Bulletin r5 ^r t' 1 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Bulletin Mntod by Authority of •h* Stat* of lllinoii The Thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois LEWIS J. STANNARD STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION *« ii^MI £> J:J£ Urbana, Illinois fvjQV' 4 1363 "VPFIHOIS ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY H/J »||/>/-|y| Printed by Authority of Ir'W"! LJlAl,l,^VllV the state of Illinois '\^^^.J Volume 29. Article 4 May. 1968 The Thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois LEWIS J. STANNARD STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Urbana, Illinois STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION John C. Watson, Oiairman: Thomas Park, Ph.D., Biology: L. L. Sloss, Ph.D., Geology: Roger .-^dams, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry: Robkkt H. Anderson, B.S.C.E.. Engineering: Charles E. Olmsted, Ph.D.. Forestry: W. L. Everitt, E.E., Ph.D., Represenfing the President of the University of Illinois: Roger E. Beyler, Ph.D., Representing the President of Southern llliituis Vniirrsity. NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION, Urbana, Illinois SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF George Sprugel, Jr., Ph.D., Chief Herbert H. Ross, Ph.D.. Asfiistant Chief Robert O. Watson, B.S., Assistant to the Chief AiJCE P. Campbell, B.A., Secretary to the Chief Section of Economic Entomology William H. Luckmann, Ph.D., Entomologist and Head Willis N. Bruce, Ph.D., Entomologist Wayne L. Howe, Ph.D.. Entomologist Ronald H. Meyer, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist James E. Appleby, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist Robert D. Paiisch, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist Ralph E. Sechriest, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist Delmar B. Bboersma. Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist Joseph V. Maddox, Ph.D., Assistant Entamologist Edward J. Armbrust, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist Clarence E. White. B.S., Assistant Entomologist Ranu Banerjee. B.A., Technical Assistant Douglas K. Sell, B.S.. Technical Assistant Francisca E. Liem, M.S., Technical Assistant Stephen J. Roberts, B.S., Technical Assistant SvK E. Watkins. Supervisory Assistant Howard B. Petty, Ph.D., Entomologist, Extension Stevenscn Moore, III, Ph.D.. Entomologist, Extension RoscoE Randell, M.S., Technical Assistant, Extension Stanley Rachesky, M.S., Technical Assistant, Extension Donald E. Kuhlman, M.S., Technical Assistant, Exten- sion Stephen M. Sturgeon, B.S., Assistant Specialist, Exten- sion Amal C. Banerjee, Ph.D., Research Associate Jean G. Wilson, B.A., Research Associate Margaret J. Jensen, M.S., Research Assistant Keun S. Park, M.S., Research Assislarit Keturah Reinbold, M.S., Research Assistant Ellen E. Eberspach, M.S., Research Assistant Sung Whan Lee, B.S., Technical Assistant Connie S. March, Technical Assistant Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology J. Cedric Carter, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist and Head Junius L. Forsberg, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist Robert A. Evers, Ph.D., Botanist R. Dan Neely, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist Eugene B. Himelick, Ph.D., PUmt Pathologist D. F. Schoenewkiss, Ph.D., Associate Plant Pathologist Walter Hartstirn, Ph.D., Assistant Plant Pathologist J. Leland Crane, Ph.D., Assistant Mycologist Gene E. Reid, Technical Assistaiit Betty S. Nelson, Technical Assistant Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification Herbert H. Ross, Ph.D., Assistant Chief and Head Milton W. Sanderson. Ph.D., Taxonomist Lewis J. Stannard, Jr., Ph.D., Taxonomist Philip W. Smith, Ph.D., Taxonomist Wallace E. LaBerge, Ph.D., Associate Taxonomist Donald W. Webb, M.S., Assistant Taxonomist John D. Unzicker. Ph.D.. Assistant Taxonomist Bernice p. Sweeney, Technical Assistant Bess C. White, A.B., Technical Assistant Section of Aquatic Biology George W. Bennett, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist arid Head William C. Starrett, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist R. Weldon Larimore, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist D. Homer Buck, Ph.D., Associate Aquatic Biologist Robert C. Hiltibran, Ph.D., Associate Biochemist Donald F. Hansen, Ph.D., Associate Aquatic Biologist William F. Childers. Ph.D.. Associate Aquatic Biologist Dennis L. Dooley', Technical Assistant Mary Frances Martin, Technical Assistant C. Russell Rose, Field Assistant Charles F. Thoits, III, B.A,, Research Associate Steven O. Lounsberry, Project Assistant Jon Stelteb, Project Assistant Section of Wildlife Research Glen C. SANDERSf)N, Ph.D., Wildlife Specialist and Head Frank C. Bellbose, B.S.. Wildlife Specialist Harold C. Hanson, Ph.D., Wildlife Specialist Richard R. Graber, Ph.D., Wildlife Specialist Ronald F. Larisky, Ph.D., Associate Wilillife Specialist William R. Edwards, M.S., Associate Wildlife Specialist William L. Anderson, M.A., Associate Wildlife Specialist W. W. Cochran, Jr., B.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist Helen C. Schultz, M.A., Technical Assistant Carolyn S. Evers, B.A., Technical Assistant Robert D. Crompton, Field Assistant Mary Ann Johnson, Technical Assistant Ronald E. Duzan, Technical Assistant James A. Bailey, Ph.D., Associate Wildlife Spectnlist Jack A. Ellis, M.S., Associate Wildlife Specialist Stanley L. Etter, M.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist G. Blair Josely'n, M.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist Ronald L. Westemeier, B.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist Robert E. Greenberg, M.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist Jeffrey C. Hanson, M.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist Keith P. Thomas. M.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist Charles Kjos, B.S., Assistant Wildlife Specialist Eleanore Wilson, Project Assistant Dorothy M. Diehl, Project Assistant Publications and Public Relations (IwEN F. Glissendorf, M.S., Technical Editor and Head Robert M. Zewadski, M.S., Associate Technical Editor Phyllis K. Bonfield, B.J., Assistant Technical Editor WiLMER D. Zehr, Technical Photographer Richard M. Sheets, Technical Illustrator Technical Library Doris F. Dodds, B.A., M.S.L.S., Technical Librarian Administration and Service Robert O. Watson, B.S., Assistant to the Chief Grace C. Finger, B.S., Financial Records Melvin E. Schwartz, Property Control. Trust Accounts J. William Lusk, Mailing and Distribution Services James B. Curtis, Greenhouse Superintendent Robert O. Ellis, Garage Superintendent CONSULTANTS: Herpetology, Hobart M. Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology. University of Illinois: Parasitology, Norman D. Levine, Ph.D., Professor of Veterinary Parasitology and Veterinary Research, ( inversily <>( Illinois: W ii.d- LIFE Research, Willard D. Klimstra, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology and Director of Cooperalive \\ tldlifc Research, Southern Illinois University: Statistics, Horace W. Norton, Ph.D.. Professor of Statistical Design and Analysis, University of Illinois. (48X64—3500—5-6S) 1-1 .,.^;.:. ^ 6 FOREWORD THE Illinois Natural History Sur- vey's interest in thrips dates back many years. In 1908 J. D. Hood, then a part-time employee of the Survey, described several new species. Little attention was given to the order in Illinois for the next two decades. In the early 1930's the unconnected activities of two entomologists who never worked seriously on thrips led to a rejuvenation of the Survey's in- terest in this order. Survey entomolo- gist M. D. Farrar began using berlese funnels to investigate chinch bug hi- bernation habits. His duff samples from forest floor stations netted large numbers and a considerable variety of thrips. At about the same time Or- lando Park, then at the University of Illinois and a specialist in beetles of the family Pselaphidae, enlisted the aid of the Survey's Faunistic Section in processing berlese samples from dif- ferent areas in Illinois in order to ob- tain pselaphid beetles. Again large numbers of thrips were encountered. Because the Survey collection of thrips was virtually nonexistent, the thrips material was segregated and stored, pending an opportunity to study the group in greater detail. By that time it had become obvious that there were no adequate keys to identify midwestern thrips, that the thrips had large numbers of diagnostic characters that had never been illus- trated, and that our knowledge of the geological distribution, food prefer- ences, and ecological relationships of the thrips were but scantily known for North America. In the early 1950's Dr. L. .1. Stan- nard began a project aimed at pro- ducing a comprehensive treatment of the order for Illinois. With intensive collecting, species after species was added to the list. In order to under- stand the distribution patterns, col- lecting was extended into surrounding states and finally a scattering of col- lections was obtained for the entire eastern half of the continent. Follow- ing the tradition of ecological orienta- tion tracing back to early Survey pub- lications of a century ago, informa- tion was gathered on the seasonal distribution of the various species of thrips and on their food relationships. Thanks to the unstinting cooperation of Survey botanist R. A. Evers, accu- rate host data were established for the phytophagous species. As the research progressed, so did the difficulties. The introduction of phase microscopy demanded water- based mounting media, such as Hoyer's, but the arid indoor condi- tions during the Illinois winters pre- sented an almost unsurmountable problem of slide maintenance. This problem has still to be solved satis- factorily. The greatest problems were those concerning the delineation and naming of genera. With assistance from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Na- tional Science Foundation, Dr. Stan- nard was able to study genotypes of practically all the world genera of thrips, and only after this compre- hensive review was a relatively stable generic classification possible. It is re- markable that such small insects as thrips raise so many large problems. We take great pleasure in presenting this account of the thrips of Illinois as one of the Survey's series of faunistic accounts of the animal groups of the State. Herbert H. Ross Assistant Chief and Head of Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification This report is dedicated to Professor Doctor Hermann Priesner of Linz, Austria, master of the Thysanoptera, in commemoration of his seventy- fifth birthday. His thoughtful and numerous con- tributions to the systematics of thrips over more than a half-century have given stability and last- ing good leadership to our science. CONTENTS Acknowledgments 215 Natural History 216 Feeding 216 Senses 217 Tactile Setae and Spurs 218 Sound Production 218 Reproduction 218 Immature Stages 220 Hibernation and Aestivation 223 Locomotion 223 Dispersal 224 Distribution 224 Evolution 229 Enemies of Thysanoptera 231 Economic Importance 233 Faunal Monographs In North America 233 Collecting and Preserving Thysanoptera 234 Plant Hosts of Thysanoptera of Illinois 237 External Morphology 239 Taxonomic Treatment 246 Order Thysanoptera 246 Suborder Terebrantia 247 Family Aeolothripidae 249 Family Heterothripidae 261 Family Merothripidae 269 Family Thripidae 271 Suborder Tubulifera 379 Family Phlaeothripidae 381 Subfamily Phlaeothripinae 391 Subfamily Megathripinae 507 Literature Cited 534 Index 545 '^ZV^ The Thrlps, or Thysanop+era, of Illinois Lewis J. Stannard THRIPS ARE COMMONPLACE in Illinois. A few kinds are no- orious as a scourge to onion farmers and gladiolus growers, and to picnick- ers in midsummer, when in certain years the oats thrips swarm in such high numbers that they can be noticed from a distance as clouds. Thrips are in almost every flower, in vagrant daisies and dandelions, in the finest peonies and roses, in prairie legumes and composites, and even in Indian Pipes. Thrips are under sheaths of corn, under bark, in leaf mold, and oddly enough on water lily pads and skunk cabbage. So common are they that nearly everyone is aware of them. It is by their abundance and not by their lilliputian appearance, however, that thrips are so generally known. Thrips as a whole, the order Thysa- noptera, are the smallest of the ptery- gote insects. In Illinois the largest thrips measures at the most 5 mm, the smallest 0.6 mm, and the average is only 1.5 mm. More than likely thrips are popularly perceived as mere black specks, or only their damage is no- ticed. The detailed nature of the thrips is the special province of but a few en- tomologists and naturalists. This report* is presented to make our tiny thrips better known—to show what thrips really are, to ex- plain which ones are harmful and which ones are beneficial, and to in- troduce the many thrips that are of no direct economic consequence to man but are a part of the native fauna of Illinois. As will be shown, thrips are exquisite creatures, complicated in form, delicate in habit, and most dis- *Reference to the literature was concluded, fur the most part, early in 1965 when this report was essentially com- pleted. One of the few references subsetiuently added , Mound's proposals to the International Comrr:ission (jf Zoilogical No-nenclature (196f>), was included because of the important name changes involving I'hUieothripn and Hoploihrip». tinct from the usual run of insects. About 200 species of thrips have been collected in Illinois. Herein is an ac- count of those species and of some others that may occur, but so far have not been found, in our state. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The background preparations for this report began so long ago (just be- fore the 1950's) that I have forgotten in some cases which person gave me a precise idea, or brought to my atten- tion certain correlations or modes in the faunal composition of various sec- tions of Illinois and adjacent states. I am indebted to all who have aided in this work, even though proper thanks no longer can be given to some indi- viduals due to the passage of time and my imperfect memory. Specifically, I wish to thank my col- leagues, peers, and superiors of the Illinois Natural History Survey for helping me collect the specimens which document this report. In particular I am indebted to Drs. W. S. Brooks, B. D. Burks, H. B. Cunningham, G. C. Decker, R. J. Dysart, J. M. Kingsolver, J. A. Lowe, W. H. Luck- mann, H. B. Mills, C. 0. Mohr, W. C. Moye, T. E. Moore, W. R. Richards, H. H. Ross, M. W. Sanderson, P. W. Smith, and J. D. Unzicker; Messers J. S. Ayars, M. E. Braasch, J. D. Felix-Williams, Dannel McCollum, E. 0. Moll, G. L. Nordin, S. J. Rob- erts, G. L. Rotramel, and J. T. Shaw; Mrs. Leonora Gloyd; and many others whose names appear on the data given for the species preserved in our per- manent collection. Further I am most obliged to Mes- dames Marie Fischer and Charlene Koeling; Drs. W. S. Brooks, H. B. Cunningham, and T. E. Moore; and Messers R. G. Altig, T. G. Brooks, FRONTISPIECE. Anaphothrips sandersoni against the background of its host, Sparlina pedinata. Designed by R. M. Sheets. [2151 216 Illinois Nati'rai. History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 W. C. Faatz, E. 0. Moll, and G. L. Nordin for their excellent slide prep- arations and for many favors. I shall always be grateful to my fel- low thysanopterists, who have coun- seled me, continually supplied me with specimens and notes from their collec- tions, and told me of their experiences and postulations. Prof. Dr. Hermann Priesner of Linz, Austria, Miss Kellie O'Neill of Washington, D.C., and the late Mr. Dudley Moulton of San Ga- briel, California, were the three with whom I had the most communication and to whom my obligations are par- ticularly great. The conclusions in this report are based not only on the Illinois fauna, but to the extent possible on the total world fauna. In the course of my stud- ies, I received travel grants from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and Sigma Xi to consult the majority of the world's collections of Thysanoptera. I wish to acknowl- edge my appreciation to these organi- zations for their aid, as well as to the curators of the collections consulted, namely: American Museum of Nat- ural History, Bernice P. Bishop Mu- seum, British Museum (Natural His- tory), California Academy of Sci- ences, Canadian National Museum, Field Museum of Natural History, University of Florida (Experiment Station Collection), University of Kansas (Snow Collection), Philadel- phia Academy of Natural Sciences, and U.S. National Museum. The pri- vate collections of Dean Floyd Andre and Dr. R. L. Post in the United States of America, Prof. Dr. Hermann Priesner in Austria, and Dr. C. B. Williams in England were also kindly made available to me, for which I am most obliged. Many foreign and exotic collections were donated to our reference collec- tion by Drs. J. T. Allen, E. C. Becker, Federico Bonet, W. L. Brown, Jr., G. C. Decker, Jean and R. R. Graber, G. E. Haas, R. L. Hass, H. C. Hanson, G. C. Hoff, Makram Kaiser, G. F. Knowlton, W. L. N. Krauss, H. B. Mills, E. L. Mockford, H. H. Ross, G. C. Sanderson, M. W. Sanderson, R. B. Selander, P. W. Smith, K. M. Sommerman, and R. W. Strandt- mann; and Messers J. S. Ayars, and Fritz Plaumann, as well as other mem- bers of our Survey and cooperating institutions. Material from thysanop- terists in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North and South America has been deposited with us. For all of these con- tributions I am extremely grateful. Mrs. A. A. Prickett executed many of the pen-and-ink drawings, Mrs. Diana Slavens drew the A)Mpkothrips samhrsoni for the frontispiece and several other figures, Mr. W. D. Zehr was responsible for most of the photo- graphs, Messers R. W. Rehling, R. M. Sheets, and W. L. Taylor prepared other illustrative material, Mr. 0. F. Glissendorf edited the manuscript, Mesdames Bernice Sweeney and Bess White and Miss Sandra Krencius typed the manuscript and preliminary drafts, and Mr. G. L. Nordin helped prepare the bibliography. Especially to these persons from our Survey, I wish to express my fullest appreci- ation. Finally, over and above other ac- knowledgments, to Dr. H. H. Ross, my immediate superior, and to Drs. R. A. Evers, M. W. Sanderson, and P. W. Smith, my colleagues, I submit my unqualified gratitude for their di- rect aid, perpetual encouragement, and infectious enthusiasm, and for their willingness to share with me their extensive knowledge of the biota of Illinois. NATURAL HISTORY Feeding In an American textbook, wherein insects are arranged according to their type of feeding habits, the Thysanop- tera are placed alone in the rasping- sucking division (Metcalf & Flint, re- vised by Metcalf 1962). Almost cer- tainly the rasping-sucking designation is inappropriate, but even so the feed- ing method of the Thysanoptera is unique. The precise manner in which thrips feed is still not known. It is recorded in the literature (Reyne 1921) that in May, 1968 Stannarii: The Tiirips of Illinois 217 one species of Terebrantia, the single mandible is driven through the surface of the leaf, by a woodpecker-like move- ment of the head. Thereafter, it is pre- sumed, the maxillary stylets are intro- duced into the hole thus made in the leaf epidermis, and by asynchronous movements of these stylets the under- lying leaf cells are punctured. Fluid from the ruptured cells probably oozes to the outside where it is sucked into the appressed mouth cone of the thrips. Rasping or scraping of outer leaf surface probably does not occur. Observations of pollen feeding by nine species of flower thrips, repre- senting the families Aeolothripidae, Thripidae, and Phlaeothripidae, was made by Grinfel'd (1959). He reported that the thrips grasps grains of pollen by the fore legs, securing hold by means of protuberances on the anterior tibiae. After each grain is brought by the legs to the mouth cone, the labial and maxillary palps serve to hold and carry it. Upon feeding the thrips presses the pollen grain against the substrate and thrusts the single man- dible into it. Later, possibly either the oozing liquid is sucked directly from the puncture or the maxillary stylets are inserted to help somehow in im- bibing the liquid. Grinfel'd noted that feeding may take place 2-20 seconds for each pollen grain, subject to the size of the grain, the species of thrips, and the air temperature. Both larvae and adults of these flower thrips feed on pollen grains. In other instances Grinfel'd has seen thrips drink nectar from flowers. An unusual type of feeding was ob- served by Downey (1965). Species of Taeniothrips, examined under a bi- nocular microscope, were seen to im- bibe secretions of the abdominal exu- date glands of mature larvae and one pupa of lycaenid butterflies. Ordinari- ly these glands do not secrete unless stimulated by the caressing touches of ants. Seemingly the thrips were able to provide proper incitement to the butterfly larvae to cause the glands to exude liquid. Some thrips are well known preda- tors or are on occasions predators (Bailey 1951, and Ebeling 1950). In fact several species will bite man and cause a minor itching sensation (Bailey 1936). Frequently, in the Tu- bulifera, many members of which have long, flexible maxillary stylets, the food seems to be fungi and other sub- stances rather than flower pollens or plant juices, according to our collec- tion data. I have found in the gut of an Oedaleothrips a concentration of Phaeophragmiae-type spores which were dark colored, cross septate, and four celled. Each was approximately 6 X 20 M in size. Possibly such small fungus spores are commonly ingested by the Megathripinae, at least. Movements to feeding spots, as well as other activities, may be governed by the relative humidity and adjust- ment of thrips to body water balance. Cederholm (1963) has secured correla- tions of the diurnal movement of cer- tain species of thrips with humidity and cloud cover in Sweden. Larvae and adults rid the body of excess water and waste through the anus. In some larval thrips the ex- creted liquid is held as a droplet be- tween the anal hairs. When the drop- let reaches a specific size, it is depos- ited on a leaf surface. Dark-colored spots of excretia near light-colored feeding zones are characteristic signs of larval and adult thrips damage. No feeding occurs in the pupal stages. Senses Despite long, historic, employment of sensory organs as taxonomic char- acteristics, the extent and the true nature of the senses of thrips are not well known. The antenna usually contains thin- walled circular or conical sensoria on segments III-VI. Another circular sensorium occurs on the dorsal surface of antennal segment II and what seems to be a Johnson's organ lies within the apical pit of antennal seg- ment II. Presumably these antennal sense organs are chemoreceptors. I have observed species of Terebrantia flick their antennae back and forth towards the substrate much in the manner of ichneumonid wasps, sup- posedly to test the environment by 218 Illinois Natural History Slirvf.y Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 bringing the sensoria close to objects. Sensorial pores also may be found at the bases of the femora. Often males and occasionally fe- males exhibit abdominal sternal gland- like areas of unknown function. According to Carthy (1958), a spe- cies of Thrips seems to have no color vision. On the other hand Wilde (1962) presented data which indicate that some Thysanoptera (Taemothrips sp.) prefer white to yellow. Gynaikothrips ficornm is attracted to yellow and orange, much to the annoyance of visitors to Hawaii who often wear gaily-colored sport shirts (J. W. Beardsley, University of Hawaii, per- sonal communication, 1964). Tactile Setae and Spurs Tactile setae are common and are frequently so stable in their position and form that even generic limits and key characteristics are based upon them. Many are expanded at the tips (Fig. 1 and 2). Cocoon-breaking hooks are present on adults of several families, and pre- sumably they aid in freeing the emerg- ing imago. Some leg setae are used for groom- ing. I have often observed Frankliniel- la tritici brush the wings with the heavy bristles that line the inside of the hind tibiae. These movements ap- parently comb and straighten the fringe cilia of the wings when the wings are in place over the abdomen. Bristles on the fore legs play a part in the brushing and grooming of the an- Fig. 1-2.—Types of setae: 1, wing-holding seta of Neurothrips magnafemoralis; 2, body seta with expanded tip of Hijidiolhrips ato- marius. tennae. The mid legs are also used for cleaning, to groom the hind legs es- pecially. Once while watching a bra- chypterous female of Frankliniella fusca, I observed the thorough brush- ing of the abdomen by the hind legs. In the process this female bent the abdomen upwards and then sideways so she could reach the terminal parts of the abdomen with the hind tarsi. Frequently pairs of legs are rubbed together. Watson (1920) in his article on the toilet of thrips stated that grooming was a major preoccupation of thrips. Other setae and spurs may be em- ployed for holding the partners during mating. In the Tubulifera abdominal wing-holding setae (Fig. 1) engage the fringe cilia of the wings when in repose. Sound Production Some Thysanoptera may produce sound. Hood (19506) and Faure (1955) described the stridulatory apparatus of certain Tubulifera to be the ridges on the fore coxa and the prolongations of the inner apex of the fore femur. Presumably when these surfaces are rubbed together tonal vibrations are made. Zur Strassen (1959a) illustrated a possible stridulatory organ in the Terebrantia, located on abdominal tergite IV in the African Franklino- thrips megalops. Reproduction It is generally presumed that repro- duction in the Thysanoptera is prima- rily by bisexual union (Bailey 1933, and Pesson in Grasse 1951). Collectors of thrips have observed, however, that females are the commonest sex found, and, in fact, males of many species are rare or still unknown. The apparent paucity of males has led to the belief that parthenogenetic reproduction is also frequent. Actually thelyotoky parthenogenesis (virgin fe- males producing only female offspring) has been demonstrated in the labora- tory for several species including the grass thrips Anaphothrips obscurus ( =striatus) (Shull 1914). This type of parthenogenesis seems to be common May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips or Illinois 219 in introduced species of thrips. Further Shull (1917) showed that in Haplo- thrips verbasci virgin females could pro- duce eggs that resulted in males only (arrhenotoky parthenogenesis). Still other species are purported to be cyclic in that, because of temperature, pro- duction of males may be suppressed during particular seasons (Jordan 1888). As pointed out by Bournier (1956a), certain species which have but a single generation may have short-lived males. In these cases, fe- males, possessing a longer life span, are apt to be noted by the collector more frequently than males. Thus a false impression as to the likelihood of parthenogenetic reproduction might be formed. Apparently females are always di- ploid and males are haploid in the Thysanoptera (Whiting 1945). Hood's statement (19546) to the contrary was unsupported by published evidence, if any evidence existed at all. In mating (Fig. 3), the male grasps the female around the pterothorax, at- tains a superior position, then twists the abdomen underneath for copula- tion (Buffa 1907). Appendages and certain setae may be engaged to help hold the mating couples in position. Males may successively mate with several females. An unusual type of mating is reported for the species Limolhrips denticornis. In this species the male does not mate with the adult female, but instead effectively in- seminates the female pupa (Bournier 1956a). By contrast, Davies (1961) did not find evidence of such precocial mating in L. cerealium. Franssen & Mantel (1964) illustrate preserved, slide-mounted Terebrantia in copulation and summarize informa- tion on the reproductive organs of the Thysanoptera. Sperm is stored in the female in the spermatheca. Overwintering females of some species retain the spermatozoa within the spermatheca to fertilize eggs laid next spring. The Terebrantia, and ordinarily the Tubulifera, lay eggs. Many females of the Terebrantia split plant epidermis by means of their saw and deposit each egg in the tissues. On the other hand, females of the terebrantian Chirothrips obesus deposit eggs on the surfaces of leaves (Pesson, in Grasse 1951). In the Tubulifera, females of which lack saws, eggs are secured to plant surfaces by gelatinous materials, or laid in cracks and crevices or in gal- leries in wood formed by other insects. In the Megathripinae, several cases of ovoviviparity have been observed, where eggs are retained in the body of Fig. 3. — Aeolothrips fascialus, -^ May, 1968 Stannard: The Tiirips of Illinois 223 Fig. 15.—Pupal cocoons of FrankUnothrips vespiformis. Photo by Walter Ebeling, Uni- versity of California. Hibernation and Aestivation Neither the mode nor the hiber- nacula of overwintering Thysanop- tera have been much investigated. In general those Thysanoptera that hve in leaf mold on the forest floor and those that occur regularly in summer in the accumulated debris of stools of prairie clump grasses (Fig. 36) can be found there in winter also, primarily in the adult stage. Frankliniella tenui- cornis, an introduced European spe- cies that feeds during the summer on corn (Zea viaijs), is often collected in winter months f'-om clump grasses. Some of the subcortical species probably withdraw deep into cracks or crevices of bark during the cold weather, as reported by Bailey (1931) for Poecilothrips. Some species prob- ably spend the winter in the earth in cells, possibly as pupae or newly formed adults, as is the case in Taenio- thrips inconsequens (Moulton 1905). Others, such as Elaphrothrrps armatus, hibernate in the hollow stems of dead herbs. The introduced Bagnalliella yuccae and Haplothrips verbasci usual- ly can be found behind the appressed leaves of their respective host plants throughout the year. Whether or not some thrips over- winter in Illinois in the egg stage is un- known. Probably the delicate eggs of Terebrantia would desiccate during the winter unless imbedded in a fleshy part of a plant not subject to hard- ening or drying. On the other hand, the tougher eggs of Tubulifera might survive in protected places. Possibly some thrips populations die out during our rigorous winters, to be replaced each year by migrations from the South, as indicated in the trapping done by Henneberry, Taylor, and Smith (1961). In summer, flights of the oats bug, Limothrips cerealium, going into aesti- vation and hibernation, take place at the time of the oats harvest. These thrips seek out spaces under loose bark, and even enter houses to congre- gate in picture frames or curtain hems where they go into a state of diapause. They do not reappear again until next spring (those in houses usually die from desiccation in the dry, artificial atmospheres). It is not known whether any thrips has a summer aestivating period as is the case in some insects, such as the coma butterfly; nor is it known whether any thrips can under- go two or more years of diapause as occurs in many sawflies and other insects. Locomotion Thrips are noted for their bladder- like cap at the tip of each of the tarsi (Fig. 76-79). Formerly thrips were known as Physapoda or, in German, Blasenfijsse, in reference to these bladders. Mounted specimens usually show the bladders in a collapsed state. In life, when walking at least, each bladder is turgent and is the part that touches the substrate. This manner of walking creates the illusion of toe- pirouetting ballerinas. According to McGuffin (1937) the legs of thrips when walking move in the following sequence: Left side 224 Im-inois Natural History Survey Bui Vol. 29, Art. 4 lay needed to get the wings free for movement and flight. When in repose, the wings are usually placed over the back or alongside the abdomen. Among the Tubulifera, wing-holding setae engage the cilia of the wings to hold the wings fixed. To prepare for flight, many species of Tubulifera raise the abdomen in the manner of staphylinid beetles to free the wings from these wing-holding setae. From my observations, thrips seem to take off nearly vertically, as does a helicopter. Their exact mode of flight and precision in control is not known. Dispersal Being primarily winged insects, many thrips supposedly move from area to area or to and from the hiber- nacula by self-directed flight. Passive movement by wind currents may be, however, another important method of regular dispersal for some species. Click (1939) collected Thysanop- tera in the upper air as high as 11,000 feet, although most were taken at alti- tudes less than 1,000 feet. Apparently all these were winged adult specimens. Later Click (1960) found a thrips lar- va near Urbana at about 500 feet, in- dicating that at times even wingless Thysanoptera are transported by wind currents and strong updrafts. It may be that the common flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici, is regularly blown north every year by frontal winds. No specimen of this thrips has ever been found in hibernation in Illi- nois, yet in early spring swarms of flower thrips suddenly appear. Cor- relations of the appearance of these swarms with movements of frontal air masses ought to be investigated. Hen- neberry, Taylor, & Smith (1961), have presented data to show that thrips mi- gration reaches a peak in mid-June. Possibly these thrips immigrated by wind currents from the South. Hood (1940a) postulated that in some of those species of thrips that form predominately wingless colonies, large proportions of winged individ- uals are produced when the substances upon which they feed deteriorate. Possibly particles ingested from the deteriorating food source initiates pro- duction of winged adults, adults which could then fly to more favorable en- vironments to establish new colonies. Distribution Nearly two dozen species of thrips have been brought to Illinois inad- vertently by man. Most of these have become naturalized, particularly in northern Illinois, and are abundant in various cultivated areas, some be- coming serious pests of field and orna- mental crops (Fig. 16-19). Several are tropical thrips found only in green- houses, and several species, such as Thrips labaci and Taeniothrips simplex which are tropical or subtropical in origin, overwinter on onions or gladi- olus bulbs stored in warm places or are reintroduced from the South each spring. Fig. 16.— Distribution of Nesothrips (Bolo- Ihripsl bicolur in Illinois. May, 1968 Stannard: Thk Thrii's oi Illinois •225 The species introduced by man are : Aeolothripidae Aeolothrips albicinctus—from Europe Aeolothrips fasciatus—from Europe Aeolothrips melalenais—from Europe Aeolothrips vittatus—from Europe Thripidae Anaphothrips obscurus—from Europe Chirothrips manicatus—from Europe Dendrothrips orna.'us—from Europe Drepanothrips reuteri—from Europe Frankliniella tenuicornis—from Europe Heliothrips haemoirhoidalis—in green- houses only, from Central and South America Limothrips denticornis—from northern Europe Limothrips cerealium—from middle and southern Europe Parthenothrips dracaenae—in green- houses only, possibly from Africa Pseudodendrothrips mori—from Asia Taeniothrips simplex—from Africa Thrips nigropilosus—from Europe Thrips phijsapus—from Europe Thrips tabaci—from Europe and North Africa Phlaeothripidae Bagnalliella yuccae—from the east coast of North America Haplothrips leucanthemi—from Europe Haplothrips verbasci—from Europe Nesothrips bicolor—from Europe A few introduced thrips once re- corded from Illinois have not been retaken in recent years. Other non- American thrips, such as the pear thrips, long found on both coasts of North America, as yet have not ex- tended their ranges to Illinois. Our native Thysanoptera follow broad distributional patterns similar Fig. 17. Distribution of Chirolhrips mani- catus in Illinois. Fig. 18.—Distribution of Haplollirips (Neo- heegeria) verbasci in Illinois. 226 Illinois Natural History .S^RVI^^ Ri'i.letin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 19.—Distribution of BagnalHella yuc- cae in Illinois. to those of other northeastern U.S. animals (Smith 1961) and plants (Winterringer;& Evers 1960). Several distinctive faunal zones occur in Illi- nois, and while many thrips are state- wide inhabitants, a few are restricted to these various zones (Fig. 20-25). The Austroriparian zone, particu- larly in Union County, is richest in nurnbers of species whereas the pur- ported driftless area in the Illinoisan zone (Jo Daviess County) appears to be the most depauperate. The Ozark Hills in Alexander, Jackson, Union, and Randolph counties are a unique reliquary. This is the section of 111- nois that possibly bears the oldest, continuously existing, floras and fau- nas supposedly dating back to Mio- cene times when the worldwide Arcto- tertiary forest flourished there ( Braun 1955)." Most other areas in Illinois have at one time or another been cov- Fig. 20.— Distribution of Amphibolothrips (Trachylhripit) watsoni. Dots indicate localities from which specimens were collected for this study. The heavy line marks the terminal moraines of the Wisconsin glacier, modified from Horberg (1955). Fig. 21.- Distribution of AHolhrips tiubil- Ucaiida. Dots indicate localities from which specimens were collected for this study. The heavy line marks the terminal moraines of the Wisconsin glacier, modified from Horberg (1955). ered by ice sheets in Pleistocene times, and because they are in more norther- ly regions, or because they have not yet matured geologically with the re- sult i that the diversity of environ- mental niches is less, the biota is poorer than in the unglaciated Ozarks. Some species of the Deep South, for Mav, 1968 Stannard: Thr Thrips of Illinois 227 example Scirtothrips taxodii (Fig. 25), extend up the Mississippi river valley to southern Illinois. From another di- rection some eastern Appalachian spe- cies reach their northwestern limits in the Shawnee Hills, particularly in mesic valleys in Pope, Gallatin, and Hardin counties. Some 20 or more species of Thysa- noptera occur up to but not much be- yond the terminal moraine of the Wis- consin ice sheet (Fig. 20 and 21). Al- though this ice lobe was present about 25,000 years ago, with various retreats and advances up to 10,000 years ago, it might be concluded that these thrips have not yet spread into this formerly glaciated area because their exacting environmental requirements so far have not developed on this relatively new land, and not because of time. One of these thrips, the wingless Amphibolothrips I Trachylhrips J wat- soni (Fig. 20), may have expanded its range by walking a few inches or a few feet yearly since deglaciation. It has now dispersed into the Wisconsin drift area as far as La Salle and Danville along broad river valleys, but so far it has not penetrated the flat interior of the drift area. The disputed theory that there have been one or more large faunal shifts during some supposed Xerothermic period after deglaciations (Smith 1957) lacks evidence to convince me of its possibilities. Rather it appears that conclusive evidence to the contrary is available (Stannard 1963a). At any rate the thrips fauna of Illinois has been strongly influenced by Pleisto- cene events and possibly only the southwestern tip of the state escaped much defaunization. Fig. 22.— Distribution of Culiothriiix s/r!«/»s in Illinois. Fig. 23.— Distribution of Ecliinolhrips amer- icanitu in Illinois. 228 Illinois Nati'ral History Survey Billetin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 24.—Distribution of Leucothrips pierce i in Illinois. In brief, it appears that the gla- ciated regions were repopulated by species coming from the Ozarkian refugia via the Mississippi-Illinois riv- er valley system, and from the Ap- palachian refugia via the Tennessee, Kentucky, and Wabash river valley system. The distribution of the Ozark- ian Oedaleothrips hookeri from Union County to Pere Marquette State Park along the Mississippi River and the presence of the Appalachian Phthiro- thrips morgani and Aeolothrips crassus in the extreme southeastern counties, both species possible immigrants up the Tennessee river valley, are ex- amples of these two types of dispersal. Thrips specific to hosts with archaic and limited distribution, such as He- terothrips azaleae restricted to Azalea, remain confined with their hosts. Other thrips living on widespread vegetation have more or less followed Fig. 25.— Distribution of Sclrtolhrips taxodii in Illinois. their hosts back onto the glaciated areas. Complete association of all thrips with their host plants over the entire range of those hosts is not always the case, however. Liothrips usitatus, found only on Rhus copallina, occurs in southern Illinois but not in northern Illinois where Rhiis copallina sporadi- cally reinvades our state along the In- diana borders of Will, Kankakee, and Cook counties. In the 100 or so years of intensive agricultural cultivation in Illinois, much of the original environment has either been damaged or destroyed. Whereas a widespread prairie thrips once may have been abundant, it now may be confined to but a few fence rows or along railroad tracks in an iso- lated clone of grass or herb. The ulti- mate fate of our thrips, especially those highly restricted to a rigidly cir- Mav. 1968 Stannarii: Thk Thrips of Iii.inois 229 cumscribed natural niche, is undoubt- edly extinction except in the prairie and forest preserves protected in parks, university sanctuaries, and na- ture conservancy scientific areas. The bulldozer, weed killer, insecticide, fire, and other human derived forces are such continuing threats to the re- maining wild habitats that the distri- bution of the native thrips of Illinois, as well as other species in the biota, shall become increasingly limited in future years. Evolution Fundamentally the Thysanoptera show strong affinities to the Corro- dentia-Anoplura-Mallophaga-Homop- tera-Hemiptera phyletic line of insects (Stannard 19576). Some of the fea- tures that attest to the close relation- ship of these orders of insects are the hom.ology of the maxillary stylets of the Thysanoptera with the chisel-like lacinia of the Corrodentia and the more elaborate stylets of the Homop- tera-Hemiptera, together with the common reduction of the mallipigian tubules to four (or less in the higher groups) ; the general lack of larval ocelli (Stannard 1956a); and the sim- ilarity of the antennal sense comes as exemplified by those found on philo- tarsid psocids, thrips, and aphids. Be- cause the Thysanoptera have retained maxillary and labial palps and have simplified maxillary stylets, they ought to be placed before the Homop- tera-Hemiptera in phylogenetic se- quence. Most members of the Homop- tera-Hemiptera order have lost these palps and usually they have an extra segment in each stylet of the maxillae. According to Grinfel'd (1959), the origin of the Thysanoptera may have been correlated with the development of the right mandible, with a corre- sponding reduction of the left which disappeared, as an instrument for piercing pollen granules for food. Cer- tainly the single mandible is more ef- fective in piercing pollen than two would be. Thus it may have been in the pollen-feeding niche that the early Thysanoptera proliferated into a full- fledged^order. The Terebrantia, on the basis of their possession of wing veins, reten- tion of well-developed female gono- pods, and in some cases three segments (instead of two) in the maxillary palps, are undoubtedly of stock more primi- tive than the Tubulifera (Fig. 26). In the Terebrantia, the family Ae- olothripidae—many members of which have slightly broadened wings wjth several longitudinal veins, nine seg- ments in the antennae, and basically three segments in the maxillary palps —is conceded by thysanopterists to be the most generalized family. The ear- liest fossil, Permothrips longipennis Martynov, seems to be closer to the Aeolothripidae than to any other fami- ly in the Thysanoptera. From the Aeolothripidae-like ances- tor, the families Merothripidae, He- terothripdae, and Thripidae evolved. The Thripidae are the most advanced, mostly by reduction of structures or elaborations of vestiture. Still existing today are intermedi- ate genera, Fauriella and Opistothrips, between the Aeolothripidae and He- terothripidae, and the intermediate genus, Erotidothrips, between the Ae- olothripidae and Merothripidae. Al- though the Heterothripidae and Mer- othripidae have often retained the nine-segmented antennae and fre- quently kept the flat membranous sensoria of the intermediate antennal segments, as in the Aeolothripidae, they have lost some wing veins, and male glandular-like areas on the ab- dominal sternites have evolved as new structures. The family Thripidae, containing the largest number of diverse entities of the Terebrantia, specialized by hav- ing the antennae reduced to eight or seven segments (secondarily nine or six segments in some genera) and by having a further narrowing of the wings. Throughout their evolution the Terebrantia mostly retained the pro- pensity to feed on vascular plants and their pollen. Possibly from an ancestor similar to members of the Heliothripini, a seeni- ingly early derived tribe of the Thripi- dae, the primitive Tubulifera arose. 230 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin \'ol. 29, Art. 4 still represented by the single family Phlaeothripidae (Stannard 19576). In their advancement the Phlaeothripi- dae developed longer maxillary stylets, lost almost all traces of wing veins and female gonopods, and proliferated into niches primarily involving fungi, as for example in molding dead leaves, under bark, or on dead twigs. A few, how- ever, still feed on juices of vascular plants or make galls. In the evolution of the Thysanop- tera a number of seemingly parallel developments occurred. These similar THYSANOPTERA Mav, 1968 Stannard: Till'. Turips dv Illinois 231 productions of form are apparently the result of response to present environ- mental factors and do not necessarily reflect direct-line descent. For exam- ple, in the Terebrantia the metafurca is well developed and enlarged in thrips that are good jumpers, and this characteristic is repeated in divergent phyletic lines, the Dendrothripini, the Sericothrips complex, and others. In the Tubulifera certain characteristics seem to be correlated, irrespective of phyletic line, for unknown reasons or for structural compatibility. For ex- ample, in the Tubulifera, when the mouth cone is short and broadly rounded, the maxillary stylets gen- erally are placed far apart and do not extend far (or only moderately so) into the head; the converse is ordi- narily true for those thrips having a pointed mouth cone. Furthermore in the Tubulifera, it is often observed that the broader the fore wing, the closer the fringe cilia are placed to- gether; and the greater the number of accessory fringe cilia on the fore wing, the darker in color that wing is likely to be. A basic feature of the Thysanoptera is their cilia- or fringe-lined wings (Fig. 83), as reflected in their name. Although this type of wing is not unique in these insects, it is confined to many very small insects. For exam- ple, similar fringe wings are found in — Coleoptera: Clambidae, Ortho- peridae, Phaenocephalidae, Ptilii- dae, Sphaeridiidae Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Mymari- dae, Trichogrammatidae Lepidoptera: Elachistidae, Gelechii- dae, Tineidae Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae Although the flight of small insects has been reviewed by Horridge (1956), the aerodynamic principles have not been worked out. It would seem that induced drag is disproportionately great in relationship to lift in wings as tiny as those found in thrips and oth- ers. Horridge suggests, however, that flight is possible with small wings when the drag on the upstroke is less than on the downstroke. Possibly bristles on the wings tend to reduce the drag on the upstroke. Further, with fringes, a "slotting" effect is seemingly obtained, somewhat like the "notched" condition produced by a vulture when the primary quill feathers are spread, so that a high angle of incidence of climb in flight can be made. Thus fringed wings seemingly allow thrips to climb nearly vertically as a helicopter would upon takeoff and, thereby, gain a more favorable lift-drag ratio. Whereas the fringe-type wing is ap- parently advantageous to minute in- sects such as thrips, this wing form may limit, by its very nature, the fu- ture size of all descendants. Before large thrips could develop, undoubt- edly there would need to be a reversal in the evolution of the wings back to the broad, nonfringed type for flight. The statistical odds of reversing the evolutionary wing trends present in the Thysanoptera are presumably so high that most likely thrips are doomed to retain fringed wings and to continue, as a consequence, as small insects in their future course of evolu- tion. Enemies of Thysanoptera Despite their small size, thrips are definite parts of the food chain of many biotie communities. Among Hymenoptera some species in Spilomena, Ammoplanus, and Xysma (Specoidea) provision their nests with immature Thysanoptera (Musebeck, Krombein, Townes, et al. 1951; and Krombein 1958). Tetra- stichus thripophonus and several spe- cies of Ceranisus ( ^Thripocteims) (Eulophidae) also select Thysanoptera as hosts (Russell 1912, Mason 1922, Bailey 1933. and de Santis 1961). The tiny wasp, Megaphragma mymaripenne (Trichogrammatidae), develops with- in the eggs of thrips (McMurtry 1961 ). Another minute wasp, Dasijscarpus parvipi'tniia, has been used in Mary- land to aid in the control of green- house thrips and in California for thrips that feed on avocado (Mc- Murtry & .Johnson 1963). In the Diptera, immature stages of Syrphidae, for example Sphaerophoria, 232 Illinois Nathrai, IIisrnK\- Sim!\f,v I!i:li.f.tin Vnl. 29, Art. 4 are predators of Tubulifera (Stucken- berg 1954). Larvae of Cecidomyidae are said to be predacious on the olive thrips (Melis 1935). In addition, insects belonging to the families Anthocoridae (Fig. 27), Coc- cinellidae, Staphylinidae, Cucujiidae, and Chrysopidae, as well as mites of the families Laelaptidae. Cheyletidae, and Amystidae have been reported at- tacking " thrips (Bailey 1933, Melis 1935, and Illingworth 1931). Russell (1912) further records a nematode parasite of the bean thrips. Even certain predacious thrips, Ae- olothrips, Franklinothrips (Fig. 28), Scolothrips, and Aleurodothrips, oc- casionally feed on other thrips (Bailev 1933, McMurtry 1961. and Ebeling 1950), and instances of canabalism have been observed (Grinfel'd 1959). Both Shull (1911) and Hood (1914c) surmise that hummingbirds eat flower thrips, in the temperate region as well as in the tropics. Several thrips have been described from specimens taken from the stom- achs of lizards, Anolis stratulus and pulchellus (Morgan 1925a). Knowlton (1938) has recorded Thysanoptera from the stomachs of the lizards Ufa s. stansburiana and Sceloperns g. (jracio- sus. Recently Moll (1963) recovered Frankliniella tritki from the stomach of smallmouthed salamanders (Amby- stoma texanum) in Illinois in the sum- Fig. 27.—Nymphs of Eclemnus reduvinus (Anthocoridae) feeding on Liothrips olcae in southern Europe. From Melis (1935). Fig. 28.—Larva of Franklinotliripf: iwspi- formis feeding on another thrips larva. Photo by Walter Ebeling, University of California. mer. Hamilton (1930) found thrips in all but a few stomachs of young American toads examined. Besides predators and parasites, many hazards of climate and change in the environment destroy Thysanop- tera. Heavy rains are said to be re- sponsible for reducing populations of thrips that are pests on crops (Russell 1912). Fire in particular is deleterious to colonies of thrips living in leaf duff and crowns of prairie clump grasses. Burned prairies are especially depau- perate in native Thysanoptera, par- ticularly those thrips which are usual- ly flightless. Information on the rate of recolonization of devastated areas is scarce. In one study conducted in Illinois, eight species of native prairie thrips had not returned to an area once treated by the insecticide dieldrin even after a period of eight years (Moye, Stannard, & Luckmann, 1966). Mav, 1968 Stannard: 'I'liK TiiRips m Iiiinois 233 ECONOMIC liVIPORTANCE Bailey (1940) has listed the 32 thrips most destructive to crops in the United States. Many of these same thrips cause concern in Europe and other temperate regions. Elsewhere, Ananthakrishnan (1956) has reviewed the worst thrips pests of India, several of which are also found in other coun- tries with tropical climates. Some thrips of economic importance in the Neotropical regions are discussed by Ebeling (1950). In Illinois, a number of thrips, most- ly introduced species, can cause seri- ous direct damage to crops. Among these Taeniothrips simplex is of im- portance to commercial gladiolus growers in the Kankakee area. An- other, Thrips tabaci, must be con- trolled in the onion-growing areas south of Chicago, although many of the farmers believe that in some cases a mild infestation of thrips may help thin closely grown seedling onions. Rose and chrysanthemum growers must protect against the flower thrips, Frmikliniella tritici, sometimes even in the winter in greenhouses. Fruit growers in nearby Indiana have re- ported dimpling of apples by the same flower thrips in the spring (Anony- mous 1963a). The grass thrips Anapho- thrips obscurus causes silver top of blue grass (Fig. 99), and occasionally dam- ages young corn so severely that re- planting is necessary. In addition a number of species of grass thrips in- festing grains and pastures cause varying degrees of production losses (Bailey 1948; Riherd 1954). Other im- portant thrips include Limothrips cerealium which can destroy oats crops (Korting 1930) and Dendroihrips or- natus which attacks privet hedges and lilacs, especially in the northern and central portions of Illinois. Besides causing mechanical injury, some thrips transmit plant virus dis- eases. Frankiiniella fusca and Thrips tabaci have been shown to transmit tomato spotted wilt virus (Sakimura 1963), although their role in spreading this plant disease in Illinois is not known. On the other hand some thrips — Scolothrips pallidus, Haplothrips iHap- lothrips) subtilissimus, and Haplo- thrips iLeptothrips) mali—feed on spi- der mites or small insects and thus are of benefit to horticulturists. As a nuisance, Limothrips cerealium often enters houses and settles every- where—hardly a crack or hem is too small for it to penetrate. Several spe- cies of thrips can also be mildly an- noying when they bite a person's bare arm or head. Bailey (1936) has listed the names of those thrips that have been known to bite human beings. Westwood (1840) repeats the sup- posedly reliable story of the person who, suffering from headache, dis- charged thrips which had lodged in his nostrils. Such mishaps are appar- ently rare and should not be con- sidered as a particular trait of thrips in general. Negative reaction to thrips by bees was mentioned by Parks (1927). He wrote that there were many records of bees not working mesquite because of the presence of thrips in the bloom. FAUNAL MONOGRAPHS IN NORTH AMERICA At the time (1895) of Uzel's mono- graph of the Thysanoptera in which about 160 names of extant species were recorded for the world, Alice M. Beach published the first list of thrips in North America, a list of 17 species from Iowa. Some of these species were then regarded as varieties. (By 1936 Moulton & Andre raised the total of known lowan thrips to 85 species, and in later records the number was fur- ther increased.) Following Miss Beach, Hinds (1902) treated about 39 spe- cies, as now recognized, for the whole of North America. Subsequently Daniel (1904) published a list of eight species for California. More recently Cott (1956) and Bailey (19.57) keyed and described a total of 182 California species, climaxing years of discovery and study by thysanopterists. The growth of knowledge of the North American fauna was fairly 234 Illinois XAitKAi. IIisi(ir\' Sirvi'i" Bri i.i' iin \'f.l. 29, An. I rapid. Within 10 years after Hinds' monograph, Moulton (1911) had in- creased the number to about 115 spe- cies as currently recognized. Watson (1924f;) enumerated about 335 species for our continent including a few names that have since been synony- mized. In 1926 Hood and Herrick re- corded 74 species from the state of New York alone. Additional partial and small lists, several in unpublished theses, have been prepared for Indi- ana, Florida, Oregon, North Carolina, New Jersey, and other states. With- out listing the names. Hood (1954a) stated that 213 species were known in Florida. My revision of the Tubulifera (19576) included 486 species in this suborder for North America from Alas- ka to Panama. The treatments given by Bailey and Cott for California, as previously men- tioned, are comprehensive modern guides suitable for many of the states west of the continental divide. The Illinois report presented herewith cov- ers 225 species including some not yet found within the state borders and the keys are designed to include all genera in states east of the 100th meridian. The faunas of Texas, the South- west, the central plains states, and Canada still need to be investigated more thoroughly, at least at the "beta" level that Bailey, Cott, and I have done on the West and East, be- fore a reasonable idea can be gained of the kinds and overall distribution of our temperate North American thrips. Probably this fauna will amount to nearly 500 species out of a world total of 4,500-5,000 known species. (In 1960 Dr. Zur Strassen counted 4,050 names of species as of then proposed for the Thysanoptera in the extensive card index maintained by Dr. J. C. Faure.) COLLECTING AND PRESERVING THYSANOPTERA Thysanoptera may be collected by three general techniques—sweeping, beating, and the Berlese extraction method. Direct observations of plant leaves are advisable also, especially for light-colored species such as those on redbud, Tilia, Sambucus, and mul- berry. A heavy sweeping net, when swept over grasses, herbs, and shrub or tree leaves, yields an initial survey of the active thrips of an area. If a mixed stand of vegetation is swept for thrips, it may be necessary to retrace the area covered, examining each species of plant until the actual host of a particu- lar thrips previously captured can be ascertained. A broad, flat cloth (Fig. 29) is ex- cellent for receiving thrips dislodged by beating dead branches or by shak- ing flowers and leaves. After the beat- ing, the cloth can be carefully searched for thrips as the fallen individuals de- lay many minutes before taking to flight. In an emergency, a piece of cardboard, or one's shirt, can be used as a substitute for the collecting cloth. Once located, the thrips may be lifted from surfaces by touching them with a fine, moistened, watercolor brush. Adhering specimens may then be shaken off into a vial of preserving fluid. Many cryptic thrips of the humus and bark can be collected by sifting the material over a cloth, but by far the easier method is the Berlese meth- od. Leaf mold on the forest floor (Fig. 30), moss, old nests, bark, or freshly dug grass clumps (Fig. 36) can be put into Berlese funnels (Fig. 31), which are heated by suspended, glowing, light bulbs or encircling steam or hot water pipes. The tips of the funnels are inserted into bottles of 70-percent alcohol. Thrips and other insects are driven down and out of the substrate by the heat, and fall into the alcohol (Fig. 32). A suitable fluid (AGA) made of eight parts of 95-percent alcohol, five parts of water, one part of glycerine, and one part of glacial acetic acid kills and preserves thrips in a relaxed con- dition, allowing them to be eas'ly mounted. After several months in AGA, the specimens should be mounted or stored in 70-percent al- cohol. Although Hoyer's medium (Baker & Wharton 1952:10) is excellent for May, 1968 StANKARIK Till- TllKTPS Ol hllNlllS 235 Fig. 29.—Beating and jarring leaves and branches over cloth tu Photo by W. E. Clark. making whole mounts of thrips, it is not always long lasting. For the per- manent collection, thrips should be mounted in balsam. In making balsam mounts it is ad- visable to remove the thrips from AGA to 70-percent alcohol, and pierce a hole in the abdomen with a fine, sharp pin. This hole allows for quick pas- sage of balsam into the body to pre- vent collapsing. From the 70-percent alcohol solution change the thrips to 95-percent alcohol and then briefly to oil of wintergreen to fix the tissues prior to placement in balsam on the slide. Pieces of glass (fragments of broken cover slips will serve) placed to the anterior and posterior of the speci- men before the cover slip is put in place prevent eventual mashing and distortion by the cover slip as the medium hardens. Wings and legs should be spread for clear vision. Cus- tomarily thrips are mounted dorsal side up. Very dark specimens might ect Thysanoptera. ?%'\^^^??^^x v;.!";''Viii^^^ Fig. 30.— Collecting forest litter fm pmc - essing in Berlese funnel to recover thrips in the leaf mold haliitat. Photo by Wilnier JCehr. be macerated with KOH treatment prior to mounting. A good research microscope (Fig. 33) with a high dry (40 times magni- 236 Illinois Natikai IIisioks S^K\^^ Bi li.etin N'oI. 29, An. Fig. 31.— Berlese funnels in operation. Forest litter is placed in funnels and then warmed and dried by heat to drive insects down into bottles of preservative (70-percent alcohol) below. Photo by Wilmer Zehr. Fig. 32.- Samples of insects, including thrips, recovered from forest litter by the Berlese funnel method. Photo by Wilmer Zehr. M;iv, 19(i8 Tiirtp: II I IN'OIS 237 Fig. 33.—Type of research microscope needed for the study of Thysanoptera. Photo by Wilmer Zehr. fication) objective and with a liglit source that can be adjusted for Kohler illumination is necessary for the study of Thysanoptera. A hand lens of 20 power magnification is useful in mak- ing observations in the field. Not all thysanopterists are in agree- ment on every phase of collecting or mounting thrips, or even in storing the slides. The search for the perfect mounting medium still goes on. Mean- while, however, the major collections of Thysanoptera in the world are com- posed primarily of specimens pre- served in balsam on 3- by 1-inch, 1 mm thick slides, stored in boxes or trays. Such unifoi'mity allows much convenience in exchanging specimens. In learning to recognize the subtle features of many of the genera and species of thrips, it is advantageous to have a named reference collection available. Lacking access to such a collection, a helpful series of speci- mens can be gathered from hosts known to harbor specific thrips. In this manner representatives, especial- ly of the Terebrantia, can be obtained quickly and identified with reasonable assurance of accuracy. The following partial list should aid in this regard: Plant Hosts of Thysanoptera of Illinois Terebrantia Aeolothrips pittatiis conifers Aeolothrips vittipennis .... locust trees Heterothrips aesculi red buckeye flowers Heterothrips analis. . . wild rose flowers Heterothrips arisaemae jack-in-the-pulpit flowers Heterothrips auranticornis flowers of sunflowers, autumn Heterothrips azaleae. .flowers of azalea Heterothrips quercicola. . . oak catkins Heterothrips salicis male catkins of sand bar willow Heterothrips vitis opening buds of grape flowers Anaphothrips sandersoni heads of slough grass Caliothrips striatus leaves of yellow poplar Ctenothrips bridwelli leaves of may apple, skunk cabbage Dendrothrips ornatus leaves of privet hedge, lilac Drepanothrips reuteri. .leaves of grape Leucothrips piercei. . leaves of redbud Pseudodendrothrips mori leaves of .Japanese mulberry Scirtothrips brevipennis red cedar Scirtothrips taxodii bald cypress Sericothrips annulipes leaves of locust trees Sericothrips baptisiae false indigo Sericothrips beachae .... leaves of hops Sericothrips catnpestris leaves of wild four-o'clock Sericothrips langei leaves of Nymphea water lily Sericothrips pulchelhts leaves of wafer ash Sericothrips savihuci leaves of elderberry Sericothrips tiliae leaves of linden 238 Illinois Nati'Ral History Survey Bui.lktin Vol. 29, Art. -I Taeniothrips betulae . .leaves of willow Elaphrothrips coniferarum. . . .conifers Taeniothrips simplex gladiolus Elaphrothrips tuberculatus Taeniothrips vulgatissimus • hanging dead oak leaves (Fig. 37) cow parsnip Thrips impar jewel weed Thrips monotropae flowers of Indian pipe Thrips pallicornis hickory Thrips physapus dandelion Thrips varipes flowers of leather flower Thrips winnemanae leaves of coral berry TUBULIFERA Bagnalliella yuccae sheaths of yucca (Fig. 34) Haplothrips aculeatus grasses Haplothrips leucanthemi flowers of daisy Haplothrips malifloris leaves of Frolechia Haplothrips shacklefordi. slough grass Haplothrips verbasci . leaves and flower buds of mullein „.„,,... r ,7 • , • • '"'S- 35.— Virginia creeper, host plant of I^wmrips cnncornis Liothripx rusKelli. Photo by Wilmer Zehr. leaves of hickory Liothrips pruni. . under bark of cherry Liothrips russelU . . leaves of Virginia creeper (Fig. 35) ^--^ ^^^Af'^mmm wtv Liothrips usitahis ^^^mJSSl^^Kf''^UnW'''IMln Malacothrips zonatus . clump grass (Fig. 36 Fig. 34. — Yucca filamentosa, host plant of Fig. 36.— Clump of Andropogon gerardi, the thrips, Bagnalliella yuccae. Photo by Wil- host plant of several native prairie thrips. mer Zehr. Photo by Wilmer Zehr. Mav, 19G8 Stannaru: Thi- TuKirs df Ii.iixois 239 Fig. 37.—Dead hanging oak leaves, niche of Elaphrothripit luhcrcidalaa. Photo by Wilmer Zehr. Greenhouse Thrips (* =not yet found in Illinois) *Aleuro(lothrips Jasciapennis A naphoth r ips ohscurus *Asprothrips autcnuattis Moulton { = raui Crawfoi'd, new synonymy) Chaetanaphothrips orchidii *Frankliniella occidentalis Frankliniella tritici *Franklinoth r ips vesp iform is Helioth r ips haemorrhoidalis *Leucothrips n igripen n is *Liothrips vaneeckei Parthenolkrips (Iracenaea *Taeniothrips xanthius EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY Modern investigations of the mor- phology of the Thysanoptera have been done by several students. Among these, Doel 349 half of segments III-V, and all of seg- ments VI-VIII; several spots, more or less contiguous, on the pronotal blotch, being less extensive than in campeslris; spots on the meso- and metanotum; spots on the sides of abdominal tergites I-VII; and the anterior margin of ab- dominal segments II-VII. Fore wings generally pale gray—lighter just be- yond scale, in the middle, and at the tip, making each wing appear to have two faint crossbands. Pronotum transversely striate but with fewer straight lines of sculpture than in campestris. Fore wings, in al- most all cases, with two additional setae at the apex behind the longi- tudinal vein. Median portions of most of the abdominal segments on the dor- sum more or less without microsetae. Abdominal tergites VII and VIII, as well as tergite VI usually, with poste- rior setal combs complete. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color and structure. Abdominal setal combs same as in fe- male. Abdominal sternite VII with a small, circular, median glandular area. This member of Sericothrips is a poorly understood species. It has been seldom collected in the past and even now it is known only from the Mid- west on hops. Because this species is seemingly confined to hops, and because it does not occur in Europe (I have personal- ly made several attempts to collect it in England and Austria), it is reason- able to suppose that our hop vines in the Midwest also are a native rather than introduced species. Dr. E. L. Davis, formerly of the St. Louis Bo- tanical Gardens, wrote me in 1956 that the midwestern hop appeared to be of a slightly different type than the European form. Until more is known, the host of Sericothrips beachae should be listed as the midwestern hop, whose scientific name and botanical status are still controversial. In Illinois, beachae most closely re- sembles campeslris and in some ways interrupfus. From these two species beachae may be distinguished by hav- ing on each fore wing two apical setae on the hind vein. Both campestris and inlerruptus have only one seta or, rarely, none in this area of the fore wing. Males of beachae have a complete posterior setal comb on abdominal seg- ment VII, whereas males of campestris and i.HterruptHS have the setal comb on segment VII interrupted medially. Before the wide use of weed killers, beachae could be found on the numer- ous hop vines growing on roadside fences. Now the hop plant and its thrips have become scarce in many areas, often being limited to unculti- vated places in bottomlands. Illinois records.— Collected in spring and summer, from one to sev- eral localities in the following counties: Adams, Boone, Carroll, Cham- paign, Clark, Edgar, Fulton, Greene, Hancock, Henderson, Knox, La Salle, Livingston, Lek, Logan, Marshall, McLean, Piatt, Pike, Putnam, Rock Island, Sang- amon, Stark, Tazewell, Vermilion, and Winnebago. Sericothrips campestris Hood Sericothrips campestris Hood (1939o: 556). 9 . Type-locality.—Palacios, Texas. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.1 mm. Color in life, gray to the naked eye. Color when mounted in Hoyer's medium, pre- dominantly light yellow with numer- ous gray-brown markings. Antennal segment II, apex of segment III, api- cal half of segments IV and V, and all of segments VI-VIII gray-brown. Gray-brown to gray: ocellar triangle, usually base of head, several contigu- ous spots covering much of the pro- notal blotch, spots on the meso- and metanotum, lateral spots on abdomi- nal tergites I-VIII, anterior margins of abdominal tergites II-VII, and edges of the coxae, especially the fore coxae. Fore wings with gray at the base above the scale, a gray spot again a short distance beyond the scale, and a faint gray cloud on the outer third of the wing but not extended to the tip. Pronotum sculptured similarly to beachae except slightly more evenly 350 Illinois Natiiral History Si-rvf.v Bi-llltin \'oI. 29, Art. 4 transverse. Fore wing with only one (rarely none, never two) seta just be- hind longitudinal vein near tip. Poste- rior setal combs complete on abdomi- nal segments VII and VIII, never complete on segment VI. Male (macropterous). - Length distended about 0.9 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color and structure. Posterior setal comb complete only on abdominal segment VIII (not com- plete on segments VI and VII). Ab- dominal sternite VII with a faint, median, circular, glandular area. What I believe to be campestris, or at least a form of it, is commonly found in Illinois on wild four-o'clock (MirabiUs nyctaginea ). This thrips is often abundant on the leaves and flowers of its host plant. In winter, campestris may be found hibernating in the dried hollow stems of this plant. Our Illinois form appears to be lighter in color than the Texas holo- type, according to the protolog, and is even lighter in color than Missouri specimens. For example, the northern populations have only faint evidence of wing bands in contrast to the Texas specimens, which, according to Hood's description, have distinctly marked crossbands. In relationship, campestris is close to beachae. When compared alive, these two species are easily distin- guished. To the naked eye beachae ap- pears to be yellowish gray whereas campestris appears to be darker gray. Also these two species are easily dis- tinguished by hosts — beachae prefers hops whereas campestris prefers wild four-o'clocks. Structurally the two differ but slightly, i^. campestris al- most always bears but one seta at the wing tip behind the principal longi- tudinal vein. iS\ beachae, except in rare cases, bears two setae behind the lon- gitudinal vein. The species zebrae, which seemingly prefers Clematis, is also similar to campestris. The two differ in pronotal setation. So far zebrae has been found only in the northeastern states (not in Illinois). Sericothrips apicalis is also similar to light forms of campestris. Because I strongly suspect that the name api- calis applies to a variant of campestris which lacks additional fore wing se- tae, apicalis is omitted from the Illi- nois report as an entity with full spe- cies rank in our fauna. One other species, Sericothrips in- terruptus, might be confused with campestris. Both have but one addi- tional seta behind the longitudinal vein and they are similar in general color. They differ in exact color, es- pecially in the antennae, and slightly in the pronotal sculpture. Wild four-o'clock and its thrips S. campestris, may or may not be native to Illinois. Opinions to the contrary notwithstanding, it seems a possibility that wild four-o'clock and campestris did originally occur in Illinois at least in the sand areas. Since then they have spread out along gravelly railroad em- bankments. Illinois records.— Collected every season of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Bond, Champaign, Chris- tian, Clark, De Witt, Effingham, Ford, Fulton, Hancock, Hender- son, Iroquois, .Jackson, Jo Daviess, Knox, Lee, Livingston, Logan, Ma- con, McHenry, McLean, Marshall, Mason, Morgan, Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Pike, Putnam, Rock Island. Stephenson, Winnebago, and Wood- ford. Sericothrips cingulatus Hinds Sericothrips cingulatus Hinds (1902: 141). 9, (f. Type-locality.—Am- herst, Massachusetts. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.2 mm. Bicolored brown and yellowish. Dark brown: head, most of thorax, abdominal seg- ments I-III and VII-X. Yellowish: most of abdominal segments IV-VI. These middle abdominal segments be- come brownish on the meson with seg- ment VI being the darkest. Antennal segments I and II yellowish, segment III yellowish brown, segments IV- VIII brown. Coxae, trochanters, and most of femora brown, rest of legs yellow. Extreme base and apical three- fourths of the fore wing brown, basal one-fourth nearly colorless. Antennal segment VI pedicellate. Mav, 1968 Stannard: Tiir Tiirips ok Illinois 351 Pronotum with fairly close, transverse striations. Most of the abdominal ter- gites completely and uniformly cov- ered with microsetae. Posterior setal combs complete on segments I-VIII. Female (brachypterous).—Similar to macropterous form except smaller (about 1 mm ) and pedicel of antennal segment VI poorly differentiated, nearly absent. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended more than 0.9 mm. Similar in general structure and color to bra- chypterous female. Abdominal ster- nites I-VII each with a transverse glandular area. These glands become progressively more elongate posteriad. Although discovered more than 50 years ago and repeatedly collected since then, the life history and habits of this species still remain virtually unknown. Usually individuals are found in grasslands, especially in grass- sedge marshes. Some, at least, over- winter in clumps of prairie grasses. Hinds' original material consisted of brachypterous forms. Later, in 1911, Moulton collected fully winged speci- mens from Nebraska. In Illinois we have taken brachypterous males and females and macropterous females. This species was first reported from Illinois by Hood (1917) and we have found many other specimens. Our rec- ords indicate that cingulatus has a statewide distribution. In all forms, whether fully winged or short winged, Serlcothrips cingula- tus has the dorsum of the abdomen completely covered by microsetae. Only one other Illinois congener has the abdomen similarly clothed and that one, iJ. smilhi, is always short winged, as far as is known, and is dif- ferently colored. Serlcothrips smithi has abdominal segments II, III, and VII brown whereas cingulatus has ab- dominal segments I -1 1 1 and VII X brown. Illinois records.—Collected from May to October, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Clark, Franklin, Jackson (USNM), Johnson, Knox, Marion (USNM), Mason (USNM), Mor- gan, Pike, Pulaski (USNM), Sanc- AMON, and Union (USNM). Sericothrips desmodianus new species Female (macropterous).—Length distended slightly more than 1 mm. General color yellowish with brown markings. Brown: head in region of ocelli, much of the pterothorax, ab- dominal segments II, III, and VII abruptly, abdominal segment I at sides, a thin median line along the an- terior margins of abdominal segments IV-VI, and all coxae. Fore wings with a dark gray subbasal crossband. An- tennal segment I yellowish, II grayish, III paler than II, IV and V yellowish at base, brown at apex, segments VI- VIII brown. Last three abdominal segments brighter yellow. Antennal segment VI pedicellate. Mouth cone long. Pronotal striae fair- ly wide apart, transverse striae be- coming nearly subreticulate. Median portion of intermediate abdominal ter- gites for the most part lacking micro- setae. Abdominal tergites VII and VIII with posterior setae combs complete. Male (macropterous).—Similar to female except abdomen lighter in col- or. Abdominal sternites IV-VII each with a small, circular, median glan- dular area. Holotype. Female, Siloam Springs State Park, Adams County, Illinois, August 11, 1948, Sanderson, Stannard, on Desmodium pauicidatum. Allotype. —Male, Harrisburg, Saline County, Illinois, June 23, 19.50, M. W. Sander- son, Hilltop prairie. Paratypes.—6 9 , Lawrenceville, Lawrence County, Illi- nois, August 7, 1953, Smith, Moore, Stannard, Andropogon prairie. 4 9, Bell Smith Springs Recreation Area, Pope County, Illinois, July 16, 1947, L. J. Stannard, on Lespedezia. 1 9 , Closter, New Jersey, .July 9, 1938, J. C. Crawford, on Desmodium. 1 cf , Tenafly, New Jersey, June 18, 1939, .1. C. Crawford, on Desmodium. Types deposited in the Illinois Nat- ural History Survey and in the U.S. National Museum. This species may be distinguished by the combination of the pedicellate form of antennal segment VI, the lack of microsetae on the central portion of many of the abdominal tergites, and 352 Il.l.INOIK NaTI'RAI. HisiOR\' .StRVKV Bri, I.F.TIN V..1. 29, Art. 4 the lack of lateral spots on the inter- mediate abdominal tergites. It can be distinguished from pedicella I us, in par- ticular, by the abrupt brown color of abdominal tergites II, III, and VII. The late J. C. Crawford once told me he suspected that this species was new, although similar to pedicellatus. Recent comparisons of specimens of desmodiajius with the holotype pe- dicellatus, have convinced me that Mr. Crawford's assumption was correct. Apparently desmodianus is a south- ern species. In Illinois its range is out- side the Wisconsin drift area and ex- tends west and north to Adams Coun- ty and east to Lawrence County. It seems to prefer legumes, especially Desmodium. Sericothrips interruptus Hood Sericothrips interruptus Hood (1927a: 136). 9, d^. Type-locality. -Plum- mer's Island, Maryland. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.1 mm. General col- or yellowish with some brown mark- ings. Brown: the ocellar triangle, sev- eral more or less contiguous spots on the pronotal blotch, the anterior and lateral portions of the mesoscutum, two spots on the metanotum, the an- terior margins of abdominal segments II-VII, and spots on the side of ab- dominal segments II-VII. Wings and antennae grayish brown. Often wing veins reddish. Ocellar rings red. Pronotal striations transverse. Me- dian areas of most of the abdominal segments generally without microse- tae. Posterior combs of abdominal segments VII and VIII complete. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 0.9 mm. Generally similar to female. Abdominal sternite VII with a small, circular, median glandular area which is sometimes faint. The species closely resembles bea- chae and campestris. All three are light in color with gray-brown patches on the thorax and abdomen. The most noticeable difference between inter- ruptus and the other two is the color of the antennae. In interruptus most of the antennal segments are grayish brown whereas in beachae and in campestris the intermediate antennal segments are yellow in the basal halves and brown in the apical halves. S. in- terruptus, in certain mounting media and under certain conditions, exhibits red coloration along the veins of the fore wing. Individuals of beachae or campestris never show such red coloration. Apparently the leaves of ash, Dirca, and some other forest trees and shrubs are the preferred hosts of interruptus. Many specimens of this species have been collected from the major regions of Illinois. A species described by Hood (1940c) as S. fraxinicola was taken on ash (Fraxinus americana) in Oswegatchie, New York. This species could not be confused with interruptus, which also occurs on ash, because of the form of the pronotal sculpture. In interruptus the sculpture is arranged as more or less parallel striae, whereas in fraxi- nicola the sculpture is subreticulate and coarser than illustrated by Hood (1927f) for annulipes. Illinois records.—Collected from April through November, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Adams, Champaign, Coles, Cook, Edgar, Effingham, Hender- son, .Iackson, La Salle, Lawrence, Marion, Monroe, Putnam, Ran- dolph, Vermilion, and Williamson. Sericothrips langei Moulton Water Lily Thrips Sericothrips langei Moulton (1929&: 230). 9 . Type-locality.—Fish Lake, Monroe County, Illinois. Female (macropterous).—Length distended sl'ghtly more than 1 mm. Body color brown to blackish brown, lighter in regions of the thorax. An- tennal segment I, tip of segment V, and all of segments VI-VIII brown; other segments yellowish. Legs brown except apical half of tibiae and all of the tarsi yellowish. Fore wings with two dark crossbands, base of wings without additional brown streak. Pronotum throughout with closely spaced transverse striae. Midregion of May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Illinois 353 the abdominal tergites, for the most part, without microsetae. Posterior setal combs complete only on abdomi- nal segment VIII. Male (macropterous).—Length distended nearly 0.9 mm. General structure and color as in female. Ab- dominal sternite VII with a small, round, central glandular area. The water lily thrips, S. langei, is similar in coloration to pulchellus; however, in the former species the brown color extends slightly farther on the antennae and legs. The two species are easily recognized by sev- eral features. 5. langei is closely trans- versely striate on the anterior part of the pronotum, it lacks a complete pos- terior setal comb on abdominal tergite VII, and the base of the fore wing is colorless. By contrast S. pulcheUiis has widely spaced striae on the anterior part of the pronotum, has a complete posterior setal comb on abdominal ter- gite VII, and the base of the fore wing is brown. Nearby oil wells have so contami- nated the waters at the type locality in recent years that possibly the origi- nally known population has been ex- tirpated. Nevertheless, a few miles to the south near Burkesville many other populations can be found in the nu- merous sinkhole lakes. This species occurs solely on the leaves of Nymphea water lilies and often is locally abun- dant. Our records indicate that the species is found as far north as Au Train, Michigan. In 1937 Watson described another form, Sericothrips langei var. tissoti, from water lilies taken at Lochloosa Lake, Florida. This entity, although similar to langei from Illinois, differs decidedly in that each fore wing has only one dark band instead of two. Possibly tissoti deserves to be elevated to full specific rank. Another similarly formed species seems to be andrei, a species which does not occur in Illinois or, at least, has not been found here as yet. These two differ from each other by the sev- eral characteristics enumerated by Crawford in 1943, page 41. Illinois records.—CUMBERLAND County: Woodbury, June 29, 1949, Smith, Stannard, leaf of Nymphea, 1 9 . Jefferson County: Bonnie, May 24, 1955, Kaiser, Stannard, leaf of Nymphea, 1 9. Lake County: Zion (Beach State Park), August 30, 1955, Moore, Stannard, leaves of Nymphea, 5 larvae. Monroe County: Burks- ville, June 29, 1949, Smith, Stannard, leaves of Nymphea, 29 9 , 3 cf ; Fish Lake (type locality), August 30, 1921, Lange, sweeping, 3 9 . Williamson County: Crab Orchard Lake, May 25, 1954, Smith, Moore, Stannard, leaves of Nymphea, 2 9 . Sericothrips nubilipennis Hood Sericothrips nubilipennis Hood (1924: 312). 9 . Type-locality.—Plummer's Island, Maryland. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.1 mm. General color pale yellow with the following areas brown: ocellar area, antennal segment II at side, antennal segments IV and V at tips, all of antennal segments VI~ VIII, spots on the prothorax, mesotho- rax, and metathorax, scale of fore wing and part of the area above it, and most of the rest of the fore wing except the tip and area just beyond scale. Abdomen entirely pale yellow to white without any markings. Pronotum closely, transversely stri- ate. Midregion of the abdominal ter- gites, for the most part, without mi- crosetae. Posterior setal combs com- plete on abdominal segments VII and VIII. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 0.8 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color and structure. No abdominal glandular areas dis- cernible. Although frequently observed on the leaves of many forest trees, this species eventually may be found to have one or several preferred hosts. One host may be hackberry, another may be dogwood. Larvae in associa- tion with adults were taken once from hackberry leaves at Oquawka, Illinois. Adults overwinter in woodland leaf mold. Sericothrips nubilipemiis can be dis- tinguished from all of its Illinois con- geners by the completely pale ab- 354 Illinois Natckal ITistorv Sl'kvk'i' Blllktjk \'ol. 29. Art. 4 domen and by the predominantly dark brown wings. It occurs throughout the state. Illinois records.—Collected every season of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Champaign, Clark, Coles, Cook, Effingham, Hardin, Hender- son, Kane, Knox, La Salle, Logan, Marshall, Mason, Ogle, Perry, Piatt, Pope, Putnam, Richland, and Vermilion. Sericothrips pedicellatus Hood Sericothrips pedicellatus Hood (1927a: 131). 9 . Type-locality.—Makanda, Illinois. Female (macropterous).— Length distended about 1 mm. General color yellow with brown markings. Brown: head between ocelli, several pairs of spots within blotch of pronotum, an- terior margin of mesoscutum, meta- scutum, patches along side of ptero- thorax, all coxae, median outer spot on all femora, sides of abdominal ter- gite I, anterior half of abdominal ter- gite II, and entire anterior margin and sides of abdominal tergites III-VII becoming greater in extent posteriorly with tergite VII darkest, nearly as dark as II. Antennal segments I-III white to pale yellow, IV yellow in basal one-fourth with remainder brown, V brown except for yellow pe- dicel, VI-VIII brown. Fore wings with a light gray band subbasally. Antennal segment VI pedicellate. Mouth cone long. Pronotal striae mod- erately far apart, transversely striate to nearly subreticulate. Median por- tion of intermediate abdominal ter- gites -seemingly lacking microsetae. Abdominal tergites VII and VIII with posterior setae combs complete. Male.—Unknown. This species is based solely on the holotype. From its Illinois congeners which also have antennal segment VI pe- dicellate, the color of the abdominal segments will serve to distinguish it. Unlik. cingidatus and desmodiamis, pedicellatus does not have any anterior or posterior abdominal segments abruptly dark brown. In pedicellatus no tergite is entirely brown as is the case in smithi. In addition, pedicellatus is unlike desniodiauus in that the an- terior marginal brown strip on the ab- dominal segments is expanded at the sides into distinct spots. Despite repeated efforts specimens other than the holotype have not been collected, not even at the type locality. Illinois record.—Jackson County: Makanda, .June 26, 1909, Hart, sweep- ing grass and weeds, 1 9 . Sericothrips pulchellus Hood Sericothrips pulchellus Hood (1908c: 36.3). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Mun- cie, Illinois. Female (macropterous) (Fig. 129). —Length distended about 1 mm. Body color brown to blackish brown, lighter in regions of the thorax, and center and tip of abdomen. Antennae mo.stly yellow; segments I and II, apical half of VI, and all of VII and VIII brown. Coxae to femora brown, rest of legs yellow except mid and hind tibiae which are brown to blackish in the sub- basal area. Fore wings with two dark crossbands in addition to the dark spot at the base and on the scale. Most of body with red subintegumental pigment. Pronotum with widely spaced stri- ations anterior to the blotch. Mid- region of the abdominal tergites, for the most part, without microsetae. Posterior setal combs complete on ab- dominal segments VII and VIII and sometimes on segment VI. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 0.8 mm. General structure and color as in female. Ab- dominal sternite VII with a small, round, central glandular area. This species and S. langei are the darkest colored Sericothrips in Illinois. Both are almost entirely dark brown, exclusive of the appendages. They may be easily distinguished from each other by the form of the striations on the pronotum — pulchellus has widely spaced, nearly hexagonal reticulations on the anterior part of the pronotum, whereas langei has closely spaced, transverse striations over the pronotum. May, 19(58 Stannard: Till- Thrips of Iimnois 35S Fig. 129. — Sericothrips pulchellus, dorsal aspect. During spring and summer pulchel- lus feeds on leaves of wafer ash I Ptelea I, sometimes in great numbers. Adults and larvae feed together, often causing the foliage to become whitened by their feeding scars. At times of greatest abundance adults may scat- ter and be found resting on a variety of trees and shrubs. In early fall these thrips begin to leave their host plant and settle in debris on the forest floor where they hibernate. Sericothrips pulchellus occurs in our state wherever wafer ash grows (Win- terringer & Evers 1960). Illinois records. Collected from April through September, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Adams, Calhoun, Carroll, Champaign, Cook, Grundy, Han- cock, Kankakee, La Salle, Living- ston, Macoupin, Madison, Mason, Ogle, Peoria, Pike, Putnam, Rock Island, Vermilion, Wayne, White- side, and Winnebago. Sericothrips sambuci Hood Sericothrips sambuci Hood (1924:313). 9 . Type-locality.—Bladensburg, Maryland. Sericothrips walteri Crawford, J. C. (1938:36). 9, cT. Type-locality.— Washington, D. C. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. General color pale whitish yellow. Antennal seg- 35G Illinois Nati'RAl History Survey Bi'li.etin Vol. 29, An. ments pale yellow except tip of seg- ment III, apexes of IV and V, and ail of VI-VIII, which are brown. Fore wing with a brown cloud at base of scale and with a brown, subbasal, in- complete crossband located predomi- nantly on the trailing half of the wing. Mesothorax and metathorax each with a pair of brown spots. Abdominal seg- ments II -VI I each with a pair of lat- eral brown spots, the spots on segment II being the darkest and largest. Pronotum throughout closely transversely striate. Midregion of the abdominal tergites, for the most part, without microsetae. Posterior setal combs complete on abdominal seg- ments VII and VIII. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 0.8 mm. Similar to fe- male in general structure and color, but somewhat lighter in color. Brown spots on at least abdominal segment II present. No abdominal glandular areas could be distinguished on the limited specimens available to me. This common light-colored species feeds exclusively on elderberry leaves. In winter it hibernates under the loose bark of the host plant. It may be dis- tinguished from other species of Illi- nois Sericothrips by the pale, nearly colorless pronotum and by the several brown spots on the abdomen, a pair of which are always present even though sometimes faint, on the sides of segment II. Sericothrips sambuci is statewide in its distribution. Illinois records.—Collected during the summer and early fall, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Champaign, Christian, Clark, Cook, Franklin, Jasper, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Lake, Livingston, Macoupin, McHenry, Mercer, Montgomery, Ogle, Perry, Pike, Schuyler, Union, Ver- milion, Warren, and Whiteside. Sericothrips smithi Stannard Sericothrips smithi Stannard (1951: 129). 9 . Type-locality.—Greenup, Illinois. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended, exclusive of antennae, about 0.9 mm. Similar to desmoclianus in color. Antennal segment VI pedicellate. Mouth cone long. Pronotal striations widely spaced but more transverse than striate. Abdominal segments I- VIII densely and evenly covered by microsetae. Posterior setal combs com- plete on abdominal segments I-VIII. Male.—Unknown. For the present this species is con- sidered herein to be distinct from (lesmodianus. It is possible, however, that smithi may be only the brachyp- terous form of clesrnocliauns, a fully winged species. Their separation is maintained because desmodiajrus lacks microsetae on parts of the median por- tions of the intermediate abdominal segments, whereas smithi bears micro- setae over the entire dorsum of the ab- domen. Since such differences in setal pattern do not occur in the winged and wingless stages of cingiUatiis (both are densely covered by microsetae on the abdomen), it is reasonable to suppose that smithi and desmodianiis could be full species, even though closely related. Besides the type-locality, smithi has been taken once in North Carolina and once in South Carolina (INHS records). In all cases the specimens came from grassland habitats. Illinois record. — Cumberland County: Greenup, March 5, 1949, Smith, ground cover, 6 9 . Sericothrips tiliae Hood Sericothrips tiliae Hood (19316:151). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Morton, New York. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. General color white. Apex of antennal segment IV, apical half of segment V, and all of VI- VIII brown. Ocellar rings reddish to orange. Pronotum closely and transversely striate. Mid portions of the dorsum of the intermediate abdominal segments generally without microsetae. Poste- rior setal combs complete on abdomi- nal segments VII and VIII. Male (macropterous).— Length May, 19(i8 Stannarii: I'm Tiirii's hi Ii.i.inois 357 distended about 0.9 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color and structure. Abdominal sternites apparently with- out glandular areas. This is the lightest colored species of Sericothrips in Illinois. It is entirely white except for the apical segments of the antennae. Since these insects are so pale, they are best collected on the leaves of linden, their host plant, where they show up to advantage against the green background. Sericothrips tiliae occurs throughout the state, being most common in the northern part. Illinois records.—Collected every season of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Boone, Car- roll, Champaign, Cook. De Witt, Effingham, Hancock, Henderson, •Jackson, .Jo Daviess, Kankakee, Lake, La Salle, Lee, Livingston, Marshall, McLean, Mercer, Put- nam, Schuyler, Vermilion, War- ren, and Whiteside. Sericothrips variabilis (Beach) Thrips variabilis Beach (1896:220). 9 , cT. Type-locality.—Ames, Iowa. Lectotype fixed by Hood (1927a: 132). Transferred to Sericothrips bv Hinds (1902). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1 mm. Bicolored brown and yellow. Brown: head; an- tennal segment III at apex, apical half of segments IV and V, and all of VI- VIII; pronotal blotch except for a deeply incised, median, posterior area; most of the anterior three-fourths of the pterothorax; abdominal segment I at the sides, all of segments II, III, VII, and VIII, and an anterior line on segments IV-VI. Abdominal segments IV-VI, IX, and X light brown in spots over a yellowish background. Fore wings dark in scale and small area immediately above it and with two dark, sharply defined crossbands. Coxae and femora with spots of brown of various degrees of intensity. Ocellar rings red. Pronotum transversely striate. Me- dian areas of intermediate abdominal segments generally without microse- tae dorsally. Posterior setal combs complete on abdominal segments VII and VIII. Male (macropterous).— Length distended about 0.9 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color and structure. Abdominal sternites seemingly with- out glandular areas. Not only is this the first known spe- cies of Sericothrips in North America but also it has the distinction of being one of the most common in the eastern half of our country. Despite this early and continued knowledge of variabilis, its life history is unknown except for a few general details. It seems to prefer the leaves of herbs, particularly leg- umes, for food. It is abundant on soy- beans but the extent of possible dam- age is unknown. Sericothrips variabilis may be dis- tinguished from its Illinois congeners by the following combination of char- acteristics: fore wings each with two sharply defined crossbands, pronotum dark only in the area of the blotch and this dark area deeply incised in the posterior median region by yellow, striations of the anterior portion of the pronotum not exceptionally wide- ly spaced, and several of the abdomi- nal segments abruptly dark brown. This species occurs throughout Illinois. Illinois records.—Collected during spring and summer, from one to sev- eral localities in the following counties: Adams, Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Champaign, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cumberland, Douglas, Edgar, Ef- fingham, Fayette, Ford, Greene, Henderson, Iroquois, Jackson, .Jas- per, .Iefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kankakee, Lake, Living- ston, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, McHenry, Mon- roe, Pike, Pope, Pulaski (Hood 1927a), Randolph, St. Clair, Ver- milion, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, Whiteside, and Williamson. Taeniothrips Amyot and Serville Taeniothrips Amyot and Serville (1843:644). Type-species by subse- quent designation of Karny (1912/)).— Thrips primulae Haliday ( = pi- cipes Zetterstedt). 358 Illinois Natlrai, HlsToK^ St rvl^' Bri lftin V.,1. L'9, Art. -i Head wider than long to as long as wide. Cheeks barely bulged to con- siderably bulged. Antennae eight seg- mented, abnormally seven segmented in North America but occasionally normally seven segmented elsewhere. Antennal segments III and IV with forked sense cones. Maxillary palps usually three segmented, labial palps two segmented. Prothorax with only the two pairs of epimeral setae well developed. Meso- spinasternum separated from meta- sternum by a suture. Fore legs not en- larged. All tarsi two segmented. Fore wings with two veins, setae on fore vein often interrupted, setae on hind vein uniformly spaced, fringe cilia wavy. Abdomen with pleural plates. Ter- gites and sternites without microsetae. Median pair of setae placed far apart on the intermediate abdominal ter- gites. Abdominal sternites with or without accessory setae in addition to the posterior ones. Abdominal tergite VIII with or without posterior comb. Males with or without sternal glan- dular areas. The type of the genus, a European species, has an elongated head and greatly bulged cheeks, and lacks ac- cessory abdominal sternal setae. Spe- cies of Taeniothrips which most closely resemble the type-genus in the char- acteristic of the head occur indigenous- ly in western North America rather than in the East. In none of our native Illinois species is the head particularly bulged. Crawford (19416) and Speyer (1951), by introducing the character- istic of the abdominal sternal setae in the definition of the species, helped the taxonomy of the genus over an enormous hurdle. Their discovery that some species have accessory setae on the abdominal sternites whereas others do not permits the easy separation or regrouping of many hard-to-identify species. Mr. Speyer has pointed out to me that this characteristic should be further investigated and analyzed in certain species in the genus Thrips to obtain a better understanding of this genus and Taeniothrips and their re- lationships. As indicated, Taeniothrips is closely related to the genus Thrips and when all of the species of the world are con- sidered, the two genera nearly grade into each other. In Illinois, members of Taeniothrips always can be recog- nized by the eight-segmented anten- nae. By contrast, Illinois specimens of Thrips always have seven segments in each antenna. The taxon Rhoplandrothrips was erected by Priesner in 1922 as a sub- genus of Taeniothrips for those species whose males have antennal segment VI enlarged and heavily setose. The European ulmifolioriim var. ohscurus Uzel, later synonymized with consocia- tns Targioni-Tozzette by Priesner (19266), was subsequently designated to be the inferred type-species by Priesner (1949). Because the western United States species, Rhoplandro- thrips corni Moulton resembles Taeni- othrips alhidus, newly described here, the latter species may or may not prove to be another member of Rho- 130 Fig. 130-131.—Right antenna: 130, Taenio- thrips simplex: 131, Taenioihrips vulgalissimus. From O'Neill & Bigelow (1964). M;i 19(if! Stannaud: Till 'I'ukips u\ Illinois S.")!) plandrothrips. Until the males of albi- clu8 are discovered there will not be the necessary evidence to include or exclude Rhoplandrothrips as a name applicable to the Illinois or eastern United States faunas. O'Neill and Bigelow (1964) have treated the Canadian species. KEY TO SPECIES 1. Intermediate abdominal sternites with accessory setae in addition to posterior ones 2 Intermediate abdominal sternites without accessory setae in addition to posterior ones 3 2. Distal half of the anterior vein of fore wing with five or more setae; antennal segment III moderately short (Fig. 130); male with abdominal sternal 4. 5. glandular areas strongly transversely elongate (Fig. 132); on gladiolus simplex Distal half of the anterior vein of fore wing with three setae; antennal seg- ment III longer (Fig. 131); male with abdominal sternal glandular areas smaller, not as elongate (Fig. 133); abundant on Heracteiim vulgatissimus Abdominal tergite VIII with posterior comb incomplete to nearly absent ... vaccinophilus Abdominal tergite VIII with posterior comb complete (Fig. 134 and 135) . . .4 Fore tarsus with apical tooth inconsequens Fore tarsus without apical tooth 5 Generally pale, nearly white in color; an- tennal segment II pale albidus new species Bicolored brown and yellow or mostly brown; antennal segment III brown betulae -^r\-~v-n '\\zEEEt!- i^^"^ 132 Fig. 132-13.3. Glandular areas on abdominal sternites, cf : 132, Tacninlhrips simplex: 133, Tarniothrips vulgalissimii.i. From O'Neill & Bigelow (1964). 360 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 134 135 Fig. 134-135.—Abdominal terminalia, ? : 134, Taeniothrips vulgatissimns; 135, Taenio- thrips hetulae. From O'Neill & Bigelow (1964). Taeniothrips albidus new species Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 1.2 mm. Color almost entirely dusky white. Brown: antennal segment IV at apex, most of segment V, and all of segments VI-VIII. Ocel- lar pigments red. Head not elongate or bulged. Inter- ocellar setae strongly developed. An- tennal segment VI fairly broadly joined to segment;,V. Prothorax with a few dorsal setae, with only two pairs of posterior setae between the major epimeral setae. Fore tarsi without teeth. Fore wings normally with only two distal setae on fore vein. Abdominal sternites without acces- sory setae in addition to posterior ones. Abdominal tergite VIII with posterior comb complete. Male.—Unknown. Holotype.—Female, Atlas, Pike County, Illinois, October 2, 1953, Smith, Stannard, hibernating in forest ground litter. Paratypes.—8 9 , Ma- homet, Champaign County, Illinois, November 21, 1948, Bonet, Sander- son, Stannard, hibernating under bark of white oak. 1 9 , Urbana, Cham- paign County, Illinois, February 12, 1949, Stannard, under bark. This species is the color equivalent of the European albiconiis Knechtel and laliis (Bagnall). The American alhus (Moulton) of the West Coast is also light in color, but in this latter species the ocelli are described as ab- sent whereas in albidus of Illinois the ocelli are well developed and ringed by red pigments. I have never seen any of the aforementioned supposed rela- tives of albidns, and therefore I can- not fully compare albidus with them. Because albidus resembles Rhoplan- drothrips corni, a western United States thrips, it may be that the two are related. Diagnostic characteristics for the taxon Rhoplandrothrips depend upon the form of the male antennae and no males of albidus are yet known, precluding precise placement of the species at this time. Mav. 1968 Stannarij: TiiF. TiiRips oi' Illinois 3(51 Taeniofhrips betulae Crawford, J. C. Tcieniothrips betulae Crawford, J. C. (1939:74). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Fort Lee, New Jersey. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.5 mm. Bicolored brown and yellowish brown. Brown: antennal segment II, segments V- VIII, and all of abdomen. Yellowish brown: head, thorax, and legs, al- though sometimes these regions with much brown. Antennal segment I light brown, segment III nearly yel- low, segnient IV light brown except base which is yellowish brown. Fore wings yellowish brown. Ocellar pig- ment red. Body with yellow to orange subintegumental pigment. Head not elongate or bulged (Fig. 136). Interocellar setae strongly de- veloped. Antennal segments V and VI broadly joined. Prothorax with a few dorsal setae, with only two pairs of posterior setae between the major epimeral setae. Fore tarsi without teeth. Fore wings normally with only two distal setae on fore vein. Abdominal sternites without acces- sory setae in addition to posterior ones. Abdominal tergite VIII with posterior comb complete. Abdominal tergite X split for more than three-fourths its length (Fig. 135). Fig. 136.~ Taeniothripa helulae, head and prothora.x. From O'Neill & Bigelow (1964). Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.2 mm. Almost en- tirely yellow to light yellow brown, except antennae which are colored as in female. Similar to female in structure. Ab- dominal tergite VIII with a complete posterior comb. Abdominal sternal glandular areas apparently not present. Similar to the European species, salicis (Renter), betulae seemingly oc- curs on both Salix and Betula. Ac- cording to Hood (1927c), J. J. Davis and C. A. Hart first collected it in Illi- nois in 1908, at which time it was as- signed the name salicis. Illinois records. Cook County: Riverside, .July 14, 1908, on willow (Hood 1927c)"; Thornton, July 30, 1957, Ross, Stannard, on willow, 1 9 . Kane County: Aurora, July 8, 1908, on willow (Hood 1927c). Lake Coun- ty: Wauconda, October 28, 1943, Ross, Sanderson, ground cover, 1 9 ; Zion, July 8, 1947, Sanderson, Stan- nard, leaves of Salix cordata, 9 9 ; Zion, June 18, 1951, Ross, Richards, Stannard, leaves of willow, 5 9 , 4 cf . Vermilion County: Muncie, August 2, 1908, on willow (Hood 1927c). Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) Pear Thrips Physopus inconsequens Uzel (1895: 117). 9. Type-locality.— Praha (Prague), Czechoslovakia. Bagnall (19096:5). d' . Placed in Taenio- thrips hy Bagnall (1916). Euthrips pyri Daniel (1904:294). 9. Type-locality.—San Leandro, Cali- fornia. Synonymized by Bagnall (1916) and Williams (1916). ' Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 1.5 mm. Color dark brown except antennal segment III and tarsi which are yellowish brown. Ocellar pigments red. Fore wings brown, hind wings pale. Body with much yellow to orange subintegu- mental pigment. Head elongate for genus, bulged be- hind eyes. Interocellar setae well de- veloped. Antennal segments V and VI broadly joined. 362 li.i.i.N'ciis Naiikai. 1IIS^I>K^• Si kvia Ijii.i.ktin \'(.l. 2'K Art. 1 Prothorax with scattered dorsal se- tae, with only two pairs of posterior setae between the major epimeral se- tae. Fore tarsi each with an apical tooth. Fore wings with three, four, or five distal setae on fore vein. Abdominal sternites without acces- sory setae in addition to posterior ones. Abdominal tergite VIII with posterior comb complete. Abdominal tergite X split for about one-half its length. Male.—Not in North America; present in Europe (Bagnall 19096; Williams 1916). To the good fortune of our orchard- ists, this pest has not yet reached Illi- nois. The pear thrips, a native of Europe, was introduced as early as 1904 to California and probably later on the East Coast. Either this thrips spreads extremely slowly or there is a biological barrier in the Midwest that prevents its entry here. In America the pear thrips repro- duces entirely by parthenogenesis, since only the female was imported. After a brief but destructive foray on the blossoms and young fruits, the larvae drop to the ground and form pupal cells in the soil. For the next 10 months the larvae, which later change to prepupal and pupal forms, remain hidden in the soil. Then in the spring the pupae transmute and the resultant adults emerge to lay eggs and start the cycle again. Taeniothrips simplex (Morison) Gladiolus Thrips Physothrips simplex Morison (1930a: 12). 9. Type-locality.—Urrbrae, South Australia. Taeniothrips gladioli Moulton and Steinweden (1931:20). 9, cf. Type- locality . —Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada. Synonymized by Steele (1935). Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 1.5 mm. General color dark brown except antennal segment III and tarsi which are yellowish brown. Fore wings brown except basal portion which is white. Ocellar pig- ment red. Body with yellow to orange subintegumental pigment. Head not elongate or especially bulged (Fig. 137). Interocellar setae short. Antennae as in Fig. 130. Prothorax with a few dorsal setae, with three pairs of posterior setae be- tween the major epimeral setae. Fore tarsi without teeth. Fore wings nor- mally with five or more distal setae on fore vein. Abdominal sternites III -VII with accessory setae in addition to the pos- terior ones. Abdominal tergite VIII with posterior comb complete. Ab- dominal tergite X split for about one- half its length. Male (macropterous).— Length distended over 1 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and general structure. Abdominal tergite VIII without a complete posterior comb of setae. Fore wings often with a nearly full row of setae on fore vein. Abdominal ster- nites III-VIII with accessory setae in addition to posterior ones. Abdominal sternites III-VII each with an elon- gate sternal area that occupies most of the sclerite (Fig. 132). Miss Kellie O'Neill of the U.S. Na- tional Museum once suggested to me Fig. 137. — Taeniolhripsi simplex, head and prothorax. Mav, 1968 Stannarii: 'I'm- I II INOIS 363 that since simplex is so dependent upon gladioli, it is probable that this thrips originated from the same area as did its host, that is, from Africa. In Illinois this thrips is of major concern to growers of commercial gladioli as well as to home gardeners. None of these tropical thrips overwinter out- of-doors; the species survives on corms stored in warm buildings. Speyer (1951) gave an excellent di- agnosis of this species and illustrated many of the characteristics. Others have written detailed accounts of the life history of this thrips, among them are Steele (1935), Herr (1934), Smith & Nelson (1933), and Cohic (1953). Illinois records.—Collected out-of- doors from May to September, as well as in greenhouse in winter, fi'om one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Champaign, Cook, Kane, Kan- kakee, Mercer, Ogle, Whiteside, and Woodford. Taeniothrips vaccinophilus Hood Taeniothrips vaccinophilus Hood (1936a:l). 9. Type-locality.—Ca- nandaigua Lake, New York. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1 mm. Color pale yel- low. Antennal segments III-VIII and scale and subbasal crossband of fore wing grayish brown. Ocellar pigment red. Head not elongate or bulged behind eyes. Interocellar setae small. Prothorax with only a single pair of posterior setae between the major epimeral setae. Fore tarsi without teeth. Fore wings normally with three distal setae on fore vein, fringe cilia wavy (not straight as reported by O'Neill and Bigelow in 1964). Abdominal sternites without acces- sory setae in addition to posterior ones. Abdominal tergite VIII without posterior comb. Abdominal tergite X not divided along median line. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 0.7 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and general structure. In the single specimen in our collection, from Connecticut, the left maxillary palp is two segmented whereas the right maxillary palp is three seg- mented. Abdominal tergite VIII with- out posterior comb of setae. Abdomi- nal sternal glandular areas apparently not present. Although not yet known in Illinois, almost certainly this species will be found here eventually. This assump- tion is made because host plants of vaca'nophilvs, various species of Vac- cinium, occur within the state. I have seen specimens from Connecticut, New York (including the holotype), and Washington, D.C. Taeniothrips vulgatissimus (Haliday) Thrips vidgatissima Haliday (1836: 447). ? 9. Type-locality.—Britain. Placed in Taeniothrips by Priesner (1920a). Physopus pallipennis Uzel (1895:110). 9 . Type-locality.—Either Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) or Helgoland (Germany). Synonymized by Pries- ner (1914a). Female (macropterous).—Length distended up to nearly 2 mm. Color nearly uniformly dark brown except antennal segment III and tarsi which are lighter brown. Fore wings brown except base which is dusky white. Ocellar pigment red. Body, especially thorax, with orange to red subintegu- mental pigment. Head slightly elongate for genus, slightly bulged behind eyes (Fig. 138). Antennae as in Fig. 131. Interocellar setae moderately long. Prothorax moderately setose, with three pairs of posterior setae between the major epimeral setae. Fore tarsi without teeth. Fore wings normally with three distal setae on fore vein. Abdominal sternites with accessory setae in addition to posterior ones. Ab- dominal tergite VIII with posterior comb complete. Abdominal tergite X split for more than three-fourths its length (Fig. 134). Male (macropterous).-Length distended nearly 1.5 mm. Similar to fe- male excejit somewhat lighter color in thorax. Abdominal sternites III VIII with accessory setae in addition to pos- terior ones. Abdominal sternites III- :-f64 Illinois Natuk.m. History Sukvf.v Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig 1^8.—Taeniothrips pulgatissimus, head and prothorax. From O'Neill & Bigelow (1964). VII with a small oval glandular area (Fig. 133). Abdominal tergite VIII without posterior comb of setae. Seemingly this is a species with an enormous natural range. It has been found in northern, western, and mid- dle Europe (Priesner 19266) and m much of temperate North America. As might be expected in a species of extensive distribution throughout which it is subjected to varied ecologi- cal conditions, there are considerable interpopulation differences. In par- ticular the lengths of certain setae and the size of the male glandular areas often vary between populations. Yet, it seems certain that all of these popu- lations belong to imlgatissimus, per- haps in some cases as racial or even subspecific segregates. In Illinois vulgatissimus becomes abundant solely "on Heracleum, its principal host plant. In Europe, too, Heracleum is a favorite host. I have for comparison many specimens collected by Dr. H. H. Ross from Heracleum that was growing in an English garden. Both the English and the Illinois speci- mens appear to be the same species. Illinois records.—Cook County: Golf (Harm's Woods), June 17, 1949, Ross, Tietz, Stannard, on Heracleum, many specimens; Western Springs (Warren Harding Woods), June 16, 1949, Ross, Stannard, on Heracleum, 3 9 . Lake County: Waukegan, June 18, 1951, Ross, Richards, Stannard, on flowers of Heracleum, 6 9,1 cf. Winnebago County: Shirland, July 29, 1953, Stannard, in woods, 1 9 . Thrips Linneaus Thrips Linneaus (1758:457). Type- species by subsequent designation by Curtis (1839).—T/irips phijsapus Linneaus. Valid designation. Type- species by subsequent designation by Westwood (1839).—Tferips phijs- apus Linneaus. Unnecessary desig- nation, previously designated by Curtis. Physapus DeGeer (1773:6).—Name used in subordination to Thrips. Euthrips Targioni-Tozzetti (1881: 132). Unnecessary substitute name for Thrips (Hood 1914a). Parathrips Karny (1907:47). Type- species by monotypy.^Parathrips uzeli Karny. Synonymized by Pries- ner (1925c). Achaetothrips Karny (1908:111). Type- species by monotypy.—Acftoe^o- ihrips loboptera Karny. Synony- mized by Priesner (1949). Archaeothrips Field (1910:74). Mis- spelling of Achaetothrips Karny. PomIus Solowiow (1924:25). Type- species by monotypy.—PawiMS gra- cilis. Synonymized by Priesner (1949) Priesner ia Maltback (1928:2). Type- species said by Priesner (1949) to be Priesneria maneosetosa Maltback; reference unknown to me. Preoc- cupied by Priesneria Bagnall (1926c). Synonvmized by Priesner (1949). Head wider than long to as long as wide, at the most only slightly pro- longed in front of eyes. Antennae sev- en segmented, segments III and IV each with a forked sense cone. Anten- nal segment VI sometimes slightly en- larged in male. Interocellar and pos- tocular setae small. Mouth cone mod- erate in size. Ocelli, except when reduced in size, forming a fairly com- pact triangle. Maxillary palps three segmented. 1 Mav, 1968 Stannard: Tin- 'I'iirip; II I IMOtS 365 Prothorax with two well-developed pairs of epimeral setae, all other setae much smaller by comparison, with two, three, or four pairs of setae on posterior margin between major pairs of epimeral setae. Mesospinasternum separated from metasternum by a wide suture. Metascutum longitudi- nally striate to hexagonally reticulate. Fore legs rarely with toothlike projec- tions and always without long hairlike projections. All tarsi two segmented. Macropterous, micropterous, or bra- chypterous. Fore v/ings with two veins, setae on veins interrupted on fore vein only, fringe cilia wavy. Abdomen with separated pleural plates. Abdominal tergite I weakly to strongly striate. Abdominal tergite II with three or four setae on each lateral margin. Median pair of setae placed far apart on the intermediate abdomi- nal tergites. Abdominal tergites with or without small scallop-like projec- tions along posterior margins. Abdom- inal sternites with or without acces- sory setae, median posterior pair of setae on margin except on sternite VII. Abdominal tergite VIII with or without a complete comb of marginal setae. Females with well-developed ovipositor, with abdominal tergite X partially split. Males with a glandular area on either abdominal sternites III and IV, III-V, or more usually III- VII; these glandular areas round to oval to transversely elongate. Males without thornlike setae on abdominal tergite IX. This is the only genus Linneaus recognized in the group of insects that has since become known as the Thy- sanoptera. From the closely related Baliothrips, the genus Thrips may be separated by the number of segrnents in the maxil- lary palps. Baliothrips is characterized by having the maxillary palps two segmented whereas in the species of Thrips the maxillary palps are three segmented. From Microcephalothrips the genus Thrips differs primarily in the number of setae on the posterior margin of the prothorax between the major pairs of epimeral setae. In Mi- crocephalothrips, as found in Illinois, there are five pairs of setae between the major epimeral setae. By contrast in the species of Thrips, as found in Illinois, there are only two, three, or rarely four pairs of setae between the major epimeral setae. Thysanopterists are indebted to E. R. Speyer of England for his excel- lent analysis of the genus Thrips and in particular for his discovery of many useful diagnostic characteristics. Thirteen species occur in Illinois. Of those whose habits are known six are host specific, that is, each of these spe- cies is confined for its existence to a single genus of plants. KEY TO SPECIES (that occur or may occur in Illinois) 1 . Females 2 Males (not keyed: helianthi and mono- tropae which are unknown, and nigro- pilosus which is unknown to me) ... 19 2. IVIacropterous 3 Brachypterous 18 3. Abdominal sternites with accessory (mid- dle row) setae physapus Abdominal sternites without accessory setae 4 4. Posterior margin of abdominal tergite VIII predominantly with non-setae- bearing, scalelike projections, sylvanus Posterior margin of abdominal tergite VIII with setae (some of which may be borne on tiny scalelike projections) or posterior margin mostly bare 5 5. Antennal segments I and II dark, nearly uniformly yellow in the remaining seg- ments although segments VI and VII may be slightly shaded brown; legs en- tirely dark pallicornis Antennae brown apieally, especially seg- ments VI and VII; legs dark, or tarsi and or parts or all of tibiae yellow, or legs entirely pale yellow 6 6. Fore wings brown in the middle, marked- ly pale basally and apieally. .helianthi Fore wings uniformly brown or entirely pale gray, or pale gray at base, or just slightly paler at apex 7 7. Apical half of anterior longitudinal vein of fore wing usually with four to six setae; basal setae short, hardly longer than distance between fore vein and leading edge of wing; prothorax with major setae short, much shorter than dorsal length of eye; ocellar pigments gray in life tabaci Apical half of anterior longitudinal vein of fore wing usually with three or fewer setae; basal setae longer, when perjjen- dicular considerably exceeding tlie lead- ing edge of the wing; prothorax usually with major setae as long as or longer than dorsal length of eye; ocellar pig- ments some shade of red 8 8. Light colored species, wings and abdomen S66 Il.I.INOIS NaIIKAI. IIlSTOR'l- SiRVF.'l' Br 1. 1. 1. II \' V.il. 20, Art. 4 10. 11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 22. yellow to light yellow-brown in spots, wing and abdomen never predominant- ly brown to black 9 Dark colored species, at least most of ab- domen and wings grayish brown to black 12 Head, prothorax and abdomen with light yellowish brown blotches nigropilosus Body almost entirely pale yellow 10 Abdominal tergite II with four setae on each lateral margin (not yet intro- duced into Illinois) flavus Abdominal tergite II with three setae on each lateral margin 11 Body and wing bristles dark brown winnemanae Body and wing bristles slmost colorless. quinciensLs Bicolored; brownish yellow on head, tho- rax, abdominal segments I, IX, and X; abruptly dark brown on abdominal segments II-VIII tripartitus Not abruptly paler in color on abdominal segments I, IX and X 13 Abdominal tergite II with four setae on each lateral margin Cuscipennis Abdominal tergite II with three setae on each lateral margin 14 Comb along posterior margin of abdomi- nal tergite VIII interrupted in the mid- dle 15 Comb along posterior margin of abdomi- nal tergite VIII complete 16 Interocellar setae much shorter than the length of antennal segment II . . varipes Interocellar setae as long as or longer than the length of antennal segment II (not yet found in Illinois) . .spinosus Antennal segments IV and V, at least, yellow to yellowish brown in basal two-thirds frosti Antennal segments IV and V brown or brownish gray 17 Head pale brown beyond ocelli becoming yellow; abdominal segments IX and X brown; antennal segments III and IV relatively slender impar Head brown forward of ocelli; abdominal segments IX and X brown to brownish yellow; antennal segments III and IV stouter monotropae Body pale, yellow with gray nlgropilo.sus Body bicolored yellow and black, ab- dominal segments II-VIII dark brown tripartitus Abdominal sternites with one or two pairs of accessory setae physapus Abdominal sternites without accessory setae 20 Abdominal glandular areas only on ster- nites III and IV, or III-V 21 Abdominal glandular areas on sternites III- VII 22 Abdominal glandular areas on sternites III and IV only pallicornis Abdominal glandular areas on sternites III-V tabaci Abdominal tergite II with four setae on each lateral margin 23 Abdominal tergite II with three setae on each lateral margin 24 23. Color yellow (not yet introduced into Illinois) flavus Color brown or brownish yellow fuscipennis 24. Abdomen markedly bicolored; abdomi- nal segments I, IX, and X yellowish brown; segments II-VIII abruptly brown tripartitus Abdomen not markedly bicolored. . . .25 25. Abdominal tergite IX with four anterior setae and two posterior setae, .varipes Abdominal tergite IX with two anterior setae and four posterior setae 26 26. Antennal segment I brown 27 Antennal segment I yellow to pale or pale gray 29 27. Interocellar setae much shorter than the length of antennal segment II 28 Interocellar setae as long as or longer than antennal segment II (not yet found in Illinois) spinosus 28. Antennal segment V yellow in basal two- thirds; fore wings only slightly lighter in color at base; abdominal sternal glands relatively large frosti Antennal segment V with more brown; abdominal sternal glands smaller; fore wings abruptly pale in color at base . sylvanus 29. Wings pale gray quinciensis Wings predominantly brown or grayish brown 30 30. Prothorax and metascutum light brown impar Thorax entirely yellow. . . .winnemanae Thrips frosti Moulton Thrips frosti MouMon (1936c :107). 9, cT. Type-locality.—Sherborn, Mas- sachusetts. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III yellowish brown, apical two-thirds of segments IV and V usually yellow, remainder of antennae predominantly dark brown. Apical half of tibiae and all tarsi yellowish brown to yellow. Fore wings dark brown becoming slightly lighter at base. Ocellar pig- ment red. Body with red subintegu- mental pigment. Head moderate in size. Antennal segment III slender. Prothorax moderately setose, with bare areas either side of center. An- teromarginal setae heavy and thickened. Inner posterior pair of ma- jor setae long, about l' 3 times as long as dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of the pro- thorax between the major pairs of se- tae. Fore wings each with three (sonie- times four) apical bristles on fore vein. Mav, 1968 Stannard: Tin Tiikips Il,l.INOI.S 367 Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).— Length distended about 1 mm. Colored dark brown much as in female, except slightly lighter in head. Similar to female in structure. Ab- dominal sternal glands moderate in size, oval, one each present on sternites III-VII. Abdominal tergite VIII ap- parently without a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Abdominal tergite IX with two anterior and four posterior median setae. This species belongs to the mono- tropae-impar group of dark brown spe- cies possessing a complete comb of setae on the posterior margin of ab- dominal tergite VIII. It differs from both moHolropae and impar by the lighter colored intermediate antennal segments. Possibly frosti is also re- lated to herricki, but herricki is said to differ by having most of antennal seg- ments IV and V brown, much as in impar and monotropae. Since its description, frosti has not been reported again in the literature. In 1955 we were fortunate in finding several specimens of this species in the Quetico Provincial Park, a wilderness area in Ontario. Although almost cer- tainly a northern thrips, frosti eventu- ally might be found in the relict boreal areas of northern Illinois. So far no specimen has been collected in our state. Thrips fuscipennis Haliday Thrips fuscipennis Haliday (1836: 448). Nomen nudum. Thrips fuscipennis Haliday (1852: 1111). 9 ,6". Type-locality.—Pre- sumably England. First valid de- scription. Thrips salicaria Uzel (1895:182). 9, cf . Type-locality.—Czechoslovakia. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Thrips meledensis Karny (1908:110). ? 9 . Type-locality.—Prozor, Yugo- slavia. Synonymized by Priesner (1925r). Female (macropterous). Length distended about 1.4 mm. Body color varying from light brown to dark brown. Antennae brown except inter- mediate segments which are some- times yellowish brown. Tarsi yellow- ish brown. Fore wings nearly uniform- ly gray-brown becoming slightly paler at base. Ocellar pigment red. Thorax with orange subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size. Prothorax moderately setose, with bare areas on either side of center. Inner posterior pair of major setae moderately long, about as long as dor- sal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax be- tween the major pairs of setae. Fore wings each with two or three apical setae on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II usually with four setae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Ab- dominal tergite VIII usually without a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 0.9 mm. General color yellowish brown. Head forward of ocelli and directly behind eyes, anten- nal segment I, and anterior margin of prothorax yellow. Thorax and ab- domen sometimes predominantly more brown than yellowish brown. Similar to female in other coloration. Similar to female, except more slen- der, in general structure. Abdominal sternites III-VII each with a fairly large, elliptical glandular area. Ab- dominal tergite IX with two anterior and four posterior median setae. This variable and common Euro- pean species is apparently also present in our fauna. Our specimens compare favorably with material I have studied from England and Germany. Possibly it was introduced by man, because ac- cording to Morison (1948) it is ap- parently limited by climatic factors to southern England and thus cold tem- peratures would have prevented it from becoming holarctic in natural distribution in recent times. Thrips fuscipennis was fii'st reported in North America (New York) by Hood in 1927. In England it is called the "rose thrips" (Speyer 1934) although it is numerous on other flowers and trees as well (Mori.son 1948). 368 Il.MNOIS NaTI'KAI. HlSTOKV SlIRVEV Bui.I.F.TIN \'o\. 29, Art. 4 From other dark colored species of the genus Thrips that occur in Illinois, fuscipennis may be distinguished by the lack of accessory setae on the ab- dominal sternites, by the absence of a complete comb of setae on abdominal tergite VIII, and by the presence of four setae on each lateral margin of abdominal tergite II. So far this species has been found only in northern Illinois. To my knowledge no males have been taken in North America. Illinois records. Lake County: Volo Bog, October 18, 1952, McAlpine, I 9. Putnam County: Magnolia, April 29, 1948, Stannard, on Fraxinus leaves, 4 9 . Thrips helianthi Morgan Thrips helianthi Morgan (1913:23). 9. Type-locality.— Clarksville, Tennessee. Thrips walte'ri Crawford, J. C. (1938: 37). 9 . Type-locality.—Washing- ton (Mount Hamilton), D. C. Syno- nymized by Bailey (1948). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments I and II dark brown; segments III-V pre- dominantly yellow, darkened apically; segment VI yellow at base, light brown in apical half; segment VII light brown. Apical half of tibiae and all tarsi yellow. Fore wings pale brown at base and apex, brown in the mid- dle. Ocellar pigment red. Head moderate in size. Antennal segment VI slightly longer than seg- ment III. Prothorax moderately setose with bare areas either side of center. An- terior margin of prothorax with one or two pairs of stouter setae. Inner pos- terior pair of major setae of prothorax moderately long, about as long as to slightly longer than dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax between the ma- jor pairs of setae. Fore wings with two or three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without avcessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male.—Unknown. From all other congeners known to occur in Illinois, this species may be distinguished by the color of the fore wings, which are brown in the middle and abruptly pale at the base and apex. This rare thrips has been taken four times in our state. Illinois records. — Adams County: Marblehead, .June 24, 1948, Stannard, sweeping in woods, 1 9 . McHenry County: Hebron, July 29, 1953, Stan- nard, edge of marsh, 1 9 . Tazewell County: Hopedale, September 11, 1953, Ross, Stannard, herbs of flood- plain forest, 1 9 . Vermilion County: Danville, November 1, 1942, Ross, ground litter, 1 9 . Thrips impar Hood Thrips impar Hood (1915a :25). 9,0^. Type-locality.—Not stated but holotype labeled Plummer's Island, Maryland. Thrips herricki var. impatientis Moul- ton (1936c:109). 9. Type-locality. —Atwater, Illinois, New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. General color brown. Antennae brown except pe- dicels of intermediate segments lighter. Head forward of ocelli yellow. Tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown to yellow. Fore wings nearly uniformly brownish gray, not particularly paler at base. Ocellar pigment red. Thorax with orange subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size. Antennal segment VI nearly equal to slightly longer than segment III, segments III and IV slender. Prothorax moderately setose, with bare areas on either side of center. Inner posterior pair of major setae long, more than 1'4 times as long as dorsal length of eye. Two, occasionally three, pairs of setae on posterior mar- gin of prothorax between the major pairs of setae. Fore wings with two or three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites May, 1968 Stannard: Thk Tiimi's Ii.ii 369 without accessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.1 mm. Body and legs generally yellow clouded with pale brown blotches. Antennal seg- ment I pale yellow, remainder of an- tennae brown. Fore wings nearly uni- formly brownish gray similar to those of female. Similar to female in structure except smaller and more slender. Antennal segment VI proportionately longer than in female. Abdominal sternal glands moderate in size, usually ellip- tical, one each present on sternites III- VII (Fig. 49). Abdominal tergite VIII usually without a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Abdominal tergite IX with two anterior and four posterior median setae. This species is similar to monotropae in many characteristics. In the female sex, the two species difTer in color and in the shape of antennal segments III and IV, as noted in the key. Because the male of monotropae is unknown, a comparison of this sex cannot be made. An additional point of differ- ence may be in the number of setae on the posterior margin of the protho- rax between the major pairs. This dif- ference may apply to both sexes. Usu- ally in the species impar only two pairs of setae are present in this region, whereas in monotropae there are usu- ally three pairs of setae. Through the kindness of Dr. E. S. Ross I have been able to check a fe- male paratype of Moulton's Thrips herricki var. impatientis. I found that this paratype is identical with ma- terial determined as impar by many American thysanopterists. It has been long suspected that Thrips herricki Bagnall and its many synonyms. Hood (1931a), may be in turn a synonym of impar. Proof of this synonymy remains to be obtained. Thrips impar is common throughout the state on jewelweed i Iinpatiens). It is recorded in the literature from Geor- gia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Tennessee. I have taken it also in Arkansas, Indiana, and Ohio. Illinois records. Collected from May through September, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Adams, Brown, Bureau, Cal- houn, Carroll, Champaign, Chris- tian, Clark, Cook, Cumberland, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Ful- ton, Hardin, Henderson, Henry, Jackson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Ken- dall, Lake, La Salle, Lee, Macon, Macoupin, Mason, Massac, Mer- cer, Monroe, Ogle, Putnam, Scott, Shelby, Stevenson, Tazewell, Ver- milion, Wabash, Warren, Will, and Williamson. Thrips monotropae Hood Thrips monotropae Hood (1927a:217). 9 . Type-locality.—Sodus Point, New York. Thrips flavicaiida Watson (19276:43). 9, d'. Type-locality.—Gaines- ville, Florida. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.5 mm. General color dark brown. Antennae almost entirely dark brown, the pedicels of the inter- mediate segments yellowish brown. Tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown to yellow. Abdominal segments IX and X brown to yellowish brown. Fore wings brown becoming gradually paler at base. Ocellar pigment red. Thorax with orange subintegumental p'gment. Body setae brown. Head (Fig. 139) moderate in size. Antennal segment VI nearly equal to or longer than segment III, segment III moderately stout. Prothorax moderately setose, with bare areas either side of center poste- riorly. Inner posterior pair of major setae long, nearly 1}^ times as long as dorsal length of eye. Three, occasional- ly two, pairs of setae on posterior margins of prothorax between the ma- jor pairs of setae. Fore wings with three apical setae on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male.— Unknown. This species has a darker head and stouter third and fourth antennal seg- ments than does its clo.se relative, :^7n Illinois Natural Hlstorv .StRVF.^• RrLt.F.TiN Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 139.- Thrips monotropae, head and prothorax. From Hood (1927f). impar. Many Illinois specimens of monotropae have the last two abdomi- nal segments light brown. In contrast eastern specimens often have abdomi- nal segments IX and X yellowish brown. As its name implies, Thrips mono- tropae occurs in the flowers of Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora and Mono- tropa hypopithys). It has been found several times in Illinois but apparently it is only locally abundant. Repeated efforts to find monotropae in areas other than those listed below for our state have not been successful. In ad- dition to the Illinois material there are specimens in our collection from Wheaton, Maryland and Mt. Carmel, Connecticut collected by Dr. K. M. Sommerman, and specimens from Chelsea, Quebec collected by Dr. R. S. Bigelow. Although Watson (19276) thought that Jiavicauda was different from monotropae he did not state the rea- sons for his belief. In my opinion the two are conspecific. I am here desig- nating the lectotype of flavicauda to be the dorsally mounted female speci- men on the slide marked "Type" with the prefix "para" crossed off. This slide is labeled "In blossoms of Indian pipe under oaks, Lakeside Estate, Gainesville, Fla., 12-7-26, Watson & Tissot". Another female, mounted on its side, lies next to the lectotype on the same slide, which is deposited in the Watson collection. Illinois records.—La Salle Coun- ty: Starved Rock State Park, Sep- tember 7, 1951, Mills, Ross, in flowers of Monotropa uniflora, 6 9,1 larva; Starved Rock State Park, September 13, 1951, Richards, Stannard, in Mono- tropa flowers, 6 9. Ogle County: Oregon (Sinnissippi Forest), Septem- ber 15, 1955, Ross, Stannard, in flowers of Indian pipe, 3 9 . Thrips nigropilosus Uzel Chrysanthemum Thrips Thrips nigropilosus Uzel (1895:198). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Czecho- slovakia. Thrips aureus Hood (1915a:27). 9,0^. Type-locality.—Alexandria, Vir- ginia. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.5 mm. Color yellow with light grayish brown blotches on the thorax and the basal abdominal tergites. Antennal segment I nearly white; remaining segments brown. Ocellar pigment red. Body setae dark brown. Fore wings pale gray. Head moderate in size. Prothorax moderately setose, setae fairly long, with a well-developed pair of anterior setae, with bare areas either side of center. Inner posterior pair of major setae proportionately long, nearly 1}^ times as long as dor- sal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax be- tween the major pairs. Fore wings short with three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Female (brachypterous).- Color Mav, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips oi Ii.iinois 371 and structure similar to macropterous form except wings shortened to pads. Male.—Not yet found in Illinois, nor represented in the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Thrips nigropilosus is a yellow thrips with light grayish brown blotches and red ocellar pigment. It is one of the few species of Thrips in Illinois that produces brachypterous forms. Apparently introduced from Eu- rope, this thrips prefers our roadsides which are composed primarily of in- troduced European plants. It is com- mon locally in the northern part of Illinois where I have taken it in large numbers on burdock. Before the gen- eral use of the newer insecticides, nigropilosus was a pest in greenhouses, especially on chrysanthemums. Illinois records. Champaign County: Urbana, February 18, 1937. Asterlund, (in greenhouse) on chrys- anthemum, many specimens; Urbana, April 5, 1939, Ritcher, (in greenhouse) on chrysanthemum, 4 9 ; Urbana, June 23, 1933, Farrar, lettuce, 2 9 . Cook County: Maywood, February 5, 1935, Compton, (in greenhouse) on Matricaria parthenoicles, many speci- mens. Du Page County: Naperville, February 20, 1925, Compton, (in greenhouse) on chrysanthemum, many specimens. Jackson County: Gorham (Fountain Bluff), April 30, 1953, Stannard, grass, 1 9 . McHenry County: Chemung, June 19, 1951, Stannard, underside of leaves of bur- dock, many specimens. Wabash County: Mt. Carmel, June 15, 1948, Becker, grasses, 2 9 . Thrips pallicornis Hood Thrips pallicornis Hood (1912c :138). 9, cT. Type-locality.— Parker, Johnson County, Illinois. Thrips gilmorei Moulton (19296:234). 9, c^. Type-locality.—Appomat- tox, Virginia. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 1.5 mm. General color dark brown including legs. Antennal segments I and II dark brown, re- maining segments yellow except api- cal half of .segment VI and all of VII faintly clouded with light brown. Fore wings brown, abruptly pale at base. Ocellar pigment red. Body with bright red subintegumental pigment. Head elongate. Antennal segments III and IV slender. Prothorax sparsely setose, the cen- tral area almost devoid of setae. Inner major pair of posterior setae of pro- thorax long, more than II4 times as long as dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax between the major pairs of setae. Fore wings with three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II usually with three setae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Ab- dominal tergite VIII with a complete but weak comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and general structure, except smaller and more slender. Ab- dominal sternal glandular areas large, elliptical, one each on sternites III and IV only (Fig. 48). Abdominal tergite VIII without a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. The light-colored antennae con- trasted to the dark-colored body and legs give pallicornis a distinctive ap- pearance, although somewhat sugges- tive of sylvauus. The male of palli- cornis is unusual in that it has only two sternal glandular areas on the abdomen. This species occurs on hickory leaves in the west-central and southern parts of the state. So far it has not been found within the area formerly gla- ciated by the Wisconsin ice sheets. Illinois records.—Collected dur- ing spring, summer and early fall, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Calhoun, Clay, Jackson, Johnson, Mc- DoNOUGH, Pike, Pope, Richland, Washington, and Williamson. Thrips physapus Linneaus Dandelion Thrips Thrips physapus Linneaus (1758:457). 9 . Type-locality. - Sweden. Thrips fusca Muller (1776:96). ? 9. 372 Illinois Natiirai. IlIST(lR^ SrR\Kv Iiui.ietin Vol. 29. Art. 4 Type-locality.—Denmark or Nor- way. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Thrips Havicornis Reuter, 0. M. (1878- 79:2i9). ? 9. Type-locality.—Par- gas (Parainen), Turku-Pori, Fin- land. Synonvmized bv Reuter (1899). Female (macropterous) (Fig. 140). —Length distended about 1.7 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments III-VII largely yellow, apex of segments IV-VI and all of VII brown. Fore tibiae, except at sides, and all tarsi yellow to yellow-brown. Fore wings nearly uniformly grayish brown. Ocellar pigment red. Thorax with orange subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size, eyes large. Prothorax setose but with bare areas either side of center posteriorly. Inner posterior pair of prothoracic setae short, less than dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax between the ma- jor pairs of setae. Fore wings with three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three setae on each lateral margin. Sternites with accessory setae variously ar- ranged, not in a single transverse row. Abdominal tergite VIII with a com- I Fig. HO. — Tlirlpn j))ti/napii>\, dorsal aspect. .M;i 19(58 Stannard: TiiK Tiikii's oi- Illinois 373 plete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Length distended over 1.2 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and structure except lighter colored and more slender. Ab- dominal sternites with fewer acces- sory setae (usually reduced to two or four setae) than in female. Abdominal sternites III-VII each with a modei'- ate-sized, elliptical glandular area. Abdominal tergite VII without a com- plete comb of setae on posterior margin. It is my opinion, based upon com- parative studies of European speci- mens, that our species in Illinois is Thrips physapus as defined by Speyer and others. Presumably this thrips was introduced into North America from Europe along with its host plants. Thrips trehernei Priesner which was later made a variety of Thrips hukkineni Priesner (Priesner 1937) is probably not the proper anme for our species. Thrips physapus is the only species of the genus Thrips in Illinois with accessory setae on the ab- dominal sternites. Reported else- where in eastern North America, other species having accessory setae on the abdominal sternites differ in that either they possess a tooth on each fore tarsus ( Thrips calcaratus Uzel ) or the accessory setae are arranged in a single transverse row on each abdomi- nal sternite {Thrips thalictri Hood). Dandelion ( Taraxacum ), goatsbeard (Tragopogonj, and wild lettuce (Lac- tuca) appear to be the favorite hosts of this common, statewide thrips. Illinois records.— Collected during spring, summer, and autumn from one to several localities in every county in the state. Thrips quinciensis Morgan Thrips quinciensis Morgan (1913:21). 9 .Type-locality.—Quincy, Florida. rrhrips pectinatiis Hood (1932:38). 9 . Type-locality. Plummer's Is- land, Maryland. ? new synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. Color almo.st entirely pale yellow becoming nearly white in Hoyer's mounting medium, wings and body setae also pale. An- tennae predominantly yellowish but terminal segments with much brown, segments II-IV with indications of brown at tip, segment V brown in the apical half, segment VI brown in the apical two-thirds, and segment VII brown. Ocellar pigment red. Head moderate in size. Prothorax moderately setose with bare areas either side of center. Inner posterior pair of major prothoracic se- tae long, nearly 11^2 times as long as dorsal length of eye. Two or three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax between the major pairs. Fore wings with two or three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.1 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and general structure. Abdominal tergite VIII usually with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin but these setae shorter and much weaker than in female. Abdomi- nal sternal glandular areas on ster- nites III-VII inclusive, these glandu- lar areas small, usually not as wide as the distance between the bases of the median pair of posterior sternal setae. Abdominal tergite IX with two an- terior and four posterior setae. Thrips quinciensis is a pale colored thrips with bright red ocellar pig- ment, with most of the basal segments of the antennae pale, and with the body setae pale to nearly colorless. By the combination of these characteris- tics it can be distinguished from any species of Thrips so far discovered in Illinois. Like winnemanae, quinciensis was reported to have been collected more than 40 years ago and hardly again .since. It may be a rare but locally common thrips; I have taken it in abundance in the Great Smoky Moun- tains National Park and we have rec- ords of it from hibernation in the forest leaf mold from Michigan and Wiscon- sin. It is known from one locality in 374 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Illinois where larvae and adults were found feeding on the leaves of Staphylea. The types of quinciensis do not show evidence of a complete comb of setae across the posterior margins of abdominal tergite VIII in the female. This absence of setae is presumed to be due to the poor mounts of the speci- mens. If, on the other hand, it is found that these setae are really lacking in quinciensis, then the Illinois popula- tions should be referred to as pectinafus. Illinois record.—PiKE County: Barry, September 9, 1954, Ross, Stannard, on leaves of Staphylea, 1 9 , 6 larvae. Thrips spinosus Morgan Thrips spinosus Morgan (1913:25). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Quincy, Florida. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.6 mm. General color brown with abdominal segment X dark brown. Antennal segment III yellow to yellowish brown in basal half, segments IV and V yellow at ex- treme base. Apical half of tibiae and all of tarsi yellow. Fore wings nearly uniformly dusky brown. Ocellar pig- ment red. Head (Fig. 141) moderate in size with moderately well-developed inter- ocellar setae, these setae longer than antennal segment II. Prothorax moderately setose with bare areas either side of center. Inner posterior pair of major setae moder- ately long, about as long as dorsal length of eye. Three or four pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax between the major pairs of setae. Fore wings with three apical setae on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII without a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Length distended at least 1.2 mm. Similar to female in color and structure. Ab- dominal .sternites III-VII each with a very large, elliptical glandular area, these areas much larger than in fusci- Fig. 141. prothorax. Thrips spinosus, cf, head and pennis, about the size of those found in varipes. Abdominal tergite IX with two anterior and four posterior median setae. This brown species may be dis- tinguished from other similarly colored entities by the long interocellar setae. Presumably spinosus is host specific to magnolias (Watson 1924a). Al- though it has not been found in our state as yet, it may be discovered eventually in southern Illinois on na- tive and cultivated magnolias. It has been reported to be in Indiana (Blick- enstaff 1946). Thrips sylvanus Stannard Thrips sylvanus Stannard (1957a :174). 9, d'. Type-locality.— Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments I and II dark brown, remainder of antennae usually bright yellow but often fading I M;iv. 1968 Stannard: Tin; Tiirips oi Ii.i.inois 375 into brown in segments VI and VII, sometimes in segment V also. Apexes of tibiae and all of each tarsus yellow, the fore tibiae being the lightest. Fore wings abruptly pale at base, uniformly brown in the remainder of the wing. Ocellar pigment red. Prothorax moderately setose with bare areas either side of center. Inner posterior pair of major setae short, much shorter than dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax between the ma- jor pairs. Fore wings with two apical setae on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with four (sometimes three) setae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Posterior margin of abdominal tergite VIII fringed with scalelike pro- jections. Most of the other abdominal segments similarly fringed but with the scalelike projections weaker. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color and structure. Small abdominal glandular areas pres- ent, one each on sternites III-VII, gradually changing from elliptical on segment III to nearly circular on ster- nite VII. Abdominal tergite IX with two anterior and four posterior setae. This species is easily distinguished by the presence of scalelike projections along the posterior margin of abdomi- nal tergite VIII. In this respect, but to a lesser degree, sylvanus is similar to Microcephalothrips abdom inalis. So far sylvanus has been found in only three localities in Illinois. Its hosts (or host) have not been deter- mined. Illinois records. Clark County: Marshall, May 13, 1949, Ross, Gloyd, Stannard, 1 9. Hardin County: Lamb (Blind Hollow), June 11, 1963, Evers, Stannard, on wild hydrangea, 2 9. Monroe County: Valmeyer, July 19, 1948, Smith, Stannard, sweep- ing in woods, 1 9 . Thrips (abaci Lindeman Onion thrips Thrips tahaci Lindeman (1888:61). 9 , (f . Type-locality.— Bessarabia. T T Q Q T? Thrips strialus Gillette (1893:13). 9. Type-locality.—Fort Collins, Colo- rado. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Limothrips tritici Webster (1894:206). Nomen nudum. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Thrips alii Sirrine and Lowe (1894: 680) nee Beach, nee Gillette. 9 , ? cf. Type-locality.—Long Island, New York. Probably described from a series of mixed species, no types known to be in existence. Synony- mized by Priesner (1925c). Thrips communis \Jze\ (1895:176). 9, cT. Type-locality.— Probably Czechoslovakia. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Parathrips iizeli Karny (1907:48). 9. Type-locality.—Kotor, Yugoslavia. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Thrips bieolor Karny (1907:49). ?9. Type-locality.—Kotor, Yugoslavia. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Thrips solanaceorum John (1921:10) nee Widgalm. 9 . Type-locality. — St. Petersburg (Leningrad), U.S.S.R. Valid name by reference to Thrips communis Uzel. Synonymized by Priesner (1925c). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.2 mm. General color yellow except blotches on thorax and median portions of most of the ab- dominal tergites which are light brown or entirely yellowish brown to gray brown. Antennal segment I light brown, remainder of antennae brown except bases of segments III-V which are somewhat paler. Fore wings pale gray. Ocellar pigment gray to yellow- ish gray. Body setae brown. Head moderate in size. Prothorax heavily setose but with small bare areas on either side of cen- ter posteriorly. Anterior margin of prothorax with no setae longer or stouter than the others. Inner poste- rior pair of major setae short, much shorter than dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior mar- gin of prothorax between the major pairs of setae. Fore wings usually with four or more apical bristles on fore vein, basal setae on fore vein short. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Abdominal 376 Illinois Natural History Survey Biili.ktin Vol. 29, Art. 4 tergite VIII with a complete comb of long setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Not yet found in Illinois, nor represented in the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey. According to Speyer (1934), male similar to female except smaller and lighter in color, and with- out a complete comb of setae on pos- terior margin of abdominal tergite VIII. Abdominal sternal glandular areas as a narrow transverse band on sternites III-V only. This species is easily recognized by the gray or yellowish gray (instead of red) ocellar pigment, by the posses- sion of four or more (instead of three or fewer) apical bristles on the fore vein of the fore wing, and by the limitation of the male glandular areas to segments III-V only. Ghabn (1948) has given an excellent summary of the biology of Thrips tabaci as it occurs in Egypt and else- where. He quotes others as stating that the ratio of males to females is 1:8,000; one thysanopterist (see Saki- mura) gives a ratio of 1:4. The low incidence of males in this species prob- ably accounts for our failure to collect them in Illinois. Because, as Sakimura (1937) indicates, Thrips tabaci may succumb at temperatures below the freezing mark, it is possible that tabaci does not overwinter in Illinois out-of- doors. Rather it may be that this species survives the winter primarily on stored onion sets in our area. Apparently onions are the preferred hosts of tabaci, although it may feed on other plants. Plant viruses are transmitted by tabaci (Sakimura J 940), and because this thrips is a vector of disease, it also can be an important pest on tomatoes, pineap- ples, and other crops. In moderate numbers tabaci is of benefit to onion growers when its feeding causes the onion leaves to drop prematurely, thus speeding up the "hardening" of onion sets (W. H. Luckmann, Illinois Natural History Survey, personal communication, 1959). Illinois records.—Collected out- doors in spring and summer (in green- house during late fall and winter), from one to several localities in the following counties: Calhoun, Car- roll, Champaign, Clark, Cook, Hardin, Iroquois, Jo Daviess, Kan- kakee, Lake, Lee, Madison, Mc- Henry, McLean, Peoria, Pope, Pu- laski, Putnam, Sangamon, and Schuyler. Thrips tripartitus Hood Thrips tripartitus Hood (1940f:562). 9, (f. Type-locality.— Oswe- gatchie, New York. Female (macropterous).—Not yet found in Illinois, nor present in the collections of the Illinois Natural His- tory Survey. Originally described as being similar to brachypterous form except more robust and with fully de- veloped wings. Fore wings light brown becoming paler apically, with two api- cal setae on fore vein. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. Bicolored brownish yellow and dark brown. Brownish yellow: head, thorax, ab- dominal segments I, IX, and X. Dark brown: abdominal segments II-VIII. Antennal segment I pale yellow; seg- ments II and III yellow; segments IV- VI yellow to brownish yellow at base, brown apically; segment VII brown. Legs yellow. Ocellar pigment red. Head elongate. Prothorax sparsely setose, most of central area except on middle line bare. Inner posterior pair of major setae on prothorax moderate in length, nearly equal to dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior mar- gin of prothorax between the major pairs of setae. Wings reduced to small pads. Abdominal tergite II with three pairs of setae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. In- termediate abdominal tergites with faint indications of scallops along pos- terior margins. Abdominal tergite j VIII with a complete comb of small i setae on posterior margin. Male.—Not yet found in Illinois. Originally described from the bra- chypterous form. Reported to be simi- lar to female in color. Abdominal May, 1968 Stannard: Tiik T IIRll'S (II ll 1 INOI.S 377 sternites III-VII described as each having a small transverse glandular area. This distinctive bicolored species is known only from Volo Bog (a tama- rack bog in northern Illinois) and the type locality in New York. Illinois records.- Lake County: Volo Bog, September 14, 1950, Rich- ards, 4 9 ; Volo Bog, October 9, 1952, Ross, Stannard, 7 9 . Thrips varipes Hood Thrips varipes Hood (19136:161). 9. Type-locality.—Plummer's Is- land, Maryland. Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 1.5 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III, apexes of tibiae, and all tarsi yellow- ish brown to yellow. Fore wings grayish brown, abruptly pale basally. Ocellar pigment red. Head moderate in size. Antennal segment VI shorter than to as long as segment III (Fig. 68). Prothorax moderately setose with bare areas either side of center. Inner posterior pair of major setae long, nearly 1J4 times as long as dorsal length of eye. Three pairs of setae on posterior margin of prothorax between the major pairs. Fore wings with three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Sternites without accessory setae. Abdominal tergite VIII without a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).—Length distended nearly 1.2 mm. Similar to female in color except head, inter- mediate antennal segments, thorax, and legs lighter. Similar to female in structure except more slender. Sternites III-VII each with a large elliptical glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with four an- terior and two posterior setae. The preceding key should serve to distinguish this species from others in Illinois. In comparison with fuscipen- nis, varipes may be recognized by hav- ing only three setae on each side of abdominal tergite II, by having the fore wings lighter at the base, by hav- ing, on the average, a proportionately shorter sixth antennal segment, and by its slightly longer posterior prothoracic setae. Our collection of the male sex is apparently the first. This species inhabits Clematis flow- ers primarily. It may be widespread in the state, but so far it has been found mostly in our central counties. Illinois records.—Collected dur- ing summer, from one to several locali- ties in the following counties: Cham- paign, Ford, Iroquois, Lawrence, Livingston, Macon, Mason, Mer- cer, Putnam, and Vermilion. Thrips winnemanae Hood Thrips winnemanae Hood (19136:166). 9 . Type-locality.—Plummer's Is- land, Maryland. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. Color almost entirely yellow, with no brown or gray spots. Antennal segment I pale, nearly white; segment II yellow; segments III-V yellow in basal half, brown in apical half; segments VI and VII pre- dominantly brown. Fore wings light grayish brown. Ocellar pigment red. All major body setae dark brown. Head moderate in size. Antennal segment III slender. Prothorax moderately setose with bare areas either side of center. An- terior margin of prothorax with a pair of well-developed setae. Inner poste- rior pair of major setae long, more than 1^4 times as long as dorsal length of eye. Fore wings with three apical bristles on fore vein. Abdominal tergite II with three se- tae on each lateral margin. Abdominal sternites without accessory setae. Ab- dominal tergite VIII with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Male (macropterous).- Length distended about 0.9 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure. Abdominal tergite VI II with poste- rior comb of setae weaker than in fe- male and often a few setae missing. Abdominal sternites III-VII each with a large elliptical glandular area, these areas wider than in pectinatus, 378 Illinois Natural IIls^lR^ .SrR\L"i' lit lletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 decidedly wider than the distance be- tween the bases of the median pair of posterior sternal setae. Abdominal ter- gite IX with two anterior and four pos- terior setae. Morphologically winnemanae is the American equivalent of the European flatms. Both are similarly colored yel- low and they are quite alike structural- ly. Should flavus be introduced into Illinois (it was reported from New York by Hood in 1927) it can be dis- tinguished from niinnemanae by the setal pattern of the prothorax. Thrips flavus has no anterior setae that are heavier and longer than neighboring setae and it bears four setae on the lateral margins of abdominal tergite II. By contrast winnemanae has a pair of heavier, longer setae on the ante- rior margin of the prothorax, and only three pairs of setae in the lateral mar- gins of abdominal tergite II. In Illinois the species pectinatus also resembles urinnemanae. Thrips pectina- tus is nearly white in color, not nearly as yellow as winnemanae; the body se- tae and wings of pectinatus are much lighter than in winnemanae; and the males of each species have distinctive- ly shaped abdominal sternal glandular areas. The glandular areas found on pectinatus are much smaller than those on winnemanae. From the macrop- terous form of nigropilosis, winne- manae may be distinguished by the lack of dark coloring on the metano- tum. Thrips winnemanae is not known to produce brachypterous forms as does nigropilosus. Although undoubtedly a common eastern North American thrips, win- nemanae is scarce in collections and has not been mentioned in the litera- ture from any region other than the type locality, Maryland. Our Illinois records are many and indicate that the species occurs most commonly in the central and southern parts of the state. In addition we have collected it from Tennessee, Kansas, and Arkan- sas. We have found that it is most abundant as adults and larvae on coralberry (Symphoricarpos) which may be its principal host. In winter adults of winnemanae hibernate in the lp;jf n\r>h\ on the forest floor. Illinois records.—Collected every season of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Calhoun, Champaign, Cum- berland, Effingham, Hamilton, Hardin, Iroquois, Johnson, Kane, Macon, Macoupin, Marion, Perry, Pike, Union, Wabash, and Wil- liamson. Zonothrips Priesner Zonothrips Priesner (19266:260). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Zonothrips karnyi Priesner. Head wider than long, not at all prolonged in front of eyes (Fig. 142). Ocelli on slightly raised area. Anten- nae seven segmented, segment VI pedicellate. Sense cones on antennal segments III and IV forked. Mouth cones bluntly pointed. Maxillary palps three segmented. Prothorax with one pair of moder- arely developed posterior setae (Fig. 142). Prothorax sculptured as in Seri- cot.hrips, predominantly with fine, closely spaced, transverse striae, and with blotch area. Mesospinasternum separated from metasternum by a suture. Fore wings narrow except at base, with two longitudinal veins; fore vein evenly set with setae; hind vein with several setae at apex only; fringe cilia wavy. Tarsi two segmented. Abdominal segments I-VIII cov- ered with microsetae except median region on dorsum bare for the most part. Abdominal sternites II-VII with major setae forward of posterior mar- gin, abdominal sternites without ac- cessory setae except for microsetae. Abdominal tergites with median setae closely spaced. Abdominal tergites VI-VIII each with a complete comb of setae on posterior margin. Females with well-developed ovipositor. Males seemingly without abdominal sternal glandular areas, without thornlike setae. This genus is like Sericothrips in all respects except in the number of an- tennal segments and the placement of the abdominal sternal setae. In Zono- thrips each antenna is seven segmented and the major setae of abdominal May, 1968 Stannard: TiiK 'I'liRirs M'J sternites II-VII are forward of the posterior margin. In Sericothrips each antenna is eight segmented and the major setae of abdominal sternites II- VI (not VII) are along the posterior margin, not forward of it. There are, therefore, definite characteristics that will allow the two genera to be kept as separate entities. The sole New World species occurs in Illinois. Zonothrips osmundae Crawford, J. C. Zonothrips osmundae Crawford, J. C. (1941a:105). 9, d'. Type-locality. —Tenafly, New Jersey. Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 1 mm. General color light orange-yellow with brown mark- ings. Antennal segment I nearly color- less; segments II and III yellow; seg- ments IV and V yellow in basal half, brown in apical half; segments VI and VII brown. Metascutum brown. Ab- dominal tergites I-VII with brown patches at sides and with brown an- terior marginal line, segment II the darkest. Fore wings with two brown crossbands and with scale brown. Ocellar pigment i-ed. Antennal segments not particularly elongate. Pronotal striae moderately close together (Fig. 142). Male (macropterous).— Length distended over 0.9 mm. Similar to fe- male in general structure and color except brown patches slightly lighter on abdomen. Posterior comb of setae sometimes interrupted on abdominal tergites VI and VII. This species differs from karnyi of •lava, the only other known species, in being lighter in color and in not hav- ing the antennal segments elongate. Zonothrips osmundae is confined to the northern part of Illinois where it is found on and around cinnamon fern. Illinois records. — Lake County: Volo Bog, September 14, 1950, Rich- ards, 6 9 ; Volo Bog, October 15, 1952, McAlpine, 2 9 , 1 cf ; Volo Bog, September 12, 1951, Richards, Stan- nard, 3 9 ; Volo Bog, October 9, 1952, Ross, Stannard, 1 cf . Fig. 142. — Zonothrips osmuiidae, head and and prothorax. Suborder TUBULIFERA Antennae four to eight segmented, with sensoria ,when present, setae-like on intermediate segments. Postocular setae usually well developed. Maxil- lary stylets (Fig. 143, s) often re- tracted well into the head, sometimes retracted up to the position of the eyes. Maxillary palps always two seg- mented although segment I sometimes minute. Prothoracic notum ordinarily with epimeral sutures. Praepectal plates (Fig. 146, PP) frequently present. Mesopraesternum (Fig. 148) usually present. Mesospinasternum always fused to metasternum. Tarsi with each fore pair always one .segmented (Fig. 183-185), each mid and hind pair one or two segmented. Wings, when de- veloped, without longitudinal veins, without microsetae, with fringe cilia always straight, crossed when in re- pose over abdomen. Abdominal tergite I with i)elta (Fig. 150, PEL) usually closely joined 380 Ii.i.iNois Natikai. History .SrK\Fv Ik i.i.etin \'ol. 29, Art. 4 to tergite II, without stippled mem- branous posterior border. Abdominal segments without pleural plates, often with dorsal sigmoidal wing-holding se- tae. Females with a fustis (Fig. 53, F), without sawlike ovipositor. Males often with sternal glandular-like area, tube incised at base on the sternum. 147^^3/ Fig. 143-150.—Characteristics of the Tubulifera; 143, typical maxillary stylets and guides, MPR—maxillary pillar, S—maxillary stylet, MG— maxillary guide; 144, seta-bearing cheek wart typical of some Phlaeothripidae; 145, spur anterior to mesothoracic spiracle of lUinoUirJpx rossi, cf ; 146, median part of presternum of Podolhrips semiflaviis, PP—praepectus, BS—probasisternum ; 147, ventral aspect of thorax of a species of Sophiothrips, PP—prae- pectus, P— presternum, ME—mesosternum, MT—metasternum, C—coxa; 148, ventral aspect of mesopraesternum of Illinolhrips roasi, SP—prospinasternum, MPS—mesopraesternum; 149, fore tarsus of AUolhrips megacephalus showing tooth-like projection; 150, orientation of pelta of Pledrothrivs antennatus, PEL—pelta, A—abdominal tergite. May, 1968 Stan'Nard: Tiif. Thrii's of Illinois .^81 Abdominal tergite X tubular (Fig. 186-191). Major anal setae arising from sclerites separated from abdomi- nal segment X. Three pupal instars present in those species where life history is known. Contains the single family Phlaeo- thripidae, which is divisible into two subfamilies, Phlaeothripinae and Me- gathripinae. Apparently Bagnall (19086) was the first to separate the Tubulifera into two groups, the Phlaeothripidae and the Idolothripidae. In many re- spects these divisions are the same as the Phlaeothripinae and Megathripi- nae used here. Further additions to and other subdivisions of the Tubuli- fera were made in the next few years following Bagnall 's proposal. In 1915 Hood added Pygothripidae to the list which by then also included Hystrico- thripidae, Megathripidae, and Uro- thripidae. Simplification of the system came about in 1927 when Priesner re- duced the main division to the Phlaeo- thripinae and Megathripinae. Except for occasional shifts of genera from one tribe to another as more information is discovered to warrant the transfer, these two divisions seem phylogene- tically proper for the initial grouping of the genera of Tubulifera (Stannard 19576). Priesner (1960) recognized the Urothripinae as the third subfamily in his system, an action not followed in this report. PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE Uzel (1895) KEY TO GENERA (Illinois, except where noted) 1. Hind coxae spaced farther from each oth- er than are the middle coxae 2 Hind coxae closer together than are the middle coxae 3 2. Head without prominent anterior setae (Fig. 151) Am- phibolothrips subgenus Trachythrips Head with one, two, or three pairs of prominent setae along the anterior mar- gin between the eyes (Fig. 152); not yet found in Illinois Am- phibolothrips subgenus Stephanothrips 3. Prothorax with anteromarginal and an- terolateral setae placed extremely close together (Fig. 277); antennal segment III small, goblet-shaped; antennal seg- ment IV globular, largest segment; slender, tiny thrips Preeriella Prothorax with anteromarginal and an- terolateral setae placed farther apart; various sized thrips 4 4. Maxillary stylets extremely long, each stylet looped several times within the head and mouth cone (Fig. 175); not yet found in Illinois . Docessissophothrips Maxillary stylets not as long; each stylet never looped more than once, if at all, within the head or mouth cone 5 5. Prothorax with notum reduced to a well- defined, symmetrical, median shield bordered by minute sclerotized plate- lets (Fig. 266) Plectrothrips Prothorax with notum entire or, at the most, only slightly reduced laterally. . 6 6. Pterothorax narrowest portion of body; metanotum raised, generally with striae arranged as concentric, anastomosing rings; antlike in appearance (Fig. 305) Oedaleothrips Pterothorax rarely narrowest portion of Fig. 151-1.'52. Head end prcthorax: 151, Am- pliiholotliri pa i Trachy- thrips) uataoni; 152, .4m- phibolothrips I Stepiiano- lliripi<) bradleyi cf Cali- fornia and Mexic;. Amphibolothrips (Trachythrips) watsoni 151 Amphibolothrips (Stephanothrips) bradleyi 152 382 Illinois Naturai, Hisr(iK\- .Sl:RVl:^• Rum.f/i'IN Vol. 29, Art. 4 body, often wide; metanotum not par- ticularly raised, with striae usually linear or hexagonal in form; not ant- like in appearance 7 Abdomen with wing-holding setae ex- panded, leaflike; cheeks expanded later- ally much beyond eye margins (Fig. 263) Neurothrips Abdomen with wing-holding setae, when present, slender; cheeks at the most only slightly expanded 8 8. Eyes touching or nearly touching on dor- Lissothrips muscorum 154 Polyphemolhnps (Adelothrips) ambitus Aconthothrips olbivittatus 156 Cryptothrips carbonarius Elaphrothrips tuberculatiis ^l I 158 t^^^^ 159 ^^ -^ 160 Amphibololhrips (Trochy- Glyptothrips Preeriella thrips) watsonj arkansanus minuta Fig. 153 161.—Right antenna of species indicated, representatives of the Phlaeothripidae Pygidiothrips Seminole Mav, 1968 Stannard: Till-. Turm'S (H 383 10. 11. sum of head; not yet found in Illinois Macrophthalmothrips Eyes not touching, placed farther apart on dorsum of head 9 Antennal segment I bearing an extremely well-differentiated, long, dorsal seta which is dilated at tip (Fig. 179); known from Florida only , Atractothrips Antennal segment I usually without any single outstanding seta (Fig. 153-161), usually pointed, if dilated then setae short and several such setae present . 10 Posterior margin of abdominal sternite VIII with several long finger-like pro- jections (Fig. 162); not yet found in Illinois Chirothripoides Posterior margin of abdominal sternite VIII straight 11 Many of the body and wing setae in- verted L-shaped (Fig. 2); morpholog- ical segments III and IV of the antenna often fused; not known north of south- ern Florida Hyidiothrips Body and wing setae pointed, clubbed at tip, or funnel-like, never inverted L- shaped; morphological segments III and IV of the antenna never fused, . 12 Fig. 162. — Chirolhripoldes dendropogonus, 9 , posterior margin of abdominal sternite VIII showing fingerlike projections. Redrawn from unpublished sketch made from holotype by Miss Kellie O'Neill. Fig. 163-165.- Types of antennal segments: 163, terminal segments of Poly- •phemolhripa I A delolh rips I hradleyi, showing partial fusion of segments VII and VIII, SC- sense cone; 164, antennal segment III of Agrothripsi lanlilhuf of Kan- sas, showing shelf-like rim near base; 16.5, terminal segments of Polyphemo- Ihrips lAdelolhrips) ambi- tus showing close union of segments VII and VIII. 12. Antennae six segmented, terminal seg- ment broad and long, formed by union of morphological segments VI-VIII (Fig. 161); known from southern Flori- da to southeastern Texas Pygidiothrips Antennae seven or eight segmented. .13 18. Antennae seven segmented, that is, last two morphological segments partially or completely fused (Fig. 163) 14 Antennae eight segmented, last two mor- phological segments completely sepa- rated by a continuous broad or fine suture, segment VIII often freely mov- able 24 14. Antennal segment II with dorsal sensori- um placed near the middle of that seg- ment; not yet found in Illinois Williamsiella Antennal segment II with dorsal sensori- um placed near the apex of that seg- ment 15 15. Antennal segment III decidedly smaller than segments II and IV separately North American species of Phthirothrips Antennal segment III subequal to or longer than segments II and IV sepa- rately 16 Ifi. Maxillary stylets when at rest just barely retracted into the head capsule (Fig. 279 and 282) 17 Maxillary stylets when at rest retracted far into the head capsule 18 17. Pelta with posterior portion uniformly sclerotized, not broken into tiny plate- lets (Fig. 166 and 167) (in part) Sophiothrips Pelta with posterior portion fractured into tiny sclerotized platelets (Fig. 168) (in part) Zaxenothrips 18. Cheeks with a close series of strongly de- veloped warts along margin; epimeral setae and lateral setae of abdomen greatly expanded at tip; similar in over- all appearance to Amphibolothrips and subgenera; not known north of south- ern Florida . . Idiothrips subgenus Strepterothrips Cheeks smooth or with marginal serra- tions only moderately developed; epi- 384 Illinois Nati'rai. IIisiiikv S^^ivl•.^ Bui.i.ktin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Sophiofhrips bicolor, macropferous 166 Sophiofhrips bicolor, apterous 167 Zaxenothrips peculiaris 168 Lispothrlps crassipes 169 Haplothrips (Lepfothrips) mali 170 Polyphemofhrips (Adelothrips) ambitus 171 Cryptothrips rectangularis lllinothrips rossi 172 173 Fig. 166-173.—Types of peltas of species indicated, representatives of the Phlaeothripidae. meral setae pointed or at most knobbed, not greatly expanded 19 19. Eyes moruloid, strongly bulged from head 22. (Fig. 226) (in part) Glyptothrips Eyes not especially in the shape of a morula, and not particularly bulging 23. from head 20 20. Eyes reduced to four to six facets; pelta large, although sometimes degenerate 21 P^yes larger, dorsally usually with 10 or more facets; pelta small or large; if eye with less than 10 facets, pelta always small 22 24. 21. Tube thick, ridged, longer than head. . . Diopsothrips Tube small, shorter than head Allothrips Epimeral sutures incomplete (Fig. 180). Zaliothrips Epimeral sutures complete 23 Abdominal tergites III-VIII each with a pair of black spots against the light background color of remainder of the abdomen; tube as in Fig. 189; not yet found in Illinois. Symphyothrips Abdominal tergites without paired black spots against a light background (in part) Polyphemothrips Fore wings banded by four light brown streaks; epimeral sutures completely lacking; pelta divided into three parts; Mav, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Illinois 385 174 Antillothrips grominatus Dicerotothrips harti 177 Zoliothnps cilnpes 180 Docessissophothrips richards Sporothrips amplus 178 r Barythnps sculpticaudo (81 Atractofhrips brodleyi 179 Ceuthothnps timuqua 182 Fig. 174-182.—Head and prothorax of species indicated, representatives of the Phlaeo- thripidae. 386 II I.INOIS N,\ History StRVi-v Ri'iii-tin Vol. 29, Art. 25. 26. 28. 29. 30. males with fore femora bearing a strong spur at the middle of the inner margin; not yet found in Illinois Aleurodothrip.s Fore wings, when present, not banded by four streaks; epimeral sutures complete or incomplete; pelta often only a single shield; males with fore femora lacking inner, median spur, although spurs may be present apically or basally. .25 Maxillary stylets short, when at rest bare- ly retracted into the head capsule (Fig. 174, 279, and 282) 26 Maxillary stylets longer, when at rest re- tracted well into the head capsule, .28 Pelta with posterior portion fractured into tiny sclerotized platelets (Fig. 168) (in part) Zaxenothrips Pelta with posterior portion uniformly sclerotized, not broken into tiny plate- lets (Fig. 166 and 167) 27 Pelta much wider than long (in part) Sophiothrips Pelta much longer than wide, more or less triangular in size; not known north of southern Florida Antillothrips Cheeks with enlarged, seta-bearing warts (Fig. 144) 29 Cheek warts, if any, not bearing seta, us- ually of small size 30 Antennal segments III and IV abruptly narrowed at apex, vase shaped (Fig. 155) most Acanthothrips Antennal segments III and IV gradually and slightly narrowed at apex; not yet found in Illinois Phlaeothrips Antennal segment III extremely small, decidedly smaller than either segment II or IV Lissothrips Antennal segment III just slightly smaller, nearly equal to, or longer than segment IV 31 31. Fore femora with subapical inner spurs (Fig. 184) 32 Fore femora without subapical inner spurs, although spurs may be present in other positions 34 32. Metanotum generally smooth or at most weakly sculptured: eyes smaller than length of antennal segments I and II combined a few mem- bers of flavicauda group of Hoplothrips Metanotum strongly sculptured, usually with hexagonal reticulations; eyes us- ually as long as antennal segments I and II combined 33 33. Head with a pair of proportionately larger setae near base of cheeks (Fig. 231) (in part) Hoplandrothrips Head without especially enlarged setae near base of cheeks (Fig. 205) some Acanthothrips 34. Lateral area adjacent to mesothoracic spiracle with spurlike process (Fig. 145) 35 Lateral area adjacent to mesothoracic spiracle not produced into a process 36 35. Head markedly elongate, eyes moruloid, bulged from side of head, not prolonged posteriorly on the venter of head males of Illinothrips Head less elongate, eyes not particularly bulged, often prolonged posteriorly on the venter of head (Fig. 301) males of some Nesothrips 36. Prothoracic epimeral sclerites each bear- ing two strongly developed posterior setae 37 Prothoracic epimeral sclerites each bear- ing one well-developed and usually one minute seta 39 37. Prothoracic epimeral sclerites each with three divisions Diphyothrips Fig. 183-185.- Right fore leg of species indi- cated, representatives of the Phlaeothripidae. Eurythrips larsalis Acanthothrips olbivittatus Adroneothrips exiguus 183 184 185 May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips f)F Illinois 387 Prothoracic epimeral sclerites each con- sisting of the usual two divisions .38 38. Antennal segments I and II each pro- duced on inner ventral apex making 42. these segments asymmetrical; not yet found in Illinois Acrosothrips Antennal segments I and II more or less symmetrical (Fig. 198) (in part) Acanthothrips 43. 39. Tube hairy with relatively long setae (Fig. 191); large black thrips 40 Tube not particularly hairy, setae rela- tively much shorter; thrips of various sizes and colors 42 44. 40. Maxillary stylets, when retracted, close together within head. . . . Megalothrips Maxillary stylets, when retracted, far apart within head 41 41. Antennal segment III longer than the combined length of segments I and II Megathrips 45. Antennal segment III much shorter than the combined length of segments I and II; head and prothorax as in Fig. 182; known only from Florida C'euthothrip.s Tube greatly swollen at base, parabolic in outline; not yet found in Illinois Pygothrips Tube cylindrical; if somewhat swollen at base, not parabolic in outline 43 Tube strongly hexagonally reticulate dor- sally (Fig. 188); not yet found in Illi- nois Eschatothrips Tube with dorsum smooth or at the most weakly sculptured 44 Fore wings with hexagonal reticulations on upper surface (Fig. 1926); not yet found in Illinois Stictothrips Fore wings without hexagonal reticula- tions, occasionally marked with short linelike sculpture but not forming geo- metric designs, or without wings .45 Posterior margin of mesopraesternum not as wide as width of either anterior Fig. 186-191.—Abdominal terminalia of species indicated, representatives of the Phlaeo- thripidae showing types of tubes (abdominal segment X). 388 Illinois Natl'kal irLsiciKv Survf.v Bullktin Vol. 29, Art. 4 192 b Fig. 192. -Fore wing of Sticlothrips maculalus: a, entire wing; b, enlarge- ment of center portion showing reticulations. 192a laterallmargin of the mesoeusternum (Fig. 193): large thrips. . Elaphrothrips Mesopraesternum wider than the width of either anterior lateral margin of mes- oeusternum (Fig. 194), or degenerate; large or small thrips 46 46. Antennal segment III stocky, produced into a bulge or flange subbasally (Fig. 164) 47 Antennal segment III stocky or elon- gated, without a distinct bulge or flange subbasally 48 47. Maxillary stylets touching or nearly touching within the center of the head (based on an undescribed species) . . (in part) Neothrips Maxillary stylets placed V-shaped with- in the head (Fig. 209) Agrothrips 48. Mouth cone pointed, sometimes extreme- ly long (Fig. 196) 49 Mouth cone more or less bluntly rounded (Fig. 197) 58 49. Maxillary stylets, when retracted, placed far apart within head (in part) Haplothrips 193 Fig. 193-194.-- Mesopraesternum: 193, Ela- pliroll}rip!< ftai'ipes; 194, Sporo'.hrips umpl.is. Fig. 195-197.—Types of mouth cones: 195, position of mouth cone in Preeriella minuta, lateral view, POS— postocular seta, MC—mouth cone; 196, pointed type of Hoplothrips avgnsHcepsr 197, broadly rounded type of Polyphemothrips iAdelothrips) junctus, MP—maxil- lary palps, V/f'- labial palps. May, 1968 Stannard: TiiK or liiiNois 389 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. Maxillary stylets, when retracted, placed fairly close together within head. . . .50 Eyes greatly reduced to a few dorsal fac- ets (Fig. 237 and 262 ) 51 Eyes normal in size (Fig. 267) 52 Antennal segments VII and VIII closely jointed forming a compact unit Neothrips Antennal segments VII and VIII well separated, each segment movable (in part) Haplofhrips Mouth cone extremely long, extended be- yond the posterior margin of the pro- thorax; postocular setae minute: eyes fairly close together on dorsum ; not yet found in Illinois Poecilothrips Mouth cone not as long, rarely extended to the posterior margin of the prothorax 53 Pelta large (Fig. 169) Lispothrips Pelta smaller, generally triangular (Fig. 170) 54 Fustis of female large (in part) Haplothrips Fustis of female small 55 Head transversely striate Liothrips Head smooth or with weak or strong hex- agonal reticulations 56 Eyes smaller than combined length of an- tennal segments I and II (Fig. 237 and 238) (in part) Hoplothrips Eyes nearly equal to or larger than com- bined length of antennal segments I and II 57 Cheeks particularly indented behind eyes (Fig. 258) Malacothrips Cheeks not especially indented behind eyes (Fig. 230) Hoplandrothrips Head on the dorsum entirely covered with strongly sculptured hexagonal re- ticulations 59 Head smooth or transversely striate on the median portion of the dorsum . 61 Antennal segment VIII nonpedicellate, closely joined to VII Glyptothrips Antennal segment VIII pedicellate .60 Praepectus absent; all setae on antennal segments III and IV pointed as in Fig. 198 (in part) Hoplandrothrips Praepectus present; antennal segments III and IV each with setae which are dilated at tips (Fig. 199) . Erkosothrip.s Mesopraesternum degenerate, divided into parts; pronotum with anteromar- ginal and midlateral setae minute; fore wings broad, not indented in the mid- dle; metanotum with fine, small reticu- lations medially; maxillary stylets slen- der; not yet found in Illinois Treherniella Characteristics not in this combination . 62 Maxillary stylets, when retracted, touch- ing or nearly touching within center of head 63 Maxillary stylets, when retracted, well separated, often far apart 69 Pelta with median posterior region frac- tured into stipple-like platelets (Fig. 198 199 Fig. 198-199.—Right antenna: 198, Acan- thofhrips viltatus, from Hood (1933); 199, Erko!1. 29, An. 4 Acanthothrips albivittatus Hood Acanthoihrips albivittatus Hood (1908c: 374). 9 . Type-locality.—Blooming- ton, Illinois. Female (macropterous).—Length distended nearly 3 mm. General color in life dark brown with a white strip on each lateral margin of the body ex- tending from the posterior angle of the eyes to the anterior half of abdominal segment VIII but skipping abdominal segment I, and with a white half arc on the anterior part of the mesonotum. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head reticulate, without enlarged cheek warts. Intermediate antennal segments vase shaped (Fig. 155). Pos- tocular setae long and pointed. Pronotum granulate, with many stipple-like dots. Epimera each with two well-developed setae which are dilated at tips. Meso- and metanotum with many stipple-like dots. Fore fe- mora each enlarged and armed with an inner subapical spur. Fore tarsi each with a prominent tooth (Fig. 184). Fore wings with a light median streak. Abdomen generally reticulate super- imposed with stipple-like dots lateral- ly. Pelta (Fig. 204) reticulate in the middle becoming granulate basally, bare laterally. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX long and pointed. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.7 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color and structure. Abdominal sternite VIII with a nar- row, median, transverse glandular area. Major posterior setae of abdomi- nal tergite IX as in female, that is, all long and pointed. Larvae.—Often with prominent head horns. Fig. JC'l. — Acanthothrips albivitlaius, pelta. This striking species can be recog- nized in life by the white lateral body stripes which extend onto the head up to the eyes. It is also easily distin- guished by the characteristic of stipple-like markings on the protho- rax. No other species in Illinois is so colored or sculptured. A. albivittatus probably occurs throughout Illinois, on or under bark of dead trees, and is sometimes found in colonies. All specimens of this spe- cies that I have seen have been from the eastern half of the United States. Illinois records.— Hardin County: Karbers Ridge, May 4, 1950, Sander- son, Stannard, dead branches, 1 9 , 2 cT, 1 larva; Experimental Forest, August 17, 1951, Ross, Stannard, dead branches, 1 9. HENDERSON COUNTY: Oquawka, June 25, 1963, Braasch, Smith, Stannard, dead branches, 1 9 , 1 cf . Kane County: Carpentersville, September 26, 1956, Ross, Stannard, on dead oak, 5 9,3d", several larvae. McLean County: Bloomington, July 10, 1908, Glasgow, on Carolina pop- lar, 1 9 (Hood 1908c). Pike County: Kinderhook, September 9, 1954, Ross, Stannard, dead branches, 12 9, 5 cf, 1 larva. Acanthothrips nodicornis Reuter, 0. M. Phloeothrips [sic] nodicorriis Reuter, 0. M. (1885:16). ? 9 . Type-locality. —?Finland. Placed in Acanthothrips by Uzel (1895). Acanthothrips doaneii Moulton (1907: 64). c?. Type-locality.—Alum Rock Canyon, California. Synonymized by Cott (1956). Acanthothrips americanus Bagnall (1933:123). 9, c?. Type-locality.— Baldwin, Michigan. Synonvmized by Hood (19386). Female (macropterous).—Length distended nearly 4 mm. Generally dark brown in color. Yellow to yellow- ish brown: bases of intermediate an- tennal segments, fore tibiae largely, base and apex of mid and hind tibiae, and all tarsi. White dots on the lateral anterior margin of abdominal seg- ments III-VIII (best seen in life). Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Mav, 1968 Stannarii: Tiik Tiirips m- Im.inois ^9^ Head (Fig. 205) reticulate, with many enlarged cheek warts. Inter- mediate antenna] segments vase shaped. Postocular setae moderate in size. Pronotum reticulate. Epimera each with one well-developed seta. Meso- and metanotum reticulate. Fore fe- mora enlarged and each armed with an inner subapical spur. Fore tarsi each with a prominent tooth. Fore wings evenly and moderately broad throughout. Abdomen reticulate. Pelta com- pletely reticulate. Major posterior se- tae on abdominal tergite IX moderate in size, slightly blunt at tips. Male (macropterous).—Length distended generally 2.5-3 mm. Simi- lar to female in general color and structure. Abdominal sternite VIII with a narrow, median, transverse glandular area (Fig. 59). Larvae.—Often with prominent head horns. In Illinois this is the only species which has large cheek warts and white dots on the sides of the intermediate abdominal segments. Fig. 20.5. -Acanthothrips nodicorniK, head and prothorax. Acanthothrips nodicornis is wide- spread throughout Europe and north- ern North America. It may be native to Europe and introduced elsewhere. So far it has been found in Illinois only in the north, near Chicago. According to Yakhontov (1962) this species is apparently a predator. Illinois" records.—Cook County: Riverside, July, 1909, Hood, reared from pupae taken July 14, under bark on willow, became adult July 19, and reared from nymphs taken July 14, on willow bark, matured July 24, many 9, cf, (USNM-Hood collection); Western Springs, June 16, 1949, Ross, Stannard, on dead willow twigs, 3 9 , 1 cT, several larvae. Acrosothrips Stannard Acrosothrips Stannard (19636:137). Type-species by original designa- I tion.— Trichothrips asymnietricus Watson. Head slightly longer than broad, nearly smooth. Eyes moderately small, shorter than the combined length of antennal segments I and II. Vertex broad at the apex between the anten- nae. Ocelli present, placed moderately far apart, fore ocellus not overhang- ing. Antennae eight segmented; seg- ments I and II each produced on the inner ventral apex making these seg- ments asymmetrical; segment III gradually tapered with one outer and no inner sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones, all of these cones short; intermediate segments moderately small; segment VIII slender, not broadly attached to segment VII. Postocular setae long. Maxillary stylets, when at rest posi- tion, retracted far into the head and placed fairly close together within the center of the head. Mouth cone mod- erately long, broadly rounded. Prothorax not quite as long as head, nearly smooth. All major setae well developed, midlateral setae closer to epimeral setae than to anterolateral setae. Epimeral sutures complete. Each epimeron divided into two parts with two well-developed setae. Prae- pectus apparently absent. Metascu- tum faintly marked by longitudinal 394 Im.inois Natiirai. IlisTciKv SuRVKv Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 striations, without extremely long se- tae. Mesopraesternum completely sep- arated by a suture from the meso- sternum. Fore femora enlarged. Fore wings of even width throughout, with- out accessory fringe cilia. Pelta small, bell shaped. Wing- holding setae relatively slender, sig- moidal. Abdominal tergite II at the extreme sides fractured into small stipple-like platelets. Abdominal ter- gite IX with major posterior setae much longer than tube. Tube shorter than head, about as long as prothorax; terminal setae shorter than tube. The asymmetrical form of antennal segments I and II is diagnostic. Aside from the characteristics of the antennae, which may or may not be only of specific value, this genus dif- fers from Hoplotkrips by the features of the two pairs of well-developed epimeral setae and the presence of lightly marked, longitudinal striations on the metascutum. Members of Hoplotkrips have only one pair of well- developed epimeral setae and the met- ascutum is almost entirely smooth. Phrasterothrips, an American genus which frequently is distinguished by the presence of two pairs of epimeral setae, differs from Acrosothrips by having the epimeral sutures incom- plete, having the midlateral setae nearer the anterolateral setae on the prothorax, and having accessory cilia on the fore wings. Acrosothrips asymmetricus (Watson) Trichothrips asymmetricus Watson (1937a :8). 9 , d', larva. Type-locali- ty.—Birmingham, Alabama. Trans- ferred to Acrosothrips by Stannard (19636). Female (macropterous).—Length about 2 mm. Color brown. Antennal segments I and II light brown be- coming light yellow at apexes. Inner surfaces of legs and all tarsi yellowish brown to yellow. All body setae pale yellow. Wings colorless except light brown at extreme base of each fore wing. Head as in Fig. 206. Postocular se- tae long and blunt. Ocellar setae minute. Antennal segment I asym- P'ig. 206. — Acrosothrips asymmetricns, head and prothorax. metrical, prolonged on the inner apical ventral portion; segment II asym- metrical, bulged on the inner apical portion; segment III gradually tapered from broad apex to narrow pedicel, with one outer sense cone which is about 19 m long and with no inner sense cone; segment IV ovoid, pedicellate, with two outer sense cones of which the innermost one is 18 fi long, and the outermost one is 25 /x long, and with one inner sense cone which is about 23 m long; segments V- VII moderate in size, pedicellate; seg- ment VIII slender, parallel-sided ba- sally, slightly tapered apically. Prothorax (Fig. 206) with all major setae long and blunt at tips. Antero- marginal setae longer than antero- lateral setae. Posteromarginal setae longest, just slightly longer than outer pair of epimeral setae, not as long as prothorax. Pterothorax with lateral- ventral setae pointed. Metascutum with posterior hexagonal reticulations oriented on a longitudinal axis occa- sionally forming anastomosing striae. Mesopraesternum entire. Fore tarsi unarmed. Abdomen with pelta bell shaped, abruptly flanged near posterior mar- gin. Lateral abdominal setae becoming progressively longer on each segment from II to IX, only lateral setae on \I;iv. 1968 Stannard: Thf Tiirii's oi- Ii i.inois :595 IX longer than tube. Abdominal ter- gite IX with all major setae pointed at tips. This distinctive species, appropri- ately named by Watson in allusion to the asymmetrical form of antennal segments I and II, has not yet been found in Illinois. It is suspected to be in our state, however, because its sup- posed plant host, either Cecniothus americanus and or Tephrosia virgini- ana, occurs in nearly every county. Adraneothrips Hood Adraneothrips Hood (1925f/:54). Type- species by original designation. Haplothrips (?) tibialis Hood. Hypothrips Priesner (19336:57). Type- species by original designation. — Hypothrips desocellatus Priesner. Synonymized by Stannard (19576). Head short to elongate, weakly sclerotized. Eyes prolonged (or not prolonged) posteriorly to form a pointed angle on the ventral surface of the head. Ocelli present in the ma- cropterous form, absent in apterous form. Antennae eight segmented; seg- ment VIII slender, conical. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Slender maxil- lary stylets retracted far into the head, either spaced fairly far apart and with a distinct maxillary bridge or nearly touching within the head and without a maxillary bridge. Thorax weakly sclerotized. Prono- tum usually with all major setae well developed. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. Mesopraesternum degenerate. Fore wings, when present, indented in the middle, sparsely fringed and with or without a few ac- cessory fringe cilia. Pelta usually small in macropterous forms, somewhat larger in brachyp- terous and apterous forms. Anal setae usually much shorter than tube. Males usually with a glandular area on ab- dominal sternite VIII. This genus is difficult to define when all of the species are considered. As represented by the single species, exiguus, in our state, Adraneothrips can be recognized by the nearly tri- partite pelta (Fig. 208), the slender, conical shape of antennal segment VIII, the absence of praepectal plates, and the sparse fringe cilia on the fore wings of the macropterous form. Some of these characteristics are not diag- nostic when other faunas outside of Illinois are considered. KEY TO SPECIES (EASTERN United States) 1. Tube yellow; from Texas. . poecilonotus Tube brown 2 2. Mouth cone long, more or less pointed, extended to or nearly to the posterior margin of the prothorax; from Florida rostratus Mouth cone shorter and broadly rounded 3 8. Apterous or brachypterous 4 Macropterous 6 4. Abdomen predominantly yellow; from Kansas apalu.s Abdomen predominantly brown, or at least brown along the lateral margins 5 5. Abdomen mostly brown; eastern United States exiguus Abdomen with median portions of tergites I-VI yellow to yellowish brown, lateral margins brown; from Florida stenocephalus 6. Prothorax predominantly yellow 7 Prothorax predominantly brown 9 7. Body yellow except tube and antennae; body margined with yellowish orange subintegumental pigment; from Flori- da xanthosoma Body with brown on sides of head, at least; body margined with red subin- tegumental pigment 8 8. Pterothorax and abdomen mostly yellow; male with abdominal sternite VIII bearing a barlike transverse glandular area; from Florida pallidas Pterothorax and sides of abdominal ter- gites III and IV light brown; male with abdominal sternite VIII bearing glan- dular area which is separated medially; from Cuba and Florida, north to Georgia, west to Texas and Mexico decorus 9. Strongly bicolored 10 Predominantly brown, not distinctly bi- colored 11 10. Head elongate, eye margin mostly on the anterior border of the head; from Flori- da cincdventris Head shorter, eye margin continuing well onto the cheeks; from Florida, Puerto Rico, Mexico ruscicollis 11. Eyes not much, if any, prolonged ventral- ly more than dorsally; abdominal ster- nite VIII of male with a large, oval, glandular area 12 Eyes decidedly prolonged ventrally more than dorsally, abdominal sternite VIII of male with glandular area either un- known or small and often nearly cir- cular in form 13 12. Pelta with median portion broad; eastern UnitedJStates exiguus 3!)(i Illinois Naturai. Histori- Si'rvi-v Ri'lletin Vol. 29, An. 4 Pelta with median portion narrow: from Florida pinicola 13. Fore wings without accessory cilia; tibiae, especially mid and hind tibiae, with brown on outer margin; from Florida bellus Fore wings with four accessory cilia, tibiae strongly yellow in contrast to dark femora; from Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, Brazil tibialis Adraneothrips exiguus Hood Cryptothrips exiguus Hood (1912c: 154). 9. Type-locality.—Grand Tower, Illinois. Transferred to Adraneothrips by Hood (1950a). Female (apterous) (Fig. 207). — Length distended about 1.5 mm. Bi- colored dark brown and yellow vary- ing to nearly entirely brown. Head dark brown at sides, brown at base, and yellow to brown between the eyes. Antennae brown except segment III and base of IV which are often yellowish brown to yellow. Prothorax and abdominal segments II-X dark brown becoming lighter brown in the basal segments. Pterothorax and ab- dominal segment I varying from near- ly yellow to almost entirely brown. Legs except coxae yellow to yellowish brown, sometimes with femora and tibiae entirely brown. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head elongate with a pair of light spots medially in the center of the dorsum. Eyes small, not prolonged ventrally. Ocelli absent. Antennal seg- ment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Maxillary stylets placed close together within head. Mouth cone moderate in size. Prothorax with all major setae pres- ent, subequal in length, and each di- lated at tip. Epimeral sutures com- plete. Fore leg unarmed (Fig. 185). Pelta usually separated into three parts, pores apparently absent (Fig. 208). Wing-holding setae reduced. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. Similar to apterous form except for the following differences. Head sometimes slightly shorter. Ocelli present. Fore wings present, without accessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergites each with two pairs of sigmoidal wing-holding setae. Fig. 207. — Aclraneoihripn exiguus, dorsal aspect. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.3 mm. Similar to ap- terous female except more slender. Abdominal sternite VIII with a medi- ally placed oval glandular area (Fig. 58). Mav, 1968 Stannari) TiiRn's OF Illinois 397 Fig. 208.—Adraneothripa exigiius, pelta. The first concept of this species was based on a single macropterous female from southern Illinois. The illustra- tion accompanying the original de- scription (Hood 1912c) in which the prothorax is depicted as lacking the posteromarginal setae and having in- complete epimeral sutures is in error. A close relative of exiguiis appears to be the Floridian stenocepkalus. Adraneothrips stenocephalus differs in having a slightly longer head, a slight- ly longer mouth cone, and by having two, instead of one, outer sense cones on antennal segment III. Also, in stenocephalus, the basal abdominal seg- ments tend to be more yellow in color. Adraneothrips e.riguus, as deter- mined here, occurs throughout Illinois, but in the north it may be confined to sand or gravel areas. Most of our specimens are of the light color phase. Specimens from Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee tend to be darker. Often this species is abundant in Andropogon clumps or in ground cover of pine plantations. Illinois records. — Adams County: Siloam Springs State Park, August 9, 1951, Richards, Stannard, sod of An- dropogon, 8 9 , 8 o^ . Henderson County: Oquawka, May 9, 1952, Mills, Stannard, sod of Andropogon, 1 9, 4 o^. Jackson County: Grand Tower, July 12, 1909, Hart, sweeping, 1 9 (Holotype). Kane County: El- gin, October 10, 1952, Ross, Stannard, sod of Andropogon, 1 9 . Lawrence County: Red Hills State Park, April 30, 1950, Smith, Stannard, sod of Andropogon, 1 cf. Pope County: Glendale, November 7, 1946, Ross, Burks, pine debris, 1 9,20^. Rich- land County: Olney, November 9, 1953, Smith, Stannard, sod of Andro- pogon, 1 cT. Wayne County: Zenith, May 7, 1966, Felix-Williams, sod of Andropogon, 1 9 . Williamson Coun- ty: Johnston City, November 19, 1959, Stannard, sod of Andropogon, II 9. Agrothrips Jacot-Guillarmod Agrothrips Jacot-Guillarmod (1939: 40). Type-species by original desig- nation. — Agrothrips priesneri Jacot- Guillarmod. Head much longer than wide, smooth, just slightly constricted be- hind the eyes (Fig. 209). Eyes moder- ate in size, not prolonged posteriorly on the ventral surface more than on the dorsal surface. Ocelli present in Illinois forms. Postocular S3tae mod- erately developed, pointed to dilated. Antennae eight segmented; segment III .swollen near the bass into a shelf- like ring (Fig. 164), sense cones diffi- cult to see; segment VIII broadly at- tached to segment VII. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets when retracted form a V within the head. Maxillary bridge broad. Prothorax smooth; Illinois species with only anterolateral and major pos- terior setae well developed, blunt to dilated; anteromarginal and midlater- al setae minute except in tenehricosus which is not a member of our fauna. Fig. 209. Agrothripf head and prothorax. tnnlilUix of Kansas, ?,')& Illinois Natural History Strvlv Ri'llftin Vol. 29, Art. 4 5. Antennal segments I-III bright yellow, segments IV -VIII yellowish brown; ab- dominal sternite VIII with a trans- verse glandular area which is forked at both lateral extremities; from Arizona arenicola Antennal segments I -VI bright yellow, segments VII and VIII brown; ab- dominal sternite VIII of allotype male (because of differences in color with holotype female, whether the allotype is conspecific with the holotype should be further confirmed) with glandular area transverse linear, without forks; from Texas pallidus Agrothrips omani (Crawford, J. C.) Haplothrips (Hadothrips) omani Craw- ford, J. C. (1947:250). 9. Type- locality.—Tucson, Arizona. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectal plates present. Meso- and metano- tum not fused in the Illinois species. Macropterous, brachypterous, or ap- terous. Fore wings when present nar- rowed beyond middle, with accessory fringe cilia. Fore tarsi unarmed or each armed with a small tooth. Pelta usually in the form of a broad triangle, smooth. Abdominal tergite IX with major median posterior setae shorter than or longer than the tube. In males, abdominal sternite VIII with or without a differentiated glan- dular area, abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae reduced in size. Tube much shorter than head, not thickened or ridged. Although similar in most respects to Female (apterous).—Length of Illi- Haplotkrips subgenus Kaniyotkrips, nois specimens distended about 2.1 Agrothrips can be distinguished at mm (slightly larger in specimens once by the characteristic of the shelf- known from southwestern United like ring near the base of antennal seg- States). General color dark brown, ment III. I have reviewed this genus Yellow: antennal segments III-VI ex- elsewhere (Stannard 19586). cept for light brown cloud at apex of Only one species, omani, occurs in segments IV-VI, apical portions of Illinois. It may have been introduced tibiae, and all tarsi. Tube darkest from the southwest. Other species oc- brown. Body with much red subin- cur on the grasslands of western tegumental pigment. United States and Mexico, and in Head longer than wide, generally South Africa. smooth. Ocelli present. Postocular se- tae pointed to blunt. Antennal seg- KEY TO SPECIES j^ents VI and VII with distinct pedi- (oF North America) ^^j^ Maxillary bridge considerably 1. Antennae completely dark brown; mid- forward of posterior margin of the lateral prothoracic setae well devel- u . j oped; from Distrito Federal, Mexico . neaa. . , , . , tenebricosus Prothorax With those major setae Antennae with several segments yellow or that are Well developed blunt to slight- yellowish brown; midlateral protho- ly dilated. Metanotum nearly smooth. 2. Abdomen*pr.mXlight brown' :. /./.i Wings and wing pads lacking; notum Abdomen generally yellow except most of of thorax not degenerate as IS typical tube which is brown 5 of some apterous specimens in other i. Antennal segments I-VI bright yellow, gpecies. Fore tarsi each armed with a segments VII and VIII brown; abdomi- n ^ fU nal sternite VIII of male lacking glan- small toom. _ dular area; from Kansas to Texas . Pelta broadly triangular. Wing- dimidiatus holding setae not differentiated. Ab- Antennalsegmentll at least, brown; ab- Nominal tergite IX with major poste- dominal sternite VIII of male with or • „<- „ u i-^„ t^u^„ f,,K^ ,^^;,i<-r>^ without glandular area 4 "or setae shorter than tube, pointed. 4. Antennal segments I, II, VII, and VIII Tube much shorter than head. brown, segments III-VI bright yellow; MALE (apterous).—Length dis- head brown; abdominal sternite Vlll tended over 1.6 mm. Similar to female ?[lin";ttotlzfnl"^"'".'""^"omri i" general color and structure. Ab- Antennal segments I and III yellow, re- dominal sternite VIII Without a dlt- mainder of antennae yellowish brown; ferentiated glandular area. Abdomi- head light yellowish brown; abdominal ^lal tergite IX with major lateral pos- sternite VIII with a transverse glan- ^._- _ il^.„„ rPrJufPrl in size dular area; from Kansas to New Mexi- ^erior setae reducea in Size. CO tantillus This is the only species of lubuli- Mav, 1968 Stannaro: I'mi Tiikii's or Iiiinois 399 fera in Illinois which has antennal seg- ment III swollen into a shelflike ring at the base—a principal characteristic of the genus. First described from Arizona, omani has since been found in southeastern Colorado and Nebraska (INHS rec- ords) and Illinois (Stannard 19586). Our only Illinois specimens came from pastures around Sheldon in Iroquois County. That these Sheldon popula- tions may have been from introduced stock can be presumed because they were so far out of the range expected of a species from the southwestern part of the United States and because they were apparently confined to a single pastureland area that contains few, if any, native plants. Aleurodothrips Franklin Aleurodothrips Franklin (1909:228). Type-species by monotypy. — Crypl- othrips fasciapennis Franklin. Microcauthothrips Bagnall (1914:295). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Cephalotkrips spinosus Bag- nall. Synonymized bv Priesner (1949). Head quadrate, about as long as wide, weakly striate, not projecting much beyond anterior eye margin. Ocelli present, fairly widely spaced, fore ocellus about on line with an- terior eye margin. Eyes moderately large, not prolonged ventrally. Pos- tocular setae small, pointed. Antennae eight segmented, inserted at the an- terior margin of the head; segment II with dorsal sensorium placed apically; segments III and IV with short sense cones; segment VIII separate but closely joined to segment VII. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded. Maxil- lary stylets, when at rest, extended up to eyes, widely spaced within head. Pronotum shorter than head, smooth except for posterior margin. Only an- terolateral and epimeral setae well developed, these dilated. No trace of epimeral sutures. Praepectus present. Probasisternal plates large. Macrop- terous. Metascutum smooth. Meso- spinasternum fully formed. Females with fore legs unarmed; males bearing a large toothlike projection on each of the fore femora, three or four seta- bearing warts on each of the fore tibiae, and a moderate-sized tooth on each fore tarsus. Mid and hind femora without differentiated setae. All tarsi seemingly one segmented. Fore wings slightly narrowed in the middle, lack- ing accessory cilia. Pelta divided into three parts. Ab- dominal tergites II-IV more or less with anastomosing, transverse striae, tergites V-VII more or less hexa- gonally reticulate, tergites VIII and IX nearly smooth. Abdominal tergites II-VII each with one pair of sig- moidal wing-holding setae; lateral se- tae dilated. Males with abdominal sternite V with several pairs of dif- ferentiated median setae, abdominal sternite VIII with glandular area. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major dorsal, posterior setae shorter than tube, di- lated; lateral pair in male as long as in female, not shorter as in males of many species in the Phlaeothripinae. Tube much shorter than head, termi- nal setae shorter than tube. Aleurodothrips is distinctive by the combination of a) the lack of epimeral sutures on the pronotum and b) the division of the pelta into three parts. The armature of the fore femur of the male is also diagnostic. Probably this genus is monobasic. According to my analysis Chromato- thrips Schmutz is a good genus and not a synonym of Aleurodothrips as supposed by Bagnall (19156). Aleurodothrips fasciapennis (Franklin) Cryptothrips fasciapennis Franklin (1908:727). 9 .Type-locality.— Glendor, St. Michael, Barbados Is- lands. Franklin (1909:230). d' . Transferred to Aleurodothrips by Franklin (1909). Cephalotkrips spinosvs Bagnall ( 1909o : 174). cf. Type-locality.-- Brussels Botanical Gardens, Belgium. Trans- ferred to Microcauthothrips by Bag- nall (1914). Synonymized by Pries- ner (1949). Femalk (macropterous) (Fig. 210). —Length distended about 1.8 mm. Bicolored brown and vellow. Brown: 400 Im.inois Natural History Survey Bui.i.f.iin Vol. 29, Art. 4 head, except yellow anteriorly ; protho- rax, posterior line on mesoscutum; sides of abdominal tergite I, anterior lateral stripes on tergites II-IV, all of tergites V and VI (which are the darkest), most of VII except lighter posteriorly, basal two-thirds of tube; fore femora and inner apical portions of mid and hind femora; antennal seg- ments IV and V at extreme apex, VI except extreme base, and all of seg- ments VII and VIII. Fore wings pale, banded with light brown at bulge near base, medially, and at apex. Major se- tae pale yellow. Head slightly wider than long, dor- I I Fig. 210. — Aleurodothrips fasciapennis, dorsal aspect. Mav, 1968 Stannard: Thi 'I' 111' Illinois 4(11 sal surface with several dozen small setae. Eyes not extended laterally more than cheeks. Postocular setae not distinguishable from other small setae. Vertex fairly wide. Mouth cone short, bluntly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets widely spaced. Maxillary bridge not discernible. Antennal segments— I quadrate; II with broad pedicel, dorsal sensorium placed near apex; III subconical, pe- dicellate with no inner and one outer sense cone; IV subconical, with one inner and one outer sense cone; V and VI cylindrical, broadly pedicellate; VII cylindrical with a broadly flanged pedicel; VIII conical, not pedicellate. Pronotum shorter than head, with only anterolateral and epimeral setae well developed, dilated. Epimeral su- tures lacking. Praepectus present, closely placed under mouth cone. Pterothorax longer and wider than pronotum. Metascutum smooth with small setae. Legs with fore femora slightly en- larged, unarmed. Fore wings outcurved at base, slightly constricted in middle, without accessory cilia. Abdomen with pelta divided into three parts. All sternal setae slender. Tube weakly sculptured. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and structure except lighter yellow in abdomen, only seg- ment VI dark brown; fore femora each with long inner, toothlike projec- tion ; fore tibiae each with several seta- bearing warts; fore tarsi each armed with a tooth; abdominal sternite V with three pairs of enlarged median setae; and lateroventral setae spinelike. This species is easily distinguished by the characteristics of the genus. It is one of the few Tubulifera with brown-banded wings. Apparently it is a predacious thrips that feeds on scale insects, and presumably has become tropicopolitan through the agency of man. Watson's description (1922a) of the male of Karnyothrips weigeli is based on a female of Aleurndothrips fasica- pemiis, the slide of which I examined in 1962 at the Watson Collection, Gainesville, Florida. As yet this species has not been found in Illinois, but it might be ex- pected in greenhouses, an artificial habitat where it is sometimes found in other states. Atnphibolothrips Buffa This genus is represented in Illinois solely by the subgenus Trachytkrips. The remaining subgenei'a were treated elsewhere (Stannard 1957&). subgenus Trachythrips Hood Trachythrips Hood (1929:317). Type- species by original designation. — Trachythrips watsoni Hood. Sub- ordinated by Stannard (19526). Head longer than wide, entirely covered by warts, anterior of head without prominent setae. Eyes with a few large facets arranged in two short rows dorsally. Ocelli lacking. Postocu- lar setae minute. Antennae five or six segmented. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, parallel within the head. Prothorax warty, with all setae mi- nute. Epimeral sutures fused to pro- notum. Praepectal plates present. Meso- and metanotum degenerate. Meso- and metasternum fused. All tarsi apparently one segmented. Hind coxae farther apart than are the mid- dle coxae. Always apterous. Pelta in the form of a continuous dorsal band (Fig. 213). Wing-holding setae not differentiated. Lateral ab- dominal setae short, thick, and blunt. Abdominal segment IX cylindrical, fustus extending the entire length of the segment. Tube long, with six ex- tremely long terminal setae. This taxon is distinct from all other genera in Illinois by the characteristics of the five-segmented antennae. Only one species, watsoni, is known to be in our state. Other species occur in North and South America, particu- larly in the tropical regions. 402 Illinois N.vhral History Strvkv Rullktin Vo\. 29, Art. 4 Amphibolothrips (Trachythrips) watsoni Hood Trachythrips watsoni Hood (1929:317). 9 , cf. Type-locality.—Villa Tasso, Florida. Transferred to Amphibolo- thrips by Stannard (19526). Female (apterous) (Fig. 211). — Length distended about 1.4 mm. Bi- colored brown and yellow. Head, pro- thorax, mesothorax, fore legs, and tip of tube dark brown. Abdominal ter- gites II-VIII each with a pair of light brown dots, one on either side. Re- mainder of body yellow except the terminal antennal segment which is often yellowish brown. Head and thorax "with red subintegumental pig- ment; abdomen with white subintegu- mental pigment, especially along the sides. Head broadly rounded in front, not emarginate medially (Fig. 151). Eyes each with at least two rows of dorsal facets. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae minute. Antennae five segmented (Fig. 158), morphological segments III-V and segments VII and VIII complete- ly fused. Prothorax with all setae small. Fore tarsi each with a recurved claw (Fig. 212). Pelta as in Fig. 213. Abdominal ter- gite IX slightly shorter than tube, all major posterior setae minute. Tube slender, generally straight sided. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure. Ab- dominal sternite VIII without glan- dular area. Abdominal segment IX and tube nearly equal in length. This handsome, tiny thrips can be recognized by the characteristics of the subgenus. In our state it is abun- dant south of the Shelbyville moraine. Collections made after my article on its distribution in Illinois (1952a) have shown that its range extends north- ward up the Illinois River to about Utica and northward up the Wabash River to Portland Arch, Fountain County, Indiana. Ordinarily it occurs in the leaf mold of forests or in Atidro- pogon clumps at the edges of forests. r-- Mav, 1968 Stannarij: TiiK Thrii'S f)i- Illinois 403 Fig. 212. — Amphibolothrips iTrachythripsI watsoni, fore leg. Fig. 213. — Amphibolothrips (Trachylhrips) u'atsoni, pelta. Illinois records (Fig. 20).—Taken every month of the year, from one or several localities in the following coun- ties: Alexander, Calhoun, Clark, Clay, Coles, Crawford, Effing- ham, Fayette, Hardin, Henry, Jackson, Jefferson, Jersey, John- son, La Salle, Lawrence, Marion, Mason, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Ran- dolph, Shelby, St. Clair, Ver- milion, Washington, and Wayne. Bagnalliella Karny Bagnalliella Karny (1920:41). Type- species by original designation.— Cephalothrips yuccae Hinds. Head moderate in size and some- what broadened anteriorly, often with depressed lines or wrinkles behind eyes especially in brachypterous forms. Eyes normal. Ocelli present in all forms. Postocular setae usually pointed. Antennae eight segmented, each segment fairly small, none en- larged. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, placed fairly close to- gether. Maxillary bridge present, short. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Prothorax with only anterolateral, epimeral, and lateral posterior margin- al setae well developed, these setae usually blunt at their tips. Praepectus present. Epimeral sutures complete. Macropterous or brachypterous. Ma- cropterous forms with fore wing slight- ly narrowed at the middle or entire apical half narrowed, accessory fringe cilia present. Fore tarsi armed in both sexes. Pelta triangular (Fig. 214). Wing- holding setae slightly curved or slight- ly sigmoidal. Tube moderate-sized. Accessory setae on abdominal ster- nites minute. Males apparently with- out sternal glandular areas, and with lateral posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX reduced. Fig. 214. — Bagnalliella yuccae, pelta. This genus is similar to Haplotkrips. From Haplotkrips, Bagnalliella may be distinguished by the combination of the characteristics a) wrinkles be- hind eyes in the brachypterous form, b) reduction of both the anteromar- ginal and lateral prothoracic setae, and c ) the appearance of the head out- line which is slightly broadened an- teriorly. In addition species of Bag- nalliella are seemingly confined to Yucca plants and are rarely found on other vegetation. Bagnalliella is represented in Illi- nois by the introduced species, Bag- nalliella yuccae. 404 Illinois Naitrai. History Survey Bui.i.ktin Vol. 29, An. 4 Bagnalliella yuccae (Hinds) Cephalothrips yuccae Hinds (1902: 194). 9, d"'. Type-locality.—Not p given, but either Amherst, Massa- chusetts or Washington, D.C. Transferred to BagnallieUa by Kar- ny (1920). Haplothrips yuccae Savenko (1944: 1008). 9, c?. Type-locality.—Buk- nari, Kobuletsk, district of Adzharsk (Caucasus), U.S.S.R. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.5 mm. General color light brown; sides and anterior of head, sides of thorax, and tube dark brown; abdomen sometimes yellowish brown mesally. Antennal segment I and most of II brown as in head, rest of antennae yellow except segments VII and VIII which are infused with brown. Legs predominantly brown ex- cept tarsi which are yellow. Wings colorless except extreme base light brown. Ocellar and subintegumental pigments red. Head without strong wrinkles be- hind eyes. Antennal segment IV with two outer and two inner sense cones. Major prothoracic setae moderately long. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Tube moderate in size. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended over 2 mm. Color and structure almost identical to color and structure of macropterous form (color slightly darker). Evidence of some wrinkles or impressed lines be- hind eyes. Wings reduced to small pads. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.8 mm. Generally similar to brachypterous female. Ab- dominal sternite VIII without a glan- dular area. This species is host specific to Yucca filameritosa, a commonly cultivated plant that originally was native to the eastern coastal plain from southern New Jersey to Georgia (Fernald 1950). Yucca filarnentosa and its thrips Bag- nalliella yuccae have been introduced into Illinois and many other states as well as Europe. Savenko's species, Haplothrips yuc- cae, described from the Caucasus and redescribed by Derbeneva (1959) from the Crimea, is undoubtedly the same as Bagnalliella yuccae Hinds. The provenience of the plant genus Yucca is the New World and the species most able to tolerate low winter tempera- tures under out-of-door cultivation in Europe are from the southeastern United States where B. yuccae is the sole associate. Although these Russian authors made no reference to the lit- erature on BagnallieUa, their descrip- tions and illustrations are of a typical Bagnalliella. Adults and larvae of yuccae may be found in the lower appressed parts of the sheaths of their host. According to my observations, winged females can fly at least one-half mile to start new colonies. Two years after I started a yucca plant from a root cutting in my garden, a colony of thrips became es- tablished on it. The nearest yucca was fully one-half mile distant from my plant. Illinois records (Fig. 19).—State- wide, collected from April through October, from one or several localities in every county in the state. Cephalothrips ITzel Cephalothrips Uzel (1895:244). Type- species by monotypy. — Phloeothrips mnnilicornis Renter. Head decidedly longer than broad, hardly at all prolonged in front of eyes. Dorsal surface of head smooth to faintly transversely striate along the lateral margins and base, ventral sur- face smooth, cheeks barely serrate. Eyes moderately large, prolonged more posteriad ventrally than dorsal- ly. Ocelli present in macropterous form, absent in apterous form. Pos- tocular setae moderate in size. Anten- nae eight segmented, segment III not elongate, segments VII and VIII each with a broad pedicel. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets, when at rest, extending far into the head and placed fairly close together but not touching within the center of the head. Prothorax with only the epimeral setae well developed, these setae di- I Mav, l'J(i8 Stannard: Tin, Tiiijii's lliriii!< xcnlptuntx, liead and prothorax. F'rom Hood (1936a). 410 Illinois Nattkal Hislorv Simukv Ri-llktin Vol. 29, An. Pelta elongate oval, with lateral se- tae usually placed on pelta (Fig. 219). Wing-holding setae not developed. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major poste- rior setae shorter than tube, dilated. Tube slightly more than three-fourths as long as head. Female (macropterous) (specimen from North Carolina).—Length not distended about 1.3 mm. Similar to brachypterous female. Wings fully de- veloped, fore wing uniformly light brown, without accessory fringe cilia. Wing-holding setae well developed. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. Color and structure similar to brachypterous fe- male. Abdominal sternite VIII with a narrow, subbasal. bandlike glandu- lar area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae reduced in size, pointed to dilated. In the Illinois fauna, sculpturus is the only species in the genus with pointed ventrolateral pterothoracic setae. The status of this species is still un- certain. In 1955 I supported the view that sculpturus and silvarum were distinct. Now, with more material at hand, it appears that there is little if any distinction between them. Two characteristics, the extent of the swollen cheeks and the placement of the postocular setae, have proved to be so variable that they can no longer be used as criteria for the separation of these forms. It may be that silva- rum is but the apterous form of sculpturus. For the present, I prefer to use the name sculpturus for specimens in Illinois. No decision on silmruni is necessary in considering our fauna be- cause no specimens assignable to s;7- varuni have yet been found in our state. The very similar-appearing type- specimen of Erkosothrips reticulatus (Watson) from Florida has a yellow (rather than brown) tube and the pos- terior setae of abdominal tergite IX are blunt to pointed, not dilated. Ap- parently, reticulatus may be distin- guished from sculpturus by these two characteristics. The lectotype of re- ticulatus, described by Watson under Glyptothrips in 1934, is herein desig- Fig. 219.-- Eriiosothrips sculptitnix, pelta. nated to be the single female speci- men, probably brachypterous, mounted ventral side up on the slide deposited in the Watson collection, Florida Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Gainesville, marked "TYPE 9 " and labeled "damp leaves along stream in Catocala Glen, Gainesville, Florida, separated in Berlese funnel, 1.12.26, D. M. Bates coll." Erkosothrips sculpturiis has been collected from the central and south- ern parts of Illinois in grass clumps and forest debris. Illinois records.- Bond County: Smithboro, October 28, 1956, Ross, Smith, Stannard, forest debris, 2 9 , 1 d". Douglas County: Areola, Oc- tober 12, 1949, Stannard, sod of Au- dropogon, 3 9,3 cf . Jackson Coun- ty: Murphysboro, September 20, 1949, Smith," Stannard, ground cover, 2 9,1 d". Johnson County: Grants- burg, August 31, 1951, Ross, Rich- ards, from grass and leaves, 5 9,8c?'; Sanburn, September 20, 1949, Smith, Stannard, forest debris, 2 9, 1 cf. Marion County: Fairman, April 10, 1956, Stannard, forest debris, 1 cf. Piatt County: Monticello, October 17, 1938, December 11, 1939, April 5, 1940, Farrar, sod of Andropogon and woodland debris. 5 9,1 cf . Pope County: Herod, May 5, 1950, Sander- son, Stannard, forest and grass debris, 4 9 , 2 cf . Randolph County : Prairie du Rocher, July 18, 1948, Smith, Stannard, foi-est and grass debris, 1 9 . Eschatothrips Stannard Eschatothrips Stannard (1955&:88). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Eurythrips reticnlotubus Stannard. Head longer than wide, slightly pro- longed anterior of eyes, dorsum en- tirely sculptured by hexagonal reticu- May, 1968 Stannarii: Tiik Tiihii's i>v Illinois Hi lations, cheeks decidedly incised just behind eyes. Eyes bulged, keglike. Ocelli present in all forms known. Pos- tocellar setae minute. Postocular setae small. Antennae eight segmented; seg- ments III and IV each with two dorsal setae that are knobbed or blunt, sense cones long and slender; segment VIII with narrow pedicel. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets placed far apart within head, ex- tending anteriorly to region of pos- tocular setae. Prothorax short, faintly reticulate. Anteromarginal setae minute; antero- lateral, midlateral, and posterior mar- ginal setae moderate in size, pointed to blunt; epimeral pair of setae largest, thickened and expanded at tips. Epim- eral sutures complete. Praepectal plates extremely large. Mesopraester- num well developed. Macropterous or micropterous; fore wings, when fully developed, without accessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergites hexagonally ret- iculate except for medioanterior re- gion where they are transversely striate. Pelta rectangular. Tergites III-VI each with two pairs of sig- moidal wing-holding setae, even in micropterous form. Lateral posterior setae thickened, blunt at tips. Ab- dominal sternite VIII in male with glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX of female with midposterior setae blunt, lateral setae long and pointed; in male, lateral setae greatly reduced, spinelike. Tube moderate in size, hex- agonally reticulate except at tip (Fig. 188); anal setae shorter than tube. In the eastern United States, other similar-appearing genera in the Phlae- othripinae differ from Eschatothrips by several characteristics among which are the following: in Eiirythrips the head is never completely reticulate, in Glyplothrips the antennae are either each seven segmented or segment VIII is nonpedicellate, and in Erkosothrips the tube is not reticulate. Although the genus has not yet been found in Illinois, specimens of Eschato- thrips hariithripoifJes have been taken in the Cumberland Mountains of Ken- tucky. Therefore, as is the case with some other insects of possible similar distribution, it is likely that popula- tions also exist nearer to or actually in our state. Eschatothrips barythripoides Watson Glijptothrips barythripoides Watson (1935:55). 9, cT. Type-locality.— Petersburg, Virginia; see remarks concerning lectotype below. Trans- ferred to Eschatothrips by Stannard (1955/j). Female (micropterous).—Length distended about 1.8 mm. Color pre- dominantly yellow. Antennal seg- ments IV-VI, except for pedicels, and all of segments VII and VIII brown. Abdominal tergites II-VII each with a median anterior brown spot, tube orange yellow except grayish brown at apex. Setae yellow. Body with some red subintegumental pigment. Head completely reticulate dorsally. Eyes small, bulged. Antennal segment III with one ventral sense cone, seg- ment IV with one inner and one outer sense cone. Mouth cone proportion- ately small. Prothorax with sculpture faint. Praepectus present. Pterothorax with- out well-developed ventrolateral setae. Metascutum strongly hexagonally ret- iculate. Wings short, extending only to abdominal segment I or II, nearly brachypterous. Fore tarsi unarmed. Pelta hexagonally reticulate. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major poste- rior lateral setae more than half as long as tube. Tube slightly longer than head. Female (macropterous).- Similar in size, color, and structure to microp- terous female. Fore wings lacking ac- cessory fringe cilia. Male (micropterous). Length distended about 1.6 mm. Similar to micropterous female in color and struc- ture. Abdominal sternite VIII with a bandlike glandular area in the antero- median portion. Abdominal tei'gite IX with major lateral posterior setae (II) small and spinelike. Tube decidedly shorter than head. This is the only species of the genus in the temperate eastern United States, occurring from Florida to New 412 ImTNOIS NsTrRAl. IIlSlORV StRVI-.V BflJ.RTIN Vol. 29, Art. 4 Jersey and Mississippi to Kentucky. It has not yet been discovered in Illinois. The lectotype of banjthn'poides, de- scribed by Watson under Glyplothrips in 1935, is here designated to be the male specimen encircled with blacic ink on tlie slide marked "type cf " in which the designation "para" pre- ceded "type" but was subsequently marked out by Pi'ofessor Watson or another person and further labeled "Petersburg, Virginia, IX.3.33, J. W. Kea, dead oak leaves." This male is mounted ventral side up and is mi- cropterous with the wing pads reach- ing to abdominal segment II. None of those in the type series in the Watson collection, Florida Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Gainesville, is "apa- rous," lapsits calami by Watson for "apterous," as far as can be deter- mined. Also on the lectotype slide is a specimen of Hoplothrips pergandei. Although Watson indicated in the original description that the type was a female, only slides which are or once were labeled "paratypes" remain in the Watson collection. It seems rea- sonable to presume that Watson crossed out the phrase "para" and deliberately selected the male as type but failed to change the designation in his manuscript. At any rate the lectotype selected here is clearly a representative of the species Watson had in mind when he wrote his description. Eurythrips Hinds Eurythrips Hinds (1902:202). Type- species by original designation. — Eurythrips ampliventralis Hinds. Zuluiella Jacot-Guillarmod (1939:37). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Zuluiella distiucta Jacot- Guillarmod. New synonymy. Head moderate in size to elongated, sometimes considerably prolonged forward of eyes ; surface of head never completely reticulate, usually smooth on the median of the dorsum or with faint warts, smooth on venter or with transverse striae; usually incised be- hind eyes. Eyes often bulged, keglike. Ocelli present in macropterous and some brachypterous forms, reduced or absent in some brachypterous and apterous forms. Postocellar setae usu- ally small (long in tarsalis). Postocular setae well developed, dilated or pointed. Antennae eight segmented, segment III with one inner and one or two outer sense cones, segments VII and VIII with narrow or broad pedi- cels, usually setae on all segments pointed (except in virginianus). Mouth cone generally broadly rounded. Max- illary stylets placed far apart within head. Prothorax with most major setae well developed, dilated or pointed; an- teromarginal setae small. Epimeral sutures often incomplete. Praepectal plates always present. Fore wings brown when fully developed, without accessory fringe cilia in the North American species. Ventrolateral meta- thoracic setae usually small and pointed (except in setiger). Fore legs each usually with a tarsal tooth, mid and hind legs usually without any large, differentiated setae (except in setiger). Pelta moderate in size. Wing- holding setae often present even in brachypterous forms. Males with glan- dular area on abdominal sternite VIII either in the form of a broad or nar- row band or, as in batesi, divided into two parts (Fig. 56), and with poste- rior lateral setae on abdominal tergite IX shorter than in female. In Illinois this genus resembles Erkosotfirips and Glyplothrips. The lat- ter two genera have the head com- pletely covered by hexagonal reticula- tions, whereas in Eurythrips the dorsal median part of the head is either smooth or with only faint warts. Also Eurythrips resembles Haplothrips in many features. However, in Eury- thrips the maxillary stylets are always placed far apart within the head, al- most next to the sides of the head, and usually the eyes are more bulged than in Haplothrips. At least 12 species of Eurythrips oc- cur in Illinois. Many are found in grass clumps, particularly Andropo- gon, and a few are found in forest lit- ter. They are not known to be of economic importance. Mav, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips or Illinois 413 KEY TO SPECIES (Illinois, except where noted) 1 . Postocellar setae long tarsalis Postocellar setae short (Fig. 220 and 221) 2 2. Mid and hind femora each with a large dorsal seta which is dilated; ventro- lateral metathoracic setae prominent and dilated setiger Mid and hind femora without any dif- ferentiated setae: ventrolateral meta- thoracic setae small and pointed .3 3. Abdominal segments I, II, and sides of III abruptly yellow in contrast to re- mainder of abdomen which is brown; head faintly warty on dorsum; pelta as in Fig. 222 pettiti Abdomen variously colored but not abruptly yellow in two or more basal segments in contrast to remainder of abdomen; head usually smooth on me- dian part of dorsum; peltae variously formed 4 4. Epimeral sutures complete 5 Epimeral sutures incomplete 6 h. Tube dark brown dissimilis Tube light yellow; from Alabama and Virginia (USNM), not yet found in Illinois forlicornis 6. Males 7 Females 14 7. Abdominal sternite VIII with glandular area divided into two parts (Fig. 56) . . batesi Abdominal sternite VIII with glandular area complete, bandlike 8 8. Glandular area thin 9 Glandular area broad to moderately broad 11 9. Glandular area occupying central portion of abdominal sternite VIII , constrictus Glandular area occupying anterior por- tion of abdominal sternite VIII . .10 10. Predominantly yellow; dorsal setae on an- tennal segment III all pointed watsoni Abdomen with much brown, particularly tergites II and III and sides of poste- rior segments; two dorsal setae on an- tennal segments III blunt or dilated. . virginianus 11. Abdominal tergite IX with median pair of posterior setae e.Ktending beyond the tube 12 Abdominal tergite IX with median pair of posterior setae not extending beyond the tube 13 12. Antennal segments III and IV short and decidedly angular in profile; major pro- thoracic setae long, pointed; tube usu- ally orange-brown at base. . , hindsi Antennal segments III and IV slightly longer and not as angular in profile; major prothoracic setae blunt or di- lated; tube usually brown at base. . , . osborni 13. Antennal segment VII relatively long and pedicel relatively narrow Fig. 220-221.—Head and prothorax: 220, Kiirnllirii)^ petiiii; 221, Euriithripx hindsi. 414 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 E. ampliventralis E.hindsi 223 224 Fig. 222-224.— Peltas of indicated species of Eiirylhripx. ampliventralis Eurythrips ampliventralis Hinds Antennal segment VII shorter and pedicel broad connatus Eurythrips ampliventralis Hinds (1902: 14. Abdominal tergite IX with major poste- 9Q2\ q Tvpe-localitv Amherst, rior setae dilated 15 m" u" +f ' Abdominal tergite IX with major poste- iVlassacnUSetLS. 1 r „ "T %^^^ PT^/^ V r • f ^l Female (brachypterous).—Length 15. Head with most of ventral surface covered , , , , o " _ <^ „i „^i^^ with transverse striations . . batesi distended over 2 mm. General color Head with ventral surface transversely brown and yellow, bemg predommant- striated only on anterior portion .16 \y yellow in the head, becoming yel- 16. Abdomen predominantly yellow; anten- ]owish brown to brown in the thofax, nal segment 111 with all dorsal setae , , • j i u •„ +u« .^v^ pointed watsoni 'ind becoming dark brown m the ab- Abdomen with much brown particularly domen. Antennal segments I and II at sides; antennal segment III with two yellow to yellowish brown, segment dorsal setae dilated or blunt _.. _ jj] yellowish brown to brown, re- 17. Abdominal tergite IX with m''ediln"'p"a"ir mainder of antennae brown Legs yel- of posterior setae extending beyond the low tO yellowish brOWn. Body With tube 18 red subintegumental pigment. Abdominal tergite IX with median pair jjgj^^ elongate, smooth dorsally and the'*?ubT°'' ' '"^ """id ventrally except for sides and base, IS. Antennal segments III and IV short and constricted behind eyes, with a small decidedly angular in profile; major pro- toothlike projection behind eyes. Eyes thoracic setae long and pointed, rarely bulged. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae Wunt; tube usually orange-brown ^at ^^jf developed, dilated. Antennal seg- Antennal segments III' and I'v slightly ments III and IV each with one inner longer and not as angular in profile; and two outer sense cones, segment "rown r°ba°e'^^"'^ ^^^^^ dilated; tube yjj longer than in connatus and with 19. AnteZal^'segment' III' with' two""; Pedicel narrow to moderately broad sense cones ampliventralis but never as broad as in connatus, seg- Antennal segment III with one outer ment VIII with a broad pedicel. Max- on a/^'T '"°"! , ••,-• -^ ,^" illary stylets placed far apart within 20. Maxillary stylets, when at rest, usually if extended anteriorly to the halfway nea^Cl. mark between the base of the eyes and Prothorax With anteromarginal 36- the base of the head constrictus tae minute. Epimeral sutures incom- Maxillary stylets, when at rest basad of pigte_ Major prothoracic setae well the halfway mark between the base of S , , •' ,-, r„ , tt j-„„i„f„„„i ^„<- the eyes and the base of the head developed, dilated. Ventrolateral met- connatus athoracic setae small and pointed. Mav, 1968 Stannard: I' (11 IiriNois 415 Fore tarsi each with a minute tooth. Mid and hind femora without any unusual, differentiated setae. Wings reduced to pads which usually bear three dilated setae. Pelta broad (Fig. 223). Wing- holding setae reduced. Major poste- rior setae on abdominal tergite 1X not exceeding the tube, pointed. Female (macropterous) (Fig. .51). —Length distended over 2 mm. Simi- lar to brachypterous female except for the following differences. Color darker, generally brown, including the head; legs and antennal segments I and II yellowish brown to brown. Eyes more bulged from head. Ocelli present. Wings fully developed. Wing-holding setae sigmoidal, one major and one minor pair on abdominal tergites III- VII. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.6 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except for the following. Abdominal sternite VIII with a broad, wide, bandlike glandu- lar area (Fig. 54). Abdominal tergite IX with lateral setae reduced in size. This, the type of the genus, exhibits considerable variation in structure and color. The pedicel of antennal seg- ment VIII is always broad, whereas, in contrast, the pedicel of segment VII varies from narrow to moderately broad. Even so ampliventralis, in ex- treme cases, does not have as broad a pedicel on antennal segment VII as does cotinatus. The presence of two outer sense cones on antennal segment III and the more yellow color of the head help separate brachypterous forms of ampliventralis from connatus, a species having only one outer sense cone on antennal segment III and whose head is usually darker in color. Eurythrips ampliventralis is common throughout Illinois in Andropugon sod. Illinois records. Taken every month of the year, from one or several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Calhoun, Cass, Champaign, Clark, Clay, Coles, Cook, De Witt, Douglas, Iroquois, Jackson, .Iersey, .Johnson, Knox, Lake, Montgomery, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Richland, Scott, Vermilion, and Wayne. Eurythrips batesi (Watson) Glyptothrips batesi Watson (1935:56). 9, cf. Type-locaHty.—Devil's Mill Hopper, Alachua County, Florida. Transferred to Ennjthrips by Hood (1941). Female (brachypterous).—Length distended over 1.7 mm. General color as in anipliventralis. Head yellow, tho- rax yellowish brown to light brown, abdomen brown becoming dark brown in terminal segments. Antennae yel- lowish brown to yellow in basal seg- ments becoming dark brown in apical segments. Legs yellow. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size, usually smooth on the median of the dorsum, strongly transversely striate on the venter, constricted behind eyes, with a small toothlike projection behind eyes. Eyes bulged. Ocelli absent or if present greatly reduced. Postocular setae well developed, dilated. Anten- nal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone and with all dorsal setae pointed, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones, segments VII and VIII with narrow pedicels. Maxillary stylets placed far apart within head. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute. Major prothoracic setae well developed, dilated. Epimeral su- tures incomplete. Ventrolateral meta- thoracic setae small and pointed. Fore tarsi each with a moderate-sized tooth. Mid and hind femora without any un- usual, differentiated setae. Wings re- duced to pads which usually bear two dilated setae. Pelta rectangular, usually hexago- nally reticulate. Wing-holding setae greatly reduced. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX not extending beyond the tube, dilated. Female (macropterous).— Un- known to me. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except for the following. Abdominal sternite VIII with two rectangular glandular areas (Fig. 56), these areas sometimes par- tially connected in what appear to be abnormal conditions. Abdominal ter- 416 Illinois Natural History Sirvev Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. gite IX with lateral setae reduced in size and pointed. This species is unique on the basis of the form of the male glandular area, which is usually di- vided into two parts, and by the strong, transverse striations on the ventral surface of the head. Eurythrips hatesi is a southern spe- cies occurring in Florida, the southern half of Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas (INHS records). A similar spe- cies, if not a variant of the same spe- cies, occurs in New Mexico, Mexico, and Jamaica. These populations have brown coloring in part or most of the head, and the antennae are somewhat elongate. Otherwise they are like the typical form of the populations in the southern states. Hood (1941) designated the lecto- type, a female, by marking with a diamond-pointed pencil the words "HOLOTYPE (upper specimen)" on the slide containing a mixed series of thrips from Devil's Mill Hopper, Ala- chua County, Florida. The present location of this slide is unknown to me. In the Watson collection there is another slide marked "Wing 9 , type, north of Ormond, Florida, June 28, 1936, dead leaves of Palmetto, Oak." This specimen cannot be considered part of the type-series, as it was col- lected after the original description was published. According to Watson, batesi was named after Marston Bates who first collected the species at Gainesville, Florida. Presumably Wat- son was referring to a specimen labeled "Type d', Gainesville, Florida, damp leaves along stream in a Catocala Glen, separated in a Berlese funnel, 1-12-26, D. M. Bates coll." Unfortu- nately, this thrips is not a Eurythrips but rather an Erkosothrips. This ap- pears to be an incongruous situation in which the species honoring Dr. Bates is one he did not collect. My concept of the species hatesi is based on a specimen in the Watson collection labeled "Type d', leaves un- dej- live oak 90 feet out of Sugarfoot • '' mmock, Gainesville, Florida, 1-19- ^., J.R.W." It has the glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII di- vided in the middle. Illinois records.— Fayette Coun- ty: Ramsey, April 18, 1954, Smith, Stannard, forest litter, 1 9 . Hardin County: Karbers Ridge, May 4, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, forest debris, 2 9 . Jackson County: Gorham (Foun- tain Bluff), September 6, 1956, Smith, Stannard, forest debris, 2 9,1 cf. Johnson County: Buncombe, "Cedar Bluff," March 15, 1961, Evers, Stan- nard, forest debris, 1 c?. Pope Coun- ty: Dixon Springs, August 30, 1951, Ross, Stannard, forest debris, 2 9,1 d ; Herod, May 5, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, forest debris, 2 9 . Eurythrips connatus Hood Eurythrips connatus Hood ( 1938c :378). 9 . Type-locality.—Clearwater, Florida. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. Color: head and thorax yellowish brown, abdomen brown becoming dark brown in poste- rior segments, legs yellow to light yel- lowish brown, antennae yellowish brown in basal segments, brown in terminal segments. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size, slightly longer than in hindsi but not as long as in ampliventralis, smooth dorsally and ventrally except extreme sides and base, slightly constricted behind eyes, usually with a toothlike projection be- hind eyes. Eyes bulged. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae well developed, slightly shorter than in ampliventralis, blunt to dilated at tips. Antennal seg- ment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment VII shorter and with pedicel broader than in ampliventralis, segment VIII with a broad pedicel. Mouth cone longer and heavier than in ampliven- tralis. Maxillary stylets placed far apart within head. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute. Epimeral sutures incom- plete. Major prothoracic setae well developed, dilated. Ventrolateral met- \Uw. 19G8 Stannari): TiiF. TiiRii's OF Illinois 417 athoracic setae small and pointed. Fore tarsi each with a minute tooth, or tooth seemingly absent. Mid and hind femora without any unusual, dif- ferentiated setae. Wings reduced to pads which bear two or sometimes three dilated setae. Pelta broad, much as in ampliventra- lis. Wing-holding setae reduced. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX not extending beyond the tube, pointed. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.3 mm. Color much as in female except head sometimes more yellow than yellowish brown. Abdominal sternite VIII with a wide glandular area which is slightly nar- rower than in ampliventralis. Abdomi- nal tergite IX with lateral setae re- duced in size. This is the only species of Eary- thrips in Illinois with antennal seg- ment VII having exceptionally widened pedicels. In this feature, con- natus is similar to the tropical ampins and conjunctus, but the latter two spe- cies differ in having two, instead of one, outer sense cones on antennal segment III. At first glance connatus might be mistaken for ampUoentralis. The two can be recognized by several charac- teristics which are best appreciated by reference to actual specimens. Besides the condition of a slightly more nar- rowed pedicel on antennal segment VII, ampliventralis differs in having a longer head which is usually predomi- nantly yellow instead of yellowish brown in the brachypterous form and, in the males, the glandular area on ab- dominal sternite VIII is broader than in contiatus. In addition, comiahis re- sembles constriclus but the two may be easily distinguished by the form of the male glandular area and less easily by the width of the seventh antennal segment. I have based my concept of connatus on specimens from two Illinois locali- ties and from the P]verglades National Park, Florida. Illinois records.— HENDERSON County: Oquawka, May 9, 1952, Mills, Stannard, grass sod, 3 9,1 cf. Lake County: October 23, 1949, Decker, sod of Andropogon, 1 9 . Eurythrips constrictus Stannard Eurythrips constrictus Stannard (1958o:272). 9, cf. Type-locality. —Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. Female fbrachypterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. General color brown, head and thorax lighter be- coming yellowish brown especially at base and apex of head, posterior seg- ments of abdomen becoming dark brown. Legs and antennal segments I and II yellowish brown. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size, about as in connatus, smooth dorsally and ven- trally except at extreme sides and base, constricted under the posterior facet of the eyes, and at this point usually with a toothlike projection. Eyes bulged. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae well developed, dilated. Anten- nal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment VII intermediate in size with pedicel moderately thickened varying from the condition in ampliventralii to almost the broad condition in con- natus, segment VIII with a broad pedicel. Maxillary stylets usually re- tracted into head well beyond the midway point between the base of the eye and the base of the head. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute, remainder of major pro- thoracic setae well developed, dilated. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Ventro- lateral metathoracic setae small and pointed. Fore tarsi each with a mi- nute tooth. Mid and hind femora with- out any unusual, differentiated setae. Wings reduced to pads which bear one or two dilated .setae. Pelta broad, much as in ampliventra- lis. Wing-holding setae reduced. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX not extending beyond the tube, pointed. Male (brachypterous). -Length distended about 1.3 mm. Color and 418 Illinois Nati'Rai. !IISTOR^ Srin pit ventralis and connatus by the position of the maxil- lary stylets. In constrictus these stylets extend well beyond the half-way mark between the base of the eyes and the base of the head whereas in the other two species these stylets are placed more basally in the head. The species genarum Hood (1957) is apparently very similar to constric- tus, but constrictus bears only one outer sense cone on antennal segment III in contrast to genarum which is de- scribed as having two outer sense cones, and by these characteristics the two may be separated. Males of both these species have narrow glandular areas. Illinois record.—Lawrence Coun- ty: Red Hills State Park, April 30, 1950, Stannard, sod of Andropogon, 21 9, 15 d". Eurythrips dissimilis Hood Eurythrips dissimilis Hood (1938«: 365). 9. Type-locality.—Sebring, Florida. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.9 mm. General color brown becoming blackish brown in the terminal segments of the abdomen. Anterior part of head yellowish brown to nearly yellow. Antennae yellow in segment I becoming gradually darker brown in the apical segments. Legs yellowish brown. Body with red sub- integumental pigment. Head moderate in size, smooth dor- sally and ventrally except for trans- verse sculpture at base and extreme sides. Eyes bulged from head. Ocelli present but slightly reduced in size. Postocular setae relatively small, pointed to blunt, placed close to eyes. Antennal segment IV globose but not angulate, segment VIII broadly at- tached to segment VII. Antennal seg- ment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Maxillary stylets placed fairly far apart within head. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute. Epimeral sutures com- plete. Major prothoracic setae rela- tively short, pointed to blunt at tips. Ventrolateral metathoracic setae small, pointed. Fore tarsi each with a strong tooth. Mid and hind femora without any long, unusual, differenti- ated setae. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta roughly triangular. Wing- holding setae minute. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX slightly shorter than tube, pointed. Tube near- ly P4 times the length of abdominal tergite IX. Female (macropterous).— Un- known. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended over 1.6 mm. Similar in gen- eral color to brachypterous female. Abdominal sternite VIII not visible in the material that I have studied. Abdominal tergite IX with lateral se- tae reduced in size. This species is not typical of the genus Eurythrips. Because of its fea- tures of bulged eyes and lack of a maxillary bridge it is best placed in Eurythrips rather than in a complex or subgenus of Haplothrips. Like setiger, clissimilis has the pro- thoracic epimeral sutures complete. From setiger, it can be distinguished by the short, pointed or nearly pointed postocular setae, the large fore tarsal teeth, and the lack of a long seta on each of the mid and hind femora. Eurythrips dissimilis has been taken three times in Illinois. In the collec- tions of the Illinois Natural History Survey there are additional specimens from iowa and Florida. Illinois records.—Adams County: Siloam Springs State Park, August 9, 1951, Richards, Stannard, grasses, 1 o". Fayette County: La Clede, Julv May, 1968 Stannarii: The Thrips of Ii.i.inois 419 7, 1950, Ross, Stannard, prairie, 1 9 . Henderson County: Oquawka, May 9, 1952, Mills, Stannard, grass sod, 1 9, 2 cf. Eurythrips hindsi Morgan Eurijthrips hindsi Morgan (1913:27). 9 . Type-locality.— Clarksville, Tennessee. Female (brachypterous).— Length distended about 1.9 mm. General color brown. Fore part of head tending to become yellowish brown. Antenna! segments I-V yellow to yellowish brown to almost entirely brown. Legs, except coxae, yellow to yellowish brown. Tube usually orange-brown at base. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size, smooth dor- sally and ventrally except at extreme sides (Fig. 221). Eyes slightly bulged from head (moruloid). Ocelli absent. Postocular setae long and pointed at tips. Antennal segments III and IV short and decidedly angular in profile, segment VIII with a short pedicel that is usually slightly more slender than in ampliventralis. Antennal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Maxillary sty- lets placed far apart within head. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute. Epimeral sutures incom- plete. Major prothoracic setae long, pointed at tips. Ventrolateral meta- thoracic setae pointed. Fore tarsi with- out teeth in addition to the usual pair of terminal claws. Mid and hind fe- mora without any unusual, differenti- ated setae. Wings reduced to tiny pads. Pelta (Fig. 224) smaller than in ampliventralis, not as expanded an- teriorly as in osborni. Wing-holding se- tae reduced. Major po.sterior setae on abdominal tergite IX much longer than tube, pointed. Tube about twice the length of abdominal tergite IX. Female (macropterous). Length distended about 1.5 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except for the following. Eyes more bulged from head. Ocelli present. Wings fully de- veloped. Wing-holding setae sigmoid- al, one pair each on abdominal ter- gites III-VII. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except for the following. Abdominal sternite VIII with a broad, bandlike glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with lateral se- tae reduced in size. This species can be distinguished, sometimes with difficulty, from osborni by the shape of antennal segments III and IV and by the form of the major head and prothoracic setae as men- tioned in the key. Populations nearly intermediate between typical hindsi and typical osborni occur in east- central Illinois. Eurythrips hindsi is common throughout Illinois. It inhabits Andro- pogon clumps. Illinois records.—Taken almost every month of the year, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Adams, Champaign, Clark, Coles, Cumberland, Hancock, Iro- quois, Lake, Lawrence, Pope, and Vermilion. Eurythrips osborni Hinds Eurythrips osborni Hinds (1902:203). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Female (brachypterous to nearly apterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. General color brown. Head yellow to yellowish brown to brown. Basal antennal segments yellowish brown to brown. Legs yellow to yel- lowish brown, femora sometimes brown. Terminal abdominal segments dark brown. Body with red subintegu- mental pigment. Head moderate in size, smooth dor- sally and ventrally except at sides. Eyes slightly bulged from head. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae long, slightly dilated. Antennal segments III and I\' slightly longer than in hindsi and not as angular in profile, segment VIII with a pedicel that is more slender than in (nnplircniralis. Antennal seg- ment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Maxillary stylets placed far apart within head. 420 Illinois Natural IIisTf)K'i' SIIRVL^• IkuLKTiN Vol. 29, Art. 4 Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute. Epiineral sutures incom- plete. Major prothoracic setae blunt to slightly dilated. Ventrolateral pro- thoracic setae seemingly pointed. Fore tarsi each with a minute tooth. Mid and hind femora without any unusual, differentiated setae. Wings reduced to tiny pads, or entirely absent. Pelta moderately small, expanded at anterior margin. Wing-holding se- tae reduced. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX much longer than tube, pointed. Tube about twice the length of abdominal tergite IX. Female (macropterous).—Not yet found in Illinois, unknown to me. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.2 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except lighter in color. Head, basal antennal seg- ments, and legs usually entirely yellow. Abdominal sternite VIII with a broad, bandlike glandular area. Ab- dominal tergite IX with lateral setae reduced in size. Unlike its close relative, hincis}, os- borni has dilated head and prothoracic setae and by these characteristics the two may be distinguished. So far osborni, in its typical form, has been taken three times in Illinois. It occurs in Andropoyon clumps as does the more common hindsi. Illinois records. Alexander County: Olive Branch, February 3, 1954, Moore, 2 9. Clark County: Marshall, May 13, 1949, Ross, Gloyd, Stannard, sod of Andropogon, 1 cf. Piatt County: May 7, 1940, Farrar, on Andropogon, 3 9 . Kurythrips pettiti Hood Eurythrips pettiti Hood (1941:203). 9 , cf . Type-locality.—New Mar- ket, Virginia. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.8 mm. Head, tho- rax, and anterior portion of pelta yel- lowish brown to light brown, sides of pterothorax becoming dark brown ; ab- dominal segment I except for anterior of pelta, ail of abdominal segment II, sides of abdominal segment III, and legs yellow; remainder of abdomen dark brown. Antennae dark brown except pedicel of segment III which is yellow. Head moderate in size (Fig. 220), median surface with small, faint gray warts, ventral surface wrinkled in an- terior half and smooth in posterior half, not constricted or only slightly constricted behind eyes. Eyes just slightly bulged. Ocelli present. Pos- tocular setae well developed, dilated. Antennal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones, segments VII and VIII each with moderately narrow pedicel. Prothorax with major setae long, dilated. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Mid and hind femora without any unusual, differentiated setae. Wings reduced to pads which bear two di- lated setae. Pelta derby shaped (Fig. 222). Wing-holding setae present but great- ly reduced. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX not extending beyond the tube, dilated. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2 mm. Color and structure similar to brachypterous fe- male with the following exceptions. Eyes and ocelli larger. Wings fully de- veloped. Wing-holding setae larger, sigmoidal, with two pairs each on ab- dominal tergites III-VII. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended nearly 1.4 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except for the following. Fore legs sometimes en- larged, tarsal tooth larger, sometimes greatly enlarged. Abdominal sternite VIII with a broad, bandlike glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with lat- eral setae reduced in size, pointed. This is a distinctive species which can be differentiated from others in Illinois by the yellow band across the basal two or three segments of the ab- domen, the numerous faint gray warts on the dorsum of the head, and the shape of the pelta. Seemingly pettiti is locally common in the southern two-thirds of the state. The collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey contain additional M;iv, 1968 Stannard: Thk Tiikii's oi li.i.rNois 421 specimens from Arkansas, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, and Penn- sylvania. ' Illinois records.—Hamilton Coun- ty: McLeansboro, November 29, 1957, Bouseman, forest litter, 1 9 . JACK- SON County: Murphysboro, Novem- ber 5, 1942, Ross, Sanderson, ground litter, 2 9,1 d" ; Gorham (Fountain Bluff), September 6, 1956, Smith, Stannard, forest debris, 1 9 . JERSEY County: Pere Marquette State Park, November 20, 1958, Stannard, forest debris, 1 9. Marion County: Kin- mundy, November 10, 1958, Evers, Clark, Stannard, forest debris, 5 9 . Mason County: Havana, December 10, 1932, Frison, Ross, forested sand area, 1 9 . Pope County: Herod, No- vember 6, 1942, Ross, Sanderson, ground litter, 5 9,1 cf. Vermilion County: Danville, November 1, 1942, Ross, ground litter, 3 9 . Woodford County: Goodfield, May 17, 1961, Stannard, forest debris, 4 9 , 1 cf. Eurythrips setiger Stannard Eunjihrips setiger Stannard (1958a: 271). 9 . Type-locality.—Dixon Springs, Illinois. Female (maeropterous).—Length distended nearly 2 mm. Genera! color dark brown, being darkest in apical segments of antennae, thorax, and posterior segments of abdomen. Pedi- cel of antennal segment III yellow to yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown, darkest in the femora. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size, smooth dor- sally and ventrally except at extreme sides and base. Eyes bulged from head, with a pronounced groove be- hind eyes. Ocelli present. Postocular setae long and dilated. Antennal seg- ments III and IV moderate in size, not shortened; segment III with one inner and one outer .sense cone; segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones; segments VII and VIII each with a distinct pedicel. Maxillary sty- lets placed far apart within head. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute, other major setae well developed, dilated. Epimeral sutures complete. Major prothoracic setae di- lated at tips. Ventrolateral metatho- racic setae dilated. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Each femur with an unusual, differentiated, dilated seta. Fore wings fully developed. Pelta roughly triangular, hexagonal- ly reticulate to nearly smooth. .Ab- dominal tergites III VIII each with two pairs of sigmoidal wing-holding setae. Major posterior setae on abdom- inal tergite IX about as long as tube, pointed. Tube about twice the length of abdominal tergite IX. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. Similar to cropterous female except head and legs slightly lighter in color. Ocelli present. Wings reduced to pads. Wing- holding setae present on abdominal tergites but slightly reduced in size. Male.—Unknown. This species is separable from all others in the genus by the characteris- tic of the unusual, differentiated setae on each femur. It is also distinctive as being one of the few species of Eunj- ihrips in which the prothoracic epim- eral sutures are complete. Outsicie of Illinois, setiger is known from Arkansas and Florida (Stannard 1958a). Illinois records.—Champaign County: Rantoul, July 21, 1953, Evers, Stannard, prairie, 1 9 . Mon- roe County: Renault, October 18, 1962, Ross, grass, 1 9 . Pope County: Dixon Springs, August 30, 1951, Ross, Richards, sweeping vegetation, 1 9 . Eurythrips tarsalis Hood Eurifthrips tarsalis Hood ( 1925c :220). 9. Type-locality.— East Falls Church, Virginia. Plectrothrips montauus Watson (19336: 16). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Gatlin- burg, Tennessee. Synonymized by Stannard (19.576). Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended over 2 mm. General color brown to dark brown. Legs and pedi- cel of antennal segment III yellow to yellowish Vjrown. Iiody with yellow to orange subintegumental ])igment. Head elongate, considerably pro- longed beyond eyes, constricted be- hind eyes, smooth dorsally and ven- trally. Eyes bulged. Ocelli absent or if 422 Illinois Natiiral History Survf\' ni'LLi-riN y8 SiANNARii: Till-. 'lEiRirs oi Illinois 425 and structure similar to macropterous female except for the following. Wing pads extending to the second abdomi- nal segment. Abdominal sternite VIII with a thin, median, transverse glan- dular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae reduced in size. This species has been known to me for many years prior to its formal de- scription. Although I listed its char- acteristics in 1955, I hesitated to name it then because I was unable to com- pare all its features with those of the macropterous form of jiavescens. Ac- cording to Hood (1957), the character- istics mentioned in the foregoing key will separate the two species, irrespec- tive of the form. As is Jiavescens, arkansanus is prob- ably statewide in distribution, and the two are frequently found together in grass clumps, particularly Ajidropogon. Illinois records. — Champaign County: Seymour, February 28, 1936, Farrar, under rye grass, 4 9 . Coles County: Mattoon, May 14, 1933, Mohr, grass sod, 1 9, 1 cf. Cook County: near Elgin, Shoefactory Road prairie, October 10, 1952, Ross, Stannard, sod of Amlropogon, 5 cf. De Witt County: Farmer City, No- vember 6, 1953, Smith, Stannard, sod of Anclropogou, 2 9 . IROQUOIS Coun- ty: Milford, October 21-25, 1962, Mc- Collum, Roberts, sod of Andropogon, 3 d'. Piatt County: Mansfield, Feb- ruary 28, 1936, Farrar, sod of Andro- pogon, 2 9 ; Monticello, December 2, 1937, September 22, 1938, March 17, 1939, January 12, 1939, .January 23, 1942, Farrar, sod of Andropogon, 5 9, cf. Giyplothrips flavescens Hood Glyplothrips fiavescens Hood {1912b: 116). 9. type-locality.—Grand Tower, Illinois. Female (apterous) (Fig. 226).— Length distended about 2 mm. Gen- eral color yellowish brown with head, antennal segments I and II and pedi- cels of remaining segments, two mesal longitudinal lines on the abdominal tergites, and the terminal abdominal segments grading into yellow. Anten- nal segments III to morphological seg- Fig. 22fi. aspect. (llijplotlirips Jiavescens, dorsal 426 Illinois Natlral History Sirnia Rri.i i tin Vol. 29, Art. 4 ments VII and VIII, except pedicels, brown. Body with orange-red subin- tegumental pigment. Head hexagonally reticulate, with cheeks incised just behind eyes. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae small, much smaller than eye length, dilated. .A.n- tennae seven segmented, morphologic- al segments VII and VIII completely fused, intermediate segments subglo- bose apicaliy, each with abruptly nar- rowed pedicel: sense cones slender, almost setae-like. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed far apart within head. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute or lacking; anterolateral setae displaced slightly towards the meson, midlateral and posterior setae developed, all these setae short and blunt to dilated. Epimeral sutures com- plete. Praepectus present. Mesoprae- sternum degenerate. Metanotum hex- agonally reticulate. Wings entirely ab- sent. Fore tarsi each armed with a small tooth. Pelta rectangular to elongate oval, reticulate (Fig. 227). Abdomen reticu- late, often with the posterior tips of the reticules drawn out into a spicule. Wing-holding setae not developed. Abdominal tergite IX with median setae dilated, lateral setae longer than in arka)isa)ius, pointed. Tube moder- ately long, smooth. Female (macropterous). —De- scribed by Hood (19126) as lacking accessory fringe cilia on fore wings and possessing ocelli; in many other features similar to apterous female. Descriptions of pelta, mesopraester- num, and praepectus not given by the protologist. Male (apterous).- Length dis- tended about 1.6 mm. Similar in gen- eral color and structure to apterous female. Abdominal sternite VIII with a thin, median, transverse glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with ma- jor lateral setae reduced in size. This species differs from arkansanus by the characteristics mentioned in the foregoing key. In addition the apter- ous form, at least, differs from the winged form of arkansanus by the shape of the pelta. Apparently flavescens occurs F'ig. 227. -Gh/ptolhriiits flaiwscens, 9 apte- rous, pelta. throughout Illinois in grasslands, par- ticularly in Andropogoii clumps. Illinois records. — Alexander County: east of Cape Girardeau, Jan- uary 12, 1965, McCollum, Shaw, Stan- nard, in Johnson grass, 10 specimens. De Witt County: Farmer City, No- vember 6, 1953, Smith, Stannard, sod of Andropogon, 2 9,2 cT. DOUGLAS County: Areola, October 12, 1949, Stannard, grass sod, 5 cf. JACKSON County: Grand Tower (Hood 1912). Marshall County: Lacon, June 5, 1933, Mohr, grass, 1 9 . PiATT Coun- ty: Monticello, December 2, 1937, February 21, 1938, May 3, 1938, March 17, 1939, Farrar, on Andro- pogon, 7 9, 5 d". Pulaski County: Pulaski (Hood 1912). Stephenson County: Freeport, June 3, 1933, Ross, Townsend, grass sod, 1 9 . Gnophuthrips Hood and Williams Gnophothrips Hood and Williams (1915:133). Type-species by original designation. — Gnophothrips mega- ceps Hood and Williams. Head longer than wide, slightly arched medially, with anastomosing transverse striae, cheeks nearly straight without strong bristles, vertex slightly produced. Ocelli present, somewhat reduced in micropterous forms. Eyes moderate in size. Postoc- ular setae shorter than eye length, blunt. Antennae eight segmented, in- serted just under fore margin of head, segments III and IV with short sense cones, segment VIII nonpedicellate, fairly closely joined to segment VII. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Maxil- lary stylets, when at rest, extended far into the head, up to the region of the eyes. Pronotum shorter than head, with weak transverse striations laterally. All major prothoracic setae present Mav, 196H StANN'AKI) III TiiiMi' 427 but relatively short, blunt to dilated. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepec- tus absent. Macropterous or microp- terous. Fore wings short, only about 21^ times as long as head, lacking ac- cessory fringe cilia; wing stubs in micropterous form nearly equal in length to head. Fore legs unarmed. Abdominal tergites weakly sculp- tured with anastomosing, transverse striae. Pelta more or less triangular, blunt anteriorly. Abdominal tergites II-VII each with two pairs of wing- holding setae. Abdominal sternite VIII of male apparently without glan- dular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae shorter than tube, pointed; lateral pair in male re- duced and spinelike. Tube over half as long as head; anal setae just slightly shorter than tube. This genus resembles Liothrips sub- genus Rhyuchothrips. It differs from Rhijndwthrips in having a propor- tionately longer head, in the absence of accessory fringe cilia on the fore wings of the macropterous form, and in the characteristic of the relatively long wing pads in the flightless form. Although three specific names have been proposed, two are synonyms and the genus remains monobasic. Gnophothrips fuscus Morgan Trichothrips fuscus Morgan (1913:30). 9 . Type-locality.— Quincy, Flori- da. Transferred to Liothrips by Hood (1918). Transferred to Gno- phothrips by O'Neill (1965). Gnophothrips megaceps Hood and Wil- liams (1915:133). 9. Type-locaHty. — Emeralda, Florida. New synonymy. Gnophothrips piniphilus J. C. Craw- ford (1938:39). 9, cf. Type-locality. —Patchague, Long Island, New York. Synonymized by O'Neill (1965). Female (macropterous).—Length distended nearly 2.3 mm. General color dark brown with antennal seg- ment III yellow, segments IV- VI yellow basally and yellowish brown apically, segment VII yellow in the pedicel, remainder of antennae yellow- ish brown. Head nearly IJ/^ times as long as wide. Anterior ocellus projecting be- yond anterior eye margin. Eyes not bulged. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, seg- ment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment VIII nonpedi- cellate, distinctly narrower at base than apex of segment VII. Prothorax about two-thirds as long as head. All major prothoracic setae present, short, dilated. Metanotum with well-marked longitudinal striae. Fore wings not narrowed in middle, with three short basal setae which are blunt to dilated. Fore legs unarmed. Abdomen with segments relatively short and wide. Pelta more or less tri- angular. Anterior wing-holding setae C-shaped; posterior wing-holding se- tae sigmoidal. Tube nearly two-thirds as long as head; anal setae almost as long as head. Female (micropterous). Length distended nearly 2.2 mm. Similar in structure and color to macropterous form. Male (micropterous).—Length distended nearly 1.8 mm. Similar in color and structure to female. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major lateral setae shortened and spinelike, light brown in color. When Crawford described piniphi- lus, the holotype of megaceps was not available to him for comparison. Seem- ingly from the literature alone, pini- philus was distinct in having a longer head and darker antennae, in having antennal segment VIII not as broadly joined to VII, and in a few other minor features. Now, after studying all the types, it is apparent to me that pini- philus, megaceps, anA fnscus represent the same species, and purported dif- ferences lie well within the range of expected intraspecific variation. From the arrangement of the slides in the Hood collection, it would .seem that Hood knew of or suspected this syn- onymy, and that when C. .lacot- Cuillarmod noticed this arrangement in examining the Hood collection in 1963, he also became cognizant of the synonyms involved (see O'Neill 1965). The species fuscus feeds on intro- duced as well as native pines (Lind- 428 Illinois Natural Histokv Si: niM.LFTIX \'ol. 29, Art. 4 quist and Harnden 1957), causing eco- nomic danage in some cases. So far this species has not been found outside the eastern seaboard states. It might be found in IlHnois in the future on imported nursery stock. Haplolhrips Amyot and Serville Based on the representatives of this genus known to me from Ilhnois and elsewhere, the segregation of sub- genera is not only difficult but also of doubtful value. The extremes of each of these segregates are sufficiently distinct to warrant their assignment to full genera, but between them are intermediates which so closely bind the subgenera together that no clear- cut division can be made. There is on the one hand the slender, degenerate Karnyothrips which intergrades into the generalized Hoplutbrips s. str. and on the other hand the specialized, long-headed maUfloris complex and Leptothrips which also intergrade back into the nominate subgenus. Because of custom, however, and not because of any special need, the following in- tergrading subgenera are diagnosed separately. For convenience the spe- cies are keyed in the same key and are placed one after the other alphabeti- cally regardless of their subgeneric grouping to help avoid the confusion that always arises when superspecific categories cannot be defined precisely. Eleven species of this polymorphic genus occur in our state. Hiijiloihrips Amyot and Serville s. str. Haplothrips Amyot and Serville (1843: 640). Type-species by monotypy. — Phloeothrips albipennis Burmeister ( = Thrips acukata Fabricius). Anthothrips Uzel (1895:237). Type- species by subsequent designation by Priesner (1949).— T/rri/Js acule- ata Fabricius. Synonymized by Kar- ny (19126). Zygothrips Uzel (1895:243). Type- species by monotypy. — Zygothrips minuta Uzel. Synonymized by Pries- ner (1949). Anthemothrips Karny (1907:51). Type- species by monotypy. — Anthemo- thrips reuteri Karny. Synonymized by Priesner (1949). Hindsiana Karny (1910:51). Type- species by monotypy. — Hindsiana flavicincta Karny. Synonymized bv Priesner (1949). Porphyrothrips Vuillet (1913:78). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Porphyrothrips cottei Vuillet. Synonymized by Priesner (1949). Hapliothrips Bagnall (1934:495). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Hapliothrips globiceps Bag- nall. Synonymized by Priesner (1949).' Head about as long as wide to longer than wide, surface of head weakly transversely striate. Eyes mod- erate in size, never prolonged ventral- ly more than dorsally. Ocelli present, fore ocelli often protruding anteriad of head. Postocular setae minute to moderate in size, usually pointed. Cheeks relatively smooth without strong lateral setae. Antennae eight segmented; segment III usually asym- metrical, generally smaller than seg- ment IV, with none, one, or two apical sense cones; segment IV with four api- cal sense cones; segment VIII usually nonpedicellate, broadly attached to segment VII. Mouth cone short and broad to longer and pointed or nearly pointed. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, frequently widely spread within the center of the head. Maxillary bridge conspicuous, ordi- narily wide. Thorax more robust than in the sub- genus Karnyothrips. Prothorax at the most weakly sculptured; with major anterior setae usually much shorter than major posterior setae, frequently anteromarginal and lateral setae small to minute, in Illinois all of these setae pointed to blunt. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectal plates usually present. Metanotum, in Illinois spe- cies, weakly sculptured so as to appear almost smooth. All species in Illinois macropterous. Fore wings usually slightly constricted in the middle, with or without accessory setae. Fore femora and tibiae unarmed, fore tarsi each always with an inner tooth in species of our local fauna. Nfav, 1968 Stannard: Till T Illinois 429 Pelta triangular, sometimes strong- ly sculptured. Wing-holding setae well developed, sigmoidal. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX pointed. In males the lateral pair being much reduced in size. Males apparently without a distinct glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII. Females with a small or large internal rod (fustis) in abdominal segment IX. Tube moder- ate to relatively short in size; terminal setae not greatly elongated. Members of this, the nominate sub- genus, are d'stinguishable in Illino's from the subgenus Leplothrips by not having the eyes prolonged ventrally more than dorsally and not having strong longitudinal striae on the meta- notum, from the subgenus Karniio- thrips by being more robust and often by not having the major prothoracic setae dilated, and from the subgenus Keoheegeria by having shorter setae on the head and pronotum. So far, six species have been found in Illinois. Two of these are probably introduced: leucanthemi from Europe, supposedly having come here in pio- neer times, and malifloris from western United States, supposedly having come here since the advent of the rail- road, when many plants and some in- sects swept eastward via the well- drained cinder ballast. Haplothrips subgenus Karnyothrips (Watson) Dolichothrips Watson (1920:21). Type- species by original designation.-- Cephalothrips elongata Watson. Pre- occupied by Dolichothrips Karnv (1912f). Karynia [sic] Watson (1922o:6). Type- species by original designation. — Karynia weigeli Watson (=Antho- Ihrips flavipes Jones). Misspelling for Kanuiia; preoccupied by Knr- uyia Shelford (1909). Walsoniella Karny (1923:367). New name for Dolichothrips Watson; pre- occupied by Watsoniella Berg. Karnyothrips Watson (1924o:23). New name for Karnyia Watson; sub- ordinated to Haplothrips by Stan- nard (19576). Haplothrips subgenus Xylaplothrips Priesner (1928:572). Type-species by monotypy. — Cryptothrips fidi- ginosus Schille. Synonymized bv Stannard (1957&). In reference to the Illinois fauna only, the members of this subgenus are similar to those in the nominate subgenus except for the following char- acteristics. Generally more slenderly formed than Haplothrips s. str. Head with surface so weakly striate as to appear smooth or nearly smooth. Ocel- li small, sometimes absent in the bra- chypterous form. Postocular setae al- ways moderate in size, blunt to di- lated, never pointed. Antennal seg- ment III usually symmetrical, with one or two apical sense cones. Pro- thorax not as wide as in Haplothrips s. str. Major prothoracic setae, par- ticularly posterior pairs, usually dis- tinctly dilated. Macropterous or bra- chypterous. Fore tarsi unarmed or each armed with a small tooth. Abdomen with wing-holding setae well developed or not differentiated. Males with or without a distinct glan- dular area on abdominal sternite VIII. Female always with a small internal rod (fustis) in abdominal segment IX. Terminal setae of tube always con- siderably elongate. As is obvious from the synonymy, much difficulty was encountered in choosing an acceptable name for this taxon. Three of the names proposed were later found to be preoccupied, one being a substitute for a previously preoccupied name. Zygothrips, with niiniitus as the type, was used for many years until 1939 when Priesner concluded that mimitus was a true Haplothrips belonging to the subtilis- simus group. At the suggestion of Hood (1949) Watsoniella was favored over Karnyothrips for a brief period until 1951 at which time Cott (per- sonal communication) discovered that it too was unavailable and once again Karnyothrips became the proper anme. P.ecause this subgenus so closely re- sembles Haplothrips s. sir. the species of (he two subgenera are included to- gether in the key. Three species have been taken in 430 Ii.i.iiNOis N.vrtiRAi, History Siirvev Biuiktin Vol. 29, Art. Illinois. Two of them, harti and longi- ceps, live in grasslands, and ameri- camis lives in forests. Haplothrips subgenus Leptothrips Hood Leptothrips Hood (190%:249). Type- species by original designation.— Cryptothrips aspersus Hinds { = Phloeothrips mali Fitch). Also proposed in 1909 by Bagnall but attributed to Hood, the precise date of publication of either paper un- known to me. Subordinated to Ha- plothrips by Stannard (19576). The members of this subgenus are similar to the malifloris complex of the nominate subgenus except, in Illinois and sometimes elsewhere, for the fol- lowing characteristics. Generally dark purple in life. Eyes in the female pro- longed posteriorly on the ventral sur- face of the head more than on the dor- sal surface. Maxillary stylets placed fairly far apart when retracted within the head. Prothorax with major lateral setae minute. Metanotum strongly longitudinally striate, a condition also found in species of other complexes occurring outside of Illinois. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings with accessory fringe cilia present, as also sometimes is the case in out-of-state species of other complexes. Abdominal segment IX of female with internal rod (fustis) not enlarged. Although there may be little need to keep Leptothrips as a separate en- tity, it has been done so here for the sake of custom and tradition. Ac- cording to Cott (1956) no member of Leptothrips in North America has the fore tarsi armed with teeth, whereas all members of the nominate subgenus in our continent do have such teeth. The great number of similarities be- tween these two entities, however, re- duced the significance of the presence or absence of fore tarsal teeth. Because Leptothrips is a taxon of such closely related species it is in essence hardly more than a species group of the mali- floris complex. The single species which occurs in Illinois, mail, is keyed with all the other members of Haplothrips. Haplothrips subgenus Neoheegeria Schmutz Neoheegeria Schmutz (19096:344). Type-species by monotypy. — Neo- heegeria (lalmatica Schmutz. Sub- ordinated to Haplothrips by Stan- nard (19576). As represented in Illinois, this sub- genus is very similar to those in the nominate subgenus, differing only by a combination of specific characteris- tics and not by any one or several ma- jor points. In the Old World some spe- cies of Neoheegeria have the fore wings expanded apically more than is typical of Haplothrips s. str. In general, spe- cies of Neoheegeria have the head and prothoracic setae extremely long al- though occasionally similar conditions appear in exotic species of true Haplo- thrips and, as a consequence, the re- tention of the segregate, Neoheegeria, is unnecessary except to conform to convention. Only the introduced species, ver- basci, is present in the fauna of Illinois. KEY TO SPECIES (Illinois, except where noted) 1. Eyes prolonged posteriorly on the ventral surface of the head more than on the dorsal surface (Fig. 228); metanotum strongly longitudinally striate; general- ly dark purple in life Haplothrips (Leptothrips) mali Eyes not prolonged posteriorly on the ventral surface of the head more than on the dorsal surface; metanotum weakly sculptured to smooth; generally dark brown to nearly black in life. . . .2 2. Postocular and prothoracic setae extreme- 'y long . Haplothrips (Neoheegeria) verbasci Postocular and prothoracic setae shorter 3 3. Tibiae yellow Haplothrips (Karnyothrips) longiceps Tibiae, at least mid and hind pairs, pre- dominantly dark brown 4 4. All tarsi yellow; antennal segment III ap- parently without sense cones; on Spar- Una Ha- plothrips (Haplothrips) shacklefordae Mid and hind tarsi, at least, light or dark brown; antennal segment III always with an outer sense cone, sometimes also with an inner sense cone; on other hosts 5 5. Fore wings without accessory fringe cilia 6 Fore wings with three to eight accessory fringe cilia, or brachypterous 7 i9f;ft Stannakd: Tim Tiikii's hi Illinois 431 6. Maxillary stylets placed fairly close to- Head slightly longer than wide, gether within head; females with fustis nearly smooth. Eyes moderately small, (internal rod of abdominal segment t-i n e^ u ^ i • j n- IX) large rore ocellus often absent, hmd ocelli ..Haplothrips (Haplothrips) malifloris present but small. Postocular setae Maxillary stylets placed fairly far apart; moderate in size, blunt to dilated. An- females with fustis short ^ , tennal segment III with one outer and Haplothnps (Karnvolhrips) harli - , ^riTT 7. Anteromarginal setae of prothorax well one inner sense cone; segment yill developed; macropterous or brachyp- nonpedicellate, broadly attached to terous; under bark Ha- segment VII. Mouth cone moderate piothrips (Karnyothrips) americanus j^ size, broadly rounded. Maxillary Anteromarginal setae of prothorax mi- 4. i ^ i j c \ e 4. -iu- nute; always macropterous; on flowers, stylets placed tairly far apart Wlthm grasses or sedges, trees or shrubs . . .8 head; maxillary bridge broad. 8. Antennal segment III with one inner and Prothorax with anteromarginal and one outer sense cone; segment VII with lateral setae well developed, as stout pedicel just slightly wider than pedicel j 1 1 ^u of segment VI; postocular setae mi- as and as long as or longer than an- nute; on flowers of yarrow, daisy, and terolateral setae; major posterior setae red clover longer than the rest and more dilated. Haplothrips (Haplothrips) leucanthemi Praepectus present. Metanotum Antennal segment ill with one outer iu ri 1 • u j -iu sense cone only; segment VII with pe- smooth. Fore tarsi each armed with a dicel nearly equal to or much wider minute tOOth. \\ ingS reduced tO pads, than pedicel of segment VI; postocular Pelta roughly triangular, broad at setae, if small, not minute; on other b^se and short,"pores placed far apart. 9. Abd°ominartergiteIX with major poste- Abdominal tergite II nearly smooth. rior setae very long, exceeding tube; on Abdominal tergltes often with sublat- Vacciniiim: not yet found in Illinois eral setae blunt. Wing-holding setae Haplothrips (Haplothrips) rectipennis rigt differentiated. Abdominal tergite Abdominal tergite IX with major poste- jy ,, „„:„„ nosterior dPtae py rior setae shorter, not extending be- ^^ ^Itn major posterior setae ex- yond tube 10 tremely long, pointed. l*ustis short. 10. Antennal segments III-VI yellow to yel- Tube moderately short, with long lowish brown Ha- terminal setae piothrips (Haplothrips) subtilissimus Fpmatp rmaprnntPrniic;^ T pnath Antennal segments (except III) mostly i* t'MALE (macropterous).—L-engm brown 11 distended about 1.8 mm. Similar in 11. Pores on pelta usually closer to each other most respects to brachypterous female than either is from lateral margin of ^^ith following exceptions. Body setae, Sn>/;«.s ''^''^ relatively short; on ggpe^j^Hy postocular setae and major . Haplothrips (Hapiothrips) ha!ophilus setae of prothorax, longer. Fore ocellus Pores on pelta usually spaced farther always present. Wings well developed, from each other than either is from clouded with light brown; fore wings loS; h'osPunknow'^:'*'^. .'°'^. "^'^ ^I'^htly constricted in the middle, with ...Haplothrips (Haplothrips) gramini.s three to five accessory tringe cilia. Wing-holding setae on abdomen well Haplothrips (Karnyothrips) developed sigmoidal. americanus (Hood) ,. Male (brachypterous). Length dustended about 1.2 mm. In general Zjigothrips ammamus Hood (19126: similar to brachypterous female with 114). 9, cT. Type-locality.— Ur- ^^^ following exceptions. Apical half bana, Illinois. ,„,,,, of tibiae ancl all tarsi tending to be Cephalothnpsdegaus Moulton (^192%: ^nore yellowish brown. Abdominal ter- ^?,?^- rS Type-locahty.-C larks- ^jj^e [x with major lateral setae great- Yl'^^' Tennessee. Synonymized by |y reduced. Abdominal sternite VIII Hood (19.50. without a distinguishable glandular Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.8 mm. Color dark brown except antennal segment III and all tarsi which are light brown to yellowish brown. Body with red sub- integumental i)igment. area. This species is closely related to the western soiioreiisis which does not oc- cur in our fauna. In Illinois ameri- canus may be separated from harti, which it resembles superficially, by 132 Illinois Nati'rai. History Sitrvf,'.' Biillktin Vol. 29, Art. 4 the characteristics enumerated in the key and in the discussion of harti. Throughout our state, americarms is common on branches of trees and shrubs, particularly around fungi on dead branches. Possibly it preys on larvae mites (Snetzinger 1960). Illinois records.—Present every month of year, collected from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Adams, Alexander, Champaign, Clark, Cook, Cumberland, De Witt, Edgar, Effingham, Fulton, Hardin, Henry, Jackson, Jeffer- son, Johnson, Kankakee, Lake, La Salle, Macon, Macoupin, Menard, Monroe, Ogle, Piatt, Pope, Pulas- ki, Putnam, Randolph, Schuyler, Tazewell, Union, Vermilion, Washington, and White. Haplothrips (Haplothrips) graminis Hood Haplothrips graminis Hood (1912a: 69). 9, cf . Type-locality.—Browns- ville, Texas. Anthothrips fioridensis Watson (1916: 128). 9.' Type-locality.—Gaines- ville, Florida. Svnonymized by Wat- son (1920). Haplothrips querci Watson (1920:28). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Daytona Beach, Florida. Synonymized by Hood (19276). Haplothrips rahiini Watson (1922c :37). 9 . Type-locality.—Clayton, Rabun County, Georgia. Synonymized bv Hood (19276). Haplothrips angusticeps Watson ( 1922c :38). d" (see explanation in the following discussion). Type- locality.- Clayton, Rabun County, Georgia. New synonjony. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.3 mm. Color dark brown except apex of each of the fore tibiae, fore tarsi, and basal half of an- tenna! segment IH, which are yellow- ish brown. Wings colorless except for light brown bases of fore wings. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head longer than wide, anterior area not particularly prolonged, dorsal surface weakly transversely striate. Eyes moderate in size, not prolonged ventrally more than dorsally. Ocelli present. Postocular setae moderate in size, pointed. Antenna! segment III with one outer sense cone, segment IV with two outer and two inner sense cones, segment VII with a broad pedi- cel, segment VIII nonpedicellate. Mouth cone relatively short, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed fair- ly far apart within the head, maxillary bridge broad. Prothorax with anteromargina! se- tae minute, lateral setae small, antero- lateral setae longer than in halophilus, all pointed to blunt. Praepectus pres- ent. Metanotum weakly sculptured. Fore tarsi each armed with a short tooth. Fore wings slightly constricted in the middle; setae on basal vein spur nearly equal in length, moderately small, basal two blunt, apical setae pointed; each with eight accessory cilia. Pelta triangular but not as slender as in halophilus, with distinct sculp- ture in the form of elongate hexagonal reticulations; pores usually farther apart than either is from the lateral margin. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moderately long, pointed. Abdominal segment IX with internal rod (fustis) short. Tube mod- erately short. Males.—Not yet taken in Illinois. Reported to be similar to female ex- cept fore tarsal tooth larger, abdomi- nal tergite IX with major lateral pos- terior setae reduced, pointed. Abdomi- nal sternite VIII apparently without any definite glandular area. This species is very similar to halo- philus but differs in having longer body setae and having the pores on the pelta placed farther apart from each other than both are from the lat- eral margins of the pelta. I have seen specimens from Arkansas which show some intergradation with halophilus in the characteristics mentioned, and be- cause of this it would be advisable to re-examine the two species when suf- ficient material is collected to deter- mine their exact status. Because the holotypes of the syno- nyms are either missing or there may be some question as to their identity, the following designations and com- ments seem to be required. Mav, 1968 Stannarii: Tmk Thrh's ok Im.inois 433 Anthothrips floridensis.—After the protolog, Watson stated that the holo- type was deposited in the American Museum of Natural History and that the paratypes were retained in the Watson collection. I have been unable to find this holotype. There are, how- ever, in the Watson collection five slides labelled "types, thrips on corn, Sta. farms, April 22, 1914." These are probably the paratypes kept by Wat- son. All have the characteristics of graminis. Haplothrips querci.—In the Watson collection there are two slides in the type series from "Daytona Beach, August 30, 1919, J. R."W., on scrub oak." The specimens involved are males despite the label " 9 " on one slide. Neither slide is marked "holo- type." Because Watson wrote that he was describing a female in the proto- log and because Hood (19276) indi- cated that he had examined the holo- type, there is a possibility that a holo- type female did or does exist elsewhere. The males in the type series still pres- ent in the Watson collection have the characteristics of graminis. Haplothrips rabuni.—Only one slide remains in the type trays of the Wat- son collection. It is marked "type, Clayton, Georgia, September 2, 1922, J. R. W. Coll., on grass along stream." Previously the phrase "para" had pre- ceded "type" but now the former phrase is crossed out. This slide con- tains a well-mounted macropterous fe- male with typical characteristics of graminis. Hood (1927&) indicated that he had seen the "holotype" which pre- sumably could have been this speci- men. To erase any uncertainty of the identity of rabuni the afore-mentioned specimen is here designated as the lectotype. Haplothrips angusticeps.—There are two slides labeled as this species in the type trays of the Watson collection. Both are males, not females as stated by Watson in the protolog. To avoid confusion, a lectotype is here desig- nated to be the slide marked "type cf, Clayton, Georgia, Aug. 29, '22, J. R. W., swale grass & smartweed." The specimen is mounted venter side up and has the characteristics of graminis. Haplothrips graminis is found in the southeastern part of the United States and extends into Illinois only in the extreme south. Except that it is an inhabitant of grasslands, nothing is known of its life history. Illinois records.—Alexander County: Roth, July 15, 1954, Ross, Stannard, grass, 1 9 ; east of Cape Girardeau, January 12, 1965, McCol- lum, Shaw, Stannard, Johnson grass, 1 9. Johnson County: Goreville, June 21, 1950, Sanderson, prairie, 1 9. Pulaski County: Mounds, Au- gust 26, 1953, Sanderson, Moore, sweeping grass, 3 9 . Saline County: Texas City, July 17, 1962, Evers, Stannard, Johnson grass, 5 9 , 1 cf . Haplothrips (Haplothrips) halophilus Hood Haplothrips halophilus Hood (1915a: 29). 9, d" . Type-locality.—Bounti- ful, Utah. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.3 mm. General color dark brown except apex of each of the fore tibiae, fore tarsi, and basal half of antennal segment III which are yel- lowish brown. Wings colorless except for bases of fore wings which are light brown. Body with red subintegument- al pigment. Head longer than wide, anterior area not particularly prolonged, dorsal sur- face weakly transversely striate. Eyes moderate in size, not prolonged ven- trally more than dorsally. Ocelli pres- ent. Postocular setae moderately short but not minute as in leucanthetni, pointed. Antennal segment III with one outer sense cone, segment IV with two outer and two inner sense cones, segment VII with a broad pedicel, seg- ment VIII nonpedicellate. Mouth cone relatively short, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed fairly far apart within the head, maxillary bridge broad. Prothorax with anteromarginal and lateral setae minute, anterolateral se- tae small, major posterior setae larger and blunt at tips. Praepectus present. Metanotum weakly reticulate. Fore tarsi each armed with a short, stout tooth. Fore wings slightly constricted 434 Illinois Natural History Slrvkv Blllltln Vol. 29, An. 4 in the middle; setae on basal vein spur nearlv equal in length, small, basal two blunt, apical setae pomted; each with seven or eight accessory setae Pelta triangular with distmct sculp- ture in the form of elongate hexagonal reticulations; pores usually closer to each other than either is from lateral margin. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moderate in size pointed. Abdominal segment IX with internal rod (fustis) moderate m size. Tube moderately short. Male (macropterous).-7L,engtn distended about 1.8 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and structure with the following exceptions. Fore legs some- times slightly enlarged fore tarsal tooth larger. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae re- duced in size. Abdominal sternite VIII apparently without any definite glan- dular area. , . ... Haplothrips haluphdus is most simi- lar to grarninis, differing principally m the characteristics mentioned in the key It hardly seems to be closely re- lated to fasckulntus ( ^jonesn) as contendedby Hood (1915a) and Cott (1956) The species jasciculatus be- longs to the group containing maii- iioris whose members bear a large rod or fustis and usually lack praepectal plates and accessory fore wing fringe This species has a wide range, being found in the West from Washington to Utah south to California, New Mex- ico, Arizona, and Texas, thenc^e east to North Dakota and Illinois. Our Illi- nois records are solely from Lake "Illinois records. Lake County: Antioch, September 13, 1951, Rich- ards, Stannard, on Scirpus, 2 9 - f cT ; Zion (Beach State Park), August 30, 1955, Moore, Stannard, on Juncus 1 9. Haplothrips (Karnyothrips) harti (Hood) Zynolhrips harti Hood (19136, June: i62). 9, cf. Type-locality.-^Loma, Texas. Transferred to Haplothrips by Stannard (19576). Zyqothrips femoralis Morgan (1913, 'August: 40). 9. Type-locahty.— Clarksville, Tennessee. Synony- mized by Hood (1917). Haplothrips qracilis Watson (1920:18). 9. Type-locality.—Gainesville, Florida. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.6 mm. Color dark brown except antennal segment III, apex of each of the fore tibiae, and all tarsi which are light brown to yellow- ish brown. Wings colorless except tor a light brown cloud at extreme base ot fore wings. Body with much red sub- integumental pigment. Head slightly longer than wide, smooth. Eyes moderate in size. Ocelli present. Postocular setae moderate in size, blunt to dilated. Antennal seg- ment III with one outer and one inner sense cone; segment VIII slightly nar- rowed at base, not as broadly attached to segment VII as in americamis. Mouth cone moderate in size, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed far apart within head, maxillary bridge broad. . , , Prothorax with anteromargmal and , lateral setae minute, slender; antero- | lateral setae relatively small, b unt; major posterior setae moderately long, slightly dilated. Praepectus present. Metanotum nearly smooth. Fore tarsi apparently unarmed. Fore wmgs nar- row hardly at all constricted in the middle, without accessory fringe cilia Pelta triangular, more narrowed than in americanus; pores placed tar apart. Abdominal tergite II with faint scallop-like markings. Abdominal ter- gites often with sublateral setae di- lated. Wing-holding setae well devel- oped sigmoidal. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moderately long, mid pair blunt to dilated, lateral setae pointed. Fustis short, lube moderately small, with long terminal Male (macropterous).—Length distended usually less than 1.4 mm Similar to female in general color and structure with the following excep- tions. Abdominal sternite Mil with a broad, transverse glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lat- eral posterior setae reduced. In general appearance, this species resembles americatms, but the two May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Illinois 435 may be easily distinguished on the basis of a number of characteristics. For example, americanus possesses well-developed anteromarginal setae and accessory fringe cilia on the fore wings and lacks a definite glandular area in the male. By contrast harti has the anteromarginal setae greatly re- duced, lacks accessory fringe cilia on the fore wings, and possesses a large, distinct glandular area in the male. Although not frequently encoun- tered, harti has been taken throughout our state on herbs and grasses, es- pecially in or near open fields. It oc- curs in many eastern states, particu- larly those in the southeast, and west to Texas and Arkansas (INHS records). Illinois records.—Adams County: Siloam Springs State Park, August 8, 1951, Richards, Stannard, grass, 1 9 , 1 d". Clark County: Marshall, May 13, 1949, Ross, Stannard, Gloyd, sweeping vegetation, 1 d^ . Jackson County: Makanda, July 14, 1948, Sanderson, Stannard, sweeping vege- tation in woods, 1 9 ; Vergennes, Au- gust 15, 1951, Ross, Stannard, 1 cf . Lawrence County : Lawrenceville, August 7, 1953, Smith, Moore, Stan- nard, on Andropogon, 1 d'. Ogle County: Oregon, September 15, 1955, Ross, Stannard, on Andropogon, 1 9 . Pike County: Kinderhook, August 9, 1951, Richards, Stannard, on wil- low, 1 cf. Pope County: Eddyville (Lusk Creek Canyon), July 18, 1962, Evers, Stannard, hill prairie, 1 9 . Wayne County: Mt. Erie, August 26, 1964, Faatz, Stannard, sweeping grass, 1 9 . Haplothrips (Haplothrips) leucanthemi (Schrank) Thrips leucanthemi Schrank (1781: 298). ? 9. Type-locality.— ?Aus- tria. Transferred to Haplothrips by Priesner (1920f(). ?Phloeothrips nigra Osborn (1883:154). ? 9 . Type-locality.- Ames, Iowa. Synonymized by Watson (1924a). Possibly this is a distinct species, however. Zygolhrips wyomingensis Watson (1924cf:82). 9. Type-locality. Dayton, Wyoming. Synonymized by Hood (19276). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2 mm. Color dark brown except apex of each of the fore tibiae, fore tarsi, and basal half of an- tenna! segment III which are yellow- ish brown. Body with red subintegu- mental pigment. Head slightly longer than broad, anterior area bearing fore ocellus not particularly prolonged, surface of head with weak transverse striae. Eyes moderate in size, not prolonged ven- trally more than dorsally. Ocelli pres- ent. Postocular setae minute, usually not much larger than the diameter of an ocellus, pointed. Antennal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV with two outer and two inner sense cones; segment VII with pedicel almost as narrow as in segment VI; segment VIII nonpedi- cellate, broadly joined to segment VII. Mouth cone relatively short, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed fair- ly far apart within head, maxillary bridge broad. Pronotum with most major setae developed although relatively short, pointed; anteromarginal setae minute. Praepectus present. Metanotum so weakly sculptured as to appear nearly smooth. Fore tarsi each armed with a small tooth. Fore wings slightly con- stricted in the middle; setae on basal vein spur nearly equal in size, small, pointed; each with six to eight acces- sory fringe cilia. Pelta narrowly triangular with sev- eral pronounced longitudinal striae. Abdominal tergite IX with major pos- terior setae relatively short, pointed. Abdominal segment IX with internal rod (fustis) short. Tube moderate in size. Male.— Not known to be in Illinois and possibly not in North America. Haplothrips leucanthemi is undoubt- edly a Palearctic species which may have been introduced to North Ameri- ca and parts of the Orient and Aus- tralia in colonial times. It is either a composite of .species or, as interpreted here, a single species with variable populations and individuals. Several names are available for all these vari- ants or entities, as the case may be, and thysanopterists differ on the taxo- nomy involved. Some European stu- 436 Tl.I.TNOIS Na'ITRAI, IIlSlOKY SlRVEV BlTI.I.KTIN Vol. 20, Art. 4 dents believe that three or more species should be segregated; some North American students believe that at least the name m'ger should be sup- pressed, others that only niger should be used. Until the status of the species or several species is better understood. 1 prefer to lump all the specimens I have seen from this continent under the name leucanthemi, the type slide of which is apparently lost. This species can be distinguished from all others in Illinois by the com- bination of the minute postocular se- tae, the narrow pedicel of antennal segment VII, and the presence of an inner sense cone on antennal segment III. Haplothrips leucanthem i occurs com- monly in the northern half of the state in flowers of daisy, yarrow, and pos- sibly red clover. These host plants are also introduced from the Palearctic region. An excellent account of the life history of this thrips was given by Loan (1955) under the name of Haplo- thrips niger. Seemingly Pergande (1882) thought it may be predacious. Illinois records. -Collected from spring to autumn, from one to several localities in the following counties: Cook, Du Page, Lake, Livingston, McHenry, Ogle, Pike, Stephenson, and Will. Haplothrips (Karnyothrips) longiceps (Hood) Zygothrips longiceps Hood (1908c :364). 9. Type-locality.—Carbondale, Illinois. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.8 mm. Color dark brown except antennal segment III, which is yellow in pedicel and yellow- ish brown to yellow in apical half (in- ner margin and area just above pedicel sometimes light brown), and all tibiae and tarsi which are bright yellow. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head much longer than wide, nearly smooth. Eyes moderate in size. Ocelli small, fore ocellus smallest. Postocular setae moderate in size, dilated. Anten- •^ont III with one outer and no se cone; segment VIII non- pedicellate, broadly attached to seg- ment VII. Mouth cone relatively short, broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets placed far apart within head, maxillary bridge broad. Prothorax with major setae well developed and dilated except antero- marginal setae which are minute, pos- terior setae slightly longer than an- terolateral and lateral setae. Praepec- tus present. Metanotum smooth. Fore tarsi each armed with a small tooth. Wings reduced to minute, nearly color- less pads. Pelta roughly triangular, pores placed far apart. Abdominal tergite II nearly smooth. Abdominal tergites with most lateral and sublateral setae dilated. Wing-holding setae at most only slightly developed. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long, middle pair shorter and dilated, lateral setae pointed. Fustis short. Tube moderately small, with moder- ately long terminal setae. Female (macropterous).— Un- known. Male.—Unknown. This species has been and is the sub- ject of controversy. Hood (1949) stated that the name errans, western entity, is synonymous with longiceps. Cott (1956) and others suspect that longiceps and or errans may be but the brachypterous form of flavipes. It is my opinion that longiceps is distinct from Jiavipes {longiceps always has the tibiae clear yellow whereas Jlavipes has the tibiae yellowish brown), and that errans is the brachypterous form of Jlavipes. As so defined flavipes is a cosmopolitan tramp of unknown ori- gin, occurring from California to the gulf coast of Florida and other warm parts of the world—Hawaii, Egypt, India, the East Indies, etc. By con- trast longiceps is a native species whose distribution apparently does not extend outside North America and which is rare west of Iowa. Of the 150 or more specimens I have seen from Illinois, none are males and none are macropterous. Ap- parently longiceps is common through- out Illinois in native prairie grasses, especially Andropogon. Illinois records. -Found every M;iv, 19(iH Stannarii: Tiik 'I'iirh's (ii li.i.iNois 437 month of the year, in one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Champaign, Clark, Cook, Crawford, De Witt, Douglas, Hancock, Iroquois, Jack- son, Jersey, Knox, Lake, Law- rence, Lee, Madison, Marion, Ma- son, Menard, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Wayne, White, Will, and Ver- milion. Haplothrips (Leptothrips) mali (Fitch) The Black Hunter Phloeothrips mali Fitch (1856:104). ? 9 . Type-locality.—State of New York. Transferred to Haplothrips by Stannard (19576). Cryptothrips aspersus Hinds (1902: 205). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Am- herst, Massachusetts. Synony- mized by Hood (1914&). Leptothrips aspersus macro-ocellatus Watson (1913:148). ? 9. Type- locality.—Gainesville, Florida. Syn- onymized by Hood (19146). Cryptothrips adirondacks Watson (1921:83). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Cranberry Lake, New York. Syno- nymized by Hood (19276). Zygothrips floridensis Watson (19226: 22). cf, see explanation herein. Type-locality.—Elpers, Florida. New synonymy. Female (macropterous). Length distended about 2.5 mm. General color dark brown (in life blackish purple) except intermediate antennal seg- ments. Segment III, basal half of seg- ment IV, and pedicel of V yellow; sometimes all of segment IV, basal half of V, and pedicel of VI yellow. Wings colorless except for brown spot at bas? just above scale, apical fringe cilia of fore wings usually brown but occasionally white. Body with much purple subintegumental pigment. Head (Fig. 228) elongate, much longer than wide, anterior area which bears fore ocellus considerably pro- longed. Surface of head weakly marked with transver.se striations. Eyes con- siderably more prolonged posteriorly on the ventral surface than on the dor- sal surface of the head. Ocelli present. Postocular setae moderate in size. Fig. 228.- Haplotliripit i Leptothrips) trail, head and prothorax. blunt. Antennal segment III some- what elongate, much longer than II, with no inner sense cone and one outer sense cone; segment IV elongate, with two outer and two inner sense cones; segment VIII nonpedicellate, broadly joined to segment VII. Mouth cone moderately long, nearly pointed. Max- illary stylets retracted about half way into head, placed fairly far apart with- in the head; maxillary bridge broad. Prothorax (Fig. 228) generally transversely striate but with several smooth oval spots; with some major setae developed, anterolateral and lat- eral setae minute, posterior setae mod- erate in size, blunt. Praepectus pres- ent. Metanotum with distinct, closely spaced longitudinal striae. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings slightly indented 438 Illinois Natural Histor-i' Sirvkv BrLLETiN Vnl. 29, Art. 4 in the middle, each with 3-10 acces- sory fringe ciHa. Pelta triangular (Fig. 170). Wing- holding setae well developed, sigmoid- al. Abdominal tergites with lateral se- tae blunt. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long, pointed. Fastis short. Tube moderate in size. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.2 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and structure with the following exceptions. Eyes only slight- ly prolonged ventrally. Abdominal ter- gite IX with lateral posterior setae greatly reduced, spinelike. Abdominal sternite VIII without a differentiated glandular area. This is the only species of the sub- genus Leptothrips found in Illinois. It can be easily distinguished from all other Haplothrips by the strong longi- tudinal striae on the metanotum. Two additional eastern species of Leptothrips are found in Florida. Both were described by Watson and both had been unjustly sunk under mali by Hood (19276). One of these species, pini, differs from mali in having only two (not three or four) sense cones on antennal segment IV (O'Neill 1965), and the other species cassiae, has an- tennal .segment III darker and shorter than in 7nali, nearly equal in length to segment V. Two color forms of mnli occur in our state. The light-colored form has the intermediate antennal segments pre- dominantly yellow with antennal seg- ment IV bearing only three sense cones and the apical fringe cilia of the fore wings appearing decidedly pale in color. By contrast the dark form, i.e., the normal color phase, has only an- tennal segment III entirely yellow, antennal segment IV bearing four sense cones, and the apical fringe cilia of the fore wings only slightly lighter brown than the adjacent cilia. Both forms often occur together, except in the Wisconsin drift area where only the dark form is present. The single specimen of Zygothrips floridensis, labeled "Type" in the Watson collection, Gainesville, Flori- da, is a male, not a female as stated by Watson in his original description. In form and color it is like the dark form of mali found in Illinois and may be considered an outright synonym of mali. The type slide of Leptothrips asper- SHS macro-ocellatus was not present in the Watson collection when I studied it in 1961. Other slides available car- ried the label of this species but lacked data. These slides contain specimens similar to, if not the same as, Lepto- thrips mali, and accordingly I suspect this subspecies is also synonymous with mali. Two slides of Cryptotkrips adiron- dacks are in the Watson collection, and although neither is marked holo- type, one qualifies as such. To better fix this name, the lectotype is here designated to be the slide that bears a broken female and is labeled "Cran- berry Lake, N. Y., July 5, 1920, on willow, C. J. Drake coll." The other slide labeled with the same locality but from Viburnum, alnifolium con- tains a larva. These specimens have the characteristics of mali. Other names have been sunk under mali in the past. Among these, cali- fornicus Daniel and mccouuelli Craw- ford are not synonyms but, in my opinion, separate species. It has been said frequently in the literature that mali is predacious, a habit shared by Haplothrips subtilissi- miis and others. From our numerous records, it appears that mali may oc- cur in every woodland throughout the state. Illinois records.—Found every month of the year, in one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Bond, Brown, Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Cham- paign, Clark, Clay, Coles, Cook, Crawford, Cumberland, De Witt, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Ford, Fulton, Gallatin, Greene, Grun- dy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henderson, Iroquois, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane, Kanka- kee, Kendall, Knox, Lake, La Salle, Lawrence, Livingston, Lc- GAN, Macon, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Massac, Mc- Lean, Mercer, Monroe, Morgan, Ogle, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, ( May, 1908 Sta.nnakd: liii. liiKirs ui Illinois VM) Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Stephenson, Tazewell, Un- ion, Vermilion, Washington, Will, Williamson, Winnebago, and Woodford. Haplothrips (Haplothrips) maiifloris Hood Haplothrips malifioris Hood (1916r/: 121). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Ros- well. New Mexico. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.4 mm. Genera! color dark brown. Antenna! segment III witli a sliglit yeilowisli tinge under- lying the brown. Fore tarsi and apex of each of the fore tibiae yellowish brown. Wings clear except light brown at extreme base; fringe cilia brown with no white apical cilia. Body with orange-yellow subintegumental pigment. Head distinctly longer than broad, anterior area which bears fore ocellus considerably prolonged. Surface of head weakly marked with transverse striations. Eyes not particularly pro- longed ventrally more than dorsally. Ocelli present. Postocular setae mod- erate in size, pointed to blunt. Anten- na! segment III nearly equal to seg- ment II in size, with no inner sense cone and one outer sense cone; seg- ment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones; segment VIII broadly joined to segment VII. Mouth cone moderately long, pointed. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, placed fairly close together within the head ; maxillary bridge short. Prothorax with major setae devel- oped but moderately small, antero- marginal and lateral setae smallest. Praepectus seemingly absent or great- ly reduced. Metanotum with faint remnants of hexagonal reticulations. Fore tarsi each with a small inner median tooth. Fore wings slightly con- stricted in the middle, without acces- sory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular, almost smooth. Wing-holding setae well developed, sigmoidal. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moderate in size, shorter than tube, pointed. Ab- dominal segment IX with internal rod (fustis) greatly elongated. Tube rela- tively short. Male (macropterous).—Length distended over 1.8 mm. Similar in most respects to female with the fol- lowing exceptions. Fore tarsal tooth usually slightly larger. Abdominal ter- gite IX with lateral posterior setae greatly reduced, spinelike. Abdominal sternite VIII apparently without glan- dular area. Only minor forms so far discovered in Illinois. Haplothrips maiifloris belongs to the fascindatus complex, all females of which possess an extremely enlarged internal rod (fustis). This complex is transitional between Haplothrips s. str. and Haplothrips subgenus Leptothrips. Because they possess fore tarsal teeth, it seems advisable to include the spe- cies of this complex with the nominate subgenus. The discovery of maiifloris in Illi- nois came as a surprise. Heretofore, maiifloris was considered to be a spe- cies of the southwestern states (Texas, New Mexico, and California). Its orig- inal collectors, Drs. M. W. Sanderson and T. E. Moore, found a large colony on Froelichia campestris growing on b dry railroad embankment in south- western Illinois. Since then additional collections have been made from sand areas in Mason County. It might be that maiifloris was transported to Illi- nois in recent times by the agency of man. Illinois records. —.Iackson COUN- TY: Murphysboro, August 25, 1953, Moore, Sanderson, on Froelichia campestris, 4 9,3 d". Mason Coun- ty: Mason State Forest, May 18, 1957, Kingsolver, Mockford, 1 9 ; Forest City, September 8, 1958, Ross, Stan- nard, sweeping herbs, 2 9 . Haplothrips (Haplothrips) shacklefordae Moulton Haplothrips shacklefordi Moulton (19276:197). 9, cT. Type-locality. Probably near Seymour, Cham- paign County, Illinois. Female (macropterous).— Length distended about 2.3 mm. General color 440 Illinois Natural History Survkv Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 dark brown. Yellow: antennal seg- ments III-VI (segment VII yellowish brown), apical half of fore tibiae, all tarsi, major setae of prothorax, and lateral setae of abdomen. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Wings colorless except for a light brown cloud in region of scale of fore wing. Head (Fig. 229) longer than wide, anterior area not particularly pro- longed, very weakly transversely stri- ate. Eyes moderate in size, not pro- longed ventrally more than dorsally. Ocelli present. Postocular setae small, pointed. Antennal segment III ap- parently without sense cones; segment IV with two outer and two inner sense cones; segment VII with a broad pedi- cel; segment VIII nonpedicellate, broadly joined to segment VII. Mouth cone relatively short, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed far apart within head, forming a V; maxillary bridge broad. Prothorax with anteromarginal and midlateral setae small to minute; ma- jor posterior setae moderate in size; all pointed. Praepectus present. Meta- notum weakly sculptured so as to ap- pear nearly smooth. Fore tarsi each armed with a short tooth. Fore wings slightly constricted in the middle; se- tae on basal vein spur subequal in size, small, pointed; each with about five accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular with elongate hex- agonal reticulations. Abdominal ter- gite IX with major posterior setae moderate in size, pointed. Abdominal segment IX with internal rod (fustis) short. Tube short. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. Similar in color and structure to female with the following exceptions. Abdominal ter- gite IX with major lateral posterior setae reduced in size. Abdominal ster- nite VIII apparently without any defii nite glandular area. This species can be easily distin- guished from its congeners in the Illi- nois fauna because it lacks sense cones on antennal segment III and has all tarsi yellow. It resembles subtilissimus in many ways but differs particularly in the absence of sense cones on anten- nal segment III and in having nondi- Fig. 229.~Haplolhrips (Haplolhri ps) Khacktefordae, head and prothorax. lated body setae. From fuliginosus and the very similar, if not the same spe- cies, niibiUpennis, shacklefordae differs by having the pores on the pelta closer together and lacking brown color in the fore wings near the mid constric- tion. The New York state species xanthocrepis also has the tarsi bright yellow but it differs from shacklejordae in having sense cones on antennal seg- ment III and longer anterolateral and midlateral prothoracic setae. Originally this species was collected by Miss Martha Shackleford, pre- sumably in her study area of wet prairie near Seymour, Illinois. Proper- ly, therefore, the patronym should have been spelled to end in ae as emended here. According to our ob- servations, this insect is abundant on Spartina particularly in the northern and central parts of Illinois. It occurs westward into Iowa, Kansas, and Ne- braska and eastward into Indiana Mav, 1968 Staxn'arh: Tiir. 'Iiiuri's oi Iimnois 441 (INHS records). As yet its total dis- tribution, which may include most of eastern United States, has not been determined. Illinois records.—Collected in win- ter, spring, and summer, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Bond, Champaign, Christian, Clinton, Douglas, De Witt, Du Page, Fulton, Hancock, Iroquois, Kankakee, Livingston, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mer- cer, Piatt, Rock Island, Sanga- mon, Tazewell, and Whiteside. Haplothrips (Haplothrips) subtilissimus Haliday Phloeothrips subtilissimus Haliday (1852:1100). ? 9. Type-locality.— England. Transferred to Haplothrips by Karny (19126). Haplothrips faurei Hood (19146:157). 9. Type-locality.— Ithaca, New York. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended slightly over 2 mm. General color dark brown. Fore tibiae and all tarsi lighter brown to yellowish brown. Antennal segments I and II dark brown, segments III-VI yellow, seg- ments VII and VIII light brown. An- terior body setae brown, posterior setae, except anal setae, yellow. Wings colorless except for light brown spot at base of each fore wing. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head slightly longer than wide, an- terior area not particularly prolonged, weakly transversely striate. Eyes mod- erately large, not extended posteriorly on the ventral side as on the dorsal side. Ocelli present. Postocular setae moderate in size, slightly dilated. An- tennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones; segment VIII nonpedicellate, broadly joined to segment VII. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets placed far apart within head ; max- illary bridge broad. Prothorax with anteromarginal se- tae minute; all major setae dilated. Praepectus present. Metanotum weak- ly sculptured, nearly smooth. Fore tarsi each armed with a short tooth. Fore wings constricted in the middle, each with seven or eight accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular, with weak longi- tudinally elongate reticulations. Ab- dominal segments II-VII with two pairs of sigmoidal wing-holding setae. Abdominal tergite IX with major pos- terior setae pointed at tips. Fustis moderate in size. Tube short. Male.—Unknown. Although similar to shacklefordae in the color of the antennae and general form, subtilissimus can be disting- guished by the characteristics of the darker tibiae, an outer sense cone on antennal segment III, and dilated postocular and prothoracic setae. Long known as a predator on mites, subtilissimus is a holarctic species that in North America is generally con- fined to Canada and our most northern states. Its range barely extends down to Illinois. Priesner (1928) has listed the major synonyms of this species. Illinois records. - Jo Daviess Coun- ty: East Dubuque, August 7, 1963, Smith, Braasch, Stannard, on willow, 5 9. Haplothrips (Neoheegeria) verbasci (Osborn) Mullein Thrips Phloeothrips verbasci Osborn (1896: 228). 9, cf . Type-locality.—Prob- ably Iowa. Transferred to Haplo- thrips by Karny (19126), and placed in Neoheegeria by Priesner (1920a). Trichothrips jemoralis Moulton (1907: 61). 9, cf. Type-locality.— New- castle, California. Synonymized by Hood (1918). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.4 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments III- VI abruptly yellow. Apical half of fore tibiae and all of fore tarsi yellow. Mid and hind tarsi yellowish brown. Wings colorless except for brown spot at base. Major head and prothoracic setae brown. Body with red subintegument- al pigment. Head slightly longer than wide, an- terior area not particularly prolonged, dorsal .surface weakly transversely 442 Illinois Nati'R.m. IlisinR\- .S^R\F^• ISrii.F/riN Vol. 29, Art. 4 striate. Eyes moderate in size, not prolonged ventrally more than dor- sally. Ocelli present. Postocular setae long, blunt. Antennal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV with two outer and two inner sense cones; segment VIII elongate, slender, nonpedicellate. Mouth cone moderate in size, pointed. Maxillary stylets placed moderately far apart, maxillary bridge moderately broad. Prothorax with all major setae well developed and long, the posterior pairs being the longest, all blunt. Praepec- tus present. Metanotum weakly hex- agonally sculptured. Fore tarsi each armed with a short subapical tooth. Fore wings constricted in the middle, each with about 10 accessory cilia. Pelta triangular, pores just slightly farther apart than either is from the lateral margin. Wing-holding setae well developed, sigmoidal. Lateral se- tae mostly blunt. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moder- ately long, mid pair blunt, lateral pair pointed. Abdominal segment IX with fustis short. Tube moderately long. Male (macropterous).— Length distended nearly 2 mm. Similar to fe- male except for the following. Fore tarsal tooth larger. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae reduced, spinelike. Abdominal sternite VIII apparently without any definite glandular area. By the combination of the pointed mouth cone, the long head and pro- thoracic setae which are brown and blunt, and the abrupt yellow color of the intermediate antennal segments, this species may be easily distin- guished from its congeners in Illinois. Despite the fact that the type locali- ty of verhasci is in North America, its provenience is probably Europe, whence it was introduced pi'obably during the colonial times. It lives mostly between the leaves of European mullein and is common throughout Illinois. Bailey (1939f) has made ob- servations on the life cycle of this thrips in California. Illinois records (Fig. 18).—Col- lected every season of the year, from every county in the state. Hindsiothrips Stannard Boloplothrips Titschack (1957:409). Nomen nudum, see explanation un- der discussion. Hindsiothrips Stannard (1958a:273). Tvpe-species. — Hindsiana pnllata Hood. Head longer than wide, surface smooth except at extreme base. Eyes relatively small, as in Haplothrips sub- genus Karnyotbrips, never prolonged ventrally more than dorsally, not keg- like as in Eurythrips. Ocelli present in macropterous forms, absent in apter- ous forms. Postocular setae moderate in size to fairly long, pointed or di- lated. Cheeks smooth without strong lateral setae. Antennae eight seg- mented; segment III nearly equal in length to segment IV, with at least one inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones; segment VIII de- cidedly lanceolate. Mouth cone short and broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets retracted far into the head, placed fairly close together within the center of the head. Maxillary bridge not discernible. Thorax nearly smooth, without strong sculpture. Prothorax with an- teromarginal setae short or long, an- teroangular setae well developed; mid- lateral setae always short, posterior pairs of setae well developed; these setae pointed, blunt, or dilated. Epim- eral sutures incomplete. Praepectus present. Mesopraesternum degenerate to nearly absent. Macropterous or apterous; fore wings, when present, of nearly even width throughout (not in- dented in the middle), without acces- sory fringe cilia near the apex of the trailing edge. Fore legs each armed with a small tooth. Pelta nearly rectangular to trape- zoidal, weakly sculptured. Wing- holding setae limited to one pair on each of abdominal tergites III- VII in the macropterous form, not differen- tiated in the apterous form. Abdomi- nal tergite IX with major posterior se- tae longer than tube, always pointed; in males the lateral pair much reduced in size. Males apparently without a M;iv, 19li8 SlANNAKIi: Till- T lIKll'S 111 I I JINDIS 443 distinct glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII. Females with a short in- ternal rod (fustis) in abdominal seg- ment IX. Tube relatively short; ter- minal setae not greatly elongate as is typical of Haplothrips subgenus Karnyothrips. During my visit with Prof. Dr. Herman Priesner in 1960 at Linz, it was discovered that the name Hindsio- thrips published in 1958 was synony- mous with his yet unpublished Bolop- lothrips, to be based on Trichothrips oettingeni Priesner. Accordingly Pries- ner changed his manuscript name to Hindsiothrips and subsequently pub- lished articles using this latter name (Priesner 1960, 1961). Previously, however, he had advised Herr E. Tit- schack that the species Watsoniella honessi Titschack was indeed a true "Boloplothrips," and thereupon Tit- schack in 1957, in a publication, reas- signed honessi to Boloplothrips with the remark that this was a new genus being described by Priesner. The International Code of Zoologi- cal Nomenclature (1961), Article 13, a, states: "a name published after 1930 must be either (i) accompanied by a statement that purports to give characters differentiating the taxon; or (ii) accompanied by a definite bib- liographic reference to such a state- ment; . . ." Titschack (1957) did not give direct diagnostic characteristics for the en- tity "Boloplothrips" and his biblio- graphic reference was to an unpub- lished manuscript. According to a strict interpretation of Article 13, a, "Boloplothrips" might be considered to be a no7nen nudum as I have done here. The first attempt to honor Dr. W. E. Hinds, an early and influential North American thysanopterist, by giving him a generic patronym i Hindsinna) failed because of synonymy. I hope that in this second attempt, the name Hindsiothrips is not also declared a synonym, merely because of the pre- mature mention of a manuscript name. Hindsiothrips can be recognized in Illinois by the incomplete epimeral su- tures and the lanceolate form of anten- nal segment VIII. From Eufythrips, a genus to which one species was orig- inally assigned, the members of Hinds- iothrips can be distinguished by the close spacing of the maxillary stylets within the head and by the nonbulged (not keglike) eyes. Two species, pullatus and rohusti- setis, occur in Illinois. Both are scarce in collections. KEY TO SPECIES 1. Tarsi generally brown; postocular setae pointed pullatus Tarsi generally yellow; postocular setae dilated robustisetis Hindsiothrips pullatus (Hood) Hindsiana pullata Hood (19256:27). 9 . Type-locality.—Macedon, New York. Transferred to Hindsiothrips by Stannard (1958a). Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended nearly 1.5 mm. Almost entire- ly dark brown. Inner apical angles of femora and pedicel of antennal seg- ment III yellow to colorless. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Eyes relatively small. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae moderately long, pointed. Prothorax smooth, with anteromar- ginal and midlateral setae short, an- terolateral setae moderate in size, and posterior pairs somewhat longer; the smallest prothoracic setae blunt, the longer setae blunt to nearly dilated. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Fore tarsi each armed with a minute tooth. Pelta nearly rectangular. Tube short. Female (macropterous). Length distended about 1.6 mm. Similar to apterous female except for the follow- ing. Eyes slightly larger. Ocelli pres- ent. Wings fully developed, nearly uniformly light gray. Pelta in the form of an isosceles trapezoid. Wing- holding setae sigmoidal. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.5 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and structure except for secondary sexual characteristics. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae reduced in size. Pres- ence or absence of glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII not deter- 444 Illinois Nati His SiRxr^- IHM.KTIN Vol. 29, Art. 4 mined from single specimen available to me. This species differs from rohustisetis in color and by the form of the major head and prothoracic setae as men- tioned in the key and the descriptions. Although rare, in Illinois pullatus is probably statewide in distribution, oc- curring on dead branches. Besides those from Illinois, collections have been taken in New York and Arkansas (Stannard 1958fl). Illinois records. Hardin County: Karbers Ridge, May 4, 1950, Sander- son, Stannard, and August 17, 19.51, Ross, Stannard, all on dead branches, 4 9. Lake County: Wauconda, Oc- tober 28, 1953, Ross, Stannard, bird's nest in tamarack bog, 1 d' . Macon County: Decatur, Spitler Woods State Park, September 8, 1955, Stan- nard, dead branches, 1 9 , 1 cf . Pope County: Bell Smith Springs State Park, May 5, 1950, Sanderson, Stan- nard, beating oak leaves, 1 9 . Hindsiothrips rohustisetis (Watson and Preer) Eurythrips rohustisetis Watson and Preer (1939:3). 9 , cf . Type-locality. —Swan Lake, Putnam County, Florida. Transferred to Hindsio- thrips by Stannard (1958a). Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.8 mm. General color yellowish brown. Antennal segments IH-VIII, at least, median and lateral portions of the terminal abdominal segments, and tube brown. Anterior of head, pedicel of antennal segment III, inner apical angle of femora, apex of each of the tibiae, and all tarsi yel- low. Body with red subinte,gumental pigment. Eyes relatively small. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae moderate in size, dilated. _ Prothorax with anterior and poste- rior setae all well developed, dilated; midlateral setae minute. Epimeral su- tures incomi)lete. Pelta rectangular. Tube short but slightly longer than in pullatus. Female (macropterous).— Un- known. Male fapterous).—Similar to fe- male but smaller. Abdominal tergite IX with lateral major posterior setae slightly shorter than in female. No ab- dominal glandular area discernible. This species differs from pullatus principally by the characteristics men- tioned in the key. The holotype slide, deposited in the Watson collection, contains a female collected on .lune 22, 1936, by J. R. Watson from dead fallen oak and pine leaves, and has the name and the word "holotype" crossed off in pencil for no good reason known to me. I accept this slide as the au- thentic holotype. It has been found infrequently over our state in ground litter of forest or prairies. Illinois records. — Champaign County: Seymour, February 28, 1936, Farrar, under ryegrass, 1 9 . CoOK County: east of Elgin, Shoefactory Road hill prairie, October 10, 1952, Ross, Stannard, Andropogon, 4 9 ; Palos Park, December 14, 1932, Pri- son, Ross, from soil cover, 2 9 . Han- cock County: Nauvoo, .July 25, 1959, Evers, Stannard, forest debris, 2 9 , 2 cf . Pope County: Eddwille, Hayes Creek Canyon, October 23, 1959, Sanderson, forest debris, 3 9 . Hoplandrothrips Hood Phloeothrips subgenus Hoplandrothrips Hood (1912c :145). Type-species by original designation. — Phloeothrips { Hoplandrothrips) xanthopus Hood ( =jennei Hood). Raised to full gen- eric rank by Hood (1915e). Phloeobiothrips Hood ( 1925a :127). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Phloeobiothrips tuniiceps Hood. Synonymized by Stannard (19576). Head moderate in size and not par- ticularly arched to elongate and con- siderably arched on dorsum, surface of head weakly reticulate. Eyes usual- ly moderate in size, somewhat bean- shaped, occasionally shorter but often longer than the combined length of antennal segments I and II. Ocelli present in macropterous and brachyp- terous forms. Postocular setae usually well developed, usually dilated at tips; males with postocular setae longer May, 19(S8 Stannarii: The Tiirii's 445 than in female. Basal pair of cheek setae often stouter than the rest. An- tennae eight segmented, segment III often asymmetrical in profile with one inner and one or two outer slender sense cones, segment VIII pedicellate or nonpedicellate. Mouth cone pointed or more or less pointed. Maxillary sty- lets retracted far into the head, usually touching within the center of the head. Prothorax at the most weakly sculp- tured, with most major setae well developed, usually dilated at tips. Males, especially major forms, with anterolateral prothoracic setae longer, and anteromarginal setae shorter, than in female. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectal plates absent. Metanotum strongly sculptured either with hex- agonal reticulations or longitudinal striations, sometimes weakly marked at base. Macropterous or brachy]5ter- ous. Fore wings when present often slightly constricted in the middle and with a slight bulge on the surface at the middle, always with several acces- sory fringe cilia. Fore legs each usually with a tarsal tooth (absent in females and some males of those placed in the subgenus Phloeobiothrips) which is usually enlarged in the male, with two inner subapical fore femoral spurs and one inner subbasal fore tibial spur in most males and some females—these spurs and fore tarsal teeth greatly en- larged in many major males. Pelta small, bellshaped to nearly triangular, often hexagonally reticu- late. Wing-holding setae well devel- oped, usually sigmoidal. Major poste- terior setae on abdominal tergite IX pointed, blunt, or dilated, lateral pair in males reduced and always pointed. Males usually with a weak, small, cir- cular glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII, occasionally this glan- dular area broad and occupying much of sternite VIII. Tube moderate in size, sometimes somewhat elongate. Larvae without head horns. This genus is, at times, didicult to separate from a number of other gen- era. In Illinois Hoplandrothrip.s may be distinguished from Acai/lholhrips either by the lack of numerous large cheek warts or by having only one pair of prominent prothoracic epim- eral setae, from Hoplothrips by always having the metanotum strongly sculp- tured, and from Malacotkrips by not having bulged eyes. In the Oriental and Australian re- gions, Ecaccuilhothrips resembles Hop- la Ndrolhrips and both are seemingly derived from a common ancestor if not one from the other. Ecacantho- thrips differs mainly in having four or more sense cones on antennal segment III (instead of two or three as in Hop- landrothrips) and these sense cones are greatly thickened. The eight species that occur in Illi- nois may be divided into two sub- genera, Hoplandrothrips s. sir. and Phloeobiotkri ps, on the basis of whether the female bears a fore tarsal tooth. At present I do not feel it is necessary to give these divisions sub- generic rank. However, for convenient reference to the older literature, I have mentioned the subgenera in the key and in the name of each species, fol- lowing the system used in Anapho- thrips in the preceding suborder. Priesner (1923) presented a key to the then-known species of this group. KEY TO SPECIES (Males, which have not been satisfactorily analyzed, are included only in part.) 1. Antennal segment III with one outer sense cone 2 Antennal segment III with two outer sense cones 3 J. Head greatly elongate; female without fore tarsal tooth tumiccp.s Head not as elongate; female with fore tarsal tooth microps 3. Metanotum with closely spaced longi- tudinal striations juniperinus Metanotal sculpture in the form of hex- agonal reticulations; if reticulations elongate, sculpture never extremely closely spaced 4 4. Females without fore tarsal tooth; head greatly elongate 5 Females with fore tarsal tooth; head only moderately long 6 5. Tibiae brown tumiceps Tibiae yellow or yellowish brown insolens (). Middle pair of major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX pointed, . . .uzeli Middle pair of major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX dilated 7 7. Til)iae yellow or yellowish brown; anten- nal segment III elongate jennei Tibiae largely brown; antennal segment III shorter porgandei 446 Ii iiNois Natcrai, Hi.stokv SrRVF.v Br Vol. 29, Art. 4 Hoplandrothrips (Phloeobiothrips) insolens Hood Phloeuthrips ( Hoplandrothrips ) insolens Hood (1912c:152). 9. Type- locality.—Dubois, Illinois. Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 2.6 mm. General color dark brown. Tibiae yellow to yellow- ish brown. Tarsi, basal two-thirds of antenna! segment III, bases of anten- nal segments IV and V, and pedicel of antennal segment VI yellow. Fore wings pale yellow. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head (Fig. 230) greatly elongate, considerably arched dorsally. Cheeks with four or five spines. Eyes relative- ly small. Postocular setae slightly longer than length of the eyes, dilated. Antennal segment III moderately elongate, with two outer sense cones; segment VIII with a broad pedicel. Pronotal setae dilated. Metanotum hexagonally reticulate. Fore femora, tibiae, and tarsi unarmed. Pelta bellshaped. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX slightly Fig. 2S0.~Hoplandrothrips I P)iloeobio- thripn) innokns, head and prothorax. dilated to blunt. Tube moderately long. Male (macropterous).—Length distended, minor forms about 1.9 mm, major forms about 2.2 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure except for the following. Both forms with a small tooth on each of the fore tarsi, postocular and anterolateral se- tae longer, anteromarginal prothoracic setae shorter, and the lateral pair of the major posterior setae on abdomi- nal tergite IX reduced and pointed. Major forms only with two pairs of subapical spurs on the inner surface of each of the fore femora and with a slight subbasal bump on the inner sur- face of each of the fore tibiae. Glan- dular area, if present on abdominal sternite VIII, not discernible in speci- mens I have seen. This species is closely related to tumiceps. Hoplandrothrips insolens has the tibiae and tarsi yellow to yellowish brown, has more yellow color in an- tennal segment III, is macropterous, and has a longer metanotum, whereas tumiceps has the tibiae and tarsi brown, has more brown color in an- tennal segment III, is brachypterous as far as is known, and has a shorter metanotum. The shape of the pelta can also be used to distinguish these species. Possibly insolens occurs throughout the state although the only northern records are from the Chicago region. It has been collected primarily from dead branches. Illinois records.— Champaign County: Homer (Hood 1925). Cook County: Orland Park, May 12, 1950, Stannard, dead willow and cotton- wood, 1 9 , 10 larvae. FuLTON Coun- ty: Anderson Lake Recreation Area, September 8, 1954, Ross, Stannard, dead willow, 1 9 . Jefferson Coun- ty: Mt. Vernon, May 9, 1951, Sander- son, Stannard, dead oak branches, 1 9, 1 cf. Lawrence County: West Port, September 15, 1949, Ross, Stan- nard, willow branches, 1 9 . Mar- shall County: Lacon, March 26, 1949, Evers, Stannard, under soft maple bark, 2 9. Mason County: Havana, November 9, 1943, Ross, Sanderson, ground cover, 1 o^ . Perry Mav, 1968 Stannakd: Till- TiiRii's Il.MNOIS 447 County: Pyatts, October 28, 1964, Stannard, forest litter, 1 9 . Wash- ington County: Dubois (Hood 1912). Hoplandrothrips (Hoplandrothrips) jennei (Jones) Phloeothrips jennei Jones, P. R. (1912: 21). 9. Type-locality.— Barnes- ville, Georgia. Transferred to Hop- landrothrips by Priesner (1923). Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips) xantho- pus Hood (1912c:145). 9. Type- locality.— Pulaski, Illinois. New synonymy. Phloeothrips floridensis Watson (1913: 147). 9," d'. Type-locality.— Gainesville, Florida. Synonymized by Hood (19276). Hoplandrothrips lateralis Stannard (1963&:137). 9. Type-locality.— Seymour, Illinois. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.5 mm. General color dark brown. Tibiae and median streak on abdominal tergites II-VIII yellow- ish to brown. Tibiae often in part yellow. Tarsi yellow. Antennal seg- ment III except apical third, and seg- ments IV-VII basally, yellow. Fore wings pale yellow. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head (Fig. 231) moderately long. Cheeks with several spines, usually the basal pair being slightly thicker than the others. Postocular setae long, dilated. Antennal segment III elon- gate, with two outer sense cones; seg- ment VIII broadly attached to seg- ment VII, with a slight indication of a pedicel. Major prothoracic setae dilated. Metanotum with hexagonal reticula- tions. Fore femora and tibiae not armed. Fore tarsi each with a moderate-sized tooth. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX with mid pair dilated, lat- eral pair long, pointed. Male (macropterous).—Length of major form distended about 2.5 mm, minor forms about 1.7 mm. Gen- eral color and structure as in female with the following exceptions. Postoc- ular and anterolateral prothoracic se- tae relatively long, anteromarginal prothoracic setae short. Major forms P"ig. 231.— Hophnuhulhrips i Hoplandro- tliripaj jetniei, head and prothorax. with fore legs enlarged, fore femora with two subapical spurs on inner sur- face, fore tibiae with a subbasal spur on inner surface, fore tarsi each with a greatly enlarged tooth. Minor forms with fore legs unarmed similar to fe- male. Abdominal sternite VIII with a circular glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with lateral setae reduced in size. From scutellaris of New York state, jennei differs in not having all the ma- jor posterior setae of abdominal ter- gite IX decidedly dilated. Phloeothrips Horidensis Watson was sunk under jennei by Hood (19276). Although the types are missing from the Watson collection and verification of this supposed synonymy is not pos- sible, it seems expedient to accept Hood's decision. My species lateralis was described before it was possible to see the Jones type which was kept in the then- forbidden Hood collection and before additional .specimens were available. MB Illinois Nattrai. History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 T had separated lateralis from xantho- pus on the basis of differences in the female sex, including the slightly longer head of lateralis and the fact that the major lateral posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX are pointed, not blunt, as in specimens of xanthopus in the collections of the Illinois Nat- ural History Survey. After studies of more specimens it appears that the condition of these setae grade from pointed to blunt, and that even the leg color varies somewhat. As I later learned. Hood had his collection ar- ranged to indicate that he also thought xanthopus was similar to, if not the same as, jennei. In specimens of jennei from Texas, collected by Hood, the postocular se- tae are slightly shorter than in speci- mens from Illinois. Illinois records.—Found every sea- son of the year from grass, herbs, or branches, from one to several localities in the following counties: Champaign, Clark, Clinton, Cook, Douglas, Edgar, Hardin, Iroquois, Jackson, Kane, Mason, Massac, Monroe, Ogle, Piatt, Pope, Pulaski, Sanga- mon, and Vermilion. Hoplandrothrips (Hoplandrothrips) juniperinus Hood Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips) juni- perinus Hood (1912f:146). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Plummer's Island, Maryland. Hoplandrothrips proximus Hood (1927c:230). 9, cT. Type-locality.—Macedon, New York. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).- Length distended about 2.8 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III ex- cept apex, basal third of segment IV, and pedicel of segment V yellow. Fore wings colorless. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size. Cheeks roughened by presence of many small wartlike tubercules. Basal cheek spines not particularly larger than the others. Postocular setae slightly shorter than length of eyes, dilated. Eyes moderate in size. Antennal segment III elon- gate, v.ith two outer sense cones; seg- ment VIII with a short, very broad pedicel. Major prothoracic setae dilated. Metanotum with closely spaced longi- tudinal striations. Fore femora and tibiae unarmed. Fore tarsi each with a moderate-sized tooth. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX dilated. Tube moderately long. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.4 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure with the following exceptions. Postoc- ular and anterolateral prothoracic se- tae longer, anteromarginal setae some- what shorter. Fore femora with two small subapical spurs on inner surface, fore tibiae each with a small subbasal spur, fore tarsal teeth larger. Abdomi- nal tergite IX with major lateral setae reduced, pointed. Glandular area, if present, not discernible on abdominal sternite VIII. All males known to me intermediate between minor and ma- jor forms. This species may be recognized by the nearly uniform dark color, elon- gated third antennal segment, and closely spaced longitudinal striations on the metanotum. So far juniperinus has been found only in the northern half of Illinois. It occurs on dead branches, including those of eastern red cedar [Juniperus ). Illinois records.—Adams County: Siloam Springs State Park, August 6, 1952, Richards, Stannard, on red cedar, 19,4 larvae. Carroll Coun- ty: Palisades State Park, August 7, 1959, Stannard, dead branches, 2 cf . Clark County: Clarksville (Rocky Branch), September 14, 1949, Ross, Stannard, dead branches, 1 9 • Cook County: Che-Che-Pinqua Woods, September 8, 1949, Ross, Stannard, dead twigs, 19,2 larvae; Western Springs, June 16, 1949, Ross, Stan- nard, dead willow twigs, 3 9,4 cf. Edgar County: Paris (Foley's Woods), June 14, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, dead branches, 1 9,1 cf. Jo Daviess County: Apple River Canyon State Park, August 25, 1949, Smith, Stannard, red cedar, 2 9,2 larvae; May 10, 1955, Evers, Stan- nard, dead branches, 1 9 . Johnson May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Illinois 449 County: Fern Cliff State Park, Au- gust 27, 1952, Ross, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . Hoplandrothrips (Hoplandrothrips) microps Hood Phlaeotkrips ( Hoplandrothrips ) microps Hood (1912c:150). 9, c^. Type- locality.—Marion, Illinois. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.6 mm. Color dark brown except base of antenna! seg- ment III and pedicels of segments IV and V which are yellow to yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 232) moderately elon- gate, slightly arched dorsally. Cheeks with four to six spines, the basal one just slightly larger than the rest. Eyes small, shorter than the combined length of antennal segments I and II. Postocular setae nearly equal to length of the eyes, dilated. Antennal segment Fig. 232. — Hoplandrolliripsi i Hoplandro- thrips) microps, head and prothorax. Ill elongate, with one outer sense cone; segment VIII broadly attached to segment VII and without a pedicel. Major pronotal setae dilated. Meta- notum with hexagonal reticulations. Fore femora and tibiae not armed. Fore tarsi each with a moderate-sized tooth. Pelta triangular. Major posterior se- tae on abdominal tergite IX with mid pair dilated and lateral pair pointed. Female (brachypterous).—Similar to macropterous female except wings reduced to pads. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended, minor forms 1.6 mm, ma- jor forms nearly 2 mm. Similar to fe- male with the following exceptions. Postocular setae much longer, antero- lateral prothoracic setae longer, an- teromarginal prothoracic setae slightly shorter. Tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown to yellow, fore femora with two subapical spurs on inner surface, fore tibiae with a subbasal and subapical spur, fore tarsal tooth longer. Major forms with spurs on fore legs larger than in minor forms. Abdominal ster- nite VIII with glandular area, if pres- ent, not discernible in specimens I have seen. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX pointed, lateral pair reduced. This is the only species of the genus in Illinois which has but one outer sense cone on antennal segment III and in which the female bears a fore tarsal tooth. It bridges the gap nicely between those which have the head moderate in size and a slight dorsal arch, as for example jennei, and those such as insolens which have the head greatly elongated and considerably arched. Hoplandrothrips microps has been taken throughout the state on dead branches and under bark. Illinois records. —Collected from middle spring to middle autumn from one to several localities in the follow- ing counties: Adams, Cook (Hood 1912c), Crawford, .Iackson, John- son, Marion, Massac, Morgan, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Washington (Hood 1912f), William- son (Hood 19120, and Winnebago (Hood 1912c). 450 Illinois Nati-rai. History Si'Rvkv BrLi.KTiN \'()1. 29, Art. 4 Hoplandrothrips (Hoplandrothrips) pergandei (Hinds) Phloeothrips pergandei Hinds (1902: 197). 9 . Type-locality.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Transferred to Hop- landrothrips and redescribed by Hood (1942). Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips) june- bris Hood (1912f :148). 9 , c?. Type- locality.—Carbondale, Illinois. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).-- Length distended about 2.3 mm. General color dark brown. Tarsi and tip of each of the tibiae yellowish brown. Antennae varying from nearly entirely brown to brown with bases of segments III-VI yellow, sometimes margins of segment III and even IV yellow. Fore wings colorless. Body with much red subin- tegumental pigment. Head (Fig. 233) moderate in size. Cheeks with a pair of strong basal spines. Eyes moderate in size. Post- ocular setae dilated, nearly equal to the length of the eyes. Antennal seg- ment III relatively short with two outer sense cones, segment VIII broadly attached to segment VII and without a pedicel. Major pronotal setae dilated. Met- anotum with hexagonal reticulations elongate but not to the point of be- coming longitudinally striate as in juniperinus. Fore femora and tibiae not armed. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Pelta as in Fig. 234. Major posteri- or setae on abdominal tergite IX di- lated at tip. Major tube setae long. Fig. 2iZ.—Hoplandrothrips (HopUmdro- thripft) peryundei, head and prothorax. Fig. 234.—Hoplandrothrips iHoplandro- thrips) pergandei, pelta. Male (macropterous).— Length distended about 2 mm. Minor form similar to female except with two small subapical spurs on the inner side of each of the femora, with an- terolateral prothoracic setae enlarged, and with anteromarginal setae re- duced. Major forms with fore legs slightly more enlarged, with subapical fore femoral spurs larger, with evi- dence of a small subbasal spur on the inner surface of the fore tibiae, and with larger fore tarsal teeth. Abdomi- nal sternite VIII with a small circular glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with lateral setae reduced in size and pointed. . . . , , This species may be distinguished by the dark color of the legs, the non- pedicellate antennal segment VIII, the compact form of antennal seg- ment III, and the dilated form of the tips of all major setae on abdominal tergite VIII. According to Hood (1912c), fune- bris, here considered a synonym, gen- erally has antennal segment III brown. Certain populations have since been found, however, in which the May, 1968 Stannard: Tiir. Tiirii's ok Illinois 451 specimens consistently have much yel- low in antennal segment III as well as in other segments. All degrees of gra- dation of color of antennal segrnent III have been noted in our collections and presumably all representatives are conspecific. The type of pergandei has the intermediate antennal segments yellow at the bases. It would seem, therefore, that Hinds described the northern, stockier phase with lighter antennae whereas Hood in naming funebris described the southern, smaller phase with darker antennae. Hoplandrothrips pergandei occurs throughout the state on dead branches. Illinois records.—Collected from May to October, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Calhoun, Carroll, Clark, Clinton, Coles, Cook, Crawford, Cumberland, Edgar, Hardin, Jack- son, Jasper, Kane, Lawrence, Lee, Mason, Monroe, Piatt (Hood 1912c), Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Schuyler, Union, and Vermilion. terior setae on abdominal tergite IX blunt. Tube moderately long. Male (brachypterous).—Unknown to me. According to Hood (1925a), similar to female in color and struc- ture; fore tarsi each either armed with a short, blunt tooth, or unarmed. Points of difference between this species and the closely related insolens are mentioned in the discussion of in- solens and in the key. Apparently tumiceps is a northern species, whereas its biological equiva- lent, itisolens, occurs in more southern areas. So far Hoplandrothrips tumiceps has been taken three times in Illinois. It is also known from New York (Hood 1925a) and from the Quetico Provincial Park in Ontario (INHS). Illinois records. — Lake County: Volo Bog, October 8, 1953, Evers, Stannard, dead poison sumac leaf, 1 9 ; Wauconda Bog, September 22, 1961, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . La Salle County: Streator, August 26, 1949, Smith, Stannard, dead wil- low branch, 1 9 . Hoplandrothrips (Phloeobiothrips) tumiceps Hood Phloeobiothrips tumiceps Hood (1925a: 127). 9, d' . Type-locality.—Mace- don, New York. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 2.4 mm. Almost en- tirely dark brown. Tarsi lighter brown. Basal half of antennal segment III and pedicels of segments IV-VI yellow to yellowish brown. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head greatly elongate, considerably arched dorsally. Cheeks with three to six spineferous tubercules. Eyes rela- tively small. Postocular setae longer than the length of the eyes, dilated. Antennal segment III moderately elongate, with one outer sense cone (Hood, 1925, reported two outer sense cones); segment VIII with a broad pedicel. Pronotal setae dilated. Metanotum weakly hexagonally reticulate, shorter than in insolens. Fore femora, tibiae, and tarsi unarmed. Pelta nearly triangular. Major pos- Hoplandrothrips (Hoplandrothrips) uzeli (Hinds) Phloeothrips uzeli Hinds (1902:196). 9, d'. Type-locality.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Transferred to Ho- plandrothrips by Hood (1912c). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.5 mm. General color brown, being darkest in head, thorax, and terminal segments of abdomen, becoming yellowish brown to nearly yellow in basal abdominal segments except for median anterior spots which are always brown. Antennae brown except basal half of segment III and pedicels of IV and V which are yellow. Tibae and tarsi yellow. Wings color- less. Body with much red subintegu- mental pigment. Head moderate in size. Cheeks with a prominent basal spine on each side. Eyes small, much shorter than the combined length of antennal segments I and II. Postocular setae long, di- lated. Antennal segment III shorter than in jennei, with two outer sense cones; segment VIII with a slender pedicel. 452 Illinois Nati'rai, History Sirvey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Prothorax with most major setae long, dilated; anteromarginal setae small. Metanotum smooth basally, weakly hexagonally reticulate poste- riorly. Fore femora and tibiae un- armed. Fore tarsi each with moderate- sized tooth. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX pointed. Tube moderately long. Male (macropterous).—Length distended, major forms about 2.4 mm, minor forms about 1.8 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure. Minor forms with at most a pair of small inner apical teeth on each of the fore femora, and a slight wartlike tooth on the inner basal angle of each of the fore tibiae. Major forms tend to have the basal segments of the abdomen darker; head, prothorax, and fore legs enlarged; two prominent inner apical teeth on each of the fore femora; a prominent subbasal fore tibial tooth; and the major head and prothoracic setae elongated. Abdomi- nal sternite VIII seemingly with a small, circular glandular area. Abdom- inal tergite IX in all males with the lateral posterior setae reduced. By the characteristics of the small eyes, the well-defined narrow pedicel on antennal segment VIII, and the pointed major setae on abdominal ter- gite IX in the female, this species may be easily distinguished from others in the Illinois fauna. So far specimens of uzeli have been found only once in our state. The spe- cies occurs in grasses, particularly Amlropogon. Illinois records.—Wayne County: Fairfield, August 17, 1951, Ross, Stan- nard, sod of Andropogon, 6 9 , 11 cf, 16 immatures. Hoplothrips Amyot and Serville Phlaeothrips Haliday (1836:441). Type-species designation by Blan- chard (1845). — Thrips ulmi Fabri- cius. Considered valid by Stannard (19576) misidentification notwith- standing. Suppression of this desig- nation requested by Mound (1966) to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Hoplothrips Amyot and Serville (1843: 64(J). Tjqie-species by subsequent designation by Karny (19126). — Thrips corticis DeGeer. Synony- mized by Stannard (19576). Place- ment of this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology requested by Mount (1966) to the International Commission on Zo- ological Nomenclature. Trichothrips Uzel (1895:246). Type- species by subsequent designation by Hood (1915e). — Phlaeothrips ped- icularia Haliday. Synonymized by Stannard (19576). Dolerothrips Bagnall (19106:682). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Dolerothrips flavipes Bagnall. Synonymized by Stannard (19576). Pygmaeothrips Karny (1920:40). Type-species by monotypy. — Py- gmaeothrips col'umniceps Karny. Synonymized by Stannard (19576). Neoeurhynchothrips Watson (1924a: 77). Type-species by original desig- nation . — Neoeu rh ynchoth rips cuben - sis Watson. Synonymized by Stan- nard (19576). Polyporothrips Watson (1927a:61). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Polyporothrips longipilosus Watson. Synonymized by Stannard (19576). Head as broad as long to longer than broad, sometimes slightly arched on dorsum. Surface of head smooth to weakly reticulate, rarely warty. Eyes small to moderate in size, usually not much longer than length of antennal segment I, sometimes reduced to a few dorsal facets. Ocelli present in macropterous forms; present, reduced, or absent in brachypterous forms; ab- sent in apterous forms. Postocular se- tae well developed, dilated to pointed. Basal cheek setae usually stouter than the rest, especially in major forms. Antennae eight segmented; seg- ment III longer than II, with one in- ner and one or two outer sense cones; segment IV with two to four apical sense cones; segment VIII pedicellate, often lanceolate, or without pedicel and closely joined to segment VI i. Mouth cone broadly rounded (Fig. 197) to pointed (Fig. 196). Maxillary stylets slender, often sigmoidal and nearly touching within center of head (Fig. 176). I Mav, 1968 Stannard: TiiF Tiimi': 453 Prothorax smooth to weakly sculp- tured, with most major setae well developed, pointed or dilated. Antero- marginal setae often minute, antero- lateral setae longer in major forms than in minor forms. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus usually absent, present in one species in Illinois i_fla- vicmula). Metanotum never strongly sculptured. Macropterous, brachyp- terous, or apterous. Fore wings when present usually not constricted in the middle, always with accessory fringe cilia. Fore legs not enlarged in minor forms, greatly enlarged in major forms, with or without fore tarsal teeth, sometimes fore tibiae and fem- ora armed in major males much in the manner of Hoplaudrothrips. Pelta normally small and roughly triangular, especially in winged forms, occasionally fairly large in apterous forms. Wing-holding setae present in macropterous forms but not always strongly developed, often absent in brachypterous forms, always absent in apterous forms. Lateral abdominal se- tae pointed or dilated. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX usually pointed, lateral pair in males reduced and pointed. Males usually with glan- dular area on abdominal sternite VIII, circular to oval to transversely band- like. Tube short to moderately long. This genus is difficult to character- ize because of the presence of so many forms. Additional complications arise because the extremes of the genus nearly grade into species in other genera. In general, species of Hoplolhrips lack strong reticulations, especially metanotal reticulations, which imme- diately separates them from Hoplai/- (holhrips and from many Liothrips; each lacks a definite maxillary bridge, which usually separates them from Haplothrips; and each has slender maxillary stylets, which separates them from Pohi pit e moth ripn. Other characteristics, mentioned in the key to the genera and in the descriptions which follow, distinguish these species from the remainder of the family when the Illinois fauna only is considered. Eleven species have so far been found in our state. Several of these, smithi, fumiceps, and terminalis are rare, but some, such as pergandei and beachae, are often abundant. In fact, pergandei is one of the most common thrips in the forest litter of the Caro- linian and Austroriparian faunal zones of eastern North America. KEY TO SPECIES 1. Antennal segment IV greatly enlarged, with many minute sense cones on ven- tral surface , , macropterous 9 lieldsi Antennal segment IV not greatly en- larged and without numerous minute sense cones on ventral surface 2 2. Antennal segment VIII closely joined to segment VII, without discernible pe- dicel 3 Antennal segment VIII pedicellate or lanceolate, with a broad or narrow pe- dicel 4 3. Antennal segments IV-VIII, usually, pe- dicels of IV and V, and apical three- fourths of tube dark brown (ieldsi Antennal segments mostly yellow al- though last two segments yellowish brown to brown; tube yellowish brown to yellowish orange anomocerus 4. Maxillary stylets, when retracted, form- ing a V within head smithi Maxillary stylets, when retracted, closely placed within center of head 5 5. Fore femora each with two inner sub- apical teeth and fore tibiae each with one subbasal tooth major males of flavlcauda Fore femora and tibiae unarmed fi f). Praepectus present . (in part) flavicauda Praepectus absent 7 7. Prothorax with anteromarginal setae well developed, as long or nearly as long as anterolateral setae (Fig. 237) 8 Prothorax with anteromarginal setae small to minute, much smaller than an- terolateral setae (Fig. 245) 10 8. Abdomen with most lateral setae dilated: head usually proportionately very long angusticeps Abdomen with most lateral setae pointed; head usually not as long 9 9. Antennal segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones terminalis Antennal segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones americanu.s 10. Tube predominantly orange-yellow .11 Tube predominantly brown 12 11. Antennal segment VII with apical sense cone placed dorsally pergandei Antennal segment VII with apical sense cone placed on lateral angle fumiceps 12. Eyes set in from cheek margins; all tibiae and tarsi usually sharply contrastingly yellow corlicis Eyes not particularly set in from cheek margins; mid and hind tibiae brown . beachae 454 Illinois Natural History Survfv Bulletin \'ol. 29, Art. 4 Hoplothrips americanus (Hood), generic reassignment Trichothrips americanus Hood (1908c: 366). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Not stated but holotype labeled Urbana, Illinois. Transferred to Phlaeothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.8 mm. General color brown and yellow. Yellow: head, ped- icel of antennal segment III, legs, and abdominal segments VIII-X, except tip of tube (X) which is gray. Yellow- ish brown: antennal segments I and II and most of pterothorax and ab- dominal tergite I. Brown: antennal segments III-VIII except pedicel of segment III, prothorax, and abdomi- nal segments II-VII. Sometimes in- dividuals darker, with head, most of abdomen except tube, and femora yel- lowish brown to brown. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head about as long as wide to slight- ly longer than wide. Eyes small, vary- ing from a few to about a dozen dorsal facets. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae long, pointed, blunt or dilated. Anten- nal segments III-VIII each with a sharply narrowed pedicel, segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment VIII decidedly lanceolate. Mouth cone moderately long, rounded to almost pointed. Prothorax with major setae well de- veloped; anteromarginal setae often longer than the anterolateral setae, these setae pointed, blunt or dilated. Fore legs enlarged, each fore tarsus armed with a small to minute tooth. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta (Fig. 235) in the shape of a broad transverse oval. Abdominal ter- gites without differentiated wing- Fig. 235. — Hoplothrips americanus, 9 ma- croptercus, pelta, holding setae. Most lateral setae on abdominal tergites pointed to slightly blunt. Abdominal tergite IX with ma- jor setae long and pointed. Tube mod- erate in size. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.1 mm. Similar in color to most brachypterous females, or darker. Darker individuals with body and femora generally brown, an- tennal segments I and il brown to yellowish brown, remainder of anten- nae dark brown. Tibiae and tarsi yel- low. Wings light brown. Similar to brachypterous female in structure with the following excep- tions. Eyes much larger. Ocelli pres- ent. Mouth cone shorter. Wings fully developed, fore wings without acces- sory fringe cilia. Pelta more nearly triangular. Abdominal tergites with sigmoidal wing-holding setae. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. Similar in color to brachypterous female includ- ing darker phase. Similar in structure to brachypterous female except for the following. Fore tarsi each armed with a slightly larger tooth. Anteromargi- nal setae of prothorax slightly smaller than anterolateral setae. Abdominal sternite VIII (Fig. 60) with a narrow, transverse, median glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lat- eral posterior setae reduced in size. This species belongs to that group of Hoplothrips of fairly light color that have the anteromarginal setae of the prothorax well developed. From an- gusticeps, which it resembles, ameri- canus may be distinguished by the pointed, not dilated lateral abdominal setae. Hoplothrips americanus is common under bark of rotting logs and stumps and forest leaf litter throughout Illinois. Illinois records.—Found every month of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Bond, Calhoun, Champaign, Cook, Cumberland, Ef- fingham, Jackson (Hood 1908c), Jef- ferson, Johnson, Kane, La Salle, Mason, Mclean, Perry, Piatt, Pope, Putnam, Richland, St. Clair, Vermilion, and Woodford, May, 1968 StaiN.nard: Thk Thru's Ili.[Nois 455 Hoplothrips angusticeps (Hood), generic reassignment Trichothrips angusticeps Hood (1908c: 367). 9, d". Type-locality.—Not given, but holotype labeled St. .Jos- eph, Illinois. Transferred to Pltlaeo- thrips by Stannard (19576). Female (brachypterous) (Fig. 236). —Length distended about 1.7 mm. General color brownish yellow. Head, prothorax, basal margins of most ab- dominal tergites, and posterior margin Fig. 236. aspect. - HoplothripK angimliceps, dorsal of abdominal tergite IX often brown; legs usually, and head sometimes, yel- low. Tube usually yellow at base and tipped with gray. Antennal segments I, II, and base of III yellowish brown, remainder of antennae dark brown. Body with subintegumental pigment which appears dark gray by trans- mitted light. Head ( Fig. 237) usually much long- er than wide and slightly arched. Eyes small with only a few dorsal facets. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae long, dilated. Antennal segments III-VIII each with a sharply narrowed pedicel, segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment VIII de- cidedly lanceolate. Mouth cone (Fig. 196) moderately long, pointed. Prothorax with major setae well de- veloped, dilated; anteromarginal setae fully as long as anterolateral setae. Fore tarsi each with a small to minute tooth. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta (Fig. 239) roughly triangular. Abdominal tergites without differen- tiated wing-holding setae. Most lat- eral setae on abdominal tergites usu- ally greatly dilated (rarely blunt). Abdominal tergite IX with major pos- terior setae long and pointed. Tube short. Female (macropterous).— Length distended about 2.2 mm. Color brown except tibiae and tarsi which are yel- low, head usually darkest. Wings light brown. Body with red subintegu- mental pigment. Similar in structure to brachypter- ous female with the following excep- tions. Eyes much larger, composed of many dorsal facets (Fig. 238). Ocelli present. Intermediate antennal seg- ments usually more elongate. Wings fully developed, fore wings with ac- cessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergites with sigmoidal wing-holding setae. I Male (brachypterous).—Length distended over 1.5 mm—minor forms slightly smaller than major forms. Similar to brachypterous female in color and structure with the following exceptions. Major forms tend to be slightly darker in color. Rudiment of fore ocellus present. Fore legs some- what enlarged in minor forms, greatly enlarged in major forms. Fore tarsi 456 Illinois Natural History Sirvkv Bili.etin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 237-238.—Head and prothorax; 237, Hoplothrips angusticeps, brachypterous; 238, Hoplolhrips angusliceps, macropterous. each with a large tooth. Anteromargi- nal setae of prothorax sHghtly smaller than anterolateral setae. Abdominal sternite VIII with a median elliptical glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae re- duced in size. This species is one of the group of moderately light-colored Hoplothrips which have the anteromarginal poste- rior setae about as long as the antero- lateral setae. Its color, head size, and size of antennal segments are subject to some variation but the extent and distributions of these variants have not been analyzed yet in the popula- tions. Hoplothrips angusticeps differs from its relative aniericanus in having most of the lateral setae of the ab- domen dilated, usually in having a Fig. 239. — Hoplothrips angusticeps, pelta. longer head, and often in having a less contrasting, darker abdomen. Accord- ing to the literature, the species leihyi (Hood) resembles angusticeps closely but I do not know leihyi and there- fore, cannot differentiate the two at present. Throughout Illinois this species is common under dead bark. Dr. R. C. Graves has taken specimens at Des Plaines, Illinois, from the fungus Polyporus gilvus. Apparently it (or very close relatives which have not yet been differentiated) ranges from Michigan to Costa Rica. Additional specimens from Micronesia in the col- lections of several American museums may also be members of this species as may fereacous (formerly placed in Py- gmaeothrips) from Sumatra. Illinois records.— Found every month of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Champaign, Clark, Coles, Cook, Fayette, Jackson, Pope, Pu- laski, Putnam, Randolph, Rich- land, Union, Vermilion, and Wood- ford. Mav, 1968 SlANN \Kli: Till- TllKll'S (II TlllXOIS 4r)7 Hoplothrips anomocerus (Hood), generic reassignment Trichothrips anomocerus Hood (1912f/: 137). 9. d". Type-locality.— Plum- mer's Island, Maryland. Trans- ferred to Phlaeothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 2 mm. General color nearly entirely yellow to predominant- ly yellowish brown. Tips of antennae often yellowish brown to brown, tube usually yellowish yellowish brown to yellowish orange. Darker specimens with head, thorax, and anterior mar- gin of abdominal tergites II-VIII yellowish brown to brown. Body with much purple subintegumental pigment. Head moderate in size with cheeks straight. Eyes reduced to several dor- sal and several ventral facets. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae moderately long and pointed. Antennal segment III with pedicel weakly striate, with one inner and one outer sense cone (occasionally or abnormally with two outer sense cones); segments VII and VIII compactly united. Maxillary sty- lets slender, retracted far into head and touching in the middle of the head. Mouth cone moderately long, rounded to almost pointed. Pronotum with most major setae well developed, pointed; anteromar- ginal setae small. Mesospinasternum absent. Fore legs somewhat enlarged; fore tarsi each armed with a tooth. Fore wings reduced to tiny pads, hind wings apparently entirely absent. Pelta roughly triangular. Abdomi- nal tergites without differentiated wing-holding setae. Abdominal tergite II fractured into tiny platelets at sides. Abdominal tergite IX with major pos- terior setae moderately long and pointed. Tube short and stout. Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 2.2 mm. Similar in color to dark-colored brachypterous female. Similar in structure to bra- chypterous female with the following exceptions. Eyes much larger with many dorsal facets. Ocelli present and fully developed. Wings fully developed but partially destroyed in the single specimen I have studied. Abdominal tergite II seemingly nearly complete at sides. Wing-holding setae sigmoidal. Male (brachypterous).— Length distended about 1.8 mm. Color gen- erally yellow except antennal seg- ments VII and VIII yellowish brown and tube yellowish orange. Similar to brachypterous female with the follow- ing exceptions. Fore tarsal teeth slight- ly enlarged. Prothorax larger. Ab- dominal tergite IX with lateral posterior setae shorter and thicker. Abdominal sternite VIII, near the pos- terior border, with a narrow trans- verse glandular area which is sepa- rated in the middle and divided into two parts. This distinctive species was origi- nally related to Polyphemothrips am- bitus on the basis of the similarity of the compactly united terminal anten- nal segments. The two can be easily separated by the following features. Polyphemothrips ambitus has thicker maxillary stylets, a longer head, dif- ferently colored antennae, and has the tube tipped with black. The com- pact form of antennal segments VII and VIII and the lack of strong serra- tions on the pedicel of antennal seg- ment III distinguish anomocerus from other species of Hoplothrips in Illinois. In collections, anomocerus is scarce and little is known of its habits. Hood (1917) records specimens from the bark of sycamore and grape. Watson (1945) considers this species to be common in forest ground litter. We have taken it in scattered places throughout Illinois, mostlv in forest litter. Illinois records. Alexander County: Olive Branch, March 15, 1960, Stannard, forest debris, 1 9 . Bond County: Greenville, October 26, 1956, Ross, Smith, Stannard, woodland debris, 2 9 . Champaign County: Urbana (Busey's Woods), October 12, 1955, Kingsolver, forest debris, 1 9 . Cook County: Oakland, October 19, 1947, Stannard, ground cover, 2 9,1 cf . Hamilton County: Broughton, May 2, 1956, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9. Lake County: 158 Illinois Natiral History Sirvf.v Bii.letin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Wauconda, March 16, 1933, Prison, Mohr, tamarack bog, 1 9 . Perry County: Pyatts, November 12, 1964, Stannard, forest debris, 5 9,4 d". Richland County: Olney, Novem- ber 9, 1953, Smith, Stannard, forest debris, 1 9 . Hoplothrips beachae (Hinds), emended spelling and generic reassignment Trichothrips heachi Hinds (1902:192). 9 . Type-locality.—Amherst, Mas- sachusetts. Transferred to Phlaeo- thrips by Stannard (19576). Trichothrips karniji Hood (1914f/:20). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Plummer's Island, Maryland, stated by Hood (1917). New synonymy. Trichothrips karnyi major Hood (19146:153). 9 . Type-locality.— Newton, Pennsvlvania. Raised to full specific rank by Hood (19276). New synonymy. Trichothrips drakei Watson (1921:78). 9 . Type-locality.—Syracuse, New York. Synonymized under Tricho- thrips major by Hood (19276). Female (macropterous).—Length distended from 2.2 mm (minor forms) to over 3.5 mm (major forms). Gen- eral color dark brown. Yellow to yel- lowish brown: most of antennal seg- ment in, bases of antennal segments IV-VI, bases and apexes of tibiae (oc- casionally fore tibiae entirely yellow), and all tarsi. Base and tip of tube light brown. Wings washed with pale yel- lowish brown. Body with red or pur- plish red subintegumental pigment. Head nearly as wide as long (minor forms) to much longer than wide (ma- jor forms). Eyes moderately large, just slightly shorter than the combined lengths of antennal segments I and II. Ocelli present. Cheeks usually ex- tended nearly evenly up to eyes, with two or three pairs of stout bristles which are particularly pronounced in major forms, sometimes small in minor forms. Postocular setae long, pointed. Antennal segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones, these cones relatively longer in minor forms, rela- tively shorter in major forms; antennal segment VIII with a short, broad ped- icel. Mouth cones moderately long, rounded to almost pointed. Pronotum with most major setae well developed; midmarginal setae mi- nute, midlateral setae small in minor forms, moderate to long in major forms. Fore tarsi armed, tooth small in minor forms, large in major forms. Fore wings with accessory fringe cilia. Pelta (Fig. 240) roughly triangular with basal angles sometimes extended slightly. Wing-holding setae well de- veloped, sigmoidal. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moder- ately long and pointed. Tube moder- ately long. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended 2.5 mm (minor forms) to 4.5 mm (major forms). Similar in all respects to macropterous female ex- cept wings reduced to pads and eyes slightly smaller. Extreme minor forms not known to be present as is the case in the macropterous stage. Male (macropterous).—Length distended 2 mm (minor forms) to over 3 mm (major forms). Similar in most respects to macropterous female with the following exceptions. Major forms have fore legs greatly enlarged, and each fore tarsus bears a stouter tooth. Abdominal sternite VIII usually with a median transverse, bandlike glan- dular area, this area varying from moderately broad to narrow; in one case (possibly a freak) this glandular area reduced to an ellipse. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae reduced in size, shortest in major forms, longest in minor forms. Male (brachypterous).— In size and structure similar to macropterous male except wings reduced to pads and eyes slightly smaller. This is an extremely variable spe- cies, composed of major, minor, and intermediate forms, in which certain structures— i.e. head proportions, an- tennal sense cones, prothoracic antero- Fig. 240. — Hoplothrips beachae, pelta, Mav. ]9fS8 Stannarh: Tim- ThkM's m ti [iNois 459 lateral setae, and fore tarsal teeth — are proportionately longer or shorter according to form. In addition, the shape of the male glandular area varies from a narrow transverse band to a broad transverse band. Some thysa- nopterists believe that several of the variants or forms represent separate species, but if this is so, no characteris- tics have yet been discovered or pro- posed which would allow absolute sep- aration of one from the others. Be- cause the differences noted intergrade almost imperceptibly from one ex- treme to another, I prefer to regard these forms as one species. In fact, our North American representatives may be but racial segregates of a wide- ranging holarctic species which also occurs in Europe and Asia under other names, Hoplothrips ulmi and fungi, etc. Because it was named in honor of Miss Alice Beach, it should take the feminine ae ending. From corticis, which it resembles, beachae may be distinguished by the form of the cheeks which are not par- ticularly extended laterally from the eye margin. Throughout Illinois, this species is common on dead branches and dead stumps. Often it lives in large aggre- gations with adults, larvae, and pupae closely massed together. Illinois records.—Collected from late March to late November, in one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Calhoun, Cham- paign, Clark, Cook, Edgar, Ef- fingham, Fulton, Hardin, Henry, Iroquois, Jackson, .Johnson, Kane, Kankakee, Lake, La Salle, Law- rence, Mason, Massac, McDon- OUGH, McHenry, Ogle, Peoria, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Rock Island, and Wabash. Hoplothrips corticis (DeGeerj, generic reassignment Thrips corticis DeGeer (1773:11). ? 9 . Type-locality.- -Sweden. Transfer- red to Phlacnthrips by Morison (1949). Generic reassignment re- quested of the International Com- sion on Zoological Nomenclature (Mound 1966). Trichothrips copiosa Uzel (1895:252). 9, (f. Type-locality.—Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) or Lapland. Syn- nonymized by Hood (1915e). Female (brachypterous— speci- mens from Illinois).—Length dis- tended 2.5-3 mm. General color yel- lowish brown to brown. Intermediate antennal segments somewhat lighter yellowish brown (in European and Pennsylvanian specimens segment III, sometimes segment IV, and bases of IV-VI definitely yellow). All tibiae and tarsi yellow, although outer mid portion of mid and hind tibiae some- times clouded with light brown. Tube brown. Head about as wide as long. Eyes smaller than length of antennal seg- ments I and II combined. Ocelli pres- ent but slightly reduced in size. Post- ocular setae long, pointed. Cheeks more extended laterally from eyes than in beachae. Antennal segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones; segment VIII with a short, broad pedicel. Mouth cone moderately long, bluntly rounded to nearly pointed. Prothorax with most major setae developed, pointed; anteromarginal setae minute; anterolateral setae small in minor forms, longer in major forms (Pennsylvanian specimens). Fore tarsi each armed with a well-developed tooth. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta roughly triangular. Abdomi- nal tergites with wing-holding setae developed but small. Abdominal ter- gite IX with major setae long and pointed. Tube moderately long. Female (macropterous— specimen from Denmark). -Length distended over 2.5 mm. Similar to brachypterous female in color and structure with the following exceptions. Eyes and ocelli slightly larger. Wings clouded with yellowish brown, fore wings with ac- cessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergites with wing-holding setae well developed. Male (brachypterous—specimens from Pennsylvania).— Length dis- tended about 2.1 mm (minor forms) to 3 mm (major forms). Similar in color and structure to brachypterous 4(50 Illinois Natiirai. Fli;- Sl'HVK\- 1)1 LLLIIN \'ol. 29, Art. 4 female with the following exceptions. Major forms with prothorax and legs greatly enlarged. Abdominal sternite VIII with a median transverse band- like glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae reduced in size. Male (macropterous).—Unknown to me. In Illinois this species closely re- sembles Hoplothrips beachae in ap- pearance and in habitat. Because henchae usually has the mid and hind tibiae largely brown and the eyes not particularly set in from the outer cheek margin, whereas corticis usually has all tibiae yellow and the eyes more set in from the outer cheek margin, the two species can be fairly readily distinguished. Specimens I have seen from Illinois and North Carolina have darker col- ored antennae than specimens from Pennsylvania and Europe. A speci- men that I collected from the wilder- ness area in the Quetico Provincial Park, Canada, can also be assigned to this species. Whether this species is a native rep- resentative of a holarctic species or whether it is an immigrant to the New World as a stowaway with European man cannot be positively ascertained on the evidence available. At any rate, it has been known from Illinois since 1909 (Hood 19146) and apparently it is established in Urbana, at least. It occurs under dead tree bark. Illinois records. Champaign County: Urbana, 1909 (Hood 1914); Urbana (Trelease Woods), July 14, 1955, Webb, 2 9 . Hoplothrips fieldsi (Crawford, J. C.) Hoplothrips ( Trichothrips) fieldsi Crawford, J. C. (1939:77). 9, d". Type-locality.— Olive Bridge, Ulster County, New York. Trans- ferred to Phlaeothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 2.5 mm. General color yellow with brown markings. Dark brown: apical two-thirds of antennal segments IV and V, all of antennal segments VI-VIII, and apical three- fourths of tube except sometimes slightly lighter near apex. Light brown: prothorax and sides of ptero- thorax, coxae, and anterior pair of blotches on abdominal tergites II- VIII. Head slightly indented just before eyes. Eyes reduced with only a few dorsal facets. Ocelli absent. Antennal segment III deeply scalloped in pedi- cel, with one inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV not enlarged, with few if any ventral minute sense cones: segments VII and VIII closely joined but not as compact as in anomocerus. Postocular setae well developed and pointed. Mouth cone fairly short, rounded to nearly pointed. Pronotum with most major setae moderately long and pointed to blunt; anteromarginal setae minute. Meso- pinasternum greatly reduced. Meso- scutum fractured into tiny platelets along anterior margin. Fore legs en- larged, fore tarsi each with a slender, sharp tooth. Fore wings reduced to extremely minute pads, hind wings entirely absent. Pelta trapezoidal. Abdominal ter- gites without differentiated wing- holding setae. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae short, pointed. Tube relatively short but not as stout as in anomocerus. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.7 mm. Body gen- erally brown. Antennal segments II and III, all tibiae and tarsi, and poste- rior and median portions of most of the abdominal tergites yellow. Anten- nal segments IV-VIII and most of tube dark brown. Similar in structure to brachypter- ous female with the following excep- tions. Eyes large with many dorsal facets. Ocelli present. Antennal seg- ment IV greatly enlarged, segments IV and V with many minute sense cones on ventral surface. Mesospina- sternum degenerate but not as re- duced as in the brachypterous form. Wings fully developed, fore wings with accessory fringe cilia. Pelta more nearly triangular. Wing-holding setae sigmoidal. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.6 mm (minor May, 19fi8 Stannard: 'I'iu Tiiijii's (ii Iiiinois 461 forms) and about 2.1 mm (major forms). Similar to brachypterous fe- male in color and structure with the following exceptions. Major form with fore legs, fore tarsal tooth, and pro- thorax greatly enlarged. Abdominal sternite VIII with a broad transverse glandular area (Fig. 61), largest in the major form. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae reduced. According to J. C. Crawford (1939) this species is closely related to the European species semicaeais Uzel be- cause both have numerous minute sense cones on antennal segments IV and V. On the same basis fieldsi is also related to the European amabilis Bag- nail. If semicaecus and fieldsi are dif- ferent species, it may be that Hood's record (19146) of semicaecus from Bennings, Washington, D. C. may prove to be fieldsi instead, and semi- caecus should be stricken from the list of American species. Apparently in Illinois /jpWsj is the only species which, in the macropterous form, has anten- nal segment IV enlarged and which has these minute sense cones on sev- eral antennal segments. So far our collections of this species have been limited to the southern half of the state, under dead bark. Illinois records. Clinton Coun- ty: Carlyle, August 15, 1951, Ross, Stannard, dead branch, 1 cf . Hardin County: Karbers Ridge (High Knob), August 18, 1950, Stannard, dead plum, 2 9 . Lawrence County: Westport, September 15, 1949, Ross, Stannard, willow branch, 1 9 . Pu- laski County: Mounds, August 16, 1951, Ross, Stannard, dead beech, 3 9, 1 cf. Hoplothrips flavicauda (Morgan), generic reassignment Trichothrips fiavicauda Morgan (1913: 28). 9, cf. Type-locality.--Corbin, Kentucky. Transferred to Phlaeo- /;!r?p.sby"Stannard (19576). Hoplothrips I Trichothrips I myceticola Crawford, J. C. (1939:75). Type- locality. — Cresskill, New Jersey. Synonymized by Hood (1954a). Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.5 mm. General color brown. Head sometimes yellow in the entire median portion or in the median part of the dorsolateral margins, some- times entirely brown. Antennal seg- ments I and II, apical half of fore femora usually, fore tibiae, and fore tarsi yellow. Basal portions of inter- mediate antennal segments, legs at joints, and abdominal segment IX yel- lowish brown. Tube yellow, tipped with gray. Head about as broad as long. Eyes small with about 10 dorsal facets, de- cidedly set in from lateral cheek mar- gin. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae moderate in size, pointed. Antennal segments III and IV each with one inner and one outer sense cone, anten- nal segment VIII lanceolate. Mouth cone broadly rounded; maxillary sty- lets retracted far into head, nearly touching in the central portion of the head. Prothorax with all major setae de- veloped, moderate in size, blunt; an- teromarginal setae small i)ut not mi- nute, at least three-fourths the size of anterolateral setae. Praepectus usual- ly present. PLerothorax typical of ex- treme apterous condition and without trace of wing pads. Fore tibiae unarmed. Pelta large, extending over more area of abdominal segment I than is typical for the genus. Wing-holding setae not developed. Abdominal ter- gite IX with major posterior setae moderate in size, pointed. Tube rela- tively short. Female (brachypterous or dealated macropterous).—Length distended about 1.5 mm. Similar to apterous fe- male with the following exceptions. Sometimes darker and usually abdom- inal tergite IX brown. Eyes much larger, extended nearly to cheek mar- gin. Ocelli present. Antennal seg- ments III and IV each with two outer sense cones. Prothorax (Fig. 241) with anteromarginal setae reduced, minute. Pelta reduced in size, roughly triangu- lar. Wing-holding setae on abdominal tergites only slightly more developed than in apterous form. Male (apterous).— Length dis- tended about 1.2 mm (minor forms) to 462 Illinois Natural History Survey Ri-i.lftin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 241. — HojAotlirips flavicaiida, 9 ma- cropterous, head and prothorax. 1.4 mm (major forms). Similar to ap- terous female with the following ex- ceptions. Major forms, particularly extreme major forms, with head (Fig. 242) minutely warty, cheeks produced laterally just behind eyes, fore legs and prothorax greatly enlarged, a large tooth on each fore tarsus, fore femora bearing two subapical inner spurs, and fore tibiae bearing one sub- basal inner spur much as in Hoplan- drothrips or Neurotkrips. Minor forms more robust than apterous female, but without fore femoral and fore tibial spurs, and cheeks not especially pro- duced behind eyes. In all males the anteromarginal setae are minute and the posterior lateral setae of abdomi- nal tergite IX are reduced. Seemingly no glandular area is present on ab- dominal sternite VIII. Male (macropterous, dealated). Length distended over 1.5 mm. Simi- lar to macropterous female with the following exceptions. Fore tarsi each with a large tooth. Abdominal tergite IX with posterior lateral setae re- duced. Apparently no glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII. This species and its close allies ifun- gosus 'if the Pacific islands for ex- I Fig. 242. — Hoplothrips flavicauda, if major form, head and prothorax. ample) are not typical of the genus because of the presence of praepectal plates. Between the apterous stage and the fully winged stage, and be- tween the sexes, they exhibit great points of difference which include the presence or absence of teeth on the fore tarsi, the enlargement or reduc- tion of the fore legs, cheek projections, shape of the pelta, and the presence of one or two outer sense cones on an- tennal segments III and IV. In some respects flavicauda resem- bles Lissothrips muscorum but in fla- vicauda antennal segment III is not reduced in size and by this characteris- tic the two may be easily distin- guished. From smithi, flavicauda may be recognized by the close placement of the maxillary stylets within the head, usually by the presence of prae- pectal plates, by the eyes which are set in from the cheek margins, and by the sbsence of teeth on the fore tibiae in the female sex. Hoplothrips flavicauda is found throughout Illinois on dead branches, particularly branches which bear small bracket fungi. So far it has not been found much in the area formerly cov- ered by the Wisconsin ice sheet. M;iv, 19Cft Stan.vard: Thf Ti 463 Illinois records.— Collected from May through September, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Adams, Carroll, Clark, Coles, Edgar, Hardin, Jersey, Johnson, Kane, Massac, Ogle, Putnam, Rock Island, and Whiteside. Hoplothrips fumiceps (Hood), generic reassignment Trichothrips fumiceps Hood (19256: 29). 9, cf . Type-locality.—Potter, New York. Transferred to Phlaeo- thrips by Stannard (19576). Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended over 2.5 mm. Color light brownish yellow with head and termi- nal antennal segments brown. Anten- nal segment I, prothorax, sides of pterothorax, and usually abdominal segments VIII and IX light brown. Legs and antennal segments 1 1 and 1 1 1 yellow. Tube orange-brown tipped with gray. Head (Fig. 243) slightly broader than long. Eyes small but with at least 10 dorsal facets, set in from outer cheek margins. Only fore ocellus pres- ent. Postocular setae moderately long and pointed. Antennal segment III with one inner and two outer sense Fig. 243. prothorax. -Hoplothrips fumiceps, head and cones, segment VII with apical sense cone on outer lateral angle, segment VIII lanceolate. Mouth cone rounded to nearly pointed. Prothorax with most major setae well developed, pointed; anteromar- ginal setae minute. Fore tarsi each with a well-developed, sharply pointed tooth. Wings completely re- duced but with some axillary sclerites remaining. Pelta roughly triangular. Abdomi- nal tergites without especially devel- oped wing-holding setae. Lateral ab- dominal setae extremely long, pointed. Abdominal tergite IX with major pos- terior setae long and pointed. Tube moderate in size. Male (brachypterous).—Unknown to me. Glandular area of abdominal sternite VIII, if present, not men- tioned in original description. Hoplothrips fumiceps can be distin- guished by the orange-brown tube, the reduction of the anteromarginal setae on the prothorax, the possession of two outer sense cones on antennal seg- ment III, and particularly by the lat- teral placement of the apical sense cone on antennal segment VII. Al- though fumiceps resembles pergandei in some respects, a comparison of the forms of the heads of the species (Fig. 243, 245, and 246) demonstrates their distinctiveness. This species seems to be the north- ern equivalent of the southern mar- ginalis. In contrast to fwniceps, mar- ginalis has a predominantly brown tube and the sense cone on antennal segment VII is placed dorsally at the apex. So far specimens have been taken only in the northern half of the state. Most were collected from dead branches. Illinois records. Cook County: Western Springs, June 21, 1949, Ross, Stannard, on dead willow, 1 9 . Pe- oria County: Mapleton, June 2, 1949, Stannard, dead willow branch, 1 9. Vermilion County: Danville, September 14, 1961, Smith, Moll, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 ; Muncie, October 16, 1949, Sanderson, beating, 1 9. 464 Illinois Natural History Survey Bullei Vol. 29, Art. 4 Hoplothrips pergandei (Hood), generic reassignment Trichuthrips pergandei Hood (1927e: 115). 9, d". Type-locality.—Wash- ington, D. C. Transferred to Phlaeo- thrips by Stannard (19576). Female (brachypterous) (Fig. 244). —Length distended about 2 mm. Col- or generally yellow to light brownish orange, tube always orange-yellow in basal half. Dark-phase individuals with brown on head in region of eyes, on mesothorax, and on sides of ab- dominal tergite II. Body with yellow subintegumental pigment which may appear dark gray by transmitted light. Head (Fig. 245) about as wide as long. Eyes small with only a few dor- sal facets, very much bulged from head. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae moderately long, usually dilated but occasionally seen as blunt or pointed. Antennal segments III-VIII each with a sharply narrowed pedicel, segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment VII with apical sense cone placed dorsally, segment VIII decidedly lanceolate. Mouth cone rela- tively short and broadly rounded. Prothorax with most major setae moderately developed, dilated; an- teromarginal setae minute. Fore tarsi each with a strong, sharp tooth. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta oval to roughly triangular. Fig. 244. — Hoplothrips pergandei, 9 bra- chypterous, dorsal aspect. Fig. 245. -Hoplothrips pergandei, 9 bra- chypterous, head and prothorax. May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Illinois 465 Abdominal tergites without differen- tiated wing-liolding setae. Most lateral setae on abdominal tergites dilated (rarely blunt or pointed). Abdominal tergite IX (Fig. 53) with major setae not as long as tube, pointed. Tube relatively long, stout at base. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.2 mm. Color orange- yellow with brown areas somewhat like dark phase of brachypterous fe- male. Brown: much of head especially in region of eyes, mesothorax, sides of abdominal tergite II, and sometimes terminal antennal segments. Wings light brown. Similar in structure to brachypter- ous female with the following excep- tions. Eyes (Fig. 246) slightly larger but also with less than a dozen dorsal facets. Ocelli present. Wings fully de- veloped, fore wings without accessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergites with wing-holding setae developed, curved or slightly sigmoidal. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about" 1.6 mm. Similar in Fig. 246. — HopMlirii»i piryandei, 9 ma- cropterous, head and protliorax. color and structure to brachypterous female with the following exceptions. Usually light in color but occasionally with brown on sides of abdominal ter- gite II. Most males appear to be major forms having the fore legs and pro- thorax enlarged. Fore tarsi each with a broad, stout tooth. Abdominal ster- nite VIII with a median glandular area which varies from a small circle to oval to transversely elongate even in a single population. Abdominal ter- gite IX (Fig. 52) with major lateral posterior setae reduced in size. This distinctive species may be sep- arated from its congeners in Illinois by the small, bulged eyes, the lanceo- late form of antennal segment VIII, the reduction of the prothoracic an- teromarginal setae, and by color. According to Hood (1927e) the type specimens were apterous, but all of the more than 500 specimens in our collection from Illinois and other states are either macropterous or brachyp- terous. Hoplothrips pergandei is common in forest leaf litter. It is found throughout Illinois except for the northernmost counties. Illinois records.—Collected every month of the year, in one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Clark, Cook, De Kalb, De Witt, Effingham, Fayette, Ford, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Hen- derson, Jackson, Jefferson, Jer- sey, Johnson, Kendall, Logan, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mon- roe, Morgan, Perry, Piatt, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, Union, Washington, Wayne, and Woodford. Hoplothrips smithi (Hood), generic reassignment Trichothrips smithi Hood (1909a:29). 9. Type-locality.— Bosky Dell, Jackson County, Illinois. Trans- ferred to Phlaeothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (apterous) (Fig. 247).^ Length distended about 1.4 mm. Gen- eral color brown. Antennal segments I and II, base of segment 111, and tarsi yellowish brown. Tube yellow. 4fi6 Illinois Natural History Sirvkv Rlillktin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 247. — Hoplothrips smithi, dorsal aspect. Photo by W. E. Clark. tipped with gray. Body with red sub- integumental pigment. Head as broad as long. Eyes small, composed of about 10 dorsal facets, slightly bulging, not inset from outer cheek margin. Ocelli absent. Postoc- ular setae moderate in size, pointed. Antennal segments III and IV each with one outer and one inner sense cone, antennal segment VIII lanceo- late. Mouth cone broadly rounded; maxillary stylets placed V-shaped within head. Prothorax with all major setae de- veloped but only moderate in size, blunt; anteromarginal setae small al- though not minute. Praepectus ab- sent. Pterothorax without trace of wings or auxiliary sclerites. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Pelta moderately developed but not as large as in apterous forms of fla- vicauda. Wing-holding setae not dif- ferentiated. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae moderate in size, pointed. Tube relatively short. Male (apterous—minor form). — Length distended about 1.1 mm. Simi- lar to apterous female except for fol- lowing. Prothorax with anteromargin- al setae minute. Fore tarsal tooth slightly longer. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae reduced in size. Abdominal sternite VIII with- out glandular area. This rare species is known only by a few apterous specimens, all from Illinois. It resembles flavicauda in many respects. Unlike flavicauda, suiithi lacks praepectal plates, the maxillary stylets are placed V-shaped within the head, and the eyes are situ- ated close to the outer cheek margins. In a closely related, undescribed species from Costa Rica which is in our collection, major males have the fore femora and tibiae armed similarly to some males of flavicauda. It could be predicted, therefore, that major male forms of smithi, when found, may also be so armed. This species occurs in the southern half of Illinois on dead branches. Illinois records.—CoLES County: Mav, 1968 Stannard: TiiF Thrips of Ii i.inois 467 Fox Ridge State Park, May 18, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, beating Hydna- ceae fungi on hickory branch, 1 9 . Jackson County: Bosky Dell, Oc- tober 20, 1908, Smith, hard maple, 2 9 (Hood 1909). Pike County: Kinderhook, August 9, 1951, Rich- ards, Stannard, dead branches, 1 9 , 1 cf. Hoplothrips terminalis (Hood and Williams), generic reassignment Trichothrips terminalis Hood and Wil- liams (1915:130). 9, cT. Type- locality.—Orlando, Florida. Trans- ferred to Phlaeothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.8 mm. Head light brownish yellow, thorax and basal seg- ments of abdomen brown, remainder of abdomen becoming yellow, tube yellow with a subbasal orange ring. Antennae brown at base and apex, segment III yellow, remainder of in- termediate segments becoming pro- gressively more brown. Legs yellow except base of femora. Head about as broad as long. Eyes moderate in size, not particularly in- dented from outer cheek margin. Ocel- li present. Postocular setae moderately long, pointed. Antennal segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones, segment VII with apical sense cone placed dorsally, segment VIII with a narrow pedicel. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, pointed; anteromarginal setae nearly as long as anterolateral setae. Fore tarsi each with a well- developed, sharp tooth. Wings broken off in only specimen I have studied. Pelta roughly triangular. Abdomi- nal tergites with wing-holding setae only slightly developed, usually slight- ly curved but not particularly sig- moidal. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moderately long and pointed. Tube moderate in size. Female (brachypterous).- De- scribed as similar to macropterous fe- male except head more nearly yellow and eyes smaller. Male (brachypterous).—Similar to female. Presence or absence of ab- dominal sternal glandular areas not stated in protolog. This species is another of those en- tities which have the anteromarginal setae of the prothorax well developed. It resembles americanus in many ways. In terminalis antennal segment IV has two inner and two outer sense cones, whereas in americanus antennal seg- ment IV bears two outer sense cones but only one inner sense cone, and by this characteristic the two may be readily distinguished. Hoplothrips terminalis was collected once from extreme southern Illinois. The sole specimen known from our state, a macropterous female, was used as the basis for my interpreta- tion of the species. Further study of this species is especially desirable from the standpoint of its exact relationship to americanus. Illinois record.—Pope County: Bell Smith Springs, .July 16, 1948, Mills, Ross, 1 9 . Liothrips Uzel Liothrips Uzel (1895:261). Type- species by subsequent designation by Hood {1918).—Pkloeothrips setinoclis Renter. Phyllothrips Hood ( 1908a :305). Type- species by original des'.gnat'.on. — Phyllothrips citricornis Hood. Syn- onymized by Hood (19096). Hoodia Karny (1910:41). Type-species by monotypy. - Hoodia austriaca Karny. Synonymized bv Priesner (1928). Rhy nchot.hr ips Hood (1912c :141). Type-species by original designa- tion. Rhynchothrips priini Hood. Synonymized by Stannard (19576). Head elongate to about as long as wide. Surface of head transversely striate (usually he.xagonally reticulate only in region of ocelli). Eyes moder- ate in size to fairly large. Ocelli present although fore ocellus sometimes re- duced in brachypterous forms; area bearing ocellus often prolonged to •168 Nati'rat. History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 overhang base of antennae. Postocular setae of moderate length to long, di- lated, blunt or pointed. Cheeks with- out any strong basal setae. Antennae eight segmented; intermediate seg- ments generally slightly elongate; seg- ment III never with an inner sense cone, always with but one outer sense cone; segment IV elongate but sub- globose in several species, always with one inner and one or two outer sense cones; segment VIII usually nonpedi- cellate. Mouth cone usually long, pointed to broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, nearly touching in center of head. Prothorax weakly sculptured to nearly smooth; with major setae well developed although anterior setae smaller than posterior setae, pointed to blunt to dilated. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. Meta- notum longitudinally striate or hex- agonally reticulate to weakly marked especially in the median area. Ma- cropterous or brachypterous. Fore wings when present not indented in the middle, always with accessory fringe cilia, sometimes with consider- able brown color in the basal half. Fore legs never with a tarsal tooth in species of the Illinois fauna. Pelta small, bell shaped to triangu- lar. Wing-holding setae sometimes weakly developed in brachypterous forms, well developed in macropter- ous forms. Major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX pointed to blunt, lateral pair in males reduced and al- ways pointed. Males usually with a broad glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII. Tube conical or slender, short to moderately long. Although a troublesome genus, hard to define and with species difficult to distinguish, Liothrips in Illinois usual- ly can be recognized by the combina- tion of the following characteristics: lack of praepectal plates, transverse striations on head, long mouth cone, lack of an inner sense cone on anten- nal segment III, unarmed fore tarsi, the presence of accessory fringe cilia on the fore wings, and often by the well-marked longitudinal or elongate hexagonal sculpture of the metanotum. In the past, the species lougitnbus has been placed in Hoplothrips but this species should be transferred to Lio- thrips. It resembles vaneeckei very closely and vaneeckei is generally con- sidered by all students to be a true, although not typical, Liothrips. In Illinois, 13 species of this genus have been discovered so far. Most live on living leaf tissues, juices, or galls, and some may feed on juices of the cambium layer of trees. The exotic spe- cies, vaneeckei, may be looked for on im])orted lily bulbs. Seemingly all of our native species inhabit woodlands only. KEY TO SPECIES Because the macropterous form of pntni and biiffae are unknown but possibly do e.xist, be- cause some species known only by the ma- cropterous form may be found to have bra- chypterous forms, and because the species are extremely similar, identification by means of the following key should be made with refer- ence to a named collection. 1. Tarsi and at least apical half of all tibiae predominantly yellow; mouth cone broadly rounded; epimeral setae ex- tremely long 2 Tarsi and tibiae predominantly brown; mouth cone pointed; epimeral setae never as long 3 2. Prothoracic bristles dark brown vaneeckei Prothoracic bristles light yellow longitubus 3. Antennal segments III-VIII yellow, al- though segment VIII sometimes light- ly shaded with brown, and metanotum strongly longitudinally striate citricornis Antennae usually with at least segments VII and VIII dark brown; if these seg- ments yellowish brown (probably tene- ral individuals), then metanotum not closely longitudinally striate; otherwise metanotum longitudinally striate, somewhat hexagonally reticulate, or fairly weakly marked 4 4. Fore wings with a fairly extensive streak or area of brown in basal half 5 Fore wings clear except sometimes im- mediately above scale; or brachypter- ous 8 5. Fore wings with basal half almost entirely brown 6 Fore wings with only a narrow median streak of brown 7 ti. Fore ocellus protruding and overhanging base of antennae umbripennis Fore ocellus not especially protruding and not overhanging base of antennae .... usitatus 7. Epimeral setae usually just slightly longer than dorsal eye length; antennal seg- Mav, 19(i8 Stannakd: 'I'iii- I'iikii's WJ ment IV predominantly yellow segment IV with one inner and two Epimerar setae generally mucrronger ?}^^^}' f"^^ CO"es. Mouth COne rela- than dorsal eye length; antennal seg- Lively long and pointed. ment IV with much brown. . sambuci Prothorax with all major setae well 8. Macropterous ^9 developed, the posterior pairs extreme- 9. Fore o^ceHuTnotoverhanging insertion of 'y '^S' much longer than the dorsal antennae 10 ^ye length; ail of these setae blunt. Fore ocellus overhanging insertion of an- Metanotum with sculpture almost en- ,„ ,,*!""^f •;., -v J-- ;• -^^ tirely in the form of elongate hex- 10. Metanotum with longitudinal striations orrnml rptir-nl'itinn« Fnre tnrd nn closely spaced medially caryae '^§0"^' reUCUlatlons. f ore tarsi un- Metanotum with striations not as closely armed. 1* ore wings each With about spaced medially russeili 20 accessory fringe cilia in Illinois 11. Metanotum with elongate hexagonal re- specimens known to date. MStZ^ith longitudinal''s"ittilt^ ff^ .^^fhjy triangular. Abdomi- 12 nal tergite IX with major posterior 12. Antennal segment III largely yellow . . . setae long, as in citricornis and caryae. . , , , oceiiatus Tube relatively long, just slightly Antennal segment III predominantly oUnrtPr tVnn Viparl brown iridentatus snorter tnan neaci. 13. Antennal segment IV predominantly MALE.— Unknown. brown although usually with some yel- This species is easily distinguished low at base; subglobose 14 from the Illinois fauna by the sculp- Antennal segment IV usually predomi- *-,,_„ „f (-(,„ rnptanntnm vuh\oh l« mnrp nantly yellow or yellowish brown, al- ^^^^ P^ \'^^ metanotum, wnich IS more though occasionally with some brown nearly hexagonally reticulate than at base; more elongate 15 longitudinally striate. 14. Median length of prothorax about equal So far this species has been taken to length of head; under ^-herry bar^k ^j^jy ^nce in our state. The type ma- Median length of prothorax decidedly less terial came from Sassafrass which than length of head; rare, too few ob- may be the preferred host, servations made to date to ascertain Illinois record.- -PoPE COUNTV 15. EiJlmer^rsetaeJustslightly longer' th^n J^'^S^^Jth Springs Recreation Area, dorsal eye length; on Virginia creeper April 29, 1949, Sanderson, Stannard, russeili sweeping woods, 1 9 . Epimeral setae much longer than dorsal length of eye; on Rhus copaUina . • ,i . «. ,tt i, usitatus Liothrips buffae (Hood) Trichothrips buffae Hood (1908c :369). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Not stated but holotype labeled Decatur, Illi- nois. Transferred to Liothrips by Stannard (1957&). Liothrips brevicomis Hood Liothrips breviconiis Hood (1913/k 164). 9. Type-locality.— Vienna, Virginia. Female (macropterous).- Length distended nearly 3 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III yellow, segment IV light brown at base. Fore wings colorless except for a small brown streak in region of scale. Body bristles mostly brown except ex- treme lateral bristles in the posterior half of the abdomen and the major posterior setae of abdominal tegite IX which are yellow. Head longer than wide, anterior area bearing fore ocellus prolonged. Post- ocular setae long, blunt to nearly pointed. Antennal .segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, Female (brachypterous).—Length distended over 2 mm. General color dark brown. Pedicel of antenna! seg- ment III yellow. Apex of antennal .segment II and extreme bases of all tibiae yellowish brown. Body bristles light brown. Head about as wide as long, an- terior area bearing fore ocellus scarce- ly prolonged. Postocular setae long, barely blunt to pointed. Antennal seg- ment III with no inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV subglobose, with one inner and one outer sense cone. Mouth cone extremely long and pointed. Prothorax with length along the 470 Illinois Nattrai. History Sl'rvkv Ri'LLETIN \'(i1. 20, Art, 4 meson shorter than head; with major setae well developed, the posterior pairs moderately long; all these setae barely blunt to pointed. Metanotum weakly marked, predominantly with elongate hexagonal reticulations. Fore tarsi unarmed. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta roughly bell shaped. Abdomi- nal tergite IX with major posterior setae moderate in size, much shorter than tube, pointed. Tube slightly shorter than head. Male (brachypterous).—Unknown to me. In the protolog (Hood 1908) described as similar to female but no remarks were given on form of ab- dominal glandular areas, if any. This species is very similar to pruni but differs in the relative size of the prothorax as mentioned in the key. Although huffae has been known for at least 50 years, very few specimens have been collected. Only one speci- men has been taken in Illinois since the year of its original discovery and the macropterous form has not been found. Besides Illinois, it has been recorded from New Jersey, New York, and Minnesota, and I have examined a male specimen from Dunn County, North Dakota, through the courtesy of Mr. G. Thomasson. Illinois records.—CHAMPAIGN County: (Hood 1908). Iroquois County: Milford, September 18, 1962, Smith, Braasch, Stannard, beaten from dead branch, 1 9 . Macon Coun- ty: Decatur, February 22, 1908, Ze- tek. Gates, under bark on soft maple tree, 1 9 paratype. Liotlirips caryae (Fitch) Phloeolhrips caryae Fitch (1856:445). ? 9 . Type-locality.—State of New York. Transferred to Liothrips by Hood (1914&). Liothrips caryae floridensis Watson (1916:130). 9, d'. Type-locality.— Gainesville, Florida. New synonymy. Liothrips clenclropogonis Watson (1938:14). 9. Type-locality.— Gainesville, Florida. New syn- onymy. Female (macropterous).— Length distended about 3 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III yel- low, often lightly clouded with brown at apex. Bases of antennal segments IV-VI and tarsi sometimes lighter brown to yellowish brown. Setae of head, thorax, and anterior part of ab- domen light brown; lateral setae of posterior part of abdomen and poste- rior setae of abdominal tergite IX yel- low. Fore wings clear except for a minute, brown median streak in re- gion of scale. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head just slightly longer than wide, anterior area bearing fore ocellus not prolonged or just slightly prolonged. Postocular setae moderately long, blunt to nearly pointed. Antennal seg- ment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone moderately long and pointed. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, long, the posterior pairs longest, nearly twice as long as the dorsal eye length, all blunt to nearly pointed. Metanotum with median por- tion longitudinally striate and with lateral portion elongate, hexagonally reticulate. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with 20-24 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta narrowly triangular. Abdomi- nal tergite IX with major posterior setae long and pointed. Tube relative- ly long, just slightly shorter than head. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.7 mm. Similar to female except for the following. Ab- dominal sternite VIII with a broad glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with the major lateral setae short. This species differs from brevicornis, which it resembles, by having the an- terior area of the head not much pro- longed, the central portion of the metanotum longitudinally striate in- stead of elongate and hexagonally re- ticulate, and the pelta more narrowed. The lack of a projecting fore ocellus makes caryae appear similar to many species of the subgenus Rhijnchothrips. So far this species has been found in the western, central, and southern parts of our state. Illinois records.—Clark County: Clarksville (Rocky Branch Natural Area), June 14, 1950, Sanderson, Stan- Mav, 19(58 SiANNAkn: Till I iikii's m li 471 nard, 1 9 . Douglas County: Areola, October 12, 1949, Stannard, ground cover, 2 cT. Gallatin County: Gib- sonia (Pounds Hollow), April 24, 1963, Stannard, 1 9 ; Saline Mines, May 7, 1959, Sanderson, Carya, 4 9 . Hen- derson County: Oquawka, May 9, 1959, Stannard, on Carya leaves, 3 9 , 3 cf. Jackson County: Giant City State Park, April 27, 1949, Sanderson, Stannard, on Rhus bud, 1 9 . JOHN- SON County: Bell Smith Springs Rec- reation Area, May 5, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, sweeping grass, 1 9 ; Ozark, May 5, 1950, Sanderson, Stan- nard, sweeping grass, 1 cT. Mason County: Mason State Forest, May 21, 1953, Moore, on Qiiercus stellala. 1 9. Piatt County: Monticello, March 28, 1938, Farrar, woodland debris, 1 9,1 cf . Pope County : Herod, May 4, 1950, Sanderson, Stan- nard, Cornus leaves, 2 9,26^; Rock, May 6, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, dead Salix, 1 9 . White County: En- field, October 12, 1933, Prison, Ross, log in woods, 1 cf . Liothrips castaneae Hood Liothrips castaneae Hood (1915f/:76j. 9, rf". Type-locality.—Bluemont, Virginia. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.2 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments III, IV (except sides at apex which are sometimes lightly shaded with brown), and pedicel of V yellow. Body bristles brown. Fore wings clear except for a brown, narrow, median streak in basal half. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head longer than broad, anterior area bearing fore ocellus prolonged, overhanging base of antennae. Post- ocular setae moderately long, blunt. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone relatively long and pointed. Prothorax nearly smooth, striations not as strongly marked as in ocellatits; with all major setae well develojjed, moderate in size (epimeral setae just slightly longer than dorsal eye length), all blunt. Metanotum with closely spaced longitudinal striae, not forming elongate hexagonal reticulations even at sides. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with 10-12 and possibly 14 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae much shorter than tube, blunt. Tube moder- ately long, three-fourths as long as head. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.1 mm. Similar to fe- male except for the following. Abdomi- nal sternite VIII with a broad glan- dular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae much shorter. This species can be distinguished by the characteristics given in the key. From sambuci, which it resembles, castaneae can be recognized by anten- nal segment IV, which is usually pre- dominantly yellow, not predominant- ly brown; by the shorter epimeral setae; by the metanotum, which has the striae more closely spaced ; and by the fore wing streak which is shorter and weaker. Although presumed by Hood (1915f/) to be "an exclusive feeder on chestnut," this species (adults as well as larvae) is found on oak leaves, par- ticularly Quercus macrocarpa, in Illi- nois. Besides specimens from our state, I have seen a male from Arvilla, North Dakota, indicating that castaneae has a wide range from the East Coast to a few degrees east of the 100th meridan. Illinois records.— Champaign County: St. Joseph, May 20, 1948, Sanderson, Becker, Stannard, sweep- ing Quercus, 2 9 , 2 cf , 3 larvae. Kan- kakee County: Kankakee, July 28, 1949, Ross, Stannard, on Quercus ma- crocarpa, 7 9 , 5 d" . La Salle County : Starved Rock State Park, November 8, 1943, Ross, Sanderson, old log, 1 cf; July 9, 1952, Smith, Stannard, dead branches, 1 9. Ogle County: Brookville, June 22, 1948, Stannard, Quercus leaves, 1 cf, 1 larva. Piatt County: Monticello, August 20, 1948, Ross, Stannard, on Quercus macro- carpa, 6 9,7 cf, 3 larvae. Vermilion County: Kickapoo State Park, Oc- tober 3, 1948, Ross, Quercus macro- carpa, 1 9 . 472 Illinois Nati^ral History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, An. 4 Liothrips citricornis (Hood) Phyllothrips citricornis Hood (1908a: 305). 9. Type-locality.— Not stated, but holotype labeled Du- bois, Illinois. Transferred to Lio- thrips by Hood (19096). Liothrips flavoantennis Watson (1916: 129). 9 . Type-locality.—Gaines- ville, Florida. Synonymized by Hood (19276); see also discussion here. Female (macropterous) (Fig. 248). —Length distended nearly 3 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal Fig. 248. — Liothrips citricornis, dorsal aspect. Miw. 1968 StaniNauh : T 473 segments III-VIII bright yellow ex- cept sometimes VII and VIII lightly shaded with brown. Tarsi often lighter brown. Fore wings clear except for a small, brown, median streak in region of scale. Body bristles brown to brown- ish yellow except extreme lateral setae of posterior half of abdomen and ma- jor setae of abdominal tergite IX which are yellow. Head (Fig. 249) longer than wide, anterior area bearing fore ocellus pro- longed. Postocular setae long, blunt to dilated. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone rela- tively long and pointed. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, fairly long (epimeral setae the longest, much longer than the dor- sal eye length), all blunt to dilated. Metanotum with closely spaced longi- tudinal striae, hardly forming elongate hexagonal reticulations even at sides. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with 10-14 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta (Fig. 250) triangular to bell shaped. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long and pointed. Tube (Fig. 190) moderately long. Fig. 249. prothorax. -Liothrips cUricornis, head and Fig. 250. — Liothrips cilricornis, pelta. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.2 mm. Similar to female except for the following. Ab- dominal sternite VIII with an ex- tremely broad glandular area almost covering the entire ventral surface. Abdominal tergite IX with the major lateral setae shorter. This is the only species in Illinois in which the legs are dark and antennal segments III-VIII are predominantly yellow. In 1927 Hood sank Jiavoantennis Watson under citriconiis on the basis of a male, not of the type series (being collected four years after appearance of the original description), which is now deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Although this specimen is assignable to cUricornis, a female para- type of flavoantennis, also at the USNM, is seemingly better assigned to floridensis, the camphor thrips. The holotype of flavoantennis was to have been deposited in the USNM, but no such marked slide is there at present. A specimen in the Watson collection at Gainesville, Florida, from the type series, is designated here to be the lectotype. The specimen involved is a female in the center of the slide and is a true citricornis. The lectotype slide is labeled "Gainesville. Fla., on grape, 4-22-'14." The word "flavoantennis" is marked in crayon on the glass and "citricornis" is marked on the paper label. Watson published the date as April 23, not 22, but probably either the date on the slide or the published number is an inadvertent error. Liothrips citricornis is found mostly on hickory and grape but .sometimes also on other plants. It is common throughout most of Illinois as well as in most of the eastern stales. Illinois records. Collected every month of the year (in winter in hiber- nation in the forest leaf mold), from 174 Illinois Natural IIisiory Siirvfy TiiMiKTiN Vol. 29, Art. 4 one to several localities in the follow- ing counties: Adams, Alexander, Carroll, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Ef- fingham, Hardin, Henderson, Hen- ry, Jackson, Jefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Madison, Mari- on, Mason, McDonough, Monroe, Moultrie, Ogle Perry, Piatt, Pope, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, St. Clair, Union, Vermilion, Wash- ington, Wayne, and Winnebago. Liothrips longitubus (Hood) Trichothrips lo)iqituhus Hood (1908c: 368). 9, cT.' Type-locality.—Car- bondale, Illinois. New combi- nation. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.1 mm. General color dark brown. Tibiae yellowish brown becoming yellow at apex. All tarsi and antennal segments III-VI yellow. Body setae Hght yellow. Fore wings clear except for a light brown cloud in region of basal setae. Head just slightly longer than broad, anterior area bearing fore ocel- lus slightly prolonged. Postocular se- tae extremely long, blunt. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone long, broadly rounded. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, lateral and posterior setae extremely long, epimeral setae about three times as long as dorsal eye length, anterior setae blunt, posterior setae pointed. Metanotum weakly marked with elongate hexagonal re- ticulations, median portion bare. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with 9-11 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular. Abdominal tergite IX with major setae extremely long, much longer than tube, pointed. Tube long, about as long as head. Male (macropterous).—Unknown to me. In the protolog it was stated that the male was similar to the fe- male, but no remarks were given on the condition of the abdominal glan- dular area if present. Point by point longitubus is remark- ably similar to vaneeckei. Both have light-colored legs, long body setae, broadly rounded mouth cones, similar- ly marked metanota, and long tubes. In some of these characteristics, these two species are transitional between Liothrips and Gynaikothrips. Unlike vaneeckei, l.ongitnhus has light yellow prothoracic setae and longer postocu- lar setae. By these features the two can be easily distinguished. This rare species was originally col- lected by Charles A. Hart at Carbon- dale, Illinois. We have taken several more specimens since. Apparently these records are the only ones known in this state or elsewhere. Its biology is unknown. Illinois records. Clark County: Clarksville (Rocky Branch Natural Area), June 8, 1954, Evers, Stannard, on Virginia creeper, 1 9 . Jackson County: Carbondale, May 19, 1908, Hart, sweepings along railroad track, 10 9,1 cT (Hood 1908). Putnam County: June 13, 1956, Glenn, Se- lander, Stannard, beating dead branch in bottom woods, 1 9 . Liothrips ocetlatus Hood Liothrips (?) ocellatus Hood (1908c: 375). 9. Type-locahty.- -Hillery, Vermilion County, Illinois. Female (macropterous).- Length distended about 2 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments III, IV, and basal half of V yellow. Body bristles brown becoming light brown to yellow in those on abdominal ter- gite IX. Fore wings clear except for brown spot at extreme base in region of scale. Body with red subintegu- mental pigment. Head slightly longer than wide, an- terior area bearing fore ocellus pro- longed and overhanging base of anten- nae. Postocular setae moderate in size, blunt to dilated. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone relatively long, pointed. Prothorax fairly well marked by anastomosing striations; with all ma- jor setae well developed, moderate in size, the posterior pairs being slightly longer than the others, about the same \l;n. 1968 Stann ARii: TII^ Tir!;ii 475 as the dorsal eye length ; all these setae blunt to dilated. Metanotum almost entirely with closely spaced longi- tudinal striations. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with 10-14 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular, reticulate. Abdom- inal tergite IX with major setae mod- erate in size, dilated. Tube more than three-fourths as long as head. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2 mm. Similar in form and color to female. Fore tarsi un- armed. Abdominal sternite VIII with a broad glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae shorter, spinelike, pointed. Except for the absence of a long, basal, brown streak on the fore wing, ocellatus closely resembles castaneae. In ocellatus, however, antennal seg- ments IV and V are more yellow and the pronotal striations are more con- spicuously marked than as in castaneae. Although only limited data are available, it may be surmised that this species is another of those that have barely entered the area covered by the Wisconsin ice sheet in Illinois. Its habits are unknown. Illinois records.—Cook County: Orland Park, April 2, 1959, Suter, black oak tree crotch, 1 9 . Hardin County: Karbers Ridge (Kaskaskia Experimental Forest), August 28, 1952, Richards, Stannard, 1 9 . Hen- derson County: Oquawka, May 9, 1952, Stannard, sweeping, 1 cf . .John- son County: Feme Clyffe State Park, August 27, 1952, Stannard, jewel weed, 1 9 ; Sandburn, September 20, 1949, Smith, Stannard, ground cover, 1 cT. Union County: Alto Pass, Jan- uary 10, 1945, Ross, Burks, ground cover, 1 9 . Vermilion County: Hil- lery (Hood 1908r). Liothrips pruni (Hood) Rhynchothrips pruni Hood (1912c: 142).— 9, (f. Type-locality.- Not stated but holotype labeled Urbana, Illinois. Transferred to Liothrips by Stannard (1957/;). Female (brachypterous).— Length distended about 1.7 mm. General color dark brown. Basal antennal segments, base of tibiae, and all tarsi yellow to yellowish brown. Body with red sub- integumental pigment. Head about as wide as long, anterior area bearing fore ocellus not pro- longed. Ocelli present but fore ocellus reduced. Postocular setae moderately long, pointed. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV subglobose, with one inner and one outer sense cone. Mouth cone extremely long and pointed. Prothorax with median length fully as long as length of head; with major setae developed, the epimeral setae moderately long, all pointed. Meta- notum short, weakly marked with elongate hexagonal reticulations. Fore tarsi unarmed. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta broadly triangular. Wing- holding setae weakly developed. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major setae moderately long, pointed. Tube mod- erate in size, slightly shorter than head. Male (brachypterous).— Length distended about 1.5 mm. Similar to female except for the following. Ab- dominal sternite VIII seemingly with a broad glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with the major lateral setae shorter. This species is much like buffae in most respects. The two can be dif- ferentiated principally by the relative size of the prothorax, as stated in the key. The majority of the known speci- mens of pruni have been collected from under cherry bark. Few have been found in Illinois, but presum- ably this species is common and state- wide in distribution. It is difficult and tedious to collect. Illinois records. Champaign County: Urbana (Hood 1912c). Cook County: Riverside (Hood 1912c). Hardin County: Eichorn, August 17, 1951, Ross, Stannard, under cherry bark, 1 9 . Jackson County: Carbon- dale (Hood 1912c). Lee County: Maytown, Stannard, under cherry bark, several specimens. McLean County: Lake P>loomington, August 26, 1949, Smith, Stannard, under cherrv bark, 3 9. Pulaski County: 476 Illinois Naturai. History Si-rvlv Bclletin \'ol. L"J, An. Pulaski (Hood 1912c). Putnam Coun- ty- Mark. April 29. 1948, Stannard, under cherry bark, 3 d'. Vermilion County: Oakwood, April 18, 1948, Burks, Stannard, under cherry bark, 19,10^. Liothrips russelli (Hood) Rhynchothrips russelli Hood (1925&: 31). 9, d". Type-locality.— Belts- ville, Maryland. Transferred to Liothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (brachypterous).—Length distended over 2.1 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments light brown to yellowish brown. Legs with apexes of 'all femora, apexes of fore tibiae, and all tarsi yellow to yellowish brown, the fore tarsi being almost completely yellow. Head (Fig. 251) slightly longer than wide, anterior area bearing fore ocellus not prolonged. Ocelli present but fore ocellus often greatly reduced. Postocu- lar setae moderate in size, blunt. An- tennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV not subglobose, with one inner and one outer sense cone. Mouth cone moder- ately long, pointed to nearly blunt. Prothorax (Fig. 251) with median Fig. 2.51. thorax. -Liothrips russelli, head and pro- length shorter than head; with major setae well developed, the epimeral se- tae just slightly longer than dorsal eye length, all blunt to barely pointed. Metanotum short, weakly marked with elongate hexagonal reticulations. Fore tarsi unarmed. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta roughly triangular. Wing- holding setae weakly developed. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major poste- rior setae moderate in size, much shorter than tube, pointed. Tube shorter than head. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.4 mm. Similar to brachypterous female with the follow- ing exceptions. Ocelli always fully de- veloped. Metanotum longer. Fore wings fully developed, clear except for area above scale at extreme base which is brown, with 8-10 accessory fringe cilia. Wing-holding setae well developed. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. Similar to female with the following exceptions. Abdominal tergite IX with the major lateral setae shorter. Abdominal ster- nite VIII with condition of glandular area not determinable in specimens available to me. This species is extremely close to usitatus, differing principally in the characteristics mentioned in the key. In particular, the fore wings of russelli are clear except for a small area at the extreme base, whereas in usitatus the fore wings are largely brown in the basal half. Apparently russelli occurs through- out Illinois on the underside of leaves of Virginia creeper i Parthenocissus quinquefoUa) (Fig. 35). Illinois records.—Collected in surn- mer, from one to several localities in the 'following counties: Henderson, Henry, Jackson, Knox, Mercer, Pope, Union, Vermilion, and Wabash. Liothrips sambuci Hood Liothrips sambuci Hood (19136:163). 9 . Type-locality.—Laurel, Mary- land. Female (macropterous).—Length M;iv, 1968 Stannard Thrip; 1 1 IINOIS 177 distended about 2.8 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III yellow, segment IV more brown than in castaneae but yellow in pedicel be- coming yellowish brown in basal third to brown in the apex. Fore wings clear with a long, brown median streak in the basal half, wider than the streak found in castaneae. Body bristles, in- cluding the lateral setae on the poste- rior part of the abdomen, brown. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head longer than wide, anterior area bearing fore ocellus produced, overhanging base of antennae. Post- ocular setae long, blunt. Antennal seg- ment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone moderately long, pointed. Prothorax with major anterior setae relatively short, lateral and posterior setae long, the epimeral pair being much longer than the dorsal eye length, all of these setae blunt to near- ly pointed. Metanotum longitudinally striate becoming hexagonally reticu- late along sides. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with about 12 acces- sory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae relative- ly short, shorter than in citricornis and caryae, blunt to nearly pointed. Tube moderately long, about three- fourths as long as head. Male (macropterous).- Length distended about 2.1 mm. Similar to female except for the following. Ab- dominal sternite VIII with a broad glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae shorter, pointed. The broader brown streak in the fore wings, the darker color of anten- nal segment IV, and the longer epim- eral setae of the prothorax of samhuci should permit easy separation of this species from castaneae. Contrary to its name, this species has been found only on dogwood iCornus), not Samhuctis, in Illinois. Illinois records. Adams County: Lima, June 24, 1948, Stannard, from Corvus, 6 9 , 5 d" , 2 larvae. Fulton County: Banner, June 2, lfM9, Stan- nard, from Cornvs dru mnnii/d i , 8 larvae. Liolhrips tridentatus (Shull) Trichothrips tridentatus Shull (1909: 226). 9. Type-locality.- Huron County, Michigan. Transferred to Liothrips by Stannard (19576). Liolhrips leucogonis Hood (1915f/:78). 9, d". Type-locality.—Plummer's Island, Maryland. New synonymy. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.1 mm. Color gen- erally dark brown. Apex or apical half of antennal segment II and inner api- cal angle of all femora light yellow. Antennal segments III and IV some- times with light brown areas especial- ly apically. Fore wings clear except shaded brown at extreme base. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head about as long as broad, an- terior area bearing fore ocellus just slightly prolonged. Eyes relatively small compared to those of others originally assigned to Liothrips. Post- ocular setae moderate in size, blunt. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone extremely long and pointed. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, moderate in size, the pos- terior pairs the longest, all blunt to nearly dilated. Metanotum predomi- nantly longitudinally striate. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with 8-12 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae mod- erate in size, blunt. Tube short com- pared to those of other species in this subgenus, but in a relative sense long, being slightly less than three-fourths as long as the head. Male (macropterous).— Length di.stended about 1.9 mm. Similar to female with following exceptions. Ab- dominal .sternite VIII with a broad glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with the major lateral setae shorter and pointed. The dark color of antennal segment 1 1 1 and the extremely long mouth cone are characteristics which easily distinguish this s[)ecies from others in the old concept of the genus. I'y con- trast, however, the long mouth cone and other features show that tridenta- 478 Illinois Natural Hlstor'i' Survey Bullktin Vol. 29, Art. 4 t2is is close to those that were placed in Rhiiuchothrips, and could well be placed with them just as reasonably. I have assigned tridentatus to the typi- cal Liothrips subgroup principally be- cause it bears longitudinal metanotal striations similar to those of citriconiis, ocellatus, etc. This species is most common in the northern half of the state. Illinois records.- Collected from late April to September, mostly on leaves of Quercus macrocarpa, from one to several localities in the following counties: Bureau, Champaign, Cook, De Witt, Gallatin, Kankakee, Lee, Monroe, Randolph, Sangamon, and Whiteside. Liothrips umbripennis (Hood) Phi/llothri ps umbripennis Hood (i909a:30). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Carbondale, Illinois. Transferred to Liothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.5 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III yel- low, segment IV yellow in basal half clouded with brown at apex, segment V yellow in basal third. Fore wings with a broad brown band in basal half, clear in the remaining portions. All body bristles dark brown. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head longer than wide, anterior area bearing fore ocellus prolonged. Postocular setae moderate in size, blunt. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone, seg- ment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone relatively long, pointed. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, moderate in size, the pos- terior pairs being the longest, just slightly longer than dorsal eye length; all of these setae blunt. Metanotum predominantly longitudinally striate. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with about 14 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular, broad at base. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major poste- rior setae moderate in size, blunt. Tube moderate in size, about two- thirds the length of the head. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.3 mm. Similar to female except for the following. Ab- dominal sternite VIII with a broad glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae shorter and pointed. This species is distinctive in having a broad basal brown band in the fore wing and a strongly protruding fore ocellus. So far umbripennis has been found in Illinois only in the central and southern parts, possibly as a feeder on leaves of the white oak group. Illinois records. — Calhoun Coun- ty: Beecreek, August 10, 1951, Rich- ards, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . Cumberland County: Neoga, Sep- tember 2, 1955, Ross, Smith, Stan- nard, on Symphoricarpos, 1 9 . Har- din County: Elizabethtown, May 4, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9. Pope County: Rock, May 6, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, white oak leaves, 6 9 , 3 c/ ; Bell Smith Springs Recreation Area, March 14, 1961, Evers, Stannard, forest edge, 1 9. Sangamon County: Springfield, September 8, 1955, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9. Union County: Ware, Atwood Ridge, October 24, 1957, Sanderson, forest leaf litter, 1 9 . White County: Norris City, March 30, 1957, Mockford, forest leaf litter, 1 9. Liothrips usitatus (Hood) Rhynchothrips usitatus Hood (1927e: 113). 9, (f. Type-locality.—Rock Creek Park, Washington, D. C. Transferred to Liothrips by Stan- nard (19576). Female (brachypterous).— Length distended about 2.1 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments yellow to yellowish brown becoming dark brown in segments VII and VIII. Inner apical angle of femora and all tarsi yellow to yellowish brown. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head wider than long, anterior area bearing fore ocellus not prolonged. Postocular setae slightly longer than as in russeUi, blunt. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV not subglobose. May, 1968 Stannard; 1 hi-, Tiirifs of Illinois 479 with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone long and pointed. Prothorax with median length shorter than head; with major setae well developed, the epimeral setae much longer than dorsal eye length, all blunt. Metanotum faintly marked with elongate hexagonal reticulations. Fore tarsi unarmed. Wings reduced to pads. Pelta (Fig. 252) roughly triangular. Wing-holding setae moderately de- veloped. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae moderate in size, slightly shorter than tube, pointed. Tube short. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.2 mm. Similar to brachypterous female with following exceptions. Metanotum longer. Fore wings fully developed, brown in the basal two-thirds, each with 8-10 acces- sory fringe cilia. Wing-holding setae well developed. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.7 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except for the following. Abdominal sternite VIII seemingly with a broad glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lat- eral setae shorter. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.8 mm. Similar to macropterous female except for the secondary sexual characteristics men- tioned under the brachypterous male. This species resembles russelli but differs in the characteristics mentioned in the key. In the dark color of the basal two-thirds of the fore wings, iisitatus is closest to (lebilis, a species not known to occur in the Midwest. Apparently usitatus is host specific to Rhus cupaUina and both host and insect are confined to the southern half of the state except for an area south and east of Chicago into Iroquois County where Rhus copaUina grows and where its thrips may be eventual- ly found. Illinois records. JACKSON COUN- TY: Giant City State Park, April 27, 1949, Sanderson, Stannard, on opening buds of Rhus copaUina, 15 9 , 2 cf ; Makanda, July 14, 1948, Sander- son, Stannard, sweeping, 1 cf. Mon- roe County: Burksville, June 29, 1949, Smith, Stannard, on Rhus copal- Fig. 2.52. - Liothrips imitaliiK, pelta. limi, 6 9 , 5 cf . PoPE County: Herod, May 4, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, on Rhus copaUina, 7 9 . Wayne County: Zenith, May 17, 1966, Stannard, on Rhus copaUina, 2 9 . Liothrips vaneeckei Priesner Lily Bulb Thrips Liothrips vaneeckei Priesner (19206: 211). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Alphen, Netherlands. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.5 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segment III yellow, segments IV-VI yellowish in base, clouded with brown in the apical one-half, two-thirds, and three- fourths, respectively. Fore tibiae, api- cal half of mid and hind tibiae, and all tarsi yellow. Fore wings generally clear except for base, including scale, and a faintly marked, long median streak, which are brown. Body bristles brown except for major setae on pos- terior of abdominal tergite IX which are yellow to colorless. Head much longer than broad, an- terior area bearing fore ocellus slightly prolonged. Postocular setae moder- ately long, nearly pointed. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sen.se cone, segment IV with one inner and two outer sense cones. Mouth cone moderately long, bluntly rounded. Prothorax with major setae well de- veloped, lateral and posterior setae extremely long, epimeral setae more than twice as long as dorsal eye length ; all these setae pointed or nearly pointed. Metanotum weakly marked with more or less longitudinal stria- tions. Fore tarsi unarmed. Fore wings each with about nine accessory fringe cilia. Pelta triangular, slightly emargin- ate medially on the posterior. Abdomi- nal tergite IX with major setae 480 Illinois Nati;rai, History Sirvey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 extremely long and pointed. Tube moderately long, over three-fourths as long as head. Male (macropterous).— Length distended about 2.3 mm. Similar to female except for the following. Ab- dominal sternite VIII with a broad bandlike area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae reduced. The lily bulb thrips, an immigrant of unknown origin (Bailey 1939a), is easily recognized by the yellow color of the legs, the broadly rounded mouth cone, and the dark prothoracic bris- tles. Bailey (1939a) has given an ac- count of the life history and distribu- tion of this economic pest. Possibly vaneeckei may be intro- duced into our state in shipments of lily bulbs. It was once reported from Indiana (Bailey 1940). To my knowl- edge it has not yet been found in Illinois. Lispothrips 0. M. Reuter Lispothrips O. M. Reuter (1899:17, 26). Typte-species by monotypy. — Lispothrips wasastjernae \sic] 0. M. Reuter. Head slightly longer than wide, transversely striate with anastomosing striae. Cheeks roughly serrate with several pairs of small, stout setae. Eyes moderate in size to somewhat reduced, slightly bulged. Ocelli pres- ent or absent. Postocular setae mod- erately developed. Antennae eight seg- mented; segment III small, subequal to IV, lacking sense cones; segment IV with at least one inner and one outer sense cone; segment VIII elon- gate, slender, nonpedicellate. Mouth cone long, blunt to pointed. Maxillary stylets slender, extended far into head when in repose, spaced close to moder- ately apart within the center of the head. Maxillary bridge small or well developed. Thorax smooth to weakly sculp- tured. Prothorax with epimeral su- tures incomplete to complete, prae- pectus absent, prospinasternum some- times greatly reduced. Mesospinaster- num lacking. Usually brachypterous, rarely macropterous. Fore wings. when developed, without accessory cilia. Abdomen with pelta (Fig. 169) fair- ly broad, with transverse, anastomo- sing striae, larger in wingless forms than in winged forms. Wing-holding setae weakly developed in macrop- terous forms, not developed in bra- chypterous forms. Lateral abdominal setae fairly short, pointed to dilated. Abdominal tergite IX with major pos- terior setae short, lateral pair reduced in male more than in female. Tube moderate in size, nearly equal to head. This holarctic genus is difficult to define and recognize, as witness the questionable assignment by Hood of one species to Rhynchothrips and the description by Shull of another in Trichothrips. The small size of anten- nal segment III, the lack of sense cones on that segment, the rough ser- rate cheeks, the brachypterous form, and the lack of praepectal plates are a combination of characteristics that help distinguish this genus in the eastern half of the United States. In the northeastern states, hrevi- cruralis, which closely resembles cras- sipes, has been recorded. In the East and South, salicariiis has been col- lected from possibly four states. It is expected that at least salicarius may be found in Illinois with continued search. Lispothrips salicarius Hood Rhynchothrips (?) salicarius Hood (19136:164). 9 . Type-locality.— Plummer's Island, Maryland. Transferred to Lispothrips by Stannard (19576). Lispothrips varicornis Moulton (19296:240). 9 . Type-locality.— Menard, Texas. New synonymy. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended slightly over 2 mm. General color dark, nearly blackish brown. An- tennal segment II, pedicel and often base of segment III, and extreme in- ner apexes of fore tibiae yellow to yel- lowish brown. Body setae hyaline. Head as in Fig. 253. Eyes decidedly shorter ventrally than dorsally. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae dilated. Max- May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Illinois 481 Fig. 253.- prothorax. -Lispothripii salicarins, head and illary stylets nearly touching medially within liead. Mouth cone pointed. Prothorax with all major setae fairly well developed, blunt to dilated. Epimeral sutures complete or almost complete. Fore wings reduced to mi- nute pads, hind wings apparently absent. Fore tarsi unarmed. Mid and hind tibiae each with a long, outer apical seta which is blunt; this seta nearly equal in length to the tarsal segments. Pelta wide, extending laterally to a position over the outer margins of the hind coxae. Abdomen broad. Abdomi- nal tergite VIII with major posterior setae pointed. Tube nearly equal to head; anal setae two-thirds as long as tube. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.6 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure. Fore tarsi unarmed. Abdominal ster- nite VIII lacking a glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lat- eral setae reduced, spinelike. This species differs from crassipes, and hrevicruralis, which may be a synonym, by the long subterminal setae on the mid anrl hind tibiae, (in crassipes and hrevicruralis these se- tae are minute), by the mouth cone which is pointed (not broadly rounded), and by the wider pelta. Although not yet found in Illinois, I have taken saMcarius on willow in the nearby state of Arkansas at Rogers and there are specimens at the LI.S. National Mussum from Clarksville, Tennessee. Eventually this thrips may be found in our state also. Lissothrips Hood Lissothrips Hood (1908c :365). Type- species by monotypy. — Lissothrips muscoru'm Hood. Head wider than long to longer than wide, surface smooth. Eyes moderate in size to relatively small. Ocelli pres- ent or absent. Postocular setae well developed, pointed to dilated. Cheeks smooth, without any strong bristles. Antennae eight segmented; segment III (Fig. 153) usually smaller than either segment II or segment IV, with no or one sense cone; segment IV with one inner and one or two outer sense cones; segment VIII varying from lanceolate to nonpedicellate and close- ly joined to segment VII. Mouth cone long, pointed. Maxillary stylets re- tracted far into the head, spaced mod- erately far apart within the center of the head. Maxillary bridge not discernible. Thorax smooth. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, epimeral setae often especially long, these setae dilated to pointed. Epimeral sutures usually incomplete, occasionally com- plete. Praepectus present. Mesoprae- sternum degenerate. Meso- and meta- furcae touching in apterous forms, separate in winged forms. Macropter- ous, brachypterous, or apterous. Fore wings when fully developed not in- dented in the middle, with or without accessory setae. Fore legs unarmed. Pelta oval to nearly sciuare, not sub- divided into three parts, adjoined to the anterior margin of abdominal ter- gite II. Wing-holding .setae not dif- ferentiated in apterous forms, differentiated in winged forms. Lateral abdominal setae usually long. Abdom- inal tergite IX with major posterior •182 Illinois Nattral History Survk-.- Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 setae often long, pointed in species in Illinois; lateral setae reduced in males. Abdominal sternite VIII with or with- out glandular area in males. Tube short to relatively moderate in length. This genus is represented in Illinois by the single species muscorum which can be distinguished from all other species in our area with maxillary sty- lets placed well into the head proper bv the small size of antennal segment lil. Other species occur in Florida, Texas, Mexico, the West Indies, Trini- dad, Brazil, and possibly even in other parts of the world, according to the literature. Lissothrips muscorum Hood Lissothrips muscorum Hood (1908c: 365). 9. Type-locality.— Not stated, but holotype labeled Ur- bana, Illinois. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.4 mm. General color dark brown. Pedicel of antennal seg- ment III and legs, especially the tarsi, lighter brown to nearly yellowish brown. Body with red subintegument- al pigment. In life often with dark greenish internal fluids. Head slightly wider than long, sur- face smooth. Eyes moderately small. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae long, dilated. Antenna as in Fig. 153; seg- ment III small, without sense cones; segment IV longer with one inner and one outer sense cone; segment VIII slightly narrowed at base but broadly attached to segment VII. Mouth cone moderately long, pointed. Maxillary stylets retracted far into head, spaced moderately far apart within the head. Prothorax smooth; major setae long and dilated, except epimeral setae which are pointed. Epimeral sutures incomplete to nearly complete. Wings entirely absent. Metanotum smooth, short, degenerate. Fore legs unarmed. Pelta (Fig. 254) broadly oval. Wing- holding setae not differentiated. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major setae long, longer than tube, pointed. Tube moderate in size. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.5 mm. Similar to Fig. 254. — Lissothrips muscorum, pelta. apterous female with following excep- tions. Eyes larger. Ocelli present. An- tennal segment III with one outer sense cone. Epimeral sutures incom- plete. Epimeral setae much longer. Pterothorax well developed. Wings fully developed ; fore wings light gray, without accessory fringe cilia. Pelta slightly smaller. Abdominal tergites III-VII each with one pair of sig- moidal wing-holding setae. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.1 mm. Similar to ap- terous female with the following ex- ceptions. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Epimeral setae longer. Abdominal ter- gite IX with major lateral posterior setae greatly reduced in size. Abdomi- nal sternite VIII apparently without a distinct glandular area. By the reduced size of antennal seg- ment III, this species is easily distin- guished from other tubuliferous thrips in Illinois except Phthirothrips, a genus easily recognized by short maxillary stylets that barely enter the head proper. Lissothrips muscorum, as its name implies, inhabits mosses and occurs throughout the state in wooded areas. Illinois records.—Collected every month of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Calhoun, Champaign, Clark. Cumberland, Douglas (Hood 1908c), Hardin, .Jackson, Jersey, Lake, La Salle, McHenry, Monroe, Piatt, Pope, Pulaski, Union, Vermilion, Wash- ington (Hood 1908c), and William- son (Hood 1908c). Malacothrips Hinds Malacothrips Hinds (1902:200). Type-species by monotypy. — Malacothrips zonatus Hinds. The following description applies principally to the fauna of Illinois. I May, 1968 Stannaru: The Thrii-s ok Illinois 483 Head (Figs. 255, 258, and 259) longer than wide, slightly prolonged forward of the eyes; surface weakly hexagonally reticulate; cheeks incised immediately behind the eyes. Eyes moderate in size, slightly bulged. Ocel- li present, fore ocellus slightly pro- longed. Postocular setae long, dilated. Antennae eight segmented, segment III similar in form to that found in some Hoplamlrothrips, segments HI and IV each with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment VIII pedi- cellate as in Fig. 256 (nonpedicellate VTTT 3ni 3ZI VTTT 3zn 3n adranes 256 roycei 257 Fig. 255-259.—Characteristics of species of Malacolhrips: 255, head of M. adranea; 256, terminal antennal segments of M. adraneif; 257, terminal antennal segments of M. roycei; 258, head and prothorax of M. zonatus; 259, head and prothorax of M. roycei. 484 Illinois Natural History Survey Bltlletin Vol. 29, Art. -1 in the eastern costal entity, roycei as in Fig. 257). Mouth cone pointed (broadly rounded in some species known out of state). Maxillary stylets retracted about halfway into the head, placed fairly close together within the head. Prothorax smooth; all major setae well developed, dilated; with one pair of epimeral setae. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. Meta- notum only faintly sculptured. Ma- cropterous or brachypterous. Fore wings when fully developed slightly indented in the middle, with accessory fringe cilia. Fore tarsi armed in both sexes. Pelta triangular. Wing-holding setae moderately developed, slightly sig- moidal. Abdominal sternite VIII in males with a narrow transverse glan- dular area. Abdominal tergite IX in males with lateral posterior setae re- duced in size. Tube moderate in size. Although closely related to Hoplan- (Irolhrips, this genus superficially re- sembles Eurythrips on the basis of the notched cheeks and bulged eyes. Ma- lacothrips in Illinois can be recognized by the characteristics of zonatus, the only species known to occur in our state. Malacothrips zonatus Hinds Malacothrips zonatus Hinds (1902: 200). 9 . Type-locality.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Female (brachypterous) (Fig. 260).—Length distended about 2.7 mm. Bicolored brown and yellow. Brown: head, most of antennae except segment III and basal half of segment IV, posterior margin of pelta, most of abdominal segment II, lateral areas of abdominal segments VI and VII, most of abdominal segment VIII, and all of abdominal segments IX and X. Re- mainder of insect pale bright yellow. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head (Fig. 258) longer than wide, prolonged in front of eyes; surface weakly hexagonally reticulate; cheeks incised just behind eyes somewhat as in some species of Eurythrips. Eyes large, slightly bulged. Ocelli present. Postocular setae long, dilated. Anten- nae eight segmented, segment III formed as in some species of Hoplan- drothrips with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment IV with one in- ner and two outer sense cones, seg- ment VIII strongly pedicellate. Mouth cone moderate in size, pointed. Max- illary stylets retracted halfway into the head, fairly closely spaced but not touching within the head. Fig. 280.- pect. -Malacothrips zonatus, dorsal as- May, 1968 Stannard: 'liiE Thkii's or li.iixois 485 Prothorax smooth, with all major setae well developed and dilated. Met- anotum only faintly sculptured. Wings reduced to pads. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Pelta (Fig. 261) nearly triangular. Wing-holding setae moderately de- veloped. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long, longer than tube, and pointed. Tube moderately long. Fig. 261.—Malacothrips zonatus, pelta. Female (macropterous).—Length distended slightly less than 3 mm. Similar in color and structure to bra- chypterous female with the following exceptions. Wings fully developed, light gray except for a pale middle crossband. Fore wings slightly in- dented in the middle, each with six accessory fringe cilia. Male (brachypterous).—Length flistended about 2 mm. Similar to bra- chypterous female with the following exceptions. Abdominal sternite VIII with a thin, transverse, linelike glan- dular area in the middle. Abdominal tergite IX with the lateral posterior setae greatly reduced in size. This species can be distinguished from those assigned to Eurythrips by the absence of praepectal plates and from those assigned to Hoplandro- Ihrips by coloration, the lack of strong reticulations on the metanotum, and by the incised outline of the cheeks just behind the eyes. Apparently zonatus is statewide in distribution, occurring mostly in prai- rie grasses. It has an extensive range, being known at present from Massa- chusetts to eastern Kansas, western Iowa, and eastern North Dakota, and south at least to Arkansas. Illinois records. Found every month of the vear, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Champaign, Clay, Douglas, Hancock, Iroquois, Jasper, Jersey, Knox, Lake, Lee, Mason, McLean, Monroe, Mont- gomery, Piatt, Richland, Scott, and Will. Neofhrips Hood Ni'olhrips Hood (1908c:371). Type- species by monotypy. — Neothrips corticis Hood. Head longer than wide, prolonged in front of eyes, smooth. Eyes small, composed of a few large dorsal facets, in placement not extending beyond the cheek margins. Ocelli absent in brachypterous forms. Postocular setae well developed. Antennae eight seg- mented; segment III longer than IV; segments VII and VIII separated by a fine suture, but so closely joined as to form a pseudosegment. Mouth cone long and pointed. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, when re- tracted touching or nearly touching in the center of the head. Prothorax long, slightly degenerate especially around margins where patches are broken into tiny platelets; smooth; all major setae well devel- oped. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. Mesopraesternum absent. Mesonotum fractured into stipple-like platelets anteriorly. Only brachypterous forms known. Legs short. Fore tarsi armed in both sexes. Males without glandular area on abdominal sternite VIII. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long and pointed, of equal length in both sexes. Tube short and stout, fair- ly heavily sclerotized. This genus re.sembles the a)iciusticeps complex in HopJothrips. It is not at all closely related to AUothripa or Plcclro- thrips as suggested by Hood (1908f), see Stannard (1957/;). Its diagnostic characteristics, in the Illinois fauna, are those given under the species corh'- cis. I have seen a new, second species in the private collections of Andre and of Post, from Wisconsin and North Dakota, respectively, taken from the bark of ash trees. 486 Ii.iiNOTs Natural History Sirvkv Bulletin \'ol. 29, Art. 4 Neothrips corticis Hood Neothrips corticis Hood (1808c :372). 9, d". Type-locality.—Not stated, but holotype labeled Urbana, Illinois. Female (brachypterous) (Fig. 262). —Length distended nearly 2 mm. General color yellowish brown to light brown. Apexes of tibiae, all tarsi, and pedicel of antennal segment III yel- low. Tube orange-brown. Body setae pale. Head much longer than wide, smooth. Eyes small, composed of three or four large dorsal facets. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae moderately long, dilated. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone; segment IV with one outer and one inner sense cone; segment VIII closely joined to segment VII, sepa- rated only by a fine suture. Mouth cone long and pointed. Maxillary sty- lets retracted far into the head, nearly touching in the middle of the head. Prothorax with the margins ragged, becoming degenerated into stipple- like platelets; all major setae well de- veloped, dilated. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. Meso- praesternum absent. Metanotum smooth. Wings reduced to small pads, each of which has a single dilated seta. Fore tarsi each armed with a small tooth. Pelta broadly triangular. Wing- holding setae not differentiated. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major poste- rior setae slightly longer than tube, pointed. Tube short and stout, fairly heavily sclerotized. Female (macropterous).—Un- known. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.2 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure. Abdominal sternite VIII without a glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae not reduced, exactly as in female. This rare species is at once recog- nizable in the fauna of Illinois by the compact form of antennal segments VII and VIII, the long and pointed mouth cone, the placement of the eyes, and the stout orange-brown tube. Fig. 262. — Neothrips corticis, dorsal aspect. It is one of the few species in our area belonging to the Phlaeothripinae which, in the male, does not have the major lateral posterior setae on ab- dominal tergite IX reduced. Although infrequently met with, corticis has been taken throughout the state from under bark of live or dead branches. Illinois records. Champaign County: Urbana, January 19, 1908, Hood, under soft maple bark, 1 cf^ ; M;i>, I'JdB Stannarii 111-. TuKii's 1)1 Illinois 487 Urbana, March 13, 1949, Stannard, under soft maple bark, 1 9 . Kanka- kee County: Burbonnais (Rock Creek Canyon), May 13, 1950, Ross, Stannard, under cherry bark, 3 9,1 cf. Pulaski County: Mounds, Au- gust 16, 1951, Ross, Stannard, from dead beech branch, 1 9 . Vermilion County: Hillery (Hood 1908c). Neurothrips Hood Neurothrips Hood (1924:315). Type- species by original designation. — Ac a )ith oth rips mag naje m oralis Hinds. Body with extensive hexagonal re- ticulations, generally intricately pat- terned with brown and yellow and colorless spots. Head about as wide as long to longer than wide. Cheeks well expanded lat- erally with many seta-bearing warts. Eyes large, bean shaped, often about the width of an eye apart. Ocelli placed in a small triangle located midway be- tween the anterior and posterior mar- gins of the eye. Postocular setae placed on the median third of the head, small, thickened, dilated. Antennae eight seg- mented, intermediate antennal seg- ments vasiform, sense cones fairly long. Mouth cone pointed. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, touching to nearly touching within the center of the head. Thorax with major setae small, thickened, dilated. Prothorax with but one pair of well-developed epimeral setae. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. Mesopraesternum well developed. Macropterous. Fore wings bent at base, narrowed beyond, without surface reticulations, with or without accessory fringe cilia. In spe- cies of Illinois, fore femora each with inner subapical tooth, fore tarsi each armed with a tooth. Pelta often as in Fig. 264. Many ab- dominal tergites with expanded, leaf- like, wing-retaining setae (Fig. 1) placed near the meson and with thickened lateral posterior setae placed on projecting flanges of the tergites. Abdominal sternite VIII in males usually with a thin, transverse, median glandular area. Tube long and slender (Fig. 186), terminal setae long, about four times the length of the tube. This genus resembles Acanthothrips but differs primarily in the wide cheeks which extend much beyond the eye margin and in the broad, leaflike, wing-retaining setae on the abdomen. Only one species, magnajemoralis, occurs in Illinois. It is one of the most spectacularly adorned and colored thrips in our state. Neurothrips magnafemoralis (Hinds) Acanthothrips magnafemoralis Hinds (1902:199). cf. Type-locality.— Miami, Florida. Transferred to Neurothrips by Hood (1924). Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 3.2 mm. Color various shades of brown and yellow to nearly colorless in reflected light. Brown: head, most of thorax, most of abdomi- nal segments I-VII, fore femora, api- cal half of mid and hind femora, median band on tibiae, antennal seg- ments I and II, middle band of anten- nal segments III-V, and almost all of segments VII and VIII. Yellow to nearly colorless: antennal segments III-V in the basal and apical portions, all of segment VI and pedicel of seg- ment VII, basal half of mid and hind femora, basal and apical portions of tibiae, all tarsi, all of abdominal seg- ment VIII (which is yellow), and all of segment IX and basal one-third of tube (which are nearly colorless). Tube nearly black in apical two-thirds. Much of the brown area on the thorax and abdomen shading to yellowish brown, with occasional lateral spots becoming colorless. Fore wings gen- erally colorless with a brown spot on leading margin at the region of the first basal fringe cilium and with a long, brown median streak. Setae col- orless except bases of terminal setae which are brown. Body with red sub- integumental pigment; red around re- gion of ocelli. Head as in Fig. 263, reticulate, slightly longer than wide, cheeks ex- panded with .seta-bearing warts. Eyes large, bean shaped. Ocelli present. Postocular setae small, dilated, lo- 488 Illinois Natural History Survf."!- Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 263. — Neiirothrips magiiafemoralis, head and prothorax. cated on the median third of the head. Antennal segments III-V vasiform, segments III and IV each with one inner and two outer sense cones sub- apically (segment IV with an addi- tional small outer apical sense cone), segment VIII broadly attached to seg- ment VII. Mouth cone pointed. Max- illary stylets retracted far into the head, touching to nearly touching within the center of the head. Thorax reticulate. Prothorax (Fig. 263) with all major setae developed but small, dilated. Epimeral sutures complete. Fore wings without acces- sory fringe cilia. Fore femora each with a strongly developed inner subapical tooth, fore tarsi each armed with a large tooth. Abdomen reticulate. Pelta as in Fig. 264. Abdominal tergites II-VII each with three pairs of leaflike, wing- holding setae (Fig. 1) along the meson; tergite VIII without these setae. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major poste- rior setae short, blunt to dilated. Tube long, terminal setae extremely long, suggestive of the condition found in Amphibolotkrips and its subgenera. Male (macropterous).—Length Neu rothrips magn afe moralis distended about 2.6 mm. Similar to female in color and structure with the following exceptions. Fore tarsal teeth slightly smaller. Abdominal sternite VIII with a median, narrow, trans- verse glandular area, slightly upturned at each lateral end. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae as in fe- male, not reduced more than in female. This distinctive, intricately colored species can be immediately distin- guished from others in the Illinois fauna by the large, bean-shaped eyes, by the expanded head cheeks outlined by seta-bearing warts, and by the long terminal setae. In life magnafemoralis appears to be predominantly gray with a black tube that almost seems to be detached, so nearly colorless is abdominal segment IX. Although found throughout the state, magnafemoralis is generally con- fined to large woodlands where it lives under bark, on branches, or in dead leaves. Illinois records.—Collected from April to September (overwintering habits unknown), from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Alexander, Calhoun, Car- rol, Clark, Clinton, Cook, Craw- ford, Cumberland, De Witt, Edgar, Fulton, Hardin, Henderson, Hen- ry, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Johnson, Kane, Macon, Marion, McDonough, McLean, Monroe, Ogle, Peoria, Pulaski, Tazewell, Union, and Vermilion. Phthirothrips Priesner Phthirothrips Priesner (1933a:154). Type-species by original designa- tion.— Phthirothrips pediculus Priesner. Head about as long as broad, cheeks nearly straight, dorsal surface mostly Mav, 19H8 Staxxard: Thrips nr IiiiNois 489 smooth. Ocelli absent in apterous forms, present in macropterous forms. Eyes relatively small, slightly bulged. Postocular setae usually well devel- oped. Antennae seven or eight seg- mented; when eight segmented, seg- ments VII and VIII closely joined but separated by a fine suture; segment I inserted just forward of eye margin; segment II with dorsal sensoria api- cally placed; segment III smallest, pedicellate, with or without sense cones. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets when at rest hardly retracted into head proper. Pronotum proportionately large, smooth; major anterior setae minute or well developed, posterior pairs the largest. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Praepectus seemingly present, though weakly developed. Macropterous or apterous. Fore wings when present not indented in middle, accessory fringe cilia lacking. Fore legs slightly to mod- erately enlarged, unarmed. Abdomen broadest part of body. Pelta broad, smooth. All tergites smooth, with well-developed lateral setae, wing-holding setae not differen- tiated in apterous forms. Abdominal sternite VIII with glandular area in male. Abdominal tergite IX with ma- jor lateral posterior setae (setae II of authors) reduced and spinelike in male. Tube short; anal setae slightly longer than tube. The characteristics of the extremely small size of antennal segment III, the complete fusion of antennal segments VII and VIII, and the short maxillary stylets that hardly enter into the head proper readily distinguish this genus in Illinois. Only one species, morgani, occurs in the southeastern part of the United States including southern Illi- nois; its congeners are from Brazil and Liberia (West Africa). In this genus, several species in- cluding morgani apparently inhabit and feed on mosses. Similarly, Lisso- thrips muscorum, which also has a small third antennal segment, fre- quents mosses within the range of Phthirothrips. Their separation for identification is based on the number of freely moveable antennal segments and placement of the maxillary stylets well into or barely into the head prop- er; their ecological separation in the moss environment is not yet known. Phthirothrips morgani Hood Phthirothrips morgani Hood (1941: 206). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Gainesville, Florida. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1 mm. Color medium brown, with dark green subintegu- mental pigment often in much of the abdomen. Apex of antennal segment II and pedicel of segment III yellow. Head (Fig. 265) smooth. Eyes mod- erate in size, protruding slightly be- yond cheeks. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae long, pointed. Antennae seven segmented; segment II with dorsal sensoria near apex; segment III smallest, pedicellate, without sense cones; segment IV with one inner and one outer sense cone; morphological segments VII and VIII completely fused without trace of suture between them. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets barely penetrating into head proper. Prothorax (Fig. 265) with major setae well developed, the posterior Fig. 265.- Phthirothrips morgani, head and prothorax. 490 Illinois Naiiral History Sikvla- lirLi.RTiN \'(il. 'JO, An. 4 setae being the longest, all blunt. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Prae- pectus seemingly absent. Pterothorax degenerate, smooth. Fore legs slightly enlarged, unarmed. Wings and basal sclerites lacking. Abdomen broadest part of body, devoid of sculpture. Pelta broad. Ma- jor lateral pairs of setae well devel- oped, pointed. Wing-holding setae lacking. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae longer than tube, pointed. Tube short; anal setae just slightly longer than tube. Male (apterous).— Length dis- tended about 0.8 mm. Similar in color and structure to female with the fol- lowing exceptions. Postocular setae minute. Prothorax with major setae shorter than in female. Fore legs mod- erately enlarged. Abdominal sternite VIII with a narrow, transverse glan- dular area across middle. Abdominal tergite IX with lateral pair of major, posterior setae shortened, spinelike. This is the only species of the genus in the Ignited States east of the 100th meridian, as far as is known, and therefore its recognition can be made in our fauna on the basis of the generic characteristics. The types are in the U.S. National Museum. Other specimens from the type locality, and Chiefiand, and Earl- ton, Florida are in the Watson collec- tion, University of Florida, Gaines- ville. Hood's claim (1941) that morgani is "apparently a common enough species in the south" is possi- bly true although unsubstantiated by records in the literature. The two specimens from Florida mentioned by the protologlst, the specimens from Florida in the Watson collection, and the Illinois specimen mentioned herein (and a single female from Whitewater Falls, Jackson County, North Caro- lina, collected from the fungus, Poly- porus pnrgamemis Fr., .June 26, 1962, by R. C. Graves, deposited in the Illi- nois Natural History Survey) are the only records yet made known in print. Besides the manuscript name Eulis- sotkrips antennatus circulated by A. C. Morgan, the manuscript name Eulis- sothrips breria occurs on slides in the Watson collection. Neither is a valid name and both apply to P. morgani. Illinois records. — Hardin County: Gibsonia (Pounds Hollow Recreation Area), April 25, 1963, Evers, Stan- nard, forest litter, 1 cf . Plectrothrips Hood Plectruthrips Hood (1908c:370). Type- species by monotypy. — Plectro- thrips antennatus Hood. Head about as long as wide, smooth ; fore margin nearly straight across and even with anterior portion of eyes. Ocelli present, widely spaced. Eyes moderately large. Postocular setae long. Antennae eight segmented, in- serted ventrally beneath region of ocel- li; segment II with dorsal sensorium placed basally; segment VIII long and slender. Antennal sense cones stout. Mouth cone short, rounded. Maxillary stylets, when at rest, retracted well into the head. Pronotum reduced to a shield which is longitudinally divided by a ridge, with only epimeral setae well devel- oped. Praepectus absent in Illinois species. Prosternum with many large stipple-like areas. Macropterous. Fore wings not indented in the middle, with accessory fringe cilia. Fore tarsi each armed with a stout tooth. Mid and hind tibiae with strongly devel- oped apical spurs. Pelta (Fig. 150) broad. Abdominal segment 1 1 degenerate at sides, stipple- like. Wing-holding setae differentiated. Males apparently without glandular area and without major lateral poste- rior setae of abdominal tergite IX shortened. Tube short, usually fairly heavily sclerotized, terminal setae long. Larva, in the second instar at least, with abdominal tergite IX with four toothlike projections on posterior margin. The distinctive form of the protho- rax of this genus is diagnostic in the Illinois fauna. Only one species, an- tennatus, occurs in our state. Other representatives are found throughout the world. Mav, 19(i8 Stannard : TllHll'S !)! ll.MNOIS 491 Plectrothrips antennatus Hood Plectrothrips antennatus Hood (1908f : 370). 9, cT. Type-locality.—Ur- bana, Illinois. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.1 mm. Color dark brown in head, most antennal seg- ments, thorax, and femora; light brown to brown in abdomen and base of antennal segment III; tibiae and tube yellow to yellowish brown; tarsi yellow. Wings nearly colorless. Body with red subintegumental pigment. Head (Fig. 266) smooth. Eyes mod- erately large. Ocelli present. Postocu- lar setae long, pointed, placed quite far behind eyes. Antennae eight seg- mented; segment II with dorsal sen- sorium placed basally; segment III fairly small with one inner and two outer, stout, sense cones; segment VIII long and slender. Mouth cone narrowly rounded. Maxillary stylets when retracted placed fairly close to- gether within the head. Prothorax (Fig. 266) with only Fig. 2G6.^Pleclrothrips anlennatnH, head and prothorax. epimeral setae well developed, these pointed to nearly blunt. All other se- tae minute. Praepectus absent. Meta- notum faintly longitudinally striate. Fore wings not narrowed in the mid- dle, each with about eight accessory fringe cilia. Fore tibiae each with a small apical wart or tooth. Mid and hind tibiae with a pair of well- developed apical spurs. Fore tarsi each armed with a large tooth. Pelta (Fig. 150) large. Abdominal segment II (Fig. 150) fractured lat- erally into tiny platelets. Wing- holding setae slightly sigmoidal. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major poste- rior setae shorter than tube, pointed. Tube short and fairly heavily sclero- tized; terminal setae long. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 1.4 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure. Abdominal sternite VIII apparently without glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral posterior setae apparently not more reduced than in female. The form of the pronotum is diag- nostic in the Illinois fauna. This rare species has been collected several times in Illinois. Some speci- mens have been associated with dead wood. Illinois records. Champaign County: Urbana, June 23, 1908, Hood, on inside of woodshed window, 1 cf (paratype). Fulton County: Astoria, July 25, 1957, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . Jo Daviess County: Galena, June 21, 1948, Stannard, sweeping in forest, 1 9 . Poecilothrips Uzel Poecilothrips Uzel (1895:264). Type- species by monotypy. — Poecilo- thrips albopicta Uzel. Head longer than wide, weakly transversely striate, with many scat- tered, small, fine setae. Ocelli present in all forms, fore ocellus placed behind anterior eye margin. Eyes moderately large. Postocular setae minute. An- tennae eight segmented, inserted at anterior eye margin and slightly ven- trally; segment II with dorsal sen- 492 Illinois Natlral History Sirvky Bulletin \'ol. 29, Art. 4 sorium placed about in the middle; segment VIII lanceolate. Mouth cone pointed, extremely long Maxillary stylets slender, retracted far into the head, touching in the middle of the ^Pronotum shorter than head, weak- ly sculptured, with all major setae well developed, stout, dilated; with only a single pair of epimera setae. Epimeral sutures complete although weak. Praepectus absent. Mesoster- num incised medially, surface frac- tured at this point into tmy platelets. Macropterous or brachypterous. t ore wings straight sided, accessory cilia present. Fore tarsi unarmed m both Abdomen with pelta traingular. Ab- dominal tergites II-VII with differen- tiated wing-holding setae in all forms Tube shorter than head with terminal setae only slightly longer than tube. General color dark brown spotted with chalk white. Superficially PoecMothnps resembles Hoplamhothrips. The lack of well- developed postocular setae and the degeneration of the middle of the an- terior margin of the mesosternum are characteristics that, combined, serve to distinguish Poecilothnps. . Possibly this might be a monobasic genus containing only albopictus. An- other presently remaining name asso- ciated with this genus, harnsom Bag- nail is of uncertain status and might be a synonym of albopictus (Pebkan, 1950). Faure (1955) assigned his bouth African species, nubilus, to Foecilo- thrips, but that species differs in many ways from the European type, and, reasonably, could be separated to a subgenus or full genus of its own. Poecilothrips albopictus Uzel Poecilothrips albopicla Uzel (1895: 264) 9 . Type-locality.—Bohemia (Czechoslovakia). Pelikan (1950). Phloeothrips ornatus Hood (1913f): 165) 9. Type-locality.—Wash- ington, D. C. Transferred to Poe- cilothrips by Hood (1927c). Syn- onymized by Pelikan (1950). Poecilothrips lupini Moulton (19-9c: 133) 9 . Type-locality.—Moun- tain View, California. Suggested as synonym by Bailey (19496) Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.4 mm General color dark brown, marked with white on the posterior angles of the prothorax and on the lateral angles of abdominal ter- gites I-VIII. Variations of the white color pattern have been illustrated by Pelikan (1950). Antennal segments/ and II dark brown; segments ill- Vi brown apically, pale yellow basally; segments VII and VIII brown Legs brown except tibiae, at either end, and all tarsi yellowish brown. Fore wings Dale lightly clouded with gray at the Ce aSd I the middle. Subinte^u- mental pigment bright red. Major body setae pale. . Head (Fig. 267) longer than wide, dorsal surface weakly striate; bearing many small, fine setae; mterocellar area longitudinally striate. Eyes arge each longer than combined lengths ot Tntennafsegments I and II , af placed fairly close together. Ocellar area closely confined between eyes, tore ocellus placed posterior to anterior eve margin. Postocular setae minute. Maxillary stylets, when at rest re- tracted to a position forward of poste- rior eye margin, touching within cen- ter of head. Mouth cone pointed, ex- tremely long, extending posteriorly beyond the prothorax. Antennal segment I quadrate, 11 cylindrical, pedicellate dorsal sen- sorium placed in about the middle III-V subvasiform. III with one inner and one outer sense cone, IV with two inner and two outer sense cones; V cylindrical, narroxyly Pedicellate vu cylindrical, more broadly pedicelUte, VIII lanceolate, broadly pedicellate Prothorax shorter than head, weak- ly sculptured, with all major setae well developed, stout, dilated. Ep m- eral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. f u i„ Pterothorax widest part of body. Metascutum with closely spaced longi- tudinal striations. Legs slender, unarmed. Fore wings more or less straight Mav, 1968 Stannard: Thk Thrii's of Illinois 493 Fig. 267.—Poecilothrips wlhipictiin from Europe and east and west coasts of the U.S.A. a. head and prothorax, dorsal aspect; b, head, ventral aspect. From Pellkan (1950). sided, each with 12 accessory fringe cilia; major three basal setae dilated. Abdominal tergite I with pelta tri- angular (Fig. 268). Abdominal tergites II-VII each with two pairs of wing- holding setae, the anterior pair weak, the posterior pair strongly developed, sigmoidal; lateral setae dilated. Ab- dominal tergite IX with posterior se- tae shorter than tube, dilated. Abdom- inal segment X (tube) much shorter than head, terminal setae slightly longer than tube. Female (brachypterous).—Similar in all respects to macropterous form except wings reduced to .small pads, and both pairs of wing-holding setae on abdominal tergites II VII greatly reduced. Male (macropterous). —Described by Pel! kan (1950). Legs unarmed. Fig. 268.—Poecilothrips albipicliis, pelta. Presence or absence of abdominal sternal glandular areas not mentioned in description. This sex known only in Europe. According to Bailey (1931) and Pelikan (1950) albopictus lives in colo- nies, adults and larvae together, on the surface of dead or dying bark, particularly smooth oak or willow 1 0-1 Illinois Natirai. History Si-rvei' Bii.i.ftin \'ol. 29, Art. 4 bark. Presumably there are several generations a year. This distinctive, white-dotted spe- cies probably came to America through the agency of modern man. It occurs in New York state as far west as Rochester and in Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, Washington, D. C., and also in Washington and California (Cott 1956). Despite much searching, it has not been found in Illinois, but its presence in our state is likely. Polyphemothrips Schmutz Polyphemothrips Schmutz (1909a: 276). Type-species by monotypy. — Pholyphemothrips braziliensis Schmutz. Members of this genus are princi- pally found in the tropics, particularly Central and South America. Only one group of Polyphemothrips, the sub- genus Adelolhrips, has representatives occurring as far north as Illinois. In general, species of the typical subgenus Polyphemothrips are moder- ately large in size, have decidedly swollen cheek pouches, and have the fore ocellus overhanging the bases of the antennae. In other respects, they are similar to those placed in the sub- genus Adelothrips whose characteris- tics are described herein. Polyphemothrips, its subgenera, and allied genera are peculiar in that the maxillary stylets are thicker than those ordinarily found in the Phlaeo- thripinae. These closely related genera can be placed together in the Docessis- sophothrips phyletic line (Stannard 19576). Subgenus Adelothrips Hood Adelothrips Hood ( 1938c :380). Type- species by original designation. — Adelothrips xanthopus Hood. The following description pertains solely to the fauna of Illinois. Head longer than wide, somewhat arched on the dorsum of the posterior region of the head so that the faint re- ticulations appear to be upturned in slide-mounted specimens, cheek pouches absent. Eyes moderate in size to small. Ocelli well developed in ma- cropterous forms, somewhat reduced J or absent in brachypterous forms, not " overhanging insertions of antennae. Postocular setae fairly long, dilated or w pointed. Antennae seven or eight seg- I mented, the division between mor- phological segments VII and VIII either complete with a fine suture (Fig. 154) or incomplete with a partial ventral suture. Antennal sense cones usually long and slender. Mouth cone broadly rounded to nearly pointed. Maxillary palps large. Maxillary sty- lets thicker than usual for most other members of the Phlaeothripinae, re- tracted far into the head, nearly touching in the center of the head when fully retracted. Prothorax with all major setae well developed. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus absent. Mesopraesternum usually well developed in macropter- ous forms, degenerate in brachypter- ous forms. Metanotum usually smooth. Macropterous or brachyp- terous. Fore wings when fully devel- oped not indented in the middle, with or possibly without accessory fringe < cilia. Fore tarsi each armed, in both ' sexes, with a strong tooth. Pelta usually triangular. Wing- holding setae well developed in ma- cropterous forms, less developed in brachypterous forms. Males apparent- ly without glandular areas on abdomi- nal sternite VIII, with major lateral posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX greatly reduced. Females with ma- jor posterior setae on abdominal ter- gite long and pointed. Tube shorter than head, often colored with shades of orange or yellow and tipped with grayish brown. In Illinois this genus can be easily recognized by the slightly thickened maxillary stylets, the close union of morphological segments VII and VIII of the antennae, the large maxillary palps, and the upturned reticulations (sometimes faint) on the posterior portion of the dorsum of the head. Recognition of Adelothrips as an en- tity rather than as an outright syn- onym of Polyphemothrips was made here to conform to custom and be- cause Adelothrips, while not absolute- M; IV, 1968 Stannaku: Tin Thkii's m li.i.iNois 495 ly separable from Polyphemothrips, is broadly rounded, labial palps not pro- a category of some usefulness, espe- truding posteriorly, cially in our region. At least, Adelo- Prothorax with all major setae well thrips stands for a certain section of developed, usually blunt or slightly species in Polyphemothrips, and in dilated. Epimeral sutures complete, areas where there are no intergrading Mesospinasternum degenerate, almost species the designation of that section entirely reduced or absent. Metano- can be made without the possibility of tum smooth. Wings reduced to small confusion. pads. Fore tarsi each armed with a Four species occur in Illinois. Pre- strong tooth, sumably all live on fungus spores and Pelta triangular. Wing-holding setae are found in forest ground cover or on weakly developed. Abdominal tergite dead branches. IX with major posterior setae long and pointed. Tube slightly more than KEY TO SPECIES one-half as long as head. , „ , . ,, , . , ,, Female (macropterous).—Length 1. Mouth cone pointed to nearly pointed be- fj,<,(-p„f]prl slitrhtlv Ip'^c; than "^ mm cause maxillarv palps protrude poste- oistenaea siignt y less tnan 6 mm. riorly;antennal segments VII and VIII Similar to brachypterous female in nearly to completely divided by a fine general structure and color with the suture - . ^ambitus following differences. Eyes slightly Mouth cone broadly rounded (Fig. 197), )„_„„_ Varp winery fullv devplnned maxillary palps not protruded to any F^^,*^- ^^\^ Wings lUUy oeveiopea, great extent posteriorly; antennal seg- lightly washed With brown, each With nients VII and VIII only partially di- about six accessory fringe cilia. Wing- vided. ........ .. 2 holding setae more fully developed, 2. Cobr^predominantly yellow; ,n forest^de- .^^^^^^^^ not as large as in amhitus. Color predominantiy' brown; on dead MALE (brachypterous).—Length branches 3 distended about 2 mm. Similar to 3. Postocular setae pointed; base of tube brachypterous female in general color PoXl^far^s^tTdifaTd; base of ' tu'be"'aT- and structure Major form (the only ways dark brown junctus form SO far known) With tore legs slightly enlarged, fore tarsal tooth ^ , , , » , , . stouter than in female, prothorax Polyphemothrips (Adelothrips) (pig. 273) with a median longitudinal acutus (Stannard) ridge. Abdominal sternite VIII with- Adelothrips acutus Stannard (1956f: ^^^ a glandular area. Abdominal ter- 108). 9, cf. Type-locality.-Ma- ^'^e IX with major lateral posterior pleton, Illinois. Transferred to setae greatly reduced m size. Polyphemothrips by Stannard . ^"^'^ ^P^.^'^^ f, extremely close to (1Q^7/)) ' junctus and could be, in tact, only a form of junctMS. From junctus, acutus Female (brachypterous).—Length may be distinguished by the postocu- distended 2.8-3 mm. General color lar setae which are pointed at the tip, dark brown. Antennal segments I and not dilated as in junctus, and usually II, pedicel of segment III, and all by the color of the tube which is pre- tarsi yellowish brown. Tube orange- dominantly orange-yellow to orange- yellow to orange-brown, tipped with brown, not brown as in junctus. grayish brown. Body with red subin- So far this species has been found in tegumental pigment. only a few localities in Illinois. Its Head (Fig. 271) longer than wide, range lies within the range of junctus. Eyes somewhat reduced in size. Ocelli Illinois records.—Adams County: present. Postocular setae long and Siloam Springs State Park, August 8, pointed. Antennal segment III with 1951, Richards, Stannard, on willow, one inner and two outer sense cones, segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones, segments VII and VIII fused although with an incom- plete ventral suture. Mouth cone z V. Cumberland County: Toledo, May 18, 19.50, Sanderson, Stannard, beating dead elm branch, 1 9 . FUL- roN County: Anderson Lake Conser- vation Area, September 8, 1954, Ross, 496 Illinois Nathrai History Siirvev Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 bratleyi, macropterous 269 bratleyi, brachypterous 270 271 Fig. 269-272.—Head and prothorax of spacies of Polyphemothrips subgenus Adelothrips as indicated. Mav, 196B Stannard; Thk Thrips of Illinois 497 Fig. 273. — Polyphemothrips I Adelolhrips) acuius, cf, prothorax. Stannard, on dead willow, 1 9 , 3 cf • Gallatin County: Gibsonia (Pounds Hollow Recreation Area), April 24, 1963, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . Jackson County: Giant City State Park, April 28, 1949, Sanderson, Stan- nard, beating dead Crataegus, 1 9 . Peoria County: Mapleton, June 2, 1949, Stannard, from dead willow branch, 1 9 Polyphemothrips (Adelolhrips) ambitus (Hinds) Trichothrips ambitus Hinds (1902: 191). 9 . Type-'.ocality.—Amherst, Massachusetts. Hood (19146). 9. Transferred to Polyphemothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (macropterous) (Fig. 274). —Length distended about 3.4 mm. General color yellow with brown areas ranging from individuals which are largely yellow to individuals which have extensive areas of brown. Brown : always anterior portion of head; ter- minal segments of antennae (apical half of antennal segment IV, apical three-fourths of V, and all of VI- VIII); occasionally prothorax (al- though in most specimens prothorax yellow); always mesothorax; some- times anterior portions of metatho- rax; mid and hind femora; fore wings at extreme base and an area basal of the middle; sometimes sides of ab- dominal segments II VI, always sides of abdominal segments VII and VIII, and tip of tube. Remainder of body yellow except tibiae and tarsi of the mid and hind legs and at least the apical half of the fore wings, which are nearly colorless. Tube in basal four-fifths yellowish orange to orange to orange-brown, being darkest in those individuals with the prothorax brown. Body with red subintegument- al pigment. Head (Fig. 272) longer than wide, widest just behind eyes. Eyes mod- erate in size. Ocelli present. Postocular setae fairly long and slightly dilated. Antennal segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones; segments VII and VIII (Fig. 16.5) forming a compact mass com- pletely divided, or nearly so, by a thin suture. Mouth cone bluntly rounded but appearing nearly pointed be- cause the labial palps are protruded posteriorly. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, dilated. Epimeral sutures complete. Mesospinasternum well de- veloped. Fore wings not indented in the middle, each with 10-12 accessory fringe cilia. Fore tarsi each armed with a strongly developed tooth. Pelta triangular (Fig. 171). Wing- holding setae well developed, sig- mo'dal. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long and pointed (a specimen in our collection from Rock, Pope County, Illinois has one of the mid pair of these setae blunt; the other is normal and pointed). Tube shorter than head length. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.9 mm. Similar in general color and structure to female. Abdominal sternite VIII without a distinct glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae greatlv reduced in size. This species resembles the Floridian xanthopus in color and structure. It differs from xanthopus, and from its congeners in Illinois as well, by the position of the labial palps. In ambitus, the labial palps protrude posteriorly completely beyond the mouth cone proper, making the mouth cone ap- pear to be pointed. As in the Brazilian species, palmarum Hood, ambitus has 498 Illinois Natural Hisiorv Strvev Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 274. Ptilyphemolhrips (Adelolhrips) ambilus, dorsal aspect. antennal segments VII and VIII com- pletely separated. Although nowhere known to be common, ambitus occurs throughout our state. We have taken it from un- der bark of dead branches, particular- ly of sycamore, locust, and willow. Illinois records.—Adams County: Siloam Springs State Park, August 9, 1951, Richards, Stannard, dead wil- low, 1 9,1 cf. Calhoun County: Beecreek, August 10, 1951, Richards, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . CooK County: Des Plaines, April 17, 1954, Graves, on fungus, 1 9 . De Kalb County: Sycamore, September 15, 1955, Ross, Stannard, dead willow, 1 9 . Hardin County: Cave-in-Rock, May 2, 1956, Stannard, dead locust tree, 1 9 . Jackson County: Makan- da, July 14, 1948, Sanderson, Stan- nard, sycamore branch, 1 9 . Lake County: Antioch, August 31, 1955, Moore, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . M;iv. 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Ii.i.inois 499 Pope County: Rock, May 6, 1950, Sanderson, Stannard, beating dead willow, 1 9. Union County: Alto Pass, May 10, 1951, Sanderson, Stan- nard, dead apple branch, 1 9,1 cT ; Jonesboro, August 15, 1951, Ross, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9 . VER- MILION County: Danville, October 17, 1950, Ross, Stannard, beating sycamore branch, 1 9 . Folyphemothrips (Adelothrips) bratleyi (Watson) Trichothrips bratleyi Watson (1935: 61; 19376:12). 9, d'. Type- locality.—Quincy, Florida, see ex- planation below. Transferred to Polyphemothrips by Stannard (19576). Hoplothrips jiavus Moulton and Andre (1936:225). 9, d'. Type-locality.— Ottumwa, Iowa. Synonymized by Hood (1952a). Female (brachypterous) (Fig. 275). —Length distended about 2.5 mm. General body color yellow. Antennal segment IV at apex, segment V in apical half, segment VI in apical two- thirds, and all of segments VII and VIII brown. Tube deep orange at base fading to yellow, tip grayish brown. Body with red subintegument- al pigment. Head (Fig. 270) long, about Hi times as long as wide. Eyes small, re- duced to about a half dozen fairly large facets. Ocelli present but re- duced in size. Postocular setae well developed, dilated. Antennal segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones, segments VII and VIII (Fig. 163) fused except for a partial ventral suture that is occasion- ally reduced to a dot. Mouth cone broadly rounded, labial palps not pro- truding posteriorly. Prothorax with all major setae'well developed, dilated; anteromarginal se- tae smaller than the anterolateral pair, the anterolateral setae nearly equal to the midlateral pair. Epimeral sutures complete. Mesospinasternum somewhat degenerate. Metanotum smooth, not reticulate. Wings reduced Fig. 275. — Polyphemothrips I Adelothrips ) bratleyi, 9 brachypterous, dorsal aspect. to small pads. Fore tarsi each armed with a strong tooth. Pelta roughly triangular to trape- zoid. Wing-holding setae weakly de- veloped. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long and pointed. Tube two-thirds as long as head. Female (macropterous).—Length di.stended over 2.5 mm. Similar to 500 Illinois Natural History Survkv Bullei Vol. 29, An. A brachypterous female except for the following modifications. Eyes (Fig. 269) larger with many more dorsal facets, which anteriorly are smaller than those in the brachypterous form. Ocelli larger. Wings fully developed, seemingly without accessory fringe cilia. Wing- hoi ding setae well developed. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 1.6 mm (minor form) to 2.2 mm (major form). Similar to brachypterous female in general color and structure with the following ex- ceptions. Ocelli slightly reduced (ma- jor forms) to sometimes absent (minor forms). In major forms fore legs en- larged and prothorax with a median longitudinal ridge. Abdominal ster- nite VIII without a glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lat- teral setae greatly reduced in size. Male (macropterous).—Unknown. In Illinois, bratleyi is the only spe- cies which is primarily yellow in color and is frequently brachypterous. Throughout the southeastern part of the United States this species is locally abundant in woodland leaf mold, although occasionally it has been taken in Andropogon clumps near forest edges. Both major and minor forms occur in the two sexes with the greatest en- largements of parts in the major male. The major form exhibits a thicker and blunter fore tarsal tooth, a more swollen fore femur, and a larger pro- thorax with a median thickened longi- tudinal ridge as in Fig. 273. This ridge is absent or only faintly present in minor individuals. Of the three dozen or so specimens that I have studied, only one out-of- the-ordinary variation of the charac- teristics listed here was noted. That one exception occurred in a brachyp- terous female from Illinois which had the dorsal median pair of posterior setae of abdominal tergite IX dilated at the tip instead of having the usual pointed condition; yet in all other characteristics this specimen was con- specific. The dilation of similar setae was found to be one of several specific characteristics for the Brazilian pal- maruw (Hood 1952a). Watson's original description of bratleyi was continued over several years. The first part, the description of the female, appeared in 1935, and while it was not complete according to the general pattern of descriptions followed by most taxonomists I have accepted Watson's name as the valid one. In 1937 Watson finished the de- scription started in 1935. He described the male, gave locality data for the two sexes, and finally compared the species to an allied species. Meanwhile Moulton and Andre (1936) named this species Hoplolhrips flaviis. I think Moulton and Andre hold the unusual record of having published the de- scription of a species "between" the publication of another name for the same species by another author. From the literature no one could have sur- mised that the two names stood for the same species. Actually Watson's description is quite different from the foregoing. In stating the color, in declaring that an- tennal segments VII and VIII were completely separated by a suture, and in calling the supposed brachypterous specimen an apterous individual, he was seemingly inaccurate. The lecto- type selected here is the brachypter- ous female on the slide in the Watson collection labeled "Type 9 , Quincy, Fla., Oct. 16, 1930, Watson & Brad- ley, fr. dead Spanish moss, on ground in hammock." Other slides in this col- lection also marked "type" contain males. Illinois records. Collected every month of the year in the eastern Unit- ed States and from one to several lo- calities in the following Illinois coun- ties: Adams, Alexander, Clay, Coles, Cumberland, Lake, Law- rence, Montgomery, Pope, Pulas- ki, Washington, and White. Polyphemothrips (Adeiothrips) junctus (Hood) Crijptothrips junctus Hood (1912f: 139). 9, cf. Type-locality.—Bald- win. Michigan. Transferred to Ade- iothrips by Hood (1952a). Trans- ferred to Polyphemothrips by Stan- nard (19576). M.n. I'JIifi Stannakd: Tin Tnmi's 501 Hoplothrips quercns Moulton and Andre (1936:225). 9, d". Type- locality.—Boone, Iowa. Synony- mized by Hood (1952a). Female (brachypterous, major form).—Length fully distended nearly 3 mm. General color dark brown, being lighter on the dorsum of the median abdominal segments. Antennal seg- ment III in pedicel and tarsi yellowish brown. Setae, except anal setae, yel- low. Body with much red subintegu- mental pigment. Head longer than wide, slightly bulged at angles of eyes. Eyes some- what reduced in size, entirely on the anterior border of the head. All ocelli present, somewhat reduced in size. Postocular setae well developed, di- lated at tips. Antennal segment III with one inner and two outer sense cones, segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones, segments VII and VIII fused although with a partial ventral suture. Mouth cone (Fig. 197) broadly rounded. Prothorax shorter than head, with all major setae dilated. Mesospinaster- num degenerate. Metanotum smooth. Wings reduced to small pads. Fore legs not as enlarged as in major males. Teeth well developed but slender. Pelta broadly triangular. Wing- holding setae weakly developed. Ab- dominal tergite IX with major termi- nal setae nearly equal to length of tube, pointed. Tube slightly more than one-half as long as head, anal setae longer than tube. Female (macropterous).—Similar to brachypterous female except wings fully developed, uniformly brown, and with five or six accessory fringe cilia on each fore wing. Tube and antennal segments I and II brown. Postocular setae dilated, as in brachypterous form. Male (brachypterous, major form). —Length distended over 2 mm. Simi- lar to female in general color and structure. Ocelli recluced in size, some- times fore ocellus absent. Prothorax with a median longitudinal ridge. Fore legs enlarged, fore tarsi (Fig. 276) each armed with a strong, stout tooth. Ab- dominal sternite VIII without a glan- Fig. 276.—Fore tarsus of Polypheniothrips lAdelolhrips) junctus, cf, showing tooth-like projection. dular area. Abdominal tergite IX with median pair of major posterior setae long and pointed, lateral pair greatly reduced in size. The darker color of the antennae and the dilated postocular setae dis- tinguish junctus from acutus, although in other respects the two are similar. As yet neither junctus nor acutus have been collected in sufficient numbers to permit any conclusions on the possible range of variability. Perhaps pericles (Hood) is also conspecific. According to Hood (1912c), pupae occur under loose scales of bark in Au- gust and by the end of August adults appear, with males emerging earlier than females. It is not known whether there is more than one generation a year. Illinois records. Champaign County: Mahomet, April 17, 1908, Ewing, under bark, 1 9, (Hood 1912c). Clark County: Clarksville (Rocky Branch), July 2, 1958, Ross, Stannard, dead branch, 1 o". -Iackson County: Murphysboro (Hood 1912c). Ogle County: Oregon, September 27, 1956, Ross, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9. Preeriella Hood Frecrii'lla Hood ( 1939a :612). Type- species by original designation.-- Chirothripoides minutus Watson. Body cylindrical, not dorso-ventral- ly compre.ssed. 502 Illinois Natural History Slrvev Billetix 111. \i.'J,>9, An. -1 Head longer than wide, surface smooth except for a few transverse striae at base of head. Ocelli present. Postocular ? setae (affinities not cer- tain) long and dilated to blunt. An- tennae (Fig. 160) inserted in front of eyes on slight, forward protrusion of head; seven or eight segmented; mor- phological segment III cup shaped, broadly attached to segment IV or completely fused to IV as in one South American species. Mouth cone (Fig. 195) broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets when at rest retracted well into the head. Prothorax smooth, with a median transverse ridge. Anterolateral and major posterior setae well developed, anteromarginal setae closely placed near anterolateral setae and moderate- ly short to small, midlateral setae mi- nute. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Praepectus not discernible. Probasi- sternal plates seemingly very large. Metanotum with a few median stria- tions. Meso- and metasternum with a continuous longitudinal ridge con- necting the furcae. Macropterous, wings extremely narrow, fore wings with cilia widely spaced, without ac- cessory fringe cilia. All tarsi apparent- ly one segmented. Pelta (in the type-species at least) divided into three parts. Wing-holding setae well developed, sigmoidal in shape. Males seemingly without glan- dular areas, major lateral setae on the posterior margin of abdominal tergite IX not reduced more than in female. Tube short, slender in some species, stout in others. Body setae pointed, blunt, or mod- erately dilated. This genus is represented in our state by the type-species, minuta, which is the smallest tubuliferan in our fauna. Preeriella most closely resembles Hijidiothrips, a neotropical genus that does not occur north of Mexico and southern Florida as far as is known. The diagnostic characteristics of minuta should suffice for the recog- nition of the genus in the biota of Illinois. Preeriella minuta (Watson) Chirothripoides minulus Watson (19376:13). cT. Type-locality.— Gainesville, Florida. Female (macropterous).—Length distended slightly less than 1 mm. General color pale yellow with light brown markings. Light brown: head in region of ocelli; antennal segments IV-VIII, being lightest brown in seg- ment IV; a transverse middle band across the prothorax especially at the sides; anterior angles of pterothorax; and basal region of the fore wings. Ocellar pigment red. Head (Fig. 277) much longer than wide, striate only at extreme base, with a pair of long, dilated setae (? postocular) midway on the dorsum be- I Fig. 277. — Preeriella minuta, head and pro- thorax. A[av, 19(.8 Stannard: Thk Thrh'.s oi- Illinois 503 tween the eyes and the base of the head. Antennae (Fig. 160) eight seg- mented. Maxillary stylets retracted far into the head, nearly parallel with- in the head. Prothorax with anterolateral and major posterior setae long and dilated, anteromarginal setae well developed but only slightly more than one-half as long as anterolateral setae, midlat- eral setae minute. Metanotum faintly but definitely longitudinally striate medially. Fore legs unarmed. Pelta divided into three parts (Fig. 278). Only one pair of wing-holding setae on each of abdominal tergites III-VII. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long, the middle pair dilated, the lateral pair pointed. Tube relatively short and slender. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 0.9 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure. Abdominal sternite VIII apparently without a differentiated glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX as in fe- male, major lateral posterior setae not shortened. Of the two specimens in the type series in the Watson collection, the one selected here to be the lectotype is labeled "Type &, Gainesville, Fla., III-28-37, J. R. W., Sp. moss, S. W. Station Woods." The other slide marked "Type 9 " is actually a male collected according to the label "2- 14-37," not "April 4, 1937" as stated in the protolog. Freer iella minuta is one of the most distinctive thrips in Illinois. It can be easily recognized by the characteris- tics of its small size, the cup-shaped form of antennal segment III, and its Kig. 278. - Prfericlla minuta, pelta. thin, threadlike wings. It is the only member of the genus in the United States. Another form (or undescribed species), with a darker head, has been taken in Vera Cruz, Mexico (INHS collections). The remainder of the spe- cies in Preeriella occur in South America. First known from Florida, minuta has since been found in Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, and Illinois (INHS). In Illinois it has been collected mostly in the southern half of the state, always outside the terrain once covered by the Wisconsin glacier, usually in moist woodlands under fallen leaves. Illinois records.—Collected during every season of the year, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Alexander, Calhoun, Chris- tian, Effingham, Hancock, Har- din, Jackson, Perry, Pike, and Pope. Sophiothrips Hood Suphiothrips Hood (1934:425). Type- species by original designation. — Sophiothrips squamosus Hood. Nanothrips Faure (1938:3). Type- species by original designation. — Nanothrips hreviceps Faure. Syn- onymized by Hood (1954a). Head (Fig. 279) wider than long, slightly prolonged in front of eyes; surface smooth or roughly hexagonally reticulate. Ocelli, when present, with fore ocellus projecting slightly beyond anterior margin of eyes. Interocellar setae prominent. Eyes moderate in size or number of facets greatly re- duced, according to form. Postocular setae well developed, pointed. Anten- nae eight segmented, segment III as long as II, segment VI longest, seg- ments VII and VIII closely joined but completely separated by a suture. Ma- jor males with a ventral hornlike pro- jection between the bases of the an- tennae, much as in Zaxenothrips. Mouth cone moderate in size, rounded. Maxillary stylets not retracted into the head proper. 504 Illinois Natural History Slrvev Bii.i.etin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 279. prothorax. -Sophiothrips bicolor, head and Prothorax enlarged, often longer than pterothorax, sometimes hexag- onally reticulate. Frequently a single pair of epimeral setae the only setae well developed. Epimeral sutures com- plete. Praepectus (Fig. 147) present. Macropterous, brachypterous, and ap- terous. Mesopraesternum degenerate. Metafurcae well separated from or close to mesofurcae depending on form. Fore wings with sides parallel, not in- dented in the middle, without acces- sory cilia. Pelta (Fig. 166 and 167) broad, never with posterior margin fractured into platelets. Abdominal tergites with or without wing-holding setae. In ap- terous male and female lateral major posterior setae on abdominal tergite IX shortened; in macropterous fe- males, at least, these lateral setae much larger. Tube frequently longer than head, terminal setae shorter than tube. Sophiothrips may be distinguished from those entities in which the max- illary stylets are confined to the mouth cone and rarely enter the head by the combination of the eight-segmented antennae in which segment III is as long as II and segment VI is the longest, the enlarged prothorax, and the entire pelta which is not fractured into platelets posteriorly as in Zaxetio- thrips and Williamsiella. So far representatives of this genus have not been found in Illinois. Four species, some collected only once, are known from the United States around the gulf coast region. If any of these species do occur in Illinois, most likely they would be in the southern cypress and yellow pine section of our state. KEY TO SPECIES (of United States, as based on literature) 1. Tube longer than head; one collection from northern Florida spadix Hood Tube shorter than head 2 2. Femora entirely dark brown; one collec- tion from southern Florida vorticosus Hood Femora dark brown tipped with yellow 3 3. Prothoracic and many other setae di- lated; half dozen collections from northern Florida bicolor Watson & Freer Prothoracic and most other setae pointed; several collections from southeastern Texas unicolor Hood Williamsiella Hood Williamsiella Hood (1925f/:60). Type-species by original designa- tion.— Williamsiella hicoloripes Hood. Head much broader than long, cheeks straight, dorsal surface smooth anteriorly, with weak anastomosing transverse striae posteriorly. Ocelli absent in apterous forms at least. Eyes small, with only six facets. Postocular setae long. Antennae seven segmented, segment II with dorsal sensoria lo- cated near middle of segment, seg- ment III shorter and narrower than segments beyond it, morphological segments VII and VIII completely fused. Mouth cone heavy, broadly rounded at tip. Maxillary stylets when at rest retracted into head proper only a relatively short distance. Pronotum broader than long, smooth with major anterior and lat- eral setae minute, posterior setae well developed. Epimeral sutures incom- plete. Praepectus seemingly absent. Apterous only, so far as is known. Pterothorax degenerate, smooth. Fore tarsi one segmented, unarmed; mid and hind tarsi two segmented. Abdomen broadest part of body. Mav, l!Ki8 Stannard: Till-. TiiRii'-s oi Illinois 505 Pelta broad with a large stipple-like area posteriorly. Wing-holding setae not differentiated. Lateral setae well developed, pointed. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae longer than tube, pointed. Tube short, anal setae much shorter than tube. This genus resembles some species of Phthirothrips and Lissothrips in the apterous form by being small and de- generate and having antennal segment III short. W illiamsiella is distinguish- able, however, in that the dorsal sen- sorium of antennal segment II is placed in a middle position rather than at the apex of the segment. Only the type-species is known. As yet it has not been taken in Illinois. Because it is small and easily over- looked and because it occurs only 400 miles south of the Illinois border, Wil- liamsiella is included as a remotely possible element of our fauna. Williamsiella bicoloripes Hood Williamsiella bicoloripes Hood (1925f/: 60). 9, d'. Type-locality.— Trinidad. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.4 mm. Color dark brown, being darkest in abdominal segments VI-VIII and tube. Antennal segment I and most of the femora yel- lowish brown. Antennal segment II and inner apexes of femora yellow. Setae brown becoming pale at tips. Body with much red subintegumental pigment. Head as in Fig. 280. Eyes with four dorsal facets and two ventral facets. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae long, pointed. Antennal segment III nearly equal in length to segment II, pedi- cellate, without sense cones; segment IV with one inner and one outer sense cone. Prothorax with anterior setae mi- nute, midlateral setae slightly larger but still relatively small, epimeral se- tae longest, longer than prothorax. Pterothorax with no wing sclerites differentiated. Mesospinasternum de- generate. Meso- and metafurcae joined. Abdomen without sculpture. Pelta Fig. 280. — Williamsiella bicoloripes, head and prothorax. as in Fig. 281. Abdominal segment X (tube) shorter than head, stout. Male.—Unknown to me. Described by the protologist as being "apterous . . . like female in all essential respects but smaller." The size of the lateral setae on abdominal tergite IX and whether abdominal glandular areas are present or absent have not been mentioned in the literature. This monotypic species was dis- covered in Trinidad by C. B. Williams, then a young thysanopterist, on fag- gots. Watson subsequently collected a specimen, record not published, from Turkey Grove, Citra, Florida, March 3, 1922, on lichen on the trunk of an orange tree. Dr. H. H. Ross and I took another specimen from the leaf mold of an oak forest near Weston, Georgia, December 18, 1949. A year later, in a remote part of Chiapas, Mexico, at Finca Monte Libano and at Finca el Real, areas .several days horseride from Ocosingo, I found a small series of specimens on dead citrus branches. Fig. 2S\.~ Williamsiella bicoloripes, pelta. 506 I i.Nt)is Xatirai, History Survey Brii.i-TiN \'ol. 29, Art. 4 All of these specimens seemingly are true hicoloripes. Possibly hicoloripes is a tropical or subtropical thrips able to extend into the temperate region about as far as citrus trees grow. Although there is little chance that this species may be found in Illinois, it is included here for reference as a member of our neigh- boring southeastern fauna, many other members of which extend into the ex- treme tip of southern Illinois. Zaxenothrips Crawford, J. C. Zazenothrips Crawford, J. C. (1943: 221). Type-species by original des- ignation. — Zaxenothrips peciiliaris Crawford, J. C. Head wider than long to about as wide as long, generally smooth except for faint subreticulate sculpture an- teriorly. Major males with a ventral head horn between the insertions of the antennae and a ventral horn just anterior to the mouth cone. Cheeks often with a blunt toothlike projection behind eyes. Eyes small with about a dozen dorsal facets. Ocelli absent in apterous forms, present in macropter- ous forms. Interocellar setae devel- oped. Postocular setae developed, pointed; in apterous major males a second pair of postocular setae de- veloped. Antennae eight segmented, segment III longer than IV, segment VI the largest, segment VIII nonpedi- cellate, closely joined to segment VII. Mouth cone moderate in size, very broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets short, not retracted into the "head proper. Prothorax with major setae devel- oped but anterior pairs small. Epim- eral sutures complete. Praepectus ab- sent in most forms, present in greatly developed major males. Fore legs en- larged, fore tarsi each armed with a tooth. Mid and hind femora, in males at least, with differentiated outer se- tae. Macropterous or apterous. Fore wings without accessory fringe cilia. Pelta small, degenerate, posterior portion broken into small, stipple-like platelets. Wing-holding setae present in macropterous forms. In males, ab- dominal sternite VIII apparently without glandular areas; abdominal tergite IX with major lateral setae re- duced in size. Tube shorter than head, terminal setae shorter than tube. Hood (1954a) sank Zaxenothrips un- der Sophiothrips. Although such action seems justifiable, I prefer to maintain Zaxenothrips as a separate entity until Sophiothrips is better known. It would seem from the literature that consid- erable differences separate some of the species assigned to Sophiothrips and, therefore, a reanalysis of the species and forms should be made to deter- mine the exact limits of the genera involved. Zaxenothrips may be recognized by the characteristics of peculiaris, the only species that occurs in Illinois. No species of Sophiothrips s. str. has been found in our region as yet. Zaxenothrips peculiaris Crawford, J. C. Zaxenothrips peculiaris Crawford, J. C. (1943:224). 9, cf. Type- locality.—Bethesda, Maryland. Male (apterous, greater major form).—Length distended about 1.5 mm. General color dark brown. Inner apical angle of femora yellow. Anten- nal segments III-VI each pale yellow to nearly white in basal half, brown in apical half. Tube orange-brown except for grav-brown tip. Head (Fig. 282) slightly wider than long, with hornlike processes on the ventral surface between the insertions of the antennae and at the base of the head anterior to the mouth cone. Eyes small with a dozen or fewer facets dor- sally. Ocelli absent. One pair of inter- ocellar and two pairs of postocular se- tae moderately stout and pointed. Antennal segment III with no inner and one short outer sense cone. Mouth cone moderate in size, broadly rounded. Prothorax greatly enlarged. All ma- jor setae developed, the anterior pairs fairly short, the posterior pairs mod- erately long, all of these setae pointed. Praepectal plates present, but small. Completely apterous. Pterothorax de- generate. Mesopraesternum lacking. Meso- and metafurcae fused. Fore legs enormously enlarged; fore tarsi each Mav, 19()8 Stannarii: TiiK Thuips 507 Fig. 282. — Zaxenolhrips pecularis, head and prothorax. with a long, stout tooth; mid and hind femora each with a differentiated, stout, pointed, outer seta. Pelta, as in Fig. 168, with an ex- tensive stippled area posteriad of pelta plate. Wing-holding setae not differ- entiated. Lateral setae heavy and pointed. Abdominal sternite VIII ap- parently without a glandular area. Abdominal tergite IX with major lat- eral setae much shorter than mid se- tae. Tube (Fig. 187) shorter than head. Male (apterous, lesser major form). —Length distended about 1.2 mm. Similar to the greater major male ex- cept for the following. \'entral head horns greatly reduced in size. Pro- thorax somewhat smaller, with major setae slightly reduced in size. Prae- pectal plates absent. Fore legs less enlarged. Lateral setae of abdomen shorter. Female (macropterous).— Not known to me. Female (apterous).— Length dis- tended about 1.3 mm. Similar to lesser major male except only one pair of postocular setae developed, fore legs only slightly enlarged, fore tarsi each with major posterior setae equal in size, tube mostly brown without orange. This is one of the two species known to be in Illinois which do not have the maxillary stylets, when at rest, much, if at all, retracted into the head proper. It is distinctive by its head shape and by the color and form of the antennae. Our Illinois records constitute the total localities so far known outside the type locality in Maryland. The specimens collected in our state were obtained by beating dead branches. Illinois records.—COLES COUNTY: Fox Ridge State Park, September 18, 1957, O'Neill, Stannard, dead hickory branches, 1 9 , 1 cT . Effingham County: Mason, September 2, 1955, Ross, Smith, Stannard, dead branch, 1 9. Subfamily MEGATHRIPINAE Karny 1921 This subfamily comprises those members of the Tubulifera that have the maxillary stylets broad and band- like, whose males always lack abdomi- nal glandular areas and never have the lateral pair of major, posterior setae (setae II of authors) on abdomi- nal tergite IX spinelike or shorter than in the female. Ailothrips Hood Allothrips Hood (1908c:372). Type- species by monotypy. — Allothrips megacephalus Hood. Bryothrips Priesner (1925a:6). Type- species hy original designation. — Bryothrips pillichellus Priesner. Synonymized by Stannard (1957ft). Head moderate in size, about as long as broad to longer than broad, prolonged moderately in front of eyes, dorsum smooth except for extreme an- terior and base of head which are faintly hexagonally reticulate. Eyes in apterous form with less than a half hozen dorsal facets and in brachyp- terous form with less than a dozen dorsal facets. Ocelli absent in apter- ous form, present in brachypterous form. Interocellar, postocular, and middorsal setae well developed and dilated. Cheek setae pointed or di- lated. Antennae seven segmented, morphological segments VII and \'III completely fused, all segments small, segments V and VI slightly prolonged ventrally at apex. Mouth cone broadly 508 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 20, Art. 4 rounded. Maxillary stylets in species from Illinois usually placed far apart and parallel when retracted into the head. Prothorax with all major setae well developed and all about the same size, dilated, midposterior setae dilated in species from Illinois. Praepectus pres- ent. Mesopraesternum degenerate. Epimeral sutures complete or nearly so. Apterous or brachypterous. Thorax degenerate in apterous form. Fore legs unarmed in female, armed in male. Fore femora enlarged in major males. Mid and hind tarsi each two seg- mented. Pelta fairly broad, as in Fig. 285. Wing-holding setae pointed, present only in brachypterous form. Tube short. The seven-segmented antennae and the form of the head, especially in the characteristics of the small eyes, di- lated head setae, and small tube dis- tinguish this genus from all others in the Megathripinae in Illinois. Else- where I have reviewed the North American species and discussed their affinities (Stannard 1955a, 19576). The genus Diopsothrips can be added as another allied entity. Two species occur in our area. One, megacephalns, is statewide in distribu- tion and is arboreal; the other nubil- liCauda, is restricted to the southern half of the state and is terrestrial. KEY TO ADULTS 1. Predominantly brown; head (Fig. 283) with cheek setae small and pointed . . megacephalus Predominantly yellow; head (Fig. 284) with cheek setae fairly prominent and dilated nubillirauda Allothrips megacephalus Hood Allothrips megacephalus Hood (1908c: 373). 9. Type-locality.—Not stated but holotype labeled Ur- bana, Illinois. Shull (1909:228). d'. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.6 mm. General color dark brown. Tarsi and apex of anten- nal segment II yellow to yellowish brown. Setae nearly colorless. Head (Fig. 288) about as wide as long. Postocellar, postocular, and mid- dorsal setae well developed, dilated. Cheek setae small and pointed. Eyes reduced to a few facets. Ocelli absent. 283 284 Fig. 283-284.—Head and prothorax: 283, AUolhripfs megacephalus; 281, Allothrips nnbil- licauda. May, 1968 Stannard: Tiif. Thrips of Illinois 509 Thorax smooth, not sculptured, de- generate as is typical of apterous forms. Prothorax with all major setae well developed, all about the same size, all dilated. Fore tarsi unarmed. Pelta as in Fig. 285. Wing-holding setae not differentiated, dorsal ab- dominal setae, except terminal tube setae and minor setae, usually dilated. Tube short. Allothrips flavus Watson (1945:35). Nomen nudum. Referred to Allo- thrips nubillicauda by Stannard (1955a). Female (apterous) (Fig. 286). — Length distended 1.6-2 mm. General Fig. 285.—Allothrij)!! megacephalus, pelta. Female (brachypterous?).— Length distended over 1.6 mm. Simi- lar to apterous female with the follow- ing exceptions. Eyes larger. Ocelli present. Pterothorax not degenerate. (Wings or wing pads apparently re- moved in the single specimen in our collection.) Wing-holding setae well developed. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.1 mm. Similar to fe- male except not as dark brown, often antenna] segments I and II yellowish brown. Fore tarsi (Fig. 149) each armed with a strong tooth. Fore femora often enlarged. This dark brown species can be easily distinguished from nubillicauda by the characteristics of the cheek se- tae as indicated in the foregoing key. Allothrips megacephalus has been found in all parts of the state under dead bark, especially of oak trees. Illinois records.—Collected from early April to the middle of November, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Calhoun, Champaign, Crawford, Cumber- land, Edgar, Fulton, Grundy, Hardin, Jefferson, Kankakee, La Salle, Lake, Mason, Morgan, Perry, Randolph, Rock Island, Sangamon, Union, Vermilion, and Whiteside. Allothrips nubillicauda Watson Allothrips )iuf)illicauda Watson (1935: 60). 9, d". Type-locality.— Gaines- ville, Florida. Fig. 28fi. pect. AUolhrips mibillirauda, dorsal as- 510 Ti i.ixois N'ATrRAi. History Si'rvf.y Bii.i.ktin Vol. 29, Art. 4 color golden yellow with some brown. Brown overlying yellow: anterior of head; antennal segments I and III; anterior portions of abdominal ter- gites II-VI, most of VII and VIII, and posterior portions of I and IX. Brown: last four antennal segments and apex of tube. Eyes with red sub- integumental pigment. Head (Fig. 284) longer than wide. Postocellar, postocular, and middorsal setae well developed, dilated. Cheek setae well developed, usually smaller than postocular setae, dilated. Thorax generally smooth, only faintly sculptured with hexagonal re- ticulations, degenerate as is typical of apterous forms. Fore tarsi unarmed. Pelta about as in Fig. 285. Wing- holding setae not differentiated, dorsal abdominal setae, except terminal tube setae and minor setae, strongly di- lated. Tube slightly longer propor- tionately than in megacephalus. Male (apterous).— Length dis- tended over 1 mm. Similar to female with the following exceptions. Head and abdomen with much less brown, often with brown coloration limited to the terminal antennal segments and apex of tube. Fore tarsi each armed with a strong tooth. In North America this species is unique in having the strong, dilated cheek setae. The lectotype from the Watson col- lection designated here is on the slide labeled in pencil "Type 9 d" and in ink "Gainesville, Fla., 1-8-33, J.R.W., dead leaves. Bay, Holly, Carpinus, etc." Originally this slide was marked "mcriacephalus" but that name has been crossed off. After intensive search, specimens have so far been taken almost ex- clusively in the southern half of Illi- nois outside the area covered by the Wisconsin ice sheet (Fig. 21). They have been found principally in forest ground litter. Illinois records (Fig. 21).— Col- lected every month of the year, from one to several localities in the follow- ing counties: Adams, Alexander, Bond, Clay, Hamilton, Hancock, Jackson, Macoupin, Marion, Ma- son, Monroe, Montgomery, Mor- gan, Perry, Pike, Pope, Washing- ton, and White. Cryptothrips Uzel Cryptothrips Uzel (1895:228). Type- species by subsequent designation of Hood {1916b).- Cr))plothrips lata Uzel. Head rectangular, elongate, much longer than wide, area bearing anten- nae not prolonged in front of eyes, dorsum smooth except for faint hex- agonal reticulations at extreme sides and base of head. Eyes proportionate- ly small. Postocellar setae minute or long. Postocular setae long, pointed. Ocelli present, reduced in size in bra- chypterous forms. Antennae (Fig. 156) eight segmented, segments IV-VI I only moderately elongate and pro- duced ventrally at apex, segment VIII slightly pedicellate. Mouth cone short and broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets, when retracted, touching within the center of the head. Prothorax with major setae well de- veloped, anterior pairs smaller than the posterior ones, all setae pointed to blunt. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus developed but often small. Anterior margin of mesosternum broad. Metanotum nearly smooth. Fore legs unarmed in female, armed in male. Macropterous or brachyp- terous. Fore wings, when fully de- veloped, broad and with accessory fringe cilia. Pelta moderate in size, usually hex- agonally reticulate. Wing-holding se- tae present. Tube relatively long al- though shorter than the head, without long lateral setae. These thrips, which are usually blackish brown, can be distinguished from Diceratothrips, a close relative in North America, by the placement of the maxillary stylets within the head. In Cryptothrips these stylets touch within the center of the head whereas in Diceratothrips they are placed V shaped within the head and never touch. The only other blackish brown, rec- tangular-headed thrips of the Mega- thripinae likely to be encountered in Mav, 1968 Stannard: Thk Thrihs oi- Illinois 511 Illinois are species of Megathrips and Megalolhrips. These species have hairy tubes, and by this characteristic Mega- thrips and Megalothrips can be sepa- rated from Cryptothrips, even with a hand lens. Two species of Cryptothrips occur in Illinois. Both live under bark of dead branches where presumably they feed on fungus spores. KIOY TO SPECIES (Illinois, except where noted) 1. Postocellar setae long, nearly as long as postocular setae carbonarius Postocellar setae short, much shorter than postocular setae 2 2. Antenna! segment III almost entirely bright yellow; from Europe and possi- bly western U.S.A latus Antennal segment III yellowish brown or yellow heavily clouded with brown; from eastern U.S.A rectangulari.s Cryplolhrips carbonarius Hood Cryptothrips carbonarius Hood (1908c: 376). &. Type-locality.—Pulaski, Illinois. Cryptothrips longiceps Hood (1912c: 153). 9, cT. Type-locality.—Car- bondale, Illinois. Tentative syn- onymy by Stannard (19576) con- firmed. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 3.7 mm. Color dark blackish brown except pedicel of an- tennal segment III which is yellow to yellowish brown. Wings colorless. Head (Fig. 287) elongate, propor- tionately longer than in rectangularis, reticulate in basal half of dorsum. Postocellar setae long, as in Fig. 287. Postocular setae long and pointed. Ocelli present. Prothorax in median length shorter than sclerotized portion of metano- tum. All major prothoracic setae well developed, pointed, anterior pairs slightly longer than in rectangularis. Fore wings each with 18-22 accessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergite I with pelta simi- lar to that illustrated in Fig. 172. Wing-holding setae strongly devel- oped. Abdominal tergite IX with ma- jor posterior setae longer than tube. Female (brachypterous) (Fig. 288). Fig. 287. — Crijptollirips and prothorax. carbuitar head —Length distended about 3.4 mm. Similar to macropterous female in gen- eral color and structure except ocelli reduced in size, prothorax in median length longer than sclerotized portion of metanotum, and wing-holding setae reduced in size. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.7 mm. Similar in color and structure to macropterous female except that each fore tarsus is armed with a small or median-sized tooth and the fore wings each have 15-17 accessory fringe cilia. Male (brachypterous).— Unknown to me. This species can be easily distin- guished from rectangularis by the size of the postocellar setae. In carbonarius these setae are nearly as long as the postocular setae. In rectangularis the postocellar setae are hardly ever twice as long as the diameter of a posterior ocellus. Because the length of the fore legs varies proportionately to the head 512 Ii I iNois Nati'rai. History .Sikvfv Bii.i.ki Vol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 288. — Cryplothrips carbonarius, 9 bra- chypterous, dorsal aspect. length, it was my conclusion that the form called longiceps was probably the representative of one extreme (Stan- nard 19576). Accordingly I tentatively sunk longiceps under carbonarius even though at the time I had not seen the types. Since then I have studied the types and topotypical material from Pulaski, Illinois, and have satisfied myself that longiceps is an outright synonjTTi of carbonarius. Cryplothrips carbonarius has been taken only in the southern half of the state. It is most frequently found un- der bark of dead branches. Illinois records.—Collected from May to October, from one to several localities in the following counties: Adams, Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Mason, Morgan, Pike, Pulaski, and Union. Cryptothrips rectangularis Hood Cryplothrips rectangularis Hood (1908a:307). 9, &. Type-locality. —Urbana, Illinois (Hood 1927c). Trichothrips salicis Watson (1921:80). cf. Type-locality.—Cranberry Lake, New York. Synonymized by Hood (1927c). Female (macropterous).—Length distended slightly over 3 mm. Color dark blackish brown except pedicel of antennal segment III. Wings colorless. Head faintly reticulate at sides and at base. Postocellar setae small, hardly larger than diameter of hind ocelli. Postocular setae well developed, pointed. Ocelli present. Prothorax in median length shorter than sclerotized portion of metano- tum. All major prothoracic setae well developed, pointed to blunt, anterior pairs smaller than in carbonarius. Fore wings each with about 18 accessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergite I with pelta as in Fig. 172. Wing-holding setae strong- ly developed. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae shorter than tube. Female (brachypterous).—Length distended about 3 mm. Color dark brown except antennal segment III which is heavily clouded with brown over a yellow background. Similar in structure to macropterous female ex- cept ocelli greatly reduced, prothorax in median length longer than sclero- tized portion of metanotum, and wing- holding setae reduced in size. Male (macropterous).—Length distended over 2.7 mm. Similar in color and structure to macropterous female except antennal segment III tending to be yellowish brown basally, fore May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips of Illinois 513 tarsi each armed with a strong tooth, and fore wings each with about 12 accessory fringe cilia. Male (brachypterous).—Length distended about 2.3 mm. Similar in color and structure to macropterous male except ocelli greatly reduced, prothorax in median length longer than sclerotized portion of metano- tum, and wing-holding setae reduced in size. In Illinois this species is easily dis- tinguished from its only other congener by the short postocellar setae. The exact status of recta tigularis is not yet understood. According to Hood (1927c) rectangularis is so closely related to latus, a species originally de- scribed from Europe, that the former might be considered to be a subspecies of latus. Regardless of the taxonomic rank, almost certainly two entities are involved. In the West, it would seem that rectangularis is replaced by latus. Quite possibly the Californian speci- mens Cott (1956) relegated to rectan- gularis are instead latus. The bright yellow color of antennal segment III is a characteristic of latus and the western specimens described by Cott. Specimens of rectangularis from Illi- nois, on the other hand, have antennal segment III brown, or yellow heavily clouded with brown. Until these en- tities can be studied in series from many places, I prefer to limit the name rectangularis to those specimens with the darker antennae, which, presum- ably, are all eastern in distribution, and, as suggested by Hood in 1927, to retain rectangularis as a full species separate from latus. Cryptothrips rectangularis occurs throughout Illinois under bark of dead branches. Illinois records.—Collected from May to September inclusive, from one to several localities in the following counties: Carroll, Champaign (Hood 1908a), Cook, De Kalb, Fay- ette, Hardin, Henderson, Jack- son, Kane, Kankakee, Lake, Law- rence, Logan, Marion, Mason, Montgomery, Ogle, Pike, Pope, Sangamon, Vermilion, Will, and Whiteside. Diopsothrips Hood Diopsothrips Hood (1934:422). Type- species by original designation. — Diopsothrips flavus Hood. Head slightly longer than wide, sur- face smooth. Eyes reduced in size to about six dorsal facets, the posterior facets being the largest. Ocelli present in macropterous forms, only fore ocel- lus present in brachypterous or apter- ous forms. Interocellar setae thickened. Postocular setae well developed. An- tennae seven segmented, without a trace of a suture between morphol- ogical segments VII and VIII, seg- ments III and IV with long sense cones. Mouth cone long, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets thick, re- tracted far into the head, forming a wide V. Prothorax mostly smooth, with all major setae well developed. Epimeral sutures incomplete. Metascutum weakly hexagonally reticulate. Ma- cropterous, brachypterous, or apter- ous. Fore wings, when present, lacking accessory cilia. Fore tarsi armed in both sexes, mid and hind tarsi each two segmented. Pelta degenerate in United States species at least, only posterior portion developed. Abdomen with lateral se- tae well developed, posteriorly be- coming longer than the segments from which they arise. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior seLae long, some longer than tube. Tube longer than head, thickened, longitudinally ridged, sharply constricted at apex; anal setae much shorter than tube. My previous supposition (19576), based on the literature, that Diopso- thrips was a synonym of Polyphemo- thrips is incorrect. Upon examination of authentic material I now find that Diopsothrips is not at all allied to Symphyothrips, as Hood implied in 1934, but instead is very close in structure to Allothrips and Parallo- thrips. Unlike these two genera, Di- opsothrips has species bearing thick, long tubes. Possession of a broadly rounded mouth cone and thickened in- terocellar setae does not distinguish Diopsothrips from Allothrips, Hood's 514 Illinois Natural HisroRh' Siirve-i- Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 statement (1934) to the contrary not- withstanding. This genus is represented in the United States by one species, louisi- anae. It has not yet been found in IlHnois. Diopsothrips louisianae Hood Diopsothrips loHisianae Hood (1936c: 98). 9. Type-locality.—Tallulah, Louisiana. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 1.5 mm. General color brown. Head (except anterior region), median portions of pterothorax, apexes of femora, and all of tibiae and tarsi yellow. Antennal segment I light brown, segment II and pedicel of III yellow, remainder of antennae brown becoming darkest apically. Tube, ex- cept tip, orange. Body setae hyaline. Subintegumental pigment red. Head as in Fig. 289, with cheeks smooth. Interocellar and postocular setae pointed. Antennal segment III moderate in size, longer than IV, with one inner and one outer sense cone; Fig. 289. prothorax. -Diopsothrips husianae, head and segment IV with two inner and two outer sense cones. Prothorax with all major setae pointed. Praepectus, if present, not discernible in the specimens I have seen. Metascutum with faint hex- agonal reticulations. Wing pads en- tirely lacking. Fore tarsi with a moderate-sized tooth. Pelta degenerate, anterior portion lacking, posterior portion hexagonally reticulate. Wing-holding setae pres- ent, slightly sigmoidal in form. All abdominal setae pointed. Tube longer than head, thick, ridged. Female (macropterous).—Un- known. Male.—Unknown. This species has an Allothrips-Mke body, but is distinct in having a long, thick, orange tube. To date it has been collected in Louisiana and Texas (USNM rec- ords) from humus and dead branches. Because many other Gulf coastal spe- cies extend up to the southwestern tip of Illinois via the Mississippi river valley, louisianae is included here as a possible Illinois inhabitant. Despite repeated searches, however, it has not been taken in our state as yet. Elaphrothrips Buflfa Elaphrothrips Buffa (1909:162). Type- species by subsequent designation of Moulton ( 1933&).—T/ir/ps schotti Heeger. Invalid; schotti not in origi- nal list of Elaphrothrips. Type- species by subsequent designation of Andre (April 27, 1940).—Woto- tkrips coniferarum Pergande. Valid. Type-species by subsequent desig- nation of Hood "(October 18, 1940a).—Idolothrips flavipes Hood. Invalid; prior designation by Andre. Dicaiothrips Buffa (1909:169). Type- species by subsequent designation of Bagnall {1910a).—Thrips schotti Heeger. Synonymized by Hood (1927c). Head much wider than long, area bearing antennae prolonged in front of eyes, dorsal surface finely, trans- versely striate. Eyes moderate in size, occasionally produced posteriorly more on the venter than on the dor- sum. Interocellar setae nearly as large I May, 1968 Stannaru: The Thrips ok Illinois 515 as or larger than postocular setae, these setae always pointed. Ocelli pres- ent, fore ocellus often far forward. Cheeks with several pairs of setae which are often developed into strong spines. Antennae (Fig. 157) eight seg- mented, intermediate segments elon- gate, segment VIII usually with base constricted and more or less pedicel- late. Mouth cone short, broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed V- shaped within head. Prothorax with major setae well de- veloped, anterior pairs smaller and not as prominent as the other setae, all setae pointed to blunt. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus well de- veloped. Anterior margin of mesoeu- sternum short (Fig. 193). Mesonotum with many small, hexagonal reticula- tions. Fore legs usually armed, in males fore femora each often with a curved stout seta at apex. Macropter- ous, micropterous, or brachypterous. Fore wings, when fully developed, broad; fringe cilia numerous and close- ly spaced, each fore wing with 20-40 or more accessory fringe cilia. Pelta broad, hexagonally reticulate, with lateral portions well differen- tiated from median portion. Remain- der of abdominal tergites, except tube, predominantly sculptured with trans- verse striations, some of which grade into hexagonal reticulations. Abdomi- nal segment IX in females with three pairs of long, pointed posterior setae; in males with an additional strong but shortened pair of ventral setae. Tube relatively long. Because of Andre's revision (1940), the species from the eastern United States are well resolved as to their taxonomic status. By contrast repre- sentatives of Elaphrothrips in Central America are badly in need of critical treatment. In Illinois the genus can be recog- nized by the large, prolonged head and by the narrow margin of the midan- terior portion of the mesosternum. Only four species occur in our state. Apparently they all feed on fungus spores growing in dead leaves. One of the species, tuberculatus, a dead oak leaves inhabitor (Fig. 37), is the largest thrips in Illinois. KKY TO ADULTS 1. Tibiae and tarsi abruptly yellow; eyes prolonged ventrally more than dorsally flavipes Tibiae, at least, dark brown to black ... 2 2. Pelta with lateral portions nearly sepa- rate from median portion; on conifers conif'erarum Pelta with lateral portions completely connected to the median portion in the posterior half 3 3. Fore ocellus overhanging; cheeks without many large spines; fore wings with a brown streak in the basal half, armatus Fore ocellus not overhanging; cheeks with three or four pairs of large spines; fore wings with a brown streak at the ex- treme base only tuberculatus Elaphrothrips armatus (Hood) Idolothrips armatus Hood (19086:285). 9 , d'. Type-locality.—Not stated but holotype labeled Carbondale, Illinois. Transferred to Elaphro- thrips by Hood (1927c). Female (micropterous) (Fig. 290). —Length distended nearly 4.3 mm. General color blackish brown to black. Antennal segment III, except apex, and segments IV and V each in basal half yellow. Tarsi medium brown. Fore wings each with a dark brown medi- an streak, basally. Head (Fig. 291) proportionately longer and more slender than in tuber- culatus, fore ocellus overhanging bases of antennae. Eyes not prolonged ven- trally more than dorsally. Cheeks not bearing many large spines. Postocular setae long. Fore femora without inner warts. Fore tarsi each armed with a small tooth. Fore wings short, degenerate, not reaching posteriad of abdominal segment III; accessory fringe cilia seemingly absent. Abdominal tergite I with pelta hav- ing lateral portion broadly attached to median portion. Wing-holding setae well developed. Tube relatively long and slender. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 5 mm. Similar to micropterous female except wings fully developed. Fore wings with brown median streak occupying all of basal half except extreme base; in speci- Illinois Natirai. History Sirxki' Billetin \ ol. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 290.—Elaphrofhrijitf aspect. armatus. dorsal mens from Lake City, Florida, each with 21 accessory fringe ciha. Male (macropterous).—Length distended more than 4.2 mm. Similar in color and structure to macropterous female with the following exceptions. Fore tarsi yellow, fore tarsal tooth larger and broader. Fore femora often enlarged and with many lateral spines well developed. Fore wings each with 17-22 accessory fringe cilia (Illinois specimens). Ehiphrollirij)n arnialus, head andFig. 291. prothorax. This long-headed species may be distinguished from coniferarum, which also has a brown median basal streak in each fore wing, by the form of the pelta. In conijerarum the lateral parts of the pelta are nearly separated from the median part; in armatns the lateral parts of the pelta are broadly joined to the median part. The species tiiber- culatus, which lacks a brown median streak in the fore wing, is also distinct from armatus by possessing warts on the fore femora in the female and by the proportionately shorter and broader head. Ordinarily the females of armatus are more often micropterous than ma- cropterous and the males are usually, if not always, macropterous. Mav, 196H SiANNARD: TllK TllRIHS OF Il.l.lNDlS 517 During the cold months annatus may be found in the forest leaf litter or in hollow stems of herbs such as Solidago. In the warm months it can be found on herbs where the forests and prairies meet or in grassy glades within the forest. This thrips occurs throughout the state. Illinois records.—Collected every month of the year, from one to sev- eral localities in the following coun- ties: Adams, Alexander, Bond, Champaign, Clark, Cumberland, Greene, Grundy, Iroquois, Jack- son, Jefferson, Kankakee, Law- rence, Lee, Logan, Mason, Mon- roe, Morgan, Piatt, Pope, Pulas- ki, Union, Vermilion, and Wash- ington. Elaphrothrips coniferarum (Pergande) Idolothrips conijerarum Pergande (1896:63). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Washington, D. C. Transferred to Elaphrothrips by Buffa (1909). Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 5.5 mm. General color blackish brown. Antennal segment III in basal two-thirds, segment IV in basal half, segment V in basal one- third, and segment VI in pedicel yel- low. Fore wings in basal half with m^-' Ian brown streak. Head (Fig. 292) moderately long and broad. Fore ocellus overhanging bases of antennae. Cheeks bearing three or four pairs of fairly stout setae. Eyes not prolonged ventrally more than dorsally. Postocular setae long in specimens from southern Illinois, shorter in specimens from northern Illinois. Fore femora without inner warts. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Fore wings well developed, each with 32 42 accessory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergite I with pelta hav- ing lateral portions nearly separate from median portion. Wing-holding setae well developed, sigmoidal. Tube relatively long and slender. Male (macropterous).—Length distended slightly over 5 mm. Similar to female in color and structure except fore tarsal tooth well developed and fore femora often enlarged. Fig. 292. — Elaphrothrips coniferarum, head and prothorax. This species is easily distinguished from its congeners in Illinois by the form of the pelta in which the lateral portions are nearly separated from the median portions. No other species has the lateral portions so separated. Like armatus, coniferarum bears a brown median streak in the basal half of each fore wing. Specimens from northern Illinois and the Atlantic states bear much shorter postocular setae than do speci- mens from southern Illinois. As implied by its name, coniferarum inhabits conifers— in Illinois, white pine and red cedar. Illinois records. -Johnson Coun- ty: Vienna, August 17, 1950, Stan- nard, dead red cedar needles, 6 9, 2 cf, 3 larvae. Ogle County: 518 Illinois Natural History St-RVf:v Bulletin 29, Art. 4 White Pines State Park, July 13, 1944, Frison, Sanderson, white pine needles, 4 9, 2 d", 1 larva. Elaphrothrips flavipes (Hood) Idolothrips flavipes Hood (1908f:377). 9, d". Type-locality.—Not stated but holotype labeled Dubois, Illi- nois. Transferred to Elaphrothrips by Buffa (1909). Female (brachypterous).—Length distended over 4.5 mm. General color dark brown. Antennal segments III, IV, basal three-fourths of V, basal half of VI, tibiae, and tarsi bright yellow. Head moderately long and broad. Fore ocellus overhanging bases of an- tennae. Cheeks bearing three or four pairs of fairly stout setae. Eyes pro- longed ventrally more than dorsally. Postocular setae long. Fore femora without inner warts. Fore tarsi each with a small tooth. Wing pads membranous, sometimes extending posteriorly to abdominal segment II. Abdominal tergite I with pelta as in Fig. 293. Wing-holding setae slight- ly reduced in size. Tube moderately long and slender. Female (macropterous).—Length distended over 4.5 mm. Similar to brachypterous female except wings fully developed. Fore wings without basal brown streak, each with about 26 accessory fringe cilia. Male (brachypterous).- Length distended slightly less than 4.5 mm. Similar in color and structure to bra- chypterous female except fore tarsal tooth larger and sometimes fore legs greatly enlarged. Elaphrothrips flavipes may be im- mediately recognized by the yellow color of the tibiae and the ventrally prolonged eyes. It occurs mostly in the southern half of our state in forest Fig. 293— Elaphrothrips flavipes, pelta. debris or in low grasses and herbs at the edge of the forest. Illinois records.—Alexander County: Gale, November 18, 1959, Stannard, forest debris, 4 specimens; Olive Branch, March 15, 1960, Stan- nard, forest debris, 1 9,1 cf. Cham- paign County: Homer (Hood 1908); Urbana, October 30, 1933, Farrar, soil and leaves, 1 9 . Cumberland County: Greenup, March 5, 1949, Smith, forest debris, 1 9 . Gallatin County: Shawneetown, June 23, 1950, Sanderson, sweeping vegetation, 1 9 . Perry County: Pyatts, April 11, 1956, October 28, 1964, November 12, 1964, Stannard, woodland debris, many specimens. PoPE CoUNTY: Herod, May 4, 1950, Sanderson, Stan- nard, sweeping grasses, 2 9 . Wash- ington County: Dubois, April 28, 1908, Hart, Smith, dead oak leaf, 1 cT. Wayne County: Zenith, April 22, 1966, Stannard, woodland leaf mold, 3 9. Elaphrothrips tuberculatus (Hood) Idolothrips tuberculatus Hood (19086: 287). 9, (^. Type-locality.—Not stated but holotype labeled White Heath, Illinois. Transferred to Ela- phrothrips by Hood (1927c). Female (macropterous).—Length distended nearly 5.8 mm. General col- or dark brown to black. Antennal seg- ment III in basal two-thirds, segments IV and V each in basal half, and VI in basal third yellow. Tarsi lighter brown than body. Fore wings clear except for a brown streak at extreme base. Head moderately long and broad, fore ocellus not overhanging bases of antennae. Cheeks with three or four very strongly developed, stout spines. Eyes not projecting posteriorly more on the venter than on the dorsum. Postocular setae long. Fore femora each with an inner sub- apical wart (Fig. 294). Fore tarsi each with a small, anteriorly directed tooth. Fore wings each with about 40 acces- sory fringe cilia. Abdominal tergites with wing- holding setae well developed. Tube long and slender. May, 1968 Stannard: Thk Thkii'S oi- Illinois 519 Fig. 294.—Fore leg of Elaphrolhrips tuher- culatus, 9 showing wartlike process on femur. Male (macropterous).—Lenght distended nearly 5.5 mm. Similar to female in color and structure except for the following. Cheek spines larger. Fore tarsal tooth greatly enlarged and directed laterally. Fore femora with- out inner warts, or warts greatly reduced. This is our largest thrips. The fe- male is distincti'^e by the possession of a wart on the inner surface of each of the fore femora, and the male by the heavy spines on the cheeks. Ela- phrothrips tuherculatus does not have an extensive brown basal streak in the fore wing. This species occurs in dead hanging oak leaves (Fig. 37) throughout our state. Illinois records.- Collected from May through November, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties: Alexander, Carroll, Clark, Clay, Cook, Edgar, Hardin, Jack- son, .Jefferson, Johnson, La Salle, Macon, McLean, Monroe, Ogle, Piatt, Pope, Union, and Vermilion. Illinothrips Stannard Illinothrips Stannard (1954:193). Type-species by original descrip- tion. — Illinothrips rossi Stannard. Head longer than wide, prolonged in front of eves, constricted behind eyes. Eyes bulged in the manner of some Eurythrips. Ocelli absent in ap- terous forms. Cheeks without strong setae. Postocular setae well developed. Antennae eight segmented, intermedi- ate segments not particularly elon- gated, segment VIII slender and well separated from segment VII. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets when retracted placed in a V shape within the head. Prothorax with all major setae well developed. Epimeral sutures often in- complete. Praepectus present. Meso- praesternum as in Fig. 148. Pterotho- rax in apterous form degenerate. Males with a pair of spinelike processes an- terior to the mesospiracles. Only ap- terous forms known. Fore tarsi un- armed in female, armed in male. Pelta as in Fig. 173. Abdomen only faintly sculptured. Wing-holding setae not differentiated in apterous form. Abdominal tergite IX with posterior setae shorter than tube. Tube shorter than head. As concerns the Illinois fauna, Il- linothrips resembles Allothrips most closely. The two are easily separated, however, by the form of the anten- nae—in Illinothrips the antennae are eight segmented whereas in Allothrips they are seven segmented. Relatives even closer to Illinothrips occur to the south and include Pseudocryptothrips and Goetothrips. None of the latter relatives have eyes bulged in the man- ner of Illinothrips nor are they sym- patric with Illinothrips as far as is known. The single species, rossi, has been collected in several localities in Illinois. Illinothrips rossi Stannard Illinothrips rossi Stannard (1954:195). 9, cT. Type-locality.— Elgin, Illinois. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended 2.3-2.5 mm. Color brown and yellow. Head, legs except outer basal edge of tibiae, tip of antennal segment II, and base of segment III yellowish. Pterothorax yellowish brown. Rest of body dark brown except abdominal segment IX which is often slightly 520 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin \'i, All. 4 lighter. Body setae pale yellow to colorless. Head as in Fig. 295, dorsal surface reticulate at base, striate at sides, and nearly smooth medially. Postocular setae blunt. Antennal segment III with one outer sense cone. Prothorax with major setae blunt. Fore tarsi unarmed. Abdominal segments without ex- tremely long setae laterally. Tube nearly two-thirds as long as dorsal length of head. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended 1.6-1.8 mm. Similar to female with the following exceptions. Much lighter in color, most of body yellow except antennal segments I and IV- VIII (being darkest in the terminal segments), abdominal segments VII and VIII in the posterior margin, and abdominal segments IX and X (tube) in the posterior half. Thorax with each anterior margin of the mesospiracle Fig. 295. — Illinothrips rossi, head and pro- thorax. bearing a spinelike process (Fig. 145). Fore tarsi each armed with a sharp tooth. This distinctive species, easily rec- ognized by the generic characteristics, has been found only in Illinois and then in but a few scattered localities. It has been collected from clumps of Andropogon scoparius. Illinois records.—CooK COUNTY: east of Elgin (Shoefactory Road hill prairie), August 1, 1944, Ross, Som- merman, 1 9 ; east of Elgin (Shoe- factory Road hill prairie), October 10, 1952, Ross, Stannard, on Andropogon scoparius, 1 9 , 1 d". Mason County: Bath, October 2, 1951, Sanderson, Stannard, on Andropogon scoparius, 7 9,3 cf, 3 immatures; Teheran, Oc- tober 20, 1953, Smith, Stannard, on Andropogon, 1 9 , 2 cf . Megalothrips Uzel Megalothrips Uzel (1895:224). Type- species by subsequent designation of Priesner (1949). — Megalothrips bonannii Uzel. Head elongate, much longer than wide and relatively more slender than in Megathrips, highly arched dorsally, with transverse striae, area beyond eyes only slightly projecting beyond anterior eye margin. Eyes moderate in size although proportionately small when compared to head size. Ocelli present. Interocellar, postocellar, and postocular setae well developed. Cheeks with several pairs of spines. Antennae eight segmented, segments VI and VII ventrally produced at apex, segment VIII lanceolate. Mouth cone short and broadly rounded. Max- illary stylets long, when at rest re- tracted to the eyes, touching within the center of the head. Prothorax short, much shorter than in Megathrips, all major setae well de- veloped, the posterior pairs being the longest, the anterolateral pair beirig closer to the anterior margin than in Megathrips. Epimeral sutures incom- plete. Praepectus present. Mesoprae- sternum broad. Fore tarsi unarmed or each armed at the most with a tiny tooth. Only the macropterous form May, 1968 Stan.narj) : 1 iih liiRii's iii' Illinois 521 found in Illinois. Fore wings broad with accessory fringe cilia. Pelta with a median portion and two lateral portions that are either sepa- rated or connected by a slender bridge. Abdominal tergites with anterior halves hexagonally reticulate, poste- rior halves transversely striate. Wing- holding setae well developed. Abdomi- nal tergite VI in male with a pair of long, tubular lateral processes. Tube long, bowed, and hairy: longer in fe- male, shorter in male; with dorsal warts in the male, at least in the spe- cies from Illinois. This genus is easily recognized in Illinois by the black color, large size, arched head, closely spaced maxillary stylets, and hairy tube. It resembles Megathrips, which occurs only in the northern part of our state, as well as many genera in the Old World tropics, such as Cauclotkrips and Bacillothrips. One species, Megalothrips spinosus, is found in Illinois. Megalothrips spinosus Hood Megalothrips(l) spinosus Hood (1908a : 306). 9. Type-locality.—Harris- burg, Pennsylvania. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 5 mm. Color almost entirely blackish brown. Wings color- less. Head (Fig. 296) elongate, arched dorsally, with transverse striae. Inter- ocellar setae long, as long as postocu- lar setae; postocellar setae well de- veloped but smaller than postocular pair; these head setae pointed. Anten- nal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone. Prothorax brokenly transversely striate, with major setae pointed to blunt, the anterior pairs shorter than the posterior pairs. Mesopraesternum broad. Metanotum transversely stra- ate to somewhat reticulate. Fore tarsi each usually armed with a tiny, blunt tooth at the inner apex. Fore wings each with 26 36 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta as in Fig. 297. Wing-holding setae strongly developed. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae shorter than the tube, yellowish brown 1IWU Fig. 296.- prothorax. -Megalothrips spinosus, head and Fig. 297.—Megalothrips spinosus, pelta. to yellow in color. Tube long, bowed, and hairy (Fig. 191). Male (macropterous).—Length distended over 4 mm. Similar to fe- male in color and structure except for the following. Fore tarsi seemingly not armed. Abdominal tergite IV with a pair of lateral tubeiike processes (in life these tubes are directed nearly straight upwards; when specimens are mounted and under the pressure of the cover glass they are directed posteriad and nearly on the plane of the body). Abdominal tergite VIII with the anterior wall of each spiracle projected slightly as a toothlike proc- e.ss. Tube proportionately shorter and thicker than in female, with four or more middorsal lateral warts. 522 li.MNois Nattrat. HlST(>R^ SrR\-KV IUm.ktin \(il. 2'J, Art. 1 Because there are no other con- geners in Illinois, this species can be determined by the generic characteris- tics. The three North American spe- cies were keyed by J. C. Crawford in 1947. Megalothrips spinosus is found throughout most of the state on dead branches. Illinois records. Found in all sea- sons of the year, from one to several localities in the following counties: Alexander, Champaign, Clark, Clay, Cook, Jackson, Lake, Law- rence, Macon, Massac, McDon- ouGH, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Ran- dolph, Wabash, and Washington. Megathrips Targioni-Tozzetti Megathrips Targioni-Tozzetti (1881: 120). Type-species by monotypy. — Megathrips piccioli Targioni- Tozzetti (=Phloeothrips lativentris Heeger). Head elongate, but shorter and broader than in Megalothrips, not strongly arched, with transverse striae, area beyond eyes moderately projecting. Eyes moderately sized. Ocelli present, reduced in size in bra- chypterous forms. Interocellar, post- ocellar, postocular, and middorsal head setae well developed ; interocellar setae often longest. Cheeks with sev- eral pairs of capitate spines. Antennae eight segmented, segment III elon- gate, segment VIII lanceolate. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Maxillary sty- lets fairly long, when at rest retracted to the middle of the head, spaced fairly wide apart, not touching in the center of the head. Prothorax not as short as in Megalo- thrips, all major setae well developed, the posterior pairs the longest, antero- lateral setae displaced from anterior margin toward the midlateral setae. Epimeral sutures incomplete in bra- chypterous forms, complete or nearly complete in macropterous forms. Prae- pectus present. Mesopraesternum broad. Fore tarsi unarmed in the fe- male, at the most each with a minute tooth in the male. Macropterous or brachypterous. Fore wings broad with accessory setae. Pelta with a broad median portion, narrowly connected laterally to two small portions. Abdominal tergites with wing-holding setae well devel- oped. Abdominal tergite VI in the male with a pair of long, tubular lat- eral processes. Abdominal tergite VIII in the male with lateral spines borne on produced areas. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae less than one-third as long as tube. Tube moderately long, conspicuously hairy, constricted near the middle in the male. Anal setae much shorter than tube. This genus resembles Megalothrips in name, in possessing hairy tubes, and in being large and dark in color. Megathrips may be distinguished by the close placement of the anterolat- eral setae to the midlateral setae and by the widely spaced maxillary stylets. A single species, the holarctic lati- ventris, occurs in Illinois. Megathrips lativentris (Heeger) Phloeothrips lativentris Heeger (1852: 479). cf. Type-locality.—Austria. Transferred to Megalothrips by Uzel (1895). Transferred to Megathrips by Priesner (1920a.). Phloeothrips longispina Reuter (1879: 214). d'. Type-locality.—Finland. Synonymized by Uzel (1895). Phloeothrips tibialis Reuter (1879: 215). ? 9 . Type-locality.—Finland. Synonymized by Uzel (1895). Megathrips piccioli Targioni-Tozzetti (1881:120). ?9. Type-locality.— Italy. Synonymized by Priesner (1928). Megalothrips niger Schmutz (19096: 346). ? 9 . Type-local ty.—Romania. Synonymized by Priesner (1928). Bacillothrips padewiethi Karny (1919: 114). cf . Type-locality.—Croatia (Yugoslavia). Synonymized by Priesner (1928). Female (brachypterous).—Length distended nearly 4 mm. General color blackish brown. Base and apex of femora, all of the tibiae and tarsi, an- tennal segment III except at apex, antennal segments IV and V in basal half, and antennal segment VI in pedi- May, 1968 Stannard: Tiik 'I'liKrF's i)\- liiixois 52;? eel yellow. Body setae yellow. Wings colorless. Head sharply constricted posterior- ly, widest at eyes and middle of head. Ocelli small. Interocellar setae longest. Antennal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone. Prothorax weakly sculptured, ma- jor setae blunt to dilated. Metanotum smooth medially. Fore tarsi unarmed. Wings reduced to small pads. Pelta as in Fig. 298, weakly sculp- tured. Abdominal tergites hexagonally reticulate anteriorly, more or less smooth posteriorly. Wing-holding se- tae reduced in size. Tube moderately long, not indented in the middle. Fig. 298. — Megaihrips laliventris, pelta. Female (macropterous).—Not available to me. Each fore wing re- ported to bear 25 accessory setae. Male (brachypterous).— Length distended about 3.5 mm. Similar to female in color and general structure. Fore tarsi each possibly with a minute tooth. Abdominal tergite VI with lat- eral finger-like process. Abdominal ter- gite VIII with lateral warts. Tube decidedly constricted in middle. The generic characteristics should serve to distinguish the sole species in our area. So far only one female specimen of lativeyitris has been taken in Illinois. Generally it is a northern species, oc- curring in the whole of Europe, in eastern Canada, New England, and south and west to Colorado, Minne- sota, and northern Illinois. Illinois record. — Lake County: Barrington, September 21, 1961, Holmes, Stannard, forest debris, 1 9 . Nesothrips Kirkaldy Nesothrips Kirkaldy (1907:10.3). Type- species by monotypy. — Nesothrips oakuensis Kirkaldy. For more than 35 years, from the time of its origin until about a decade ago, Nesothrips remained an unrecog- nizable name. In 1944 Bianchi rede- scribed the type-species and made the genus known. According to my later interpretations (1957&), Nesothrips was actually no more than a complex in a genus which contained Bolothrips and Gastrothrips. Because Nesothrips is the older name, it is employed here, and Bolothrips and Gastrothrips are considered subgenera. No member of Nesothrips s. str. occurs in eastern North America. Many species of Nesothrips bear close resemblance to some species in Cryptothrips. Species of Nesothrips can be distinguished easily by the V- shaped placement of the maxillary stylets when the stylets are retracted within the head. By contrast, in Cryptothrips these stylets lie parallel and close together within the head. Nesothrips subgenus Bolothrips Priesner Bolothrips Priesner (19266:90). Type- species by original designation. — Phloeothrips bicolor Heeger. Sub- ordinated under Nesothrips by Stannard (19576). Bolothrips subgenus Botanothrips Hood (1939fl:605). Type-species by original designation. — Bolothrips I Botanothrips) pratensis Hood. Syn- onymized by Stannard (19576). As pertains to the Illinois fauna: Head more or less oval to oblong, usually longer than broad, often slight- ly protruding anteriad of eyes. Cheeks without strong setae. Eyes often pro- truding slightly, ventral surface often extended posteriad more than on dor- sal surface. Ocelli present or absent, usually greatly reduced even in ma- cropterous specimens. Postocular se- tae well developed and pointed. Post- ocellar setae small or moderately large. Antennae eight segmented, intermedi- ate segments only slightly elongate, segment VIII well .separated from seg- ment VII. Mouth cone short and broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets placed V shaped within the head. 524 Ii.j.KNois Natural History Survey Bii.i.ktin' \ol. 2'J, Art. 4 Prothorax with all major setae well developed except anteromarginal pair whicli are relatively small. Epimeral sutures complete. Praepectus well de- veloped. Fore legs unarmed in female, usually armed in male, always armed in major male. Females either ma- cropterous or apterous, males only apterous as far as is known. Fore wings, when fully developed, broad, each with about 10 accessory fringe cilia. Abdomen usually smooth or only faintly sculptured. Pelta formed as in Fig. 303, with posterior half bearing weak striations. Abdominal segment IX in female with three pairs of mod- erately long, pointed posterior setae; in males with an additional fairly long pair of ventral setae. Tube moderate in size, more than half as long to near- ly as long as head, usually not abrupt- ly constricted near apex (Fig. 299). This subgenus contains two groups, those with eyes greatly prolonged ven- trally (for example, hicolor) and those with eyes hardly at all prolonged ven- trally (for example, icarus). Names have been applied to these groups as indicated in the synonymy. Unfortu- nately, when species from all over the world are considered, these categories break down. In other regions there are species which range from those with the eyes just slightly prolonged ven- trally to various degrees of prolonga- tion. It does not seem practical, there- fore, to recognize these subdivisions as groups with legal names. In the eastern United States and Canada, exclusive of Florida, this sub- genus may be distinguished from the others in the subfamily Megathripinae by the relatively short head, the V- shaped position of the maxillary sty- lets when retracted within the head, the form of the pelta, and the cylindri- cal, nonridged black tube. So far only two species, hicolor and dentipes, have been found in Illinois. Three more species have been taken in eastern states. Fig. 299-300.—Abdominal tergites IX and X; 299, Neso'hrips (Bololhripsj bicolor; 300, Nesothrips (Gastrothrips) ruficauda. May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrif.s ok Illinois 525 KEY TO SPECIES Nesothrips (Bolothrips) bicolor (OF EASTERN UNITED STATES, EXCLUSIVE (HeegCr) OF FLORIDA, BASED IN PART ON LITERATURE) p;,,;^,,,;^,,;^^ f^^.^l^, HeegBF (1852:477). 1. Ventral surface of eyes with large portion ? 9 . Type-locality.—Vienna, Aus- narrowed and extending posteriad be- tria. Transferred to Cryptothrips by ^art oUhe e^l^fp^ 'Tof j" °' '''*' '^°''''^^' ^^^^' (1895). Transferred to Bolo- Ventrarsurflce of eyis, for the most part" Ihrips by Priesner (1926a). Trans- similar to dorsal aspect in shape or only ferred to Nesothrips by Stannard extending posteriad beyond the dorsal (19576). part of the eye by one or two facets. 5 Oedaleothrips andrei Watson (1933a: 2. Prothorax yellow or orange-yellow 3 aq^ o ^ Tvnp-lnpalitv — AmPs Prothorax brown, occasionally yellowish f'- ^'„°- ^ YPe-lOca Ity. Ames brown 4 lowa. Synonymized by Hood 3. Antennal segment I largely brown; an- (1936o). tennal segment III with an inner sejise FEMALE (apterous).—Length dis- AnTennal segment I orangelyellowTan- tended about 2 8 mm. Bicolored yel- tennal segment III lacking an inner low and dark brown. Antennal seg- sense cone; not yet found in Illinois ment II except at extreme base, seg- giivipes ments III and IV, segment V except 4. An^tennal segment III yellow except for ^^ ^p^^, and segment VI in pedicel Antennal segment III yellow in pedicef, yellow to yellowish brown; segment I brown medially, and yellowish brown and most of VI medium brown. Pro- apically; not yet found in Illinois thorax and legs bright yellow. Head, ^ , ; ^ . . . . iitoreus remainder of antennae, pterothorax, ' ^rcXl"e^trsLilltTo^=;ffTund^t and abdomen blackish brown, being Illinois pratensis darkest in head and tube. Antennal segment I largely brown; pos- Head (Fig. 301) slightly longer than toeellar setae moderate in size, icarus ^i^jg^ greatest width across eyes. Eyes 301 Fig. 301 302.— Head and prothorax: 301, (Gastrolhrips) ruficauda. 302 Nesothrips iBololhrips) bicolor; 302, Nesothrips 526 Illinois Natural Historv Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 prolonged ventrally. Ocelli present but reduced in size. Postocellar setae small ; postocular setae well developed, pointed. Antennal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone; segment VIII well separated from seg- ment VII, slightly pedicellate. Prothorax with all setae pointed; anteromarginal setae small, the re- mainder of the major setae well de- veloped (Fig. 301). Pteronotum with sclerotized portion reduced, typical of apterous forms, without trace of basal wing sclerites. Metanotum smooth. Fore tarsi each unarmed. Pelta as in Fig. 303. Wing-holding setae not differentiated. Tube (Fig. 299) about seven-tenths as long as head. Female (macropterous).—Length distended about 2.8 mm. Similar in general color and structure to apter- ous female. Pterothorax somewhat re- duced, metanotum smooth. Wings fully developed, fore wings colorless except for scale and region just above scale, which are light gray. Fore wings broad with fringe cilia fairly close together, with 6-10 accessory fringe cilia. Male (apterous).— Length dis- tended about 2.6 mm. Similar in color and structure to apterous female. Ma- jor form with fore legs and prothorax enlarged, fore tarsi each with a large well-developed tooth, fore tibiae each with a small inner apical tooth. Tube slightly more than half as long as head. This species is easily distinguished by the bright yellow prothorax and legs in contrast to the black head, pterothorax, and abdomen. According to Dr. H. B. Mills (orally) this thrips, because of its striking color and at- tractive appearance, influenced Dean Floyd Andre, then a student at Ames, Iowa, to take up the study of Thy- sanoptera. Hood (19146) recorded hicolor, un- der Cryptothrips, as being introduced from Europe to North America as early as 1913. It was first discovered here by Dr. J. C. Faure, then also a student, at Canastota, New York. Since then it has been found scattered throughout the northern part of North Fig. 303. — Nesothrips bicolor, pelta. America. Its occurrence in Illinois is limited to the northern half of the state where it is found on native and naturalized grasses. In the United States the macropter- ous form is very rare. Illinois records (Fig. 16).—Col- lected every month of the year, from one to several localities in the follow- ing counties: Carroll, Champaign, Douglas, Henderson, Henry, Iro- quois, Jo Daviess, Kane, Kendall, Knox, Lake, La Salle, Lee, Ma- son, McLean, McHenry, Ogle, Piatt, Rock Island, Stephenson, Whiteside, Will, Winnebago, and Woodford. Nesothrips (Bolothrips) dentipes (Reuter) Phloeothrips dentipes Reuter (1885: 12). 9. Type-locality.—Finland. Transferred to Bolothrips by Pries- ner (1928). Transferred to Neso- thrips by Stannard (19576). Female (apterous) (Fig. 304). — Length distended about 3.5 mm. Col- or generally dark brown. Antennal segment III in basal two-thirds, ex- treme base and apex of femora, inside of fore tibiae, and tarsi yellow to yel- lowish brown. Head longer than broad, greatest width through eyes. Eyes prolonged ventrally. Ocelli present but reduced in size. Postocellar setae relatively small. Postocular setae well developed, long and pointed. Antennal segment III with one inner ventral sense cone and one outer sense cone, segment VIII well separated from segment VII but without a constricted pedicel. Prothorax with all setae pointed; anterolateral, midlateral, and postero- marginal setae longer than in gilvipes; compare Hood (1914, plate V, Fig. 4) with Fig. 304. Pteronotum with scle- May, 1968 Stannard: Tnt. Thkei's 527 rites reduced, typical of apterous con- dition, a few basal wing sclerites present; metanotum smooth. Fore tarsi unarmed. Pelta about as in Fig. 303. Wing- Fig. 304. pect. -NesolhripK deniipes, dorsal as- holding setae not differentiated. Tube long, about nine-tenths as long as head. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 3 mm. General color and structure similar to female. Major forms with fore legs greatly enlarged, fore tarsi each with a strongly devel- oped tooth, fore tibiae at each inner apex with a small tooth. Tube about three-fourths as long as head. This entity appears to be very simi- lar to litoreus Hood. Aside from a few minor differences in color, i.e. color of antennal segment III and base of head, clentipes differs from litoreus mostly in being slightly longer and in having a slightly longer tube. So far this species has been found only in marshy areas. In Illinois it has never been taken outside of Lake County. Illinois records.— Lake County: Beach St. Park, Zion, July 27, 1960, Smith, Ross, Cunningham, on Carex, 1 9 ; Wauconda, October 28, 1943, Ross, Sanderson, in tamarack bog, 1 (f ; Fox Lake, June 7, 1950, Sanderson, Benjamin, sweeping, 1 9 ; Fish Lake, September 12, 1951, Richards, Stan- nard, sweeping along shore, 1 9 ; Antioch, October 15, 1942, Ross, Sand- erson, in mammal's nest by tamarack bog, 1 9 . Nesothrips (Bolothrips) icarus (Uzel), new combination Cryptothrips Icarus [sic] Uzel (1895: 232). 9, cf. Type-locality.— Bo- hemia (Czechoslovakia). Trans- ferred to Bolothrips by Priesner (1938). Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 2.3 mm. General color dark brown. Joints of legs and tarsi yellow. Antennal segment I at base, segment II at apex, segment IV in basal half, and pedicel of segment V yellowish brown; segment III yellow; remainder of antennae brown. Brown portions of legs generally in lighter shades. Head much longer than wide. Eyes slightly bulged from head, hardly at all prolonged ventrally. Fore ocellus 528 Illinois Natiiral HlSTOR^ Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 present, hind ocelli absent. Postocel- lar setae moderately developed. Post- ocular setae well developed, pointed. Antennal segment III with one inner and one outer sense cone; segment VIII well separated from segment VII, slightly pedicellate. Prothorax with all setae pointed to blunt, anterior setae small, the re- mainder of the major setae well de- veloped. Pterothorax reduced; meta- notum smooth. Fore tarsi unarmed. Pelta similar to Fig. 303. Wing- holding setae not differentiated. Tube nearly three-fifths as long as head. Male (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 2 mm. Similar to female in general color and structure except legs usually entirely bright yellow. Fore ocellus present, posterior ocelli lacking in specimens from Michigan, present in specimen I have seen from Czechoslovakia. Major forms with fore legs greatly enlarged, fore tarsi each armed with a large tooth, fore tibiae with a small tooth at inner api- cal angle. This species is recorded here for the first time in North America. The speci- mens examined came from the George Reserve near Pinckney, Michigan. They were collected in 1956 by R. B. Root from nests of vesper and field sparrows. So far icarus has not been found in Illinois but its presence is expected. Nesothrips subgenus Gastrothrips Hood Gastrothrips Hood (1912c:156). Type- species by original designation. — Gastrothrips ruficauda Hood. Sub- ordinated under Nesothrips by Stan- nard (19576). As pertains to the Illinois fauna: Head more or less oval, at the most only slightly prolonged anteriad of the eyes. Cheeks without strong setae. Eyes relatively small, ventral surface slightly extended posteriad more than on dorsal surface. Ocelli present, re- duced in size. Postocellar setae small. Postocular setae well developed, pointed. Antennae eight segmented, intermediate segments only slightly elongate, segment VIII well separated from segment VII. Mouth cone broad- ly rounded. Maxillary stylets, when retracted, placed V-shaped within the head. Prothorax with all major setae well developed except anteromarginal pair which are relatively small. Epimeral sutures usually complete or nearly so (incomplete in specimens I have seen of an undetermined species from Flori- da). Praepectus well developed. Fore legs unarmed in female, usually armed in male. Males with a toothlike pro- jection anterior to each mesothoracic spiracle. Macropterous or apterous. Fore wings when present with or with- out accessory fringe cilia. Abdominal segment I with a fairly broad pelta, usually reticulate. Tube (Fig. 300) moderate in size to small, often slightly thickened, usually slight- ly constricted at apex. In Illinois, but not in some other parts of the world, species of the sub- genus Gastrothrips are easily distin- guished from those in the subgenus Bolothrips. The orange color of the tube of the single Illinois species of Gastrothrips, ruficauda, will differenti- ate this entity from Bolothrips. In addition, in Gastrothrips body projec- tions, such as tooti ike spines on vari- ous parts of the ttiorax, often appear on males. No sudir; tendency to bear thoracic spines ha been observed in Bolothrips. Nesothrips (Gastrothrips) ruficauda Hood Gastrothrips ruficauda Hood (1912c: 156). 9 . Type-locality.— Not stated, but holotype labeled Grand Tower, Illinois. Transferred to Nesothrips by Stannard (19576). Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 2 mm. General color dark brown. Inner apical angles of all femora, tibiae, apex of antennal seg- ment II, and pedicel of segment III yellowish brown to yellow. Tube orange-brown except at extreme base and apex which are dark brown. Setae May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrii's of Illinois 529 generally brown, epimeral setae some- times brown at base and white at tip. Head (Fig. 302) slightly wider than long, generally smooth. Eyes small, prolonged on the venter slightly more than on the dorsum. Ocelli present, but reduced in size. Postocellar setae small. Postocular setae long, pointed. Antennal segment III with no inner and one outer sense cone; segment VIII with base narrowed, not closely joined to segment VII. Prothorax with all major setae ex- cept the anteromarginal setae well de- veloped and pointed, the epimeral se- tae being the largest. Epimeral sutures complete. Pterothorax reduced. Meta- notum smooth. Fore legs unarmed. Pelta broad. Wing-holding setae not differentiated. Abdominal segment IX with major posterior setae slightly shorter than length of tube. Tube (Fig. 300) short, slightly thickened, abruptly constricted at apex, with short terminal setae. Female (macropterous).—Un- known. Male (apterous).— Length dis- tended about 1.6 mm. Similar to fe- male in general color. Fore legs usually slightly enlarged, fore tarsi each with a strongly developed tooth. Lateral angles of mesonotum, just above spi- racles, each with i .-oothlike projection. This species c a be easily recog- nized by the sligh y thickened, nearly orange tube. LiK > Illinothrips rossi, the male of ruficauda bears a toothlike projection anteriad of each mesotho- racic spiracle. So far ruficauda has been found only in the southern half of the state. Most- ly it has been collected from dead wil- low twigs although many other tree twigs have been found to harbor speci- mens. Once I jarred a series of females from Hydraceae fungi growing on dead hickory branches. Illinois records. —Collected from April through October, from one to several localities in the following coun- ties; Coles, Crawford, Cumber- land, Effingham, Gallatin, Hamil- ton, .Jackson (Hood 1912c), Mari- on, Pope, Pulaski (Hood 1912c), Union, and Wabash. Oedaleothrips Hood Oedaleothrips Hood (19166:64). Type- species by original designation. — Oedaleothrips hookeri Hood. Myrmecothrips Watson (1920:20). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Myrmecothrips querci Wat- son. Synonymized by Watson (1924a). Myrmecothrips Priesner (1925e:485). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Myrmecothrips dampfi Pries- ner. Preoccupied by Myrmecothrips Watson, synonymized by Hood (19366). Formicothrips Priesner (1927:479). New name for Myrmecothrips Priesner. Head longer than wide, swollen ex- cept for base which is abruptly nar- rowed. Eyes on the venter ordinarily prolonged posteriorly more than on the dorsum. Ocelli absent. Postocular setae well developed. Antennae eight segmented, segment III moderately elongate, segments V and VI pro- longed ventrally at apex. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Maxillary stylets when retracted into the head placed far apart, often V shaped. Prothorax small relative to the head, pterothorax exceptionally small com- pared to head and abdomen. All ma- jor prothoracic setae well developed. Metanotum (Fig. 305) raised (similar to the scale of the petiole of an ant), often concentrically striate (Fig. 306). Praepectus present. Mesopraesternum well developed, extremely narrow. Ap- terous in North America. Fore tarsi armed in both sexes. Pelta broad. Abdominal tergite II long, often strongly sculptured. Wing- holding setae not differentiated. Tube moderate in size. This genus is easily recognized in North America by the characteristics of the swollen head and the small size of the pterothorax which in profile resembles the scale of the petiole of an ant. Only one species, hookeri, occurs in our state. 530 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin \'(.l. 29, Art. 4 Fig. 305.—Oedaleolhrips species, lateral aspect, showing ant-mimicing form. Oedaleofhrips hookeri Hood Oedaleothrips hookeri (19166:64). 9. Type-locality.—Dallas, Texas. Oedaleothrips campestris Hood (1941: 190). 9, cf. Type-locality. —El Campo, Texas. New synonymy. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended nearly .3 mm. Color predomi- nantly dark blackish brown. Antennal segments I and II light yellow be- coming yellowish brown in segment III. Tube yellow to yellowish tan ex- cept tip which is brown. Anterior of pelta, an anterior spot on each side of abdominal segment II, and a spot on each side of abdominal segment V white. Body setae colorless. Head bulged, sharply constricted at neck, hexagonally reticulate at base. Eyes prolonged ventrally much as in Nesothrips (Bolothrips) bicolor. Post- ocular setae dilated. Antennal seg- ment III with one inner and one outer sense cone, segment VIII constricted at base, pedicellate. Prothorax with longitudinal stria- tions confined to the lateral margins, major setae dilated. Metanotum (Fig. 306) with some concentric rings com- pletely encircling the raised median portion. Fore tarsi each armed with a small tooth. Abdominal tergite IX with poste- rior setae dilated, the lateral pair near- ly as long as tube. Tube constricted at apex. Male (apterous).—Unknown to me. Probably similar to female in most respects. All the specimens I have seen — which are from Illinois, Oklahoma, and Arkansas—could be assigned to either hookeri or to carnpestris, being intermediate to the two. Considering that some color variation might well occur in a wide-ranging species, I be- lieve it is reasonable to sink campestris under hookeri. Certainly Hood did not present much evidence that the two were different species. He stated that they "may be separated by certain details of coloration and by the form of the tube." The holotype of hookeri is a broken specimen with a partially telescoped abdomen. It differs only slightly from the holotype of campes- tris as far as can be seen. Specimens from Illinois are known Pig. 306.—Oedaleotfirips twokeri, part of metathorax showing striations. Photo by J. D. Maddox. May, 1968 Stannard: The Thrips oi- Illinois 531 only from the Ozark regions in the southwestern tip of our state up to Pere Marquette State Park. They have been taken from hill prairies. Probably they feed on fungus spores (Fig. 307). Fig. 307.—Oedaleofhrips species, larva show- ing gut filled with fungus spores. Photo by Wilmer Zehr. Illinois records.—Jackson County: Murphysboro (Little Grand Canyon Area), September 23, 1953, Ross, Evers, hill prairie, 1 9 . Jersey ('oun- ty: Pere Marquette State Park, No- vember 20, 1958, Stannard, hill prai- rie, 1 9. Union County: Wolf Lake (Pine Hills), April 9, 1953, Stannard, hill prairie, 7 9 . Pygidiothrips Hood Pygidiothrips Hood (1938c :389). Type-species by original designa- tion. — Pygidiothrips seminole Hood. Body minute, generally degenerate, stout. Head small, about as broad as long, widest at cheeks just behind eyes, sur- face smooth. Eyes relatively small with about a dozen dorsal facets and less than a half dozen ventral facets. Ocelli absent in apterous forms. Post- ocular setae well developed, dilated. Antennae (Fig. 161) six segmented, segment III smallest, segment VI largest, being composed of fused mor- phological segments VI-VIII. Mouth cone broadly rounded, nearly equal in length to dorsal length of head. Max- illary stylets broad, retracted into the head to the region of the eyes, widely spaced within the head. Prothorax smooth, anteromarginal and midlateral setae minute, antero- lateral and posterior setae well de- veloped, dilated. Praepectus seemingly absent. Meso- and metanotum smooth, degenerate, reduced to simple transverse plates. Apterous in speci- mens so far collected. Thoracic ster- nites much reduced. Metafurca placed anteriorly touching mesofurca. Legs short, mid and hind tarsi two seg- mented, each segment separated by a weak suture. Pelta almost lost, mostly broken into tiny stipple-like platelets. Wing- holding setae absent, major abdomi- nal setae dilated. Abdominal tergite IX with four pairs of stout, thornlike setae in addition to regular setae. Ab- dominal segment X (tube) short, stout, ridged, and sharply constricted at apex. Anal setae small, shorter than tube length. This monobasic genus resembles Allothrips and its allies. It is one of the smallest representatives of the Mega- thripinae and can be easily recognized by the short, stout, ridged tube and ring of thornlike setae on abdominal tergite IX. 532 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art, Pygidiothrips seminole Hood Pygidiothrips seminole Hood (1938c: 390). 9 . Type-locality.— Home- stead, Florida. Female (apterous).—Length dis- tended about 0.9 mm. General color brown with antennal segment I and intermediate abdominal segments lightest, and abdominal segments VIII and IX darkest. Antennal segment II pale yellowish white. Tube brown at base and apex, bright yellow medially. Subintegumental pigment bright red. Body setae colorless, ringlet of thorn- like setae on abdominal tergite IX brown. Head as in Fig. 308 with cheeks smooth. Antennal segment III ex- tremely short and without sense cones, segment IV with one inner and one outer sense cone. Prothorax smooth. Anterior and posterior margins degenerate, becom- ing largely fractured into stipple-like platelets. Epimeral sutures incom- plete. Meso- and metanotum smooth. Fore legs unarmed. Pelta mostly stippled, with only traces of smooth, evenly sclerotized sections. Abdominal sternites seem- ingly without median setae in addi- ng. 30S.— Pygidiothrips seminole, head and prothorax. tion to posterior pairs. Abdominal ter- gite IX with major posterior setae longer than tube, blunt to dilated; thornlike setae short, all nearly equal in size. Tube strongly ridged at base. Male.—Unknown. This is the only species in the genus. From the other species in the eastern United States which have antennal segment III exceptionally small, semi- nole can be distinguished by the shape of the tube, the six-segmented anten- nae, and the ringlet of thornlike setae on abdominal tergite IX. Pijgidiothrips seminole occurs from Homestead, Florida to Brownsville, Texas (USNM records), being found so far on dead branches. The possibili- ty of this species inhabiting Illinois is soil ewhat remote. Sporothrips Hood SpoTothrips Hood (1938c :410). Type- species by original designation. — Adiaphorothrips amplus Hood. Head much longer than broad, widest in basal one-third region, slight- ly prolonged anteriorly in front of eyes, sharply incised just before base. Eyes relatively small, length less than combined length of antennal segments I and II. Ocelli present. Postocellar setae not greatly enlarged. Postocular setae well developed. Middle pair of dorsal head setae small. Antennae eight segmented, segment III more than twice as long as II, segment VIII nonpedicellate, sense cones short. Mouth cone broadly rounded. Max- illary stylets broad, retracted about one-half way into the head, spaced fairly far apart within the head. Prothorax moderately long in fe- male, longer in male, with major an- terior setae shorter than the better- developed major posterior setae. Prae- pectus present. Prothoracic epimeral sutures complete. Mesopraesternum (Fig. 194) well developed and wide. Macropterous. Fore wings broad, with many accessory fringe cilia. Fore legs not enlarged in female, enlarged in male, armed in both sexes. Fore tibiae in male each with an inner apical tooth in addition to the tarsal tooth. Abdomen fairly broad. Pelta wide. May, 1968 Stannard: Tuf, Thrip.s ok Ii.iinois 533 Wing-holding setae usually straight, not sigmoidal. Abdominal tergite IX with major posterior setae long in both sexes. Abdominal segment X (tube) long, about three-fourths as long as head; anal setae shorter than tube. All major body setae pointed. This monobasic genus can be recog- nized by the form of the head, in which the eyes are relatively small and the cheeks swollen in the basal third fol- lowed immediately by a sharply in- cised subbasal region, as well as by the armature of the fore legs of the male. So far the representative of this genus, amplus, has been collected only in southern Florida and may never be found in Illinois. Sporothrips amplus (Hood) Adiaphorothrips amplus Hood (1925c: 221). 9 . Type-locality.— Braden- ton, Florida. Transferred to Sporo- thrips by Hood (1938c). Female (macropterous).— Length distended about 4 mm. General color brown, being darkest in abdomen. Base of tibiae and all tarsi light brown to yellowish brown. Antennal segment III mostly, and bases of segments IV and V yellow. Body setae yellow. Wings colorless. Head as in Fig. 178, with sides transversely striate, base hexagonally reticulate, cheek setae small. Antennal segment III with one outer and one inner sense cone, segment IV with two outer and two inner sense cones. Prothorax weakly hexagonally re- ticulate, bare medially. Metascutum hexagonally reticulate. Fore tibiae without inner apical tooth, fore tarsi each armed with a moderate-sized tooth. Fore wings broad, with more than 30 accessory fringe cilia. Pelta (Fig. 309) wide, predominant- ly hexagonally reticulate. Abdominal sternites with a median row of small setae in addition to posterior pairs. Abdominal tergite IX with major pos- terior setae not as long as tube. Ab- dominal segment X (tube) very faint- ly hexagonally reticulate except at apex. Male (macropterous).—Length distended about 3.5 mm. Similar in general color and structure to female with the following exceptions. Anten- nal segment VI often yellow basally. Prothorax enlarged. Fore femora greatly enlarged. Fore tibiae each with inner apical tooth. Fore tarsi (Fig. 310) each with a very large tooth that is about twice as long as width of tarsus that bears it. This species, the sole representative of the genus, is allied to the Nesothrips- Diceratothrips complexes. From thrips in the North American fauna, it can be distinguished by the characteristics of the shape of the head and the arma- ture of the fore legs of the male. As is implied in its generic name, great quantities of fungus spores are ordinarily found in its intestinal tract. Specimens have been taken from dead branches and dead leaves of palms where black fungus growths are frequently found. The few collections known are from southern Florida, in- cluding Big Pine Key (INHS records). Fig. .309. Sporolhrij)i< amplus, pelta. Fig. 310.—Sporothrips amplus, cf, right fore leg showing claws. LITERATURE CITED AmYOT, C. J. B., AND AlIDINET SERVILLE. 1843. Histoire naturelle des insectes. He- mipteres. Fain and Thunot, Paris. 675 p. 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The ecological and geographic distribution of the Thysanoptera of the geenton. Florida Entomologist 2S(2):33-36. , AND .J. R. Freer. 1939. Two new Thy- sanoptera from Florida. Florida Entomo- logist 22(l):l-5. Watts, J. G. 1934. A new species and variety of Plesiolhrips (Thripidae—Thysanoptera). Florida Entomologist 18(2):24-27. Webster, F. M. 1894. Insects of the year. In- sect Life 7(2) :202-207. Westwood, J. O. 1839. Thysanoptera. In An introduction to the modern classification of insects (London) 1:45-46. . 1840. Thysanoptera. In An introduc- tion to the modern classification of insects (London) 2:1-5. White, Wm. H. 1916. The sugar-beet thrips. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 421. 12 p. Whiting, P. W. 1945. The problem of reversal of male haploidy by selection. Biological Bulletin 89:191. Wilde, W. H. A. 1962. A note on colour pref- erences of some Homoptera and Thysanop- tera in British Columbia. Canadian Ento- mologist 94:107. Williams, C. B. 1916. Biological and syste- matic notes on British Thysanoptera. En- tomologist 49:221-227, 243-245, 275-284. WiNTERRINGER, GlEN S., AND ROBERT A. EvERS. 1960. New records for Illinois vascu- lar plants. Illinois State Museum. Scientific Papers series, 11. 135 p. Wray, David L. 1950. Insects of North Caro- lina, second supplement. North Carolina Department of Agriculture (Raleigh). 59 p. Yakhontov, V. V. 1962. Zametki o tripsakh Phloeolhripa nodicornis Reut. i Rhyncho- thrips turkestanicus John. Vsesoiuznoe en- tomologischeskoe obsbchestro. Kirgizskoe otdelenie. Sbornik entomologischeskikh ra- bot 1:187-191. INDEX Page entries in boldface type refer to the principal treatment of the subjects. Except for those figures representing species not diagnosed, references to the illustrations are not given. Listings of lapsus calami or incorrect spellings in previous literature are not included. A annulipes, Serieothrips, 237, 257, 347, 348, 352 anomocerus, Hoplothrips, 453, 457, 460 anomocerus, Trichothrips, 457 antennatus, Asprothrips, 239 antennatus, Chirothrips, 298 antennatus, Eulissothrips, 490 antennatus, Plectrothrips, 490, 491 Anthemothrips, 428 Anthothrips, 428 Antillothrips, 386 Aoratothrips, 273 apalus, Adraneothrips, 395 apicalis, Serieothrips, 347, 350 Aptinothrips, 274, 281 Arachisothrips, 273, 332 Archaeothrips, 364 arenicola, Adraneothrips, 398 arisaemae, Heterothrips, 237, 261, 262, 2S4, 265 arkansanus, Glyptothrips, 424, 425, 426 armatus, Elaphrothrips, 223, 515, 516, 517 aspersus, Cryptothrips, 430, 437 asymmatricus, Acrosothrips, 394 asymmetricus, Trichothrips, 393, 394 Atractothrips, 383 auranticornis, Heterothrips, 237, 262, 2S5 aureus, Thrips, 370 auriventris, Chirothrips, 294, 301 austriaca, Hoodia, 467 avenae, Limothrips, 324 ayarsi, Plesiothrips, 333, 334, 335, 337 azaleae, Heterothrips, 228, 237, 262, 263, 263 abdominalis, Thrips, 326, 327 Acanthothrips, 386, 387, 391, 445, 487 Achaetothrips, 364 Acrosothrips, 387, 393 aculeata, Thrips, 428 aculeatus, Haplothrips, 238 acutus, Polyphemothrips (Adelothrips), 495, 501 Adelothrips, 494 adirondacks, Cryptothrips, 437, 438 adolfi-friedrichi, Hydatothrips, 345 adonidum, Heliothrips, 316, 317 Adraneothrips, 389, 390, 395, 405 adranes, Malacothrips, 483 adusta, Chirothrips falsus, 296 Aeolothripidae, 249 Aeolothrips, 232, 249, 250, 255 aesculi, Heterothrips, 237, 262, 2S3, 266 aestivation, 223 AGA collecting fluid, 234 agnessae, Bagnallia, 283 Agrothrips, 388, 397 ajugae, Oxythrips, 330 aibicinctus, Aeolothrips, 225, 250, 251, 253, 254 albicornis, Taeniothrips, 360 albidus, Taeniothrips, 358, 359, 360 albipennis, Phloeothrips, 428 albivittatus, Acanthothrips, 391, 392 albopictus, Poecilothrips, 491, 492, 493 Aleurodothrips, 232, 386, 399 alexanderae, Chirothrips, 295, 300 alii, Thrips, 375 Allothrips, 384, 485, 507, 513, 514, 519, 531 alternatus, Adraneothrips, 390 amabilis, Hoplothrips, 461 ambitus, Polyphemothrips (Adelothrips), 457, 495, 497, 498 ambitus, Trichothrips. 497 americanus, Acanthothrips, 392 americanus, Echinothrips, 302, 307, 308 americanus, Haplothrips (Karnyothrips), 430, 431, 432, 434, 435 americanus, Hoplothrips, 453, 454, 456, 467 americanus, Trichothrips, 454 americanus, Zygothrips, 431 Amphibolothrips, 401, 488 ampliventralis, Eurythrips, 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419 amplus, Adiaphorothrips, 532, 533 amplus, Sporothrips, 533 analis, Heterothrips, 237, 262, 263, 264 Anaphothrips, 274, 275, 276, 278, 293, 330, 339, 445 andrei, Frankliniella, 310, 311, 312 andrei, Oedalothrips, 525 andrei, Serieothrips, 353 andropogoni, Frankliniella, 316 andropogoni, Plesiothrips, 333, 334 angulicornis, Limothrips, 324 angusticeps, Hoplothrips, 432, 433, 453, 455, 485 angusticeps, Trichothrips, 455 annectans, Aeolothrips, 255 B Bagnalliella, 390, 403, 404 Baliothrips, 274, 283, 365 balsam slide mounts, 235 baptisiae, Serieothrips, 237. 347, 348 barythripoides, Eschatothrips, 411, 412 barythripoides, Glyptothrips, 411 Barythrips, 389 basilis, Baliothrips, 283 batesi, Eurythrips, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416 batesi, Glyptothrips, 415 beachae, Hoplothrips, 453, 458, 459, 460 beachae, Serieothrips, 237, 347, 348, 349, 352 beachi, Trichothrips, 458 beckeri, Psectrothrips, 339 bellus, Adraneothrips, 396 Berlese method of collecting, 234 betulae, Taeniothrips, 238, 359, 3S1 betulieola, Thrips, 306 bieinetus, Heliothrips, 318 bicolor, Aeolothrips, 251, 253, 254, 256 bicolor, Cryptothrips, 526 bicolor, Limocereyothrips, 284 bicolor, Nesothrips (Bolothrips), 225, 524, 525, 530 bicolor, Phloeothrips, 523, 525 bicolor, Sophiothrips, 504 bicolor, Thrips, 375 bieoloripes, Williamsiella, 504, 505, 506 bieornis, Rhytidothrips, 345 bidens, Thrips (Limothrips), .325 bispinosus, Dendrothrips, 341 [545] 546 Illinois Natiirai. Histokv Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 Boloplothrips, 442, 448 Bolothrips, 523, 528 bonannii, Megalothrips, 520 bonessi, Watsoniella, 443 Botanothrips, 523 bradleyi, Atractothrips, 385 bradleyi, Chirothrips, 295, 300 bratleyi, Polyphemothrips (Adelothrips), 495, 499, 500 bratleyi, Trichothrips, 499 braziliensis, Polyphemothrips, 494 Bregmatothrips, 275, 284, 320, 323 breviceps. Nanothrips, 503 brevicornis, Liothrips, 469, 470 brevicornis, Thrips, 283 brevicruralis, Lispothrips, 480, 481 brevipalpus, Stylothrips, 326 brevipennis, Scirtothrips, 237, 341, 342, 343 brevis, Eulissothrios, 490 bridwelli, Ctenothrips, 237, 302 bruesi, Tylothrips, 390 brunneipictus, Aeolothrips, 254 brunneus, Stomatothrips, 260 Bryothrips, 507 buflfae, Liothrips, 468, 469, 470, 475 buffae, Trichothrips, 469 burnsi, Paraphysopus, 326 caespitis, Dorcadothrips, 305 calcaratus, Thrips, 373 californicus, Euthrips ulicis, 328 californicus, Haplothrips (Leptothrips). 438 Caliothrips, 273, 285, 289, 318, 319 cameroni, Anaphothrips, 276, 277 cameroni, Fluthrips, 277 campestris, Oedaleothrips, 530 campestris, Sericothrips, 237, 347, 349, 350, 352 carbonarius, Cryptothrips, 511, 512 caribeanus, Echinothrit)s, 307 caryae, Liothrips, 469, 470, 477 caryae, Phloeothrips, 470 cassiae, Haplothrips (Leptothrips), 438 castaneae, Liothrips, 469, 471, 475, 477 catawba, Anaphothrips, 276, 277, 278, 280 catawba, Neophysopus, 277 catchingsi, Chirothrips floridensis, 299 Cephalothrips, 390, 404 cerealium, Limothrips, 219, 223, 225, 233, 323, 324. 325 cerealium, Thrips (Limothrips), 324 cestri, Heliothrips, 318 Ceuthothrips, 387 Chaetanaphothrips, 274, 291 Chaetothrips, 343 Chilothrips, 275, 292, 293, 330 Chirothripoides, 383 Chirothrips, 270, 274, 293, 323 cinctipennis, Caliothrips, 286, 288, 289 cinctipennis, Heliothrips, 286 cinctiventris, Adraneothrips, 395 cingulatus, Sericothrips, 346, 348, 3.50, 351, 354 citri, Scirtothrips, 220 citricornis, Liothrips, 238, 468, 469, 472, 473, 477, 478 citricornis, Phyllothrips, 467, 472 eitripes, Zaliothrips, 385 daviger, Erkosothrips, 407, 408 daviger, Eurythrips, 407 cocoon-breaking hooks, 218, 221, 249, 261 cocoons, 221 Coleothrips, 250 CoUembolothrips, 284 color preference, 218 columnieeps, Pygmaeothrips, 452 comb, abdominal, 240 communis, Thrips, 375 concolor, Parthenothrips dracaenae, 332 coniferarum, Fjlaphrothrips, 238, 515, 516, 517 coniferarum, Idolothrips, 514, 517 coniunctus, Aeolothrips fasciatus, 255 connatus, Eurythrips, 414, 415, 416, 417 consimilis. Limothrips, 324 consociatus, Rhoplandrothrips, 358 constrictus, Eurythrips, 413, 414, 417. 418 copiosa, Trichothrips, 459 corni, Rhoplandrothrips, 358, 360 corticis, Hoplothrips, 453, 459. 460 corticis, Neothrips, 485, 486 corticis, Thrips, 452, 459 cottei, Porphyrothrips, 428 crassicornis, Anaphothrips, 339 crassipes, Lispothrips, 480, 481 crassus, Aeolothrips, 251, 254, 255, 257 crassus, Chirothrips, 294, 295 crawfordi, Stomatothrips, 259 crenatus, Thrips, 327 crenulatus, Chirothrips, 294, 295, 296 Cryptothrips, 389, 510, 511 Ctenothripella, 326 Ctenothrips, 274. 302 cubensis, Neoeurhynchothrips, 452 cuneiceps, Chirothrips, 295 D dalmaticus, Haplothrips (Neoheegeria), 430 damage by thrips, 217 Damerothrips, 269 dampfi, Myrmecothrips, 529 debilis, Liothrips, 479 decorus, Adraneothrips, 395 delostomae, Psectrothrips, 339 dendropogonis, Liothrips, 470 dendropogonus, Chirothripoides, 383 Dendrothripiella, 304 Dendrothripini, 272 Dendrothrips, 272, 273, 304 denticornis, Limothrips, 219, 225, 323, 324, 325, 326 denticornis, Thrips (Limothrips), 325 dentipes, Nesothrips (Bolothrips), 524, 525, 526. 527 dentipes, Phloeothrips, 526 desmodianus, Sericothrips, 346, 351, 352, 354, 356 desocellatus, Adraneothrips, 395 desoeellatus, Hypothrips, 395 Dicaiothrips, 514 Diceratothrips, 390, 510, 533 Dichaetella, 304 dimidiatus, Agrothrips, 398 Diopsothrips, 384, 508, 513 Diphyothrips, 386, 405 dispar, Baliothrips, 283 dispar, Thrips, 283 dissimilis, Eurythrips, 413, 418 distincta, Zuluiella, 412 diurnal movements, 217 divisus, Oxythrips, 330 doaneii, Acanthothrips, 392 M, IV, 19()8 Stannard: The Tiirii's of Illinois 547 Docessissophothrips, 381 Dolerothrips, 452 Dolichothrips, 429 Dorcadothiips, 275, 305 dorsalis, Chirothrips, 294, 297, 301, 302 dracaenae, Heliothrips, 331, 332 dracaenae, Parthenothrips, 225, 239, 332 drakei, Trichothrips, 458 Drepanothrips, 272, 274, 306 Eoacanthothrips, 445 Echinothrips, 272, 274, 285, 307 eggs, 220, 223 Elaphrothrips, 388, 514 elegans, Cephalothrips, 431 elongata, Cephalothrips, 429 Erkosothrips, 389, 407. 411, 412, 416 Erotidothrips, 229, 249, 269 errans, Haplothrips (Karnyothrips), 436 Eschatothrips, 387, 410, 411 Eurythrips, 390, 407, 411, 412, 442, 443, 484, 485, 519 Euthrips, 364 exigua, Frankliniella, 313 exiguus, Adraneothrips, 395, 396, 397 exiguus, Cryptothrips, 396 falsus, Chirothrips, 294, 296 fasciapennis, Aleurodothrips, 239, 399, 401 fasciapennis, Caliothrips, 286, 288 fasciapennis, Cryptothrips, 399 fasciapennis, Heliothrips, 288 fasciata, Coleothrips, 250, 255 fasciata, Heliothrips, 288 fasciata, Physapus, 255 fasciata, Thrips, 250, 255 fasciatus, Aeolothrips, 225, 250, 251, 255 tasciatus, Caliothrips, 286, 287, 288, 289 fasciatus, Heliothrips, 286, 290, 291 fasciculatus, Haplothrips, 434, 439 faunal zones, 226 faurei, Haplothrips, 441 Fauriella, 229, 249 feeding, 217, 229, 230, 232 femoralis, Heliothrips, 318 femoralis, Hercinothrips, 318, 319 femoralis, Thrips, 327 femoralis, Trichothrips, 441 femoralis, Zygothrips, 434 fereacous, Hoplothrips, 456 fereacous, Pygmaeothrips, 456 ferrugineus, Anaphothrips, 275, 276 ficorum, Gynaikothrips, 218 fieldsi, Hoplothrips, 453, 460, 461 flavescens, Glyptothrips, 423, 424, 425, 426 flavicauda, Hoplothrips, 453, 461, 462, 466 Havicauda, Thrips, 369, 370 riavicauda, Trichothrips, 461 flavicineta, Hindsiana, 428 flavicinctus, Anaphothrips, 275 flavicornis, Thrips, 372 flavipes, Anthothrips, 429 flavipes, Dolerothrips, 452 flavipes, Haplothrips (Karnyothrips), 436 flavipes, Elaphrothrips, 515, 518 flavipes, Idolothrips, 514, 518 Havoantennis, Liothrips, 472, 473 tiavus, Allothrips, 509 tlavus, Diopsothrips, 513 flavus, Hoplothrips, 490, 500 rtavus, Stomatothrips, 258, 259, 260 flavus, Thrips, 366, 378 flight, 224, 231 floridensis, Aeolothrips, 257 floridensis, Anthothrips, 432, 433 floridensis, Chirothrips, 299, 300 floridensis, Ctenothrips, 302 floridensis, Echinothrips, 307, 308 floridensis, Euthrips, 313 floridensis, Liothrips, 473 floridensis, Liothrips caryae, 470 floridensis, Phloeothrips, 447 floridensis, Zygothrips, 437, 438 flumenellus, Hoplothrips, 385 Formicothrips, 529 forticornis, Eurythrips, 413 Frankliniella, 275, 309, 310, 314, 328 Franklinothrips, 220, 232, 250, 259 fraxinicola, Sericothrips, 347, 352 frosti, Ctenothrips, 302, 303 frosti, Thrips, 366, 367 fuliginosus, Cryptothrips, 429 fuliginosus, Haplothrips, 440 fulvus, Chirothrips, 294, 297 fulvus, Frankliniella, 314 fumiceps, Hoplothrips, 453, 464 funiceps, Trichothrips, 463 funebris, Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips). 450 fungi, Hoplothrips, 459 fusca, Frankliniella, 218, 233, 310, 311, 312 fusca, Thrips, 371 fuscicollis, Adraneothrips, 395 fuscipennis, Rhaphidothrips, 340 fuscipennis, Thrips, 366, 367, 368, 374 fuscus, Euthrips, 311 fuscus, Gnophothrips, 427 fuscus, Trichothrips, 427 fustis, 245 Gastrothrips, 523, 528 genarum, Eurythrips, 418 Gerontothrips, 332 gillettei, Thrips (Ctenothrips), 327 gilmorei, Frankliniella, 312, 313 gilmorei, Thrips, 371 gilvipes, Nesothrips (Bolothrips), 525, 526 glaciation, distribution limited by, 226, 227 gladioli, Taeniothrips, 362 glands on abdomen, 218, 243, 245 globiceps, Hapliothrips, 428 Glyptothrips, 384, 389, 407, 410, 411, 412, 423, 424 Gnophothrips, 389, 426 Goethrips, 519 gossypiana, Frankliniella, 312 gossypii, Heliothrips, 289 gracilis, Haplothrips, 434 gracilis, Paulus, 364 graminatus, Antillothrips, 385 graminis, Haplothrips, 431, 432, 433, 434 Graphidothrips, 322 greenhouse thrips, 239 grooming, 218 Gynaikothrips, 390, 474 H haemorrhoidalis, Heliothrips, 225, 239, 317, 31S, 319 haemorrhoidalis, Thrips, 317 548 Illinois Natural History Survkv Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 halidayi, Bagnallia, 283 Halmathrips, 322 halophilus, Haplothrips, 431, 432, 433, 434 hamathrips, Chirothrips, 239 Hapliothrips, 428 Haplothrips, 388, 389, 390, 403, 412, 418, 428, 429, 438, 439, 453 harrisoni, Poecilothrips, 492 harti, Dioeratothrips, 385 harti, Haplothrips (Karnyothrips), 430, 431, 432, 434, 435 harti, Zygothrips, 434 hartleyi, Aeolothrips, 251 helianthi, Thrips, 365, 368 Heliothripinae, 273 Heliothrips, 273, 285, 286, 316, 318 hemerocallis, Frankliniella, 310, 311, 312 Hemianaphothrips, 276, 278 Hercinothrips, 273, 285, 318 Hercothrips, 285, 286, 318 Heterothripidae, 261 Heterothrips, 261, 265 hibernation, 223 hindsi, Eurythrips, 413, 414, 416, 419, 420 Hindsiana, 428, 443 Hindsicthrips, 290, 442, 443 hoodi, Scolothrips, 343, 344, 345 Hoodia, 467 hookeri, Oedaleothrips, 228, 529, 530 Hoplandrothrips, 386, 389, 390, 391, 405, 444, 445, 453, 462, 483, 484, 485, 492 Hoplothrips, 386, 389, 390, 445, 452, 453, 468 Hoyer's medium, 234 hubbelli, Chirothrips obesus, 295 hukkineni, Thrips, 373 Hydatothrips, 345 Hyidiothrips, 383, 502 Hystricothripidae, 381 I icarus, Cryptothrips, 527 icarus, Nesothrips (Bolothrips), 525, 527 Idolothripidae, 381 lUinothrips, 386, 390, 519 impar, Thrips, 238, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370 impatientis, Thrips herricki, 368, 369 inconsequens, Physopus, 361 inconsequens, Taeniothrips, 221, 223, 329, 359, 361 inequalis, Pseudothrips, 338 inequalis, Thrips, 339 insolens, Hoplandrothrips (Phloeobiothrips), 445, 446, 449, 451 insolens, Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips), 446 insolitus, Chirothrips, 295, 297, 298 interior, Erkosothrips, 407, 408, 409 interruptus, Sericothrips, 347, 349, 350, 352 intonsa, Thrips, 309, 310 introduced species, 225, 239 iridis, Bregmatothrips. 320 iridis, Iridothrips, 321 Iridothrips, 275, 284, 320, 321, 323 jennei, Hoplandrothrips, 444, 445, 447, 448, 449, 451 jennei, Phloeothrips, 447, 448 Johnson's organ, 217 jonesii, Haplothrips, 434 jumping, 231 junctus, Cryptothrips, 500 junctus, Polyphemothrips (Adelothrips), 495, 500, 501 juniperinus, Hoplandrothrips, 445, 448 juniperinus, Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips), 448 karnyi, Trichothrips, 458 karnyi, Zonothrips, 378, 379 Karnyia, 429 Karnyothrips, 398, 405, 428, 429, 442, 443 kollari, Thrips, 325 L langei, Sericothrips, 237, 346, 352, 353, 354 larva, 220, 246 lateralis, Hoplandrothrips, 447, 448 lativentris, Megathrips, 522, 523 lativentris, Phlaeothrips, 522 latus, Cryptothrips, 510, 511 leibyi, Hoplothrips, 456 lenape, Chirothrips, 294 Leptothrips, 390, 428, 430, 438, 439 leucanthemi, Haplothrips, 225, 238, 431, 433, 435 leucanthemi, Thrips, 435 leucogonis, Liothrips, 477 Leucothrips, 272, 273, 321, 322, 337 limbata, Aeolothrips, 256 limbatus, Heterothrips, 261, 263, 266 Limocercyothrips, 284 Limothrips, 274, 323 Liothrips, 389, 406, 453, 467, 468, 478 Lispothrips, 389, 480 Lissothrips, 386, 481, 505 litoreus, Nesothrips (Bolothrips), 525, 527 loboptera, Achaetothrips. 364 longiceps, Cryptothrips, 511, 512 longiceps, Haplothrips (Karnyothrips), 430, 436 longiceps, Zygothrips, 436 longipennis, Permothrips, 229 longipennis, Scirtothrips, 341 longipennis, Thrips, 298 longipilosus, Polyporothrips, 452 longispina, Phloeothrips, 522 longistylosus, Rhaphidothrips, 339, 340 longitubus, Liothrips, 468, 474 longitubus, Trichothrips, 474 loti, Odontothrips, 221, 328 loti, Thrips, 328 louisianae, Diopsothrips, 514 lubbocki, Uzeliella, 281 lupini, Poecilothrips, 492 M macro-ocellatus, Leptothrips aspersus, 437, 438 Macrophthalmothrips, 383 maculata, Frankliniella tritici, 314 maculatus, Stictothrips, 388 maculosus, Aeolothrips versicolor, 256 magnafemoralis, Acanthothrips, 487 magnafemoralis, Neurothrips. 487, 488 maidis, Thrips, 314 major. Trichothrips karnyi, 458 Malacothrips, 389, 445, 482 mali, Haplothrips (Leptothrips), 233, 430, 437, 438 mali, Phloeothrips, 430, 437 malifloris, Haplothrips, 238, 428, 430, 431, 439 M;iv, 1968 Stannakd: Tiik, '1 iikii's 549 maneosetosa, Priesneria, 364 manicata, Thrips (Chirothrips), 293, 298 manicatus, Chirothrips, 225, 295, 298 marginalis, Hoplothrips, 463 mating, 219 mcconnelli, Haplothrips (Leptothrips), 438 medioflavus, Neophysopus, 275 megacephalus, Allothrips, 507, 508, 509, 510 megaceps, Gnophothrips, 426, 427 megalops, Franklinothrips, 218 Megalothrips, 387, 511, 520, 522 Megathripinae, 507 Megathrips, 387, 511, 520, 521, 522 melaleucus, Aeolothrips, 225, 251, 255, 256 meledensis, Thrips, 367 Merothripidae, 269 Merothrips, 269, 270 mexicanus, Chirothrips, 294, 297, 298, 300 mexicanus, Echinothrips, 307 Microcanthothrips, 399 Microcephalothrips, 274, 326, 327, 265 microps, Hoplandrothrips, 445, 449 microps, Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips), 449 Microthrips, 321, 322 migration, 224, 232 minuta, Preeriella, 502, 503 minuta, Zygothrips, 428, 429 minutus, Chirothripoides, 501, 502 monilicornis, Cephalothrips, 405 monilicornis, Phloeothrips, 404, 405 Monochaetella, 304 monotropae, Anaphothrips (Proscirtothrips), 339 monotropae, Thrips, 238, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370 montanus, Plectrothrips, 421 morainensis, Diphyothrips, 405, 406 morgani, Merothrips, 269, 270 morgani, Odontothnps, 329 morgani, Phthirothrips, 228, 489 mori, Belothrips, 337, 338 mori, Pseudodendrothrips, 225, 237, 337 movement of thrips, 223, 231, 315 muscorum, Lissothrips, 462, 481, 482, 489 myceticola, Hoplothrips (Trichothrips), 461 Myrmecothrips, 529 N Nanothrips, 503 nanus, Anaphothrips, 276, 278 nanus, Neophysopus, 278 nasturtii, Aeolothrips, 251, 254, 256 nasturtii, Franklinothrips, 256 Neoeurhynchothrips, 452 Neoheegeria, 429, 430 Neophysopus, 276 Neothrips, 388, 389, 485 nervosa, Physopus, 314 Nesothrips, 386, 390, 523, 533 Neurothrips, 382, 391, 462, 487 nevini, Dorcadothrips, 306 nicotianae, Euthrips, 311 niger, Haplothrips, 436 niger, Megalothrips, 522 nigra, Phloeothrips, 435 nigripennis, Leucothrips, 239, 321, 322 nigropilosus, Thrips, 225, 365, 366, 370, 371, 378 nitidula, Aptinothrips, 281 nitidula. Thrips, 281 niveus, Scirtothrips, 341, 342 nodicornis, Acanthothrips, 391, 392, 393 nodicornis, Phloeothrips, 391, 392 Notothrips, 391 nubilipennis, Haplothrips, 440 nubilipennis, Sericothrips, 347, 353 nubillicauda, Allothrips, 508, 509 nubilus, Poecilothrips, 492 number of species of thrips, 215, 233, 234 O oahuensis, Nesothrips, 523 obesus, Chirothrips, 219, 295 obscura, Thrips, 275, 276, 278 obscurus, Anaphothrips, 218, 225, 233, 239, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 obscurus, Rhoplandrothrips ulmifoliorum, 358 occidentalis, Frankliniella, 239, 315 ocellatus, Liothrips, 469, 471, 474, 475, 478 Odontothrips, 221, 274, 328 Oedaleothrips, 217, 381, 529 oettingeni, Trichothrips, 443 oklahomae, Thrips, 327 oleae, Liothrips, 232 Oligothrips, 261 omani, Agrothrips, 398 omani, Haplothrips (Hadothrips), 398 Opistothrips, 229, 249 orchidii, Chaetanaphothrips, 239, 291, 292 orchidii, Euthrips, 291 orionis, Taeniothrips, 302 ornata, Thrips, 304 ornatissima, Pseudodendrothrips, 337 ornatus, Dendrothrips, 225, 233, 237, 304, 305 ornatus, Phloeothrips, 492 osborni, Eurythrips, 413, 414, 419, 420 osmundae, Zonothrips, 379 overwintering, 223, 224 owreyi, Scirtothrips, 311 Oxythrips, 274, 275, 293, 330, 339 padewiethi, Bacillothrips, 522 pallicornis, Thrips, 238, 365, 366, 371 pallida, Thrips, 344 pallidus, Adraneothrips, 395, 398 pallidus, Scolothrips, 233, 343, 344, 345 pallipennis, Physopus, 363 palmarum, Polyphemothrips, 497, 500 panicus, Plesiothrips, 333 Parallothrips, 513 Paraphysopus, 326 Parathrips, 364 parthenogenesis, 218 Parthenothrips, 273, 331 patruelis, Chirothrips, 294 pattersoni, Hercinothrips, 318 Paulus, 364 pectinatus, Thrips, 373, 374, 378 peculiaris, Zaxenothrips, 506 pedestris, Pezothrips, 298 pedicellatus, Sericothrips, 346, 352, 354 pedicularia, Phlaeothrips, 452 pediculus, Phthirothrips, 488 pelta, 244 pergandei, Hoplandrothrips, 445, 450, 451 pergandei, Hoplothrips, 412, 453, 463, 464, 465 pergandei, Phloeothrips, 450 pergandei, Trichothrips, 464 pericles, Polyphemothrips, 501 perplexa, Sericothrips, 333, 335 perplexus, Plesiothrips, 333, 334, 335, 337 550 1lu.\(;is N.vn.RAi. History Survky Blu.i.i'.tin Vol. 2[), Art. 4 pettiti, pjurythrips, 413, 420 phalerata, Euthrips, 329 phalerata, Thrips, 328 phaseoli, Caliothrips, 286, 289, 290 phaseoli, Heliotlirips, 289 Phlaeothripidae, 381 Phlaeothripinae, 391 Phlaeothrips, 386, 391, 452 Phloeobiothrips, 444, 445 Phthirothrips, 383, 482, 488, 489, 505 Phyllothrips, 261, 467 Phyllothripsiolus, 261 Physapus, 330, 364 physapus, Thrips, 225, 238, 364, 365, 366, .371, 373 Physothrips, 330 piccioli, Megathrips, 522 picipes, Thrips, 357 pictipennis, Odontothrips, 328 pictus, Leucothrips, 322 piercei, Leucothrips, 237, 322 piercei, Microthrips, 321, 322 pillichellus, Bryothrips, 507 pilosus, Phyllothrips, 261 pini, Chilothrips, 292, 293 pini, Haplothrips (Leptothrips), 438 pinicola, Adraneothrips, 396 piniphilus, Gnophothrips, 427 plant associations, 228, 237 Plectrothrips, 381, 485, 490 Plesiopsothrips, 333 Plesiothrips, 274, 323, 333 poaphagos, Limothrips, 278 Podothrips, 390 poecilonotus, Adraneothrips, 395 Poecilothrips, 223, 389, 491, 492 pollination potential, 233, 239 Polyphemothrips, 384, 389, 453, 494, 495, 513 Polyporothrips, 452 Porphyrothrips, 428 Praemerothrips, 269 praeocularis, Chirothrip.c, 295, 300 pratensis, Bolothrips (Botanothrips), 523 pratensis, Nesothrips (Bolothrips), 525 predacious thrips, 217, 232 predators on thrips, 231, 232 Preeriella, 381, .501, 502 prepupa, 221 priesneri, Agrothrips, 397 Priesneria, 364 primipupa, 221 primulae, Thrips, 357 productus, Chirothrips, 294 propinquus, Aeolothrips, 255 Prosopoanaphothrips, 281 Prosopothrips, 274, 281, 291, 330 proximus, Hoplandrothrips, 448 pruni, Liothrips, 238, 468, 469, 470, 475 pruni, Rhynehothrips, 467, 475 Pruthiella, 324 Psectrothrips, 339 Pseudoarticulella, 275, 276 Pseudocryptothrips, 519 Pseudodendrothrips, 272, 273, 322, 3.37 Pseudothrips, 272, 274, 338, 339 Psilothrips, 272 pulchellus, Sericothrips, 237, .346, 353, 354, 355 pullata, Hindsiana, 442, 443 pullatus, Hindsidthrips, 443, 444 pupa, 220, 221; 222, 246 Pygidiothrips, 383, 531 Pygmaeothrips, 452 Pygothripidae, 381 Pygothrips, 387 pyri, Kuthrips, 361 Q querci, Haplothrips, 431, 433 querci, Myrmecothrips, 529 quercicola, Heterothrips, 237, 262, 263, 267 ciuercus, Hoplothrips, 501 quinciensis, Thrips, 366, 373, 374 R rabuni, Haplothrips, 432, 433 raui, Asprothrips, 239 rectangularis, Cryptothrips, 511, 512, 513 rectipennis, Haplothrips, 431 relatives of thrips, 229 reticulatus, Ctenothrips, 302 reticulatus, Erkosothrips, 410 reticulatus, Isochaetothrips, 302 reticulotubus, Eschaetothrips, 387 reticulotubus, Eurythrips, 410 Retithrips, 332 reuteri, Anthemothrips, 428 reuteri, Drepanothrips, 225, 237, 306 Rhaphidothrips, 275, 339 Rhoplandrothrips, 358 Rhynehothrips, 427, 467, 470, 478, 480 Rhytidothrips, 345 richardsi, Docessissophothrips, 385 ripicola, Anaphothrips, 277 robustisetis, Eurythrips, 444 robustisetis, Hindsiothrips, 443, 444 rossi, Illinothrips, 519, 529 rostratus, Adraneothrips, 395 roycei, Malacothrips, 483 rufa, Thrips, 281 ruficauda, Nesothrips (Gastrothrips), 528, 529 rufus, Aptinothrips, 281, 283 runneri, P^uthrips, 312 runneri, Frankliniella, 310, 312, 313 russelli, Liothrips, 238, 469, 476, 478, 479 russelli, Rhynehothrips, 476 ruthveni, Scirtothrips, 341, 342 sacchari, Chirothrips, 300 salicaria, Thrips, 367 salicarius, Lispothrips, 480, 481 salicarius, Rhynehothrips, 480 salicis, Heterothrips, 237, 262, 267 salicis, Taeniothrips, 361 salicis, Trichothrips, 512 sambuci, Liothrips, 469, 471, 476, 477 sambuci, Sericothrips, 237, 347, 355, 356 sandersoni, Anaphothrips, 216, 237, 277, 279, 280 schotti, Thrips, 514 Scirtothrips, 272, 273, 274, 304, 341, 346 Scolothrips, 232, 274, 343 sculpticauda, Barythrips, 385, 390 sculpturus, Erkosothrips, 407, 409, 410 sculpturus, Eurythrips, 409 scutellaris, Hoplandrothrips, 447 secalina, Thrips, 325 Selenothrips, 285 semicaecus, Hoplothrips. 461 seminole, Pygidiothrips, 531, 532 sense cones of antenna, 217 May, 1968 Stanxard: Thk Thkifs Illinois 551 sensitivus, Chirothrips, 294 Sericopsothrips, 273 Sericothripini, 272 Sericothripoides, 341 Sericothrips, 272, 274, 291, 304, 337, 339, 341, 345, 346, 378, 379 setiger, Eurythrips, 412, 413, 418, 421 setinodis, Phloeothrips, 467 setiventris, Plesiothrips, 333 sexmaculatus, Scolothrips, 343, 344, 345 sexual differentiation, 241, 242, 245 shacklefordae, Haplothrips, 238, 430, 439, 440, 441 signipennis, Chaetanaphothrips, 292 silk, 221 silvarum, Erkosothrips, 410 simplex, Chirothrips, 296 simplex, Physothrips, 362 simplex, Taeniothrips, 224, 225, 233, 238, 359, 362, 363 size, 215, 247 smithi, Hoplothrips, 453, 462, 465, 466 smithi, Sericothrips, 346, 351, 354, 356 smithi, Trichothrips, 465 solanaceorum, Thrips, 375 sonorensis, Bregmatothrips, 285 sonorensis, Haplothrips (Karnyothrips), 431 Sophiothrips, 383, 386, 503, 504, 506 spadix, Psectrothrips, 339 spadix, Sophiothrips, 504 spermatheca, 219 spiniceps, Chirothrips, 294, 300 spinosus, Cephalothrips, 399 spinosus, Chirothrips, 301 spinosus, Megalothrips, 521, 522 spinosus, Microcanthothrips, 399 spinosus, Thrips, 366, 374 spinulosis, Chirothrios, 297 Sporothrips, 390, 532 squamosus, Sophiothrips, 503 staphylinus, Sericothrips, 345, 348 stenocephalus, Adraneothrips, 395, 397 Stephanothrips, 381 Stictothrips, 387 Stomatothrips, 249, 250. 258, 259 Strepterothrips, 383 striata, Thrips, 278 striatus, Anaphothrips, 281 striatus, Caliothrips, 237, 286, 290, 291 striatus, Heliothrips, 285 striatus, Thrips, 375 stridulatory organ, 218 stylifera, Aptinothrips, 281 stylosa, Frankliniella, 310, 313 Stylothrips, 326 subflavus, Echinothrips, 307, 308, 309 subtilissimus, Haplothrips, 233, 431, 438, 440, 441 subtilissimus, Phloeothrips, 441 sylvanus, Thrips, 365, 366, 371, 374 Symphyothrips, 384, 513 tabaci, Thrips, 224, 225, 233, 365, 366, 375, 376 Taeniothrips, 217, 275, 302, 306, 310, 328, 3.30, 340, 357, 358 talpoides, Chirothrips, 294 tantillus, Agrothrips, 398 tarsalis, Eurythrips, 412, 413, 421, 422 taxodii, Scirtothrips, 227, 237, 341, 342, 343 tenebricosus, Agrothrips, 397, 398 tenuicornis, Frankliniella, 223, 225, 310, 314, 316, 321 tenuicornis, Physopus, 314 Terebrantia, 247 terminalis, Hoplothrips, 453, 467 terminalis, Trichothrips, 467 tersus, Anaphothrips, 278 tarsus, Hemianaphothrips. 278 texanus, Chirothrips, 294, 301, 302 thalictri, Thrips, 373 Thripidae. 271 Thripinae, 272 Thripini, 273 Thrips, 218, 274, 283, 309, 310, 326, 327, 328, 340, 358, 364, 365 Thysanoptera, 246 tibialis, Adraneothrips, 395, 396 tibialis, Haplothrips, 395 tibialis, Phloeothrips, 522 tiliae, Dendrothrips, 304 tiliae, Heterothrips, 269 tiliae, Sericothrips, 237, 347, 356, 357 timugua, Ceuthothrips, 385 tissoti, Sericothrips langei, 353 Trachythrips, 381, 401 trehernei, Thrips, 373 Treherniella, 389 Trichothrips, 452, 480 tridentatus, Liothrips, 469, 477, 478 tridentatus, Trichothrips, 477 trifasciata, Coleothrips, 255 tripartitus, Thrips, 366, 376 tritici, Frankliniella, 218, 224, 232, 233, 239, 310, 314, 315, 316 tritici, Limothrips, 375 tritici, Thrips, 314 tuberculatus, 238, 515, 516, 518, 519 tuberculatus, Idolothrips, 518 Tubulifera, 279 tumiceps, Hoplandrothrips (Phloeobiothrips), 444, 445, 446, 451 tumiceps, Phloeobiothrips, 444, 451 tuolumnei, Aeolothrips, 256 typhae, Plesiothrips, 333 II ulmi, Hoplothrips, 452, 459 ulmi, Thrips, 452 ulmifolorium, Thrips, 330 umbripennis, Liothrips, 468, 478 umbripennis, Phyllothrips, 478 unicolor, Frankliniella, 310, 316 unicolor, Sophiothrips, 504 upper air dispersal, 224 Urothripinae, 381 usitatus, Liothrips, 228, 238, 468, 469, 476, 478 usitatus, Rhynchothrips, 478, 479 uzeli, Chaetothrips, 343 uzeli, Hoplandrothrips, 445, 451, 452 uzeli, Parathrips, 364, 375 uzeli, Phloeothrips, 451 vaccinophilus, Taeniothrips, 359, 363 vaneeckei, Liothrips, 239, 468, 474, 479 variabilis, Sericothrips, 315, 347, 348, 357 varicorne, Frankliniella, 314 varicornis, Lispothrips, 480 varipes, Thrips, 238, 366, 374, 377 552 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 29, Art. 4 venustus, Bregmatothrips, 284, 1285 verbasci, Haplothrips (Neoheegeria), 219, 223, 225, 238, 430, 441, 442 verbasci, Phloeothrips, 441 vernus, Heterothrips, 267 versicolor, Aeolothrips, 251, 256 vespiformis, Franklinothrips, 223, 232, 239, 250 vestis. Chirothrips, 294, 297, 302 virginianus, Eurythrips, 412, 413, 414, 422, 423 Virgo, Anaphothrips, 275, 276, 278, 279 vitieola, Drepanothrips, 306 vitis, Heterothrips, 237, 262, 264, 269 vittatus, Acanthothrips, 391 vittatus, Aeolothrips, 225, 237, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257 vittatus, Phlaeothrips, 391 vittipennis, Aeolothrips, 237, 251, 257 vorticosus, Sophiothrips, 504 vulgatissima, Physopus, 309, 310 vulgatissima, Thrips, 363 vulgatissimus, Taeniothrips, 238, 359, 363, 364 W walteri, Dorcadothrips, 306 walteri, Sericothrips, 355 walteri, Taeniothrips, 306 walteri, Thrips, 368 wasastjernae, Lispothrips, 480 watsoni, Amphibolothrips (Trachythrips), 227, 401, 402 watsoni, Eurythrips, 413, 414, 422, 423 watsoni, Plesiothrips andropogonis, 334 Watsoniella, 429 weigeli, Haplothrips (Karnyothrips), 401 weigeli, Karnyia, 429 williamsi, Frankliniella, 310, 313 williamsi, Plesiothrips, 333 Williamsiella, 383, 504, 505 wing cilia, 231 wing-holding setae, 218 winnemanae, Thrips, 238, 366, 373, 377, 378 woodworthi, Caliothrips, 285, 286, 288 wyomingensis, Zygothrips, 435 X xanthius, Taeniothrips, 239 xanthocrepis, Haplothrips, 440 xanthopus, Hoplandrothrips, 444, 448 xanthopus, Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips), 444, 447, 448 xanthopus, Polyphemothrips (Adelothrips), 494, 497 xanthosoma, Adraneothrips, 395 Xylaplothrips, 429 Y yuccae, Bagnalliella, 225, 238, 403, 404 yuccae, Cephalothrips, 403, 404 yuccae, Haplothrips, 404 Zaliothrips, 384 Zaxenothrips, 383, 386, 504, 506 zebrae, Sericothrips, 347, 350 zonatus, Malacothrips, 238, 482, 484, 485 Zonothrips, 272, 274, 341, 378 Zuluiella, 412 Zygothrips, 428, 429 Some Publications of the ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY BULLETIN Volume 27, Article 6.-Sex Ratios and Age Ratios in North American Ducks. By Frank C. Bellrose, Thomas G. Scott, Arthur S. Hawkins, and Jessop B. Low. August, 1961 84 p., 2 frontis., 32 fig., bibliogr. Volume 28, Article 2.-The Fishes of Cham paign County, Illinois, as Affected by 60 Years of Stream Changes. By R. Weldon Larimore and Philip W. Smith. March 1963. 84 p., frontis., 70 fig., bibliogr., index Volume 28, Article 3.—A Comparative Study of Bird Populations in Illinois, 1906-1909 and 1956-1958. By Richard R. Graber and Jean W. Graber. October, 1963. 146 p., 4 frontis., 32 fig., bibliogr., index. Volume 29, Article l.-A Biological Investi- gation of the Fishes of Lake Chautauqua, Dlinois. By William C. Starrett and Ar- nold W. Fritz. March, 1965. 104 p., frontis., 40 fig., bibliogr., index. Volume 29, Article 2.-Stocking and Sport Fishing at Lake Glendale (Illinois). By Donald F. Hansen. July, 1966. 54 p., fron- tis., 9 fig., bibliogr., index. Volume 29, Article 3.—Hybridization of Four Species of Sunfishes (Centrarchidae). By William F. Childers. September, 1967. 55 p., frontis., 2 fig., color plate, bioliogr., in- dex. CIRCULAR 39.-H0W to Collect and Preserve Insects. By H. H. Ross. November, 1966. (Eighth printing.) 71 p., frontis., 79 fig. 46.—Dlinois Trees: Their Diseases. By J. Cedric Carter. June, 1964. (Third Print- ing, with alterations.) 96 p., frontis., 89 fig. 48.—Diseases of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye. By G. H. Boewe. June, 1960. 159 p., frontis., 56 fig. 49.—The Dunesland Heritage of Illinois. By Herbert H. Ross. (In cooperation with Il- linois Department of Conservation.) Aug- ust, 1963. 28 p., frontis., 16 fig., bibliogr. 50.—The Wetwood Disease of Elm. By J. Cedric Carter. May, 1964. 20 p., 19 fig. 51.—Illinois Trees: Selection, Planting, and Care. By J. Cedric Carter. August, 1966. 123 p., frontis., 108 fig. 52.—Fertilizing and Watering Trees. By Dan Neely and E. B. HimeLick. September, 1966. 20 p., 9 fig., bibliogr. 53.—Dutch Elm Disease in Illinois. By J. Cedric Carter. October, 1967. 19 p., fron- tis., 17 fig. BIOLOGICAL NOTES 50.—Some Unusual Natural Areas in Illinois and a Few of Their Plants. By Robert A. Evers. July, 1963. 32 p., 43 fig., bibliogr. 52.—A Synopsis of the Mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). By Herbert H. Ross and WilUam R. Horsfall. March, 1965. 50 p., 231 fig., bibliogr., index. 53.—Experimental Field Studies on Shade Tree Fertilization. By E. B. Himelick, Dan Neely, and Webster R. Crowley, Jr. June, 1965. 12 p., 8 fig., bibUogr. 54.—A Preliminary Annotated List of the Lampreys and Fishes of Illinois. By Philip W. Smith. June, 1965. 12 p., 3 fig., bib- liogr. 55.—A Guide to Age Determination of Bob- white Quail Embryos. By John L. Rose- berry and Willard D. Klimstra. July, 1965. 4 p., 2 fig., bibliogr. 57.—Man's Effect on the Fish and Wildlife of the Illinois River. By Harlow B. Mills, William C. Starrett, and Frank C. Bell- rose. June, 1966. 24 p., 16 fig., bibliogr. 58.—The Life History of the Slough Darter, Etheostoma gracile (Pisces, Percidae). By Marvin E. Braasch and Philip W. Smith. June, 1967. 12 p., 8 fig., bibliogr. 59.—Tables for Estimating Ages and Birth Dates of Cottontail Rabbits with Sugges- tions for Handling Lenses. By William R. Edwards. December, 1967. 4 p., 2 fig. 60.—Use of Feather Minerals as Biological Tracers to Determine the Breeding and Molting Grounds of Wild Geese. By Har- old C. Hanson and Robert L. Jones. Feb- ruary, 1968. 8 p., 2 fig., bibliogr. MANUAL 4.—Fieldbook of Illinois Mammals. By Don- ald F. Hoffmeister and Carl O. Mohr. June, 1957. 233 p., color frontis., 119 fig., glossary, bibliogr., index. Lift of available publications mailed on request No charge is made for publications of the Illinois Natur.\l History Survey. A single copy of most publications will be sent free to anyone requesting it until the supply becomes low. Costly publications, more than one copy of a publication, and publications in short supply are subjects for special correspondence. Such corresjjondence should identify the writer and explain the use to be made of the publication or publications. Address orders and correspondence to the Chief, Illinois Natural History Survey, Natural Resources Building, Urbana, Illinois 61 801 I ^c 610.5 5^\ LJ h\ LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP DATA FOR 11 SPECIES OF FISH IN LAKE CHAUTAUQUA "t. L NAIVRAl HISTORY SURViy NOV 3 11993 HWSSMi SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES FOR A BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FISHES OF LAKE CHAUTAUQUA, ILLINOIS by William C. Starrett and Arnold W. Fritz ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY BULLETIN Volume 29, Article 1, pages 1-104 Published by the State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education Natural History Survey Division Urbana, Illinois March, 1965 These tables are referred to on page 7 in the section entitled "Calculations." Supplementary Table 1.—Average and range of calculated weights (4t various lengths) of 2,651 bluegills taken at Lake Chautauqua, Illinois (fall months, 1950-1959). Total Length Supplementary Table 3.—Average and range of calculated weights (at various lengths) of 3,985 black crappies taken at Lake Chautauqua, Il- linois (September and early October, 1950-1959). Total Length • I Supplementary Table 5.—Calculated weights (at various lengths) of 582 largemouth bass taken in the spring and fall months at Lake Chautauqua, Illinois (1950-1959). Number of Fish 4 13 8 17 22 34 40 47 61 38 55 32 42 20 26 34 17 19 12 6 7 5 8 3 5 3 2 1 1 Total Length 1 p ' . Supplementary Table 6.—Calculated weights (at various lengths) of 1,094 white bass taken in the spring and fall months at Lake Chautauqua, Illinois (1950-1959), Total Length Calculated Weight Number of in Inches in Pounds* Fish 4.5 0.03 1 5,0 0.05 18 5.5 0.07 90 6.0 0.09 89 6.5 0.11 42 7.0 0.15 33 7.5 0,18 24 8.0 0.23 39 8.5 0.28 21 9.0 0.34 4 9.5 0.41 1 10.0 0.48 14 10.5 0.57 51 11.0 0.66 99 11.5 0.77 136 12.0 0.88 118 12.5 1.01 68 13.0 1.15 70 13.5 1.31 59 14.0 1.48 48 14.5 1.66 36 15.0 1.86 17 15.5 2.07 9 16,0 2.30 7 Average Calculated log W = -2.34869 + 3.07281 (log L). Supplementary Table 7.—Average and range of calculated weights (at various lengths) of 2,882 freshwater drum taken at Lake Chautauqua, Illinois (September, 1951-1958). Supplementary Table 8,—Average and range of calculated weights (at various lengths) of 2,471 bigmouth buffalo taken at Lake Chautauqua, T ill nni < f<;^n<-pmhor 1 Q'll.-ajQCC.'i Supplementary Table 9.—Average and range of calculated iveights (at various lengths) of 2,481 channel catfish taken at Lake Chautauqua, Il- linois (September. 1951-1958). Total Length supplementary Table 10.—Average and range of calculated weights (at various lengths) of 2,479 carp taken at Lake Chautauqua, Illinois (September. 1951-19581. Range of Annual Calcu- lated Weights in Pounds Total Length