 -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum prunifolium 21200 4400 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- Viburnum recognitum 800 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Zanthoxylum americanum 800 400 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Corylus americana 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Lindera benzoin 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Crataegus pruinosa -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- Totals 36600 6000 410 436.0 29.680 100.0 100.0 200.0 Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 189 Table 8. Frequency (%), average cover, relative frequency, relative cover, and importance values of the ground layer species encountered in early fall in a mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Only species with an importance value of >l.0 are listed. Species Frequen- cy% Mean Cover Relative Frequency Relative Cover IV Lindera benzoin 62 5.49 14.2 55.6 69.8 Sanicula odorata 86 1.03 19.8 10.4 30.2 Viola sororia 36 0.28 8.3 2.8 11.1 Fraxinus americana 30 0.40 6.9 4.1 11.0 Parthenoicissus quinquefolia 34 0.27 7.8 2.7 10.5 Carya ovata 22 0.51 5.1 5.2 10.3 Antenoron virginianum 32 0.26 7.4 2.6 10.0 Galium concinnum 12 0.45 2.7 4.6 7.3 Ulmus spp. 18 0.09 4.1 0.9 5.0 Carex spp. 12 0.16 2.7 1.6 4.3 Viburnum prunifolium 12 0.16 2.7 1.6 4.3 Rubus spp. 8 0.04 1.8 0.4 2.2 Carya cordiformis 4 0.12 0.9 1.2 2.1 Phryma leptostachya 6 0.03 1.4 0.3 1.7 Actaea pachypoda 4 0.07 0.9 0.7 1.6 Lonicera maackii 4 0.07 0.9 0.7 1.6 Solidago ulmifolia 4 0.07 0.9 0.7 1.6 Dioscorea villosa 4 0.02 0.9 0.2 1.1 Ageratina altissima 2 0.06 0.5 0.6 1.1 Geum canadense 4 0.02 0.9 0.2 1.1 Oxalis stricta 4 0.02 0.9 0.2 1.1 Quercus velutina 4 0.02 0.9 0.2 1.1 Ribes missouriense 2 0.06 0.5 0.6 1.1 Scutellaria incana 2 0.06 0.5 0.6 1.1 Vitis spp. 4 0.02 0.9 0.2 1.1 Others (11 species) 0.11 5.5 1.1 6.6 Totals 9.89 100.0 100.0 200.0 Average bare ground/litter 85.45 Table 9. Frequency (%), average cover, relative frequency, relative cover, and importance values of the ground layer species encountered in early fall in an immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest at Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois. Only species with an importance value of >l.0 are listed. Species Frequen- cy% Mean Cover Relative Frequency Relative Cover IV Viburnum prunifolium 68 7.22 8.9 33.9 42.8 Antenoron virginianum 78 3.04 10.2 14.4 24.6 Fraxinus americana 70 2.70 9.1 12.8 21.9 Carex spp. 54 2.22 7.0 10.5 17.5 Sanicula odorata 68 0.99 8.9 4.8 13.7 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 56 0.68 7.3 3.2 10.5 Carya ovata 38 0.83 4.9 3.9 8.8 Viola sororia 44 0.27 5.7 1.3 7.0 Viburnum recognitum 28 0.19 3.6 0.9 4.5 Sassafras albidum 6 0.66 0.8 3.1 3.9 Galium concinnum 20 0.10 2.6 0.5 3.1 Aster lanceolatus 18 0.09 2.3 0.4 2.7 Bromus pubescens 12 0.26 1.5 1.2 2.7 Solidago ulmifolia 14 0.17 1.8 0.8 2.6 Rubus spp 12 0.21 1.5 1.0 2.5 Toxicodendron radicans 16 0.08 2.0 0.4 2.4 Ageratina altissima 8 0.24 1.0 1.1 2.1 Phlox divaricata 12 0.06 1.5 0.3 1.8 Prunus serotina 12 0.06 1.5 0.3 1.8 Stellaria longifolia 6 0.13 0.8 0.6 1.4 Geum canadense 8 0.04 1.0 0.2 1.2 Osmorhiza spp. 8 0.04 1.0 0.2 1.2 Quercus imbricaria 8 0.04 1.0 0.2 1.2 Ulmus spp. 6 0.08 0.8 0.4 1.2 Podophyllum peltatum 4 0.12 0.5 0.6 1.1 Others (29 species) 0.77 12.8 3.0 15.8 Totals 21.29 100.0 100.0 200.0 Average bare ground/litter 79.45 Vol. 38 Art. 4190 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin APPENDIX I Vascular plant species encountered at the Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermil- ion County, Illinois are listed alphabetically by family under major plant groups. All speci- mens were collected by R.L. Larimore and are deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey herbarium, Champaign (ILLS). An asterisk indicates non-native (exotic) species (*). After the binomial, authority, and author’s collecting number, the community number(s) where the species were collected or observed are given. (1 = mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest; 2 = dry-mesic savanna; 3 = mesic ravine forest; 4 = southern flatwood forest/ephemeral pond; 5 = immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest; 6 = east-facing bluff above river (dry upland); 7 = perennial stream; 8 = west- facing bluff above creek (dry upland). SPHENOPHYTA EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L., 262;3 Equisetum hyemale L., 263;3 PTERIDOPHYTA ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes, 482;6 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Martens, 179;1 Cystopteris protrusa (Weatherby) Blasdell, 187, 495;8 Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott, 259, 733;2,3,5,6,8 ONOCLEACEAE Onoclea sensibilis L., 44;1,5 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw., 127;1,3,5 Ophioglossum vulgatum L., 741;1 PTERIDACEAE Adiantum pedatum L., 258;3 THELYPTERIDACEAE Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee, 552, 721;1,5 CONIFEROPHYTA CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus virginiana L., 730;1,2,5,6,8 ANTHOPHYTA – MONOCOTYLEDONAE ARACEAE Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott, 99;1,3,5 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott, 102;1,3,5 COMMELINACEAE *Commelina communis L., 461;7 Tradescantia subaspera Ker, 253;7 Tradescantia virginiana L., 163, 184;6,8 CYPERACEAE Carex albicans Willd., 68;6 Carex albursina Sheldon, 85;3 Carex amphibola Steud., 155;5 Carex blanda Dewey, 103;1 Carex buxbaumii Wahl., 144;4 Carex cephalophora Muhl., 75, 90;6,7 Carex conjuncta Boott, 135, 735;3,7 Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr., 77;6 Carex digitalis Willd., 86A, 112;1,3 Carex festucacea Schk., 729;3 Carex frankii Kunth, 354;7 Carex gracilescens Steud., 40, 79;4,5 Carex gracillima Schwein., 80, 743;4 Carex granularis Muhl., 151;5 Carex grisea Wahl., 78, 88;3,4 Carex hirsutella Mack., 124;1 Carex hirtifolia Mack., 76;6 Carex hitchcockiana Dewey, 125;1 Carex jamesii Schwein., 108;1 Carex laxiculmis Schwein., 88A, 154, 158;3 Carex molesta Mack., 134, 724;7 Carex normalis Mack., 744;5 Carex pensylvanica Lam., 105;1,2,5,6,8 Carex radiata (Wahl.) Small, 82;4 Carex rosea Schk., 72, 111, 161;1,5,6,8 Carex shortiana Dewey, 145;5 Carex sparganioides Muhl., 70, 178;6 Carex squarrosa L., 149;5 Carex vulpinioidea Michx., 129;7 Cyperus odoratus L., 306;7 Cyperus squarrosus L., 299, 333;7 Cyperus strigosus L., 455;7 Eleocharis erythropoda Steud., 130;7 Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax, 465, 526;7 DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea villosa L., 505;5 Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 191 IRIDACEAE Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill., 152;5 JUNCACEAE Juncus tenuis Willd., 324;6,8 LILIACEAE Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G. Jones, 178a;1,2,3,5,6,8 Allium canadense L., 81;1,2,3,5,6,8 Polygonatum commutatum (Schult.) A. Dietr., 739;8 Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf., 727;3 Trillium flexipes Raf., 34;3 Trillium recurvatum Beck, 45;1,2,3,5,6,8 Uvularia grandiflora Sm., 69;3 ORCHIDACEAE Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt., 484;5 Liparis liliifolia (L.) Rich., 169, 323;6 POACEAE Agrostis gigantea Roth, 277;7 Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., 316, 550;1,2,3,5,6,8 Brachyelytrum erectum (Roth) P. Beauv., 185;3 Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc., 284;7 Bromus pubescens Muhl., 174;1,2,5,6,8 Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates, 283;7 Cinna arundinacea L., 363;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 *Dactylis glomerata L., 146;5 Danthonia spicata (L.) Roem. & Schultes, 269;6,7 Diarrhena obovata (Gl.) Brandenburg, 260;3,7 Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark, 121, 270, 181;1,5,6 Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould, 137, 177;3,7 Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel., 463;7 *Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., 527;7 *Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., 295;7 Elymus canadensis L., 346;7 Elymus hystrix L., 173;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Elymus villosus Muhl., 172;5 Elymus virginicus L., 138;3,7 Eragrostis frankii C.A. Meyer, 489, 533;7 Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP., 339;7 Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, 464, 490;7 *Festuca arundinacea Schreb., 140;7 Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B. Alexeev. 147;1,2,5,6,8 Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc., 150;1,4,5 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz, 508;7 Leersia virginica Willd., 366;1,3,4,5, Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray, 509;7 Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern., 454, 486;7 Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin., 443;3 Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP., 485;7 Panicum capillare L., 528;7 Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., 294;7 Panicum virgatum L., 349;7 Phalaris arundinacea L., 132;7 *Phleum pratense L., 275;7 *Poa compressa L., 122, 180;6 *Poa pratensis L., 63;6 Poa sylvestris A. Gray, 87;3 *Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm., 488;7 *Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv., 342;7 *Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv., 293;7 Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, 467;7 Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn., 148;5 POTAMOGETONACEAE *Potamogeton crispus L., 535;7 SMILACACEAE Smilax ecirrhata Kunth, 723;1,3,5,6,8 Smilax lasioneuron Hook., 732;6 Smilax tamnoides L., 445;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ANTHOPHYTA – DICOTYLEDONAE ACANTHACEAE Justicia americana (L.) Vahl, 521;7 Ruellia strepens L., 460;7 ACERACEAE Acer negundo L., 13;3,7 Acer nigrum Michx. f., 497;3 Acer saccharinum L., 297;7 Acer saccharum Marsh., 483, 538;1,2,3,4,5,6,8 AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer, 512, 513;7 ANACARDIACEAE Rhus glabra L.,291, 352, 524;7 Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, 115;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ANNONACEAE Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, 33;3 APIACEAE Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz, 92;3,7 Vol. 38 Art. 4192 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC., 126;3,7 *Daucus carota L., 278;7 Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt., 1;3,6 Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke, 73;1,3,5,7 Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC., 740;3 Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf., 504;5 Sanicula canadensis L., 255;1,2,3,5,6,7,8 Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe, 100, 238;1,2,3,5,6,7,8 Sanicula trifoliata Bickn., 265;3 Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt., 450;3 APOCYNACEAE Apocynum cannabinum L., 353;7 ARALIACEAE Panax quinquefolius L., 266;1,3,5 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia serpentaria L., 186;3,6,8 Asarum canadense L., 53, 98;1,3,5,6,8 ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias exaltata L., 395;3 Asclepias syriaca L., 726;7 ASTERACEAE Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., 330;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., 308;7 Ambrosia trifida L., 309;7 Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Hook., 64;6,8 Aster cordifolius L., 543, 546;3,5,6,8 Aster lanceolatus Willd., 331, 530;7 Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt., 502,549;3,5 Aster shortii Lindl., 328;6 Bidens cernua L., 337;7 Bidens connata Muhl., 534;7 Bidens frondosa L., 547;3 Bidens vulgata Greene, 369;1,5 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., 469;7 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., 313;7 Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf., 478;4 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., 118, 251;6,7 Erigeron philadelphicus L., 93;7 Eupatoriadelphus purpureus (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob., 296;7 Eupatorium perfoliatum L., 545; 3 Eupatorium serotinum Michx., 357;7 Helenium autumnale L., 289, 332;7 Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet, 247;7 Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn., 452;3 Polymnia canadensis L., 517;7 Prenanthes altissima L., 493;1,5 Rudbeckia laciniata L., 358;7 Rudbeckia triloba L., 356;7 Senecio glabellus Poir., 91;7 Senecio obovatus Muhl., 110, 580;8 Silphium perfoliatum L., 336;7 Solidago caesia L., 506;1,3,5,6,7,8 Solidago canadensis L., 503;5 Solidago flexicaulis L., 541;3,6,8 Solidago gigantea Ait., 286, 338;7 Solidago ulmifolia Muhl., 329, 499;5,6,8 *Taraxacum officinale Weber, 10;7 Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt., 285, 458;7 Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel., 314;5 Xanthium strumarium L. 312;7 BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens capensis Meerb., 448;1,3,4,5,7,8 BERBERIDACEAE Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx., 84;3 Podophyllum peltatum L., 97;1,2,3,5,6,8 BIGNONIACEAE *Catalpa bignonioides Walt., 143;7 BORAGINACEAE Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers., 11;3,7 Myosotis macrosperma Engelm., 120;6 BRASSICACEAE *Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, 48;1,2,3,5,6,7,8 Arabis canadensis L., 731;3 Arabis laevigata (Willd.) Poir., 162;8 Arabis shortii (Fern.) Gl., 83;3 *Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 36;7 *Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, 355;7 Cardamine douglassii (Torr.) Britt., 2;1,4,5 Cardamine parviflora L., 74, 722;1,4,5 Dentaria laciniata Muhl., 3;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud., 139, 456;7 Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, 274;7 *Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser, 246;7 CAESALPINIACEAE Cercis canadensis L., 47, 304;2,5,6,7,8 Gleditsia triacanthos L., 300;7 CAMPANULACEAE Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small, 280;3,5,6,7,8 Lobelia inflata L., 361;5 Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 193 Lobelia siphilitica L., 290;7 Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl., 119;6,7,8 CAPRIFOLIACEAE *Lonicera japonica Thunb., 368;1,3,5 *Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim., 62, 248;6 *Lonicera morrowii Gray, 71, 240;6 Lonicera reticulata Raf., 268;1,3,5,6,8 Sambucus canadensis L., 518;1,3,5,6,7,8 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench, 439;1,5 Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn., 261, 327, 738;3 Viburnum prunifolium L., 39;1,2,5,6,8 Viburnum recognitum Fern., 165;1,4,5 CARYOPHYLLACEAE *Cerastium fontanum Baum, 117;6 Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl., 56;5 Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f., 236;3 Silene virginica L., 273;8 Stellaria longifolia Muhl., 55;5 CHENOPODIACEAE *Atriplex patula L., 514;7 *Chenopodium album L., 519;7 CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br., 359;7 CORNACEAE Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey., 157, 321;3,5 Cornus florida L., 106;1,6,8 CORYLACEAE Carpinus caroliniana Walt., 264;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Corylus americana Walt., 347;5,7 Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, 440;1,2,3,5,6,8 CRASSULACEAE Sedum ternatum Michx., 554;7 ELAEAGNACEAE *Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., 66;5,6 EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha deamii (Weatherby) Ahles, 525;7 Acalypha rhomboidea Raf., 350, 472;7 Acalypha virginica L., 481;1,2,5,6,8 Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small, 473;7 Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small, 292;7 FABACEAE Amorpha fruticosa L., 141;7 Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl.) A. Wood, 183;6 Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC., 272;8 *Melilotus albus Medic., 250;7 *Robinia pseudoacacia L., 745;5 *Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, 462;7 FAGACEAE Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., 401;1,2,3,5 Quercus alba L., 319;1,2,5,6,8 Quercus bicolor Willd., 325;4 Quercus imbricaria Michx., 320, 544;5 Quercus X leana Nutt., 317, 492, 501;5 Quercus macrocarpa Michx., 322;6,7 Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm., 396, 453, 496;3,6,8 Quercus rubra L., 480, 494;3,5,6,8 Quercus velutina Lam., 399, 498;1,5,6,8 FUMARIACEAE Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh., 5;3 GERANIACEAE Geranium maculatum L., 41, 167;3,5,6,8 GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes missouriense Nutt., 65;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 HIPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus glabra Willd., 449;1,3,5,6,7,8 HYDRANGEACEAE Hydrangea arborescens L., 267;1,3,5,6,7,8 HYDROPHYLLACEAE Ellisia nyctelea L., 61;3,6 Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx., 89;1,3,5 Hydrophyllum virginianum L., 742;1,5 JUGLANDACEAE Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, 474;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet, 441;1,5,6,8 Carya laciniosa (Michx.) Loud., 326;5 Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, 315;1,2,4,5,6,8 Juglans nigra L., 479;3,5,6,7,8 LAMIACEAE Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Bernh., 539;3 *Glechoma hederacea L., 107;1,2,5,6,7,8 Lycopus americanus Muhl., 470;7 Lycopus virginicus L., 515;7 *Mentha arvensis L., 548;3 *Prunella vulgaris L., 364;5 Scutellaria incana Biehler, 241;5 Vol. 38 Art. 4194 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Scutellaria lateriflora L., 471;7 Scutellaria ovata Hill, 182;5 Stachys tenuifolia Willd., 360;7 Teucrium canadense L., 244;7 LAURACEAE Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, 15;1,3,4,5 Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, 52, 303;1,2,5,6,8 LYTHRACEAE Ammannia coccinea Rottb., 307;7 MAGNOLIACEAE Liriodendron tulipifera L., 477;5 MENISPERMACEAE Menispermum canadense L., 451;1,3,4,5,6,7,8 MOLLUGINACEAE *Mollugo verticillata L., 348;7 MONOTROPACEAE Monotropa hypopithys L., 442;5 MORACEAE *Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider, 457;3,7 *Morus alba L., 511;7 Morus rubra L., 537;3 OLEACEAE Fraxinus americana L., 318;1,5,6,8 Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh., 343;3,7 ONAGRACEAE Circaea lutetiana L., 171;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 OROBANCHACEAE Conopholus americana (L.) Wallr., 187, 495;1,2,3,5,6,8 OXALIDACEAE Oxalis fontana Bunge, 170;5 Oxalis stricta L., 128;1,3 Oxalis violacea L., 109;6 PAPAVERACEAE Sanguinaria canadensis L., 6;3,5,6,8 PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora lutea L., 507;7 PHRYMACEAE Phryma leptostachya L., 254;1,3,5,6,8 PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago rugelii Decne., 252;7 PLATANACEAE Platanus occidentalis L., 305;3,7 POLEMONIACEAE Phlox divaricata L., 38;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Phlox paniculata L., 281;7 POLYGALACEAE Polygala senega L., 116;6 POLYGONACEAE Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier, 365;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub, 446, 523;3,5 Persicaria cespitosa (Blume) Nakai, 301;7 Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray, 311;7 Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) Small, 310;7 Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small, 367, 529;3,4,7 *Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq., 282;7 Rumex altissimus Wood, 142;7 *Rumex crispus L., 136;7 PORTULACEAE Claytonia virginica L., 4;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 PRIMULACEAE Dodecatheon meadia L., 35;8 Lysimachia lanceolata Walt., 904;5 *Lysimachia nummularia L., 468;7 Samolus parviflorus Raf., 520;7 RANUNCULACEAE Actaea pachypoda Ell., 104;1,3,5 Anemone virginiana L., 239;3,6 Enemion biternatum Raf., 7;3,5,6,7,8 Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker, 14;3,6,8 Hydrastis canadensis L., 95, 734;1,2,5 Ranunculus abortivus L., 49;2,5,7 Ranunculus recurvatus Poir., 96;1,5 Ranunculus sceleratus L., 522;7 Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir., 37, 43;5,7 Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall, 447;3 ROSACEAE Agrimonia parviflora Sol., 475;3,4,5 Agrimonia pubescens Wallr., 362;1,5,6,8 Agrimonia rostellata Wallr., 271;1,5,6,8 Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern., 176;5 Crataegus crus-galli L., 491;1,5 Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch, 58;1,5 Geum canadense Jacq., 237;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature PreserveJune 2008 195 Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray, 46;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Malus coronaria (L.) Mill., 59;5 Potentilla simplex Michx., 168;1,2,3,5,6,8 Prunus serotina Ehrh., 57;1,2,5,6,8 *Rosa multiflora Thunb., 131;1,2,3,5,6,7,8 Rosa setigera Michx., 487;7 Rubus flagellaris Willd., 166;1,5 Rubus occidentalis L., 476;1,3,4,5,6,7 Rubus pensilvanicus Poir., 133;1,3,4,5,6,7 RUBIACEAE Cephalanthus occidentalis L., 725;7 Galium aparine L., 50, 51, 160;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Galium circaezans Michx., 123, 242;1,2,3,5,6,7,8 Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray, 60;1,2,3,4,5,6,8 Galium obtusum Bigel., 164, 257;1,3,4,5,6,7,8 Galium triflorum Michx., 243;1,2,3,5,6,7,8 RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum americanum Mill., 175;1,2,5 SALICACEAE Populus deltoides Marsh., 302;7 Populus grandidentata Michx., 398;5 Salix amygdaloides Anderss., 288;7 Salix nigra Marsh., 444, 532;3,7 SAXIFRAGACEAE Penthorum sedoides L., 287;7 SCROPHULARIACEAE Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf., 279;7 Gratiola neglecta Torr., 256;4 Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt., 341;7 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell, 466;7 Mimulus alatus Sol., 542;3 Mimulus ringens L., 340;7 Penstemon pallidus Small, 551;3 Scrophularia marilandica L., 459;7 *Verbascum thapsus L., 334;7 Veronica peregrina L., 94;7 SOLANACEAE Physalis subglabrata Mack. & Bush, 531;7 Solanum carolinense L., 276; Solanum ptychanthum Dunal, 298, 351;7 STAPHYLEACEAE Staphylea trifolia L., 159;3,7 TILIACEAE Tilia americana L., 400;3,5,6,8 ULMACEAE Celtis occidentalis L., 736;3 Ulmus americana L., 12;1,3,4,5,7 Ulmus rubra Muhl., 482a;1,3,5 URTICACEAE Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw., 510;3,7 Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd., 536;3 Pilea pumila (L.) Gray, 516, 540;3,7 Urtica gracilis Ait., 737;3 VERBENACEAE Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene, 245;7 Verbena urticifolia L., 249;7 VIOLACEAE Viola pubescens Ait., 9, 101;1,3,4,5,7 Viola sororia Willd., 8, 42;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Viola striata Ait., 156;3,4,5,7 VITACEAE Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., 344;1,3,4,5,6,7,8 Vitis aestivalis Michx., 397, 553;1,2,5 Vitis riparia Michx., 345;3,7 Vol. 38 Art. 4196 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Notes Illinois Natural History Survey I-Building 1816 South Oak Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 217-333-6880 A Division of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources ISBN 978-1-882932-17-7 9781882932177 barcode .indd 1 4/10/08 9:29:10 AM