Bulletin 6tl JUN 28 1983 LiBRttRY i.tii.ra.1 Histoiry Si].]:*vesr The Diptera, or True Flies, of Illinois I. Tabanidae L. L. Pechuman Donald W. Webb H. J. Teskey THE LIBRARY OF THE Jul 'i ^ 1ij83 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URPa^'^-rHAMPAIGN STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS VOLUME 33, ARTICLE 1 APRIL 1983 us ISSN 0073-^918 atiirail IIisto]:*3r S\:L]:*ve3r L. L. Pechuman Donald W. Webb H. J. Teskey The Diptera, or True Flies, of Illinois I. Tabanidae STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS VOLUME 33, ARTICLE 1 APRIL 1983 STATE OK ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT Of ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES BOARD OF NAILIRAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION MuHAtL B WiTTE. 6.i..Cliiiimim. Rdbekt I. Meti Ait. l'h.D..Bi<./<.p. H S. Gitohskv. fhD .Chemnln; Walttr E. Hassos. M.S.. Etiiimmmi;. LoRlN 1. Nevlinc. Jr.. Ph.D.ff.r.-.In. L. L. .Sloss. Ph.D.. Cirulifgy: Da.melC. Drlckeb. ?h.D.. Rrpreienting Ihr PraiJnilo/dt, ^'H/lr^^//^' t-/ lllnuii^: John C. Givon. Ph.D.. Rffni-^rntmf^ Ifif Prt-nftnil o/ Stjnlfirm Ittinots Vnivernty. NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION, Champaign, Illinois SCIEN 1 IKK: and lECHNlCAL S lAFF Pail G. Risslr. Ph.D.. Chuf Alice K. Adams. Secretan to the Chuf Section of Aquatic Biology RoBtRr W. C'.ORDtN. Ph.D.. Aquatic Builngtst and Head D. HoMKR Bii:K. Ph.D.. Aquatir Bwlogisl R. WtLDON LARlMORt. Ph.D.. Aquatic Biolngtst Richard E. Sparks, PhD . Aquattc Biologist Allison R. Brigham. Ph.D., Anocmte Aqtuittc Biologist David P Philipp. Ph.D., Aauciale Aquatic Biologist Ketlrah Reinbold. Ph.D.. AMOciate Aquatic Toxicvlogvt WrLLlAM SrElNtR. Ph.D., Associate Aquatic Biologist Stanley B, Andrews. M.S.. ,45.(0/00/ Aquatic Biologist Peter B, BavLE^ . Ph.D.. Assistant Aquatic Biologist Kenneth S. Libinski, Ph.D.. AssisUini Aquatic Biologist 'Fed W. Sr<>Rt;K. Ph.D.. AssLslanl Aquatic Biologist MiCHAtLj. Wiley. Ph.D.. Assistant Aquatic Biologist [ana L. Walfe. M-S.. Assistant Supportive Scirntisl JENS D. Sandberger. M.S.. Junior Professional Scientist Eugene Sous. Junior Professional ScientLst Pam Tazik, M.S., Junior Professional Scientist MlN ^'l Hl^ANG, Ph.D.. Research Assocuite Thomas SkeLLV. M.S.. Research Assocuile Stephen W. WaiTE. M.S., Research Assocuile Robert Davis, M.S., Specialist in Aquatic Biology Bill Dimond. B.S,. Specialist in Aquatic Biology Scorr D. Jac:kson. M.S.. Specialist in Aquatic Biology Steven Miller, B.S,. Specialtst in Aquatic Biology Stephanie Swegker. B.S.. Specialist m Aquatic Biology Doiif.LAS K. Blodgett. M.S.. Research Assuslant Brian C. Hampson. B.S.. Research Assistant Richard E, JIazzard. B.S.. Research Assistant MitiHAEL Hoot. B.S.. Research Assistant Jeffrey KopPELMan. B.S.. Research Assistant Phil C. Mankin, B.S., Research Assistant Dennis Newman. M.S., Research Assistant Lance Perry, M.S., Research Assistant Steve Pescitelli. M.S.. Research Assistant Todd Powless. M.S.. Research Assistant Gary L. Warren. B.S.. Research Asstslani Joan Brower, B.S.. Technical Assistant John Epifanio. B.S., Technical As.sLstanf Kafharyn L. EwiNG. B.S.. Technical Assistant Tom Kwak. B.S., Technual Assistant Shirley Lowe. B.S.. Technical Assistant Sl'E PeraiT. Technical Assistant Katie Roaf, Technical Assistant Sfephen Sobaski, B.S., Technical Assistant Jeffrey van Orman. B.S.. Technical Assistant Ri'TH M. Wagner, yuriior Technical Assistant Section of Botany and Plant Pathology C.LAls Grinwald. Ph.D.. Bofamsl utid Head J. Llland Crane, Ph.D.. i\hcologLsi Eugene Himeligk. Ph.D.. Plant Pathologist Dan Neely. Ph.D.. Plant Pathologist D. E ScHOENEWElss. Ph.D., Plant Pathologist Anfon G. Endress. Ph.D.. Associate Botanist Kenneth R. Roberts(.in. Ph.D.. Associate Botanist Loiis R. IVERSON, Ph.D.. Assistant Botanist Mary DeVSHER. Assistant Biologist Roberta Steward. Assistant Biologist BEnr Nelson, Assistant Supportive Scientist James E. Sergenf, Greenhouse Superintendent Steve Cline. Ph.D., Research As.sistant Roberta. HarriS(1N. Technical Assistant David R. M(.K)RE. B.S.. Technical Assistant Lai'REL McKee. Research Assistant John M. McPartland. Research Assistant RoBBiN C. Moran. Research Assistant James A. Stim. Research Assistant Diane Szafoni, B.S.. Research Assistant Soction of Economic Entomology William H. Llckmasn. Ph.D . Entom/tlogist and Head James E. Appleby. PhD.. Entomologist EdwardJ. .A,rmbrcst. Ph.D.. Entomologist Marcos Kogan. Ph.D.. Entomologist Donald E- Klhlhan, Ph.D., Entomologist. Externum Joseph V. MadDan. M.S.. Research Assoctau William O. Lamp. Ph.D.. Research .Associate Karen 0'H.\^ER. Research Associate Brenda M. Peters, Research .Associate Charles Glse. B.S.. Research .\ssistant DtnXE DazE\ . Field Entomologist Craig D. Reid. Field Assutant LaL'RIE Case, Research Technician Tzi'-SlAN Chc. M.S.. Research Technician Gail Kampmeier. M.S.. Research Technician Gerald LePar. Research Technician Michael McGl ire. M.S.. Research Technician Marilyn Morris. Research Technician Sara M^ERS, Research Technician Sl'SAN Post. Research Technician Ellen Brewer. M.S.. Computer Programmer Frank M. Brcx^kfIELD. M.S.. Computer Programmer Dorothea Crider. Transcribing Secretary. Extension Sandra McGar^. Clerk-Typist III jOAN Traib. Clerk-Tspisl III Mary Coincil. Clerk-Typist ll Diane Erdman. Clerk-typisi ll WeiboChen. B.S., Visiting Scientist Mike F'oster. M.S., Graduate Teaching Assistant Joel Siegel, M.S.. Graduate Research .Assistant Lane Smith. %t,S,, Graduate Research Assistant Soctlon of Faun IStic Survoys and Insoct Idontlflcatlon L.\WRENCfc M. 1'ac.e, PhD,. Fish Tuxonomist and Acting Head WALL.\t;E E- LaBerge. Ph.D.. Insect Taxonomist Warren L'. Brigham. Ph.D.. Insect Taxonomist Donald W, Webb. Ph.D., Insect Taxonomist George L. Godfrey. PhD . AsstM-mU Insect Taxonomist John D, L'nzicKER, Ph.D.. Associate Insect Tuxonomist D.Win ]. V'oEGTLlN. Ph.D.. Assistant Insect Taxonomist Colin G. Treworgv. B.S.. .Asstviale Supportnr Scientist BernK-E P Sweeney, .As^sistant Supportive Scientist Richard M. Hedin. ^.S.. Junior Professional Scientv-t Steven Hevtkin. M.S.. Research .Assistant Eir.ENE R. MiLlCZKV. M.S.. Research Assistant Matthew K. Bl'TCHER. M.S., Technical Auulnnl (Cx>ntimic ^ A^ WILLIAMSON Up < l«^ ](§INSO CLAY EDGAR !*§• JASPER ^AWFORDj RICHLAND yimi HAMILTON LAWBfcNCEi WHITE Frontispiece.—Sites where tabanids have been collected in Illinois. The Diptera, or True Flies, of Illinois I. Tabanidae L. L. Pechuman, Donald W. Webb, and H. J. Teskey The tabanids, or horse flies and deer flies, are well known to dairy farmers and livestock producers as well as to campers, fishermen, and outdoor en- thusiasts as annoying and pain-inflicting inhabitants of most wooded areas of Illinois. These large and persistent flies impart a painful bite and can occur in large enough numbers to make canoe- ing and hiking virtually impossible. The tabanid fauna of Illinois has never been studied, although several of the surrounding states have pub- lished various reports: Indiana (Burton 1975; Meyer & Sanders 1975), Wis- consin (Roberts & Dicke 1958), Iowa (Richards &: Knight 1967), Missouri (Andrews & Wingo 1975), Tennessee (Goodwin 1966), Michigan (Hays 1956), Ohio (Hine 1903), Minnesota (Philip 1931), and Arkansas (Schwardt 1936; Schwardt & Hall 1930). This study is intended to make available in brief form our present knowledge of the tabanids in the central United States, with keys for their determination, and the distribution of those species oc- curring in Illinois. No attempt is made to give detailed taxonomic descriptions of species. If needed, these can be found for most species in the papers of Brennan (1935) and Stone (1938). Philip (1954, 1955) has keys to all the North American Pangoniinae and Chrysopsinae known at that time. The most recent list of the North American species of Tabanidae is given by Philip (1965). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to express their sincere thanks and appreciation to all of the individuals who have collected tabanids in and around Illinois and have made their collections and data available for this study. Particularly we would like to thank Edward Lisowski for his time, effort, and patience in collecting tabanids throughout Illinois and Drs. Chris Maier, Milton Sander- son, and Gilbert Waldbauer for the Illinois material they have collected over the years. Special appreciation is extended to J. G. Chainey, British Museum (Natural History), London; L. Tsacas, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; and Margaret K. Thayer, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for the loan of type material essential to this study. Our sincere appreciation is offered to the following organizations and individu- als for the loan of material in their collections: G. Riegel, Eastern Illinois University; R. Wenzel and H. Dybas, Field Museum of Natural History; T. Cashatt, Illinois State Museum; North- ern Illinois University; J. McPherson, Southern Illinois University; and Y. Sedman, Western Illinois University. Photographs of the wings were pro- vided by Howard Lyons, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University. Drawings of the tabanid antennae and the abdominal patterns of Tabanus were completed by Miss Donna Baron. We also wish to thank Dr. Elton J. Hansens, Rutgers University, and Dr. John E Burger, University of New Hampshire, for their willingness and objectivity in reviewing our manuscript. Our appreciation is also extended to Mrs. Bernice P Sweeney for the typing of this manuscript and to Rol^ert M. Zewadski, Technical Editor, Illinois Natural History Survey for editing this manuscript for publication. 1 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletlv Vol. 33, Art. 1 NATURAL DIVISIONS OF on collecting in unique areas within ILLINOIS the state. Fig. 1 illustrates the natural divisions of Illinois based upon the In studying the tabanid fauna of features of topography, soil type, bed- Illinois, we placed particular emphasis rock type, glacial history, and the dis- m- Soulhsm TitI Plain Division Wabash Border Division I = Wisconsin Driflless Division Roch River Hill Country Division Nonheastem MorainsI Division I.V ;'.] = Lower Mississippi River Bottomlands Division Western Forest-Prairie Division Middle Mississippi Border Division Coastal Plain Division 2 = G'B'^d Prairie Dl Ozark Division Fig. 1.—The natural divisions of Illinois. (Redrawn from Schwegman 1973) April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Difiera ok Illinois—Tabanioaf. tribution of native plants and animals (Schwegman 1973). The Northeastern Morainal Division is the region of most recent glaciation in Illinois. Glacial landforms are com- mon features, including tamarack and sphagnum bogs (Fig. 2) and lakes, fens, marshes and sand terraces (Fig. 3, 4). Boreal tabanids, such as Chnsops mitis, C. sackeni, Atylotus bicolor, A. woodi, Tabanus novaescotiae, Hybomilra frontalis, and H. mimiscula, have been collected in Illinois only in this area. The Wisconsin Driftless Division rep- resents an area of northwestern Illi- nois that apparently escaped Pleistocene glaciation. The topography is one of rolling hills and great relief, particular- ly along the interior stream canyons (Fig. 5). Although no species of Illi- nois tabanids are unique to this area, it is one of the few areas in which Fig. 2.—Volo Bog: a sphagnum and tamarack bog in Lal i. . -t- or «.Do, ex itsKtv. uiPiERAOh Illinois—Tabanidae 9 Fig. mass. 12.—A lateral view of a horse fly egg Fig. 14.—Fresh egg mass of Chrysops moechus, quite different from those of most species of Chrysops. Fig. 13.—An enlarged view of a deer fly egg mass. Many species of Chrysops deposit egg masses of this general type. recorded or potentially to be found in Illinois have been described. However, because the larvae of 32 species are still unknown, and as some of them are probably very similar to known larvae, great care must be taken in identifying larvae. Tabanid larvae are distinctive on the bases of the characteristic shape and features of the head capsule, the encircling bands of 3 or 4 pairs of wartlike prolegs on the first 5 or 7 abdominal segments (except in Goniops), and in particular, the characteristic fea- tures of the posterior spiracles. The elongate, anteriorly tapered head cap- sule with slender, pointed, usually curved mandibles and the mandibular brush of spines situated dorsolaterally above the base of each mandible is shown in Fig. 77. Such a head capsule is common to all of the labanoidea 10 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 (Athericidae, Pelecorhynchidae, Rhag- ionidae, and Tabanidae). Exposed portions of the posterior spiracles are in the form of a pair of closely appressed vertical linear bars, or a bladelike spine situated at the apex of a short respiratory siphon, or at least a circularly delineated area at the apex of the terminal segment (Fig. 78-80). It is worth noting that the actu- al site of air exchange is not associated with the bars or spine but rather with- in a slit at either side of these visible features. Other features of particular impor- tance in the identification of tabanid larvae are shown in Fig. 87. The ex- tent of pubescence on various aspects of the body is the most important diagnostic feature. Pubescence is nor- mally restricted to the anterior and posterior segmental borders and the posterior margin of the prolegs of a variable number of segments. Such pubescence is referred to as anterior, posterior, and proleg pubescence (Fig. 86). In addition, pubescence may oc- cur in a characteristic configuration midlaterally on the terminal (or anal) segment and as narrow extensions posteriorly from anterior pubescence on one or more thoracic segments and anteriorly from posterior pubescence on the penultimate (preanal) segment. As this pubescence may be extremely pale, proper illumination is the key to accurate interpretation. Combinations of reflected and transmitted light (or backlighting) of varied intensities must be used. In some cases the pubescence may only be seen in profile. It may be necessary to slide mount larval exuvi- ae in glycerine for viewing at high magnification under a compound microscope. Identifications can be made of liv- ing or preserved larvae or of larval exuviae. However, it is necessary to slow the movement of living larvae. This is most easily accomplished by immersing the larvae in ice water. A styrofoam insulating block excavated to hold an individual ice cube contain- er is ideal for use under a stereoscopic microscof)e. A wire window screen plat- form wedged at half the depth of the container serves to support the larva and to prevent the ice in the lower half from floating. Preserved larvae and exuviae can be viewed while they are immersed in the preserving fluid in shallow dishes. The larval stages of most species live under moist conditions, varying from aquatic habitats to moist soils and from rapidly flowing streams to stagnant ponds. Some species are found only in sphagnum bogs (Fig. 2). The larvae of some species live in relatively dry soil and others in rotten wood. Some species show great tolerance of variation in larval habitat. The larvae of many species of Tabanus and Hybomitra are known to be car- nivorous, but the food requirements of the various species of Chrysops are unknown. The larvae of most species look much alike to the casual observer. They are usually white, but may be brow nish or greenish, tapering at each end (Fig. 85—9 1 ). The lar\'ae of Goniops chiysocoma is bottle shaped (Fig. 81). The larvae of some species have dark bands (Fig. 203). When full grown, the larvae of many species move to drier situations to pupate. As far as is known, all species overwinter as larvae. The pupae are brown or straw col- ored with a row of stiff spines encircling the apical third of each abdominal segment. At the apex of the abdomen are 6 stout, sharplv pointed projec- tions forming the pupal aster. The pupal stage requires from 1 to 3 weeks, depending on the species and the temperature. Under Illinois conditions, most spe- cies have one generation a vear. There is some evidence, however, that Tabaitiis litieola and T. simili.s ma\ occasion- ally develop from egg to adult in one season. Some indi\iduals of 7? atratus and other large Tahauus species may take 2 or 3 years to complete their development. The emergence of the April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Tkskev: Diitera ok Illinois—Tabaniime 11 males of a given species normally is slightly in advance of the main emer- gence of the females. Habits of Adults Most female horse flies and deer flies suck blood and attack both hu- mans and animals. The males, which do not suck blood, are generally col- lected from flowers or foliage. Taba- nids of both sexes frequently rest on paths and roads, especially those in wooded areas (Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11). Hybomitm difficilis, H. microcephala, and Tabaniis sulcifrons have a decided pro- clivity for such situations. The females often enter buildings in considerable numbers and tend to congregate at windows since they are attracted to light. Both sexes of many species occa- sionally come to lights at night, and almost all males of Tabanm piimilus and T. sackeni have been taken at lights. Tabanids are most active on warm sunny days when there is no wind. A slight drop in temperature or a sudden breeze greatly reduces the number of attacking females. There are excep- tions to this rule, however; Pechuman (1972) reported being attacked by Chrysops moechiis after dark and by C. indits at uncomfortably cool tempera- tures. Some species are normally cre- puscular or nocturnal; these include Tabanm sackeni and probably T. sublongiis. Moving objects and dark objects seem to be most subject to attack. Pechuman (1972) noted that predominantly dark cattle in a herd usually have the most horse flies feeding on them. Although the immature stages of most tabanids inhabit wet or moist conditions, adults are often numerous some distance from breeding areas. Natural Enemies There is an extensive but scattered literature on the natural enemies of tabanids, but the following discussion is restricted to those applying to Illi- nois species. Adults are preyed upon by birds, dragonflies (Odonata), robber flies (Asilidae), and wasps of the genera Vespula, Crabro, and Betnbix. Crabro monticola and some species of Bembix provision their nests with quantities of tabanids, but the populations of these wasps do not seem to be large enough to have any appreciable effect on taba- nid populations. Adult tabanids are found in spider webs, but this is not common except at windows inside barns. Larvae and pupae are parasitized by Hymenoptera of the families Dia- priidae and Pteromalidae and by Diptera of the families Bombyliidae and Tachinidae, but these seem to do little toward reducing populations. Teskey (1969) reports that only 2 per- cent of the larvae he collected were parasitized although in specific locali- ties the percentage might be higher. On one occasion, in an area where there were numerous egg masses of Chrysops moechus, Pechuman (1972) not- ed that many freshly hatched larvae became entangled and died in webs of tetranychid mites on the leaves. Shore birds feed to some extent on tabanid larvae. Parasitism of eggs by the hymenop- terous families Trichogrammatidae and Scelionidae is apparently common. The cannibalistic habits of Hybomilra and Tabanus larvae are suspected to have a greater effect on larval popula- tions than do predators and parasites. Economic Importance Because of their medical and veteri- nary importance, both by direct injury and by the transmission of disease organisms, the economic importance of horse fiies and deer Hies has re- ceived wide attention (Webb & Wells 1924; Philip 1931; Anthony 1962; Jamnback 1969). Tabanids are vectors of several dis- eases of man and animals caused by such organisms as viruses (equine in- fectious anemia, vesicular stomatitis, hog cholera, California encephalitis), bacteria (anthrax, tularemia), rickett- 12 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33. Art. 1 sia or rickettsia-like organisms (Q fever, anaplasmosis), trypanosomes (surra, mal de caderas, murrina), and filarial worms (loaiasis, elaeophorosis), which have been discussed in Anthony (1962), Jones & Anthony (1964), DeFoliart et al. (1969), Wright et al. (1970), and Tidwell et al. (1972). Most of these disease organisms are transmitted mechanically. Since taba- nid bites are painful, the host makes an effort to dislodge the biting fly, and since tabanids are nervous and alert feeders, they are easily disturbed. When dislodged, the fly returns to the attack but may select a nearby host. If the first host has disease organisms in its blood, some of these adhering to the proboscis may be injected into the blood of the second host. Although some of the diseases mentioned are present in Illinois, only anaplasmosis is reason- ably common, occurring in the spring and fall in southern Illinois. The biological transmission of the filarioid parasite Elaeophora schneideri to deer, elk, and domestic sheep by various species of Tabanus and Hybomitra has been reported by Hibler et al. (1969, 1970, I97I). Control Little of a positive nature can be said about the control of horse flies and deer flies. Applications of insecti- cides to restricted areas have been of little value, and applications over wide areas have been only moderately effec- tive while increasing the danger to nontarget organisms. Insecticides have given more successful control of the larvae than of adults, but damage to other organisms has been even greater Qamnback & Wall 1959). Repellents for use on livestock have shown some promise, but their effects are of short duration. The standard repellents commercially available for human use, and effective for mosqui- toes and black flies, are generally use- less as deer fly repellents. In fact, the shiny appearance of the skin after us- ing them may even attract the flies. Natural enemies show little promise as controls, although mass releases of egg parasites would be expected to cause some population reduction. Sudden changes in water level are destructive to some species, and ma- nipulation of water levels has been fairly effective in Connecticut (Anderson & Kneen 1969). However, such manipu- lation is not often possible. Drainage reduces the available breeding areas for many species, but it mav actually increase larval habitats for such spe- cies as Tabaniis quiiiqun'ittalus. On farms with small ponds and seep- age areas, most emergent vegetation can be removed to reduce oviposition sites significantly. Egg laying is thus concentrated on the small amount of vegetation remaining, and this can be destroyed with its load of egg masses. However, this procedure is not practi- cal for large bodies of water and swamps. The most promising method of control, at least in limited areas, is the use of trapping devices. Shining black panels covered with sticky substance and baited with drv ice are quite effec- tive for Tabanus. Canopv traps of the general type described under Collection and Presen'ation (Fig. 17) and box traps are used in the coastal areas of several states to reduce tabanid populations on beaches and golf courses. In New York canopy traps are used on stud farms and are regarded as successful. Pechuman (1972) used such a trap near a swimming pool where horse flies were attacking swimmers, and the resulting reduction in flies was dramatic. COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION Horse flies and deer flies can be collected in the situations mentioned under Habits of Adults. Females can be taken as they attack animals and humans, from windows in buildings, and from cars parked with open windows. Both sexes can be collected from flowers, by sweeping \egetation with an insect net, from roads in wood- ed areas, and from lights at night. Some species of wasps of the genera April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera ok Illinois—Tabanioae 13 Crabro and Bembix capture tabanids to provision their nests, and excellent specimens of both sexes can be obtained by capturing the wasps as they ap- proach their nests or by digging out the nests. Males of certain species can be collected as they hover along roads or in clearings, and other males can be found at dawn on exposed rocks in elevated situations. Collecting larvae and rearing adults from them will pro- more selective and the catch is largely restricted to horse flies. Unlike the Malaise trap, it rarely collects male specimens. The canopy is shining black plastic below and transparent plastic above, with the bottom about 60 cm from the ground. A shining black sphere (a beach ball painted glossy black) about 60 cm in diameter is suspended about 30 cm from the ground by a cord. The color and its Fig. 15.—Horizontal Mal- aise trap used in collecting tabanids. Fig. 16.—Free-standing Malaise trap used in col- lecting tabanids. duce about equal numbers of both sexes. The use of traps will yield large numbers of specimens. Traps used in obtaining material for this paper were of three types. The Malaise trap is placed to form a barrier that inter- cepts the flight of tabanids and other insects. Two different types of Malaise traps were used during this study (Fig. 15, 16). The canopy trap (Fig. 17) is reflection, and possibly heat from the canopy and sphere, and the move- ment of the sphere attract horse flies under the canopy; many of these then fly upward and are caught in a collec- tion apparatus. Such a device can be a simple plastic or wire dome with an inverted funnel within it to prevent escape of the specimens; this type of collecting head is usually used when control is the main object. A some- 14 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Fig. 17.—Canopy trap used in collecting tabanids. Fig. 18.—One type of collecting head used with a canopy trap. what more complicated device (Fig. 18) produces better quality specimens for study. If dry ice or another source of carbon dioxide is placed near the top of the canopy, the catch is in- creased considerably. Horse flies and deer flies are easily preserved, but the specimens must be of good quality. They should be pinned through the right side of the thorax on the day of collection; no hnther treatment is necessary. All. of course, should carry the usual locality label with date of collection and collector's name. A second label with host, eco- logical situation, and a diagram tif the eye pattern (which disappears shortly after death) is helptul. Flies not pinned when fresh rarely make good specimens for study. If these are moistened so thev can be pinned, much of the body pattern, often important for species determi- nation, may be destroyed. Specimens preserved in alcohol have the same disadvantage. Reasonably good speci- mens can be moimted from alcohol if they are placed overnight in cellosolve, transferred for aliout an hour to xylene, and then pinnecl. Specimens mounted directly from alcohol are almost worthless. Pinned specimens that are dirty or greasy can be cleaned by innnersion in ethyl acetate for sever.il hoius. Techniques for collecting and rearing the immature stages t)f tabanids have been described by Teskey (1962, 1969). April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskey: Dip-iera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 15 CLASSIFICATION Horse flies and deer flies belong to the family Tabanidae, which is world- wide in distribution and comprises more than 3,000 described species. The most modern classification on a worldwide basis is that of Mackerras (1954), and for North America that of Philip (1957, 1965). The family is divided into three subfamilies and each subfamily into tribes; not all tribes are represented in Illinois. A listing by subfamily and tribe of the genera found or likely to be found in fllinois follows. Species found in Illinois PANGONIINAE: Pangoniini Stonemyia 1 Scionini Goniops 1 CHRYSOPSINAE: Bouvieromyiini Merycomyia Chrysopsini Chrysops 30 Silvius 1 Neochrysops 1 TABANINAE: Diachlorini Diachlorus Chlorotabanus Haematopotini Haematopota Tabanini Atylotus 3 Leucotabanus 1 Tabanus 35 Hybomitra 9 Hamatabanus I TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS Distinctive structural characters are few in the Tabanidae, and most of them are confined to the head and its appendages. Chaetotaxy, so useful in many groups of Diptera, cannot be used, since macrochaetae are not present. Since distinguishing structur- al characters are few, much depen- dence is placed on ground color and pilosity, and these must be used with caution on partly denuded specimens. Some characters of the head are restricted to females, requiring the use of separate keys to the males of Chrysops, Hybomitra. and Tabanus. Since males do not attack man or animals, they are much less common in collections than females; the male of several North American species is still unknown. Males are easily recognized by the continguous eyes. With Fig. 19-22 as guides, most of the characters used in the keys can be readily understood. KEY TO GENERA OF TABANIDAE Adults 1. Hind tibiae with 2 apical spurs 2 Hind tibiae without apical spurs 7 2. Third segment of antenna with 8 distinct annuli (Fig. 23, 24) 3 Third segment of antenna with 5 or fewer distinct annuli (Fig. 26) 4 3. Eyes of female with upper inner angles acute; frons broader than width of eye; wings with dark pattern (Fig. 37) Goniops Eyes of female normal; frons narrower than width of eye; wings hyaline (Fig. 36) Stonemyia 4. Third antennal segment with rather broad basal plate, 2 or 3 annuli (Fig. 25); first antennal segment only slightly longer than wide, total length of an- tennae equal to or shorter than thick- ness of head; large species with very small tibial spurs Merycomyia Third antennal segment with rather nar- row basal plate, 4 annuli (Fig. 26); first antennal segment usually at least twice as long as wide, total length of antennae greater than thickness of head; hind tibial spurs pronounced 5 5. Abdomen globose, wider than thorax, with 2 rows of dark spots; wings rather evenly fumose (Fig. 74) Neochrysops Abdomen slender, variously marked or unpatterned; wings only rarely evenly fumose 6 6. Wings with isolated clouds (Fig. 73); second antennal segment not more than half length of first (Fig. 27) Silvius (Griseosilvius) Wings with dark crossband or traces ot such band; first 2 antennal segments subequal (Fig. 26) Chrysops 7. First antennal segment distinctly longer than wide (Fig. 29); irons of female widened below, broader than high; wing with gray maculations (Fig. 76) Haematopota 16 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, An. 1 OCELLAR TUBERCLE KECIAN CALLUS BASAL CFKOSTAL) CALLUS SUBCALLUS FRONTOCLYPEUS ANTENNA FRONTOCLYPEAL PIT SECOND PALPAL SEGMENT PROBOSCIS BASAL PORTION OF THIRD ANTENNAL SEGMENT SUBCOSTAL CELL FIRST LONGITUDINAL VEIN MARGINAL72r7>^ ^^^°™ l-"^^™'^''"- ^^^ ^ THIRD LONGITUDINAL \'EIN (UPPER BRANCH) SECOND SUBMARGINAL CELL THIRD LONGITUDINAL VEIN (LOWER BRANCH) FIRST POSTERIOR CELL SECOND POSTERIOR CELL 'THIRD POSTERIOR CELL FOURTH POSTERIOR CELL FIFTH POSTERIOR CELL H\'ALINE TRIANGLE Fig. 19-22.—Head, antenna, wings. 19. Hybomltra illota, anterior view of head 20 Hybomltra illota, antenna. 21. Hybomltra illota wing (markings not stiown). 22. Chrysops sp wing April 1983 Pkchliman. Webb, & Teskev: Difiera of Ileinois-Tabanidae 17 ^O DIACHLORU! 29^-i' HAEMATOPOT* ^J\J HAMATABANUS SiMu«^^^n^;l"iT"^^oQ^^Li Stonemyia. 24 Goniops. 25. Merycomyia. 26 Chrysops. 27.Silvlus. 28. Diachlorus. 29 Haematopota. 30 Hamatabanus. 31 Tabanus. 18 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 First antenna! segment usually scarcely longer than wide; frons of female higher than broad; wing pattern, if any, not as above 8 8. Third antennal segment with no dorsal angle (Fig. 28); frons of female narrow, median callus a narrow line; wings with dark pattern (Fig. 75); eyes bare; no ocellar tubercle; fore tibiae swollen; basicosta (subepaulets) bare Diachlorus Without this combination of characters. ...9 9. Ocelli small but distinct; frons narrow; frontal callus narrow, ridgelike, well removed from eyes Leucotabanus No ocelli, but ocellar tubercle may be present; frons and callosities, if pres- ent, variable but not ridgelike 10 10. Basicostae (subepaulets) bare or nearly so; abdomen green, unpatterned (pale yellow in older dried specimens): frontal callosities lacking: eyes bare Chlorotabanus Basicostae with macrotrichia similar in appearance and density to those on costal vein; abdomen unicolorous or patterned, never green; frontal callos- ities present or absent; eyes bare or hairy 11 11. Third antennal segment with hooklike projection from basal plate reaching nearly to base of annulate portion (Fig. 30); eyes sparsely hairy in female. densely haired in male Hamatabanus Third antennal segment rarely with pro- jection (Fig. 31); if present, eyes bare... 12 12. Vertex with distinct bare ocellar tubercle in female, male with elevated anterior- ly shining tubercle; eyes hairy in most species Hybomitra Vertex without ocellar tubercle: if ele- vated tubercle present in male, then completely pollinose; eyes bare or hairy 13 13. Frons of female with frontal callosities absent or reduced to 1 or 2 small oval spots well separated from eyes; eyes hairy, heavily so in males, often yellow or pale brown in dried speci- mens Atylotus Frons at least with broad basal callus; eyes hairy or bare, usually blackish in dried specimens Tabanus Larvae 1. Body pear shaped. Integument opaque and roughened. All segments with an annular ring of small tubercles or crenulate frills (Fig. 81) Goniops chrysocoma Body elongate, more or less cylindrical. Integument membranous and trans- parent, usually with longitudinal stria- tions on some aspect of most seg- ments, or integument entirelv covered by short, dense pubescence. Some ab- dominal segments with prolegs (Fig. 82-112, 190-218. 261-270) 2 2. Three pairs of prolegs on each of first 7 abdominal segments, a pair dorsallv, laterally, and ventrally (Fig. 82-110). 3 Four pairs of prolegs. including an addi- tional ventrolateral pair, on each of first 7 abdominal segments (Fig. Ill, 112; 190-218: 261-270) 5 3. Body surface, except respirators siphon, almost or completely covered with a dense, short pubescence 4 Body surface with large bare areas; pubescence restricted to anterior or posterior margin or posterior border of prolegs of 1 or more segments Chrysops (separate kev) 4. Pubescence completely covers bodv sur- face, conspicuously mottled with dark and pale areas (Fig. 109). Third an- tennal segment shorter than second. Respiratory siphon length equal to or only slightly longer than its basal diameter . ...Chlorotabanus crepuscularis Pubescence absent from narrow pos- terior band on most segments, not conspicuously mottled (Fig. 110). Third antennal segment longer than second segment. Respiratory siphon length about twice as long as its basal diameter Diachlorus femigatus 5. Respiratory siphon comprises distal ends of 2 opposed sclerotized plates between which tracheal trunks termi- nate in a protrusile spiracular spine (Fig. 80). Inconspicuous and incom- plete striations present only laterally on segments Merycomyia whitneyi Respiratory siphon always membranous and lacks sclerotized plates, tracheal trunks sometimes terminating in a spiracular spine. Striations present or absent on abdominal segments 6 6. Respiratory siphon shorter than its basal diameter. Integumental striations ex- tremely fine on all aspects of body, usually visible only under high magni- fication; striations spaced at approxi- mately 5 ^.m Haematopota rara If respiratory siphon shorter than its basal diameter, then striations more widely spaced, usually al more than 20 jiiii '. 7 7. Respirators siphon very short, project- ing no more than half its basal diame- ter. Anal segment usually shorter than its greatest diameter, hemispherical (Fig. 111. 112), Striations uniformly spaced on all aspects of body 8 Respiratory siphon ranges from slightly shorter (Fig. 196. 197) to about four times longer than its basal diameter. Anal .segment usually somewhat atten- uated posteriorly toward respiratory siphon (Fig. 190-218. 261-270). Stria- tions normally absent from dorsal and April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskem Dii'iera ok Illinois—Txbanidae 19 ventral surfaces of at least prothorax, and more widely spaced dorsally and ventrally than laterally on other seg- ments 9 8. Pubescence encircles anterior three- quarters of prothorax and broadly en- circles posterior half of anal segment so that anal ridges and base of respira- tory siphon are covered by enlarged pubescent area (Fig. 111). Inhabits wet soil on banks of streams and rivers Silvius quadrivittatus Pubescence encircles little more than anterior quarter of prothorax and restricted to narrow annulus around base of respiratory siphon and vesti- ture of anal ridges on anal segment so that pubescence on anal ridges is separated from that encircling base of respiratory siphon (Fig. 1 12). Inhabits decaying wood and tree holes Leucotabanus annulatus 9. Midlateral surfaces of anal segment lack pubescent markings. Striations pres- ent on dorsal and ventral surfaces of all abdominal segments, or if absent, pubescence restricted, at most, to a prothoracic annulus and to the anal ridges Hybomitra (separate key) Either median lateral surfaces of anal segment with pubescent markings, or striations absent or poorly developed on dorsal or ventral surface or on both surfaces abdominal segments ... Tabanus, Atylotus (separate key) TAXONOMIC TREATMENT In this paper a list of the localities where each species in Illinois was col- lected is omitted. Instead, the Illinois distribution is shown on separate maps for most of the species. Localities are listed for those species collected at five or fewer sites in Illinois. A map of the North American distribution of each species is provided. In the brief description that pre- cedes the discussion of each species, the average size of individuals is given. Characters given for the male include only those showing obvious differences from those of the female. Stonemyia Brennan The species of this genus are not known to suck blood; they are found on flowers and resting on the ground in openings in wooded areas. None of the species is common. Nothing is known of the biology of Nearctic species. Until this genus was erected, the species under consideration were placed in various genera, most commonly in Pangonia and Buplex. KEY TO SPECIES OF STONEMYIA 1. Yellowish species, including antennae and legs isabellina Brown species; abdominal tergites with grayish hind margins rasa Stonemyia isabellina (Wiedemann) Sihnus isabellma Wiedemann (1828:112). Type-locality: North America. Pangmiia pigta Osten Sacken (1875:367). Type-locality: Kentucky, Bee Spring. Moderate size (12 mm); yellow; wing membrane very faintly tinted, costal cell yellow. This species was originally described in the genus Silvius and for many years was unrecognized, the specific name pigra being used. The immature stages of this species are not known. 5. isabellina is an eastern species, extending from Georgia to the south- ern tip of New York and west to west- ern Kentucky (Fig. 32). As yet this species has not been collected in Illi- nois although specimens have been ex- amined from western Kentucky and Ohio. Fig. 32.—Distribution of Stonemyia Isabellina in North America. Stonemyia rasa (Loew) Pangonia rasa Loew (1869:5). Type- locality: northern Wisconsin. Moderate size (12.5 mm); dark brown; abdominal tergites with grayish 20 Illinois Natural History Sl'r\'e^- Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 hind margins; legs reddish brown; wing membrane faindy tinted, costal cell yel- low (Fig. 36). The immature stages of this species are unknown. In Illinois adults have been collect- ed from late July to early August. S. rasa is a northeastern species, extending from northern Georgia to southern Quebec and west to Minneso- ta and Illinois (Fig. 33). In Illinois this species has been collected only in the northern part of the state. Fig. 33.—Distribution of Stonemyia rasa in Illinois and North America. Goniops Aldrich Goniops chrysocoma (Osten Sacken) Pangonia chrysocoma Osten Sacken (1875:368). Type-locality: New York (lectotype). Goniops hippoboscoides Aldrich (1892: 237). Type-locality: Pennsylvania, Jeannette. Stout species (12 mm); yellowish; eyes with upper inner angles acute; frons broader than width of eye; wings (Fig. 37) with dark pattern. Male brownish; abdominal tergites with pale bands on hind margins. This is the only species in this genus, and neither sex is likely to be con- fused with any other tabanid. They are stout-bodied insects, 10-15 mm long, with the fore part of the wings infuscated. The eggs are laid on the underside of tree leaves above damp ground in wooded areas. The female normally remains with the eggs until they hatch, and when disturbed makes a loud buzzing sound. The larvae (Fig. 81) are found in the lower layers of deep leaf mold and in damp soil (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early May and have been collected until ear- ly July. G. chrysocoma is a northeastern species, extending from Georgia to \ermont and southwest to Arkansas (Fig. 34). This species has been collected at only three localities in eastern and south- ern Illinois. Illinois records.—^Jackson Gounty, Makanda; Pope County, Dixon Springs Agricultural Experiment Station (1.5 miles S Glendale); Vermilion Gounty, Forest Glen Forest Preserve (5 miles SE Westville). Fig. 34.—Distribution of Goniops chrysocoma in North America. Merycomyia Hine Merycomyia whitneyi (^Johnson) Tabatius u'hitiini |ohnson (1904:15). Tvpe-localitv: New York. Meiycomyia mixta Hine (1912:516). Type- locality: Georgia, Bainbridge. Metycomyia gcminala Hine (1912:515). Type-locality: Connecticut, Lyme. April 1983 Pechliman, Webb, & Teskev; Dip i era ok Illinois—Tabanidae 21 Large size (21 mm); brownish; first antennal segment only slightly longer than wide (Fig. 25); flagellum with two or three annuli; abdomen with large white patch indented above on fourth tergite, two white spots on fifth tergite; wing membrane tinted with brown, deeper toward front margin, base, and along veins; costal cell yellowish brown; hind tibiae with very small apical spurs. Male easily associated with female. The larvae have been collected from organic material under a meter of water, from sandy clay mud in the marginal region of a small lake, from moss along the edge of a pool, and from silt along a stream (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). M. wliitneyi is a southeastern species, extending from central Florida to Maine and west to Indiana and Alabama, with a disjunct population in southern Ontario (Fig. 35). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois al- though the Indiana record was collect- ed in a county adjacent to Illinois. Rg. 35.—Distribution of Merycomyia whitneyi in North America. Chrysops Meigen This genus includes the common deer flies with dark wing markings. The eyes are bright green and gold with dark markings. The bright colors and dark markings disappear from the eyes shortly after death. The deer flies are annoying pests of man but probably are of less importance as pests of livestock than the larger Tahayim and Hybomitra species. They are most abundant in wooded areas but are also found in many oth- er surroundings. Adult deer flies first appear in early April in Illinois and have been collected until mid-Septem- ber. The main flight season of each species is short, rarely over 2 weeks; nevertheless, specimens may be found throughout the season. The males of all species of Cluysops (except C. sequax tau) found or likely to be found in Illinois are known. In several species, however, the male is known from only a single or very few specimens. To aid in identification. Fig. 38—72 illustrate the wing patterns of the vari- ous species of Chrysops found in the central states. All of these wing photo- graphs are of females; all are at the same magnification. KEY TO SPECIES OF CHRYSOPS Females 1. Apical spot (Fig. 42) dilutely extended around wing reducing hyaline triangle to subhyaline area not reaching hind margin of wing; large brown species; first antennal segment swollen; little or no trace of abdominal markings brunneus Without this combination of characters. ...2 2. Wing pattern extremely faint, almost obsolete, only costal cell obviously darkened; rather small, dark species, with yellow on abdomen not in form of stripes fulvistigma Wing pattern distinct even in rare cases where wing membrane tinted rather than hyaline 3 3. Apex of wing beyond crossband hyaline (Fig. 44) 4 Apex of wing beyond crossband infus- cated. apical spot present (Fig. 50) II 4. Second basal cell hyaline (Fig. 44); fron- toclypeus without median pollinose stripe 5 Second basal cell at least half infuscaled (Fig. 45); frontoclypeus with median pollinose stripe 6 5. Bare integument runs from ocellar area to occiput uninterrupted by pollinose areas; sublateral thoracic stripes dis- tinct calvus Bare integument of ocellar area inter- rupted by pollinose band; sublateral thoracic stripes indistinct "'g*'' (i. Abdomen entirely dark, sometimes with indefinite pattern of grayish pollinose areas 7 22 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Abdomen with pale areas on at least first 2 abdominal segments 10 7. Fifth posterior cell with hyaline area at base (Fig. 45) 8 Fifth posterior cell infuscated at base (Fig. 47) 9 8. Crossband reaches hind margin of wing rather broadly, outer margin quite straight or slightly bowed (Fig 45); hyaline spot at base of fifth posterior cell large, distinct carbonarius Crossband usually not broadly reaching hind margin of wing, outer margin irregular (Fig. 40); hyaline spot at base of fifth posterior cell usually not clear-cut, sometimes almost ob- solete ater 9. Pleura with yellow to orange-red pile; crossband broadly reaches hind mar- gin of wing (Fig. 47) cincticomis Pleura with grayish or pale yellowish pile; crossband narrowly or not reach- ing hind margin of wing (Fig. 59) .... mitis 10. Wing picture pale (Fig. 48); pleura with gray pile; no median abdominal trian- gle (occasional specimens of C. mitis have small reddish spots laterally at base of abdomen but wing picture is dark) cuclux Wing picture dark (Fig. 51); pleura with yellow or orange pile; median ab- dominal triangle present excitans 11. Frontoclypeus with pollinose stripe or projection below antennae 12 Frontoclypeus without pollinose stripe or projection 15 12. Abdomen completely black separatus Abdomen with yellow and black pat- tern 13 13. First basal and costal cells lightly infus- cated to nearly hyaline (Fig. 71); ab- domen black with middorsal yellow stripe, often shorter lateral stripes upsilon (in part) First basal and costal cells heavily in- fuscated (Fig. 53); abdomen yellow with black pattern 14 14. Frontoclypeus black, rarely yellow; ab- dominal markings not in form of stripes frigidus Frontoclypeus yellow; abdomen with 4 black stripes sequax tau 15. First basal cell completely infuscated (Fig. 57), rarely subliyaline toward apex 16 First basal cell always at least half hya- line, sometimes almost entirely so 26 16. Wing pattern pale buffy brown (Fig. 57); first basal cell subhyaline toward apex; wing membrane tinted; hvaline triangle nearly reaches second longi- tudinal vein; apical spot narrow, en- tering only upper corner of second submarginal cell luteopennis Wing pattern dark brown to black (Fig. 60); apical spot broad, occupying near- ly half to all of second submarginal cell 17 17. Hyaline triangle small but clear, distinct. restricted to apices of second and third posterior cells (Fig. 60) .. .moechus Hyaline triangle extends toward costal margin beyond second posterior cell (Fig. 41) 18 18. Hyaline triangle reaches and sometimes crosses second longitudinal vein, some- times upper portion tinted so that it is indistinct, often narrow and crescent shaped (Fig. 41) 19 Hyaline triangle does not extend much beyond bifurcation, not crescent shaped 22 19. Frontal callus yellow beameri Frontal callus black or deep brown 20 20. Yellowish species with abdomen con- spicuously black striped 21 Fuscous species; abdomen w ith pale medi- an line, occasionally traces of pale lat- eral lines dacne 21. Abdomen with 2 prominent submedian black stripes; sublateral stripes absent on tergites 1 and 2. sometimes 3; hyaline triangle rounded at apex (Fig. 63) pikei Abdomen with 4 complete black stripes; hyaline triangle pointed apicallv ( Fig. 68) sequax sequax 22. Abdomen with 4. more or less complete, dark longitudinal stripes 23 Abdomen not striped or with fewer than 4 stripes 25 23. Most of fifth posterior cell infus- cated (Fig. 72); scutellum yellow viltatus Fifth posterior cell almost entirelv hvaline (Fig. 38); scutellum dark, with or without paler apex and or sides 24 24. Apical spot nearlv fills second sub- marginal cell (Fig. 38); abdomen with 2 central stripes, rarelv joined on second segment; frontal callus usiialK yellow, sometimes brown or black aberrans .Apical spot onlv half fills second sub- marginal cell (Fig. 69); abdomen with 2 central stripes, usuallv joined on second segment; frontal callus usuallv black, sometimes brownish, rareb \e\- lowish striatus 25. Apical spot fills most of second sub- marginal cell, extends into first and sometimes second posterior cell, is usualK connected with crossband bv April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, 8c Tkskkv: Dipiera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 23 streak of infuscation in first posterior cell (Fig. 58); abdomen with 2 stripes, sometimes reduced to faint lines or enlarged to cover most of abdomen on each side of yellow stripe; scu- tellum usually with considerable yellow macquarti Apical spot fills only about half of second submarginal cell, does not extend farther (Fig. 56); abdomen not striped; scutellum dark indus 26(15). Apical spot narrow, including at most only extreme apex of second submarginal cell (Fig. 66) 27 Apical spot broad, entering second submarginal cell over at least one- third of upper branch of third longi- tudinal vein (Fig. 70) 30 27. Apical spot, just beyond where it leaves crossband, slightly wider than mar- ginal cell (Fig. 66); frontal callus usually yellow, often bordered with black or brown, occasionally black 28 Apical spot at base narrower than or just as wide as marginal cell (Fig. 39); frontal callus normally black 29 28. Second abdominal segment with black spot almost joining that on first segment; second and third sternites with black sublateral spots; robust species sackeni Second abdominal segment with black spot usually not attaining anterior margin of segment, second and third sternites without sublateral spots; more slender species ...pudicus (in part) 29. Apical spot very narrow, more dilute than crossband (Fig. 39); front little convergent at vertex. Abdomen with pale markings usually grayish or dull yellow; second abdominal segment with black triangles, one on each side of dark median marking, triangles may or may not be connected with latter by dark band along posterior margin of segment aestuans Apical spot varies from one-half to full width of marginal cell, same density as crossband (Fig. 43); front some- what convergent at vertex. Abdomen with pale yellow markings, often quite bright; second abdominal seg- ment with dark median marking which may have projections along posterior margin of segment that do not form lateral triangles callidus 30. Blackish species with middorsal yellow (occasionally grayish) abdominal stripe, often with shorter sublateral stripes. .31 Abdomen with different pattern, show- ing more yellow 32 31. Infuscation of costal cell distinctly paler than crossband (Fig. 71); apical spot often nearly fills second submarginal cell upsilon (in part) Costal cell same color as crossband (Fig. 70); apical spot variable but rarely fills more than half of second sub- marginal cell univittatus 32. Hyaline triangle distinctly crosses second longitudinal vein, nearly separating apical spot from crossband (Fig. 54) 33 Hyaline triangle, at most, reaches second longitudinal vein (Fig. 61) 34 33. Second abdominal segment with black inverted V or pair of oblique spots geminatus Second abdominal segment entirely yellow impunctus 34. Abdomen with 4 rows of spots, but lateral spots on second segment may be reduced or absent; median figure on second abdominal segment an in- verted V; scutellum and frontal callus normally dark, but latter sometimes brownish montanus Abdomen normally without 4 rows of spots 35 35. Hyaline triangle reaches second longi- tudinal vein (Fig. 64). ...pudicus (in part) Hyaline triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein (Fig. 50) 36 36. Abdominal markings black, median marking of second segment usually reaches anterior margin; frontal callus normally black, sometimes yellow; usually at least basal portion of hind femora black dimmocki Abdominal markings brown, often quite pale, median marking of second ab- dominal segment rarely attains an- terior margin; frontal callus yellow; hind femora yellow, pale brown, or mahogany 37 37. Thorax greenish gray with fuscous stripes; outer margin of crossband sinuous (Fig. 46) celatus Thorax yellow brown with dark brown stripes; outer margin of crossband concave, straight, or sinuous 38 38. Second abdominal segment with dark median marking, reaching only about halfway across segment, leaving an anterior greenish yellow area; outer margin of crossband sinuous (Fig. 65); legs usually rather uniform mahogany color reicherti Second abdominal segment with dark median marking, reaching across about two-lhirds of segment, pale an- terior area without greenish tinge; outer margin of crossband usually straight or .somewhat concave (Fig. 52); legs yellow or pale brownish flavidus 24 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Fig. 36-49.—Wing patterns. 36. Stonemyla rasa. 37. Gonlops chrysocoma. 38 Chrysops aberrans. 39. C. aestuans. 40 C. ater. 41 C. beamerl. 42 C. brunneus. 43 C. callidus. 44 C. calvus. 45. C. carbonarlus. 46. C. celatus. 47. C. cincticornis. 48 C. cuclux. 49 C. dacne. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera of Illinois—Tabanidae 25 Fig. 50-63 -Wing patterns. 50. Chrysops dimmockl. 51. C. excitans. 52 C. flavldus. 53^ C. frlgldus. 54. C. geminatus. 55. C. impunctus. 56 C. Indus. 57. C. luteopennls. 58 C. macquartl. 59. C. mills. 60. C. moechus. 61 . C. montanus. 62 C. niger. 63 C. pikei. 26 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 66 s a c k e n i 67 s e p a r a t us f«rru9alH« Fig. 64-76—Wing patterns. 64. Chrysops pudlcus. 65. C. relchertl. 66 C. sackenl. 67. C. separatus. 68. C. sequax sequax. 69. C. striatus. 70. C. univinatus. 71. C. upsilon. 72. C. vlttatus. 73. Silvius quadrivittatus. 74. Neochrysops globosus. 75. Diachlorus ferrugatus. 76. Haematopota rara. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Difiera of Illinois—Tabaniuae 27 Males 1 . Wing pictures pale brown to evanescent yellow; frontoclypeus with pollinose triangle or pollinose stripe below antennae 2 Wing picture dark brown to black, usually latter; frontoclypei'S with or without pollen (if large species with brown wing pattern, swollen scapes, and indefinite abdominal pattern, see couplet 16) 4 2. Wing with obvious apical spot; fronto- clypeus yellow with pollinose area in form of equilateral triangle below antennae luteopennis If apical spot present, it is fine line along costal border or an indefinite darkening of apical area; fronto- clypeus black with pollen in form of stripe 3 3. Wing pattern distinct; abdomen with pale area restricted to lateral margins of first 2 tergites; legs black cuclux Wing pattern very faint; abdomen with yellow sublateral and median spots on first 2 tergites; first 2 sternites mostly yellow; legs with considerable yellow fulvistigma 4. Apex of wing beyond crossband hyaline, sometimes with vague cloud 5 Apex of wing infuscated beyond cross- band so that apical spot present 12 5. Frontoclypeus wholly black with mid- facial pollinose stripe, which begins below antennae runs at least halfway to oral margin 6 Frontoclypeus mostly yellow without midfacial pollinose stripe 11 6. Abdomen completely black 7 First 2 abdominal segments with small reddish or yellowish spots sublateral- ly excitans (in part) 7. Fifth posterior cell with hyaline area at base 8 Fifth posterior cell infuscated at base 9 8. Outer margin of crossband straight or slightly evenly bowed; crossband usually reaches hind margin of wing in fourth and fifth posterior cells in full intensity; hyaline area at base of fifth posterior cell large, sharply defined carbonarius Outer margin of crossband usually bowed or irregular; crossband does not usually reach wing margin in full intensity; hyaline area at base of fifth posterior cell without clearly defined margin; apical area of wing some- times dilutely infuscated ater 9. Crossband broad, distinctly reaches hind margin of wing; outer margin of crossband usually straight cincticomis Crossband narrow, does not reach or indistinctly reaches hind margin of wing; outer margin of crossband usual- ly irregular 10 10. Beard with many yellow hairs; yellow hairs frequently mixed with black hairs of thorax, legs, and abdomen; sometimes with traces of abdominal markings excitans (in part) Beard wholly black; rarely with pale hairs on body or traces of pale abdominal markings mitis 11. Thoracic stripes, especially sublateral ones, fairly distinct, rarely with spot at bifurcation of third longitudinal vein calvus Thoracic stripes obsolete; often with spot at bifurcation of third longitu- dinal vein niger 12. Frontoclypeus with midfacial pollinose stripe 13 Frontoclypeus without such stripe 15 13. Abdomen entirely black separatus Abdomen with pale markings 14 14. Abdomen black with narrow yellowish middorsal line, occasionally similar shorter sublateral lines; hyaline tri- angle approaches costal margin at least as subhyaline streak upsilon Abdomen otherwise marked, often with considerable yellow; hyaline triangle does not reach beyond bifurcation .... frigidus 15. Abdomen completely black; hyaline triangle restricted to apices of second and third posterior cells moechus Abdomen not wholly black; hyaline triangle not as above 16 16. Brown species with no definite ab- dominal pattern although dark mark- ings may be Indicated by dark shad- ows; hyaline triangle indicated by clear area along edge of crossband, does not usually extend beyond center of third posterior cell; first antennal segment considerably swollen brunneus Blackish or yellowish species; wing pat- tern clear-cut; hyaline triangle open at hind margin of wing; if otherwise, first antennal segment not swollen 17 17. Black species; abdomen with yellowish median longitudinal stripe, occasion- ally with similar abbreviated stripe on each side; hyaline triangle crosses second longitudinal vein; apical spot rarely occupies more than halt of second submarginal cell, olten less .... univittatus Without above combination of charac- ters 18 18. Apical spot very little broader at apex than at origin, crossing upper branch of third longitudinal vein at apex, oc- cupying very little of second sub- marginal cell 19 28 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Apical spot considerably broadened toward apex, crossing at least half of upper branch of third longitudinal vein 21 19. Hyaline triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein sackeni Hyaline triangle reaches or crosses sec- ond longitudinal vein 20 20. Second abdominal segment with sub- lateral black triangles which join median figure along posterior border of segment; fourth posterior cell usually hyaline at apex, fifth posterior cell with considerable infuscation, es- pecially basally; pale markings grayish yellow; apical spot very narrow. ...aestuans Second abdominal segment without sub- lateral black triangles; fourth pos- terior cell usually entirely infuscated, fifth posterior cell often mostly hya- line; pale markings yellow callidus 21. Abdomen yellow and black; large black figure of second abdominal segment broadly joined to black figure of first segment; median yellow markings on tergites 3 and 4 do not reach anterior border of segments; apical spot oc- cupies one-half to two-thirds of sec- ond submarginal cell 22 Without above combination of charac- ters 24 22. Fore coxae black; hyaline triangle does not reach beyond bifurcation indus Fore coxae yellow; hyaline triangle ex- tends beyond bifurcation 23 23. Abdomen with 4 rows of black spots, middorsal rows joining anteriorly on segments 2-A; apical spot fills about half of second submarginal cell montanus Abdominal pattern not in form of rows or spots dimmocki 24. Apical spot fills half or less of second submarginal cell 25 Apical spot fills all or nearly all of second submarginal cell, sometimes extending into first posterior cell or beyond 26 25. Thorax yellow in ground color with brown stripes; legs yellow flavidus Thorax greenish gray with fuscous stripes; legs variable pudicus 26. Outer margin of crossband sinuous; apical spot nearly surrounds hyaline triangle; basal half of first posterior cell and basal third of second basal cell infuscated; base of second ab- dominal segment often with greenish cast; legs pale mahogany; thorax ground color brownish reicherti Without above combination of charac- ters 27 27. Basal cells never more than half in- fuscated, often almost entirely hya- line 28 At least first basal cell more than half infuscated, often entirely so 30 28. Hyaline triangle does not cross second longitudinal vein ceUtus Hyaline triangle crosses second longi- tudinal vein 29 29. Second abdominal segment with 2 oblique spots, frequentiv joined to form inverted V in center of seg- ment geminatus Second abdominal segment completely yellow or with traces of dark mark- ings at posterior margin impunctus 30. Hyaline triangle reaches or nearly reaches second longitudinal vein (if subhyaline beyond bifurcation of third longitudinal vein, predominant- ly black species with pale abdominal markings reduced) 31 Hyaline triangle scarcely extends be- yond bifurcation of third longitudinal vein; predominantly yellowish species with dark abdominal markings 34 31. Blackish species with reduced pale ab- dominal markings dacne Yellow species with black abdominal markings 32 32. Frontoclypeus and cheeks mostly yellow; second basal cell hyaline beameri Frontoclypeus with large black spot on each side, cheeks with considerable black; second basal cell at least partly infuscated 33 33. No sublateral spots on first and second abdominal tergites; second basal cell rarely more than half infuscated; hya- line triangle rounded at apex pikei Sublateral stripes cross first 2 abdominal tergites; second basal cell largely in- fuscated with subhyaline area near apex; hyaline triangle pointed at apex sequax 34. Abdomen with median yellow stripe. longitudinal black band on each side; lateral margins of segments narrowly yellow macquarti Abdomen yellow with 4 more or less complete rows of black spots 35 35. Ground color of thorax and scutellum yelUw; fifth posterior cell heavily in- fuscated with hyaline area at base vittatus Ground color of thorax grayish oliye. scutellum sometimes with some yel- low; fifth posterior cell usually hyaline or subhyaline. sometimes infuscated .36 36. .\pical spot completely fills second sub- marginal cell; sublateral rows of ab- dominal spots about as dark as me- dian rows aberrans Apical spot does not completely fill second submarginal cell; sublateral April 1983 Pf.chuman, Webb, & Tkskey: Diitera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 29 rows of abdominal spots paler than median rows striatus Larvae 1. Respiratory spine absent (Fig. 82-90) 2 Respiratory spine present (Fig. 78, 91- 108) 10 2. Pubescence diffusely covers all of last 3 or 4 segments, but densest near their niidlengths. Larva very slender, with long prolegs. Respiratory siphon ap- proximately five times as long as its basal diameter (Fig. 82) moechus Distinct nonpubescent areas on last 3 segments. Respiratory siphon no more than tour times as long as its basal diameter 3 3. Anterior pubescent annuli on prothorax and mesothorax broad, covering at least one-half and one-third lengths of segments, respectively, without pos- terior projections (Fig. 83-85) 8 Thoracic annuli narrower, usually with posterior projections although these may be short (Fig. 86-90) 4 4. Lateral pubescent projections from pro- thoracic annulus expanded apically (Fig. 8(5-88). Living larva greenish 5 Lateral pubescent projections from pro- thoracic annulus, if present, tapered (Fig. 89, 90). Living larva usually creamy white 7 5. Posterior pubescence on preanal seg- ment separated into dorsal and ven- tral portions, dorsal portion con- nected by narrow strip to adjacent proleg pubescence. Proleg pubescence encircles at least first 4 abdominal segments (Fig. 86, 87) 6 Posterior pubescence encircles pre- anal segment but not connected to ad- jacent proleg pubescence (although slight projections from posterior and proleg pubescence dorsolaterally on this segment suggest an ancestral con- nection). Proleg pubescence restricted to border of dorsal prolegs on all but first abdominal segment (Fig. 88) ater 6. Proleg and posterior pubescences on preanal segment broadly connected dorsolaterally, leaving only small dor- sal area clear. Similar but narrower connections usually present ventro- laterally on this segment and dorso- laterally on preceding ninth segment (Fig. 86) cuclux Proleg and posterior pubescences nar- rowly connected only dorsolaterally on preanal segment (Fig. 87) carbonarius 7. Pubescent projections from thoracic annuli absent. Proleg and posterior pubescent annuli on preanal segment with narrow connections dorsolateral- ly. Pubescence encircles posterior two- thirds of anal segment, broadly con- nected to pubescence on anal ridges (Fig. 89) macquarti Pubescent projections from thoracic annuli present though often short and inconspicuous. Proleg and pos- terior pubescences on preanal seg- ment essentially absent. Posterior pubescence absent from anal segment (Fig. 90) frigidus 8. Striations absent laterally on all seg- ments geminatus Striations present laterally on all seg- ments 9 9. Anterior pubescence encircles first 3 or 4 abdominal segments. Posterior pu- bescent annulus on anal segment with dorsolateral and lateral pointed pro- jections from its anterior margin on each side, sometimes with small iso- lated spot between and anterior to these projections (Fig. 85) vittatus Anterior pubescence encircles only first abdominal segment, interrupted at least laterally on remainder. Posterior annulus on anal segment with only dorsolateral pointed projections and somewhat isolated pubescent spot an- teroventral to this projection (Fig. 84) pikei 10. Preanal segment with proleg and pos- terior pubescences broadly joined dorsally, ventrally, and laterally, leav- ing small clear areas only dorsolateral- ly and ventrolaterally (Fig. 91) montanus Preanal segment with proleg and pos- terior pubescences not joined II 11. Anterior pubescent annuli on pro- and mesothorax wide, covering approxi- mately one-half to one-third length of segments; prothoracic annulus lacks posterior pubescent projections (Fig. 92-94) 12 Anterior pubescent annuli on thoracic segments narrower with posterior pu- bescent projections laterally (Fig. 95- 98) 14 12. Posterior pubescence encircles seventh abdominal segment. Anterior pubes- cence encircles first 5 abdominal segments (Fig. 92) sequax Posterior pubescence either absent on seventh abdominal segment or re- stricted to small lateral spot. Anterior pubescence encircles no more than first abdominal segment 13 13. Pubescence present, though very pale, on anterior margin of first 7 abdomi- nal segments (Fig. 93) niger Pubescence absent from first 7 ab- dominal segments (Fig. 94) calvus 30 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 md br O I chrysocon pikei -,« § ^-^—Head capsule. 77. Tabanus relnwardtll. Respiratory siphons. 78. Chrysops cinctlcomis 79. Tabanus marglnalis. 80. Merycomyia whitneyi. Larva 81 Goniops chrysocoma. 82 Chtysops moechus. 83. C. geminatus. 84. C. pIkei. Abbreviations: ant. antenna: cr, cranium: lab labium Ibr labrum; md, mandible; md br, mandibular brush; mx, maxilla; mx pip, maxillary palp; tnt. tentorial arm April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskey: Dikiera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 31 OO vittatu O/ carbonarius 4r\J frigidus Fig 85-91 —Larvae. 85 Chrysops vlttatus. 86 C. cuclux. 87. C. carbonarius. 88. C. ater. 89 C. macquarti. 90 C. frigidus. 91 C. montanus. Abbreviations: a pub, anterior pubescence; an sg, anal segment- an lb, anal lobe; an rg, anal ridge; p pub. posterior pubescence; p pub prj, postenor pubescent projection; pri, proleg; pri pub, proleg pubescence; resp sph, respiratory siphon; resp spn, respiratory spine. 32 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 r-s '-.^v .'^-K i;-?c 7 O niger 7/ univittatus Z\D reicherti Fig. 92-98—Larvae. 92. Chrysops sequax. 93. C. niger. 94. C. calvus. 95. C. celatus 96. C. flavldus. 97 C. univittatus. 98 C. reicherti. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskey: Diptera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 33 99 ,immocki 100 ill Indus 101 callidus I \JZ^ aestuans I V,/0 cincticornis I 'I il J 'i t. IL/4- striatus rr I ;i 'J iJ ^4—%— ^ 105 sackeni Rg. 99-105—Larvae. 99. Chrysops dimmockl. 100. C. Indus. 101. C. callidus. 102. C. aestuans. 103. C. cincticornis. 104 C. striatus. 105 C. sackeni. 34 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 llM § 1 f 'I I \yO brunneus i II i I IJ \\J/ aberran |\^ / crepuscular! quadrivillatus W~0 I a II in annulatus Fig 106-112—Larvae. 106. Chrysops brunneus. 107. C. aberrans. 108 C. excltans. 109. Chlorotabanus crepuscularls. 110 DIachlorus ferrugatus. 111 Sllvius quadrivittatus. 112. Leucotabanus annulatus. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & rKSKK\ : Difikra ok Illinois— Tabanidaf 35 14. Prothoracic annulus with single broad posterior pubescent projection on each side, as if area between usual paired projections were filled with pubescence (Fig. 95, 97) 15 Prothoracic annulus with paired pubes- cent projections on each side 17 15. Posterior pubescence on anal segment extends forward dorsally at least three-quarters length of segment (Fig. 95, 96) 16 Posterior pubescence on anal segment extends forward dorsally little more than half length of segment (Fig. 97) univittatus, upsilon 16. Pubescence covers about nine-tenths of anal segment; only narrow encircling band on its anterior margin clear. Pos- terior pubescent annulus of preanal segment with distinct anterior projec- tions laterally (Fig. 95) celatus Pubescence on anal segment less exten- sive, covering approximately three- quarters of segment. Posterior pubes- cence on preanal segment restricted to lateral surfaces, without anterior projections (Fig. 96) flavidus 17. Lateral pubescent projections from prothoracic annulus either expanded apically (Fig. 99, 100) or basally broad where leaving annulus (Fig. 98) 18 Lateral pubescent projections from pro- thoracic annulus slender, tapered (Fig. 103, 108) 20 18. Pubescence absent from posterior mar- gin of abdominal segment 7 (Fig. 98) reicherti Pubescence encircles posterior margin of abdominal segment 7 19 19. Patch of pubescence dorsolaterally on anal segment closely proximal to, or continuous with, pubescence on an- terior border of same segment (Fig. 100) Indus Patch of pubescence dorsolaterally on anal segment forming tonguelike an- terior projection of posterior annulus (Fig. 99) dimmocki 20. Anterior pubescence encircles only first abdominal segment (Fig. 103, 108) 21 Anterior pubescence encircles first 3—5 abdominal segments (Fig. 101, 102, 104-107) 23 21. Proleg pubescence on segments 5 to 10 greatly reduced, as evidenced by its not traversing spaces between prolegs. Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment not united to pubescence on anal ridges (Fig. 108) excitans Proleg pubescence encircles segments 5 to 10. Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment united to pubescence on anal ridges at least ventrally (Fig. 103, 104) 22 22. Posterior pubescence on preanal seg- ment with single short anterior pro- jection midlaterally (Fig. 104) striatus Posterior pubescence on preanal seg- ment with four short anterior pro- jections midlaterally (Fig. 103) mitis, cincticomis 23. Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment extends forward dorsally over at least half length of segment, usually broadly connected to pubes- cence on anal ridges (Fig. 101, 102) 24 Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment extends forward dorsally less than half length of segment, its con- nection to anal ridge pubescence, if present, usually only on ventral sur- face (Fig. 104-107) 25 24. Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment extends forward dorsally only half length of segment, usually enclosing clear nonpubescent areas ventrolaterally behind anus (Fig. 102) aestuans Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment usually extends forward dor- sally more than half length of seg- ment, only occasionally enclosing clear areas ventrolaterally (Fig. 101) ..callidus 25. Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment lacks any direct ventral con- nection with pubescence on anal ridges, although narrow connection may exist through lateral club-shaped projections from posterior annulus. Anterior pubescence encircles first 4 or 5 abdominal segments (Fig. 106, 107) 26 Posterior pubescent annulus on anal segment connected ventrally to pubes- cence on anal ridges or shows ves- tiges of ventrolateral connections. Anterior pubescence encircles first 2 or 3 abdominal segments (Fig. 105) sackeni 26. Anal segment with lateral club-shaped pubescent projection from posterior annulus and paired oval dorsolateral patches of pubescence, lower one being larger (Fig. 107) aberrans Anal segment with midlateral pubescent bar not connected to posterior an- nulus, several small pubescent spots dorsolaterally (Fig. 106) brunneus Chrysops aberrans Philip Chrysops aberram Philip ( 1 94 1 : 1 22). Type- locality: Minnesota, Ramsay Clounty. Moderate size (8 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus usually yellow, sometimes brown or black; thorax greenish in ground color; scutellum dark; black stripes on abdomen, median pair rare- ly joining on second tergite; apical 36 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, An. 1 spot broad (Fig. 38), usually nearly filling second submarginal cell; hya- line triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, cov- ering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; sec- ond basal cell hyaline; fifth posterior cell mostly hyaline. Male with yellow areas reducecl; second basal cell large- ly infuscated. C. aberrans is often confused with C. striatus. The two species are much alike and often fly together but can be dis- tinguished by the characters given in the key. Although the frontal callus is typically yellow, some populations run rather heavily to individuals with the callus brown or black. The larvae (Fig. 107) are most com- monly collected from mud or sand at the edges of ponds and lakes but have also been taken from a variety of oth- er semiaquatic habitats (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). This species is most commonly col- lected in and near cattail swamps. In Illinois adults appear in late June and have been collected until late August. Fig. 113.—Distribution of Chrysops aberrans in Illinois and North America. Its peak abundance is from mid-July to mid-August. C. aberraris is an east-central species, extending from New Jersey to Nova Scotia and west to Minnesota and Iowa, with a possible disjunct population in Nebraska (Fig. 113). In Illinois this species is found in the northern two- thirds of the state (Fig. 113). Chrysops aestuans Wulp Chrysops aestuans Wulp (1867:135). Type- locality: Wisconsin. Chrysops moerens Walker (1848:201). Type-locality: Nova Scotia. Moderate size (8.5 mm): black; frontoclypeus shining yellow: frontal callus black; abdomen with gray or yellowish gray markings not in form of stripes, black triangles on second ab- dominal segment, one on each side of median dark marking, triangles may or may not be connected with latter by dark band along posterior margin of segment; apical spot narrow, reaching extreme apex of second submarginal cell; hyaline spot (Fig. 39) broad, extending apically toward costal mar- gin beyond second longitudinal vein; crossband saturate, covering discal cell, usually not reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells hvaline, fifth posterior cell infuscate basallv. Male generally darker; both basal cells part- ly infuscated. C. aestuans belongs in a difficult taxo- nomic group, which includes C. callidus, C. dimmocki, C. pudicus. C. sackeni. and some rarer forms. However, most speci- mens can be separated by the charac- ters given in the kev. The larvae (Fig. 102) have been found in marshes bordering large bod- ies of water. The eggs are laid on emergent vegetation, often over rath- er deep water (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). This species is normallv collect- ed near large bodies of water. In Illi- nois adults appear in earlv June and have been collected through mid-.\u- gust. C. aestuans is widespread across the central United States and Canada, extending from Nova Scotia to British April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Dutera of Illinois—Tabaniuae 37 Fig. 1 1 4.—Distribution of Chrysops aestuans in Illinois and North America. Columbia and Oregon (Fig. 114). In Illinois this species is found in various parts of the northern two-thirds of the state, particularly in Lake County (Fig. 114). Previously, this species had been synonymized with C. carbonarius. The less intensely infuscated and less exten- sive crossband with an irregular outer margin and the less clear-cut hyaline area at the base of the fifth posterior cell separate most specimens of C. ater from C. carbonarius. The triple-tiered egg mass is de- posited on tree leaves or other vegeta- tion overhanging ponds or portions of streams where the water is barely in motion. The larvae (Fig. 88) are found in mud and organic matter along streams (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until early July. C. ater is a widespread species, extending from Virginia to Newfound- land and west to Alberta and Utah, with a disjunct population in Alaska (Fig. 115). It is conceivable that this species extends from Alberta to Alaska. In Illinois this species is known only from three northern records. Illinois Records.—Ogle County, 1 mile N Polo; Stephenson County, 2 miles S Orangeville; Winnebago County, 4 miles NW Durand. Chrysops ater Macquart Chrysops ater Macquart (1850:344). Type- locality: Newfoundland. Chrysops carbonarius nubiapex Philip (1955:92). Type-locality: New York, Little Valley. Chrysops fugax Osten Sacken (1875: 375). Type-locality: Maine, Norway (lectotype). Moderate size (8 mm); black; abdo- men entirely black; no apical spot but occasionally a trace of infuscation in apical area; hyaline spot covers apical third of wing (Fig. 40); crossband cov- ers discal cell, often not reaching hind margin of wing, outer margin usually irregular; both basal cells more than half infuscated; fifth posterior cell with distinct to vague hyaline area at base. Male with both basal cells at least three- fourths infuscated; frequently with api- cal infuscation but not a distinct apical spot. Fig. 115.—Distribution of Chrysops ater in North America. 38 Illinois Natural History Survey- Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Chrysops beameri Brennan Chrysops brunneus Hine Chrysops beameri Brennan (1935:265). Type-locality: Kansas, Comanche County. Moderate size (8 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus yellow; thorax yellow to greenish yellow in ground color; abdo- men with black stripes, 4 stripes of about equal intensity or central stripes only slightly accentuated; apical spot broad but usually only barely reaching first posterior cell (Fig. 41); hyaline triangle reaches second longitudinal vein, apex pointed; crossband covers discal cell, narrowed posteriorly but reaches hind margin of wing; first ba- sal cell infuscated; second basal cell hyaline; fifth posterior cell hyaline. Male similar to female, including wing characters; first basal cell completely infuscated; second basal cell completely hyaline. This species is in a taxonomic group with C. hinei and can be confused with paler specimens of C. hinei. The char- acters in the key are generally suffi- cient to separate these two species. The larvae ofC beameri are unknown. This species is widespread in the eastern and southern United States, extending from northern Florida to New Jersey and west to Kansas and eastern Texas (Fig. 116). As yet this species has not been collected in Illi- nois although specimens have been ex- amined from western Indiana and east- ern Missouri. This species is a late season fiyer and is not often collected. Chrysops brunneus Hine (1903:34). Type- locality: Ohio, Sandusky. Rather large (9 mm); brown; fron- toclypeus shining yellow; first antennal segment swollen; abdominal pattern obsolete, sometimes with dark shad- ows and faint pale median triangles; apical spot broad (Fig. 42), continues around wing, joining crossband bv light- ly infuscated area along hind margin; hyaline triangle isolated, not reaching second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discal cell, reaching posterior margin of wing, and joining with extended apical spot; both basal cells partly infuscated; fifth posterior cell diffusely infuscated. Male differs from female only in sex characters. C brunneus is a rather distinctive species, and the characters in the key readily separate it from other species. Like the larvae of some other spe- cies of Chrysops, brunneus larvae ap- parently may live in either fresh or brackish water habitats. The single known larva was taken between the Fig. 116.—Distribution of Chrysops beameri in North America. Fig. 1 17.—Distribution of Chrysops brunneus in Illinois and North America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev; Difiera (.n Illinois—Tabanidae 39 basal portion of the leaves of Spartina in a salt marsh (Goodwin 1976a). In Illinois adults of this species ap- pear in mid-June and have been col- lected until late August. C. brunneus is a central and eastern species, extending along the Atlantic coast states from Florida to New York, west to Texas, then north through the central states, and northeast into south- ern Ontario and into upstate New York along Lake Ontario (Fig. 117). In Illi- nois this species has most often been collected in the northeast, with a sin- gle record from Union County in southern Illinois (Fig. 117). Chrysops callidus Osten Sacken Chrysops callidus Osten Sacken (1875: 379). Type-locality: Illinois (lectotype). Moderate size (8 mm); black and yellow; frontoclypeus shining yellow; front somewhat convergent at vertex; pale markings of abdomen yellow (sometimes quite bright), markings not in form of stripe, dark median mark- ings of second abdominal segment may have projections along posterior mar- gin of segment but these projections do not form lateral triangles; apical spot narrow (Fig. 43), varies from one- half width to full width of marginal cell; hyaline triangle broad, rounded apically, just reaching or barely cross- ing second longitudinal vein; cross- band covers discal cell, narrowed posteriorly but reaches hind margin of wing; both basal cells hyaline; fifth posterior cell infuscated basally. Male with pale markings less extensive; both basal cells partly infuscated. C. callidus belongs in a difficult taxo- nomic group, which includes C. aestuans, C. dimmocki, C. pudicus, C. sackeni, and some rarer forms. However, most speci- mens can be separated by the charac- ters given in the key. The larvae (Fig. 101) are found in a variety of situations, including mud on the shores of ponds and slow-moving streams, wet organic material, and around the roots of plants growing at the water's edge. Larvae have also been collected under as much as 1 m of water as far as 10 m from the shoreline. The flat, one-layered egg masses are foimd only over water. These masses, which shortly after oviposition become dark and shining, are laid along the edges of creeks and ponds on emer- gent vegetation, but none are found on similar adjacent growth over mud. Since these egg masses are often quite abundant and noticeable, this selectivi- ty is striking (Jones & Bradley 1923; Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults of this species ap- pear in early April and have been collected until late August. Its peak abundance is from mid-June until late July- C. callidus is an eastern and central species, extending from Florida to Maine and west to South Dakota and Texas (Fig. 118). This species is wide- spread throughout Illinois (Fig. 118). It is active and aggressive and causes considerable annoyance to man and livestock. Fig. 118—Distribution of Chrysops callidus in Illinois and North America. 40 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletln Vol. 33. Art. 1 Chrysops calvus Pechuman &: Teskey Chrysops calvus Pechuman & Teskey (1967:645). Type-locality: New York, Allegany State Park. Moderate size (8.5 mm); blackish; frontoclypeus without median f)ollinose stripe; central area of vertex bare, un- interrupted by pollinose band; sub- lateral thoracic stripes bright, distinct; no apical spot except in some speci- mens as narrow line along costal bor- der (Fig. 44); no hyaline triangle; cross- band saturate, black, covers discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscated; second basal cell hyaline; fifth posterior cell hyaline. Male wing with both basal cells largely infuscated. Face with considerable yel- low in both sexes. This species until recently (Pechuman 8c Teskey 1967) was included with C. niger but may be separated by the characters given in the key. Teskey (1969) has shown the larva of C. calvus to be separable from that of C. niger. Larvae (Fig. 94) were taken from saturated clay soil on the banks of a pool in a flood channel of a brook (Teskey 1969). C. calvus is an eastern and north- central species, extending from Geor- gia to Nova Scotia and west to Minne- sota and northern Ontario. A disjunct population is present in the panhan- dle of Florida (Fig. 119). As yet this species has not been collected in Illi- nois although specimens have been ex- amined from southeastern Wisconsin. Chrysops carbonarius Walker Chrysops carbonarius Walker (1848:203). Type-locality: Nova Scotia. Moderate size (8.5 mm); black; frontoclypeus with median pollinose stripe; abdomen entirely dark; no api- cal spot or hyaline triangle (Fig. 45); crossband broad, covers discal cell, not tapered posteriorly, reaches hind mar- gin of wing, outer margin straight or slightly bowed; both basal cells more than half infuscated; fifth posterior cell with clear-cut hyaline area at base. Male with both basal cells at least three- fourths infuscated; hyaline area at base of fifth posterior cell clear-cut, as in female. This species is very similar to C. ater although specimens can be readily separated by the characters given in the key. Fig. 119.—Distribution of Chrysops calvus in North America. Rg. 120.—Distribution of Chrysops carbonarius in North America. April 1983 Pec:human, Webb, & Tf.skf.\ : Dipiera of Illinois—Tabanidae 41 The larvae (Fig. 87) have been found in saturated mud on the banks of streams and ponds (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). C. carbonarius is primarily an eastern species, extending from northern Flori- da to Nova Scotia and west to Wiscon- sin and Louisiana (Fig. 120). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from central Wisconsin. Chrysops celatus Pechuman Chrysops celatiis Pechuman (1949:82). Type-locality: New Jersey, Medford Lakes. Moderate size (8.5 mm); yellowish brown; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus yellow; thorax greenish gray with fuscous stripes; abdomen with dark brown or blackish markings not in form of stripes, median mark- ing of second abdominal segment rare- ly attains anterior margin; apical spot broad (Fig. 46), covering more than half of second submarginal cell; hya- line triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, cov- ering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing, outer margin usually sinuate; basal half of first basal cell infuscate; second basal cell hyaline; basal half of fifth posterior cell infuscate; hind femora yellow. Male easily associated with female. This species was treated as a subspe- cies of C. flavidus (Pechuman 1957), but its separation at the specific level is justified by the lack of intergrades v/ith flavidus. This fact is further con- Fiq. 121.—Distribution of Chrysops celatus in North America. firmed by Teskey (1969), who found the larvae of the two forms to be distinct. The larvae (Fig. 95) have been found in sand and mud at the edges of ponds and lakes and in highly organic boglike situations (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). This species has been collected only once in Illinois in late July. C. celatus is a southeastern species, extending from Florida to Massachu- setts and west to eastern Texas (Fig. 121). A disjunct population occurs in northern Indiana, Ohio, and south- ern Michigan and Ontario. Illinois Records.—Johnson County, Little Black Slough Nature Preserve, 4 miles SW Vienna). Chrysops cincticomis Walker Chrysops cincticomis Walker (1848:201). Type-locality: unknown. Chrysops celer Osten Sacken (1875:376). Type-locality: Massachusetts (lecto- type). Rather large (9 mm); black; fronto- clypeus with median poUinose stripe; pleura with yellow to orange-red pile; abdomen entirely dark; no apical spot or hyaline triangle (Fig. 47); cross- band broad, covering discal cell, broadly reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells with basal half infuscate; fifth posterior cell infuscate at base. Male lacks orange pleural pile of fe- male; anal area of wing dilutely infus- cate. Earlier workers discussed this spe- cies as C. celer, subsequently synony- mized under cincticomis. The females are distinctive from other Illinois spe- cies of Chrysops because of the orange- red pile on the thoracic pleura. The larvae (Fig. 103) are found in the muddy edges of ponds and streams. The egg mass is brown and in several layers, much like a Tabanus egg mass (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults of this species ap- pear in mid-May and can be collected until late July. Most specimens have 42 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33. Art. 1 Rg. 122.—Distribution of Chrysops cincticornis in Illinois and North America. been collected around the margins of lakes and bogs in Lake and McHenry counties. C. cincticornis is a central and east- ern species, extending from Georgia to Nova Scotia and west to Minnesota and eastern Texas (Fig. 122). Two dis- junct records are known from North Dakota. In Illinois (Fig. 122) this spe- cies has been collected only in the northern half of the state. Chrysops cuclux Whitney Chrysops cuclux Whitney (1879:35). Type- locality: New Hampshire, Milford. Moderate size (8 mm); black; fron- toclypeus with median pollinose stripe; pleura with gray pile; abdomen with pale grayish yellow area laterally near base, no median abdominal triangles; no apical spot or hyaline triangle (Fig. 48); crossband broad, pale, covering discal cell, generally reaching hind mar- gin of wing although very pale in this area; basal half of both basal cells infuscate, pale. In male, pale area of abdomen smaller than in female. This species is similar to C. excitam although the wing picture is distinctly paler and abdomen has no middorsal pale markings. The larvae (Fig. 86) are known from wet mud along streams and occasional- ly from pond margins (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). C. cuclux is a northeastern species, extending from Georgia to Nova Sco- tia and west to Wisconsin (Fig. 123). A disjunct population has been exam- ined from northwestern Ontario. As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens ha\e been examined from southeastern Wiscon- sin and northwestern Indiana. Fig. 123.—Distribution of Chrysops cuclux in North America. Chrysops dacne Philip Chrysops dacjie Philip (1955:99). Type- locality: Georgia, Clarke County. Moderate size (7.5 mm): dark brown; frontoclypeus shining vellow; no pale stripe above wing base; abdomen of- ten with narrow pale median line, rare- ly with obsolete sublateral lines: apical spot very broad (Fig. 49), covering all of second submarginal cell; hyaline triangle narrow, not clearly reaching second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discal cell, broadly reaching hind margin of wing; first April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teske\ : Diitera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 43 basal cell completely infuscated; sec- ond basal cell hyaline; fifth posterior cell hyaline; hind legs predominately yellow or brown. Male with hyaline areas of wing somewhat tinted. For many years this species was called C. lugens, but the name lugens should be used for another form. This spe- cies resembles C. panmlus although the yellowish hind legs and the extension of the apical spot into the first posteri- or cell readily separate C. dacne from paniulus. Immature stages are unknown. C. dacne is a southern and eastern species, extending from northern Flori- da to Massachusetts and west to east- ern Texas (Fig. 124). This species is reported in the literature from the southwesternmost county of Michigan although this specimen has not been examined. As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois. Fig. 124.—Distribution of Chrysops dacne in North America. Chrysops dimmocki Mine Chrysops dimmocki Hine (1905:393). Type- locality: Massachusetts, Longmeadow. Moderate size (8 mm); black and yellow; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus normally black but some- times .yellow; abdominal markings not in form of stripes, median marking of second abdominal segment usually reaches anterior margin; apical spot broad (Fig. 50), covering apical half of second submarginal cell; hyaline trian- gle broad, not reaching second longi- tudinal vein; crossband broad, cover- ing discal cell, narrowing posteriorly but generally reaching hind margin of Fig. 125.—Distribution of Chrysops dimmocki in Nortti America. wing; both basal cells hyaline; fifth posterior cell with basal margin infus- cate; at least basal portion of hind femora black. Male with both basal cells partly infuscated. This species resembles both C. celatits and C. flaindus, but the characters in the key suffice to separate C. dimmocki from both of these species. The larvae (Fig. 99) have been col- lected in organic substrates in swamps as well as in mud and sand at the edges of ponds (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). Adults of this species have been col- lected only twice in Illinois in mid- May and late June. C. dimmocki is a southeastern species, extending from southern Florida to New Hampshire and west to eastern Texas (Fig. 125). Two disjunct popula- tions are present in the central states, one in southern Illinois and western Tennessee, the other in Ohio and north- western Pennsylvania. Illinois Records.—Massac County, Unionville; Union County, Pine Hills Recreational Area. Chrysops excitans Walker Chrysops excitans Walker (1850:72). Type- locality: Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island. Chrysops lubalis Harris (1925:68). No- men nudum. Large species (10 mm); black; fron- toclypeus with median pollinose stripe; pleurae with dense yellowish pile; ab- domen with yellow area laterally near base, usually with median triangles on 44 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33. Art. 1 second, third, and sometimes fourth tergites; no apical spot or hyaline tri- angle (Fig. 51); crossband broad, cov- ering discal cell, not reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells with basal half infuscate; fifth posterior cell with basal half infuscate. Male much darker than female, with pale abdomi- nal markings reduced or obsolete. This species resembles C. cuclux, but the much darker wing picture and the presence of yellowish pile on the tho- racic pleurae and pale middorsal ab- dominal markings readily identify this species. The larvae (Fig. 108) are found in mud and organic habitats along the edges of pools, ponds, and lakes (Pechu- man 1972; Teskey 1969). C. excitans is a northern species, extending from Virginia to Labrador and west to California and Alaska (Fig. 126). In Illinois this species has been collected once in late June 1892. Illinois Records.—Lake County, Grass Lake. Chrysops canifrom Walker (1848:197). Type-locality: Florida. Chrysops pallidus Bellardi (1859:73). Type-locality: Mexico. Moderate size (8.5 mm); yellow and brown; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus yellow; thorax yellow with brown stripes; abdomen with brown markings not in form of stripes; apical spot broad (Fig. 52), covering apical half of second submarginal cell; hva- line triangle broad, not reaching sec- ond longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discal cell, narrowed pos- teriorly, reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells somewhat infuscate at base; fifth posterior cell with basal half infuscate; hind femora yellow, some- times brownish at base. Male differs from female only in sex characters. This species resembles C. celatus. and was previously considered a subspe- cies o( flavidiis. The characters desig- nated in the key will separate these two species. The larvae (Fig. 96) have been tak- en from ponds, streams, and marshes (Jones & Bradley 1923; Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). Rg. 126.—Distribution of Chrysops excitans in North America. Chrysops flavidus Wiedemann Chiysops jlavidus Wiedemann ( 182 1 :55). Type-locality: Georgia, Savannah. Fig. 127.—Distribution of Chrysops flavidus in Illinois and Nortti America. April 1983 Pf.chuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diptera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 45 In Illinois adults appear in late May and have been collected until early September. C. flavidus is a widely distributed species, extending from the southern tip of Florida to Massachusetts, west to Missouri and northeastern Mexico, and to Cuba and the Bahamas (Fig. 127). In Illinois this species has been collected in the southern two-thirds of the state (Fig. 127). Chrysops frigidus Osten Sacken Chrysops frigidus Osten Sacken (1875: 384). Type-locality: New York, Sharon Springs (lectotype). Chrysops canadensis Krober (1926:277). Type-locality: Ontario, Ottawa. Moderate size (7.5 mm); black and orange; frontoclypeus black with medi- an pollinose stripe; thorax and pleurae with yellow pile; color pattern of abdo- men variable, sometimes almost com- pletely black or almost completely or- ange yellow, but pattern never in form of longitudinal stripes; apical spot broad (Fig. 53), broadly united with crossband, covers entire upper branch of third longitudinal vein; hyaline triangle does not extend beyond third longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discal cell, not reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells partly infuscated; fifth posterior cell with basal half infuscate; legs often with considerable yellow, hind tibiae never completely black. Male with infuscation in both basal cells greater than that in female. This species is rather distinct from other species of Chysops, having a yel- low pile on the thorax and pleurae. The characters in the key readily sepa- rate this species. The larvae (Fig. 90) are usually found in mossy substrates in bogs and swamps and along streams and ponds (Pechu- man 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early June and can be collected until late July- C. frigidus is a northern species, extending from New York to Labrador and west to British Columbia (Fig. 128). Fig. 128.—Distribution of Chrysops frigidus in North America. In Illinois the species is restricted to the northeast corner of the state. Illinois Records.—Lake County, Chain OLakes State Park, Volo Bog Nature Preserve, Antioch; McHenry County, Moraine Hills State Park (3 miles S McHenry). Chrysops fulvistigma Hine Chrysopsfulvistigttia Hine (1904:55). Type- locality: North Carolina, Raleigh. Small size (7 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus black, occasionally with a short median pollinose stripe; tho- rax dark, nearly black, with gray pollen; abdomen yellow at base, black at apex, basal segment with large median black spot, second segment with two contigu- ous black triangles, their bases reaching posterior margin; wing pattern ex- tremely faint. Male easily associated with female by abdominal markings and nearly obsolete wing pattern; frontoclypeus with pollinose stripe reaching half way to oral margin. The nearly obsolete wing pattern easily separates this species from any other Chrysops likely to be found in Illinois. Immature stages are unknown. C. fulvistigma is a southeastern species, 46 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Rg. 129.—Distribution of Chrysops fulvistigma In North America. extending from the western panhan- dle of Florida to New Jersey and west to eastern Texas (Fig. 129). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois. Chrysops geminatus Wiedemann Chrysops geminatus Wiedemann (1828: 205). Type-locality: unknown. Chrysopsfallax Osten Sacken (1875:392). Type-locality: New York, Tarrytown (lectotype). Small to moderate size (7 mm); black and yellow; frontoclypeus shining yellow; abdominal marking usually not in form of stripes, but black markings occasionally reduced, appearing as bro- ken rows of spots; apical spot broad (Fig. 54), nearly separated from cross- band, covering nearly all of second submarginal cell; hyaline triangle large, extends well beyond second longitudi- nal vein; crossband broad, covering most of discal cell, narrowed posteriorly, reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells hyaline; fifth posterior cell hyaline. Male with some dilute infus- cation in both basal cells. The larvae (Fig. 83) have been found in wet soil, plant debris, and moss along streams and ponds and in wet soil under trees (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear from late June to early July. C. geminatus is an eastern and south- ern species, extending from the pan- handle of Florida to Maine and west to Arkansas and Wisconsin (Fig. 130). In Illinois this species has been collect- Rg. 130.—Distribution of Chrysops geminatus in Illinois and North America. ed in the northeastern third of the state (Fig. 130). Chrysops impunctus Krober Chrysops impunctus Krober (1926:301). Type-locality: Ontario. Port Stanley. Small to moderate size (7.5 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus yellow; thorax greenish with black stripes: ab- domen with basal two segments vellow, remaining segments black, segments 3 and 4 with median yellow stripe; apical spot broad (Fig. 55). covering nearly all of second submarginal cell, nearly separated from crossband: hya- line triangle large, extending well beyond second longitudinal vein; cross- band broad, covering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing: first basal cell with basal infuscation: sec- ond basal cell hyaline: fifth posterior cell ditYuselv infuscaie. Male easily associated with female: yellow stripe on abdominal segments 3 and 4 is broader than that in most females. This species was previously consid- ered a subspecies of C. geminatus. Both sexes of this species are distin- April 1983 Pec.human, Webb, & Tfskf.v: Dififra of Illinois—Tabanidaf 47 guished from other Illinois Cliyysops by the two completely yellow basal ab- dominal segments. Occasional speci- mens of geminatus have the spots on the second segment reduced to a vague shadow in the center of the segment. Rarely, specimens of impunctm show a trace of a dark marking on the second tergite, but it is at the apex of the segment. Immature stages are imknown. In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until late July. C. impunctus is an eastern and south- ern species, extending from Louisiana to Delaware and west to Illinois (Fig. 131). This species has been collected in long series from Vermilion County, Illinois. Illinois Records.—Douglas County, Walnut Point State Park (5 miles SE Hindsboro); Vermilion County, Kicka- poo State Park, Forest Glen Forest Pre- serve (5 miles SE Westville), 2.8 miles E Oakwood. Rg. 131 .—Distribution of Chrysops impunctus in North America. Chrysops indus Osten Sacken Chrysops indus Osten Sacken (1875:383). Type-locality: New York, Cayuga Lake. Chrysops pilumnus Krober (1926:278). Type-locality: Ontario, Jordan. Moderate size (8 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus black; scutellum dark; abdomen with median row of rather large yellow triangles, hind margin of tergites narrowly yellow, lateral mar- gins broadly yellow; apical spot broad (Fig. 56), extending into second sub- marginal cell; hyaline triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein; cross- band broad, covering discal cell, reach- ing hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; second basal cell hyaline; fifth posterior cell almost completely infuscate; apical half of anal cell infuscate. Male with black areas much more extensive than in female; both basal cells and fifth posterior cell al- most completely infuscated. This species resembles C. macquarti in appearance, but the dark scutellum and the abdomen without stripes readi- ly separate these two species. The larvae (Fig. 100) have been found in mud and in plant debris and moss in a variety of semiaquatic habi- tats (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in late May and have been collected until late July. C. indus is a northern and eastern species, extending from Virginia to Maine and west to Manitoba (Fig. 132). The range of this species may extend into Georgia. In Illinois this species has been collected in the northern part of the state (Fig. 132). Fig. 132.—Distribution of Chrysops Indus in Illinois and Nortti America. 48 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Chrysops luteopennis Philip Chrysops luteopennis Philip (1936c: 159). Type-locality: Minnesota, Anoka County, Moore's Lake. Moderate size (8 mm); dull yellow and black; frontoclypeus yellow, some specimens with small triangle of pol- len below antennae; frontal callus yellow, darkened above (in one specimen cal- lus wholly dark brown); black median stripes of abdomen joined on second tergite, sublateral stripes do not reach anterior margin of second tergite; wing membrane lightly tinted, pattern pale brown, not covering all of discal cell; hyaline triangle does not quite reach second longitudinal vein (Fig. 57). Male similar to female, but wing membrane, especially in anal area, more heavily tinted; apical spot slighdy broader; tri- angular poUinose area on frontoclypeus reaches halfway to level of frontoclypeal pits. The combination of a tinted wing membrane and brown wing pattern which does not completely cover the discal cell should separate this species from any other likely to be found in Illinois. The larva of this species is unknown. C. luteopennis is a rarely collected species of Chrysops known from only five localities in the north-central states and in southern Ontario (Fig. 133). Eventually it may be found in Illinois near Lake Michigan. Rg. 133.—Distribution of Chrysops luteopennis in North America. Chrysops macquarti Philip Chrysops macquarti Phihp (1961:161). Type-locality: Maryland, Catonsville. Moderate size (7.5 mm): yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus black or dark brown; thorax greenish gray in ground color; scutellum usually with considerable yellow; abdomen with yellow median stripe between two black stripes of vary- ing width, laterally yellow; apical spot very broad (Fig. 58), extending into second posterior cell; hyaline triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covers discal cell, nar- rows posteriorly but reaches hind mar- gin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; second basal cell hyaline; fifth posteri- or cell hyaline. Male generally darker than female with broader black ab- dominal stripes and often dark scutel- lum; second basal cell half or more infuscated. This species resembles C. indus but is smaller and can be readily separated from indus by the characters in the key. The lar\ae (Fig. 89) are usually found in saturated soils bordering sluggish streams (Pechuman 1972; Teskev 1969). In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until early August. ^vrx-n:,i: ( Fig. 134.—Distribution o( Chrysops macquarti in Illinois and North America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 49 C. macquarti is a widespread eastern species, extending from northern Flori- da to Maine and west to Wisconsin and Louisiana (Fig. 134). In Illinois this species is rare, having been collect- ed from only five localities (Fig. 134). Chrysops mitis Osten Sacken Chrysops mitis Osten Sacken (1875:374). Type-locality: Canada, Hudson Bay (lectotype). Large species (9.5 mm); black; frontoclypeus with median pollinose stripe; pleura with grayish or pale yel- lowish pile; abdomen entirely dark; no apical spot or hyaline triangle (Fig. 59); crossband broad, covering discal cell, narrowly or not at all reaching hind margin of wing; basal half of both basal cells infuscate; base of fifth posterior cell infuscate. Male with con- siderable dilute infuscation in anal area of wing. This species is close to C. ater in general appearance, and some speci- mens can scarcely be differentiated. The characters in the key will general- ly separate these two species. The egg mass is in three tiers, re- sembling those of C. ater and C. cincticomis. The larvae (similar to Fig. Fig. 135.—Distribution of Chrysops mItIs in North America. 103) have been collected on the edges of ponds and streams and in swamps, usually in a highly organic substrate (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected only un- til the middle of June. C. mitis is a northern species, ex- tending from New York to Labrador and west to Idaho and Alaska (Fig. 135). In Illinois this species is restricted to the northeast corner of the state. Illinois Records.—Kankakee County, Wichert; Lake County, Antioch, Sand Lake. Chrysops moechus Osten Sacken Chrysops moechus Osten Sacken (1875: 387). Type-locality: District of Co- lumbia (lectotype). Moderate size (7.5 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus usually black; thorax greenish in ground color; black mark- ings of abdomen usually in form of stripes; apical spot very broad (Fig. 60), covering first posterior cell; hya- line triangle extremely small but regu- lar in outline; crossband broad, cover- ing discal cell, extending to hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; sec- ond basal cell hyaline; fifth posterior cell mostly hyaline. Male black; wings almost entirely infuscated except for small hyaline triangle. The body pattern of this species is variable, the black abdominal stripes of some specimens being reduced to a series of dashes; in others the stripes are extensive and the entire insect ap- pears quite dark. This species is very distinctive from other species oiChiysops, particularly in the wing pattern. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves of trees overhanging streams, sometimes many feet above the water. Pechuman (1972) observed oviposition only over moving water The egg mass is unusual in that the individual eggs are deposited almost at right angles to the leaf (Fig. 14) and do not overlap each other as is usual in Chrysops egg masses (Fig. 12, 13). The larvae (Fig. 82) have been collected in wet mud, often un- 50 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Fig. 136.—Distribution of Chrysops moechus In Illinois and North America. der water, along streams (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until early August. The male is black and is rather frequently collected from leaves of trees overhanging streams (Pechu- man 1972). C. moechus is an eastern species, extending from the Florida panhan- dle to Maine and west to Minnesota and Louisiana (Fig. 136). In Illinois (Fig. 136) this species has been collect- ed in the northeastern third of the state and in Pope County in southern Illinois. Chrysops montanus Osten Sacken Chrysops montanus Osten Sacken (1875: 382). Type-locality: New York, Cat- skill Mountain House (in Greene County). Moderate size (8 mm); black and yellow; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus normally dark but some- times brownish: scutellum normally dark; abdomen with geminate black spot, often with sublateral black spot on second tergite, and four rows of spots on third, fourth, and fifth tergites; apical spot variable but usually broad, covering most of second submarginal cell (Fig. 61); hyaline triangle large, reaching second longitudinal \ein; cross- band broad, covering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; first basal cell partly infuscate; second bas- al cell nearly hyaline; fifth posterior cell partly infuscate. Male with vellow areas usually much reduced; both bas- al cells partly infuscated. Some specimens lack the small black lateral spots on the second abdominal segment or have them much reduced. The size and shape of the apical spot is also subject to considerable variation. The larvae (Fig. 91) have been col- lected in sand and organic material on the edges of ponds and lakes (Pechu- man 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in late May and have been collected until late August. C. montanus is an eastern and north- central species, extending from south- ern Florida to New Brunswick and west to Manitoba and eastern Texas (Fig. 137). This species has been col- Rg. 137.—Distribution of Chrysops montanus in Illinois and Nortfi America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Dihtera of Illinois—Tabanidae 51 lected infrequently in southern and northern IlHnois (Fig. 137). Chrysops niger Macquart Chrysops niger Macquart (1838:165). Type-locality: North America. Moderate size (7.5 mm); black; frontoclyfjeus without median poUinose stripe; bare area of vertex interrupted by pollen; sublateral thoracic stripes dull or obsolete; apical spot and hya- line triangle absent (Fig. 62); cross- band broad, covering discal cell, narrowed posteriorly, reaching hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; second basal cell hyaline; fifth posteri- or cell hyaline. Male with both basal cells largely infuscated. Face with con- siderable yellow in both sexes. The combination of a hyaline sec- ond basal cell, saturate crossband, and largely yellow face separates this spe- cies and its sibling species, C. calviis, from other dark Chrysops. It is separated from calvus by the characters in the key. Some specimens have a small spot at the bifurcation of the third longitu- dinal vein. The anal area of the wing is sometimes dilutely infuscated. " ^rtsb Fig. 138.—Distribution of Chrysops niger in Illinois and North America. The larvae (Fig. 93) seem toler- ant of many conditions and have been collected from such varied situations as stagnant mud and plant debris on the edge of a pool, mud on the banks of a small brook, wet soil under trees, sphagnum bogs, and the shores of lakes (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in early April and have been collected until late June. C. niger is an eastern and central species, extending from northern Flori- da to Nova Scotia and west to Minneso- ta and eastern Texas (Fig. 138). In Illinois this species is found through- out the state (Fig. 138). Chrysops pikei Whitney Chrysops pikei Whitney (1904:205). Type- locality: Missouri, Pike County. Rather small size (7 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus black; thorax greenish yellow in ground color; abdomen with black stripes, sublateral ones quite short; apical spot broad (Fig. 63), extending into first posterior cell; hyaline trian- gle reaches second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; second basal cell hyaline; fifth posterior cell partly infuscate. Male with second basal cell partly infuscated. This species is rather distinctive and is readily separated from other species by the characters given in the key. The egg mass is in more than one tier, resembling a small Tabanus egg mass. The larvae (Fig. 84) are found in debris and in the banks of ponds and streams (Jones & Bradley 1924; Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in mid-May and have been collected until early September. C. pikei is a southeastern and central sjjecies, extending from northern Flori- da to Virginia and west to South Dakon and eastern Texas (Fig. 139). Disjunct 52 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Fig. 139.—Distribution of Illinois and North) America. Chrysops pikei in ject to some variation but is always wider than it is in callidus and usually falls between those of sackeni and dimmocki. Larvae have been taken from wet soil along a roadside ditch (Pechuman 1972). In Illinois adults appear in early May and have been collected until mid-September. C. pudicus is a southeastern species, extending from southern Florida to Massachusetts and west to Illinois and eastern Texas (Fig. 140). Disjunct pop- ulations have been examined from Wisconsin, Michigan-Indiana, New York-Ontario, and Nova Scotia. In Illi- nois this species is found in the south- ern fourth of the state (Fig. 140). populations are found in southwest- ern South Dakota and southern Florida. This species is widespread throughout Illinois (Fig. 139). Chrysops pudicus Osten Sacken Chrysops pudicus Osten Sacken (1875: 381). Type locality: Massachusetts (lectotype). Moderate size (7.5 mm); black and yellow; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus yellow or fuscous; dark spot under scutellum; abdominal mark- ings not in form of stripes; apical spot covers apical third of second submar- ginal cell; hyaline triangle broad, usu- ally reaching second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells hyaline; fifth posterior cell hyaline (Fig. 64); hind femora usually dark at base. Male with both basal cells partly infuscated. C. pudicus belongs to the group which includes C. callidus. C. sackeni. and ('.. dimmocki and may be separated from them by the characters given in the key; the apical spot of pudicus is sub- Fig. 140.—Distribution of Chrysops pudicus in Illinois and North America. Chrysops reicherti Fairchild Cluysops reicherti Fairchild (1937:60). Tvpe-localitv: Florida. JetTerson Countv, Monticello. Large size (9.0 mm); vellow and brown; frontoch peius shining vellow; thorax gravish brown with fuscous stripes; abdomen pale grayish brown. April 1983 Pec:hiiman, Wkbb, & Teskk-i : Diimkra of Illinois— Iabanidal 53 tergites 2-6 with lateral brown band; apical spot broad (Fig. 65), covering second submarginal cell; hyaline trian- gle does not reach second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discai cell, reaching hind margin of wing; first and second basal cells partly infuscate; fifth posterior cell infuscate. Male with apical spot more extensive, often nearly surrounding hyaline tri- angle, which may be reduced to pale band or series of spots; both basal cells infuscated on most of basal half. This species is related to flavidus but can be readily separated from flavidm by the characters given in the key. Larvae (Fig. 98) have been collected from wet mud and organic debris in ponds and small lakes (Goodwin 1972; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in mid-July and have been collected until late August. C. reicherti is a southeastern species, extending from southern Florida to Del- aware and west to Illinois and eastern Texas (Fig. 141). In Illinois this spe- cies has been collected only in the southernmost part of the state (Fig. 141). Chrysops sackeni Hine Chrysops sackeni Hine (1903:42). Type- locality: Ohio, Sandusky. Moderate size (8.5 mm); black and yellow; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus usually yellow, often bordered with black or brown, occa- sionally black; abdominal markings not in form of stripes, black spot on sec- ond segment nearly joins with that on first segment, second and third ster- nites with black sublateral spots; apical spot narrow (Fig. 66), extending part- ly into second submarginal cell, at its origin slightly wider than marginal cell; hyaline triangle broad, not reaching second longitudinal vein; crossband broad, covering discai cell, not reaching hind margin of wing; both basal cells hyaline; fifth posterior cell partly infuscate. Male usually with pale mark- ings less extensive; both basal cells partly infuscated. C. sackeni often flies with C. callidiis, and occasional specimens are difficult Fig. 141.—Distribution of Chrysops reicherti in Illinois and North America. Fig. 142.—Distribution of Chrysops sackeni in Illinois and North America. 54 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 to separate from that species. In cases of doubt, the shape of the frontal callus is usually the best character to inspect; the callus of C. callidus is nar- row and black, whereas in C. sackeni it is higher in proportion to its width and is often yellow or brown. The larvae (Fig. 105) have been col- lected in mud on the edges of perma- nent and temporary ponds, along stream margins, in swamps, and in organic material on the edge of salt marshes (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). The egg mass resembles that of C. callidus. In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until mid- September. C. sackeni is a northeastern and north- central species, extending from Dela- ware to Maine and west to Iowa and Manitoba (Fig. 142). A disjunct popu- lation has been examined from west- ern Nebraska. In Illinois this species has been collected in the northeastern part of the state (Fig. 142). Chrysops separatus Hine Chrysops separatus Hine (1907:228). Type- locality: North Carolina, Raleigh. Moderate size (8 mm); thorax, abdomen, and frontoclypeus black, the latter with broad pollinose stripe ex- tending three-fourths its length; first basal cell wholly infuscated (Fig. 67), second basal cell clear; apical spot not joined to crossband. Male has both basal cells and discal cell outlined in black with centers clear; pollinose stripe of frontoclypeus extends to oral margin. No other wholly black Chrysops likely to be found in Illinois has the combi- nation of an apical spot and a polli- nose stripe on the frontoclypeus. The larva of this species is unknown. In Illinois adults have been collect- ed only during mid-May. C. separatus is a southeastern species, extending from Georgia to Maryland and west to Illinois and northeastern Mississippi, with an apparently disjunct population extending from southwest- ern Mississippi to eastern Texas and Rg. 143.—Distribution of Chrysops separatus in North America. Oklahoma (Fig. 143). In Illinois this species is known only from the south- ern third of the state. Illinois Records.—Perry County, Du Quoin; Pope County, 4 miles NNW Golconda, Lusk Creek (3 miles SE Eddyville). Chrysops sequax sequax Williston Chrysops sequax sequax Williston (1887: 133). Type-locality: western Kansas. Moderate size (8.0 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining vellow with large black spot on each side; thorax grayish green in ground color with dark stripes; abdomen yellow with black stripes; apical spot broad (Fig. 68), covering all of second submarginal cell; hyaline triangle reaches second longi- tudinal vein; crossband broad, cover- ing discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; first basal cell completely infuscate; second basal cell hvaline; fifth (XJSterior cell partlv infuscate along lateral margins. Male with black ab- dominal stripes broader than in female; second basal cell infuscate; fifth poste- rior cell infuscate. C. sequax resembles the related spe- cies C. beameri and C. pikei. but the characters used in the kev usually pre- sent no difficulty. Rarelv sequax has a brown or yellowish frontal callus, and in this case it may be separated from beameri by the large black spots flanking the frontoclypeus. The larvae (Fig. 92) have been col- lected from soft, slimv muck on the margin of a livestock watering pond (Teskey & Burger 1976). April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskey: Diptera ok Illinois— Iabanidae 55 Fig. 144.—Distribution of Chrysops sequax sequax in Illinois and North America. In Illinois adults appear at the be- ginning of July and have been collect- ed until early September. C. sequax sequax is a central subspecies, extending from Louisiana to Pennsyl- vania and west to western South Dakota (Fig. 144). A disjunct population has been examined from Georgia and Alabama. In Illinois this subspecies is widely distributed throughout the state (Fig. 144). Chrysops sequax tau Philip Chrysops sequax tau Philip (1955:113). Type-locality: Illinois, Golconda. Moderate size (8.0 mm); this form is separated from the nominate form by the presence of a narrow, sometimes broken, stripe of pollen on the fronto- clypeus; there is also a tendency for the apical spot to be less extensive and for the frontal callus to be partly brown or yellowish. Specimens and biological studies probably will be needed to de- termine the true status of tau. The male is unknown. The larva of this subspecies is un- known. In Illinois adults appear in late July Rg. 145.—Distribution of Chrysops sequax tau in North America. and have been collected until early August. C. sequax tau is an east-central subspecies, extending in a narrow band from Virginia west to Missouri and Arkansas (Fig. 145). In Illinois this subspecies has been collected only in the southeastern part of the state. Illinois Records.—Lawrence County, Red Hills State Park; Pope County, Golconda, Lusk Creek. Chrysops striatus Osten Sacken Chrysops striatus Osten Sacken (1875: 391). Type-locality: (lectotype, no lo- cality data). Moderate size (8.0 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus usually black or brown, thorax greenish in ground color; abdo- men with black stripes, median pair usually united on second tergite; api- cal spot broad (Fig. 69), usually cover- ing only about half of second submar- ginal cell; hyaline triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein; cross- band broad, covering discal cell, nar- rowed posteriorly but reaches hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; second basal cell hyaline; fifth posteri- or cell mostly hyaline. Male with yel- low areas reduced; second basal cell largely infuscated. This species often flies with C. aberrans, which it resembles, but the two forms can be separated by the characters given in the key. Larvae (Fig. 104) have been collect- ed from mud on the edge of streams. They are probably found also in the 56 Illinois Natural History Slrvev Bllleiin Vol. 33, Art. 1 cattail swamps where adults are com- mon (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in late June and have been collected until mid-July. C. striatus is a north-central and north- eastern species, extending from Massa- chusetts to Maine and west to Manitoba (Fig. 146). In Illinois this species has been collected in four counties in the northeast corner of the state (Fig. 146). Fig. 146.—Distribution of Chrysops striatus in Illinois and North America. Chrysops univittatus Macquart Chiysops univittatus Macquart (1855:56). Type-locality: Maryland, Baltimore. Chrysops wiedetnanni Krober (1926:267). Type-locality: (syntypes from sever- al localities in Canada and the Unit- ed States). Chrysops fraternus Krober (1926:328). Type-locality: unknown. Rather small size (7 mm); black or dark brown; frontoclypeus shining yellow, often blackish laterally, abdo- men with median yellowish stripe, some- times similar shorter sublateral stripes; apical spot broad and nearly separated from crossband (Fig. 70); hyaline tri- angle almost reaches anterior margin of wing; crossband broad, covering most of discal cell, narrowed posteriorly but reaches hind margin of wing; both basal cells and fifth posterior cell hya- line. Male with first basal cell infus- cated. Pechuman (1957) called this species C. wiedetnanni Krober. Since that time it has been shown (Philip 1961) that the correct name is univittatus. and the species called uniinttatus by various work- ers before 1961 is now known as C. macquarti Philip. The name C. obsoletus has also been applied to univittatus, but this name properly belongs to a quite unrelated species. The body coloration of C. univittatus is extremely variable. The abdominal pattern varies from three distinct yel- low stripes to only a trace of a median stripe. Larvae (Fig. 97) have been found in wet soil and plant debris along both sluggish and swift streams, in mud on the shores of ponds and lakes, and in marshes (Pechuman 1972; Teskev 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early Rg. 147.—Distribution of Chrysops univittatus in Illinois and Nortfi America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Difiera of Illinois—Tabanidae 57 May and have been collected until late August. C. univittatus is an eastern and cen- tral species, extending from the pan- handle of Florida to New Brunswick and west to Minnesota and Louisiana (Fig. 147). This is an abundant and widespread species in Illinois (Fig. 147). Chrysops upsilon Philip Chrysops upsilon Philip (1950a:458). Type- locality: Georgia, Millen. Moderate size (8 mm); black and yellow; frontoclypeus brown with yel- low in center and short median polli- nose stripe; frontal callus black; tho- rax grayish green in ground color; scutellum dark; abdomen dark brown to black with broad yellow median stripe and short sublateral stripes; apical spot broad (Fig. 71), covering most of the second submarginal cell; hyaline spot generally does not reach second longi- tudinal vein except as subhyaline streak; crossband broad, covering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; infus- cation of costal cell paler than that of crossband; both basal cells and fifth posterior cell hyaline. Male with polli- nose stripe on frontoclypeus more ex- tensive than in female, often reaching nearly to oral margin; first basal cell infuscated. Among Illinois Chrysops, upsilon is likely to be confused only with C. univittatus, which lacks pollen on the frontoclypeus; in cases where the pol- len is indistinct, the best character for separation is the color of the costal cell, which is paler than the crossband in upsilon. Larvae are unseparable from those of C. univittatus. In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until mid-September. C. upsilon is a southeastern species, extending from the panhandle of Flori- da to Delaware and west to Illinois and eastern Texas (Fig. 148). In Illi- nois this species has been collected in the southern part of the state (Fig. 148). Fig. 148.—Distribution of Chrysops upsilon in Illinois and North America. Chrysops vittatus Wiedemann Chijsops vittatus Wiedemann (1821 :56). Type-locality: North America. Chrysops areolatus Walker (1848:197). Type-locality: New York. Chrysops lineatus ]aennicke (1867:334). Type-locality: Illinois. Chrysops ornatus Krober (1926:328). Type-locality: Ontario, Jordan. Moderate size (8 mm); yellow and black; frontoclypeus shining yellow; frontal callus yellow; thorax yellow in ground color; sciUellum yellow; abdo- men with black stripes; apical spot broad (Fig. 72), covering second sub- marginal cell; hyaline triangle does not reach second longitudinal vein; cross- band very broad, covering discal cell, reaching hind margin of wing; first basal cell infuscate; second basal part- ly infuscate; fifth posterior cell largely infuscated. Male with yellow areas re- duced; second basal cell largely infus- cated. 'Fhis species is rather distinctive from other species of Chrysops and is readily separated by the characters in the keys. The larvae (Pig. 85) have been col- 58 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 lected in wet soil and plant debris from the edges of streams, ponds, and lakes, as well as from saturated soil under trees (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until late August. C. vittatm is an eastern and central species, extending from northern Flori- da to Nova Scotia and west to North Dakota and Eastern Texas (Fig. 149). This species is abundant and widely distributed throughout Illinois (Fig. 149). ^T\.t Fig. 149.—Distribution of Chrysops vittatus in Illinois and North America. Silvius Meigen Silvius quadrivittatus (Say) Chrysops quadrivtttatus Say (1823:33). Type-locality: near the Rocky Moun- tains. Moderate size (8 mm); grayish species; basal callus diamond shaped; wings (Fig. 73) clear with small but distinct spots on crossveins, bifurca- tion and subapically on second longitu- dinal (R2 + 3), both branches of third longitudinal (R4 and R5), and both branches of fourth longitudinal (Mj and M2) veins, occasionally some sub- apical spots obsolete; legs mosdy yellow; abdomen with four rows of dark spots. Male similar, but abdomen with yellow- ish cast. Larvae (Fig. Ill) have been found in damp silty soil overlain by grass and vegetable debris on the steep banks of desert rivers (Burger 1977). In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until mid-Au- gust. S. quadriinttatus is a central and south- western species, extending from Mis- sissippi to Illinois and west to Montana, California, and Mexico (Fig. 150). In Illinois this species has been collected only in the western part of the state (Fig. 150). Fig. 1 50.—Distribution of Silvius quadrivittatus in Illinois and North America. Neochrysops VValtt>n Neochrysops globosus Walton Neochrysops globosiis Walton (1918: 192). Type-localitv: Maryland, Cabin John Bridge. April 1983 Pec:human, Webb, & Teskkv: Diitera of Illinois—Tabanidae 59 This genus is based on one rarely collected species. Small size (8.5 mm); frontal callus large, oval, dark brown; frontoclypeus yellow with dark, spot on each side and triangular area of pollen below an- tennae; antennae slender and elongate; thorax yellow with three shining black stripes, center one extending onto scutellum; wing (Fig. 74) rather uni- formly infuscated with spur on an in- dication of one at bifurcation of third longitudinal vein; abdomen yellow, globose, wider than thorax, with dou- ble row of large black spots on tergites 1—5 with stiff black hairs laterally, espe- cially heavy on segments 3 and 4. Male holoptic, closely resembles female; ab- domen less globose, scarcely wider than thorax; frontoclypeus with yellow polli- nose stripe reaching half way to oral margin. The male has previously been unknown, but the only specimen seen from Illinois was a male. The globose abdomen and other characters mentioned here and in the key to genera distinguish this species from any other Illinois tabanid. The immature stages are unknown, and little is known about the habits of this species. In Illinois adults have been collect- ed only in early June. N. globosus is a rare species, collected mosdy as single specimens in Maryland, Delaware, Alabama, Mississippi, Ten- nessee, and Illinois (Fig. 151). Illinois records.—Pulaski County, Wetaug. Diachlorus Osten Sacken Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius) ChrysopsfeiTugatus Fabricius (1805: 111). Type-locality: Carolina. Tabanus americanus Palisot de Beauvois (1819:222). Type-locality: United States. Name preoccupied (Forster 1771). Diabasis ataenia Macquart (1838:156). Type-locality: Carolina. Chrysops approximans Walker ( 1 848: 198). Type-locality: Florida. Chrysops convergens Walker (1848:198). Type-locality: Honduras. Tabanus rondanii Bellardi (1859:68). Type-locality: Mexico. Moderate size (8 mm); yellowish brown; first antennal segment scarcely longer than wide; third antennal seg- ment without dorsal angle; median cal- lus a narrow line; eyes bare; ocellar tubercle absent; frons higher than broad; abdomen yellowish, caudal seg- ments brown; basicosta bare; wings pale brown; apical spot broad, dark brown; fore tibiae swollen; hind tibiae without apical spurs. The male is readi- ly associated with the female. Larvae (Fig. 110) have been found associated with root mats of woody plants in shaded areas (Jones &: Anthony 1964) in swamps and bogs and at the edges of lakes and streams. Diachlorusferrugatus is a southeastern species, extending from Florida to New Jersey and west to eastern Texas, with a disjunct population in northeast In- diana (Fig. 152). It is also found in Fig. 151.—Distribution of Neochrysops glo- bosus in North America. Rg. 1 52.—Distribution of Diachlorus ferrugatus in North America. 60 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Yucatan, Central America, and Grand Bahama Island. As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from Indiana. Chlorotabanus Lutz Chlorotabanus crepuscularis (Bequaert) Tabanus crepuscularis Bequaert (1926: 234). Type-locality: United States. Tabanus flavus Macquart (1834:200). Type-locality: United States. Name preoccupied (Wiedemann 1828). Stout species (12 mm); yellowish (green when alive); frontal callosity absent; thorax and abdomen uniformly greenish yellow; wings hyaline, several crossveins with narrow brown margins; hind tibiae without spurs. Males simi- lar to females except for sexual dif- ferences. This species is readily separated from other species of tabanids by its uni- form yellowish color in pinned speci- mens. Larvae (Fig. 109) have usually been found along the edges of ponds and slow moving streams and in floating vegetation in open water (Tidwell 1973). Wilson (1969) collected larvae from the forest floor. C. crepuscularis is a southeastern species, extending from Florida to Dela- ware and west to central Texas (Fig. 153). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from western Tennessee. Haematopota Meigen Haematopota rara Johnson Haematopota rara Johnson (1912:182). Type-locality: Pennsylvania, Folsom. Moderate size (8 mm); slender gray species; frons wider than high, with narrow callus across its entire width, a velvety black spot on each side directly above callus; eyes essentially bare; first antennal segment enlarged, shining; wings gray with white maculations (Fig. 76). Male with distinctly hairy eyes but easily associated with female on char- acters of the antennae and wing. This species, with the white wing maculations, is not likely to be con- fused with any other species which may be found in Illinois. The immature stages of this species are unknown; adults have been taken frequently in sphagnum bogs, and such situations may also be a favored larval habitat. H. rara is an eastern species with several disjunct populations from east- ern Tennessee to Cape Breton Island (Fig. 154). As yet it has not been col- lected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from Ohio. Fig. 153.—Distribution of Chlorotabanus crepuscularis In North America. Fig. 154.—Distribution of Haematopota rara in Nortti America. April 1983 Pec:human, Webb, & Teskev: Difiera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 61 Atylotus Osten Sacken At least four species of this genus are found in Illinois. All of them are small or moderately sized hairy insects of little economic importance. Con- siderable variation is exhibited in Aly- lotus, and the determination of some specimens to the specific level is some- times difficult. KEY TO SPECIES OF ATYLOTUS Females 1. Frons with 2 small rounded callosities woodi Frons without callosities 2 2. Pleural hairs bright yellow; basal plate of antennae about as broad as long bicolor Pleural hairs gray; basal plate variable, slender to broad 3 3. Abdomen with whitish hairs; frons of moderate width; basal plate of anten- nae almost as broad as long; palpi short, thick, abruptly tapering to point; eye in life usually with diagonal band ohioensis Abdomen with mostly yellow hairs; frons rather narrow; basal plate of antennae never as broad as long; palpi not especially thick or abruptly tapered; no band on eye in life thoracicus Males 1 . Postocular fringe very short, not re- curved forward over upper eye mar- gins woodi Postocular fringe long, recurved over eyes 2 2. Pleural hairs bright yellow bicolor Pleural hairs gray 3 3. Abdomen with hairs mostly whitish; sometimes with median patches of black hairs and some sublateral yel- lowish hairs; basal plate of antennae broad; eye in life usually with diagon- al band ohioensis Abdomen with hairs mostly yellow; basal plate of antennae rather narrow; no eye band in life thoracicus A key to the larval stages is incorporated within the key to the larval stages of TabailUS. Atylotus bicolor (Wiedemann) Tabanus bicolor Wiedemann (1821:46). Type-locality: North America. Tabanus fulvescens Walker (1848:171). Type-locality: Massachusetts and un- known (cotypes). Fig. 155.—Distribution of Atylotus bicolor in llinois and North America. Tabanus reficeps Macquart (1855:55). Type-locality: Maryland, Baltimore. Small to moderate size (11 mm); yellow or light orange; abdomen with median, indefinitely outlined dark area; wings hyaline, costal cell hyaline or pale yellow; eyes hairy. Male eye facets dif- ferentiated; eyes hairy. Larvae (Fig. 218) have been collect- ed from such diverse habitats as the muddy banks of ponds and streams, sphagnum bogs, wet sod, and sod in salt marshes (Pechunian 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early July and have been collected until late July- A. bicolor is a northern species, extending from the District of Colum- bia to Maine and west to Alberta (Fig. 155). In Illinois this species has been collected in the two northeastern counties, and a single record exists from Havana, Mason County (Fig. 155). Atylotus ohioensis (Hine) Tabanus ohioensis Hine (1901:28). New name for pruinosus Hine (1900). 62 Illinois Naiural History Sl'r\e^ Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Tabanus pruinosus Hine (1900:248). Name preoccupied (Bigot 1892). Type-locality: Ohio. Small size (9 mm); grayish black; abdomen often grayish laterally on first 2 tergites; wings hyaline, costal cell sometimes faintly tinged with yellow; eyes hairy. Male eye facets differen- tiated; abdomen laterally often more extensively pale than in female; eyes hairy. Although of minor importance, A. ohioensis attacks man and animals. It attacks man around the head, much as do several species of Chrysops. Larvae (Fig. 216) have been collect- ed in saturated pasture sod, seepage areas, and moss along streams (Pechu- man 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in late June and have been collected until early July A. ohioensis is a northern species, extending from Pennsylvania to Alberta (Fig. 156). This species has been col- lected at only two localities in north- central Illinois. Illinois Records.—Bureau County, Princeton; Woodford County, Spring Bay. large numbers in sphagnum bogs, and males are as commonly collected as females. The flight is weak, and when disturbed, this species rarely flies more than a few yards. There are no rec- ords oi A. thoracicus biting. Larvae (Fig. 215) have been found in open areas of a sphagnum bog mat (Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in mid-July and have been collected until late July. A. thoracicus is a northern species, extending from Delaware to Nova Sco- tia and west to Wisconsin (Fig. 157). In Illinois this species has been collect- ed at a single locality. Illinois Records.—Iroquois County, Iroquois County Conservation Area (3 miles NE Beaverville). Fig. 156.—Distribution of Atylotus ohioensis in North America. Fig. 157.—Distribution of Atylotus thoracicus in North America. Atylotus thoracicus (Hine) Tabanus Oioradcus Hine (1900:248). Type- locality: New York, Oswego. Small size (10 mm); dull vellowish; abdomen with median indefinitely outlined dark area, which is broader posteriorly; wings hyaline, costal cell pale yellow; eyes hairy. Male eve facets difterentiated; eyes hairy. Although not a common species, .4. thoraciciLs is sometimes found in rather Atylotus woodi Pechuman Atylotus woodi Pechuman (1981:2). Tvpe- locality: Ontario, Wellington County, Puslinch Township. Moderate size (10.5 mm); gravish yellow; eye with fine short hairs; frons with two rounded calli well separated from each other and from frontal margins; femora and tibiae vellow; ab- domen with broad dark median longi- tudinal stripe, yellowish laterally. Male April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera of Illinois—Tabaniuae 63 easily associated with female; hairs on upper occipital margin short, not re- curved over eyes. The presence of frontal calli in the female and the short nonrecurved hairs of the upper occipital margin in the male separate this species from all oth- er Atylotus known from Illinois. Larvae (Fig. 217) have been found in a marl bog (Teskey 1969, species C). In Illinois adults have been collect- ed only once, which was in early August. A. woodi is a northern species, extending from Ontario to northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin (Fig. 158). This species has been collected at only a single locality in northeast- ern Illinois. Illinois Records.—Lake County, Ce- dar Lake. ferent from female; thorax and abdo- men with long white hairs; upper eye facets enlarged, distinctly divided from smaller lower facets. This species is crepuscular and prob- ably nocturnal. On occasion it will at- tack cattle in numbers at dusk. The larvae (Fig. 112) are found in rot holes in trees, in decaying logs, and less commonly in soil beneath for- est litter (Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in early July and have been collected until mid- August. L. annulatus is a southeastern and central species, extending from south- ern Florida to Delaware and west to Kansas and eastern Texas (Fig. 159). In Illinois this species is collected only in the southern third of the state (Fig. 159). Fig. 158.—Distribution of Atylotus woodi in North America. Fig. 159.—Distribution of Leucotabanus an- nulatus in Illinois and North America. Leucotabanus Lutz Leucotabanus annulatus (Say) Tabanus annulatus Say (1823:32). Type- locality: Missouri Moderate size (11 mm); frons very narrow; small basal callus continued dorsally as slender line; ocellar tuber- cle present; abdomen brownish with pale bands. Male superfically quite dif- Tabanus Linnaeus The present restriction of the genus Tabanus is discussed under the genus Hybomilra. Tabanus includes some of the largest flies in Illinois although some species are quite small. Some major pests of man, livestock, and wildlife are in this genus. Serious pests of livestock in- 64 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 elude T. atratus, equalis, quinquevittatus, similis, and sulcifrons. Species that fre- quently attack man are T. lineola, fmmilus, and both subspecies of sparus. Along with the species of Hybomitra, species of Tabanus are commonly called "horse flies"; the bright green color of the eyes of some species accounts for the use of the name "greenhead" in some areas. KEY TO SPECIES OF TABANUS Females 1. Eyes hairy (if hair inconspicuous, palpi very slender, frons narrow, abdomen with pale median line, round sub- lateral spots) 2 Eyes bare 4 2. Larger species (13-15 mm); palpi very stout at base, tapering to acute point; frontal callus does not touch eyes orbicallus Smaller species (10-13 mm); palpi very slender, only sHghtly enlarged at base; frontal callus touches eyes 3 3. Frons about 2.5 times as high as wide; basal callus wider than high; base of third antennal segment rather slen- der quaesitus Frons about 4 times as high as wide; basal callus square or higher than wide; base of third antennal segment rather broad exilipalpis 4. Abdomen unicolorous or with narrow, indistinct posterior bands 5 Abdomen with one or more median triangles (Fig. 170) or median stripe (Fig. 164-168) 12 5. Subcallus denuded atratus atratus Subcallus pollinose 6 6. Bifurcation with distinct spot, or entire wing dark 7 Bifurcation without distinct spot, wing essentially hyaline 11 7. Palpi pale to reddish brown gladiator Palpi dark brown to black 8 8. Mesonotum white pollinose 9 Mesonotum dark brown 10 9. Frons orange brown, moderate width; wing veins not margined with brown although darker clouds may be pres- ent stygius Frons gray, broad; wing veins margined with brown subniger 10. Frons narrow, widened above; antennae mostly orange including first 2 seg- ments proximus Frons wide, parallel sided; first 2 anten- nal segments black, third often partly black nigrescens 11. Wing hyaline with dark brown costal cell; abdomen usually with narrow- gray posterior border americanus Wing uniformly dilutely infuscated: costal cell yellow; abdomen (Fig. 160) sometimes with traces of small median triangles calens (in part) 12. Abdomen orange brown with median dark area; wing spotted; femora black abdominalis Abdomen with pale median stripe (Fig. 164-168) or spots (Fig. 174-176) 13 13. Abdomen with longitudinal abdominal stripe (Fig. 164—168), which may or may not be widened at posterior mar- gins of segments 14 Abdomen with median markings not forming uninterrupted stripe 25 14. Spots forming median abdominal stripe nearly parallel sided (Fig. 161, 164, 165); lateral markings usually form shorter stripe on each side of median stripe and parallel to it, this stripe may be broken into separate spots or may be obsolete 15 Spots forming median abdominal stripe widened at posterior margins of seg- ments (Fig. 166-168), lateral markings broken into separate, often roundish spots 19 15. Prescutal lobe usually paler than meso- notum; frons widened above; annu- late portion of third antennal segment usually shorter than basal plate; costal cell usually hyaline; eyes in life with 2 purple bands 16 Prescutal lobe concolorous with mesono- tum; frons nearly parallel sided; an- nulate portion of third antennal seg- ment usually longer than basal plate; costal cell infuscated; eyes in life with single purple band 18 16. Scutellum and mesonotum dark gray to black concolorous; frons 4.5 to 5.0 times as high as wide lineola lineola Scutellum reddish, sometimes fainiK. on posterior margin; frons rarely more than 3.5 times as high as wide 17 17. Legs predominantly reddish; sublateral abdominal stripes essentially parallel sided (Fig. 162) similis Femora of at least fore and hind legs darkened; sublateral abdominal stripes offset between second and third .seg- ments (Fig. 163) . subsimilis subsimilis 18. Yellowish species; palpi, pleurae, and face yellow quinquevittatus Blackish species; palpi and lace white: pleurae grayish mularis 19. Dorsum of thorax covered with yellow hairs, wilhoul longitudinal stripes; abdominal stripes yellow; frons very narrow; antennal plate broad; costal cell colored 20 Without this combination of characters ...21 20. .Annulate portion of third antennal seg- ment bUick; temora dark, palpi vel- April 1983 Pf.c.hliman, Webb, & Tf.skev: Dh'IERa dk Ii.i.iNt)i.s—Tabamdae 65 low; face and pleurae yellow haired fulvulus Third antennal segment usually entire- ly orange yellow; Femora pale, some- times darkened at base; palpi white; face and pleurae pale haired pallidescens 21. Frons very narrow, at least 5 times as high as width at base 22 Frons not over 4.5 times as high as wide, usually broader 23 22. Frons widened above; basal plate of an- tennae very narrow, over twice as long as greatest width sackeni Frons essentially parallel sided; basal plate of antennae broad, never more than one and one half times as long as greatest width wilsoni 23. Second palpal segment much swollen basally'; median abdominal stripe broad sagax Second palpal segment not very swollen basally; median abdominal stripe nar- row 24 24. Pale markings of abdomen yellowish brown, sublateral spots touch hind margins of segments (Fig. 169); frons over 3.5 times as high as wide sublongus Pale markings of abdoman grayish, sub- lateral spots small, separated from hind margins; frons not more than 3.5 times as high as wide longus 25(13). Second abdominal segment with no pale median spot but occasionally two small sublateral spots (Fig. 170); fore tibiae distinctly bicolored; thorax white pollinose trimaculatus Second abdominal segment with pale median spot (Fig. 171, 174) 26 26. Abdomen with both median and sub- lateral spots (Fig. 171-177) 27 Abdomen without sublateral spots al- though abdomen may be paler lateral- ly 35 27. Wings with large brown spots not con- fined to crossveins and bifurcation; sublateral pale spots of abdomen usually confined to tergites 4-6 (Fig. 171) venustus Spots on wings, if present, confined to crossveins and bifurcation; sublateral pale spots usually on tergile 2 (Fig. 174-176) 28 28. Bifurcation with dark spot; grayish species 29 Bifurcation without dark spot; colora- tion variable 30 29. Median and sublateral spots broadly joined along posterior margins of ab- dominal segments (Fig. 172); frons 'Sharleston. Large size (23 mm); orange brown with lavender thorax; frons very narrow, slightly widened above; palpi long, straplike, each with truncate apex; cos- 84 Illinois Natural Hisiorv Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 tal cell deep yellow, brown spots on crossveins and bifurcation; first poste- rior cell narrowed at margin; all femora black; abdomen orange brown, some- what darker in center. Male easily associated with female; upper eye fac- ets scarcely enlarged, line of demarca- tion indistinct; black median areas of abdomen more evident than in female. Larvae (Fig. 201) have been collect- ed in the upper 2 cm of mud and organic debris at the margins of small ponds or lakes (Goodwin 1973b). T. gladiator is a southeastern species, extending from southern Florida to Maryland and west to eastern Texas (Fig. 228). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although speci- mens have been examined from west- ern Kentucky. Fig. 228.—Distribution of Tabanus gladiator in North America. Tabanus limbatinevris Macqiiart Tabanus limbathm'ris Macquart (1847:32). Type-locality: unknown (stated by Macquart to be Tasmania). Tabanus abdominalis Osten Sacken (1876: 434), not Fabricius (1805:96). Mis- identification. Fairly large (19.5 mm); reddish brown; frons rather narrow, averaging 5'/:f times as high as width at base, slightly widened above (Fig. 189); sec- ond palpal segment yellowish with short black hair; wing tinted, with dark spots and yellow costal cell; first posterior cell normally petiolate, occasionally closed at margin or narrowly open; femora black to brown, usually with mixture of black and yellow hairs; fore tibiae pale yellow on basal one-third to one-half, balance of segment black or brown; middle and hind tibiae vellow, somewhat darker near apex; abdomen dull reddish brown with middorsal row of pale triangles; venter dark yel- low with trace of dark median markings. Male lacks diagnostic characters of narrower frons and petiolate first pos- terior cell, which separate the female from T. sulcifrons; line of demarcation setting off larger upper eve facets straight or slopes slightly upward; in most sulcifrons, line sinuate and slopes downward before bending upward along lateral margins of eyes. A dark form of T sulcifrons (which may be a distinct species) has eye structures simi- lar to those of limbatinevris. but all I [Pechuman] have seen have the first two antennal segments dark brown or black rather than the yellow or vellow- brown of limbatinei>ris: also in this form the length of the second palpal seg- ment is 2 to 2.37 times its greatest thickness, while in limbatinevns the length is 1.8 to 1.9 times the greatest thickness. Tabanus limbatinei'ris has not been recognized as a distinct species since it was described. Macquart thought his specimen came from Tasmania, but Philip (1959:208) recognized the tvpe | in the British Museum (Natural History) as Nearctic and placed it as a syno- nym of abdominalis Fabricius. At the i same time he mentioned that the two ' syntypes of abdominalis in the Paris Museum were the form "with bright orange abdomens and reduced medi- I an spots, plus closed cell Rj." This finding was confirmed by Osten Sacken (1878), who also saw Fabricius' types. Earlier, howe\er, Osten Sacken ( 1 876) had redescribed as ahdoniimilis a smaller, browner form. In 1878, apparently after seeing Fabricius' types, he stated that his original redescription was based on "a small and very abnormalh col- ored specimen. . . ." Through the kind- ness of Mrs. Margaret K. Thaver we were able to study Osten Sacken's ma- terial in the Museum of Comparative April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskem Dipiera of Illinois—Tabanidae 85 Zoology. One specimen had a note on the pin in Osten Sacken's handwriting which said, "Specimen from which I made my first description of T. ahdomi- nalis. It is very doubtfully one; may be a T. exul with an adventitiously closed cell!" This specimen closely matches the type of T. limbatinevris kindly lent to us by Mr. J. E. Chainey of the British Museum (Natural History). Osten Sacken's other specimens from Kentucky on which his subsequent redescription of abdominalis was based (1878) are abdominalis. For additional confirmation, we sent one specimen each of limbatinevris and abdominalis to Dr. L. Tsacas, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for comparison with the types of abdomi- nalis. In a number of characters, the specimen of the species we are calling abdominalis matched Fabricius' types. The type-specimen of abdominalis has the first posterior cell closed at the margin in the left wing and short peti- olate in the right wing, according to Dr. Tsacas. The cooperation of Dr. Tsacas in this investigation is greatly appreciated. Workers subsequent to Osten Sacken included limbatinevris with abdominalis or sulcifrons. Based on a number of specimens with his determination label. Stone (1938) placed limbatinevris with sulcifrons. Numerous specimens of the three species involved were studied, and a summary of this study is given in Table 1. The larvae (Fig. 210) described as T. abdominalis (Goodwin 1973b) have been collected along the margin of a slough in the upper 2-5 cm of mud just at the water line. In Illinois adults appear in early July and have been collected until late August, with most collections in August. Fig. 229.—Distribution of Tabanus limbatinevris in illinois and North America. Table 1 .—Comparison of body length, frons ratio, and first posterior cell in Tabanus ab- dominalis, T. limbatinevris, and T. sulcifrons. Length^ (mm) 86 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 The North American range of T. limbatinevris is shown in Fig. 229. In New England it seems to be confined largely to coastal areas. It is rather widely distributed in Illinois (Fig. 229), but the bulk of the records are from the more southern counties. Tabanus lineola Fabricius Tabanus lineola Fabricius (1794:369). Type-locality: North America. Moderate size (13 mm); yellowish, brown, or nearly black; frons narrow, distinctly widened above; median cal- lus slender; eyes bare; annulate por- tion of third antennal segment usually shorter than basal portion; scutellum entirely dark; prescutal lobes usually paler than mesonotum; wing hyaline; hind femora mostly dark; abdomen with pale median stripe and variable sublateral stripes (Fig. 161). Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; eyes bare. Specimens collected in Illinois are generally of the melanistic form of this species. Larvae (Fig. 208) have been collect- ed from a wide variety of habitats. including moist forest soil, margins of ponds and streams, wooded swamps, and bogs (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until mid-September. T. lineola is a widespread east-central species, extending from Cuba to south- ern Quebec and west to South Dakota and southern Texas (Fig. 230). In Ilinois this species is widespread throughout the state (Fig. 230). Tabanus marginalis Fabricius Tabaniis marginalis Fabricius (1805:99). Type-locality: North America. Tabanus nivosns Osten Sacken (1876: 445). Type-locality: New Jersey. Moderate size (13 mm); blackish brown; first antennal segment not swol- len above; sides of subcallus without hairs; eyes bare; wing hvaline; bifurca- tion of third longitudinal vein without brown spot; abdomen with three rows of pale spots, median row being much smaller than sublateral rows (Fig. 177). Male eye facets distinctlv differentiated; sublateral abdominal spots of even Fig. 230.—Distribution of Tabanus lineola in Illinois and North America. Fig. 231.—Distribution of Tabanus marginalis in North America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera ok Illinois—T\banii)ae 87 greater extent than those of female; eyes bare. Larvae (Fig. 193) have been found in a wide range of saturated freshwa- ter habitats (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early August. 7? marginalis is a northern species, extending from northeastern Georgia to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and west in a narrow band to British Columbia and Colorado (Fig. 231). This species has been collected only once in Illinois in 1906. Illinois Records.—Lake County, Sun Lake. Tabanus melanocerus Wiedemann Tabanus melanocerus Wiedemann (1828: 122). Type-locality: Kentucky. Moderate size (17 mm); dark brown to blackish; subcallus pollinose; eyes bare; thorax does not contrast strong- ly with abdomen; wing hyaline or tinged faintly yellowish, costal cell sometimes yellow; first posterior cell much nar- rowed, sometimes closed at wing margin; bifurcation of third longitudi- nal vein without brown spot; fore tibiae pale, dark at apex; abdomen with me- dian row of pale triangles and tergites with narrow, sometimes obsolete, pale bands on hind margins (Fig. 183). Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; eyes bare. Larvae (Fig. 194) have been taken from mud and organic debris at the edges of streams, ditches, and lakes (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). T. melanocerus is a southern and east- ern species, extending from southern Florida to Massachusetts and west to Oklahoma and Texas (Fig. 232). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although spjecimens have been examined from western Kentucky. Tabanus molestus molestus Say Tabanus molestus molestus Say (1823:31). Type-locality: Missouri. Atylotus tenessensis Bigot (1892:660). Type-locality: Tennessee. Fairly large (19 mm); dark brown with dorsum of thorax, including scutellum, white pollinose except for small dark spot just anterior of scutellum; legs rather uniformly dark brown; wing spots on crossveins and bifurcation distinct but rather faint; pale median spot on second tergite smaller than those on tergites 3 and 4 (Fig. 179). Male eye facets enlarged, sharply set off; dorsum of thorax dark brown except scutellum, which is white haired and pollinose as in female; ab- domen with median triangles expand- Rg. 232.—Distribution of Tabanus melanocerus in North America. Fig. 233.—Distribution of Tabanus molestus molestus in Illinois and North America. 88 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 ed more extensively laterally than in female. Tidwell (1973) found the larvae (Fig. 197) beneath moss on banks of streams well above the high-water mark, and Thompson et al. (1978) report a larva from the shoreline of a slough. In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until late August. T. molestiis molestus is a southeastern subspecies, extending from central Florida to New York and west to Iowa and eastern Texas (Fig. 233). This sub- species has been collected infrequently in the southern half of Illinois (Fig. 233). Tabanus mularis Stone Tabanus mularis Stone (1935:15). Type- locality: Louisiana, Baton Rouge. Rather small (1 1 mm); palpi, cheeks, and beard white; costal cell dark yel- low to brown, rest of wing hyaline; abdomen blackish with yellow median parallel sided stripe, indefinite orange brown near lateral margins of tergites. Male colored essentially like female; upper eye facets enlarged, line of de- marcation distinct. The larva of this species has not been recognized. See the discussion under Tabanus quinquevittatus. In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until mid- August. T. mularis is a central and southeast- ern species, extending from the pan- handle of Florida to Maryland and west to Missouri and eastern Texas (Fig. 234). In Illinois this species has been collected in the southern two- thirds of the state (Fig. 234). Tabanus nigrescens Palisot de Beauvois Tabanus nigresceiu Palisot de Beauvois (1809:100). Type-locaHtv: United States. Large size (22 mm); black; subcallus not denuded; palpi dark brown to black; facial setae black; eves bare; mesonotum dark brown; wing pale yel- lowish with dark spots, dark costal cell, deeper color in basal cells and base of discal cell. Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; thorax often with brown- ish tinge; eyes bare. Larvae (Fig. 202) have been collect- ed from the margin of a beaver pond (Tidwell 1973) and from mud on edges of marshes, lakes, and small woodland streams (Goodwin 1973b). In Illinois adults appear in late Julv. T nigrescens is a widespread eastern species, extending from Georgia to Mas- sachusetts and west to Minnesota and Louisiana (Fig. 235). This species has been collected only twice in Illinois. Illinois Records.—Cook CountN; Wil- low Springs; Vermilion County, Forest Fig. 234.—Distribution of Tabanus mularis in Illinois and North America. Rg. 235.—Distribution of Tabanus nigrescens in North America. Pfc-.human, Webb. & Tkskfv. Diptera ok Illinois-Tabamdae April 1983 Glen Forest Preserve (5 miles SE Westville). Tabanus nigripes Wiedemann Tabanus nigripes Wiedemann (1821:25). Type-locality: Georgia, Savannah. Tabamis cojfeatus Macquart (1847:39). Type-locality: Pennsylvania, Philadel- phia. Small to moderate size (12 mm); blackish brown; subcallus thinly polli- nose or partly denuded; eyes bare; thorax does not contrast strongly with abdomen; wings hyaline, occasionally with traces of spots and yellow costal cell; first posterior cell slightly or not at all narrowed at margin; bifurcation of third longitudinal vein without brown spot; tibiae unicolorous although fore tibiae may be slightly paler at base; abdomen with median row of pale triangles, tergites with narrow pale bands on hind margins (Fig. 181). Male eye facets distincdy differentiated; fron- tal triangle prominent, denuded; eyes bare. Larvae (Fig. 195) have been found in acidic sphagnum bogs and boglike areas (Teskey 1969) and at the margin of a small pond in a mixed pine- hardwood region (Tidwell 1973). T. nigripes is a widespread central and eastern species, extending from southern Florida to New Hampshire and west to Minnesota and the pan- handle of Texas (Fig. 236). This spe- cies has been collected only once in Illinois. Illinois Records.—McHenry County, Algonquin. 89 Tabanus novaescotiae Macquart Tabanus novaescotiae Macquart (1847: 40). Type-locality: Nova Scotia. Tabanus actaeon Osten Sacken (1876: 443). Type-locality: Massachusetts (lectotype). Fairly large size (20 mm); reddish brown with thorax sometimes fuscous; eyes bare; thorax does not strongly contrast with abdomen; wing hyaline or faintly tinged with yellow, especially in costal cell; bifurcation of third longi- tudinal vein without brown spot; basal half of fore tibia yellowish; abdomen with median dark longitudinal band, which may be broad and distinct or nearly obsolete, and median row of pale triangles (Fig. 180). Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; eyes bare. For many years this species went under the name Tabanus actaeon, and much of the older literature is under this name. Larvae (Fig. 207) have been found in sphagnum moss (Teskey & Burger 1976). In Illinois adults appear in early September. T. novaescotiae is a northeastern species, extending from the mountains Fig. 236.—Distribution of Tabanus nigripes in North America. Fig. 237.—Distribution of Tabanus novaescotiae in Nortfi America. 90 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulleiin Vol. 33, Art. 1 of Virginia and West Virginia to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and west to Min- nesota (Fig. 237). This species has been collected only once in Illinois. Illinois Records.—Lake County, 2 miles NW Fox Lake. Tabanus orbicallus Philip Tabanus orbicallus Philip (1936a: 157). Type-locality: Kansas, Gove County. Moderate size (14 mm); grayish; eye hair short, sometimes indistinct; frons broad, widened above; legs rather uniformly yellow; wings, including cos- tal cell, hyaline; median line of abdo- men with dark band, on which are poorly indicated pale triangles, yellow- brown area on each side of median band. Male eyes densely pilose; upper eye facets only slightly enlarged; abdo- men much like that of female, but yellow-brown area less extensive. The larva and biology of this spe- cies are unknown. T. orbicallus is a west-central species, extending from western Illinois to South Dakota and Kansas (Fig. 238) with a disjunct record of a specimen from Indiana. Illinois Records.—Henderson County, Big River State Park (4 miles S Keithsburg). Fig. 238.—Distribution of Tabanus orbicallus In North America. Tabanus pallidescens Philip Tabanus pallidescens Philip (1936b: 150). Type-locality: Mississippi, Blue Moun- tain. Moderate size (14 mm); yellowish; frons very narrow, widened above; an- tennae yellow, annulate portion some- times a little darker, basal plate broad; palpi white or pale yellow; beard, pleu- ra white haired; legs uniformly yellow, hind femora sometimes with darker shadows; median stripe of abdomen with series of contiguous triangles (Fig. 167). Male readily associated with female; basal plate narrower than in female; upper eye facets much en- larged, occupying two-thirds of eye area, sharply set off from small lower facets. The larvae (as in fulvuliis. Fig. 196) have been taken from well drained leaf covered soils and from ruts in an old logging road in a mixed pine- hardwood forest in Louisiana (Tidwell & Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until early August. T pallidescens is a southeastern sp>ecies, extending from northern Florida to southern New Jersey and west to Kan- sas and eastern Texas (Fig. 239). This species has been collected infrequently in the southern half of Illinois (Fig. 239). Rg. 239.—Distribution of Tabanus pallidescens in Illinois and North America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Dii'tera ok Illinois—Tabamdae 91 Tabanus petiolatus Hine Tahanus petiolatus Hine (1917:270). Type- locality: Louisiana, Lecompte. Tabanus yulenm Philip (1950b:243). Type-locality: Louisiana, Triumph. Moderate size (16 mm); brownish; frons very narrow, slightly widened above; first posterior cell usually petiolate, sometimes closed or, rarely, narrowly open; fore tibiae bicolored; hind tibiae pale yellow, slighdy darkened at extreme apex; abdomen with con- spicuous row of pale triangles, which usually cross each segment; on tergite 2 pale triangle expanded anteriorly, joins pale spot on tergite 1 to form hourglass shaped marking (Fig. 182). Male similar to female, but first poste- rior cell narrowly open; upper eye facets enlarged, line of demarcation distinct. Larvae have been collected in leaf mold on the banks of a stream and in moss (Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in late August. T. petiolatus is a southeastern species, extending from southern Florida to New Jersey and west to southern Illi- nois and eastern Texas (Fig. 240). This species has been collected only once in Illinois. Illinois Records.—Johnson County, Little Black Slough Nature Preserve (4 miles SW Vienna). Tabanus benedictus Whitney (1904:206). Type-locality: Missouri, Pike County. Large size (24 mm); blackish brown with whitish bloom on unicolorous abdomen; frons very narrow, slightly widened above; face, cheeks gray poUinose; antennae orange; palpi dark brown; wing with yellowish tint, costal cell much darker yellow, bifurcation and crossveins with dark spots; first posterior cell narrowly open or closed. Male similar to female; first posterior cell open; upper eye facets enlarged with line of demarcation distinct; small facets extend in band around margin of eye to vertex. Larvae (Fig. 200) have been collect- ed most often terrestrially in the moist floodplain soils of large rivers (Tidwell 1973) or from the margin of a slough (Jones & Bradley 1924). Schwardt (1936) found egg masses on tree leaves over a moist pasture and at the border of a small swamp. In Illinois adults appear in mid-July and have been collected until early September. T. proximus is a central and southern species, extending from the panhan- Rg. 240.—Distribution of Tabanus petiolatus in North America. Tabanus proximus Walker Tabanus proximus Walker (1848:147). Type-locality: United States, St. Louis. Fig. 241.—Distribution of Tabanus proximus in Illinois and North America. 92 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 die of Florida to Maryland and west to Illinois and eastern Texas (Fig. 241). In Illinois this species has been collect- ed from the western and southern parts of the state (Fig. 241). Tabanus pumilus Macquart Tabanus pumilus Macquart (1838:150). Type-locality: Carolina. Small size (9.5 mm); dark brown to grayish black; median callus subquad- rate; second palpal segment rather slender, apex not sharply pointed; frons somewhat widened above; eyes bare; wing hyaline; thorax does not contrast strongly with abdomen, abdomen with row of faint median triangles, round- ish sublateral spots (Fig. 174). Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; oc- cipital tubercle conspicuous; eyes bare. Larvae (Fig. 191) have been collect- ed from saturated, highly or totally organic habitats in bogs and swamps and along streams (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in mid-May and have been collected until mid-July. T. pumilus is an eastern and south- ern species, extending from central Florida to Maine and west to Iowa and Fig. 242.—Distribution of Tabanus pumilus in Illinois and North America. eastern Texas (Fig. 242). This species is widespread throughout Illinois (Fig. 242). Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann (1821:34). Type-locality: Georgia, Savannah. Tabanus costalis Wiedemann (1828:173). Type-locality: Kentucky. Tabanus vicarius Walker (in part) (1848:187). Type-locaHty: North America. Tabanus manifestus Walker (1850:41). Type-locality: unknown. Tabanus baltimmensis Macquart (1855:54). Type-locality: Maryland, Baltimore. Moderate size (12.5 mm); yellowish; frons with sides essentially parallel; pollen on head yellow; palpi yellow- annulate portion of third antennal seg- ment usually longer than basal portion; eyes bare, in life with single purple band; thorax bright yellow poUinose; prescutal lobe concolorous with rest of mesonotum; wing hvaline with dark yellow costal cell; abdomen with yel- low median stripe bordered with black, lateral margins usually yellowish (Fig. 164). Male eye facets distinctly dif- ferentiated; eyes bare. This species is referred to in much of the earlier literature as T. costalis and less extensively as T. vicarius. It can be distinguished from related spe- cies by the yellowish color, which in- cludes the palpi and pleurae, and by the deep yellow tint of the costal cell. Schwardt (1936) obtained numerous egg masses in the laborator\' from what he called Tabanus costalis Wiedemann. The egg masses were of two kinds, probably indicating a difference in egg mass form of two species, since his reared specimens were a mixture of T. mularis and T. quinquevittatus. He noted that the larvae were not cannibalistic, as were those of other species with which he was working, and suggested that this was part of the reason the adults were so numerous. Presumably his comments apply to both species. Larvae (Fig. 213), unlike those ot most species of Tabanidae, are usually April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Tfskev: Diitera of Iii.inois—Tabanidak 93 tound in relatively dry situations. Moist, but not wet, pastures and hayfields seem to be preferred, but larvae must have considerable tolerance to varia- tions in moisture, since they have been collected in dry, cultivated fields and in mud along the margins of brooks (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). The large populations of this species proba- bly result from this ability to breed in diverse situations. In Illinois adults appear at the first of July and have been collected until early September. T. quinquevittatus is a widespread cen- tral and eastern species, extending from the southern tip of Florida to south- ern Quebec and west to Colorado (Fig. 243). This species is widespread throughout all of Illinois (Fig. 243). Fig. 243.—Distribution of Tabanus quinque- vittatus in Illinois and North America. Tabanus reinwardtii Wiedemann Tabanus reinwardtii Wiedemann (1828: 130). Type-locality: Pennsylvania. Tabanus erythrolelus Walker (1850:25). Type-locality: North America. Moderate size (17 mm); grayish black; basal callus large and shining; frons broad and essentially parallel sided; eyes bare or with short, scattered hairs; thorax does not strongly contrast with abdomen; wing spotted with brown; bifurcation of third longitudinal vein with brown spot; abdomen with gray median triangles, larger pale sublateral spots (Fig. 173). Male eye facets some- what differentiated, but line of demar- cation not distinct; eyes hairy. Larvae (Fig. 205) are found in mud along streams and ponds, usually in situations where the water is cool and the area shaded (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973). In Illinois adults appear in early July and have been collected until mid-August. T. reinwardtii is a northern species, extending from northern Georgia to southern Quebec and west to Mon- tana and Alberta (Fig. 244) with a disjunct population on Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. In Illinois this species has been collected widely over the north- ern half of the state (Fig. 244). Fig. 244.—Distribution of Tabanus reinwardtii in Illinois and Nortfi America. Tabanus sackeni Fairchild Tabanus sackeni Fairchild (1931:141). Type-locality: Kentucky, Cumberland Gap. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 94 Moderate size (13.5 mm); brownish; frons narrow, widened above; palpi white; third antennal segment very slender; eyes bare; wing hyaline; abdo- men with pale median line of contigu- ous triangles and pale sublateral spots, which rarely reach hind margins of tergites (Fig. 168). Male eye facets dis- tinctly differentiated; pale sublateral spots often reach hind margins of tergites; eyes bare. This species is crepuscular and prob- ably nocturnal as well; many individu- als of both sexes have been collected at light. Nothing is known of its biology. Larvae (Fig. 198) have been collect- ed 10-15 cm deep in well drained soil on a hillside in a hardwood forest in Arkansas (Goodwin 1976b). In Illinois adults appear in late June and have been collected until late September. T. sackeni is a northeastern species, extending from Georgia to New Hampshire and west to Kansas and Arkansas (Fig. 245). This species has been collected in southern Illinois and in a band across north-central Illinois (Fig. 245). Vol. 33, Art. 1 Tabanus sagax Osten Sacken Tabanus sagax Osten Sacken (1876:452). Type-locality: Illinois (lectotype). Atylotus baalTownsend (1895:58). Type- locality: Virginia, Dixie Landing. Tabanus dawsmi Philip (1931:105). Type- locality: Minnesota, Itasca Park. Moderate size (14 mm); orange brown; frons parallel sided, quite broad; third antennal segment variable but usually slender, dark orange with an- nuli black; second palpal segment swollen; eyes bare; wing hyaline; abdo- men with median line of contiguous triangles, rather indistinct sublateral spots. Male eye facets distincdv dif- ferentiated; eyes bare. This species is rather uncommon throughout its range, and it may be a crepuscular species like T. sackeni. The larvae and biology of this spe- cies are unknown. In Illinois adults appear at the end of July and have been collected until mid-September. T. sagax is an eastern species, ex- tending from North Carolina to Mas- sachusetts and west to Minnesota and Missouri (Fig. 246). This species has only been collected three times in Illi- nois from the northern part of the state. Illinois Records.—Carroll County, Savanna; Lake County. Fox Lake; McHenry County, Algonquin. Fig. 245.—Distribution of Tabanus sackeni in Illinois and North America. Fig. 246—Distribution of Tabanus sagax in North America. Tabanus similis Macquart Tabaniis similis Macquart (1850:335). Type-locaiitv: unknown (stated by Macquart to be Tismania). April 1983 PF.t:HUMAN, Webb, & Teskf's : Diitera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 95 Tabanus sculellaris Walker (1850:27). Type-locality: North America. Moderate size (13 mm); brownish to almost black; frons rather broad, widened above; median callus some- what broadened; eyes bare; annulate portion of third antennal segment usu- ally shorter than basal portion; scutel- lum reddish brown at tip; wing hyaline; prescutal lobe usually paler than mesonotum; hind femora reddish; ab- domen with pale median stripe and sublateral stripes (Fig. 162). Male eye facets differentiated, but size differ- ence small, line of demarcation often indinstinct; general color usually brownish; eyes normally bare, some- times with few scattered hairs. Larvae (Fig. 209) have been found in a variety of semiaquatic habitats along streams and ponds and at the edges of marshes and bogs. They are also found in damp sod and relatively dry agricultural land; this terrestrial environment may be this species' more common habitat (Pechuman 1972). In Illinois adults appear in mid-May and have been collected until mid- August. T. similis is a widespread species, extending from New Jersey to Nova Scotia and west to British Columbia and California (Fig. 247). In Illinois this species is found throughout the state (Fig. 247). Tabanus sparus sparus Whitney Tabanus sparus sparus Whitney (1879:38). Type-locality: New Hampshire, Mil- ford. Small size (10 mm); grayish black; median callus very narrow; second palpal segment swollen at base and sharply pointed; frons narrow, widened above; eyes bare, unicolorous in life; thorax does not strongly contrast with abdomen; wing hyaline; abdomen with row of small median triangles and oval sublateral spots, which often reach hind margins of segments (Fig. 175). Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; oc- cipital tubercle inconspicuous, usually laterally compressed; eyes bare. Larvae (Fig. 214) have been collect- ed from cranberry bogs and along the boggy margins of streams (Teskey 1969). \"v-^. Fig. 248.—Distribution of Tabanus sparus Fig. 247.—Distribution of Tabanus simllls in sparus (triangles) and T. sparus mlllerl (circles) Illinois and North America. in Illinois and Northi America. 96 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, An. 1 In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until late July. T. spams (including the subspecies sparus and milleri) is a widespread east- ern species, extending from the tip of Florida to New Hampshire and west to Wisconsin, Kansas, and eastern Tex- as (Fig. 248). This subspecies has been collected only twice in Illinois. However, the record from Pope County is doubtful, as it is based on a dried specimen on which no eye bands were evident when it was relaxed. Illinois Records.—Iroquois County, Iroquois County Conservation Area (4 miles NE Beaverville); Pope County, Lusk Creek. Tabanus sparus milleri Whitney Tabanus sparus milleri Whitney (1914: 344). Type-locality: Florida. No characters have been found to separate dried specimens of this sub- species from T. spartis sparus. However, living specimens and dried specimens which have been moistened have a diagonal purple band on the eye, whereas in T. sparus sparus the eye has no band. The similar-appearing T. pumilus has two diagonal bands across the eye in life. The larvae have been collected in matted roots of grasses and in muck at the edge of a pond (Hays & Tidwell 1967). In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until late July. The Nearctic distribution of this sub- species is included within the distribu- tion of T. sparus (Fig. 248). In Illinois this subspecies has been collected wide- ly in the southern half of the state (Fig. 248). Tabanus stygius Say Tabanus stygius Say (1823:33). Type- locality: Arkansas. Large species (22 mm); frons brown, rather narrow; palpi dark brown to black; subcallus not denuded; eyes bare; thorax with grayish white pile; wing yellowish with dark spots; costal cell deep yellow; abdomen black. Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; pile of thorax dark brown; third antennal seg- ment dark orange; eyes bare. The egg masses are laid on aquatic plants, chiefly Sagittaria, growing in shallow water. The larvae (Fig. 199) are found in muddy banks of ponds and streams (Pechuman 1972; Teskev 1969; TidweU 1973), and WUson (1969) reports finding larvae in a relatively dry forest floor in Louisiana. It often takes 2 years for this species to com- plete its life cycle. In Illinois adults appear in early June and have been collected until early August. T. stygius is a widespread eastern species, extending from southern Flori- da to Maine and west to Colorado and eastern Texas (Fig. 249). Although infrequently collected in Illinois, this species is found throughout the state (Fig. 249). Fig. 249.—Distribution of Tabanus stygius In Illinois and North America. Tabanus sublongus Stone TalHitius sublotigus Stone (1938:74). Tvpe- locality: Maryland. Plummer Island. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera of Illinois—Tabanioae 97 Moderate size (13 mm); dark or- ange brown; third antennal segment moderately slender; second palpal seg- ment not very swollen basally; frons about four times as high as width at base, parallel sided; eyes bare; wing hyaline; abdomen with median line of contiguous pale triangles, grayish yel- low to orange sublateral spots, which usually reach hind margins of seg- ments (Fig. 169). Male eye facets dis- tinctly differentiated; eyes bare. The larva and biology of this spe- cies are unknown. In Illinois adults appear at the be- ginning of July and have been collect- ed until early September. T. sublongus is a central and eastern species, extending from Georgia to New York and west to Kansas and eastern Texas (Fig. 250). Although infrequently collected in Illinois, this species is fair- ly widespread throughout the state (Fig. 250). Fig. 250.—Distribution of Tabanus sublongus In Illinois and North America. Tabanus subniger Coquillett Tabanus subniger Coquillett (1906:48). Type-locality: Illinois, Lake Forest. Tabanus nigricans ]o\\3.x\nien (1935: 15), not Wiedemann (1828:157). Mis- identification. Large species (23 mm); frons broad, gray, narrowed above, notched at vertex; palpi dark brown to black; subcallus not denuded; eye bare; thorax with grayish white pile; wings pale yellow- ish with dark spots, costal cell yellow; abdomen black. Male eye facets dis- tinctly differentiated; pile of thorax dark brown; third antennal segment dark brown or black; eyes bare. This large species superficially re- sembles T. stygius, but is easily distin- guished by the characters given in the key. A single larva of this species was taken from a pond at Ithaca, New York. The larva and pupa of this speci- men are keyed by Johannsen (1935) to Tabanus nigricans. In Illinois adults have only been col- lected from late June to early July. In spite of its large size and conspic- uous appearance, T subniger is a rarely collected northeastern species, extend- ing from New Jersey to New York and west to Illinois (Fig. 251). This species has been collected twice in northeast- ern Illinois. Illinois Records.—Cook County, Stickney; Lake County, Lake Forest. Fig. 251 .—Distribution of Tabanus subniger in North America. Tabanus subsimilis Bellardi Tabanus substmilLs Bellardi (1859:66). Type-locality: Mexico. Tabanus inttiger schwardti Philip (1942:29). Type-locality: Tennessee, Knoxville. 98 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Moderate size (14 mm); dark brown to blackish; frons rather broad, usual- ly slightly bowed in center, slightly widened above; eyes bare; wings hyaline; scutellum reddish at tip, some- times obscurely so; coxae, fore and hind femora blackish; middle femora and occasionally other femora may be somewhat paler toward apex; abdo- men with median and sublateral stripes, latter rather irregular, offset between tergites 2 and 3 (Fig. 163). Male with upper eye facets enlarged, distinctly set off from lower small facets, occupy- ing almost three-fourths of total eye area; eyes hairy. The larvae have been found in mud along the edges of streams and ponds and in seepage areas (Pechuman 1973). Thompson (1975) found the larvae in compost, flower beds, and lawn turf and suggests that this is an adaptive species, which may breed predominately in upland situations. In Illinois adults appear in early May and have been collected until mid- October. This is the longest period of emergence observed for an Illinois species, suggesting the possibility of more than one generation per year. Rg. 252.—Distribution of Tabanus subsimllis in Illinois and North America. T. subsimilis is a widespread species, extending from southern Mexico to New Jersey and west to southern Cali- fornia (Fig. 252). In Illinois this spe- cies is common and widespread (Fig. 252). Tabanus sulcifrons Macquart Tabanus sulcifrons Macquart (1855:53) (as fulcifrons). Type-locality: Maryland, Baltimore. Tabanus variegatus Fabricius (1805:95). Type-locality: North America. Name preoccupied (De Geer 1776). Tabanus tectus Osten Sacken (1876:436). Type-locality: Pennsylvania, Doubling Gap. Tabanus exul Osten Sacken (1878:558). Type-locality: Maryland, Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, District of Co- lumbia. Fairly large size (20 mm); reddish brown; frons moderately wide, 4.5 times as high as wide (Fig. 187); eyes bare; thorax does not strongly contrast with abdomen; wing somewhat tinted, with dark spots and dark yellow costal cell; bifurcation of third longitudinal vein with brown spot; first posterior cell normally open although often narrowed at margin; fore tibiae pale at base; abdomen with median row of pale rather broad triangles, hind margins of tergites with pale bands that broad- en laterally (Fig. 184). Male eye facets distinctly differentiated; eves bare. Because of its large size and capaci- ty for blood, this species is occasional- ly a serious pest. It is most abimdant when the other economicallv impor- tant species are gone for the season or on the decline. The adults of both sexes are frequently seen resting on country roads in considerable nimibers; when disturbed, the females follow automobiles, even at fairly rapid speeds. They are active until dark and some- times are found around lights. The egg masses have been found on small branches of trees well awav from water, and larvae (Fig. 211) have been collected in dry and in slightly moist soil as well as at the edges of ponds in saturated mud and plant debris (Pechu- April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Dipiera ok Illinois—Tabanidae 99 man 1972; Teskey 1969; Tidwell 1973; Wilson 1969). There is some evidence that the larvae feed on white grubs (Davis 1919). The normal life cycle is 1 year, but it sometimes requires 2. In Illinois adults normally appear in June but do not become abundant until July and August; they have been collected until late September. T. sulcifrons is a southern and east- ern species, extending from northern Florida to Rhode Island and west to western Kansas and Texas (Fig. 253). In Illinois this species is collected throughout the state (Fig. 253). Included with sulcifrons in this study is a form which was collected in some of the southern Illinois counties. It is generally darker, with darker femora and narrower palpi, and the pollen of the mesothorax often has a lavender tinge. The males have enlarged upper eye facets as in sulcifrons, but they take up less of the eye area; the line of demarcation from the small facets is straight rather than sinuate. This form may represent a distinct species, but apparent integrades with the form more generally distributed in Illinois pre- vent its separation at this time on pure- ly morphological characters. It is more common in the southern states and generally flies a little later than "typical" sulcifrons, but both may be collected at the same time. Tabanus superjumentarius Whitney Tabanus superjumentarius Whitney (1879:37). Type-locality: New Hamp- shire, Milford. Moderate size (16 mm); eyes bare; thorax with grayish white pile; wing yellowish, becoming deeper colored anteriorly, especially along veins and in costal cell; fore tibiae uniformly dark; abdomen black with small median white triangles on second to fifth tergites, triangle on second very small or some- times absent (Fig. 178). Male eye fac- ets distinctly differentiated; thorax with brownish pile; eyes bare. The larvae (Fig. 204) have been tak- en from mud and moss along stream banks (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear at the be- ginning ofJune and have been collect- ed until early July. T. superjumentarius is a northeastern species, extending from Alabama to New Hampshire and west to Missouri (Fig. 254). This species has been col- lected from only one locality in Illinois. Illinois Records.—Vermilion County, Forest Glen Forest Preserve (5 miles SE Westville). Fig. 253.—Distribution of Tabanus sulcifrons in Illinois and North America. Fig. 254.—Distribution of Tabanus superju- mentarius in Nortfi America. Tabanus trimaculatus Palisot de Beauvois Tabantis trimaculatus Palisot de Beauvois (1806:56). Type-locality: North America. 100 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Tabanus quinquelineatus Macquart (1834:200). Type-locality: Georgia. Tabanus apicalis Walker (1848:176). Type-locality: unknown. Name pre- occupied. Moderate size (16 mm); eyes bare; thorax with grayish white pile; wing nearly hyaline except for dark costal cell and dark spots; basal half of fore tibia white; abdomen dark with medi- an white triangles on third, fourth, and fifth segments, occasionally two small sublateral white spots on the sec- ond segment (Fig. 170). Male eye fac- ets distinctly differentiated; eyes bare. The egg masses are deposited on vegetation along the edges of ponds and slow streams, and the larvae (Fig. 206) are found in organic mud and decaying vegetation near water (Pechu- man 1972; Tidwell 1973; Goodwin 1973b). Larvae have also been found in rotting logs (Pechuman 1972). In Illinois adults appear in late May and have been collected until early September. T. trimaculatm is a widespread species, extending from northern Florida to Rhode Island and west to Nebraska and central Texas (Fig. 255). In Illi- nois this species is found throughout the state (Fig. 255). Tabanus turbidus Wiedemann Tabanus turbidus Wiedemann (1828:124). Type-locality: Kentucky. Large size (22 mm); brown: frons very narrow, widened above; antennae, palpi, legs reddish brown; wings with brown spot on bifurcation and cross- veins, most veins margined with brown; costal cell yellow; first posterior cell wide open; abdomen brown with a row of sometimes indistinct pale trian- gles (Fig. 185). Male readily associated with female; annulate portion of third antennal segment sometimes slightly darkened; legs a little darker than in female, abdominal spots larger and more conspicuous; upper eye facets enlarged but not sharplv set off from smaller facets. The larva is unknown. The adults are largely crepuscular and nocturnal. In Illinois adults appear in mid-July and have been collected until late August. T. turbidus is a southeastern species, extending from central Florida to South Carolina and west to southern Illinois and western Arkansas (Fig. 256). This species has been collected in Illinois only in the south. Illinois Records.—Alexander County, 4 miles ESE McCliire; Johnson County, 0.2 mile E Grantsburg; Union County, LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological .\rea (4 miles N Wolf Lake), Union County Conservation Area (2 miles SE Ware). Fig. 255.—Distribution of Tabanus trimaculatus in Illinois and North America. Fig. 256.—Distribution of Tabanus turbidus in North America. I April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Dmmera ok Illinois—Tahamuak 101 Tabanus venustus Osten Sacken Tabanus vennstm Osten Sacken (1876: 444). Type-locality: Texas, Dallas. Moderate size (16 mm); brown; wings variegated with brown areas not con- fined to bifurcation and crossbands; abdomen with white median triangles, small sublateral spots on tergites 3-6 (Fig. 171). Male easily associated with female by its variegated wings but dif- fers in having a brown thoracic dor- sum except for white poUinose scutel- lum; abdominal pale areas much more extensive than in female, formed by running together of median and sublateral spots to form pale posterior bands on tergites 2-4; upper eye facets somewhat enlarged but not clearly set off from small facets. Larvae of T. venustus have been col- lected on the banks of streams and spring-fed ponds (Schwardt 1936). Thompson et al. (1978) collected a larva at the margin of a small pond. In Illinois adults appear in late June and have been collected until early September. T. venustus is a south-central species. extending from Louisiana to south- western Ohio and west to Nebraska and central Texas (Fig. 257). In Illi- nois this species has been infrequently collected (Fig. 257). Tabanus vivax Osten Sacken Tabanus vivax Osten Sacken (1876:446). Type-locality: New York, Trenton Falls. Tabanus arborealis Stone (1935:14). Type- locality: Vermont, Rutland. Moderate size (14.5 mm); dark brown, sometimes with reddish cast and sometimes nearly black; vertex slightly depressed or flat; Irons about 3.5 times as high as wide; last antennal annulus black; first antennal segment not swollen above; sides of subcallus without hairs; eyes bare; thorax does not strongly contrast with abdomen; wing hyaline often with yellowish tinge anteriorly; abdomen with three rows of pale spots, median triangle on sec- ond segment does not reach anterior margin. Male eye facets distinctly differentiated, lower facets curve up- ward in band separating large facets laterally from eye margin; eyes bare. This species is not commonly col- . - „ Fin 9SR —Distribution of Tabanus vivax in Rg. 257^-pistribu,ion of Tabanus venustus ,n Rg. /^8 .^ D,stnb Illinois and North America. 102 Illinois Naiural History Survey Bllletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 lected. For many years it was confused with what is now called T. fairchildi, and most records earlier than 1938 actually refer lo fairchildi. Larvae (as in marginalis, Fig. 193) have been found in pasture sod at the edge of a permanently wet area and in boglike areas bordering streams (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). T. vivax is a northeastern species, extending from West Virginia to Labrador and west to Wisconsin (Fig. 258). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from southern Wisconsin. Tabanus wilsoni Pechuman Tabanus wiboni Pechuman (1962:66). Type-locality: Arkansas, Arkansas County, Arkansas River. Moderate size (14 mm); brown; frons very narrow, sometimes slightly widened above; first two antennal segments and rather broad basal plate of third seg- ment dark yellow, annulate portion black; palpi white; dorsum of thorax brown, contrasting with gray pollinose, white haired pleurae; wings with faint yellowish tint, darker in costal cell; coxae, fore and hind femora mostly dusky; pale median band of abdomen narrow, widening at apex of each segment; sublateral spots small, round- ish, yellow brown. Male similar to female, but basal plate of antennae narrower, pleural hairs with yellowish tint, sublateral abdominal spots more extensive; upper eye facets not greatly enlarged but line of demarcation distinct. Larvae (as mfulvulus. Fig. 196) have been found in relatively drv soil in a bottomland hardwood forest in Louisi- ana (Tidwell & Tidwell 1973). T. wilsoni is a south-central species, extending in a narrow band from Louisiana to western Kentuckv (Fig. 259). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from western Kentucky. Hamatabanus Philip Hamatabanus carolinensis (Macquart) Tabanus carolinensis Macquart ( 1838: 149). Type-locality: Carolina. Tabanus scitus Walker (1848:181). Tvpe- locality: Georgia. Tabanus hirtioculatus Macquart (1855:53). Type-locality: Marvland, Baltimore. Tabanus cerastes Osten Sacken (1876: 462). Type-locality: Kentucky, Bee Spring. Large, stout (14 mm); brownish; eyes sparsely pilose; subcallus pollinose; frons higher than wide; third antennal Fig. 259.—Distribution of Tabanus wilsoni in North America. Fig. 260.—Distribution of Hamatabanus caro- linensis in Illinois and North America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, 8c Teskev: Difiera ok Iixinois—IXbanidae 10:5 segment with extended dorsal angle (Fig. 30); abdomen with three rows of pale spots; wings hyaline to pale brown; hind tibiae without apical spurs, sublateral ones on second abdominal tergite frequently reaching entirely across segment. Male readily associated with female but eyes more obviously hairy. The larva is unknown. In Illinois adults appear at the be- ginning ofJune and have been collect- ed until early July. H. carolinensis is a southeastern species, extending from northern Flori- da to Maryland and west to Missouri and Louisiana (Fig. 260). In Illinois this species is found only in the south- ern part of the state (Fig. 260). KEY TO SPECIES OF HYBOMITRA Females 1. Black species with first 3 abdominal seg- ments mostly bright orange cincta Abdomen otherwise marked 2 2. Subcallus denuded, shining 3 Subcallus poUinose 6 3. Subcallus swollen; whole of face below eyes denuded, shining; small species with dark wing markings hinei Subcallus normal; face below eyes not shining 4 4. Abdomen broadly orange brown lateral- ly, median black area constricted on third segment; all crossveins spotted with brown lasiophthalma Abdomen not broadly orange brown laterally, if paler laterally, median dark area on third segment not constricted.. ..5 5. Eye apparently bare; basal portion of third antennal segment narrow; abdo- men brownish, faintly reddish brown laterally with median row of indis- tinct whitish triangles diCHcilis Eye hairy; basal portion of third anten- nal segment stout lurida 6. Abdomen broadly orange brown later- ally; basal plate and usually annu- late portion of antennae orange; palpi stout; frons about 5 times as high as width at base, widened above ...epistates Without this combination of characters....? 7. Bifurcation with distinct spur vein tetrica hirtula No spur vein at bifurcation 8 8. Abdomen black with median row of dis- tinct white triangles, no sublateral spots sodalis Abdomen otherwise marked 9 9. Second palpal segment slender, scarcely thickened at base 10 Second palpal segment stout, especially at base 12 10. Femora, except bases of hind femora, brown; sides of abdomen reddish brown; second palpal segment ex- tremely slender; third antennal seg- ment practically without dorsal ex- cision minuscula Femora usually black, if brown, sides of abdomen without considerable orange brown II 11. Prescutal lobe black; hair of palpi un- even astuta Prescutal lobe pale; hair of palpi short, lying smoothly against segment pechumani 12. Bifurcation with distinct spot; third an- tennal segment stout illota Bifurcation without distinct spot; third antennal segment more slender 13 13. Legs nearly uniformly brownish, rarely femora somewhat darker; third an- tennal segment very slender; prescutal lobe black microcephala Femora black or grayish; third antennal segment not especially slender; pre- scutal lobe rarely black frontalis Males 1 . Stiff hairs along midline between eyes difiHcilis No stiff hairs along midline between eyes 2 2. Black species with first 3 abdominal segments mostly bright orange cincta Abdomen otherwise marked 3 3. Small dark species with gray, protu- berant frontal triangle; genae black, somewhat shining; dark cloud on wing near stigma hinei Differing in one or more characters from above 4 4. Crossveins and bifurcation with dis- tinct dark spots; abdomen laterally broadly orange lasiophthalma Wings hyaline, tinted, or with dark spot only at bifurcation 5 5. Abdomen black, obscurely reddish laterally with no distinct sublateral spots; conspicuous row of white me- dian triangles sodalis Abdomen otherwise marked 6 6. Small species, not over 12 mm. with very slender second palpal segment; sides of abdomen broadly dark orange, but first segment usually com- pletely black; third segment with very shallow dorsal excision minuscula Species usually over 12 mm, l)ut il smaller, second palpal segment stoul. dorsal excision distinct 7 104 Illinois Natural History Survey Bullei ln Vol. 33. Art. 1 7. Bifurcation with distinct spur vein tetrica hirtula No spur vein at bifurcation 8 8. Prescutal lobe black 9 Prescutal lobe reddish, at least on disc 10 9. Femora brown; second palpal segment stout microcephala Femora black; second palpal segment small, slender astuta 10. Abdomen rather broadly orange brown laterally 1 1 Abdomen may have some orange brown markings laterally, but such markings cover only small section of segment ...13 11. First abdominal sternite orange, occa- sionally with small dark area in center; third antennal segment, usually includ- ing annuli, reddish epistates First abdominal sternite almost entirely black or with small orange area sub- laterally; at least annulate portion of third antennal segment darkened 12 12. Frontal triangle rather flat; base of third antennal segment slender; palpi moderately stout, yellowish brown; wing often dilutely infuscated but without intensification in anterior por- tion; costal cell dilutely tinted or clear frontalis Frontal triangle protuberant; base of third antennal segment rather stout; palpi very stout, grayish brown; an- terior portion of wing often infus- cated along veins, in basal cells, and at bifurcation; costal cell tinted lurida 13. Bifurcation with distinct spot; palpi very stout; eye facets rather uniform in size illota Bifurcation without spot; palpi rather slender; upper eye facets distinctiv larger than lower facets pechumani Larvae 1. Pubescence restricted to minute indis- tinct patches on subdorsal or dorsal anterior margin of metathorax and first 2 abdominal segments and pos- terior dorsal margin of anal segment in addition to usual pubescence en- circling anterior of prothorax. and on anal ridges (Fig. 261) microcephala Pubescence present additionallv on at least anterolateral margins of me.so- and metathorax and/or dorsolaterally on 3 or more abdominal segments 2 2. Anterior pubescence on abdominal seg- ments 1 to 7 conspicuously darker dorsolaterallv than elsewhere (Fig. 262, 263) ' 3 Darker pubescence, if present, extends over entire dorsum and not restricted to dorsolateral aspects, or anterior pubescence present on fewer abdomi- nal segments (Fig. 264-270) 5 3. Respiratory siphon approximately 1.5 times as long as its basal diameter; pubescence encircles anterior of meso- and metathorax (Fig. 263) 4 Respiratory siphon about equal in length to its basal diameter; pubescence usual- ly does not encircle anterior of meso- and metathorax, either absent dorsallv or laterally or from all aspects of these segments (Fig. 262) lasiophthalma 4. Body reddish brown; posterior pubes- cence on preanal segment, if present, usually forms an even band that is narrowly interrupted only dorsallv (Fig. 263) episutes '"Body normally olive green, though oc- casionally brown; posterior pubes- cence on preanal segment usually forms ragged series of small patches, but sometimes absent illota 5. Anterior pubescence present at least dorsolaterally on first 5-7 abdominal segments; posterior pubescence pres- ent on, often encircles, preanal seg- ment (Fig. 264-266) 6 Anterior pubescence present dorsola- terally on fewer than 5 abdominal seg- ments; posterior pubescence usuallv absent from preanal segment, but if present, does not encircle segment (Fig. 267-270) 8 6. Anterior pubescence encircles thoracic segments; respiratory siphon approxi- mately 1.5 times as long as its basal diameter (Fig. 264) frontalis Anterior pubescence on meso- and meta- thorax interrupted dorsallv and ven- trallv; respiratorv siphon about twice as long as its basal diameter 7 7. Anterior pubescence traverses dorsum ot first 4 or 5 abdominal segments, con- nected dorsolaterallv to faint band ot pubescence bordering adjacent proleg (Fig. 265) hinei Anterior pubescence traverses dorsum of onlv first 2 or 3 abdominal seg- ments; proleg pubescence essentiallv absent, at least a distinct break exists dorsolaterallv between anterior pubes- cence and prolegs (Fig. 266). minuscula 8. Anal segment and respiratorv siphon both distinctiv longer than their greatest diameters; anal segment more or less attenuated posteriorly when fullv expanded (Fig. 267) cincta Either anal segment or respiratorv siphon or both alxnit equal in length to their greatest diameters; anal seg- ment semispherical and slightlv swollen (Fig. 268-270) 9 April 1983 Pechuman, Webb. & Teskev: Dipiera of Illinois—Tabanidae 105 261 microcephala 262 lasiophthalma f m ^i 263 epistales 25') frontalis 265 hinei 266 minuscula 267 cincta Rg. 261-267—Larvae. 261 Hybomltra microcephala. 262 H. lasiophthalma. 263. H. epistates. 264. H. frontalis. 265 H. hinel. 266 H. minuscula. 267. H. cincta. 106 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 268 lurida 269 pechumani 270 sodalis Fig. 268-270—Larvae. 268. Hybomitra lurida. 269. H. pechumani. 270. H. sodaiis. 9. Posterior pubescence absent from anal segment (Fig. 268); tracheal trunks swollen to about 0.7 mm wide in pre- anal segment, abruptly tapered at level of first abdominal segment lurida Posterior pubescence present, although often indistinct, on anal segment (Fig. 269, 270); tracheal trunks slender (0.4 mm wide in preanal segment) and rather gradually tapered anteriorly ...10 10. Pubescence very pale, usually encircling anterior margin of first abdominal segment and posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 269); living larva light green pechumani Pubescence moderately pigmented, at least on thoracic segments, absent lat- erally on anterior margin of first ab- dominal segment, vestigial on posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 270); liv- ing larva pale brown sodalis Hybomitra astuta (Osten Sacken) Tabanus astutus Osten Sacken (1876: 471). Type-locality: New Hampshire. White Mountains. Moderate size (14 mm); brownish black; eyes hairy; second palpal seg- ment slender, scarcely thickened at base; palpal hairs long, uneven, semi-erect; subcallus poUinose; abdomen with three rows of grayish triangles; prescutal lobes dark; wings hyaline, costal cell pale yellow. Male eye facets scarcely dif- ferentiated; pale abdominal markings with orange cast; eyes hairy. I Fig. 271.—Distribution of Hybomitra astuta ln| North America. April 1983 Pec.human, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera ok Illinois—Tabamdae 107 This species is related to H. pechumani although they can be readily separated by the characters given in the keys. The larva is unknown. H. astuta is a northern species, extending from New York to Labrador and west to Alaska (Fig. 271). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from northern Wisconsin. Hybomitra cincta (Fabricius) Tabanus dnctiis Fabricius (1794:366). Type-locality: Virginia. Moderate to large size (19 mm); black with orange band covering most of first three tergites; eyes practically bare; subcallus partly denuded; wing with dark yellow tint. Male eye facets little differentiated; eyes hairy. It is not likely that this species, with its brilliant yellow or orange band on the abdomen, will be confused with any other species in the central states. Larvae (Fig. 267) have been found under stones in streams (Pechuman 1972; Teskey & Burger 1976). H. cincta is a southern and eastern species, extending from Louisiana and the panhandle of Florida north to Maine and west to the upper portion of Michigan (Fig. 272). As yet this species has not been collected in Illi- nois although specimens have been ex- amined from western Kentucky. Fig. 272.—Distribution of Hybomitra cincta in North America. Hybomitra difiFicilis (Wiedemann) Tabanus diffkilis Wiedemann (1828:165). Type-locality: unknown. Moderate size (13 mm); dark brown; subcallus denuded; eyes almost bare; basal portion of third antennal seg- ment narrow; abdomen rather broad with median row of inconspicuous pale triangles, obscurely reddish laterally; wings hyaline with yellow costal cell. Male eye facets scarcely differentiated; row of stiff black hairs stands erect between eyes; frontal triangle grayish; eyes almost bare. For many years this species was known as carolinensis, but Macquart's name belongs to another species. It is rarely common enough to be a pest, but occasionally is abundant in local areas. Under such circumstances it at- tacks wild and domestic animals and humans indiscriminately. It is an early season form. In spite of the abundance of this species in some areas, the immature stages remain unknown. In Illinois adults have been collect- ed only in mid-June. H. diffkilis is an eastern and central species, extending from northern Flori- da to Massachusetts and west to Wis- consin and Arkansas (Fig. 273). This species has been collected only once in eastern Illinois. Illinois Records.—Vermilion County, Forest Glen Forest Preserve (5 miles SE Westville). Rg. 273.—Distribution of Hybomitra difflciiis in North America. Hybomitra epistates (C)sten Sacken) Tabanus epistates Osten Sacken (1878: 555). Type-locality: Canada, North- west Territories, Fort Simpson. Tabanus socim Osten Sacken (1876:467). Type-lt)cality: Canada, Northwest ler- ritories. Fort Simpson. Name preoc- cupied (Walker 1848). 108 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Moderate size (14 mm); brownish; second palpal segment rather swollen; subcallus pollinose; frons about five times as high as width at base, widened above; basal portion of third antennal segment mostly orange, about two- thirds as wide as long; eyes hairy. Male eye facets scarcely differentiated; eyes hairy. Larvae (Fig. 263) are usually found in wet moss in swamps (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in mid-June and have been collected until mid-July. H. epistates is a northern species, extending from Delaware to Nova Sco- tia and west to Oregon and Alaska (Fig. 274). In Illinois this species is collected only in the northern half of the state (Fig. 274). Fig. 274.—Distribution of Hybomltra epistates in Illinois and North America. Hybomitra frontalis (Walker) Tahanus frontalis Walker (1848:172). Type-locality: Nova Scotia, Cape Breton. Tabanus incisiis Walker (1850:26). Type- locality: Nova Scotia. Tabanus septentrionalis Loew (1858:592). Type-locality: Labrador. Tylostypia labradoremis Enderlein (1925: 363). Type-locality: Labrador. Tabanus canadensis Curran (1927:82). Type-locality: Manitoba, Winnipego- sis. Moderate size (14 mm); blackish brown to yellowish; eves hair\ ; subcallus pollinose; second palpal segment stout, especially at base; prescutal lobe rare- ly black; abdomen with faint gravish or yellowish median triangles, yellowish, reddish, or gray sublateral spots, which may or may not reach hind margins of tergites; wing hyaline, costal cell tinged with yellow; femora black or gravish. Male eye facets slightly differentiated but line of demarcation indistinct: sublateral abdominal spots usually larger, more reddish than in female, sometimes forming broad sublateral band; eyes hairy. Pechuman (1957) treated this spe- cies as two subspecies. Intergrades be- tween the two forms are found fre- quently. Although McAlpine (1961) has characterized a number of morphs. Pechuman believes them all to belong to a single species. Larvae (Fig. 264) have been collect- ed from wet moss in swamps (Teskev 1969). Rg. 275.—Distribution of Hybomltra frontalis in Illinois and North America. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitera of Iliinois—Tahanidae 109 In Illinois adults appear in late June and have been collected until late July. H. frontalis is a northern species, extending from Vermont to Labrador and west to Colorado and Alaska (Fig. 275). In Illinois this species has only been collected from the northeast part of the state (Fig. 275). Hybomitra hinei (Johnson) Tabanxis hinei ]o\mson (1904: 15). Type- locality: New Jersey, Merchantville. New name ior politus ]ohnson (1900: 325). Therioplectes politus Johnson (1900:325). Name preoccupied in Tahanus (Walker 1871). Type-locality: New Jersey, Merchantville. Small to moderate size (11 mm); subcallus swollen, denuded, shiny; eyes with short hair; abdomen shining black with orange laterally; wing tinted with yellow, dark, poorly defined band in vicinity of discal cell, costal cell dark yellow. Male eye facets little differen- tiated; frontal triangle prominent, gray- ish; eyes hairy. Larvae (Fig. 265) have been found in moss and partly decayed organic material around roots of shrubs and along banks of ponds, lakes, streams, and ditches (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). H. hinei is an eastern coastal species, extending from South Carolina to New Hampshire with several disjunct popu- lations in New York, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana (Fig. 276). As yet this species has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been examined from Indiana and Wisconsin. Hybomitra illota (Osten Sacken) Tabanus illota Osten Sacken (1876:469). Type-locality: Hudson Bay Territory (lectotype). Moderate size (13 mm); brownish black; subcallus pollinose; eyes hairy; second palpal segment stout, especial- ly at base; third antennal segment stout; abdomen with faint median triangles, gray or yellowish gray sublateral spots; wings hyaline with pale yellow costal cell and faint brownish spots. Male eye facets scarcely differentiated; sublateral spots larger than in female, usually more yellowish; eyes hairy. The larvae are found in organic debris and moss on the edges of ponds and swamps and in sphagnum bogs (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in late May and have been collected until mid-July. H. illota is a northern species, extending from New York to the Gaspe Peninsula and west to Washington and southern Alaska (Fig. 277). In Illinois this species is collected only in the northeast corner of the state. Illinois Records.—Cook County, Palos Hills; Du Page County, Argonne National Laboratories; Lake County, Volo. Rg. 276.—Distribution of Hybomitra hinei in North America. Fig. 277.—Distribution of Hybomitra Illota in North America. no Illinois Natl'R-\l History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33. An. 1 Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macquart) Tabanus lasiophthalmus Macquart (1838: 147). Tvpe-localitv: Carolina. Tabanus punctipennis Macquart (1847:39). Tvpe-locality: Pennsylvania. Phila- delphia. Tabanus notabilis Walker (1848:166). Tvpe-localitv: New York and Georgia. Tabanus fretus Stone (1938:154). Tvpe- localitv: Connecticut. Lyme. Tabanus guttiferus Harris (1925:70). No- men nudum. Tabanus redactus Walker (1850:66). Type- localitv: unknown. Moderate size (14 mm); brownish; subcallus denuded, shim; eves hair\; basal callus shinv. protuberant; abdo- men broadlv orange brown laterallv; wings hvaline or faindv tinted, with conspicuous dark spots, vellow costal cell. Male eve facets little dififerentiated: frontal triangle grayish: eves hairv The eggs are laid on various plants over moist ground; the egg mass is small and shining black, resembling a drop of tar on the leaf. Larvae (Fig. 262) are found in moist or wet sod, sphagnum bogs, and marshes (Pechu- man 1972; Teskev 1969). Wilson (1969) collected lar\ae from a relativelv dr, forest floor. In Illinois adults appear in mid-April and have been collected until mid-Julv H. lasiophthalma is a wide-ranging species, extending from Georgia to southern Quebec and west to eastern Texas and British Columbia (Fig. 278). In Illinois this species is distributed throughout the state (Fig. 278). Hybomitra lurida (Fallen) Hybomitra lunda Fallen (1817:5). Type- localitv: Scandia. Tabanus metabola McDunnough (1922: 239). Tvpe-localitv: .Alberta, Nordegg. Moderate size (13 mm); brownish black; subcallus denuded, shinv; eves hairv; third antennal segment stout; abdomen with faint median triangles, vellowish sublateral spots on second, third, and fourth tergites; wings hva- line with dark yellow costal cell, faint brownish spots, and a tendencv for veins toward bases of wings to be oudined in vellowish brown. Male eve facets scarcelv differentiated; thorax and abdomen rather shiny; eyes hair^. Previously, this species had been ts?s--.v. I Rg. 278.-Dis,ribution of Hybomttra lasioph- Rg. 279^-?'S'"^"«°" °' "y""""*'" '""**" thalma in Illinois and North America April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diptera ok Illinois—Tabamuae 111 reported as H. metabola. However, it has been shown (Pechuman & Stone 1968) that it is the same as the Old World lurida, and this name has priority. Larvae (Fig. 268) are most common- ly found in sphagnum bogs, but have also been taken in moss in swamps, ditches, and marshes (Teskev 1969). H. lurida is a widespread northern species, extending from Massachusetts to northern Labrador and west to Col- orado and Alaska (Fig. 279j. This spe- cies has been collected only once in Illinois. Illinois Records.—McHenry County, Algonquin. Hybomitra microcephala (Osten Sacken) Tabanus microcephalui Osten Sacken (1876:470). Type-locality: New Hampshire, White Mountains. Moderate size (14 mm); grayish black; subcallus pollinose; third antennal seg- ment very slender; second palpal seg- ment stout, especialh at base: eyes hairy; prescutal lobe black; abdomen with three rows of grayish or pinkish gray spots, which are largest on sec- ond tergite; wings hyaline with vellow- ish costal cell and tendency for veins to be outlined in pale yellow; legs uniformly brown or reddish. Male eye facets scarcely differentiated; sublateral abdominal spots often reddish; eyes haii^. Larvae (Fig. 261) have been collect- ed from a well-decayed log (Teskey & Burger 1976j. H. microcephala is a northeastern sp>ecies, extending from South Carolina to southern Quebec and west to Manitoba (Fig. 280^ As yet this spe- cies has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been exam- ined from Wisconsin and Ohio. Hybomitra minuscula (Hine) Tabanus minusculus Hine (1907:226). Type-locality: Maine, Orono; New \brk, Oswego; Massachusetts, Spring- field; Canada. Small to moderate size (II mm); rather shining blackish brown; subcallus pollinose; seccjnd palpal segment very slender; third antennal segment practi- cal!) without dorsal excision; eyes hairv; abdomen with considerable orange brown laterally: wings tinted, \\ith ten- dency for veins to be outlined in deeper Fig. 280.—Distribution of Hybomitra micro- Fig. 281.—Distritxjtior of HytxKtirtra minuscula cephala in North America. in North America 112 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, An. 1 tint, costal cell yellow. Male eye facets scarcely differentiated; eyes hairy. Larvae (Fig. 266) are found in sphag- num (Pechuman 1972; Teskey 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early August. H. minuscula is a northeastern sfjecies, extending from Virginia to northern Labrador and west to Wisconsin (Fig. 281). This species has been collected only once in Illinois. Illinois Records.—Lake County, Ce- dar Lake. Hybomitra pechumani Teskey & Thomas Hybomitra pechumani Teskey & Thomas (1979:346). Type-locality: Ontario, Alfred. Moderate size (11 mm); palpi slender; eyes sparsely pilose; prescutal lobe red- dish or brown; wings hyaline with dark yellow costal cell; abdomen with medi- an row of gray triangles, larger sub- lateral pale spots. Male with upper eye facets enlarged, line of demarca- tion distinct; eyes densely pilose; sublateral pale abdominal markings sometimes pinkish; integument sub- shining. Rg. 282.—Distribution of Hybomitra pechumani in North America. Most records in the literature of typhus Whitney refer to this species. However, the name typhus properly be- longs to a less commonly collected spe- cies (Teskey & Thomas 1979). Larvae (Fig. 269) are found in wet moss in sphagnum bogs, in swamps, and at the edges of ponds and lakes (Teskey 1969, as H. typhus). H. pechumani is a wide-ranging north- ern species, extending from northern Georgia to Labrador and west to Idaho, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories (Fig. 282). As yet this spe- cies has not been collected in Illinois although specimens have been exam- ined from central Wisconsin and Ohio. Hybomitra sodalis (Williston) Tabanus sodalis Williston (1887:139). Type-locality: Connecticut. Tabanus aestivalis Harris (1925:70). No- men nudum. Moderate size (15 mm); blackish: subcallus pollinose; basal portion of third antennal segment partlv dark- ened; eyes with fine inconspicuous hairs; abdomen black with median row of grayish white triangles; wings tinted, especially anteriorly, costal cell dark yellow. Male eye facets scarcelv dif- ferentiated; sides of abdomen usually tinted with orange brown; eyes hairy. Pechuman (1957) considered this spe- cies as a subspecies of tmpila Wiede- mann, but it has been shown (Pechu- man 1960) that two sibling species are involved. They can be separated bv the basal portion of the third antennal segment, which is partlv black in sodalis and entirely orange in trtspila. Larvae (Fig. 270) have been found in wet soil near the edges of streams, in seepage areas, in moss in woodland swamps, and in relativelv drv sod (Pechuman 1972; Teskev 1969). In Illinois adults appear in early July and have been collected imtil late July- H. sodalis is a northeastern species, extending from northern Georgia to New Brimswick and west to Minneso- ta (Fig. 283). In Illinois this species April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Diitkra of Illinois—Tabanidae 113 Fig. 283.—Distribution of Hybomitra sodalis in Illinois and North America. has been collected at several localities in the northern half of the state (Fig. 283). Hybomitra tetrica hirtula (Bigot) Therioplectes hirtula Bigot (1892:641). Type-locality: Washington Territory. Moderate size (15 mm); blackish; palpi white, rather stout at base; beard white; frons rather wide, widened above; prescutal lobe brown; bifurca- tion with spur vein; abdomen with three rows of gray spots, sublateral ones sometimes with reddish tinge. Male readily associated with female by spur vein at bifurcation; upper eye facets scarcely diiferentiated; beard with some dark hairs. Collecting in 1979 at the sole recorded locality in Illinois did not produce this species, and since Illinois is well out of its known range, it is possible that the specimens here recorded have an erroneous locality label. The immature stages are unknown. In Illinois adults have been collect- ed in early July. H. tetrica hirtula is a western species, extending from Colorado to Manitoba and west to British Columbia and California, with a disjunct record in Illinois (Fig. 284). This subspecies has been collected only once in Illinois. Illinois records.—Ogle County, White Pines Forest State Park (7 miles W Oregon). Fig. 284.—Distribution of Hybomitra tetrica hirtula in North America. 114 Illinois Natural History Survey Bullehn Vol. 33, Art. 1 LITERATURE CITED Aldrich. J. M. 1892. A new genus and species of Tabanidae. Psyche 6:236-237. Anderson, J. E, and E R. Kneen. 1969. The temporary impoundment of salt marshes for the control of coastal deer flies. Mosquito News 29:239-243. Andrews, E L., and C. W. Wingo. 1975. Annotat- ed list and keys to deer flies and horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Missouri. Missouri Academy of Science Transactions 9:3-20. Anthony, D. W. 1962. Tabanidae as disease vec- tors. Pages 93-107 in K. Maromorosch, ed.. Biological transmission of disease agents. Academic Press, NY. 192 p. Bellardi, L. 1859. Saggio di ditterologia messicana. Parte 1. Torino. 80 p. Bequaert, J. 1926. Medical report of the Hamilton Rice Seventh Expedition to the Amazon, in conjunction with the Department of Tropical Medicine of Harvard University, 1924-1925. Part II. Medical and economic entomology. Harvard University, Institute for Tropical Bi- ology and Medicine Contributions 4:155-257. Bigot, J. M. E 1892. Descriptions de Dipteres nouveaux. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France 5:602-691. Brennan, J. M. 1935. The Pangoniinae of Nearctic America, Diptera: Tabanidae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 22:249-401. Burger, J. E 1977. The biosystematics of imma- ture Arizona Tabanidae (Diptera). American Entomological Society Transactions 103:145-258. Burton. J. J. S. 1975. The deer flies of Indiana. Great Lakes Entomologist 8:1-29. CcnauiLLETT, D. W. 1906. A new Tabanus related to punctifer. Entomological News 17:48. CuRRAN, C. H. 1927. Descriptions of Nearctic Diptera. Canadian Entomologist 59:79-92. Davis, J. J. I9I9. Contributions to a knowledge of the natural enemies of Phyllophaga. Illinois State Natural History Survey Bulletin 13:53-138. DeFoliart, G. R., R. O. Anslow, R. R Hanson, C. D. Morris, O. Papadopoulos, and G. E. Sather. 1969. Isolation ofJamestown Canyon serotype of California encephalitis virus from naturally infected Aedes mosquitoes and taba- nids. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 18:440-447. De Geer, C. 1776. Memoires pour servir a I'histoire des Insectes. Vol. 6. Stockholm. 523 p. Drury, D. 1773. Illustrations of natural history Vol. 2. London. 90 p. Enderlein, G. 1925. Studien an blutsaugenden Insekten. 1. Grundlagen eines neuen Systems der Tabaniden. Mitteilungen aus deni Zoolo- gischen Museum in Berlin 11:255-409. Fabrk:ius, J. C. 1775. Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines. genera, species adiectis synonyniis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Elensburgi et Lipsiae. 832 p. . 1781. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas. synonyma, auc- torum, loca natalia. metamorphosin. Vol. 2. Hamburgi et Kilonii. 517 p. . 1794. Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Vol. 4. Hafniae. 472 p. 1805. Svstema antliatorum secundum ordines, genera, species. Brunsvigae. 373 p Fairchild, G B. 1934. Notes on Tabanidae. Boston Society of Natural History Occasional Papers 8:139-144. . 1937. A preliminan, list of the Taban- idae (Diptera) of Florida. Florida Entomolo- gist 19:58-63. 1 Fallen, C. F 1817. Diptera Sveciae. Tabanii et f Xylophagei. Pages 3-14. Lundae. FoRSTER, J. R. 1771. Novae species insectorum. Centuria I. London, 100 p. Goodwin, J. T. 1966. An annotated list of the Tabanidae of Tennessee. Tennessee Academy of Science Journal 41:114-115. . 1972. Immature stages of some eastern Nearctic Tabanidae (Diptera). Georgia Ento- mological Society Journal 7:98-109. 1973a. Immature suges of some eastern Nearctic Tabanidae (Diptera). II. Genera of the tribe Diachlorini. Georgia Entomological Society Journal 8:5-1 1. 1973b. Immature stages of some eastern Nearctic Tabanidae (Diptera). III. The genus i Tabanus Linnaeus. Georgia Entomological Sode- I ty Journal 8:82-99. 1976a. Immature stages of some eastern Nearctic Tabanidae (Diptera). VI. .\dditional species of Chnsaps Meigen. Florida Entomolo- gist 59:343-351. -. 1976b. Immature sUges of some eastern Nearctic Tabanidae (Diptera). \TI. Haemalopota Meigen and Whiltieyomyia Bequaert plus other Tabanini. Florida Entomologist 59:369-390. Harris, T. W. 1925. Tabanidae. Pages 68-70 in Johnson, C. W.. Diptera of the Harris Collection. Boston Society of Natural Historv Proceedings 38:57-99. Hays, K. L. 1956. A synopsis of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of Michgan. Universitv of Michigan. Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publica- tions 98. , and M. A. Tidwell. 1967. The lanal habi- tats of some Tabanidae (Diptera) from .Ma- bama and northwest Florida, .\labama .-^cade- mv of Science Journal 38:197-202. HiBiiR, C;. P. J. L. .\ixix:k. R. W. Davis, and V. Z. Abdelbaki. 1969. Elaeophorosis in deer and elk in the Gila Forest. New Mexico. Wildlife Disease Association Bulletin 5:27-30. , J. L. Adcoi.k. G. H. Gates, and R. Wnnt. 1970. Experimental infection of domestic sheep and nuile deer with Ehiophom sclmeiden Wehr and Dikmans, 1935. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 6: 1 K»-l II. G. H. Gates, R. White, and B. R. Donaldson. 1971. Observations on horseflies infected with larvae of Eheophora schneidfri. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 7:43-45. April 1983 Pec:human, Webb, & Teskey: Diitera ok Ii.iinois—Tabanidae 115 HiNE, J. S. 1900. Description of two new species of Tabanidae. Canadian Entomologist 32:247- 248. . 1901. Change of name. Canadian Ento- mologist 33:28. . 1903. Tabanidae of Ohio with a cata- logue and bibliography of the species from America north of Mexico. Ohio State Acade- my of Science Special Papers 5. 1904. New species of North American Tabanidae. Canadian Entomologist 36:55-56. 1905. New species of North American Chrysops. Ohio Naturalist 6:391-393. 1907. Descriptions of new North Ameri- can Tabanidae. Ohio Naturalist 8:221-230. . 1912. Five new species of North Ameri- can Tabanidae. Ohio Naturalist 12:513-516. . 1917. Descriptions of North American Tabanidae. Ohio Journal of Science 17:269-271. 1923. Some notes on American Tabanidae with the description of a new species from Africa. Ohio Journal of Science 23:204-206. Jaennicke, E 1867. Neue exotische Dipteren. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Sen- ckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 6:311-408. Jamnback, H. 1969. Bloodsucking flies and oth- er outdoor nuisance arthropods of New York State. University of the State of New York, State Museum and Science Service Memoir 19. , and W. Wall. 1959. The common salt- marsh Tabanidae of Long Island, New York. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 375. JoHANNSEN, O. A. 1935. Aquatic Diptera. Part II. Orthorrhapha-Brachycera and Cyclorrha- pha. Cornell University Agricultural Experi- ment Station Memoir l77. Johnson, C. W. 1900. Some notes and descrip- tions of seven new species and one new genus of Diptera. Entomological News 11:323-328. . 1904. Some notes, and descriptions of four new Diptera. Psyche 11:15-20. . 1912. The North American species of the genus Haemalopota. Psyche 19:181-183. Jones, C. M., and D. W. Anthony. 1964. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Florida. U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1295:1-85. Jones, T H., and W. G. Bradley. 1923. Observa- tions on Tabanidae (horseflies) in Louisiana. Journal of Economic Entomology 16:307-312. , and . 1924. Further observations on Tabanidae (horseflies) in Louisiana. Jour- nal of Economic Entomology 17:45-50. Krober, O. 1926. Die CVirv5of5-Arten Nordamerikas einschl. Mexicos. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 87:209-353. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. Vol. I. Holmiae. 824 p. LoEW, H. 1858. Zur Kenntniss der europaischen Tabanui-Anen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich- koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 8:573-612. . 1869. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria octava. Berliner Entomolo- gische Zeitschrift 13:1-52. Mac;kerras, I. M. 1954. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). 1. Gener- al Review. Australian Journal of Zoology 2:431-454. Macquart,J. 1834. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. —Diptferes, Tome premier. In N. E. Roret, ed.. Collection des suites a Buffon. Paris. 578 p. . 1838. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Memoires de la Societc Royale des Sciences, de I'Agriculture et des Arts de Lille 1838(2):9-225. . 1847. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 2'" supplement. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences, de I'Agriculture et des Arts de Lille 1846:21-120. -. 1850. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus 4'' supplement [part]. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences, de I'Agriculture et des Arts de Lille 1849:309-479. 1855. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 5" supplement. Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Sciences, de I'Agriculture et des Arts de Lille 1854:25-156. McAlpine, J. E 1961. Variation, distribution and evolution of the Tabanus (Hybomitra) frontalis complex of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Canadian Entomologist 93:894-924. McDunnough, J. 1922. Two new Canadian Tabanidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 54:238-240. Meyer, R. W, and D. P Sanders. 1975. New locality records in the genus Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Indiana. Indiana Academy of Science Proceedings 85:271-273. OsTEN Sacken, C. R. 1875. Prodrome of a mono- graph of the Tabanidae of the United States. Part 1. The genera Pangonia. Chrysops, Silvius, Haematopota, Diabasis. Boston Society of Natu- ral History Memoirs 2:365-397. . 1876. Prodrome of a monograph of the Tabanidae of the United States. Part II. The genus Tabanus. Boston Society of Natural His- tory Memoirs 2:421^79. -. 1878. Prodrome of a monograph of the Tabanidae of the LInited States. Supplement. Boston Natural History Society Memoirs 2:555-560. Palisot de BE.AL'vors, A. M. F J. 1806. Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique dans les royaumes d'Oware et de Benin, a Saint- Domingue et dans les ttats-Unis, pendant les annees 1786-1797. Pages 41-56. Palis. . 1809. Insectes recueillis en Afriijue el en Amerique dans les royaumes d'Oware el de Benin, a Saint-Dominguc et dans les £tats-Unis, pendant les annees 1786-1797. Pages 89-100. Paris. 116 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletln Vol. 33, Art. 1 . 1819. Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique dans les royaumes d'Oware et de Benin, a Saint-Domingue et dans les £tats-Unis, pendant les annees 1786—1797. Pages 208-224. Paris. Pechliman, L. L. 1949. Some notes on Tabanidae (Diptera) and the description of two new Chrysops. Canadian Entomologist 81:77-84. . 1957. The Tabanidae of New York. A distributional study. Rochester Academy of Science Proceedings 10:121-179. . 1960. Some new and little-known North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Canadian En- tomologist 92:793-799. 1962. A new Nearctic Tabanus of the fulvulus group. Brooklyn Entomological Socie- ty Bulletin 57:66-70. 1972. The horse flies and deer flies of New York (Diptera, Tabanidae). Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Search Agriculture 2(5): 1-72. . 1973. Horse flies and deer flies of Virginia (Diptera: Tabanidae). The insects of Virginia: No. 6. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Research Division Bulle- tin 81. 92 p. . 1981. Notes on Atylotus and description of a new species from eastern North America (Diptera: Tabanidae). Entomological News 92:1-6. -, and A. Stone. 1968. A new synonymy in Hybomilra. Entomological Society of Washing- ton Proceedings 70:302. -, and H. J. Teskey. 1967. A new eastern Nearctic Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae).Canadian Entomologist 99:645-650. Philip, C. B. 1931. The Tabanidae (horseflies) of Minnesota, with special reference to their biologies and taxonomy. University of Minne- sota Agricultural Experiment Station Techni- cal Bulletin 80. 132 p. . 1936a. Tabantis rhombicus and related western horseflies. Canadian Entomologist 68:148-160. . 1936b. New Tabanidae (horseflies) with notes on certain species of the longus group of Tabanus. Ohio Journal of Science 36:149-156. . 1936c. The furcatus group of western North American flies of the genus Chnsops (Diptera: Tabanidae). Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings 37:153-161. 1941. Notes on Nearctic Pangoniinae (Diptera, Tabanidae). Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings 43:1 13-130. . 1942. Notes on Nearctic Tabanidae. Part III. The Tabanus lineola complex. Psvche 49:25-40. 1950a. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Part I. Pangoniinae. Entomological Society of America Annals 42:451-460. . 1950b. New North American labanidae (Diptera). 111. Notes on Tabtinm moleslus and related horseflies with a prominent single row of triangles on the abdomen. Entomological Society of America Annals 43:240-248. -. 1952. The Linnean and Degeerian spe- cies of American Tabanidae (Diptera). Ento- mological Society ofAmerica Annals 45:3 10-3 14. . 1954. New North American Tabanidae. VIII. Notes on and keys to the genera and species of Pangoniinae exclusive of Chrysops. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2:13—60. . 1955. New North .American Tabanidae. IX. Notes on and keys to the genus Chrysops Meigen. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 3:47-128. . 1957. A new era in ideas of systematic relationships of world Tabanidae (Diptera) in- augurated by Mackerras. and its impact on nomenclature of horseflies of the western hemisphere. Entomological Society of .America Annals 50:550-555. . 1959. New North American Tabanidae. X. Notes on synonymy, and description of a new species of Chrysops. American Entomologi- cal Society Transactions 85:193-217. . 1961. New North .American Tabanidae. XIII. Change of name for a well-known spe- cies of CArviofj. Entomological Ney*'s 72: 160-162. 1965. Family Tabanidae. Pages 319-342 in A. Stone, C. W. Sabroskv, W. W. Wirth. R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson. eds.. .A catalog of the Diptera of .America north of Mexico. U. S. Department of .Agriculture .Agricultural Handbook 276. Ric;ardo, G. 1911. A revision of the species of Tabanus from the Oriental region, including notes on species from surrounding countries. Indian Museum Records 4:111-255. Richards, L. L., and K. L. Knk.ht. 1967. The horse flies and deer flies of Iowa (Diptera: Tabanidae). loyNa State Journal of Science 41:313-362. Roberts, R. H., and R. J. Dicke. 1958. Wisconsin Tabanidae. Wisconsin Academy of Science. Arts and Letters Transactions 47:23—12. Say, T 1823. Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. .Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia Journal 3:9-54. ScHOMBERt:, O., and D. E. Ht)yyELi . 1955. Biologi- cal notes on Tabanus abactor Phil, and equatis Hine. Journal of Economic Entomology 48:618-(il9. Sc:HyvARnT, H. H. 1936. Horseflies of .Arkansas. University of .Arkansas .Agricultural Experi- ment Station Bulletin 332. 66 p. , and D. G. Hall. 1930. Preliminary stud- ies on Arkansas horseflies. University of .Ar- kansas .Agricultiual Experiment Station Bulle- tin 256. 27 p. St:invEi.MAN, J. E. 1973. Ckimprehensive plan for the Illinois Nature Preserves System. Part 2. The natinal divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves C'omnii.ssion. 32 p. SroNE, .A. 1935. Notes on Tabanid.ie (Diptera). Entonn)logical Society of Washington Proceed- ings 37: 1 1-21. April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teske's : Dipiera ok Illinois—Tabaniuae 117 . 1938. The horsetlies of the sublaniily Tabaninac of the Nearctic Region. U.S. De- partment of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publi- cations 305. 171 p. Teskey, H.J. 1962. A method and apparatus for collecting larvae of Tabanidae (Diptera) and other invertebrate inhabitants of wedands. En- tomological Society of Ontario Proceedings 92:204-206. . 1969. Larvae and pupae of some east- ern North American Tabanidae (Diptera). En- tomological Society of Canada Memoirs 63. 147 p. , and J. E Burger. 1976. Further larvae and pupae of eastern North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 108:1085— 1096. and A. W. Thomas. 1979. Identity of Hybomitra typhus and description of a new spe- cies previously confused with it (Diptera: Tabanidae). Canadian Entomologist 1 1 1:343- 350. Thompson, P H. 1975. Larva! habitats oiTabanits subsimilu subsimilis Bellardi in southeast Texas (Diptera: Tabanidae). Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings 77:494-500. , E. J. Gregg, D. R. Charanza, R. A. Sauseda, and J. W. Holmes, Jr. 1978. Habitats of larval Tabanidae (Diptera) in south Texas. Entomological Society of Washington Proceed- ings 80:296-308. TiDWELL, M. A. 1973. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Louisiana. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany 18:1-95. , W. D. Dean, M. A. Tidwell, G. E Combs, D. W. Anderson, W O. Cowart, and R. C. AxTELL. 1972. Transmission of hog cholera virus by horseflies (Tabanidae: Dip- tera). American Journal of Veterinary Re- search 33:615-622. and M. A. Tidwell. 1973. Larvae and pupae of five eastern North American Tabanus species (Diptera: Tabanidae). Entomological Society of America Annals 66:390-398. TowNSEND, C. H. T. 1895. Contributions to the dipterology of North America. 11. Tabanidae, Conopidae, Tachinidae, etc. American Ento- mological Society Transactions 22:55-80. Walker, E 1848. List of the specimens of dipter- ous insects In the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. London. 229 p. . 1850. Diptera. Vol. 1. Pages 1-76 m W W. Saunders, ed., Insecta Saundersiana. London. 1871. List of Diptera collected in Egypt and Arabia, by J. K. Lord, Esq; with descrip- tions of the species new to science. Entomolo- gist 88:255-263. Walton, W R. 1918. Neochrysops globosm. Page 192 m W. L. McAtee and W. R. Walton, Dis- trict of Columbia Diptera: Tabanidae. Ento- mological Society of Washington Proceedings 20:188-206. Webb, J. L., and R. W. Wells. 1924. Horse-flies: biologies and relation to western agriculture. U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1218. 36 p. Whitney, C. P 1879. Descriptions of some new species of Tabanidae. Canadian Entomologist 11:35-38. . 1904. Descriptions of some new species of Tabanidae. Canadian Entomologist 36:205- 207. . 1914. Descriptions of four new Tabanidae, with remarks upon Chrysops cunim. Canadian Entomologist 46:343-346. Wiedemann, C. R. W. 1821. Diptera exotica. [Part] II. Kiliae. 101 p. . 1828. Aussereuropaische zweifliigelige Insekten. Vol. 1. Hamm. 608 p. WiLLisTON,S. W 1887. Notes and descriptions of North American Tabanidae. Kansas Academy of Science Transactions 10:129-142. Wlt.soN, B H. 1969. Tabanid larval habitats and population densities in an alluvial area in southern Louisiana. Entomological Society of America Annals 62:1203-1204. Wright, R. E., R. O. Anslow, W. H. Thompson, G. R. DeFoliart, G. Seawright, and R. P Hanson. 1970. Isolations of LaCrosse virus of the California group from Tabanidae in Wisconsin. Mosquito News 30:600-603. WuLP, E M. van der. 1867. Eenige Noord- Americaansche Diptera. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 10:12.5-164. INDEX abdominaUi, Tabanus. 78, 84 aberrans. Chrysops, 35 Acknowledgments, 1 actaeon, Tabanus, 89 aestivalis, Tabamis, 112 aestuans. Chrysops, 36 americanus, Tabanus, 59, 79 annulatiis, Leucotabanus, 63 annulatus, Tabanus, 63 apicalis, Tabanus, 100 approximans, Chrysops, 59 arborealis, Tabanus, 101 areolntus, Chrysops, 57 aslula, Hybomitra, 106 aslulus, Tabanus, 106 alaenia, Diahasis, 59 fl/f/; Chrysops, 37 atratus alralus, Tabanus, 79 Alylotus, 61 Aaa/, 94 bicolor, 61 ohioensis. 61 /c?j«i<'»ui5, 87 ihoracicus, 62 woodi, 62 Aaa/, j4(ii/o/!is. 94 baltimorensis, Tabanus, 92 beameri, Chrysops, 38 benediclus, Tabanus, 91 bicolor, Atylolus, 61 bicolor, Tabanus, 80 brunneus, Chrysops, 38 fiu/)/cx, 19 calens, Tabamis, 80 callidus, Chrysops, 39 calvus, Chrysops, 40 canadensis, Chrysops, 45 canadensis, Tabanus, 108 canifrons, Chrysops, 44 carbormrius, Chrysops. 40 carbonarius nubiapex, Chrysops, 37 carolinensis, Hamatabanus. 102 carolinensis, Tabanus, 102 celatus, Chrysops, 41 ff/fr; Chrysops, 41 cerastes, Tabanus, 102 Chlorotabanu.s, 60 crepusculatis, 60 chrysocoma, Coniops, 20 chrysocoma, Pangoma, 20 Chrysops, 2 1 aberrans. 35 aestuans, 36 approximans, 59 areolalus, 57 a(pr, 37 beameri, 38 brunneus, 38 callidus, 39 calvus, 40 canadensis, 45 canifrons, 44 carbonarius, 40 carbonanus nubiapex, 37 celatus, 41 c^fe»; 41 cincticornis, 41 convergens, 59 cuclux, 42 dacne, 42 dimmocki, 43 excilans, 43 /«««:(, 46 ferrugatus, 59 flavidus, 44 fratemus, 56 frigidus, 45 fugax, 37 fulvistigma, 45 geminatus. 46 impunctus, 46 iWus, 47 linealus, 57 luteopennis, 48 macquarti, 48 TOiVis, 49 moechus. 49 moerens, 36 montanus, 50 nigfi; 51 obsoletus. 56 omatus. 57 pallidus, 44 /)!/w!, 51 pilumnus, 47 pudicus, 52 quadnvillalus. 58 reicherii, 52 sackeni, 53 separatus, 54 sequax sequax, 54 sequax lau, 55 striatus, 55 univittattv, 56 upsilon, 57 I'ittatus. 57 u'ifdemanni. 56 cincla. H\bomilra, 107 cinctuomis, Chtysops, 41 cinctus, Tabanus, 107 Classification, 15 coesiofascialus, Tabanus, 80 coffeatus, Tabanm. 89 Collection and Preservation, 12 Control, 12 convergens, Chrysops, 59 costalis, Tabanus, 92 crepusculaiis, Chlorotabanus, 60 118 April 1983 Pkchuman, Webb, 8c Teskkv: Diitkra ok Illinois— Tabanidak 119 crepusnilm-is, Tabiinw,, 60 cuclitx. Chiysops, 42 cymatophurus, Tabaniis, 81 dacne. Chrysops, 42 dau'soni, Tabauiis, 94 DiabasLS, 59 ataenia. 59 Diachlorus. 59 ferrugalui. 59 dtfficilis. Hybomitra, 107 dtffktlis, Tabanm, 107 dimmocki, Chty.wps, 43 Economic Importance, 1 1 epistatei. Hybomitra, 107 epistates, Tabanus, 107 equali',. Tabanm, 81 erylhrolelus, Tabanus, 93 exdlans, Chrysops, 43 exilipalpis, Tabanus, 82 cxu/, Tabanus, 98 fairchildi, Tabanus, 82 fallax, Chrysops, 46 ferrugalus, Chrysops, 59 ferrugatus, Dmrhlorus, 59 flavidus, Chrysops, 44 flavus, Tabanus, 60 fralernus, (Chrysops. 56 frelus, Tabanus, 1 10 frigidus. (Chrysops, 45 frontalis, Hybomitra, 108 frontalis, Tabanus, 108 fugax, Chrysops, 37 fulvescens, Tabanus. 61 fulvistigma, Chrysops, 45 fulvofraler, Tabanus, 83 fulvulus, Tabanus, 83 geminala, Merycomyia, 20 geminatus, Chrysops, 46 giganteus, Tabanus, 80 gladiator, Tabanus, 83 globosus, Neochrysops, 58 Goniops, 20 chrysocoma, 20 htppoboscoides, 20 gutliferus, Tabanm, 110 Habits of Adults, I 1 Haematopola, 60 rara, 60 Hamatabanus. 102 carolinensis, 102 Afn?!, Hybomitra, 109 /hwp;, Tabanus. 109 htppoboscoides, Conwps, 20 hirtiocuUilus, Tabanus, 102 hirtula, Therwplectes, 113 Hybomitrn, 103 iistuta, 106 cincta, 107 (ii;f!«7u, 107 epislates, 107 frontalis, 108 Ainet, 109 iV/o/n, 109 laswphthalma. 1 10 /i/nWn. 1 10 microcephala. 1 1 1 minuuula. 1 1 1 pechumani, 1 12 sodalis, 1 12 telrica hirtula, 1 1 3 (//«(«, Hybomitra. 109 /V/ota. Tabanm, 109 Immature Stages, 8 impunctus, Chrysops. 46 mcisus. Tabanus. 108 (>i(/io, Chnsops. 47 isabelhna. Stonemyia. 19 Key to Genera of Tabanidae, 15 lalyradorensis, Tylostypia, 108 lasiophthalma, Hybomitra, 1 10 lasiophthalmus, Tabanm, 110 Leucotabanm, 63 annulatus, 63 limbatinevns, Tabanus, 84 limbatm, Tabanus, 79 linealus. Chrysops. 57 lineatm. Tabanm, 80 lineola. Tabanus, 86 lubalis. Chrysops. 43 lurida. Hybomitra. 110 luleopennis. Chrysops. 48 macqxmrli, Chrysops, 48 manifestus, Tabanus, 92 marginalis, Tabanus, 86 milanocerus, Tabanm, 87 Merycomym, 20 gemmata, 20 mixta, 20 whitneyi, 20 metabola, Tabanm, 110 microcephala, Hybomitra. 1 1 1 microcephalm, Tabanm. 1 1 1 minmcula. Hybomitra. 1 1 1 minusculm, Tabanm, 1 1 1 m!(u, Chrysops, 49 mixta, Merycomyia. 20 moechm. Chrysops, 49 moerens, Chrysops, 36 molestm, Tabanus, 87 montanus, Chrysops, 50 mulans, Tabanus, 88 mutatus, Tabanm, 83 Natural Divisions of Illinois, 2 Natural Enemies, 1 1 Natural History, 8 Neochrysops, 58 globosus, 58 H/^^;; Chrysops, 51 ni^cr, Tabanm, 79 nigrescens, Tabanus. 88 nigricans. Tabanm, 97 nigripes, Tabanm, 89 niKWAiis. Tabanm, 86 notabilis, Tabanm, 1 1 120 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 novaescoliae, Tabanus, 89 obsoletus, Chrjsops, 56 ohioensis, Atylotus, 61 ohwensis, Tabanus, 61 orbkallus, Tabanus, 90 omatus, Chrysops, 57 pallidescens, Tabanus, 90 patlidus, Chrysops, 44 pallidus, Tabanus, 80 Pangonia, 20 chrysocoma, 20 pigra, 19 rasa, 19 pechumani, Hybomitra, 1 1 2 petiolatus, Tabanus, 91 pigra, Pangonia, 19 /^i/if!, Chrysops, 51 pilumnus, Chrysops, 47 plumbeus, Tabanus, 79 polilus, Therioplectes, 109 proximus, Tabanus, 91 pruijiosus, Tabanus, 62 pudicus, Chrysops, 52 pumilus, Tabanus, 92 punctipennis, Tabanus, 110 qxmdnviltatus, Chrysops, 58 quadrivittatus, Silvius, 58 quinquelineatus, Tabanus, 100 quinqueviUalus, Tabanus, 92 rara, Haematopota, 60 rasa, Pangonia, 19 rasa, Slonemyia, 19 redactus, Taban us, 110 reficeps, Tabanus, 61 reicherti, Chrysops, 52 reinwardtii, Tabanus, 93 rondanii, Tabanus, 59 ruficomis, Tabanus, 79 Sabanus, 108 septenlrionalis, 108 sackeni, Chrysops, 53 sackeni, Tabanus, 93 sagax, Tabanus, 94 scilus, Tabanus, 102 scutellaris, Tabanus, 95 separatus, Chrysops, 54 septenlrionalis, Sabanus, 108 sequax sequax, Chrysops, 54 sequax lau, Chrysops, 55 Silvius, 58 quadnviltatus, 58 similis, Tabanus, 94 ioWiis, Tabanus, 107 sodalis, Hybomitra, 112 sodalis, Tabanus. 112 sparus millen, Tabanus, 96 sparus sparus, Tabanus, 95 Stonemyia, 19 isabellina, 19 rasa, 19 stnalus, Chrysops, 55 styguis, Tabanus, 96 sublongus. Tabanus, 96 subniger, Tabanus, 97 subsimilis, Tabanus, 97 sulcifrons, Tabanus, 98 superjumentanus, Tabanus, 99 Tabanus. 63 abdominalis. 78, 84 actaeon, 89 aestivalis, 1 1 2 americanus, 59. 79 annulatus. 63 apicalis, 100 arborealis, 1 1 astutus, 106 alralus alratus, 79 baltimorensis, 92 benedictus, 91 bicolor, 80 calens, 80 canadensis, 108 carolinensis, 102 cerastes, 102 cinctus, 107 coesiofasciatus, 80 coffeatus. 89 costalis. 92 cymalophorus, 81 dawsoni, 94 rf;jf(W/u, 107 epistales, 107 equalis, 81 erythrotelus, 93 exilipalpis, 82 fxu/. 98 fairchMi, 82 /Zai'iis, 60 /re/us. 110 frontalis, 108 fulvescens, 61 fulvofrater, 83 fulvulus, 83 giganteus, 80 gladiator, 83 gulliferus, I 10 A(H<-(. 109 hirtwculatus, 102 (7/()/fl, 109 incisus, 108 lasiophlhalmus, 110 limbalinevns, 84 limbatus, 79 linealus, 80 lineola. 86 manifestus, 92 marginatis, 86 melanocerus, 87 niitabola, 1 10 mtcroceplmbis, 1 1 1 mmusculus, 1 1 1 molest us, 87 mutaris, 88 mutatus, 83 nigfi; 79 nigrescens, 88 April 1983 Pechuman, Webb, & Teskev: Dip i era ok Illinois—Tabanidak 121 nigricans, 97 nignpes, 89 nii'osus, 86 notabilis, 110 novaescotiae, 89 ohioensis, 61 orbtcallus, 90 pallidescens, 90 pallidm. 80 petiolalus, 91 plumbeus, 79 proxtmiis. 91 pruinosus, 62 pumilus, 92 puncttpennis. 110 quiiKjuelitiealus, 100 (juinquevitlaliLS. 92 redaclus, 110 reficeps. 61 reinwardtii, 93 rondanii. 59 ruficorms, 79 sackeni, 93 ia^ax. 94 OT/us, 102 sculelkiris, 95 similis, 94 sonus. 107 sodalis. 1 1 2 spams milleri, 95 sparus sparus, 96 slygiits. 96 sublongus, 96 subniger, 97 subsimilis, 97 sulcifrmu, 98 superjumentariui, 99 (cf/!is. 98 thoracicus, 62 tnmaculatus. 99 turbidus. 100 ujiiformis, 81 validus, 79 variegatus. 98 I'cmisdis, 101 i7faniis. 92 villiger srhuiardli, 97 I'lKox. 1 1 whilneyi. 20 wilioni. 102 yulenus, 91 (au, Chrysops sequax, 55 Taxonomic Characters, 15 Taxonomic Treatment, 19 lectus. Tabanus, 98 tenessensis, Atylotus, 87 tetrica hirtula. Hybomitra, 113 Therioplectes. 109 hirtula. 113 polilus. 109 thoracicus, Atylotus, 62 thoracicus, Tabanus, 62 tnmaculatus. Tabanus, 99 turbidus, Tabanus, 100 Tylostypm, 108 labradorensis, 108 unifomis, Tabanus. 81 univittatus. Chrysops, 56 upsilon. Chrysops. 57 validus, Tabanus, 79 variegatus, Tabanus, 98 venustus, Tabanus, 101 I'lfflriiis, Tabanus, 92 vitlatus, Chrysops, 57 vittiger schwardti, Tabanus, 97 I'h'ox, Tabanus, 101 whitneyi, Merycomyia, 20 u'hitneyi. Tabanus. 20 wiedemanni. Chrysops. 56 u'lLsoni. Tabanus, 102 woodi. Atylotus, 62 yulenus, Tabanus. 91 122 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 33, Art. 1 Rebecca Grosser. B.S., Technical Aiststant Aleta a. Holt. B.S.. Technical Amslanl JeaNINE M. KasprowICZ. B.S., Technical Assistant Edward A. LisowskI, M.S.. Technual Assistant Christine T. Miller. B.A,, Technual Assistant Michael E. Retzer, M.A,, Technical Assistant LlANE B. SULOWAY. M.S.. Technical Assistant MarkJ. Wetzel. M.S., Technical Assistant Section off Wildlife Research Glen C. Sanderson. Ph.D., Wildlife Specialist ami Head Frank C. Bellrose. Sc.D.. Wildlife Specialist and Principal Scientist William L. Anderson. M.S.. Wildlife Ecologtst William R. Edwards. Ph.D.. Wildlife Ecologist Jean W. Graber. Ph.D.. Ornithologist Richard R. Graber. PhD-. Ornithologist Harold C. Hanson. Ph.D.. Wildlife Specmlist Charles M. Nixon. M.S.. Wildlife Ecologist W. W Cochran. Jr.. B.S., Associate Wildlife Specialist Stephen R Havera. Ph.D.. Associate Wildlife Ecologist Ronald L. WtSTtMEItR, M.S., Associate Wildlife Ecologist Christopher D. Blrnett. Ph.D.. AssLstant Wildlife Ecologist LONNIE H Hansen. Ph.D.. Assistant Wildlife Ecologist Ronald P Larkin. Ph.D., Assistant Wildlife Ecologist Richard E. Warner. Ph.D.. AssLstant Wildlife Ecologist Susanne G. Wood, Ph.D.. Assistant Chemist John E. Blhnerkempe, M.S.. Assistant Supportive Scientist Robert D. CROMPTON.yumor Professional Scientv-t Ronald E. DlZAN.yumor Professional Scientist Cynthia G. Jackson. B.A.. Junior Professional Scientist James W. Seets. yumor Professional Scientist Yu-Chu Al'. M.S., Laboratory Assistant RichardJ. Siemers. M.S.. Laboraton Asststant James Chels\ ig. M.S., Field Assistant Elizabeth .\. Anderson, Technual .Ksststant H. Kathleen Archer. B.S.. Technical Assistant Victoria Atchley. Technual Mststam Pall Brewer, B.S., Technual Mststant Gregory A. Perkins. M.A., Technual Assistant Gary E. Potts, B.S., Technual Asststant Supporting Services Mel\in E- ScHVsARrz. Administrative Assistant and L'ntt Head Phyllis S, Clark. Mailing. Distribution, and Stockroom Smves WlLMA G. Dillman, Fiscal .\sststant and Proprrty Control Pattt L, DlZAN, Word Processing Coordinator Larr^ D. Gross. Assistant For Operations Sle M. Hale, Grants and Controfls Officer James McNamar.\, Operations Assistant Joyce Reed, Junior Technual Assistant Chris Rohl. Operations Assistant J.ACQl E Sanders, Personnel Offuer Chris Wilson. Operations .Assistant Publications and Public Relations Robert M. Zewadski. M.S.. Technical Eduor Shirley McClellan. B.S,. .\ssociate Technual Editor Eva StegER, B.A., AssiUanl Technical Editor Lloyd Le Mere. Technual Illustrator Leslie Woodrlm, Technical Photographer Technical Library Carla Heister. M.A., Technical Ltbranan Monica LL'SK. Library Technical Assistant CONSULTANTS AND RESEARCH AFFILIATES: Aquatic Biology, Margaret Balbach. Ph.D.. Associate Professor. Drpartmrnl of Agruulture. Illinois State University: ydxnei R. Karr, Ph.D.. Professor of Ecology. Ethology and Evolution. UniveTsit\ of Illinois; John Trun^uiiM. Ph.D.. Associate Professional Scientist. Itlimiu Dcpartmntf of Cumen'ation. and Gregorv S. Whin. Ph.D.. Professor of Genetics and Development. University of Illinois. Botany and Plant Pathology, Jean D. Schoknecht. PhD., Associate Professor of Life Sciences. Indiana State University. Terre Haute: Systematic Entomolo^, Roderick R, Irwin, Chicago. lllinoLs: Wildlife Research, WiHard D. Klimstr?. Ph.D.. Professor of Zoology and Director of Cooperative Wildlife Research. Southern Illinov, University: and Robert L. Jones, Ph.D.. Professor of Soil Mineralogy and Ecology. University of Illinois: Parasitology. Norman D. Le\ine. Ph.D., Professor of (Wrntwn Parasitology. Veterinary Research and Zoology, and Director of the Center for Human Ecology. University of Illinois; Entomology. Robert L. Melcalf. Ph.D.. Professor of Biology and Research Professor of Entomology. University of Illmou.; and Gilbert P Waldbauer. Ph.D . Professor of Entomolo^, Unntntty of Illinois; Statistics, Horace W. Norton. Ph.D.. Professor of Statistical Design and Analysis. University of Illinois. Some Publications of the ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY BULLETIN Volume 32, Article 1.—Waterfowl Populations and the Changing Environment of the Illi- nois River Valley. Frank C. Bellrose, Fred L. Paveglio, Jr., and Donald W. StefTeck. August 1979. 54 p., index. Volume 32, Article 2.—Primary Insect Types in the Illinois Natural History Survey Collection, Exclusive of the Collembola and Thysanoptera. Donald W. Webb. July 1980. 138 p., index. Volume 32, Article 3.—The Genera of Nearctic Therevidae. Michael E. Irwin and Leif Lyne- borg. November 1980. 85 p., index. Volume 32, Article 4.—The Lake Sangchris Study: Case History of an Illinois Cooling Lake. R. Weldon Larimore and John A. Tranquilli, eds. August 1981. 459 p., index. BIOLOGICAL NOTES 1 14.—Identification and Descriptions of the Ul- timate Instar Lar\'ae oi Hydraecia immanis (Hop Vine Borer) and H. muacea (Potato Stem Borer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). George L. Godfrey. February 1981. 8 p. 115.—Illinois Pheasants: Population, Ecology, Distribution, and Abundance, 1900-1978. Rich- ard E. Warner. August 1981. 24 p. 1 16.—Effects of Ingested Lead-Iron Shot on Mallards. Glen C. Sanderson, Horace W. Norton, and Sarah S. Hurley. .August 1981. 16 p. 1 17.—The Life History of the Tennessee Snub- nose Darter, Etheosloma simolerum, in Brush Creek, Tennessee. Lawrence M. Page and Richard L. Mayden. August 1981. 12 p. 118.—Illinois Birds: Wood Warblers. Jean W. Graber, Richard R. Graber, and Ethelyn L. Kirk. April 1983. 144 p. 109.—Illinois Birds: Ciconiiformes. Jean W. Graber, Richard R. Graber, and Ethelyn L. Kirk. August 1978. 80 p. 110.—Illinois Birds: Sylviidae. Jean W Graber, Richard R. Graber, and Ethelyn L. Kirk. July 1979. 22 p. 1 1 1 .—Monitoring the Seasonal Appearance and Density of the Black Cutworm with a Virgin Female Trap. Lynn Pautler, William G. Ruesink. Hans E. Hummel, and William H. Luckmann. July 1979. 7 p. 112.—The Life History of the Least Darter, Elheostoma microperca, in the Iroquois River, Illinois. Brooks M. Burr and Lawrence M. Page. August 1979. 16 p. 1 13.—The Life Histories o( Etheosloma olivaceum and Elheostoma slriatulum, Two Species of Dart- ers in Central Tennessee. Lawrence M. Page. August 1980. 14 p. CIRCULAR 49.—The Dunesland Heritage of Illinois. Herbert H. Ross. August 1963 (Reprinted May 1974). 28 p. 51.—Illinois Trees: Selection. Planting, and Care. J. Cedric Carter. March 1977 (Third printing). 123 p. 52.—Fertilizing and Watering Trees. Dan Neely and E. B. Himelick. December 1971 (Third printing). 20 p. 54.—Corn Rootworm Management in Canning Sweet Corn. W H. Luckmann, J. T Shaw, D. E. Kuhlman, R. Randell. and C. D. LeSar. March 1975. 10 p. 55.—Observing. Photographing, and Collecting Plants. Kenneth R. Robertson. August 1980. 62 p. List of available publications mailed on request No charge is made for publications of the iLi.iNors Natural H istorv SiRvtv. A single copy of most publications will be sent free to anyone requesting it until the supply becomes low. Costly publications, more than one copy of a publication, and publications in short suppiv are subjects for special correspondence. Such correspondence should identify the writer and explain the u.se to be made of the publication or publications. Address orders and correspondence to the Chief, Illinois Natural History Survey Natural Resources Building 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820