Bulletin


STATE OF ILLINOIS
DwiGHT H. Green, Governor

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
Frank G. Thompson, Director

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION
Theodore H. Frison, Chief

Volume 23 BULLETIN Article 1

The Caddis Flies, or

Trichoptera, of Illinois

HERBERT H. ROSS

Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois

URBAN A, ILLINOIS

August 1944



STATE OF ILLINOIS
DwiGHT H. Green, Governor

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
Frank G. Thompson, Director

BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION
Frank G. Thompson, Chairman

William Trelease, D.Sc, LL.D., Biology Arthur Cutts Willard, D.Eng., LL.D.,

Ezra J. Kraus, Ph.D., D.Sc, Forestry President of the University of Illinois

L. R. HowsoN, B.S.C.E., C.E., Engineering Edson S. Bastin, Ph.D., Geology

Roger Adams, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION
Urbana, Illinois

Scientific and Technical Staff

Theodore H. Prison, Ph.D., Chief

Florence A. Nyberg, Assistant to the Chief

Section of Economic Entomology

G. C. Decker, Ph.D., Entomologist
C. C. Compton, Ph.D., Associate Entomol-

ogist

M. D. Farrar, Ph.D., Research Entomolo-
gist

J. H. Bigger, M.S., Associate Entomologist
S. C. Chandler, B.S., Southern Field Ento-

mologist

James W. Apple, M.S., Northern Field
Entomologist

B. G. Berger, M.A., Assistant Entomologist
John M. Wright, B.A., Assistant Ento-

mologist
H. B. Petty, Jr., M.A., Associate in Ento-
mology Extension

C. J. Weinman, Ph.D., Special Research
Assistant in Entomology

Section of Insect Survey

H. H. Ross, Ph.D., Systematic Entomologist
Carl O. Mohr, Ph.D., Associate Entomolo-

gist, Artist (on leave)
B. D. Burks, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist

(on leave)
Milton W. Sanderson, Ph.D., Assistant

Entomologist
Kathryn M. Sommerman, M.S., Artist,

Entomological Assistant
Phyllis A. Beaver, Laboratory Assistant

Section of Forestry

James E. Davis, M.F., Extension Forester
Lee E. Yeager, Ph.D., Forester

Section of Aquatic Biology

George W. Bennett, Ph.D., Limnologist

David H. Thompson, Ph.D., Zoologist

D. F. Hansen, Ph.D., Assistant Zoologist

Bruno von Limbach, M.S., Special Re-
search Assistant

Section of Game Research and Management

R. E. Yeatter, Ph.D., Game Specialist

Section of Wildlife Experimental Areas

Arthur S. Hawkins, M.S., Game Tech-
nician (on leave)

F. C. Bellrose, Jr., B.S., Assistant Game
Technician

Harold Hanson, M.S., Assistant Game
Technician

Section of Applied Botany and Plant
Pathology

L. R. Tehon, Ph.D., Botanist

D. B. Creager, Ph.D., Research Pathologist

J. C. Carter, Ph.D., Assistant Botanist

G. H. BoEWE, M.S., Field Botanist

Section of Publications

James S. Ayars, B.S., Technical Editor
Eleanor G. Wolff, B.Ed., Assistant Tech-

nical Editor

Technical Library

Marguerite Simmons, M.A., M.S.
cal Librarian

Techni-

CoNSULTANTS IN Herpetology: Howard K. Gloyd, Ph.D., Director of the Museum, Chicago
Academy of Sciences; Clifford H. Pope, B.S., Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, Chicago
Natural History Museum

This paper is a contribution from the Section of Insect Surveys

(57806—1500—1-44)

>2



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FOREWORD

THE caddis flies, comprising the insect

order Trichoptera, are one of the most
abundant groups of aquatic insects in Illi-

nois. In both lakes and streams they consti-

tute an important factor in the food economy
of our Illinois fishes. For this reason, and
because the fauna of the order in the entire

Middle West was virtually unstudied, a

survey of the caddis flies of Illinois was
undertaken in 1931.

In the summer of that year Dr. Cornelius

Betten of Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, was employed by the Illinois Natural
History Survey to initiate the extensive field

work and acquaint the systematic entomo-
logical staff of the Survey with the charac-

ters used in the classification of caddis flies,

and, insofar as possible at that time, with

the identity of the various species inhabiting

the waters of our state. Since 1931, Dr.

Herbert H. Ross, Systematic Entomologist

of the Survey, has been responsible for the

continuation and completion of the project.

This final report is the culmination of 12

years of field work and study. Most of the

field work was carried on in conjunction

with other Survey projects, especially those

on the Miridae and Cicadellidae, and has

followed in general plan and organization

our other projects summarized in preceding

reports. Caddis flies were collected from
all parts of the state and at various seasons,

both the adult and immature stages being

included in the study. As the work pro-

gressed it became apparent that a study of

the entire North American fauna was neces-

sary to identify properly the Illinois species,

and much of the information so obtained

has been invaluable in interpreting material
from this state.

We are indebted to several institutions

and persons outside the Survey for great

help in these studies. In addition to Dr.
Betten, who has given constant help and
cooperation, we are especially indebted to

Dr. Nathan Banks of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, for making available for detailed study

and lectotypic designation the types of Banks
and Hagen species in that institution. Per-
sons too numerous to mention have contrib-

uted a tremendous amount of information,

especially distributional data, in the form
of material submitted for identification; al-

though these cooperators are not listed, we
wish to draw attention to the significant

data their efforts have brought to light.

Several members of our staff in the Insect

Survey Section also have contributed greatly

to the final manuscript. The full illustra-

tions of adult and larval forms, and also

of the cases, are with few exceptions the

work of Dr. C. O. Mohr, Associate Ento-

mologist and Artist. Dr. Mohr and Miss
Kathryn M. Sommerman, Artist and Ento-

mological Assistant, also added many figures

used to illustrate the keys and aid in the

diagnosis of genitalic characters. Dr. B. D.
Burks, Assistant Entomologist, and Dr.

Mohr were responsible for much of the field

work, especially the rearing work done at

field stations. Finally, the manuscript was
read and styled by the Survey Technical

Editor, Mr. James S. Ayars.

T. H. Frison, Chief

Illinois Natural History Survey





CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

BIOLOGY 1

Life Cycle.—^Eggs and Oviposition.—Larval Habits.—Adult Habits.—-Parasitism.

HABITAT PREFERENCE 5

Typical Large Rivers.—Unusual Large Rivers.—^Tributary Streams.—-Ozark Hills

Streams.—Unusual Small Streams.—Lake Michigan.—Smaller Glacial Lakes.

—

Dead River Marsh.

DISTRIBUTION 12

Ranges Centered in Illinois.—Ranges Projecting Into Illinois.—Summary.

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING 15

Adult Collecting.— Collecting Larvae and Pupae.—^Rearing Methods.—-PreservatiGn.

—

Clearing Technique.

CLASSIFICATION 18

Family Groupings.—Generic and Specific Characters.—Terminology.—-Material Stud-

ied.—^Disposition of Material.—Records Outside Illinois.

Key to Families 22

Rhyacophilidae 30

Philopotamidae 44

psychomyiidae 51

Hydropsychidae 76

Hydroptilidae 117

Phryganeidae 161

Limnephilidae 176

Molannidae 205

Beraeidae 208

Odontoceridae 209

Calamoceratidae 209

Leptoceridae 209

goeridae 256

Lepidostomatidae 258

Brachycentridae 260

Sericostomatidae 266

Helicopsychidae 266

EXTRALIMITAL TRICHOPTERA 268

CHECK LIST OF NEARCTIC TRICHOPTERA 291

LITERATURE CITED 305

INDEX 313



<r »iiiif

Connecting Channels of Fox Lake, Illinois

Caddis flies abound in connecting channels

and bays of our northern Illinois lakes, which

have added many species to our Illinois fauna.

Most of the species found in these lakes do not

occur in rivers and streams.



The Caddis Flies,

or Trichoptera,

of Illinois

HERBERT H. ROSS

INTRODUCTION

THE caddis flies, or Trichoptera, are

for the most part medium-sized to

small insects resembling moths in gen-

eral appearance. Their larvae are aquatic

in habit and caterpillar-like in appearance.

The order Trichoptera contains over 750

species, ranking about seventh among the

insect orders. For Illinois, we have now
recorded 184 species, the largest known list

for any state. It must be remembered, how-
ever, that Illinois does not have the same

wealth of diverse aquatic situations as some

other states, the lists of which will be great-

ly increased with intensive collecting.

In 1931, when this project was started,

the only available listing of Illinois species

was contained in Dr. Cornelius Betten's

then unpublished manuscript of the Trichop-

tera of New York. In this. Dr. Betten list-

ed not only published records but also the

results of his own collecting in the vicinity

of Lake Forest, Illinois. This list enumer-

ated 37 species for Illinois. Since that time

we have added 146 species to the list, show-

ing how poorly the caddis fly fauna of the

entire midwestern and central states was
then known.

There is no doubt that additional species

will be discovered in the state with continued

collecting. For this reason, species known
from nearby points have been included in

the keys. In addition, as an added pre-

caution to anticipate future discoveries, all

genera known to occur in the Great Plains

area and eastward have been included in the

keys to genera.

Immature stages are known for 120 spe-

cies treated in this report. There are so

many additional species and genera, especial-

ly in the western states, for which the im-

mature stages are unknown that the treat-

ment given here will have to be considered

as only provisional in certain families for the

continent as a whole.

BIOLOGY

The bundle of sticks crawling about in

the water, green worms under stones in the

stream, swarms of "flies" around the lights

along river and lake—these are forms of

caddis flies familiar to the general insect

collector. They are but a few isolated

phenomena, however, in a picture of life

histories and interrelationships varied in

pattern and interesting in detail.

Life Cycle

In general the life history of caddis flies

follows this pattern: The eggs are laid near
or in the water, each soon hatching into

a worm called a larva, which lives in the

water and may build a case of sticks, sand

grains and other small objects. When full

grown, this larva makes a cocoon in which

it changes into a transformation stage called

a pupa. The adult structures (e.g., wings

and genitalia) develop within the pupa.

When the adult structures are fully de-

veloped within it, the pupa cuts its way
out of the cocoon, swims to the surface,

crawls out of the water and attaches itself

firmly to a stick, stone or other object. The
adult then bursts the pupal skin, wriggles

and crawls out of it and flies away free.

Mating flights follow; a period ensues for

[1]



Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

maturity of the eggs within the body of the

female, which then hiys the eggs in the

water, beginning the cycle again.

Detailed accounts of various phases of

caddis fly life histories have been written

by many authors and constitute an extensive

literature. This was summarized by Betten

in 1934 and again, very extensively and com-

pletely, by Balduf in 1939. Consequently,

only a brief resume of the biology is given

here. In our Illinois studies, we have

stressed the taxonomic aspects; so the fol-

lowing information concerning oviposition is

drawn almost entirely from the two sources

mentioned above.

Eggs and Oviposition

Caddis flies lay many eggs, the number

probably ranging from 300 to 1,000 per

female. Considerable information is known
regarding the manner and place in which

these eggs are deposited, but a tremendous

amount remains to be observed.

The adult females of Rhyacophilidae,

Philopotamidae, Psychomyiidae, Hydropsy-

chidae and Hydroptilidae enter the water

and there lay strings of eggs, fig. \B, on

stones or other objects. These strings are

usually grouped to form irregular masses,

each containing from a few to 800 eggs. The
eggs are surrounded by a thin, cement-like

matrix.

Females of other caddis fly families usual-

ly extrude the eggs and form them into a

mass at the end of the abdomen before de-

positing them. These masses are usually

irregular or ovoid, but in some genera are

very definite in form, as, for example, the

genus Triaenodes, in which the eggs are

arranged in a flat oval, fig. \A. In all egg

Fig. 1.—Eggs of caddis flies. A, Triae-

nodes tarda\ B, Cyrnellus marginalis.

masses the matrix surrounding the egg is

gelatinous and swells upon absorbing mois-

ture.

The Leptoceridae, Phryganeidae, Molan-
nidae and Brachycentridae usually attach

the egg masses to submerged stones, logs or

vegetation. The females of some of these

have been observed entering the water or

putting the abdomen into it for this purpose.

Other families, such as Helicopsychidae,

Goeridae, Lepidostomatidae and Sericosto-

matidae, deposit the egg masses in or near

the water, apparently as frequently one way
as the other. When not laid in the water,

the masses are usually placed near it.

The family Limnephllidae has been the

subject of interesting observations and spec-

ulations. The egg masses are deposited

above the water on plants or stones which

protrude above it, on objects along the

shore or sometimes on twigs high in trees.

In this last case the gelatinous mass may
liquefy with rain, and the drops so formed

run down the twigs and drop into the water,

carrying young larvae with them. Evidence

of actual migration to water of young

larvae hatched from egg masses far from

the water's edge has not been demonstrated.

Rain probably plays an important part in

this phenomenon.

Larval Habits

Mode of Living.—Possibly the most in-

teresting, and certainly the most startling,

aspect of caddis fly biologies is the construc-

tion, by many species, of houses in which

they live. Not all species have these houses,

and many of the houses are of different

types. Much has been written regarding

possible classifications of these habits, in-

cluding the formulation of complex systems

and explanations. I believe, however, that

the following brief synopsis will present

most of the pertinent data.

Free-Living Forms.—The larvae of the

genus Rhyacophila are completely free liv-

ing, having no case or shelter; they lay a

thread trail and have many modifications

for free life in flowing water, including

widely spaced, strong legs and large, strong

anal hooks, fig. 133. For pupation they form
a stone case or cocoon.

Also free living are the early instars of

many Hydroptilidae (see p. 160).

Net-Spinning Forms.—Larvae of Hydro-
psychidae, Philopotamidae and Psychomy-



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois

iidae spin a fixed abode which is fastened

to plants or other supports in the water,

sometimes in still water but more frequent-

ly in running water. Three common types

of these structures are found, all of them
spun from silk and forming some sort of

net; when taken out of water they collapse

into a shapeless string. There is always an

escape exit at the end of the tube.

1.—Finger nets, fig. 2. These are long,

narrow pockets of fine mesh, with the front

end anchored upstream, the remainder trail-

ing behind with the current. They are built

by the Philopotamidae.

2.—Trumpet nets, fig. 3. In this type the

opening of the net is funnel shaped, and the

end is fastened in such a way that the water

movement distends the net into a trumpet-

shaped structure. This type of net is used

extensively by the Psychomyiidae.

3.—Hydropsychid net, fig. 4. Peculiar to

the family Hydropsychidae is the habit of

erecting a net directly in front of a tubelike

Fig. 2.— Finger

nets ot Chi 711*117-7

a

aterri7na. (After

Noyes.)

retreat concealed in a crevice or camouflaged

by bits of wood, leaves or similar material.

These nets may be erected between two sup-

ports in the open, as in the case of Potamyta,

or the net may be constructed as one side

of an antechamber, as in the case of many
species of Hydropsyche, fig. 4.

In all these types the caddis fly larva

cleans the food and debris off the net, ingest-

ing anything edible swept into it by the

current. Normally the larva spends most

of its time with its head near the net ready

to pounce on any prey. When disturbed,

it backs out of the net or retreats with

great agility. The flexible body structure

enables the larva to move backward rapid-

ly, but it can move forward only slowly.

Tube-Maki/ig Forms.—Some psychomyiid

larvae, notably of the genus Phylocentropus,

burrow into sand at the bottom of streams,

cementing the walls of the burrow into a

fairly rigid structure which may be dug out

intact. The mechanics of food gathering in

this group are not well understood.

Fig. 3.—Trumpet net ot Polycent7opiis sp.

(After Noyes.)

mCi':mm''i

Fig. 4.—-Nets of Hydropsyche. A, dia-

grammatic figure of house; at the left is the

tube in which the larva lives; in front of it is a

vestibule having a catching surface with a fine

mesh in the side wall; near this net is the open-

ing of the larval tube. (After Wesenberg-
Lund.) 5, net spun over a crevice of a sub-

merged stick which houses the larva. (After

Comstock.)

In both the net-spinning and tube-making

forms, pupation takes place in the end of the

tube or retreat. The larva constructs a

cocoon of leaf fragments, stones or what-

ever other material is available, lining it

with silk. The pupa is formed here.

Saddle-Case Makers.—Larvae of the rhy-

acophilid subfamily Glossosomatinae make
a portable case which consists of an oval

top made of stones and a ventral strap made
of the same material, fig. 136. The larva

proceeds with its head and legs projecting

down in front of the strap and the anal

hooks projecting down at the back of the

strap. For pupation, the strap is cut away
and the oval dome is cemented to a support,

the pupa being formed in the stone cell thus

made.



Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Purse-Case Makers.—Following exactly

the same principle as the above are many
cases of the Hydroptilidae. In general ap-

pearance they resemble a purse, fig. 465.

The larva occupies the case with the head

and legs projecting out of a slit in the front

margin while the anal hooks project out of

a slit in the posterior margin. For pupa-

tion, however, the case is cemented along

one side to a support and the slits are

cemented shut to form the pupal chamber.

Not all Hydroptilidae have cases of this

type, some of them having true cases (see

p. 160).

Case Makers.—All caddis fly larvae ex-

cept those listed above make portable cases

which the larvae drag with them in their

daily movements. These cases are usually

made of pieces of leaves, bits of twigs, sand

grains or stones which are cemented or tied

together with silk. Rarely the case is made
entirely of silk. Case construction varies a

great deal from one group to another, from

one species to another within the same

genus, and frequently within the same spe-

cies. In general, cases subject to greatest

stream current are the most solidly con-

structed, whereas those in small ponds

where there is scarcely any water movement
are the most loosely constructed.

For pupation the case is anchored to a

support and a top added to the case; the

pupa is formed inside this shelter and no

additional cocoon is made.

Feeding Habits.—Most caddis fly larvae

are practically omnivorous, eating whatever

comes to hand. Such forms as the Hydro-
psychidae and Limnephilidae eat a prepon-

derance of plankton, sessile diatom growths

and other small organisms, but if opportun-

ity affords they will eat insect larvae and

often each other. When their populations

become crowded, caddis fly larvae are can-

nibalistic to a high degree.

Certain genera are primarily predaceous,

the most notable ones being Rhyacophila and
Oecetis. Examination of stomach contents

shows that both of these are voracious

eaters; we have found 40 to 60 Chironomi-
dae larvae in single individuals of Rhya-
cophila, the alimentary tract being crowded
with these midge larvae from one end to

the other. In these two genera the mandi-
bles are long and narrow, apparently fitted

for grasping prey of this type. Such man-
dibles do not occur in phytophagous forms
which may be cannibalistic.

The order Trichoptera as a whole, how-
ever, may be characterized as one in which

the minute aquatic life is assimilated and

converted to units of larger size which are

in turn usable by a variety of larger organ-

isms.

Respiration.—This function in the Tri-

choptera is accomplished by cutaneous ex-

change or by gills. It varies greatly within

families and genera. Usually the larvae

of greater size have the larger or more
abundant gills, and the small larvae have

no gills at all. This is by no means a gen-

eral rule throughout the order. In those

species having gills, gill pattern and type

is almost uniform throughout the entire

period of larval growth, from the youngest

to the full-grown stage.

Adult Habits

Caddis flies include many strong fliers,

such as Macronemum, but they also include

other genera that fly only short distances.

A few species have brachypterous or apter-

ous females which cannot fly but which run

with great agility.

In daytime most of the caddis flies rest in

concealed crevices or on foliage in moist,

shaded glens bordering streams.. At dusk

the adults fly quite freely, often skimming

back and forth across a body of water just

above the surface. These flights are prob-

ably mating flights, since males are fre-

quently involved; observations indicate that

these flights are not correlated directly with

oviposition.

The adults have mouthparts that are

adapted for the ingestion of liquid foods and

have no hard grinding parts for mastication

of hard foods. In some families such as the

Phryganeidae the end of the labium forms

a large, terminal membranous lobe similar

in general appearance to the proboscis of

higher Diptera. Records indicate that in

spite of having no other means of getting

food, adults of many species normally live

1 or 2 months,. and probably in all species

nearly a month.

Oviposition is discussed in connection with

the eggs.

Parasitism

The only record of parasites of caddis

flies in North America was reported by

Mickel & Milliron (1939). They reared



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois

a hymenopterous parasite, Hemiteles b'tan-

nulatus Gravenhorst, from cases of Limne-

philus indivisus from Itasca Park, Minne-

sota. In Europe the hymenopterous para-

site Agriotypus has been reared from caddis

fly larvae.

HABITAT PREFERENCE

Over most of Illinois, caddis fly habitats

are streams and rivers with medium to slow

current, with fairly warm water and fre-

quently with a heavy silt deposit. This

statement applies not only to the main water

arteries but also to most of the small creeks

and branches which feed them. These

streams run through the highly developed

agricultural area which includes most of

the state. Markedly different types of

streams are either restricted to small areas

such as the Ozark Hills, or very locally

distributed, as for example, the spring-fed

brooks at Elgin.

In Illinois, natural lakes are restricted

to the northeastern corner of the state and

are all of glacial origin. Here are found a

few typical lake species but they do not

form a large proportion of our caddis fly

fauna. Artificial lakes are common over

most of the state but have few caddis flies.

Typical Large Rivers

The Mississippi, Illinois and Wabash are

in some respects typical not only of our

large rivers but also of the more sluggish

lower portions of smaller ones such as the

Fox and Kaskaskia. These have enormous

numbers of the net-spinning caddis flies,

especially Potamyia flava, Cheumatopsyche

campyla and Hydropsyche orris, b'tdens and

simulans. The case-making species are con-

fined almost entirely to the Leptoceridae,

and those taken in abundance include Oece-

tis inconspicua and avara, Athripsodes can-

cellatus and transversus, and Leptocella Can-

dida, exquisita and diarina. Abundant web-

spinning forms include Neureclipsis crepus-

cularis and Cyrnellus niarginalis.

In these situations there are generally

few or no very early season species. Most
of the species occur in the adult stage

throughout the late spring and summer
months with continuous generations.

Unusual Large Rivers

Kankakee River.—Of all the rivers in

Illinois, the Kankakee, fig. 5, is the most

unusual from the standpoint of the caddis

fly fauna. Here we have taken 12 species

found nowhere else in the state. Several

other species are common here but rarities

SS'

Fig. 5.—Kankakee River at Wilmington, Illinois. This is one of three rapids on the lower

portion of this river, in all of which caddis flies of unusual interest are found.



Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

in other localities. The stream originates in

the swamps and lakes of northern and

western Indiana, flows through the lower

portion of the northeastern eighth of Illi-

nois and empties into the Illinois River a

few miles west of Joliet. The water is

always colder than in our other rivers, al-

most always clear and in Illinois passes over

three swift rapids. The first rapids are at

Momence and are caused by a limestone out-

crop over which the river flovv^s; htXow the

outcrop the river gradually slows and in

this portion are luxurious beds of eel grass

which extend almost the full width of the

river bottom. The second rapids are at

Kankakee, extending from the foot of a

power dam about one-third of a mile down-

stream; here the river is wider and shal-

lower, and the bottom more gravelly, than

at Momence. The third rapids are at Wil-

mington, also below a power dam, but near-

ly a mile long; here the bottom has the

swiftest portion strewn with boulders and

the steepest gradient of all three rapids.

There is a remarkable difference in the

taxonomic composition of the caddis flies

found in each rapids. Certain species unique

to the river are common to all three rapids,

but others may be very abundant at one

and rare or entirely lacking in the other

two. For instance, Brachycentrus numer-

osiis and lateralis and Alicrasema rusticum

are all very abundant at Momence but have

never been taken at Kankakee or Wilming-

ton. Hydropsyche cuanis occurs in countless

swarms at Wilmington but is a rarity at

the other two rapids. Hydropsyche aerata

is very common at Kankakee but is rare

at the other two. Hydroptila albicornis is

common to all three rapids but is found

nowhere else in Illinois. There is no doubt

that the physiological attributes of the water

are quite different at the three points de-

scribed, and these differences are likely due

to the effect of the power dams and the

sewage affluent which goes into the river

below each city.

Rock River.—This river, running diag-

onally across the northwestern eighth of the

state, is essentially a clear, swift, cold-water

stream with a rock or gravel bottom. In

the early 1900's it was an unusually rich

stream from the standpoint of large variety

and num.bers of fish, but affluent from fac-

tories, city sewage and silt-laden drainage

ditches have altered the stream considerably.

The caddis flies found there today, how-

ever, show distinctive features in contrast

to those of other streams. This is the only

river in which Hydropsyche bifida occurs in

large numbers; it is one of the few streams

in which we have taken Athripsodes men-

tieus, Chimarra obscura and Hydropsyche

valanis; and it is the only stream where we
have taken the northern Limnephilus moes-

tus.

Tributary Streams

Collecting in the smaller rivers and creeks

soon shows that as the size of the stream

decreases the potentialities for a varied

fauna increase. The species mentioned as

abundant in the large rivers are found also

in these smaller streams but in smaller num-
bers; conversely, we find here in numbers

species which are usually rare in river col-

lections. These include, among the net- and

web-spinning groups, Cheumatopsyche ana-

lis, oxa and aphanta, Hydropsyche bronta

and arinale, Nyctiophylax vestitus and Poly-

centropus cinereus. The case makers are

represented by a great variety of the

"micros," or Hydroptilidae, such Limne-

philidae as Pycnopsyche and Caborius, and

a great variety of Leptoceridae, especially

species of Athripsodes, Triaenodes and

Oecetis.

Most of these small streams, as stated

above, are similar in general characteristics

to the large rivers. They are sluggish, silt

laden for much of the year and have fairly

warm water. Most of the species have

continuous generations from late spring to

early autumn and few of them are early

seasonal forms. The chief exceptions to this

are the Limnephilidae mentioned above,

which aestivate during the summer and

transform only in autumn, and our only

common species of Rhyacophilidae, Rhya-

cophila lobifera, which has only one genera-

tion, maturing early in spring.

Ozark Hills Streams

In the southern tip of Illinois there is a

small range of hills reaching an elevation

of about a thousand feet. These are one of

the eastern remnants of the Ozark Moun-
tains. In these hills are numerous streams

quite different from the usual type found

in the northern part of the state. They have

rocky beds, and in winter "and spring they

are swift and clear. Green moss grows in



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois

the streams, and they are muddied only

temporarily after rain. The banks are

wooded with dense stands of trees which

form a canopy over the water when the

leaves are out. In early spring, beginning

in March, these streams abound in a variety

of caddis flies; case makers crawl over the

rocks, and others crawl in the moss or under

the stones.

The taxonomic composition of all these

Ozark streams is virtually the same and

it is remarkably distinct from all other

streams in the state. Species confined to

this area include Rhyacophila fenestra, Ag-

apetus mini, Dolophiliis shawnee and a num-
ber of Hydroptilidae, among them Ochro-

trichia shawnee, eliaga, anisca and unio,

Hydroptila -virgata, vala and amoena and

Neotricliia riegeli and collata. Species of

Hydropsyche, Cheumatopsyche and other

genera which are common in other streams

of the state are a rarity here.

Of unusual interest in this area are four

other caddis flies. Chimarra feria is very

common in these streams but has been taken

nowhere else in the state ; C. obscura, which

we find in several other parts of Illinois,

has not been taken in our recent collecting

in the Ozark Hills but was apparently fairly

common in them around 1900, judging by

collections made at that time by C. A. Hart.

Taken at the same time and place by Hart

were several collections of a species of

Athripsodes believed to be flavus (see p.

228) ; this species has not been taken in the

area in our recent survey. The fourth

species is Neophylax autumnus. These lim-

nephilid larvae make a hard stone case and

are exceedingly common in most of the

Ozarkian streams. They occur sparingly in

other parts of the state.

Early in summer these streams tend to

dry up, often going beyond even a pool stage

to the point at which no water can be seen

along the entire course of the stream. This

dry period frequently extends into Novem-
ber and December before water again flows;

yet by spring the life in the water is invari-

ably present in great abundance. The man-
ner in which many of the caddis flies survive

through this dry period is unknown. Exam-
ination of the dry bed has given information

on three species which pass through this

period in the larval or pupal stage; it is

likely that some of the others pass it in the

egg stage.

Where the stream bed is shaded and the

ground contour provides some subsurface

drainage into it, stones and shelflike out-

crops may remain damp underneath indefi-

nitely. In these damp situations we found

large numbers of Neophylax autumnus lar-

vae aestivating; later in the autumn while

the stream was still dry these larvae trans-

formed to pupae, and we watched actual

emergence of adults from these nearly dry

cases. Digging a few inches into the stream

bed, we discovered active larvae of Chimar-

ra feria and a healthy pupa of Rhyacophila

glaberrima under stones at a level where

stones and sand were moist. In no case did

we find signs of active forms along portions

of the stream bed which were not shaded.

Unusual Small Streams

Scattered around the state are a number

of streams quite different in character and

fauna from the usual stream running

through most of the agricultural land. Ex-

Fig. 6.—Brook in Botanical Gardens at

Elgin, Illinois. This and three parallel sister

brooks are fed by seepage and are cold and

clear throughout the year. Here live several

northern caddis flies found nowhere else in the

state.



8 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

cept for those in the Ozark Hills, these

streams are isolated and local, probably

mere relics of habitat types which may have

been extensive and numerous before the

forests were cleared and the swamps drained

in advance of the plow. Some of the caddis

fly species occurring in these relic areas are

a rarity in this entire Central States area

but fairly common in streams of some of the

northeastern states. These individual locali-

ties have unusual species, many of them not

the same as those found in similar Illinois

localities. In Indiana and southern Michi-

gan this same type of relic area is found.

Elgin.—Just north of the city of Elgin

are the unique Botanical Gardens situated

along the low, east bluff of the Fox River.

The park is an undisturbed remnant of the

original woods of the region and contains a

great variety of interesting herbs, shrubs

and trees. Out of the sides and base of the

bluff run many seepage rivulets which merge

to form five small brooks, each from 1 to

3 feet wide and a few inches deep, with a

stony bottom and a fairly rapid flow, fig. 6.

The water is cold and clear at all times.

In all of these streams the caddis flies are

extremely numerous, their cases literally

paving the bottom of the streams. Here
we have taken seven species found nowhere

else in the state: Glossosoma intermedium,

Dolophilus moestus, Rhyacophila vibox,

Hesperophylax designatus, Molanna try-

phena, Limnephilus rhombicus and Dru-
sinus uniformis. The first four are common,
especially the Glossosoma and Hesperophy-

lax, the cases of which may be found by the

thousands in these streams.

Not only are these species peculiar to

these streams, but other species found in

neighboring streams are practically absent.

Other species which occur include chiefly

Lepidostoma liba and Diplectrona tnodesta,

both found only locally elsewhere in Illinois.

These conditions mark this Elgin group as

the most unusual and interesting of our

relic streams.

Somewhat similar in nature are two other

spring-fed brooks near the Botanical Gar-
dens. In one we discovered a large colony

of Hydropsyche slossonae and in the other

a colony of Chimarra aterrima, both rare

and local in the state.

Split Rock Brook at Utica.—This small

stream originates, fig. 7, in a spring near the

head of a short, wooded ravine and flows

along a channel 2 or 3 feet wide through

a rich growth of herbs and shrubs. The
water is clear and cold and uniform in

volume except after hard rains.

This stream has two distinct parts to its

course. In the upper, shaded portion we
have taken Diplectrona modesta, our only

Illinois record of Polycentropus pentus and

great numbers of the case maker Neophylax

Fig. 7.—Brook at Split Rock, near Utica,

Illinois. Another spring-fed stream which is

clear and cold throughout the year. Unusual
species found here include Polycentropus pentus

and Ochrotrichia riesi and spinosa. (Photo by
Donald T. Ries.)

autumnus. It was in this locality that we
found individuals of this last species emerg-

ing as adults in February and early spring,

the only such record for the entire genus

(see p. 203).

In the lower portion, which flows through

a cleared area along the railroad right-of-

way, we found Ochrotrichia riesi and spin-

osa, to give us the only Illinois records of

these species. In this portion of the stream

the species mentioned in the preceding para-

graph were extremely scarce.

Apple River Canyon State Park.—The
Apple River flows out of southern Wiscon-
sin and cuts across the extreme northwest-

ern corner of Illinois. Above and below
Apple River Canyon State Park the river

is sluggish, silty and nearly devoid of caddis

flies except for some of the tolerant species,

such as Oecetis inconspicua. Through the

park, however, it traverses a few miles of

rocky land, and has here a rock bottom,

faster current, shaded banks and practically

clear water, fig. 8. In this stretch we have

taken several species rare in the state, such



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois

as Psychomyia flavida, Hydropsyche bronta

and Neotrichia okopa.

Of greatest interest at the park is a very

swift point in the river where the "leech-

egg" cases of the hydroptilid Leucotiichia

pictipes are found. These are attached at

the sides of 30- to 50-pound boulders in the

very center of the current. This is the only

place in the state where this species has

been found, and our only other nearby

records are considerably to the north, in

Wisconsin and Michigan.

Gave Streams.—There are few caves in

the state which discharge a permanent flow

of water, and most of these have few or

no caddis flies of interest in the resultant

stream. There are two, however, which

produce cold, permanent streams with in-

teresting species: (1) At Union Spring,

near Alto Pass, is a small cave out of which

flows a stream about a foot wide ; in the

few feet from the cave to the bottom of the

hill a colony of larvae belonging to Hydro-
psychid Genus A occurs under the stones

(see p. 83). (2) Near Quincy is a cave

from which flows a small stream in which

there is a large colony of Lepidostoma liba;

while we have found the species in two other

small, spring-fed streams in the state, this

is the only locality in which the species is

numerous.

Seepage Area.—At Matanzas Lake, near

Havana, there is a sharp valley cut through

the sand ridges by a small stream. At the

side of this little valley, right at the base

of the hill, we found a seepage area a few
feet in diameter and not as deep as the

thickness of a caddis fly case. Cases of

Frenesia 7nissa literally covered this small

area, many of the larvae crawling up on the

leaves until the case was almost completely

out of the water.

In the summer of 1941 this little spring

apparently dried up, for no cases were found

in it in October, the month in which pupa-

tion occurs. A few scattered individuals

were found in the adjacent stream, and

these likely represent a small reservoir of

population for the rehabilitation of the seep-

age areas after drought conditions.

Other Peculiar Streams.—There are

several other streams which have caddis

Fig. 8.—Apple River in Apple River Canyon State Park, Illinois. Outside the park this

stream is sluggish, muddy and has little aquatic life. The rapids inside the park, however,

afFord a varied caddis fly fauna, including our only record of Leucotrichia pictipes. (Photo by

Donald T. Ries.)



10 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

flies unusual for Illinois but which differ

only slightly in general characteristics from

average streams in the vicinity. Prominent

among these is Quiver Creek, a fairly clear,

cold, rapid stream flowing through the

sand region just north of Havana, where

cies. The larvae of these probably occur

on stones in the lake beyond the wading

line.

Unique to our state fauna was a colony

of Hydropsyclie recurvata, found at the

south edge of Evanston. The larvae were

Fig. 9.—Lake Michigan, at Zion, Illinois. Collecting within wading distance of shore

nets only scattered caddis fly records. Presumably more of the species live at a depth beyond
the grinding action of the undertow. Several species of Leptoceridae and Hydropsyche recur-

vata have been taken in Illinois only in or along Lake Michigan.

we have taken a variety of interesting spe-

cies, the collection here including our only

record of Lype diversa\ also the Salt Fork
and Middle Fork rivers, near Oakwood and

Danville, fairly large streams with many
riffles, rocky rapids and less silt than usual

in Illinois, streams in which rare species

such as HelicQpsyche borealis, Hydropsyche
frisoni and cheilonis, and many Hydroptili-

dae occur.

Lake Michigan

Our information concerning Lake Michi-
gan, fig. 9, is based chiefly on light collec-

tions along the shore. We have made shore

collections along the entire Illinois beach but
have been unable to take more than scat-

tered larvae in most places.

Several species of the case-making genus
Athripsodes have been taken at lights along
the shore of the lake; these include dilutus,

erullus and resurgens, the last two consti-

tuting our only Illinois records of the spe-

fairly common on the larger stones in 3 to

4 feet of water. This species is northern in

distribution and usually lives in rivers. Ap-
parently in this situation the wave action

and coldness of water were a sufKcient sub-

stitute for its usual conditions.

Smaller Glacial Lakes

In a few counties in the northeastern

corner of Illinois are a large number of

glacial lakes, fig. 10, similar in general

character to the northern lakes of Wiscon-
sin, Michigan and Minnesota. They vary

in depth, the shallower ones having extensive

marsh areas; their size varies from a few
to several hundred acres. The water is

clear, and the bottom is clean stones, a mass
of reed and sedge roots, or a bed of peaty

organic matter. Large beds of aquatic

plants abound in the little bays or the short,

sluggish connecting waterways; the predom-
inant plants are Elodea, Ceratophyllum,

Utricularia and Potamogeton.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 11

These lakes have a caddis fly fauna quite

different from that of the river systems.

Conspicuous to a high degree are the Lep-

toceridae, whose cases may be found under

almost every stone and on every weed. The
Hydroptilidae, Molannidae and Psychomyi-

idae are the only other families represented

in numbers; the Limnephilidae and Phry-

ganeidae are almost entirely confined to

marsh situations.

The commoner Leptoceridae include

Oecetis inconspicua, cinerascens, immobilis

and osteni, Triaenodes tarda and injusta,

Leptocella albida and exguisita, Leptocerus

americanus, Athripsodes dilutus and tarsi-

putictatus and JMystacides longicornis and

sepulchralis. Some of these, such as Oecetis

osteni, Mystacides longicornis and Lepto-

cella albida, are confined to lakes; most of

the others may be found in rivers, artificial

ponds or canals. The combination of all

these together, however, along with the

absence of Hydropsychidae and other stream

dwellers, is a phenomenon unique to these

lakes.

The curious case of IMolanna uniopliila

(see p. 206) occurs on sand bars in these

lakes; the minute cases of Orthotrichia and

Oxyethira abound on the stones and plant

stems; and the transparent, small, green

cases of Leptocerus americanus cluster in

the tips of the Ceratophyllum.

Dead River Marsh

At Zion, just north of Waukegan, there

is a large marsh area through the center

of which runs the Dead River, fig. 11, so

named because Lake Michigan, by backing

up into it, prevents its flow except at times

of heavy rain. This ribbon-like river is

therefore more like a marshy lake than a

stream ; its banks are crowded with exten-

sive beds of cyperaceous growth and its

channel is choked with mats of Ceratophyl-

lum and Polygonum.

Living in this mass of plant stems is one

of the most extraordinary communities of

caddis flies in Illinois. Large, case-building

Phryganeidae are common, including Phry-

ganea cinerea and sayi, Banksiola selina,

Fabria inornata and Agrypnia vestita; the

Fig. 10.—Grass Lake near Fox Lake, Illinois. Certain of the lake species, in particular the

Leptoceridae, are found in the lake proper rather than in the connecting channels.



12 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Fig. 11.—Dead River, in Dunes Park near Zion, Illinois. This river is more marsh than

stream. It is the only situation in the state in which large numbers of both individuals and spe-

cies of the large Phryganeidae have been found.

leptocerid Triaenodes aba is common; Poly-

centroptis interruptus is also common. Ex-

cept for Phryganea sayi, these are known
only from similar nearby situations. Re-

stricted in Illinois to this locality are Fabria

inornata, Triaenodes baris and Polycentro-

pus remotus.

A somewhat similar marsh area is located

along the edges of the Des Plaines River

near Rosecrans, just a few miles south of

the Wisconsin line. In this area we have

taken Triaenodes aba in considerable num-
bers, but only a few of the other species

common in the Dead River.

DISTRIBUTION

In the preceding pages an analysis is

given of the manner in which the various

species of Illinois caddis flies are distributed

in relation to habitats within the state. To
understand the faunal characteristics, how-
ever, this should be correlated with the

geographic distribution of the species in re-

lation to the entire continent.

We have found that the geographic dis-

tribution of caddis fly species within Illinois

may give an erroneous impression of their

continental distribution. For instance, the

fact that Cheumatopsyche lasia occurs prin-

cipally in the central and northern parts of

Illinois might indicate that the species is

primarily northern; such is not the case,

most of the records for the species being

southwest of Illinois, and a few northwest,

with no records yet known from northeast

of Illinois, fig. 12. Similarly our Illinois

records of Phylocentropus placidus are from

the extreme southern portion of the state,

whereas the main range of the species is to

the northeast.

These circumstances have led to a study

of the continental range of as many species

as possible. The results are of considerable

interest because of the scarcity of caddis

fly records in past literature and because

of the demonstration that many caddis flies

have an extensive range. Since many species

are known from few records, the following

remarks apply to the better known. It is

difficult to determine accurately the center

of distribution of any caddis fly species on

the bases of existing records, because in

many areas in North America collecting for

this order has been very inadequate. The
present analysis attempts to give a picture

gleaned from available records.

The Illinois species may be divided rough-

ly into two general categories. The first



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 13

Fig. 12.—Range map of Cheiimatopsyche Fig. 13.—Range map of Oecetis inconspicua,

lasia. the commonest North American caddis fly.

includes those whose range centers roughly

in or near Illinois; the second those touching

Illinois on the outskirts of their range.

Ranges Centered in Illinois

Widespread Species.—Some of the com-
mon Illinois species of caddis flies have a

range which occupies alrnost the entire con-

tinent. Examples include Oecetis incon-

spicua, fig. 13, and avara, CJieumatopsyche

campyla and aualis and Hydroptila hamata.

The first four of these are exceedingly com-
mon in the central and eastern states and

occur in scattered collections westward to

the Pacific Coast.

Central States Species.—Conspicuous

examples of this set are some of the caddis

flies inhabiting the large rivers typical of

this part of the country. Hydropsyche sirnu-

lans and orris are two such species; they

have overlapping ranges, fig. 14, and the

Fig. 14.—Range map of Hydropsyche simulans and Fig. 15.—Range map of Hydro-
orris, psyche aerata and phalerata.



14 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

area of overlap coincides very closely with

the Corn Belt. Another type of range in

this class is illustrated by Hydropsyche

aerata, which appears to have a very re-

stricted range, fig. 15. Among the Hydrop-

tilidae are several species which, on the

basis of present records, appear to be re-

stricted to the Corn Belt and its immediate

vicinity; these include Hydroptila angusta,

grandiosa and ajax and Neotrichia falca.

Ranges Projecting Into Illinois

Northern-Northeastern Species.— Of
the caddis flies having a range that just

touches Illinois, or nearly touches this state,

the most numerous are northern and north-

eastern species. Examples include repre-

sentatives of many families: Hydropsyche
slossonae and recurvata, fig. 16, Chimarra
aterrima, fig. 17, Oecetis osteni, Limnephilus

moestus, rhombicus and argenteus, and many
others. These include both lake and stream

species. Each of these species has a slightly

different range, some extending south just

into Illinois, others deeper into the state

and still others not reaching it at all. A
number of these species, such as Alystacides

longicornis and Neureclipsis bimaculatus,

are Holarctic and many more will undoubt-

edly prove to range extensively northwest-

ward through the northern coniferous for-

est. This group, as would be expected, em-

braces a large number of species which have

been found in Illinois in isolated and local

colonies and an additional number which

have been taken in southern Wisconsin and

Michigan but not yet in Illinois.

Northeastern-Ozark Species.—One of

the most surprising discoveries in this in-

vestigation was the unexpected number of

species common to both the northeastern

states and the Ozark series of mountains,

including various areas in Oklahoma and,

to some extent, the "cross-timbers" which

extend diagonally across Texas. Most of

the species exhibiting this type of range

occur in Illinois, especially along its north-

ern, eastern and southern margins. Present

collections indicate that the Illinois Ozarks

are one of the few existing connecting links

between the northeastern and southwestern

parts of the range. This is \vell shown in

the case of Chimarra obscura, fig. 18.

Some species, such as Cheumatopsyche

sordida, have a range of the same type but

highly discontinuous, so that the Ozark
records are at a great distance from any

others known at present.

Ozark Species.—A few caddis flies occur

only in the Ozarks, extending throughout

their course from Illinois to Oklahoma and

into the neighboring hills and ranges. Ex-

amples include Agapetus illini, Dolophilus

Fig. 16.—Range map of Hydropsyche
slossonae and recurvata.

Fig. 17.

feria.

-Range map of Chimarra aterrima and



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 15

Fig. 18.—Range map of Chimarra obsciira.

shawnee and Ochrotrichia anisca. These
species and others of similar faunistic habits

occur in the Ozark Hills of southern Illi-

nois.

Southwestern Species.—Another group

of Illinois caddis flies is southern or south-

western in general distribution. This in-

cludes such forms as Cheumatopsyche lasia,

fig. 12, and Chimarra feria, fig. 17. The
range of each centers around Oklahoma,
with extensions eastward to Illinois and as

far northward as Montana or Minnesota.

It is interesting to note that the former ex-

tends throughout the northern portion of

Illinois; the latter has been found in Illinois

only in the Ozark Hills of the southern part

of the state.

Certain other southern or southwestern

species have a range extending into southern

Mexico. This is true especially of many

Hydroptilidae, of which Mayatrichia ayama
ranges from southern Mexico to New York,

following closely the pattern of Chimarra
obscura in fig. 18.

Southeastern Species.—A few members
of the Illinois fauna have been collected

in other states only to the south and east.

This group includes Hydropsyche incom-

TJioda, Cheumatopsyche burksi and Hydro-
psychid Genus A, extending from Illinois to

Georgia or Florida. A small number of

species not yet taken in Illinois are known
to range from Georgia to Indiana; these

include Macronemum transversum and Hy-
dropsyche depravata, which have essentially

the same range as the three just mentioned.

Hydropsyche phalerata has a range which

centers in the southeast but differs from
the above examples by extending consider-

ably north of Illinois, fig. 15.

Summary

A review of the above data shows that

in North America the caddis flies form sev-

eral fairly distinct geographic groups. One
of these, embracing the states of the Corn
Belt, centers roughly in Illinois. Through-
out the northern and northeastern states is

one large group of species ; to the southwest,

extending through the Ozarks into Mexico,

is a second large group ; and to the south-

east is a third smaller group. All three of

these contain fairly distinctive species that

range into Illinois, which is approximately

at the meeting point of these "avenues" of

distribution. This axial position has been

demonstrated with several other groups of

insects studied for the state, including the

Miridae, Orthoptera and Plecoptera, al-

though in each the details are different.

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING

Caddis flies have such diverse habits and
habitat preferences that several kinds of

collecting are necessary to get representa-

tive samples from a given area. In most
cases these same methods are equally effec-

tive with other aquatic groups, including

stoneflies, mayflies and midges. The adults

are aerial and the larvae aquatic; further,

it is more the rule than the exception that

at any one place the adults in the air and the

larvae in the stream belong to different sets

of species. Collecting for one phase must
not be stressed to the exclusion of the other.

With one exception, caddis flies, both

immature stages and adults, should be col-

lected in liquid, preferably 80 per cent grain

alcohol. The exception is adults of the

genus Leptocella, readily distinguished in

the field by a long, narrow shape, extremely

long antennae and white ground color (see

p. 213). In this genus it is necessary for

specific diagnosis to use color patterns

formed by the delicate wing hairs, which

rub off with remarkable ease. Specimens of

this genus should be killed in a cyanide or

other dry bottle, a few at a time, and care-



16 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

fully handled to avoid rubbing in transit and

in pinning.

Adult Collecting

Adults of most caddis flies come to lights

readily on warm nights having neither wind

nor a bright moon. Collecting at lights is

thus a profitable source of material. In

towns, illuminated store windows and signs

attract many of these insects and provide

convenient collecting points.

Vapor Glow-Tubes.—Adult Trichoptera

are attracted very strongly to blue light

and hence are to be found most abundantly

around blue "neon" lights, or glow-tubes.

Fortunately for the entomologist many of

these blue lights can be found in towns and

these will serve as good concentration points

for caddis flies. At points where such lights

are not available we have had very good

success with a portable mercury glow-tube

which emits a strong blue light and is very

attractive to Trichoptera and many other

insects. This is described in detail by Burks,

Ross & Prison (1938).

Automobile Headlights.—Another type

of night collecting we have found efiEective

at points away from towns is as follows.

Drive an automobile to a spot overlooking

a stream or lake and turn on the bright

lights. Into a shallow pan, such as a pie

pan, pour enough alcohol to cover the bot-

tom with from one-eighth to one-fourth inch

of liquid. Hold the pan directly under a

headlight. If aquatic insects are on the

wing, they will come to the light and eventu-

ally drop into the liquid, which traps them.

With a small piece of wet cardboard, scrape

the entire insect contents of the pan into

a small bottle of alcohol, which should then

be labeled, location, name of collector and

place being given.

If few insects fly to the car lights, it is

convenient to dispense with the pan. In this

case the caddis flies may be picked off the

light easily by dipping an index finger in

alcohol, "scooping up" the insect rapidly but

gently on the wet surface and then dipping

it in the bottle. An aspirator, or sucker,

also can be used with success.

Sweeping.—For daylight collecting,

sweeping often proves effective. Resting

places differ widely with the species, but

most caddis flies prefer shaded, humid places.

For these, sweep vegetation overhanging the

water, whether it is herbage nearly trailing

in the water or boughs which hang above it.

I have noticed that many times the flies

seem to prefer (for resting places) conifer-

ous trees near the stream, and heavy beat-

ing of these is usually profitable. Some-

times the flies are numerous in bark crevices

of large tree trunks along stream banks;

here they are extremely difficult to detect,

for they mimic bark to a remarkable degree

when their wings are folded. Be sure to

have your net ready when you examine a

tree trunk, because the flies dodge and fly

with surprising speed when alarmed.

Bridges.—One of the favorite resting

places of adult Trichoptera is the shaded,

damp, underside of a concrete bridge. When
other collecting fails it is sometimes possible

to pick up from a few to many caddis flies

resting under a highway bridge. Here again

the flies are wary, and must be approached

with caution and a ready net.

Along the Water's Edge.—Frequently

the adults may be captured on stones, sticks

and vegetation in the water. This is true

especially of the Rhyacophilidae. A method
which sometimes gives good results is to

press floating vegetation, such as water

cress, until it is slightly submerged. Any
adults resting in this foliage will swim to

the surface in a moment or two.

Collecting Larvae and Pupae

All Nearctic caddis flies are aquatic in

the developmental stages. For this reason

almost any water habitat has possibilities

for the collection of larvae and pupae.

These should be preserved in liquid, prefer-

ably 80 per cent grain alcohol, as with the

adults. If vials are filled with larvae, the

liquid should be changed a few hours after

collection.

The easiest way to start a search for

these immature stages is to turn over stones

and logs in riffles and rapids; if present,

larvae and cases may be found without

difficulty in these situations. Handfuls of

drift, weeds from the stream or river bot-

tom, and debris may be laid on the bank,

and the caddis fly larvae may be picked out

as they begin to move, at which time they

are easily detected.

Cocoons of caddis flies may generally be

identified because they are securely fastened

to some object. These should be removed
very carefully, in order to avoid breaking

the silk membranes more than necessary.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 17

Where conveniently situated they may be cut lowed the operator to take off the lid, see

away from both sides with the sharp ends what adults had emerged and grasp them
of a pair of forceps. with fingers or forceps through the muslin.

Rearing Methods

Association by Pupal Dissection.—In

almost all caddis fly groups the larval scle-

rites are packed into the posterior end of the

pupal chamber after the pupa is formed.

Later in the pupal life the adult structures

take definite form within the pupal skin,

and, just before actual escape of the pupa,

the complete adult may be teased out of the

pupal skin. Such pre-adult specimens show
all adult characters except those of wing
venation, which does not develop until the

wings have expanded and dried by natural

emergence. Of greatest importance is the

fact that the genitalia of both sexes become
completely formed, hardened and colored

before emergence of the adult.

If, then, a cocoon or case is collected

which has a mature pupa in it, the larval

sclerites and fully formed genitalia are

associated, and it is possible thus to link

the adult and larval forms of the species.

This type of association was fully explained

by Vorhies (1909) in his report on the

Wisconsin caddis flies. It was described

again by M. Milne (1938). We have used

this method for many years as a means of

linking the various developmental stages.

It is frequently necessary to collect in the

same locality several times before certain

species can be associated, but we have found

it more satisfactory than cage rearing be-

cause of extreme cannibalism developed by

caged larvae.

Cage Rearing.—A few caddis fly groups

have pupal cases with a slit at one end, in-

stead of the conventional mesh used by most

groups. In these species the larval sclerites

are kicked out of the case by the respira-

tory movements of the pupa. This is true

throughout the family Leptoceridae and to

a limited extent in the genus Parapsyche.

For these species we used cages for rear-

ing numbers of specimens. The type of

cage used was square and suspended by side

flanges from a raft constructed to form

square openings, as described and used for

stonefly rearing by Frison (1935, p. 303).

The caddis fly adults were so fast in their

movements, however, that a layer of muslin

had to be tied over the cage and the lid

placed over this; such an arrangement al-

Preservation

As mentioned before, for study purposes

it is most practical to preserve all stages

of caddis flies in liquid, preferably 80 per

cent grain alcohol. This allows study of

different structures from various angles,

since the material is flexible. Furthermore,
the muscle tissue of caddis flies does not

become coagulated as in some other insect

groups and can be cleared readily in caustic

soda or potash solution.

One genus, Leptocella, must be collected

dry, as mentioned on p. 213. Specimens of

this genus should be killed a few at a time

in a strong cyanide bottle and handled and

pinned with great care to avoid rubbing the

delicate hair which makes up the pattern.

For display purposes or for color study, it

is sometimes necessary to pin material of

other genera. The pin should be inserted

with care to avoid piercing the scutellum

and middle line. These areas may be diag-

nostic for family or genus.

Clearing Technique

Accurate identification for almost every

caddis fly species must be based on charac-

ters of the genitalia, not only in the males

but also in the females of those groups in

which specific characters are known for this

sex. It is usually necessary to clear the

genitalia to see the diagnostic characters,

and for this operation we have found the

following procedure entirely satisfactory.

Remove the apical half or third of the

abdomen from the specimen and place this

portion in cold 10 to 15 per cent caustic

potash or caustic soda solution. Allow it

to soak 6 to 12 hours, depending on its size

and color; then remove it to a dish of dis-

tilled water. If the specimen softens up in

a minute or two, gently squeeze, prod and

press until the dissolved mass of viscera has

been worked out of the shell. If the speci-

men does not soften, resoak it in hot 5 per

cent caustic solution for 5 or 10 minutes;

then squeeze out the viscera. The follow-

ing procedure is recommended for hot treat-

ment: Put the caustic solution in a vial,

which should be placed in a beaker of water;

a little twisted wire should be placed in the



18 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

beaker so that the vial v^^ill not actually

touch the bottom ; heat the beaker until the

water boils; the caustic solution will not

boil. This water bath treatment guards

against overclearing of the specimen. After

the viscera are more or less extracted, trans-

fer the specimen through at least three

baths of distilled water, leaving it at least

1 hour in each, and then place it in a dish

of alcohol to which a few drops of 1 per

cent acetic acid solution have been added.

Remove the preparation to neutral alcohol.

It is now ready to study.

For liquid preservation, the cleared geni-

tal capsule and the specimen to which it be-

longs can be placed together in a small shell

vial 74 by 4 mm. ; this vial can then be filled

and stopped with a cotton plug and inverted

in a ring-neck, 3-dram vial. Hard red rub-

ber stoppers are desirable for these vials;

to insert stopper, wet it with alcohol, place

a long pin alongside it and insert both to-

gether into the neck of the vial as far as

desired ; then hold stopper in place and pull

out pin. This technique allows air to escape

from the vial as the stopper is inserted and

prevents air pressure from being built up

inside the vial below the stopper.

For pinned specimens the genital capsule,

if not too large, may be placed in a minute
shell vial with a small amount of glycerine

in the bottom. The vial can be corked and
mounted under the specimen by simply run-

ning the specimen's pin through the cork.

The genitalia can be removed from this con-

tainer with a pin which has a minute hook

at the end. For further details, see article

about this procedure by DeLong & David-

son (1937).

For study under a compound microscope,

these cleared genitalia may be placed in pure

glycerine. Very convenient for such study

is a slide with a ground-out place or well

in which the glycerine may be placed. Mi-
nute angles may be made from fine wire or

pins and these used in the glycerine to keep

the preparation in place while it is being

studied or drawn. The glycerine keeps the

preparation perfectly flexible and it also

has a fine refraction, even when a cover

slip is not used. Glycerine and alcohol are

readily miscible so that preparations may
be transferred from one to the other with-

out harm.

For the family Hydroptilidae it is desir-

able to clear the entire specimen without

detaching the abdomen. The procedure is

the same as above except that in this case

it is necessary to tear a slit in the base of

the abdomen through which the dissolved

viscera may be expelled. This technique

destroys a clear view of the wing venation,

but this is seldom decipherable even in an

uncleared specimen and does not appear

essential now for either family or generic

diagnosis. On the other hand, characters

of the ocelli, legs, thoracic structure and

genitalia, which are all essential for identi-

fication, are not plainly visible without clear-

ing.

CLASSIFICATION

Adults of the order Trichoptera are dis- females of several genera), covered with
tinguished by the following combination of setae which may be hairlike or modified into

characters: head with long antennae;
mouthparts with vestigial mandibles, well-

developed maxillary and labial palpi, their

parent sclerites more or less fused to form
a flabby, proboscis-like structure; thorax
with tergites and pleurae normally divided;

two pairs of wings present (abortive in the

Fig. 19.—Lepidoptera. A typ-

ical moth showing the scales on
wings and body and the sucking
tube, which is coiled up under
the head when not in use. Spe-
cies in which the tube is poorly
developed or entirely lacking al-

ways have the wings with a very
dense and uniform covering of

scales.

^^



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 19

scales, with simple venation and only the

hypothetical number of crossveins.

The Trichoptera belong to the holome-

tabolous group of orders. The reduced

crossveins will distinguish them from the

Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Mecoptera and

their allies; the two pairs of wings will

distinguish them from the Diptera; and the

narrow ventral portion of the meso-epi-

sternum will distinguish them from the

Hymenoptera.

Members of this order are most closely

related to the Lepidoptera, many forms of

the two groups being quite similar in gen-

eral morphology and wing venation. Almost

all Lepidoptera differ from Trichoptera by

having a coiled sucking tube which may be

very long, fig. 19, or quite short. All those

Lepidoptera occurring in this region which

have no sucking tube or only a short one

have the wings entirely covered with closely

packed scales, as in fig. 19. The Trichoptera

of this continent do not have a coiled suck-

ing tube; most of them have no scales on

the wings, but a few species either have

patches of scales which do not cover the

entire wing or have scales which are scat-

tered and interspersed with hair.

The Trichoptera larvae have a distinct

head capsule, full complement of mouth-

parts, single-segmented antennae which are

often difficult to see, a pair of distinct, single-

facet eyes, sclerotized pronotum (mesono-

tum and metanotum sometimes sclerotized

also), three pairs of distinctly segmented

legs, all provided with claws, and a pair of

anal hooks. Tracheal gills of various sizes

and shapes are sometimes present. The end

of the abdomen never has a long mesal

process as in some Megaloptera and Coleop-

tera.

Family Groupings

The Trichoptera are represented in North
America by 17 families. This division de-

parts in certain respects from the traditional

plan of dividing the order but has been

necessary because of the following circum-

stances.

1. In attempting to formulate a key to

the larvae it was noticed that some sub-

families of the Sericostomatidae appeared

more closely related to other families than

to each other. A tentative key was made
up in which the various groups of this

nature were treated as separate families.

2. One difficulty with past keys was the

uncertainty of diagnosing a female specimen

to family, especially when the specimen was
slightly teneral and the venation difficult to

determine. A search for other characters

which would circumvent the use of wing
venation in the key brought to light differ-

ences in thoracic sclerites, tarsal claws and

arrangement of spines and spurs on the

middle legs. Using these in the family key,

it was possible to key out both males and

females together, and the resultant group-

ing agreed almost perfectly with the inde-

pendent grouping suggested by the larvae.

3. The pupae offered only little evidence

on the question, but what there was decided-

ly favored the new family segregations.

It appears, therefore, that the old family

Sericostomatidae represented a heterogene-

ous assemblage of diverse groups such as

the Helicopsychidae, Goeridae and Brachy-

centridae; these had been considered as one

family solely on the basis of a secondary

sexual similarity, namely, the three-segment-

ed and curved or modified maxillary palpi

of the males. Certain other groups, such as

the Beraeidae, have been treated as separate

families; and the opinion of Betten and

others that the Odontoceridae and Calamo-
ceratidae are distinct is substantiated by

characters of all stages. There are many
points to be cleared up in the placement to

family of several genera from western

states. In addition, many immature stages

need to be discovered. These points, how-
ever, do not preclude an analysis of the

present material.

The Rhyacophilidae, in particular the

genus Rhyacophila, appear to be the most

generalized family in the order. The simple

wing venation, fig. 21, well developed ocelli,

unmodified mouthparts and other characters

of the adults, together with the simple type

of larvae with either no case or a simple

one, seem to represent basic characters from

which developed other specializations of the

order.

Three families, Philopotamidae, Psy-

chomyiidae and Hydropsychidae, are a nat-

ural group differentiated by the annuliform

maxillary palpi of the adults and the net-

building habits of the larvae. Of these fam-

ilies the Philopotamidae appear the most

primitive, having diverged relatively little

in adult structure from the Rhyacophilidae.

The sclerotized larval mesonotum and meta-

notum, and larval gills mark the Hydro-



20 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

•coxa

-trochanter

--femur
—tibia
--tarsus
^•claw

m

>hook-
bearing
plates

--4)late 5A
--plate 5P

|-- -plate 6

A

-9

-10

~^anal
processes

Fig. 20.

—

Limnephilus submonilijer larva and pupa, illustrating terminology of parts.

psychidae as the most specialized members of

this group.

The Hydroptilidae comprise an isolated

group combining certain primitive adult

characters with a great variety of larval

and biological specialization. The larvae

are peculiar among the entire order, appar-

ently, in having a sort of hypermetamorpho-
sis in w^hich the young larvae are active

and free living, later building cases. The
more primitive of these cases are simple

adaptations of the saddle cases of some
Rhyacophilidae, but the more specialized are

similar in construction to the true cases of

the Leptoceridae and other families.

The remainder of the families form the

large complex of true case-makers, includ-

ing the large families Leptoceridae and Lim-
nephilidae. This group presents a real

problem in determining the phylogenetic ar-

rangement of the families. It may be divid-

ed into two or three series on the basis of

certain characters as outlined below, but

whether or not these segregations are arti-

ficial or natural will rest on further evi-

dence and investigation:

A. Ocellate series (ocelli well developed).

1. Phryganeidae—probably the most prim-

itive member of the case-making group.

2. Limnephilidae—this family may not be

closely related to the Phryganeidae but

is certainly one of the more generalized

members of the case makers.

B. Nonocellate series (ocelli absent).

Many families of this group have been

regarded as very primitive. It is certain,

however, that having no ocelli they could

not have given rise to groups that have, such

as the Phryganeidae. The Molannidae are

probably the most primitive members of this

series. It seems impractical, however, to

attempt a phylogenetic analysis of the series

at the present time. Also included in it are

the Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae, Goeri-

dae, Lepidostomatidae, Leptoceridae, Be-

raeidae, Helicopsychidae, Sericostomatidae

and Brachycentridae.

Generic and Specific Characters

For the diagnosis of genera and species

an effort has been made to use such charac-

ters as could be seen easily on specimens

preserved in liquid and, insofar as possible,

on preadults dissected from pupae. This

has led to the substitution of head, thoracic

and leg characters for wing venation in

many places in the keys. In certain families,

such as the Hydroptilidae, these new char-

acters have proved to be the first satisfac-

tory basis for generic separation, at least

in key form.

i



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 21

In almost all groups the adults have been

separated to species on the basis of genitalia

characters. In a few genera, such as Mac-
ronemum and Leptocella, genitalia have not

given complete diagnosis, and color and pro-

portions have been used.

There is a large amount of information

in the literature regarding the immature

stages of Trichoptera. Much of this is re-

ferred to in various places throughout the

text of this report. Additional articles of

considerable interest and value are the fol-

lowing: Denning (1937), Elkins (1936),

Milne & Milne (1938, 1939), Margery
Milne (1939) and Ulmer (1902, 1906^).

illustrated in figs. 20 and 21 which include

terms used for larvae, pupae and adults.

Material Studied

This report is based on extensive collect-

ing over many years, during which a large

amount of material has accumulated. We
estimate that approximately 750,000 speci-

mens were actually collected and checked

over. Most of the specimens proved to be

females or larvae which could be identified

only to genus. About 150,000 specimens

have been identified to species, and these

constitute the basis for most of this report.

Terminology

The terms used commonly in the keys

for wing venation and structural parts are

Disposition of Material

Unless otherwise noted, Illinois material

recorded here is in the collection of the lUi-

anfenna.

median ocellus
anterior wart ,

compound eye --.

lateral ocellus...

postero-lateral wart
pronotum -..

tegula..-'"-sc'utum:V.:t

mesonotumi scutellum...L,
\^postnotum._i!^

metanotum / T

abdomen.

maxillary palpus

labial palpus.

^emur'
jjtjjg/ tarsus'"-^------

claws-

^'^pical spurs

! "^preapical spurs

Fig. 21.

—

Rhyacophila lobijera adult male, illustrating terminology ot parts.



22 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

nois Natural History Survey at Urbana.

Some material is cited which belongs to

other institutions, and this is usually indi-

cated by letters following the record ; these

letters are as follows:

BC—Betten Collection, Ithaca, New York.

UM

—

University of Minnesota, St. Paul,

Minnesota.

FM—Chicago Natural History Museum,
Chicago, Illinois (formerly Field Museum).
MCZ—Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Records Outside Illinois

Many records for states other than Illi-

nois which are cited in this report are the

first for these states. Those not taken from

the literature are from Illinois Natural

History Survey files, which are accessible

for procuring additional locality and season-

al data.

KEY TO FAMILIES

Larvae

L Pro-, meso- and metanotum each with

a single, sclerotized shield embracing
the entire notum, fig. 557 2

Either meso- or metanotum or both

without sclerites or with sclerotized

shield subdivided into separated

plates, figs. 36, 37 3

2. Abdomen with many conspicuous

branched gills, fig. 281; larva living

in a nest, fig. 4

Hydropsychidae, p. 76

Abdomen without gills; larva living in

a definite case, fig. 465

Hydroptilidae, p. 117

3. Anal legs projecting beyond, and free

from, membranous lobes of tenth

segment, fig. 22; note especially

fig. 23
_.

; 4
Anal legs appearing as lateral sclerites

of membranous lobes of tenth seg-

ment, fig. 20 6

4. Sclerotized shield present on dorsum of

ninth abdominal segment, fig. 22. .

Rhyacophilidae, p. 30
Dorsum of ninth abdominal segment

entirely membranous 5

5. Labrum with anterior and lateral por-

tions expanded into a wide, mem-
branous area, fig. 24

Philopotamidae, p. 44
Labrum shorter, entirely sclerotized,

fig- 25 Psychomyiidae, p. 51

6. Claws of hind legs very small, those of

middle and front legs large, fig. 26. .

Molannidae, p. 205

Claws of hind legs as long as those of

middle legs, fig. 27 7

7. Antennae long, at least eight times as

long as wide, and arising at base of

mandibles, fig. 28

Leptoceridae, p. 209

Antennae much shorter, fig. 709, not

more than three or four times as

long as wide, often very inconspicu-

ous, and arising at various points,

figs. 29, 30 8

8. Mesonotum submembranous except

for a pair of parenthesis-like, scle-

rotized bars as in fig. 764

Leptoceridae, p. 209

Mesonotum without such bars 9

9. Meso- and metanotum entirely mem-
branous or with only minute scle-

rites, figs. 561-566
Phryganeidae, p. 161

Mesonotum and usually metanotum
with some conspicuous sclerotized

plates 10

10. Labrum with a row of about 20 stout

setae across middle, fig. 31

Calamoceratidae, p. 209

Labrum without such a row of setae,

usually with 6-8 long setae, not in a

row, and other scattered small setae,

fig. 32 11

11. Anal hooks with a long comb of teeth,

fig. 33; larva living in a case shaped
exactly like a snail shell, fig. 906. . .

Helicopsychidae, p. 266

Anal hooks with accessory teeth, but

these not forming a comb, fig. 34;

case not at all snail-like 12

12. Metanotum with a wide, straplike an-

terior sclerite, a pair of oblong lateral

sclerites and a posterior thin sclerite,

as in fig. 36, the posterior sclerite

frequently difficult to distinguish..

Odontoceridae, p. 209

Metanotum not with this grouping of

sclerites, usually with only 1 or 2

round, small and more or less indefi-

nite sclerites, fig. 37 13

13. Anal hooks formed of 2 or 3 long teeth

situated one over another, fig. 35. .

Sericostomatidae, p. 266
Anal hooks formed of a single large

tooth with 1 or more small teeth on
its dorsal edge, fig. 34 14

14. Pronotum with a deep furrow running
almost the full width of the sclerite,

figs. 892, 896, 897, the posterior mar-
gin of the furrow forming a sharp and
slightly overhanging carina

Brachycentridae, p. 260
Pronotum either without any trace of a



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 23

Fig. 22.

—

Rhyacophila lobifera larva, apex

of abdomen.
Fig. 23.

—

Agapetus illini larva, apex of ab-

domen.

Fig. 24.

—

Chimarra feria larva, labrum.

Fig. 25.

—

Polycentropus interruptus larva,

labrum.

A, front leg; 5, middle leg; C, hind leg.

front leg; 5, middle leg; C, hind leg.

Fig. 28.

—

Leptocerus americanus larva, an-

tenna {a).

Fig. 29.

—

Lepidostoma liba larva, antenna

id).

Fig. 30.

—

Limnephilus submonilijer larva,

antenna ia).

Fig. 31.

—

Ganonema americaniim larva, lab-

rum.
Fig. 32.

—

Limnephilus submonilijer larva,

labrum.

Fig. 33.

—

Helicopsyche borealis larva, anal

Fig. 26.

—

Molanna uniophila larva, legs. hooks.

Fig. 34.— Brachycentrus numerosus larva.

Fig. 27.— Triaenodes tarda larva, legs. A, anal hooks.

Fig. 35.

—

Sericostoma sp. larva, anal hooks.

(After Ulmer.)

Fig. 36.

—

Psilotreta sp. larva, thorax.

Fig. 37.

—

Goera sp. larva, thorax. (After

Ulmer.)

Fig. 38.

—

Beraea sp. larva, hind leg. (After Ulmer.)



24 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Fig. 39.

—

Limnephilus submonilifer pupa,

venter of abdomen.
Fig. 40.

—

Hydropsyche orris pupa, abdo-

men.
Fig. 41.— Macronemum zebratum pupa, ab-

domen.
Fig. 42.

—

Rhyacophila lobijera pupa, ab-

domen, d^, A, dorsal aspect; 5, lateral aspect.

Fig. 43.

—

Rhyacophila lobifera pupa, abdo-

men, 9.

Fig. 44.

—

Ochrotrichia anisca pupa, head.

Fig. 45.

—

Beraea sp. pupa, apical processes.

(After Ulmer.) A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral

aspect.

Fig. 46.

—

Molanna uniophila pupa, first

abdominal tergite.

transverse furrow or with a gently

concave depression across the scle-

rite 15

(TTJ'

^..
Fig. 47.

—

Molanna uniophila pupa, hook
plates.

Fig. 48.

—

Oecetis inconspicua pupa, hook
plates.

15. Hind tarsal claws extremely long and
narrow, as long as tibia, as in fig.

38 Beraeidae, p. 208

Hind tarsal claws much shorter, as in

fig. 27 16

16. Mesonotum divided into 2 pairs of

plates, fig. 37 Goeridae, p. 256

Mesonotum not divided into plates,

but forming a single, rectangular

sclerite with only a mesal fracture

line, fig. 20 17

17. Antennae situated very close to eye,

fig. 29; first abdominal tergite with-

out a hump
Lepidostomatidae, p. 258

Antennae situated either midway be-

tween eye and margin of head or

closer to margin of head than to eye,

fig. 30; first abdominal tergite with a

hump, fig. 20

Limnephilidae, p. 176

Pupae

1. Apex of abdomen membranous, with-

out definite lobes except ventral



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 25

membranous ones which contain de-

veloping genitalic parts, figs. 42, 43 2

Apex of abdomen with definite, pro-

jecting, platelike processes, figs.

570, 571, or finger-like or triangular

processes in addition to lobes con-

taining developing parts of genitalia,

figs. 20, 49-54 4

Mandibles without teeth or serrations,

fig. 44 Hydroptilidae, p. 117

Mandibles with either serrations, fig.

97, or distinct teeth, fig. 158 3

Mandibles with teeth grouped near

apex, figs. 158-161

Philopotamidae, p. 44

Mandibles with teeth near middle, or

mandibles only serrate, figs. 97-100

Rhyacophilidae, p. 30

Fifth tergite with only anterior pair

of hook-bearing plates, third or

fourth tergites with both anterior

and posterior pairs, figs. 40, 41 ... .

Hydropsychidae, p. 76
Fifth tergite with both anterior and

posterior hook-bearing plates, third

and fourth tergites at most with

anterior pair, fig. 20 5

5. Seventh abdominal tergite without a

pair ot sclerotized plates 6

Seventh abdominal tergite with a pair

of sclerotized hook-bearing plates,

fig. 20 9

6. Apical processes of abdomen short,

appearing triangular from dorsal

view, sharply curved ventrad from
lateral view, fig. 45. . .Beraeidae, p. 208

Apical processes of abdomen either

much longer, fig. 49, or not curved
ventrad 7

7. First abdominal tergite with a short,

arcuate ledge near middle of seg-

ment, fig. 46; sclerotized plates of

Fig. 49.

—

Helicopsyche borealis pupa, apical

processes, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 50.

—

Lepidostoma liba pupa, apical

processes, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 51.

—

Psilotreta sp. pupa, apical proc-

esses, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 52.

—

Sericostoma sp. pupa, apical proc-

esses, lateral aspect. (After Ulmer.)

Fig. 53.

—

Goera sp. pupa, apical processes,

dorsal aspect. (After Ulmer.)

Fig. 54.

—

Limnephilus submonilifer pupa,

apical processes, dorsal aspect.



26 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

fifth and sixth segments wide, with

4 to 8 hooks, fig. 47

Molannidae, p. 205

First abdominal tergite without a ledge

except at apex, fig. 20; sclerotized

plates of fifth and sixth segments

narrow, some or all with only 2

or 3 hooks, fig. 48 8

8. Apical processes of abdomen narrow

and finger-like, and with apical black

hairs as long as the process, fig. 49.

Helicopsychidae, p. 266

Apical processes of abdomen either not

finger-like, or without long, apical

hairs, figs. 721-726
Leptoceridae, p. 209

9. Abdomen without a fringe of hair;

apical processes as in figs. 205-207

,. . . Psychomyiidae, p. 51

Abdomen with a lateral fringe of hair,

fig. 39 10

10. Abdomen with a pair of almost linear,

transverse lines of hooks (plate 5P)

between fifth and sixth tergites, figs.

888, 889 Brachycentridae, p. 260

Abdomen with these areas of hooks

not as thin, at least as broad as in

fig. 618 11

11. Apical processes of abdomen short and
stubby, appearing platelike from
dorsal view, figs. 570, 571

Phryganeidae, p. 161

Apical processes of abdomen finger-

like, at least as long as in fig. 50,

often styliform, fig. 49 12

12. Apical processes of abdomen short,

widely separated and bearing black

spines many times as long as the

processes, fig. 50

Lepidostomatidae, p. 258
Apical processes either close together

or much longer, figs. 51-54 13

13. Mandibles produced at apex into a

narrow, whiplike style, fig. 55

Odontoceridae, p. 209
Mandibles pointed but not produced

into a style, figs. 56, 57 14

14. Dorsum of abdomen with transverse

patches of dense, fine hair, these •

patches forming bands on some seg-

ments, fig. 58

Calamoceratidae, p. 209
Dorsum of abdomen without patches

of hair, with only isolated setae, fig.

20 15

15. Apical processes with slender, terminal
appendage, fig. 52

Sericostomatidae, p. 266
Apical processes without appendage. . 16

16. Antennae twice length of body, looped
several tim.es around apical processes

Leptoceridae, p. 209

Antennae much shorter, not looped

around apical processes 17

17. Apical processes extremely slender at

apex, threadlike and sinuate, fig. 53

Goeridae, p. 256

Apical processes not greatly narrowed

at apex, with apical hairs and not

sinuate, fig. 54. . Limnephilidae, p. 176

Adults

1. Mesoscutellum with posterior portion

forming a triangular, flat area with

steep sides, figs. 438-446; mesoscu-

tum without warts; front tibiae

never with more than 1 spur. Small,

hairy individuals not over 6 mm.
long Hydroptilidae, p. 117

Either mesoscutellum evenly convex,

without a triangular posterior por-

tion set off by sharp sides, figs. 80,

83, or mesoscutum with warts, figs.

Fig. 55.

—

Psilotreta sp. pupa, mandible.
Fig. 56.

—

Sericostoma sp. pupa, mandible.
(After Ulmer.)

Fig. 57.— Goera sp. pupa, mandible. (After

Ulmer.)

Fig. 58.

—

Calamoceratidae sp. pupa, dorsum
of abdomen.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 27

81-90. Includes a size range of 5 to

40 mm 2

2. Ocelli present, fig. 21 3

Ocelli absent 8

3. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented, fig. 65. .

cf Limnephilidae, p. 176

Maxillary palpi 4- or 5-segmented. ... 4

4. Maxillary palpi 4-segmented, fig. 64. .

cf Phryganeidae, p. 161

Maxillary palpi 5-segmented, fig. 63. . 5

5. Maxillary palpi with fifth segment two

or three times as long as fourth, fig.

61 Philopotamidae, p. 44

Maxillary palpi with fifth segment not

Fig. 59.— Triaenodes tarda cf, head; Ip,

labial palpus; mp, maxillary palpus.

Fig. 60.

—

Psilotreta sp. cf , maxillary palpus.

Fig. 61.

—

Dolophilus shawnee cf, maxillary

palpus.

Fig. 62.

—

Rhyacophila lobijera d^ , maxillary

palpus.

Fig. 63.— Banksioia selina 9, maxillary

palpus.

Fig. 64.

—

Banksioia selina cf, maxillary

palpus.

Fig. 68.

—

Phryganea cinerea, labrum.

Fig. 69.

—

-Beraea gorteba, middle leg.

Fig. 70.

—

Beraea gorteba, middle tarsi.

Fig. 71.— Sericostoma crassicornis, middle

tarsi.

Fig. 72,— Sericostoma crassicornis, middle

tibia. 1

Fig. 73.— Molanna uniophila, middle leg.

Fig. 74.— Brachycentrus nttmerosus, middle

tibia and tarsi.

Fig. 75.

—

-Theliopsyche corona, middle tibia

Fig. 65.

—

Limnephilus submonilifer cf , head; and tarsi.

Ip, labial palpus; mp, maxillary palpus. Fig. 76.

—

Helicopsyche borealis, hind wing.

Fig. 66.— Lepidostoma liba c?", head; Ip, Fig. 77.

—

Sericostoma crassicornis, front

labial palpus; mp, maxillary palpus. wing.

Fig. 67.

—

Rhyacophila lobijera, labrum. Fig. 78.

—

Sericostoma crassicornis, head.

Fig. 79.

—

Brachycentrus numerosus, head.



28 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

88 89
87 ., 90

Adult Pro- and Mesonota

Fig. %Q.-^-Hydropsyche simulans. Fig. 85.

—

Helicopsyche borealis.

Fig. 81.

—

Psychomyia flavida. Fig. 86.

—

Psilotreta frontalis.

Fig. 82.

—

Athripsodes tarsi-punctatus. Fig. 87.

—

Ganonema americanum.

Fig. 83.

—

Beraea gorteba. Fig. 88.

—

Sericostoma crassicornis.

Fig. 84.

—

Brachycentrus numerosus. Fig. 89.

—

Goera calcarata.

Fig. 90.— Theliopsyche sp.

more than one and one-third times

as long as fourth, fig. 62 6

fej" Maxillary palpi with second segment
short, subequal to first, fig. 62;

labrum evenly rounded and fairly

wide, fig. 67

Rhyacophilidae, p. 30

Maxillary palpi with second segment
much longer than first, figs. 63—65;

labrum with a wide basal portion

set off by a crease from a long,

tonguelike apex, fig. 68 7

7. Anterior tibiae with 2 or more spurs;

middle tibiae with 4 spurs

Phryganeidae, p. 161

Anterior tibiae with at most 1 spur;

middle tibiae with 2 or 3 spurs. . . .

Limnephilidae, p. 176

8. Maxillary palpi with 5 or more seg-

ments, figs. 59, 60 9

Maxillary palpi with less than 5 seg-

ments, figs. 64-66 12

9. Terminal segment of maxillary palpi

much longer than preceding and
with close, suture-like, cross striae,

which are not possessed by the other

segments, figs. 214, 321 10

Terminal segment of maxillary palpi

without such striae and similar in

general structure to fourth segment.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 29

figs. 59, 63, usually of same length,

or some segments with long hair

brushes, fig. 60 12

10. Anterior tibiae with a preapical spur

as in fig. 21

Psychomyiidae, p. 5

1

Anterior tibiae without a preapical

spur 11

11. Hind wings with R almost or entirely

normal in its course, with 4 or all 5

branches distinct and the stem dis-

tinct from Sc, fig. 334; anal area at

least as large as in fig. 333; mesoscu-

tum without warts, fig. 80

Hydropsychidae, p. 76

Hind wings with R much reduced, the

stem either absent or fused with Sc

and only 3 or 4 branches present,

figs. 212,213; anal area reduced to a

small area as in fig. 212; mesoscutum
with a pair of small warts, fig. 81 . . .

Psychomyiidae, p. 51

12. Middle tibiae without preapical spurs

and with a row of black spines, fig.

69 13

Middle tibiae with preapical spurs,

with or without a row of spines, figs.

73-75 17

13. Pronotum consisting of a lateral pair

of erect, platelike warts separated

by a wide, mesal, excavated collar

which is usually hidden by the pro-

duced, angulate margin of the meso-

notum, fig. 82; mesonotum with

short scutellum and with scutal

warts represented by a long, irregu-

lar line of setate spots; antennae

always very long and slender, fig.

863 Leptoceridae, p. 209

Pronotum with warts much closer to-

gether, not platelike, and usually

prominent, fig. 83; mesonotum with

scutal warts either small, fig. 85, or

absent, fig. 83; antennae as stout as

or not longer than those in fig. 702 14

14. Hind wings each with anterior margin
cut away beyond middle, fig. 76,

with a row of hamuli along straight

basal portion of margin
Helicopsychidae, p. 266

Hind wings each with anterior margin
straight or evenly rounded, fig. 874 15

15. Middle and hind tarsi with a crown of

4 black spines at apex of each seg-

ment and only a few preapical spines

arranged in a single row on the basi-

tarsus, fig. 70; apical spurs of middle

tibiae nearly half length of basitar-

sus, fig. 69 Beraeidae, p. 208

Middle and hind tarsi with apical

spines more separated and not form-

ing a crown, and with numerous pre-

apical spines on all segments,

arranged in a double row on the basi-

tarsus, fig. 71; apical spurs of middle

tibiae not more than one-third

length of basitarsus, fig. 72 16

16. Mesoscutum with a deep, antero-mesal

fissure with scutal warts near meson,

fig. 88; head with posterior warts

diagonal and tear-shaped, fig. 78;

front wings with a long crossvein

between Ri and R2 and with Cuj
joining apex of Cuib directly, fig. 77

Sericostomatidae, p. 266

Mesoscutum with only a shallow an-

tero-mesal crease, with scutal warts

some distance from meson, fig. 84; is.

head with posterior warts linear and
transverse, fig. 79; front wings with-

out a crossvein between Ri and R2

and with Cut connected to apex of

Cuib with a crossvein, fig. 890

Brachycentridae, p. 260

17. Middle femora each with a row of 6-10

black spines on antero-ventral face,

fig. 73 Molannidae, p. 205

Middle femora each with none to 2

black spines on antero-ventral face 18

18. Mesonotum with small, rectangular

scutellum, and with scutal warts

represented by a linear area of small,

setate spots extending the full length

of the scutum, fig. 87

Calamoceratidae, p.

Mesonotum with longer and pointed

scutellum, and with scutal warts

oval or lanceolate and short, fig. 84

19. Mesoscutellum with a single large oval

or round wart which extends the full

length of the scutellum, fig. 89, and
may occupy almost the entire scu-

tellum, fig. 86

Mesoscutellum with 2 warts which are

smaller and confined to the anterior

half of the scutellum, figs. 84, 90. . .

20. Mesoscutellum round and distinctly

domelike, the wart appearing to

occupy most of the sclerite; scutum
with mesal line only faintly indi-

cated, fig. 86; tibial spurs not hairy;

maxillary palpi of males 5-segmented
Odontoceridae, p. 209

Mesoscutellum triangular, only slight-

ly convex, the wart elongate and
occupying only the mesal portion of

the sclerite; scutum with distinct

mesal depression, fig. 89; tibial

spurs hairy; maxillary palpi of males

3-segmented Goeridae, p. 256

21. Middle tibiae with an irregular row,

middle tarsi with a long double row
of spines, preapical spurs of tibiae

bare, shorter and situated about

209

19

20

21



30 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

two-thirds distance from base of

tibiae, fig. 74
Brachycentridae, p. 260

Middle tibiae without spines, their

tarsi with only a scattered few in

addition to apical ones, preapical

spurs of tibiae hairy, longer and situ-

ated at middle of tibiae, fig. 75

Lepidostomatidae, p. 258

RHYAGOPHILIDAE

The adults, both sexes, of the Rhyaco-

philidae have five-segmented maxillary palpi.

Two distinct groups are included in the

Illinois representatives of this family; the

subfamily Rhyacophilinae has free-living,

predaceous larvae and the subfamily Glos-

sosomatinae has saddle-case making larvae.

This remarkable difference in habits of the

larvae has no apparent outstanding counter-

part in the adults. The southvi^estern genus

Jtopsyche has been placed in the subfamily

Hydrobiosinae, but until the larvae of this

genus are discovered its true position is

enigmatic.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Anal larvapods with long, large hooks,

figs. 22, 91. Free living without
cases Rhyacophila, p. 32

Anal larvapods with very small, re-

tractile hooks, fig. 23. Living in

saddle-shaped cases constructed of

small stones 2

2. Pronotum notched only at extreme
antero-lateral angle, at which point
the legs are attached, fig. 92

Glossosoma, p. 39
Pronotum narrow from anterior mar-

gin to middle, the legs attached at

this central point, fig. 93 3

3. Dorsal plate of last segment with 4
long, apical setae; pronotum with
only a few scattered setae; anal hook
divided into many teeth, fig. 96. . .

Protoptila, p. 41
Dorsal plate of last segment with 6

long, apical setae, fig. 94; pronotum
with a line of setae near posterior

margin, and with a brush of setae
along each anterior corner, fig. 93;
anal hook with only 1 large and 1

small tooth, fig. 95 Agapetus, p. 39

Pupae

1. Mandibles with inner margin minutely
serrate, and with apical inner tooth

Fig. 91.

—

Rhyacophila lobijera larva, anal

hook.

Fig. 92.

—

Agapetus illini larva, pronotum.
Fig. 93.

—

Glossosoma intermedium larva,

pronotum.
Fig. 94.

—

Agapetus illini larva, plate of

tenth tergite.

Fig. 95.

—

Agapetus illini larva, anal hooks.

Fig. 96.

—

Protoptila lega larva, anal hooks.

Fig, 97.— Rhyacophila lobijera pupa, mandi-
bles.

Fig. 98.

—

Protoptila lega pupa, left mandible.
Fig. 99.

—

Agapetus illini pupa, left mandi-
ble.

Fig. 100.

—

Glossosoma intermedium pupa,
left mandible.

Fig. 101.

—

Protoptila lega pupa, head, ven-
tral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 31

no larger than basal one; each man-
dible with 2 or 3 inner teeth, fig. 97

Rhyacophila, p. 32

Mandibles with inner margin not ser-

rate, and with apical inner tooth

Fig. 102.— Protoptila maculata, front tibia.

Fig. 103.—Agapetus illini, front tibia.

Fig. 104.—Rhyacophila vibox, front tibia.

Fig. 105.—Palaeagapetus celsus, head and
pronotum.

Fig. 106.—Rhyacophila vibox, head and pro-

notum.

Fig. 107,—Agapetus illini, head and prono-

tum.

Fig. 108.—Glossosoma intermedium, head
and pronotum.

Fig. 109.—Agapetus illini, hind wing.

Fig. 110.— Glossosoma intermedium, wings.

larger than basal one; each mandible

with 2 inner teeth 2

2. Apical inner tooth of mandibles half

as long as apical blade and sub-

parallel with it, fig. 98; mandibles in

repose over-reaching side of head,

fig. 101; size small, less than 4 mm.
Protoptila, p. 41

Apical inner tooth of mandibles much
shorter, fig. 100; mandibles in re-

pose not reaching side of head; size

larger, over 5 mm 3

3. Apical inner tooth of mandibles only

slightly larger than basal one, fig. 99;

apical segments of abdomen only

slightly curled ventrad
Agapetus, p. 39

Apical inner tooth of maftdibles many
times larger than basal one, fig. 100;

apical segments of abdomen curled

ventrad and slightly forward

Glossosoma, p. 39

Adults

1. Front tibiae with apical spurs absent

or hairlike, fig. 102 Protoptila, p. 41

Front tibiae with both apical spurs

prominent and sclerotized, fig. 103 2

2. Front tibiae with a preapical spur, fig.

104 Rhyacophila, p. 32

Front tibiae never with preapical spur,

fig. 103 3

3. Pronotum with mesal pair of warts

nearly touching; posterior warts on

head large, arcuate, tapered to a

curved, narrowed point, the two

nearly meeting on meson, fig. 105. .

Palaeagapetus, p. 38

Pronotum with mesal pair of warts

well separated by a concave area;

posterior warts of head oval or round

and widely separated on meson,

fig. 108 4

4. Head with 1 or both pairs of dorsal

warts connected by sutures running

across epicranial stem, fig. 107; hind

wings with radial sector apparently

2-branched, fig. 109. . . Agapetus, p. 39

Head with neither pair of dorsal warts

connected by sutures, fig. 108; hind

wings with radial sector 4-branched,

fig. 110 Glossosoma, p. 39

RHYACOPHILINAE

The larva is free living, in all the Illinois

species without external gills; it constructs

a dome-shaped cocoon of pebbles for pupa-

tion. The pupa is formed within an ellipsoid,

translucent pupal chamber anchored at each

end within the cocoon. The adults have



32
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

short antennae, very simple and similar

front and hind wings and five-segmented

maxillary palpi in both sexes.

Rhyacophila Pictet

Rhvacophila Pictet (1834, p. 181). Geno-

type, here designated: Rhyacoph.la vul.ans

Pictet.

In Illinois we have taken five species of

this genus. Four of them occur in streams

which are temporary but which are rapid

and clear when running; the fifth occurs m

a set of small, clear, ^P""^-/^^,^'^^"^!'.^

at Elgin. Over 70 species of Rhyacophila

inhabit North America, most of them re-

stricted to the rapid, clear streams of

mountainous terrain or northern country.

Westwood (1840, p. 51) hsts vuhata

Pictet as the genotype. This is undoubtedly

an emendation of vulgaris Pictet, since Pic-

tet did not list a species by the name of

vuhata in his description of Rhyacophila.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1 Second segment of anal larvapods with

a long, bladelike, dorso-lateral spur,

f^ m fuscula, p. ^b

Second segment of larvapods without a ^

distinct spur, fig. 112

2. Second segment of maxillary palpus

much longer than first, fig. 115. .. .

Second segment of maxillary palpus

not longer than first, fig. 114

glaberrima, p.

3 Front and middle legs almost the same

size and shape, fig. 116; baso-ventral

sclerotized rod of anal prolegs pro-

duced into a short, sharp, curved

hook, fig. 91 lobifera,p

Front femora much stouter than mid-

dle femora, giving the two legs dif-

ferent shapes, fig. 117; baso-ventral

sclerotized rod of anal prolegs not

hooked, fig. 112
"^

4. Head wide and short, fig. 118; anal

hooks without teeth on inner mar-

gin, fig. 113

ledra, p. 37; fenestra, p. 36

Head narrower and longer, fig. 119;

anal hooks with at least one small

inner tooth, fig. 112 vibox, p. 36

8
Apex of abdomen cylindrical (females)

1 \mca\ segment of clasper deeply in-

cised to form a long dorsal point,

fig. 120 lobifera p. 35

Apical segment of clasper either only

35

35

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with long claspers

(males)

Tt(^n-,:^-~ 119

Fig. IW.^Rhyacophiii fuscula larva, ana

leg

Fig. \\2.—Rhyacophila vibox larva, anal leg

Fig'. lU.—Rhyacophila fenestra larva, ana

leg.
, .

,

Fig. lU.—Rhyacophila glaberrima larva

maxilla and labium; mp, maxillary palpus.

Fig. \\5.—Rhyacophila fenestra larva, max

ilia and labium; mp, maxillary palpus.

Fig. Wd.—Rhyacophila lobifera larva, tron

and middle legs.

Fig. m.—Rhyacophila fenestra larva, tror

and middle legs.

Fig. n%.—Rhyacophilafenestra larva, head

Fig. 119.

—

Rhyacophila vibox larva, head.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 33

127 A
LEDRA

I27C

Figs. 120-127.—Rhyacophiia, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C,

aedeagus, lateral aspect; D, aedeagus, dorsal aspect.



34 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

moderately incised, fig. 126, or not

incised at all, fig. 124 3

3. Ninth tergite produced into a long,

narrow, forked process which ex-

tends over tenth tergite, fig. 122. . .

vibox, p. 36

Ninth tergite not produced into a

forked process, fig. 123 4

4. Tenth tergite heart shaped and point-

ed at apex, fig. 123, long and shallow;

aedeagus with a U-shaped process

at the end of the lateral arms of the

aedeagus glaberrima, p. 35

Tenth tergite short and deep, divided

down meson, not forming a round,

dorsal plate; aedeagus without U-

shaped processes at the end of the

lateral arms, figs. 124, 126 5

5. First segment of claspers with ventral

margin almost straight from base to

apex; aedeagus without a ventral

plate, fig. 124 fuscula, p. 36

First segment of claspers with ventral

margin humped to form a definite

shoulder near base; aedeagus with

large, scoop-shaped ventral plate

below central portion, fig. 126 6

6. Apical segment of clasper incised to

form a definite dorsal heel, figs. 126,

127 7

Apical segment of clasper not incised,

only sinuate, fig. 125, so that the

FUSCULA I32E

Figs. 128-132.—Rhyacophila, female genitalia. J and B, apex of abdomen, ventral and
lateral aspect; C, tenth tergite; D, eighth sternite; E, eighth segment, lateral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 35

dorsal portion is low and rounded

instead of forming a distinct heel. .

kiamichi, p. 37

7. Apical segment of clasper with a mesal,

setose flap; arms of aedeagus at

apex with several stout spines, each

surrounded by smaller setae, fig.

126 fenestra, p. 36

Apical segment of clasper without a

mesal flap; arms of aedeagus with a

brush of setae of almost equal size,

fig. 127 ledra, p. 37

8. Eighth segment with apex of sternite

deeply excavated and apex of tergite

bi-emarginate, fig. 132. . .fuscula, p. 36

Eighth segment neither with sternite

deeply incised nor with tergite bi-

emarginate 9

9. Apex of eighth sternite with a pro-

duced mesal plate which is differen-

tiated in texture from remainder of

segment, fig. 129; tenth tergite

sclerotized and spined, fig. 129. .. .

lobifera, p. 35

Eighth sternite without such a plate;

tenth tergite chiefly membranous,
without spines, fig. 128 10

10. Eighth sternite short and stout, venter

distinctly bulged near base, fig. 128

vibox, p. 36

Eighth sternite longer and more
slender, without ventro-basal bulge,

fig. 130 11

11. Eighth tergite with an apical incision,

fig. 131; entire segment with only

moderately long hair; size larger,

10 mm. or more
fenestra, p. 36; ledra, p. 37

Eighth tergite without a marked in-

cision, fig. 130; entire segment
clothed with long hair; size smaller,

8 mm. or less glaberrima, p. 35

Rhyacophila lobifera Betten

Rhyacophila lobifera Betten (1934, p. 131);

cf , 9, larva.

Larva.—Length 15 mm.; head and pro-

notal shield straw color, with scattered

brown dots; body greenish.

Adults.—Length 11-13 mm.; color dark

bluish gray, with some yellowish patches of

hair on head, body and wings. Legs yellow

to greenish. Male genitalia, fig. 120, with

claspers very long, the apical segment in-

cised to form a sharp dorsal point; tenth

tergite large and somewhat triangular. Fe-

male genitalia as in fig. 129 (note the inter-

segmental folds, i./., between segments 8

and 9).

This species at times has been considered

a synonym of montana Carpenter, described

from the Great Smoky Mountains of North
Carolina, but the two differ radically in the

shape of the tenth tergite. That of montana
has long, slender, sclerotized processes, fig.

121, and that of lobifera comprises a single,

stout, triangular protuberance.

Originally described from Lake Bluff,

Illinois, lobifera has since been taken in

widely scattered localities in the state, prin-

cipally in the eastern portion. It frequents

small, rapid, clear streams that are of a

temporary nature in drought years. The
adults appear during April and May in

southern Illinois and during May and June
in northern Illinois.

Known also from Indiana, Ohio, Okla-

homa.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken April 3 to June 3, and

many larvae and cases, taken March 5 to

May 1, are from Alto Pass (Union Spring

Creek), Brockton (Catfish Creek), Car-

bondale (Clay Lick Creek), Dixon Springs,

Eddyville (Eddy Creek), Filson, Fox Ridge

State Park, Grayville, Harrisburg (Black-

man Creek), Herod (Gibbons Creek), Hill

(tributary of Bishop Creek), Hurd (small

stream), Marshall, Mazon (Mazon Creek),

Muncie (Stony Creek), New Columbia

(Clifty Creek), Oakwood (West Branch),

Red Bud, Ritchie (small stream), Rose-

crans, St. Elmo (South Fork Creek), To-
ledo, Tuscola, Urbana, Waltersburg, Wat-
son, Willow Springs.

Rhyacophila glaberrima Ulmer

Rhyacophila glaberrima Ulmer (1907^, p.

85); cf.

Rhyacophila fairchildi Banks fl930fl, p.

130); d^.

Rhyacophila andrea Betten (1934, p. 127);

Larva.—Length 12 mm. Body long and

slender. Head, pronotum, legs and anal

sclerites light yellow with suffused brown
markings. Anal hooks stout, each with one

large and one small inner tooth.

Adults.—Length y-S mm. Head and

body dark brown; legs pale, slightly green-

ish; wings dark, without pattern. Male
genitalia, fig. 123, with tenth tergite pro-

jecting; claspers very long, and with curious

"forks" at apex of lateral appendages of

aedeagus. Female genitalia, fig. 130, with



36 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

eighth segment simple in structure, with

very long, fine hair.

Allotype, female,—Gatlinburg, Tennes-

see: Sept. 4, 1940, B. D. Burks.

Our only Illinois records are a single

mature male pupa taken under a damp

stone in the dry bed of Gibbons Creek at

Herod, October 7, 1937, Ross & Burks, and

4 larvae taken in a small, spring-fed stream

2 miles away. May 30, 1940, B. D. Burks.

These records are from the heart of the

Illinois Ozarks region. The main range of

glaberrima is in the Appalachian states ; the

species is known from Massachusetts, New
York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ten-

nessee and Virginia. In view of this, our

Illinois record is a significant extension of

its range.

Rhyacophila vibox Milne

Rhyacophila vibox Milne (1936, p. 101); d^,

Larva.—Length 1 1 mm. Body stout.

Head golden yellow with most of dorsal

area brownish; pronotum golden yellow;

legs and anal sclerites pale yellow. Abdomen
whitish with purplish blotches.

Adults.—Length 8-10 mm. Color of

body and appendages various shades of

brown; head and wings without definite

pattern. Male genitalia, fig. 122, with ninth

tergite produced into a long dorsal process

bifid at apex; tenth tergite forming a com-

plex of small, paired plates; claspers short;

aedeagus with a central hook and lateral,

spinose lobes. Female genitalia, fig. 128,

with eighth sternite stocky, short and simple.

In Illinois we have taken this species

only in the small, spring-fed brooks in the

Elgin Botanical Gardens. In view of the

other known captures of the species, from

Ontario and Quebec, it would appear that

the species is chiefly northern and its occur-

rence in Illinois represents a localized cap-

ture at the extreme edge of the present

range.

lUInois Records.— Elgin: April 19,

1939, Burks & Riegel, 1 larva; May 9,

1939, Ross & Burks, 5 larvae; May 23,

1939, Burks & Riegel, 2 pupae; June
6, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 2 $ ; June 13, 1939,

Prison & Ross, 3 $ , many $ and 9 pupae

;

Sept. 19, 1939, Ross & Mohr, 1 larva; pre-

ceding Elgin records from Botanical Gar-
dens; Trout Spring, May 7, 1940, Burks
& Mohr, 4 larvae.

Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker)

Neuroma Juscula Walker (1852, p. 10); cT.

This species is the most common Rhya-
cophila found in a large number of the

eastern states. It has not yet been taken in

Illinois, but may eventually be found within

the state. Known from Maine, Michigan,

New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New
York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, On-
tario, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Tennessee,

Virginia, West Virginia.

Rhyacophila fenestra Ross

Rhyacophila fenestra Ross (1938a, p. 102);

c?, 9.

Larva.—Fig. 133. Length 14 mm. Body
stocky. Head orange, spotted with brown
at the side, most of dorsum brown enclosing

an orange spot in the center of the frons;

pronotum, front legs and anal hooks orange,

pronotum with brown spots; middle and

Fig. 133.

—

Rhyacophila fenestra larva.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 37

hind legs pale yellow. Abdomen with an

irregular purplish pattern.

Adults.—Fig. 134. Length 10-12 mm.
Head, body and legs various shades of light

and medium brown; f ronto-dorsal area of

head with a distinct, dark, quadrate spot;

Fig. 134.—Rhyacophila fenestra 9.

wings fenestrate with light and dark brown.

Male genitalia, fig. 126, with short, beaked

tenth tergite; claspers short, the apical seg-

ment incised; aedeagus with a central scoop-

like structure and lateral processes. Female

genitalia as in fig. 131, eighth segment sim-

ple in shape.

This species, known only from Illinois, is

with one exception restricted to the Ozark-

ian area, where it is abundant in all the

clear, rapid streams, most of them flowing

only in winter and spring.

The one exception is a single colony of

fenestra located in a small, temporary

stream at Oakwood.
Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken April 21 to June 6, and

many larvae and cases, taken March 23 to

May 26, are from Aldridge, Alto Pass, Car-

bondale, Dixon Springs, East Peoria, Eddy-

ville, Eichorn, Elizabethtown, Golconda,

Herod (Gibbons Creek), Jonesboro, Kar-

bers Ridge, New Columbia (Clifty Creek),

Oakwood, Vienna, Wolf Lake.

Rhyacophila ledra Ross

Rhyacophila ledra Ross (1939«, p. 65); d^.

Similar to fenestra in color and general

structure, differing in characters of the

male genitalia, fig. 127, particularly the

apical segment of the claspers, the lateral

arms of the aedeagus and the humped cen-

tral ridge of the aedeagus. To date, char-

acters have not been found to separate the

larvae or females of these two species.

Our sole Illinois record for this species

consists of two fully matured male pupae

collected in Union Spring, a small, tempo-

rary stream near Alto Pass in the Ozark
Hills of southern Illinois, May 26, 1940,

Mohr & Burks. The species is known other-

wise only from the type material collected

in Tennessee.

Rhyacophila kiatnichi new species

Male.—Length 9 mm. Color dark brown
with very little mottling, the wings with

only slight indications of an irrorate pat-

tern. General structure typical for genus.

Male genitalia, fig. 125: ninth segment

cylindrical, considerably narrowed near ven-

tral margin, tenth tergite composed of a

pair of dorsal lobes which are round, pro-

ject over the rest of the tergite, and bear

a short, sclerotized tooth on the posterior

margin; below this is a group of small

sclerites very similar to those in other mem-
bers of the Carolina group; claspers with

basal segment very wide at base, the ventral

margin conspicuously angulate just beyond

base and curving gradually to a narrowed

apex ; apical segment of clasper with dorsal

corner rounded and short, posterior mar-

gin only slightly concave, the ventral por-

tion of the segment wide and rounded at

apex, the mesal face with an irregular pe-

ripheral brush of short, flat setae arranged

as illustrated; aedeagus very similar to that

of fenestra, with a sharp, dorsal, keel-like

structure divided at apex into dorsal and

ventral prongs, ventral portion large and

scoop shaped, and lateral arms membran-



38 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin To/. 23, Art. 1

Tarsal Claw} )

Fig. 135.—PalaeagapeUis cehus, genitalia.

ous, tipped with a broad brush of curved

spines.

Holotype, male.—Cloudy Creek near

Cloudy, Oklahoma: May 4, 1940, Mrs.
Roy Weddle.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype,

\$.
The broad, scoop-shaped ventral portion

of the aedeagus places this species immedi-
ately as a member of the Carolina group.

It is distinguished from all the previously

described species of this group, however, by

the absence of a well-developed dorsal heel

on the apical segment of the clasper and by
the shape of the tenth tergite.

The species has not been collected in Illi-

nois. The types are from the Kiamichi
Mountains of Oklahoma and may indicate

an extensive range through the Ozarks, in

which case it might eventually be found
in Illinois.

Palaeagapetus Ulmer

Palaeagapetus Ulmer (1912, p. 35). Geno-
type, monobasic: Palaeagapetus rotundatus

Ulmer (described from Baltic amber).

No representative of this genus has yet

been taken in Illinois. The only species

known from the eastern states, celsus, has

been collected in North Carolina and Ten-
nessee and is easily recognized in the male

by the curious genitalia, fig. 135. Larva
unknown. The genus may belong to the

Rhyacophilinae.

GLOSSOSOMATINAE

This subfamily embraces several genera,

three of which have been found in Illinois.

The larvae make a saddle case formed of

a dome-shaped upper portion with a flat

strap across the underside, figs. 136, 137;

the larva moves along with the anal portion

protruding on one side of the strap and the

front end protruding from the other. Be-

fore pupation the bottom strap is cut away
and the dome-shaped upper portion is ce-

mented to a rock or other support. The
adults resemble Rhyacophila in shape and

Fig. 136.—Glossosoma intermedium case.

Fig. 137.—Protoptila maculata case.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 39

general characteristics, and in general ap-

pearance differ from each other chiefly in

size. The adults are secretive in habit and

are very seldom captured except around

their stream; the notable exception is Pro-

toptila, which is taken frequently at lights

in large numbers.

The larvae of this entire subfamily are

very uniform in shape and appearance, dif-

fering chiefly in the characters mentioned

in the key to genera. Reliable characters

have not yet been discovered in the larvae

for separating the species within the genus.

Glossosoma Curtis

Glossosoma Curtis (1834, p. 216). Genotype,

monobasic: Glossosoma boltoni Curtis.

Mystrophora Klapalek (1892, p. 19). Geno-

type, monobasic: Mystrophora intermedia

Klapalek. New synonymy.

The group of species with the short and

platelike apical spur on the hind tibiae of

the male has usually been considered as a

separate genus, Mystrophora. Since there

appears to be no corresponding diagnostic

character in either the females or larvae,

I am considering this division as of sub-

generic importance at the most.

Only one species has been captured in

Illinois; two others occur in the eastern

states and many are known from the Rocky

Mountain region.

Glossosoma intermedium (Klapalek)

Mystrophora intermedia Klapalek (1892, p.

19).

Larva.—Fig. 136. Length 6-9 mm. Head,
pronotum, legs and anal sclerites dark

brown, body pinkish to very light brown.

Adults.—Length 7-10 mm. Body ap-

pendages dark brown, appearing almost

black. Male with a flattened apical spur

on hind tibiae, fig. 140. Male genitalia,

fig. 138: tenth tergite divided to base into

large lobes pointed at apex and provided

at base with a long, sclerotized rod; claspers

narrow at base, expanded at apex. Female
genitalia, fig. 139, typical in general propor-

tions for subfamily; eighth sternite deeply

incised to form a deep, narrow V on meson.

This species, described and recorded from
various points in Europe, has recently been

found in Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri.

In Illinois, it is apparently confined to the

;/vv/:r•V.v.'.^N^Jl:;//<:':

Fig. 138.—Glossosoma intermedium, male
genitalia. //, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect.

Fig. 139.— Glossosoma intermedium, female

genitalia. ^4, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect.

Fig. 140.—Glossosoma intermedium cf, spur

of hind tibia.

small set of spring-fed brooks in the Elgin

Botanical Gardens, where the species occurs

in such numbers that the cases literally pave

the bottoms of the streams.

Illinois Records.—Elgin: April 19, 1939,

Burks & Riegel, 1 pupa; May 9, 1939, Ross

& Burks, $ $ , $ $ , many pupae and

larvae; May 23, 1939, Burks & Riegel,

3^,19; June 6, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 2 $ ,

3 9 ; June 13, 1939, Frison & Ross, 6^,79 ;

Sept. 19, 1939, Ross & Mohr, $ $ , 9 9,

many larvae and pupae; March 20, 1940,

B. D. Burks, 5 (J , 2 9 , 1 $ pupa, 1 mating

pair; all of preceding Elgin records from

Botanical Gardens; Rainbow Spring, May
19, 1939, Ross & Burks, 3^, 29.

Agapetus Curtis

Agapetus Curtis (1834, p. 217). Genotype, by

subsequent designation of Westwood (1840, p.

51): Agapetus Juscipes Curtis.

Only one species, ill'ini^ has been taken

in Illinois. Three other species occur in



40 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

the Ozarks and neighboring hills of near-

by states. These resemble our Illinois form

in size and color, but are readily separable

on the basis of male genitalia as follows:

Claspep

Fig. 141.—AgapetHs artesus.

Agapetus illini Ross

Agapetus illini Ross (1938rt, p. 106); cf, 9.

Larva.—-Similar in size and color to that

of Glossosoma.

Adults.—Length 7-8 mm. Body and ap-

pendages dark brown. Male genitalia, fig.

144, with apex of tenth tergite irregularly

and sharply serrate, claspers tapering to

apex. Female genitalia as in fig. 145.

Restricted in Illinois to clear streams in

the Ozarkian region, where it becomes very

abundant in early spring in these temporary

streams. It has one generation per year.

Known also from Arkansas, Kentucky,

Missouri and Oklahoma; apparently con-

fined to the Ozarkian uplift and adjacent

hilly regions.

Illinois Records.—East of Aldridge:

May 14, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 3 pupae,

many larvae. Alto Pass, Union Spring:

cf Genitalia

Fig. 143.—Agapetus medicus.

artesus, fig. 141, known from Missouri, has
a somewhat pear-shaped, pointed tenth
tergite and medium length, rounded clasp-

ers; crasmus, fig. 142, known from Tennes-
see, has a long tenth tergite with a hook at

apex and very short, truncate claspers; and
medicus, fig. 143, known from Arkansas,
has a cleaver-shaped tenth tergite and long,

rectangular claspers. Satisfactory charac-
ters have not yet been found to identify the

females of species in this group.

Fig. 144.—Agapetus illini.

Fig. 145.— Agapetus illini, female genitalia.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 41

May 26, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 1 S . Eddy-
viLLE, Lusk Creek: June 1, 1940, B. D.
Burks, 9S. Eichorn: May 11, 1935, C.

O. Mohr, 43. Herod: May 29, 1928,

T. H. Frison, 1 $ ; Gibbons Creek, May
29, 1928, T. H. Prison, 3 3 ; May 10,

1935, C. O. Mohr, 3 3,19; May 29, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, 3 3, 7? ; July 11, 1935,

Ross & DeLong, \3 ; May 1, 1936, Ross

& Mohr, 3 3,19; May 12, 1936, Mohr &
Burks, 73, 39; May 29, 1936, Ross &
Mohr, 1 9 ; May 13, 1937, Frison & Ross,

3 3, 79.

Protoptila Banks

Clymene Chambers (1873, p. 114); preoccu-
pied. Genotype, monobasic: Clymene aeger-

fasciella Chambers (described in Lepidoptera,
placed here by Banks).

Protoptila Banks (1904(y, p. 215). Genotype,
by original designation: Beraea? maculata
Hagen.

Of the 10 known Nearctic species, 3 have

been taken in Illinois and 2 others, known
from neighboring states, may ultimately turn

up here. No differences have been found to

EROTICA

MACULATA

PALINA

LEGA

50C
Figs. 146-150.

—

Protoptila^ male genitalia. A^ lateral aspect; E, aedeagus or its spines;

C, eighth sternite.



42 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

divide the larvae to species. The adults of

all species resemble each other very closely

in appearance and general structure, differ-

ing chiefly in characters listed in the key.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with assemblage of

sclerotized rods and plates (males),

fig. 146 2

Apex of abdomen cylindrical (females),

fig. 151
'

6

2. Eighth sternite scoop-shaped, not pro-

duced into a bifid process, fig. 146. .

erotica, p. 44

Eighth sternite produced into a bifid

process, fig. 150 3

3. Eighth sternite with apico-lateral cor-

ner produced into a brushy lobe,

and with apex massive and deeply

and widely excavated, fig. 147

tenebrosa, p. 43

Eighth sternite with apico-lateral

corner angulate, not produced, and

with apex more slender, fig. 150. .. . 4

4. Lateral spine of aedeagus stout and
abruptly angled near apex, fig. 148.

maculata, p. 43

Lateral spine of aedeagus slender and
only gradually curved, fig. 150. .. . 5

5. Lateral spine of aedeagus curved only

near apex; apex of aedeagus abrupt-

ly narrowed at base, fig. 149

lega, p. 43

Lateral spine of aedeagus sinuate;

apex of aedeagus only gradually

narrowed at base, fig. 150

palina, p. 43

6. Internal plate of ninth tergite with a

dorsal, bandlike prolongation which
is joined to the base of the tenth

tergite, fig. 1525; apico-lateral lobes

of eighth sternite long, trianguloid,

fig. 152^
maculata, p. 43;lega, p. 43; palina, p. 43

Internal plate of ninth tergite without

dorsal prolongation, fig. 1515; apico-

lateral lobes of eighth sternite nar-

row, fig. 151^ 7

7. Internal sternal "whip" attached to a

TENEBROSA

Figs. 151-154.—Protopti/a, female genitalia. J, ventral aspect; 5, lateral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 43

small, projecting, mesal sclerite;

lobes of tenth tergite conical, fig.

154 tenebrosa, p. 43

Internal sternal "whip" attached to

large, rounded plate which spans

almost the entire width of the seg-

ment, fig. 151/^ erotica, p. 44

Protoptila maculata (Hagen)

Beraea? maculata Hagen (1861, p. 296); cT.

Protoptila lloydi Mosely (1934-^, p. 151); d".

Larva.—Length 3-4 mm. Head, legs and

body sclerites yellow.

Case.—Fig. 137. Constructed of small,

flat stones and forming a typical saddle

case, complete with ventral strap. Due to

its small size and somewhat irregular ap-

pearance it is overlooked easily when col-

lecting.

Adults.—Length 3-4 mm. Head and

body medium and light shades of brown,

wings dark brown with a whitish band

across the "cord" of the front wings. Both

wings long and narrow, front ones with

crossveins grouped to form an irregular

cord near middle. Male genitalia, fig. 148:

eighth sternite produced into a long, narrow,

bifid process; tenth tergite produced into a

divided, beaklike portion narrow at tip;

aedeagus with a large, ovoid, internal lobe,

a pair of lateral, style-bearing lobes and a

sinuate central portion expanded at apex

;

styles short, stout and sharply curved at tip.

Female genitalia similar to those in fig. 152,

with essentially the same shaped internal

whip and plates.

Allotype, female.—Momence, Illinois,

along Kankakee River: May 29, 1939,

Frison & Ross.

This species has been taken in Illinois

from only two points on its eastern margin,

in the Salt Fork River and the Kankakee
River. Mature pupae have been collected

in the Kankakee River. Adult records from

May to August indicate two or more gen-

erations per year.

The range of the species is extensive

through the northeastern states, with rec-

ords from the District of Columbia, Illinois,

Indiana, Kentucky, New York and Pennsyl-

vania; these indicate that our Illinois rec-

ords are near the western limit of its range.

Illinois Records.

—

Momence: Kanka-
kee River, May 29, 1939, Frison & Ross,

i i, \ mating pair; Aug. 21, 1936, Ross

& Burks, $ i, 2$ (reared); Kankakee
River, May 26, 1936, H. H. Ross, 3 6.

Oakwood: June 14, 1935, C. O. Mohr,

Protoptila lega Ross

Protoptila lega Ross (1941/^, p. 48); cf , 9.

Larva.—Not associated, but undoubtedly
present in material collected in the Salt

Fork River and not distinguished from mac-
ulata.

Adults.—Similar in size, color and gen-

eral structure of genitalia to maculata; dif-

fering in the long, straight lateral styles

of the aedeagus and the shape of the apex

of the aedeagus, fig. 149. Female genitalia

variable in minute details, a typical condi-

tion shown in fig. 152, but with variations

occurring which are very similar to fig. 153.

To date this species has been taken in

Illinois only from the upper Sangamon
River, Salt Fork River, Middle Fork River

and Embarrass River; confined to the stony

riffles of these relatively clear streams. Ma-
ture pupae, linking the larvae with the

adults, were collected in the Middle Fork
River at Danville.

Known also from Missouri and Wiscon-
sin.

Illinois Records.

—

Charleston: Sept.

8, 1931, H. H. Ross, \$, 19. Danville,
Middle Fork River: Aug. 27, 1936, \$,
19. Mahomet: Aug. 3, 1937, Ross &
Burks, $ $, 9 9. Oakwood: Aug. 14,

1935, C. O. Mohr, 5 c? , 2 9 ; June 14, 1935,

C. O. Mohr, 5$, 3 9.

Protoptila palina Ross

Protoptila palina Ross (1941.^, p. 46); d^, 9.

This species frequently occurs in com-

pany with maculata and erotica. Since both

of these last species occur in Illinois, there

is a good possibility that palina will eventu-

ally be taken in this state also. It is known
from Kentucky, Pennsylvania and West
Virginia.

Protoptila tenebrosa (Walker)

Hydroptila tenebrosa Walker ^1852, p. 134);

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois but is known from Arkansas, Mon-
tana, Ontario, Wisconsin and Wyoming,
and may eventually be found in one of the

colder Illinois streams.



44 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Protoptila erotica Ross

Protoptila erotica Ross (1938a, p. 113); cT,

9.

Larva.—Not associated, but undoubtedly

present in material collected from the Kan-

kakee River and undifferentiated from jnac-

ulata.

Adults.—Length 3.0-3.5 mm. Head and

body brown, front wings with a narrow,

light band across "cord." Male genitalia,

fig. 146: eighth sternite short and scoop-

like; tenth tergite divided into a pair of

beaklike processes; aedeagus with a large,

ovoid, internal lobe, a pair of lateral, style-

bearing arms and a heavy, angled central

portion. Female genitalia as in fig. 151.

This widely distributed northern species

has been taken only at Momence, along the

Kankakee River, in which the larvae un-

doubtedly live in company with maculata.

Adult records from May to August indicate

two or more generations per year.

Known from Illinois, Wisconsin and Wy-
oming.

Illinois Records.—Momence: Aug. 21,

1936, Ross & Burks, 6$ ; Kankakee River,

May 26, 1936, H. H. Ross, $ $ ; May 24,

1937, H. H. Ross, 1 S ; June 4, 1932, Prison

& Mohr, \S , 1 $ ; Aug. 24, 1936, Ross &
Burks, 2 $ .

PHILOPOTAMIDAE

Of the three North American genera be-

longing to this family, two have been taken

in Illinois, and the third occurs in Indiana
at a locality 17 miles from the Illinois state

line.

The larvae frequent rapid streams or

brooks. They are very active and make
silken nets which form long, narrow pockets

shaped like a long funnel. When the net

is taken out of the water the whole struc-

ture collapses into a mass of silken folds.

For pupation each larva constructs an
ovoid cocoon of small stones and debris

which is lined with several folds of silk.

This is attached on the underside of a stone

or other object in the water.

The adults of Trentonius and Dolophilus
are secretive; those of Chimarra, slightly

less so. They can be collected by sweeping
foliage hanging over water or in humid
shady portions of the stream's course, espe-

cially during early evening.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Apex of frons markedly asymmetrical,

with a large or pointed left lobe and
a smaller right one, figs. 155, 179-

182 Chiirarra, p. 48

Apex of frons at most slightly asym-
metrical, as in fig. 156 2

Fig. 155.— Chimarra feria larva, head.

Fig. 156.— Trentonius distinctus larva, head.

Fig, 157.—Dolophilus shawnee larva, head.

. Frons almost perfectly symmetrical,

with posterior portion widened,

separated by a constriction from an-

terior portion, fig. 157

Dolophilus, p. 45

Frons slightly asymmetrical, without

constriction, posterior portion uni-

form in width, fig. 156

Trentonius, p. 47

160 '^161

Fig. 158.—Chimarra obscura pupa, man-
dibles.

Fig. 159.— Trentonius distinctus pupa, man-
dibles.

Fig. 160.—Dolophilus shawnee pupa, man-
dibles.

Fig. 161.—Dolophilus moestus pupa, man-
dibles.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 45

Pupae

1. Mandibles with a single, incised cusp

below apical tooth, fig. 158

Chimarra, p. 48

Mandibles with 2 or 3 sharp teeth be-

low apical tooth, fig. 159 2

2. Mandibles broad, subapical teeth

close together, fig. 159

Trentonius, p. 47

Mandibles narrower, subapical teeth

farther apart, figs. 160, 161

Dolophilus, p. 45

Adults

1. Wings reduced to stubs, fig. 171

Trentonius, p. 47

Wings normal, reaching beyond apex

of abdomen, fig. 170 2

2. Front tibiae with 1 apicalspur

Chimarra, p. 48

Front tibiae with 2 apical spurs 3

Fig. 162.— Trentonius distincttis, front wing.

Fig. 163.—Dolophilus shawnee, front wing.

3. Front wings with vein Rj-f-a branching

beyond radial crossveins, near mar-
gin of wing, fig. 162

Trentonius, p. 47

Front wings with vein R2-1-3 either

branching at or near radial cross-

veins, or not branched, fig. 163. . .

.

Dolophilus, p. 45

Dolophilus McLachlan

Dolophilus McLachlan (1868, p. 303). Geno-

type, monobasic: Dolophilus copiosus McLach-

lan.

Paragapetus Banks (1914, p. 202). Geno-
type, monobasic: Paragapetus moestus Banks.

Dolophiliella Banks (1930^, p. 230). Geno-
type, by original designation: Dolophiliella

gabriella Banks.

Of the nine described North American
species, only two have been taken in Illinois.

The remainder have been collected only as

far east as Oklahoma with the exception

of one species, major, which occurs in the

Great Smoky Mountains of North Caro-

lina and Tennessee.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Apex of fore coxae with a stout, curved

spur, fig. 164 shawnee, p. 46

164 65

Fig. 164.— Dolophilus shawnee larva, front leg.

Fig. 165.—Dolophilus moestus larva, front leg.

Apex of fore coxae with a slender spur,

fig. 165 moestus, p. 47

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with a pair of 2-

segmented claspers (males) 2

Apex of abdomen simple and tubular

(females) 3

2. Claspers with basal segment short and
bulbous, apical segment much longer

and spatulate; apico-mesal projec-

tion of seventh sternite short, fig.

166 shawnee, p. 46

Apical segment of claspers subequal in

Fig. 166.—Dolophilus shawnee, male geni-

talia. Ay lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect.



46 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

length to basal segment; apico-

mesal process of seventh sternite

very long, fig. 167 moestus, p. 47

Fig. 167.—Dolophilus moestus,

male genitalia.

168

Fig. 168.—Dolophilus moestus 9, maxillary

palpus.

Fig. 169.—Dolophilus shawnee 9, maxillary
palpus.

3. Maxillary palpi with second segment
cylindrical, of the same diameter as

first segment, fig. 168. . . .moestus, p. 47
Maxillary palpi with second segment

swollen on the mesal side, so that at

this point it is considerably wider
than the first segment, fig. 169. . . ,

shawnee, p. 46

Dolophilus shawnee Ross

Dolophilus shawnee Ross (1938^, p. 133);
cf , 9.

Larva.—Length 11-12 mm. Body slen-

der. Head, pronotum, legs and anal hooks
golden yellow. Head with a few long, scat-

tered setae and with a pair of transverse
brown bars near the posterior angle of the
frons; mandibles relatively small with fine

teeth near apex, fig. 173. Pronotum with
a row of scattered setae along the anterior
margin and another similar row across the
segment at the point of the attachment of
the legs. Body whitish when preserved, each
segment with two pairs of slender setae.

Anal hooks without inner teeth. Legs of
similar shape and proportions, only the first

pair with coxal spur.

Adults.—Fig. 170. Length 7-9 mm.
Color of head, body and legs varying shades

of brown; antennae annulate with tawny
and dark brown; wings uniformly gray.

Head and thorax bearing tufts of thick

tawny hair, and wings with fine, short, black

setae which give them a purplish shade.

Male genitalia, fig. 166, with claspers long,

the apical segment twice the length of the

basal segment.

This species is very abundant locally in

clear, rapid, temporary streams in the

Ozark Hills of southern Illinois. The
adults are secretive and seldom captured

even in localities where the larvae and

pupae are abundant beneath almost every

stone. The species is single brooded, the

adults appearing in early spring.

In addition to Illinois, known only from
Hopkinsville, Kentucky.

Illinois Records.—Alto Pass, Union
Spring: May 26, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 3

larvae, 5 pupae. Eddyville, Lusk Creek:
May 24, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 5 larvae,

6 pupae; June 1, 1940, B. D. Burks, 1

\^

Fig. 170.—Dolophilus shawnee.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 47

larva, 1 pupa. Eichorn : May 11, 1935,

C. O. Mohr, 1 larva. Elizabethtown,
Hog Thief Creek: May 10, 1935, C. O.

Mohr, many larvae. Golconda: May 11,

1935, C. O. Mohr, many larvae; April 30,

1940, Burks & Mohr, many larvae. Herod,

Gibbons Creek: March 10, 1935, C. O.

Mohr, 1 pupa; May 10, 1935, C. O. Mohr,
many larvae, 1 pupa; May 29, 1935, Ross

& Mohr, 6 pupae; May 26, 1936, Mohr &
Burks, 1 (J (reared); May 29, 1936, Ross

& Mohr, 5^,89; May 15, 1941, Mohr &
Burks, 1 larva. Karbers Ridge: May 11,

1935, C. O. Mohr, 1 pupa. Waltersburg:
April 30, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 1 larva.

Dolophilus moestus (Banks)

Paragapetus moestus Banks (1914, p. 202);

Dolophilus breviatus Banks (1914, p. 254);

d', 9.

Larva.—Length 10-11 mm. Similar in

size and general structure to shawnee, dif-

fering in lacking the stout coxal spine on

the front legs and in having the transverse

bars of the frons only faintly indicated.

Adults.—Size 6-8 mm. Similar in gen-

eral appearance and structure to those of

shawnee. Male abdomen with long apical

processes on seventh and eighth sternites;

genitalia, fig. 167, with short, stocky clasp-

ers.

Our only Illinois records are from a

group of small, spring-fed brooks in the

Elgin Botanical Gardens, where we have

taken larvae, mature pupae and adults. This

species shares with Chimarra feria the dis-

tinction of being one of the earliest Illinois

caddis flies to appear on the wing, adults

having been taken as early as March 7.

The species is widespread throughout the

eastern portion of the continent. In addition

to Illinois, it is known from Georgia, Indi-

ana, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,

Ontario, Tennessee, Virginia, West Vir-

ginia and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Elgin : May 9, 1939,

Ross & Burks, 2$ ; May 23, 1939, Burks

& Riegel, 1 $ ; June 13, 1939, Frison &
Ross, 3 9 ; Sept. 19, 1939, Ross & Mohr, 1

larva, 1 pupa, 2 $ , 1 9 ;
preceding Elgin

records from Botanical Gardens; Trout

Spring, March 7, 1940, Burks & Mohr, 3 9 .

Trentonius Betten & Mosely

Trentonius Betten & Mosely (1940, p. 11).

Genotype, by original designation: Philopota-

mus distinctiis Walker.

Apparently only the genotype occurs in

the northeastern states. For many years

this genus has been identified in North

American literature as Philopotamus.

Trentonius distinctus (Walker)

Philopotamus distinctus Walker (1852, p.

104); d^, 9.

Philopotamus americanus Banks (1895, p.

316); ^.

This species has not yet been captured

in Illinois, but is known from Turkey Run
State Park, Indiana, which is only 17 miles

from the Illinois state line. It is distributed

throughout the northeastern states, with

records available for Indiana, Maine, Mary-

land, Michigan, Minnesota, New Bruns-

wick, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, On-

tario, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Virginia.

This species is remarkable because of the

production of adults during the entire year,

including the winter months, and the wing-

less condition of most of the females, fig.

171. Extensive records in the Illinois Nat-

ural History Survey files indicate that fe-

Fig. 171.— Trentonius distinctus.



48 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

males produced during the colder months

are all wingless. Examination of pupae

shows that in these brachypterous females

the wings are abortive even in the pupal

stage. Winged females have been taken only

during the warmer months of the year. No

Fig. 172.— Trentonius distinctus, male geni-

talic parts, showing variation. A, claspers;

B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; C, tenth tergite,

lateral aspect.

intergradations between the normally winged
specimens and practically wingless specimens

have been observed. It would seem from
this that these two conditions of the wings
are probably caused by a temperature reac-

tion influencing the late larvae, similar in

behavior to certain characters observed in

genetic studies of Drosophila. There is con-

siderable variation in the relative propor-

tions of the claspers in this species, appar-

ently correlated to a large degree with size

of individual: large individuals have the

claspers very wide; smaller specimens have
them much narrowed, fig. 172. As a gen-

eral rule, the larger specimens of the males
occur during the colder months of the year,

so there is also an apparent correlation be-

tween width of clasper and seasonal appear-

ance.

Chimarra Stephens

Chimarra Stephens (1829, p. 318). Geno-
type, monobasic: Phryganea marginata Lin-
naeus.

Chimarrha Burmeister (1839) and many
other authors, an emendation.

Four species of this genus occur in Illi-

nois and a fifth may be taken in future col-

lecting. The larvae and adults of all our

species are identical in external appearance,

differing in the characters mentioned in the

key.

Larvae.—Length 11-12 mm. Head and

pronotum golden brown, legs and anal hooks

straw colored. Body whitish with two or

three pairs of fine setae on each segment.

Legs having short claws with a short tooth

at base; anal hooks small and without inner

teeth.

Adults.—Length 6-8 mm. Color dark

brown, almost black, the sides of the ab-

domen and sometimes portions of the femora

creamy white.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Apex of frons bearing a pair of large,

rounded lobes, fig. 179

obscura, p. 51

Apex of frons bearing smaller, pointed

lobes, figs. 180-182 2

177

Larval Mandibles

Fig. 173.—Dolophilus shawnee.
Fig. 174.— Trentonius distinctus.

Fig. 175.—Chimarra socia.

Fig. 176.—Chimarra feria.

Fig. 177.—Chimarra aterrima.

Fig. 178.—Chimarra obscura.

178



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 49

2. Basal incision of right mandible very

deep, fig. 175 socia, p. 51

Basal incision of right mandible shal-

low, fig. 177 3

3. Marginal lobes of frons slightly farther

apart, fig. 181; basal incision of

right mandible more conspicuous,

fig. 176 feria, p. 50

Marginal lobes of frons slightly closer

together, fig. 182; basal incision of

right mandible less conspicuous, fig.

177 aterrima, p. 50

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with a pair of well

differentiated claspers (males); all

characters for couplets 2-5 are illus-

trated in fig. 183 2

Apex of abdomen without claspers (fe-

males) 6

2. Clasper with upper portion elongated

into a narrow, rounded, finger-like

lobe; ventro-mesal process of ninth

sternite long and projecting, e.g.,

obscura 3

Clasper with upper portion short,

either pointed or rounded and

blunt; ventro-mesal process of ninth

sternite short and triangular, e.g.,

angustipennis, feria 4

3. Aedeagus ending in a heavy, sclero-

tized hook; ventro-mesal process of

ninth sternite long and narrow. . . .

obscura, p. 51

Aedeagus ending in a pair of semimem-
branous lobes sclerotized at the

179

182
Apex of Larval Frons

Fig. 179.—Chimarra obscura.

Fig. 180.—Chimarra socia.

Fig. 181.—Chimarra feria.

Fig. 182.—Chimarra alerrima.

SOCIA
ANGUSTIPENNIS

Fig. 183.—Chimarra, male genitalia.



50 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

sides; ventro-mesal process of ninth

tergite shorter and spatulate

socia, p

4. Ventral margin of claspers produced

into a slightly upturned lobe

angustipennis, p

Ventral margin of claspers not pro-

duced, forming a rounded lobe

e.g., feria 5

51

51

OBSCURA SOCIA

ATERRIMA

Figs. 184-187.—Chimarra, female genitalia.

A, ventral aspect; B, bursa copulatrix; C, dorsal

aspect.

5. Claspers with caudal face flat, trans-

verse dorsal spur straight and dorsal

shoulder projection small or lacking

aterrima, p. 50

Claspers with caudal face excavated,

transverse dorsal spur curved basad

and dorsal shoulder projection high

and triangular feria, p. 50

6. Ninth tergite constricted sharply near

apex, fig. 185 socia, p. 51

Ninth tergite with lateral margins

straight to apex 7

7. Ninth sternite produced into well-

defined, lateral, sclerotized "ears";

bursa copulatrix with only a single,

delicate, U-shaped sclerite, fig. 184

obscura, p. 51

Lateral margin of ninth sternite with-

out lateral extensions; bursa copu-

latrix with at least a complete sclero-

tized ring, figs. 186, 187 8

8. Sclerite of bursa copulatrix ringlike,

with a circular central clear area,

fig. 187 feria, p. 50

Sclerite of bursa copulatrix purselike,

with a semicircular central clear

area, fig. 186 aterrima, p. 50

Chimarra aterrima Hagen

Chimarrha aterrima Hagen (1861, p. 297); c?',

9.

Our only Illinois records for this species

are from small, spring-fed brooks in the

northern fourth of the state. Our records

are from April and May, indicating a single

generation per year in Illinois. In northern

states the species has been collected through-

out the summer months.

This species is very abundant throughout

the eastern states, fig. 17, with records from

Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine,

Michigan, Minnesota, New Brunswick,

New York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia,

Ontario, Pennsylvania, Tennesse, Virginia,

West Virginia and Wisconsin. Illinois ap-

pears, therefore, to be on the western limit

of its main range. It has been collected

farther west only once, at Malvern, Arkan-

sas.

Illinois Records.—Council Hill, trib-

utary of Galena River: April 9, 1941, Ross

& Mohr, many larvae. Dundee: May 23,

1939, Burks & Riegel, $ $ , ? $ , many
larvae. Utica, Split Rock Brook: May
24, 1941, \$.

Chimarra feria Ross

Chimarrha feria Ross (1941^, p. 51); c?', 9.

This species is very common in many of

the rapid clear streams in the Ozark region

of southern Illinois. Most of these streams

are dry during the summer and autumn
period. In these dry situations we have col-

lected larvae of this species in a normal,

active, healthy condition under stones in por-

tions of the river bed which were damp be-

neath the surface. The adults are among
the earliest caddis flies to appear on the

wing in this state, having been found at

Herod as early as March 28.

The range of the species embraces rough-

ly the western edge of the oak-hickory forest

region, fig. 17. Records are available from

Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Mis-

souri, Oklahoma, Texas and Wisconsin.

Illinois is on the extreme eastern edge of

its range.

Illinois Records.—Dixon Springs: July

9, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 1,3. Golconda:



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 51

May 11, 1935, C. O. Mohr, 1 larva. Herod:
Grand Pierre Creek, July 29, 1898, Hart,

many larvae; Gibbons Creek, March 28,

1935, Ross & Mohr, $ $ , 9 9, many
pupae, pupal skins and larval parts; June
21, 1935, DeLong & Ross, i i ; July 11,

1935, DeLong & Ross, S S, 2? ; May 1,

1936, Ross & Mohr, $ $ ; May 12, 1936,

Mohr & Burks, 2 $ ; June 24, 1936, DeLong
& Ross, 5 $ ; Gibbons Creek, Sept. 11, 1937,

H. H. Ross, 3 larvae; Oct. 7, 1937, Ross &
Burks, 1 $ ; July 27, 1938, Burks k Boesel,

3c?, 1 mating pair; Oct. 1, 1941, B. D.

Burks, many larvae. Vienna: May 29,

1939, Burks & Riegel, $ $ , 9 5,1 mating

pair; May 1, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 2$,
\9. Waltersburg: March 24, 1939, Ross

& Burks, 8 larvae. West Vienna, Branch
Cache River: May 13, 1939, Burks &
Riegel, $ $ , 6 larvae.

Chimarra angustipennis Banks

Chimarrha angustipennis Banks (1903rt, p.

242); c^.

This species, not yet taken in Illinois,

occurs in Oklahoma and Arkansas. It is a

close relative of the two preceding species.

The larva is unknown.

Chimarra obscura (Walker)

Beraea? obscura Walker (1852, p. 121); d'.

Jl'ormaldia plutonis Banks (1911, p. 358); cf

.

Chimarrha lucia Betten (1934, p. 175); cT, 9.

Frequenting rapid and clear streams, this

species has been taken at many points in

northern, eastern and extreme southern

Illinois. In each case our catches have been

small, except in a few localities in the Ozark
Hills of southern Illinois. Mature male
pupae have been collected from many locali-

ties.

This species is the most widely distributed

in the genus, fig. 18, being known from Ar-
kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine,
Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,

New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario,

Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia and Wiscon-
sin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and three pupae, taken May 11 to

October 5, and many larvae, taken April

10 to August 27, are from Aurora, Dan-
ville (Middle Fork River), Golcondo, He-
rod (Grand Pierre Creek), Jonesboro

(Clear Creek), Kankakee (Kankakee Riv-

er, Rock Creek), Momence, Oakwood (Salt

Fork River), Oregon, Spring Grove, West
Havana, West Vienna, Wilmington (Kan-
kakee River), Wolf Lake (Hutchins
Creek).

Chimarra socia Hagen

Chimarrha socia Hagen (1861, p. 297).

Wormaldia femoralis Banks (1911, p. 358).

Our only records for Illinois are along

the Kankakee River. The species is appar-

ently restricted to the northern and eastern

states, and these collections for Illinois rep-

resent a local occurrence at the extreme
western edge of its range. Association of

larvae and adults is on the basis of a mature
male pupa collected at Spooner, Wisconsin.

Known from Florida, Georgia, Indiana,

Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan,

New Brunswick, New York, Ohio, Ontario,

Pennsylvania, Quebec, South Carolina and

West Virginia in addition to Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Kankakee, Kanka-
kee River: Aug. 1, 1933, Ross & Mohr,
6 larvae. Momence, Kankakee River: May
26, 1936, H. H. Ross, 2^.

PSYGHOMYIIDAE

The adults of this family range in size

from fairly large species which might read-

ily be confused with the Hydropsychidae

to very small ones which, in general sorting,

are frequently confused with Hydroptilidae.

The larva, fig. 188, is active and spins a long

silken net ; when taken out of the water

the net collapses and appears only as an ir-

regular mass from which the larva wriggles

free. Certain species are restricted to rapid

streams, whereas others have an extremely

wide ecological tolerance and are found in

situations varying from lakes to rapid rivers.

The group formerly was divided into two
families, the Psychomyiidae, containing

Psycliomyia, Lype and Tinodes, and the

Polycentropidae, containing Pliyloceniropus,

Fig. 188.

—

Polycentropus interruptus larva.



52 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Neureclipsis, Plectrocnemia, Polycentropus,

Holocentropus, Nyctiophylax and Cyrnellus.

An interesting link between the two groups,

Cernotina, was recently described.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Anal hooks with a row of 4 or 5 long

teeth along inner ventral margin,

fig. 189; tenth segment short, with

scarcely any ventral margin, fig. 191;

mentum forming a pair of distinct,

sclerotized plates, fig. 194

Psychomyia, p. 75

Anal hooks with at most very short,

inner teeth, fig. 190; tenth segment
longer and tubular, figs. 192, 193;

mentum not divided into two scle-

rotized plates, fig. 195 2

2. Mandibles short and triangular, each

194 195

198

Fig. 189.—Psychomyia flavida larva, anal
hook.

Fig. 190.—Psychomyiid Genus A larva, anal
hook.

Fig. 191.—Psychomyia flavida larva, apex
of abdomen.

Fig. 192.—Neureclipsis crepuscularis larva,
apex of abdomen.

Fig. 193.—Polycentropus interruptus larva,
apex of abdomen.

Fig. 194.—Psychomyia flavida larva, head,
ventral aspect; w, mentum; sm, submentum.

Fig. 195.—Polycentropus interruptus larva.

200

head, ventral aspect; m, mentum; sm, submen-
tum.

Fig. 196.—Phylocentropus placidus larva,

mandibles. (After Vorhies.)

Fig. 197.

—

Neureclipsis crepuscularis larva,

mandibles.

Fig. 198.—Polycentropus interruptus larva,

mandibles.

Fig. 199.—Psychomyiid Genus A, mandibles.
Fig. 200.

—

Psychomyiid Genus B, venter of

ninth and tenth segments.
Fig. 201.—Psychomyiid Genus B, apex of

abdomen.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 53

with a large, thick brush on the

mesal side, fig. 196

Phylocentropus, p. 54

Mandibles longer, fig. 197, with only

a thin brush on left mandible, none
on right 3

3. Right mandible with a single dorsal

tooth which only partially hides the

ventral row of teeth; on the left

mandible the dorsal row of teeth

does not hide the ventral row, figs.

197, 198 4

Right mandible with two large dorsal

teeth which completely overhang
and hide the ventral row; on the left

mandible the dorsal row of teeth

overhangs and hides the ventral

row, fig. 199 5

4. Basal segment of anal appendages
(tenth segment) without hair, fig.

192; left mandible with basal tooth

small and with a linear brush on
mesal face near base, fig. 197

Neureclipsis, p. 56

Basal segment of anal appendages
(tenth segment) with long hair, fig.

193; left mandible with basal tooth

large, subequal to one above and
with brush small, fig. 198

Polycentropus, p. 58

5. Ninth sternite with a wide, T-shaped,

reticulate area; tenth segment short,

with an extensive patch of minute
spinules on venter, figs. 200, 201 . . .

Psychomyiid Genus B, p. 74

Ninth sternite without a reticulate

area; tenth segment long, without

spinules but with an extensive patch

of long hair on venter, similar to fig.

193 Psychomyiid Genus A, p. 73

Pupae

1. Apex of mandibles with a long, termi-

nal "whip," fig. 202

Psychomyia, p. 75

Fig. 202.—Psychomyia flavida pupa, man-
dible.

Fig. 203.—Polycentropus cinereus pupa,
mandible.

Fig. 204.—Phylocentropus placidus pupa,
mandible. (After Vorhies.)

Apex of mandibles without a terminal

"whip," fig. 203 2

2. Terminal segment of abdomen with 4

bushy processes, 2 apical and 2 baso-

lateral Phylocentropus, p. 54

Terminal segment with only 2 apical

bushy processes, fig. 205 3

Fig. 205.— Polycentropus cinereus pupa, api-

cal processes.

Fig. 206.—Neureclipsis crepuscularis pupa,

apical processes.

Fig, 207.—Psychomyia flavida pupa, apical

processes.

3. Apical lobes of abdomen evenly

rounded at apex, fig. 205

Polycentropus, p. 58

Apical lobes of abdomen with mesal

margin straight, mesal angle sharp

and outer margin curved, fig. 206. .

Neureclipsis, p. 56

Adults

1. Front tibiae with a preapical spur. ... 2

Front tibiae without a preapical spur 6

2. Both pairs of wings with Rs present

and branching from Ra at radial

crossvein, fig. 208

Phylocentropus, p. 54

Both pairs of wings with Rs either



54 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

208

Bl'3

Fig. 208.

—

Phylocentropus placidus, front

wing.

Fig. 209.

—

Neureclipsis crepuscularis, front

and hind wings.

absent or branching from Ra near

margin of wing, fig. 210 3

3. Hind wings with M 3-branched, fig.

209 Neureclipsis, p. 56

Hind wings with M 2-branched, fig.

211 4

4. Front or hind wings, or both, with Ra
present, fig. 210. . . Polycentropus, p. 58

Both wings with R2 absent, fig. 211... 5

215

216
_„ 217

Fig. 214.

—

Cyrnellus marginalis, maxillary
palpus.

Fig. 215.

—

Nyctiophylax vestitus, maxillary
palpus.

Fig. 216.—Cernotina Oklahoma, maxillary
palpus.

Fig. 217.—Lype diversa, maxillary palpus.

Fig. 210.

—

Polycentropus cinereus, wings.

Fig. 211.

—

-Nyctiophylax vestitus, wings.

Fig. 212.

—

-Psychomyia nomada, wings.

Fig. 213.—-Lype diversa, hind wing.

5. Maxillary palpi with second segment
long, third only slightly longer than

second, fifth short, fig. 214

Cyrnellus, p. 71

Maxillary palpi with second segment
short, third three times as long as

second, fifth long, fig. 215

Nyctiophylax, p. 69

6. Maxillary palpi with second segment
only one-half to one-third as long as

third segment and with the apex en-

larged into a small cushion, fig. 216

Cernotina, p. 72

Maxillary palpi with second segment
as long as third and uniformly cy-

lindrical, fig. 217 7

7. Hind wings with apex evenly rounded,

fig. 213 Lype, p. 74

Hind wings with apex tapering and
somewhat pointed, fig. 212

Psychomyia, p. 75

Phylocentropus Banks

Phylocentropus Banks (1907fl, p. 130). Geno-
type, by original designation: Holocentropus

placidus Banks.

\



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 55

Acrocentropus Betten (1934, p. 213). Geno-
type, monobasic: Polycentropus Incidns Hagen.

Only one species of this genus has been

taken in the state. A second species, lucidus,

occurs in the northeastern states and may
eventually be found in Illinois. We have

not reared this genus in Illinois, but descrip-

tions of the larvae by Vorhies (1909) and

others indicate characters for a clear-cut

generic diagnosis.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with dorsal and
ventral appendages, figs. 218, 219

(males) 2

Apex of abdomen conical with a pair

of flaplike ventral appendages, figs.

220, 221 (females) 3

2. Tenth tergite sclerotized and pro-

duced into a heavy, upturned hook;

apex of aedeagus sharp, fig. 218. .. .

lucidus, p. 56

Tenth tergite broad and truncate, not

sclerotized; aedeagus tubular with

the apex obliquely truncate, fig. 219

placidus, p. 55

\Xli/^^

219
A

PLACIDUS

Figs. 218-219.

—

Phylocentropus, male gen-

italia, /i, lateral aspect; B, claspers, caudo-
ventral aspect.

Figs. 220-221.

—

Phylocentropus, female gen-
italia.

3. Apex of eighth sternite broad, the mes-
al incision forming 2 wide lobes, fig.

220 lucidus, p. 56
Apex of eighth sternite narrowed and

divided into 2 small lobes, fig. 221 . .

placidus, p. 55

Phylocentropus placidus (Banks)

Holocentropus placidus Banks (1905/^, p. 15);

Phylocentropus maximus Vorhies (1909, p.

711); d^, larva and pupa.

Larva (after Vorhies).—Length 15-16

mm. Head, pronotum and legs straw yel-

low, pronotum with posterior half of lateral

border and all posterior border black; body
colorless. Labium elongate and styliform.

Mandibles short and stocky, dorsal surface

with more or less granular teeth and mesal

portion provided with a dense large brush.

Adults.—Length 9-1 1 mm. Color vari-

ous shades of brown ; wings finely and al-

most evenly speckled with light brown.

Front wings with Rg angled near base and

touching stem of M. Male genitalia, fig.

219: cerci ovate, tenth tergite wide, un-

sclerotized and almost truncate at apex

;

claspers appearing ovate from side view,

ventral aspect more or less quadrate with

a dense brush of black setae along mesal

margin; aedeagus tubular, the apex oblique-

ly truncate. Female genitalia, fig. 221 :

eighth sternite tapered at apex and incised

to form a pair of small lobes.

Our Illinois records of this species are

from two southern localities in the Ozark
Hills. The account of its biology is given

by Vorhies, who found it making tubular



56 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

cases embedded in the sand bottoms of

southern Wisconsin streams. These cases

he records as sometimes 65 mm. long, the

greater portion buried, only 10-20 mm. of

the case projecting from the stream bed.

Within this case the pupa spins its cocoon.

This species is fairly widely distributed

throughout the Northeast. Our records

from Indiana and Illinois appear to be on

the southern limit of the western portion

of the range. It is known from Georgia,

Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Minne-

sota, New Brunswick, New York, Nova
Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec and Wis-

consin.

Illinois Records.

—

Golconda: April 17,

1930, Prison & Ross, 2$, 1$. Herod:

May 10. 1935, C. O. Mohr, 1 ? .

Phylocentropus lucidus (Hagen)

Polycentropus lucidus Hagen (1861, p. 294);

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois. It is known from New York, Nova
Scotia, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. In the

front wing Rg does not join M, and on this

basis the species was referred to a new
genus, Acrocentropus, by Betten. The struc-

tures of the male and female genitalia, how-

ever, indicate clearly that it belongs with

placidus. The female is similar to the male

in color and in general structure ; the

genitalia, fig. 220, have the eighth sternite

heavily sclerotized, the apex broad, slightly

indented on the meson, resulting in very

wide lobes; bursa copulatrix long, semi-

membranous, and attached to sclerotized

rods of the ninth segment.

Allotype, female.—Bear Brook near

Blue Mountain Lake, New York: June

19, 1941, Prison & Ross.

Neureclipsis McLachlan

Neureclipsis McLachlan (1864, p. 30). Geno-
type, monobasic: Phryganea bimaculata Lin-

naeus.

Of the three species known from North
America, two have been taken from Illinois,

and the third occurs to the northeast. We
have reared only crepusciilaris ; this larva

agrees very well with Ulmer's description

of bimaculatus, and it is possible that all

three species have larvae similar in color

and general structure.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

L Genitalia with a distinct aedeagus,

figs. 222-224 (males) 2

Genitalia without an aedeagus, figs.

225-227 (females) 4

2. Base of left clasper with a large dorsal

projection near base, fig. 222
validus, p. 58

Base of left clasper without a dorsal

projection, dorsal margin almost

uniformly straight from base to

apex, fig. 223 3

3. Cerci represented by long, heavily

sclerotized filaments, fig. 223; tenth

tergite very long. . . .bimaculatus, p. 57

Cerci lobelike and not heavily scle-

rotized, fig. 224; tenth tergite short

crepuscularis, p. 57

4. Eighth sternite with a long, high mesal

ridge, the lateral lobes long and nar-

224
CREPUSCULARIS

Figs. 222-224.

—

Neureclipsis, male genitalia.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 57

^ CREPUSCULARIS

Figs. 225-227.

—

Neureclipsis, female genitalia.

row, fig. 225 validus, p. 58

Eighth sternite without a long niesal

ridge, the lateral lobes short and
wide, fig. 226 5

5. Apex of eighth sternite projecting be-

yond lateral lobes the length of the

lobes; ninth sternite with a heavily

sclerotized, vasiform structure, fig.

226 bimaculatus, p. 57

Apex of eighth sternite projecting only

a short distance beyond lateral

lobes; ninth sternite with only in-

distinct structures, fig. 227

crepuscularis, p. 57

Neureclipsis crepuscularis (Walker)

Brachvcentrus crepuscularis Walker (1852,

p. 87); 9.
_

Neureclipsis parvula Banks (1907i^, p. 163);

Larva.—Length 12 mm. Head, prono-

notum and legs straw color with black setae,

the head and pronotum with dark brown
spots; those on the frons arranged as in

fig. 233 ; body pale with irregular purplish

areas on the dorsum and lateral portion

of each segment.

Adults.—Length 7.5 mm. Color reddish

brown, the legs and venter straw color.

Male genitalia, fig. 224: cerci ovate with a

round ventral lobe; claspers long, evenly

tapering from base to apex, tip curved

mesad ; tenth tergite long, tapering and

semimembranous. Female genitalia, fig.

227: eighth sternite with distinct corners

and a rounded apex projecting a distance

beyond lateral lobes; lateral lobes fairly

broad, rounded at apex and with abundant
setae; internal sclerites of ninth segment
semimembranous and irregular.

A study of large series of males and
females leaves no doubt regarding the asso-

ciation of the two sexes, thus upholding

the synonymy of parvula with crepuscularis,

as proposed by Milne (1936).

In Illinois this species is widely distrib-

uted over the entire state. It is most abun-

dant along the larger rivers. It is seldom

taken in large numbers, but we have at

times captured large series along the Mis-
sissippi River. The adults emerge over a

wide period; our records extend from May
3 to October 2. The association of larvae

and adults is made on the basis of mature

pupae collected in Wisconsin and Indiana.

The range of the species includes most

of the Northeast, with a southwestward

extension through the Ozarks. We have

records from Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana,

Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, New Bruns-

wick, New York, North Carolina, Nova
Scotia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vir-

ginia and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 3 to October 2, are from

Alton, Champaign, Danville, Deer Grove

(Green River), Elizabethtown, Florence,

Fort Massac State Park, Grafton (wing

dam). Grand Tower, Hardin (Illinois

River), Harrisburg, Havana (Spoon Riv-

er), Homer (Salt Fork River), Kamps-
ville, Kankakee, Keithsburg, La Rue (Mc-
Cann Spring), Milan (Rock River), Mo-
mence (Kankakee River), Monticello,

Mount Carmel, Morris, Oakwood, Pontiac,

Quincy (Burton Creek), Rock Island, Rosi-

clare. Savanna, Serena (Indian Creek),

Sterling, Venedy Station (Kaskaskia River).

Neureclipsis bimaculatus (Linnaeus)

Phryganea bimaculata Linnaeus (1758, p.

548).

Larva.—Similar to that of crepuscularis,

according to Ulmer (1909, p. 229).

Adults.—Length 7.5-9.0 mm. Color

brown, the venter and legs straw color.

Male genitalia, fig. 223: cerci ribbon-like,

produced into long, fairly straight ribbons as

long as claspers; claspers slender, elongate

and straight; tenth tergite semimembranous,

long and slightly rounded at apex ; aedeagus



58 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

with a straight base and with the apex

divided by a ventral incision into two large

lobes. Female genitalia, fig. 226: eighth

sternite projecting far beyond lateral lobes,

the apex rounded ; lateral lobes short and

somewhat ovate ; ninth segment with a some-

what vasiform, sclerotized, internal struc-

ture in addition to other membranous parts.

The few Illinois records for this species

are scattered from the extreme northern

portion to the southern tip of the state.

The species is Holarctic, its distribution on

this continent extending southeastward to

Quebec, Wisconsin and Illinois. It has been

taken in a variety of habitats, and the rec-

ords indicate an adult emergence which

continues through the warmer months of

the summer.

Illinois Records.

—

Golconda: April 17,

1930, Prison & Ross, 1 9. Homer: July 6,

1927, at light, Frison & Glasgow, 1 5 .

Savanna: June 2, 1942, at light, H.
Hersey, S S , 6 5. North of Wadsworth,
Des Plaines River: July 7, 1937, Frison &
Ross, 1 <5 . Waukegan: July 16, 1938,

Ross & DeLong, 1 9 .

Neureclipsis validus (Walker)

Polycentropus validus Walker (1852, p. 100)

cf.

9.

Hydropsyche dubitans Walker (1852, p. 113)

Polycentropus signatus Banks (1897, p. 30)

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois but has been recorded from On-
tario and western New York.

Polycentropus Curtis

Polycentropus Curtis (1835«, pi. DXLIV).
Genotype, by subsequent designation of West-
wood (1840, p. 49): Polycentropus irroratus

Curtis.

Many of the species included under this

genus were formerly placed in Plectrocne-
mia and Holocentropus. The characters of

the larvae and pupae, as well as certain

characters of the adults, indicate that these

species together form a single unit as con-
trasted with other generic groups in the

family. I am making no attempt at this

time to judge the validity of either Plec-
trocnemia or Holocentropus; the study of

nents, as well as a critical study of the

genotypes, will be necessary before the

names can be applied even to subgeneric

categories of North American species.

About 25 species are known in North
America, of which 9 have been taken in

Illinois. Many of the species are rare but

widely distributed, and it is probable that

further collecting will yield new state rec-

ords in this genus.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

The following larval key is based on relative

characters and few species. For these reasons it

should not be used indiscriminately for specific

identifications. It is of considerable use for

separating to species larvae in a particular habitat

of known taxonomic composition, and it should be

used primarily for this purpose.

1. Basal segment of anal appendages with

setae fairly short and distributed

uniformly over ventral surface, fig.

228 2

Basal segment of anal appendages with

setae longer and grouped in two
lateral linear areas, fig. 228 3

2. Spots on upper part of frons definite

and forming an angle, fig. 230

cinereus, p. 67

Spots on upper frons indefinite and
forming a straight line or even arc,

fig. 231 centralis, p. 64

3. Head almost uniformly brown, spots

present but of only a slightly differ-

228

Fig. 228.—Polycentropus cinereus larva,

lobes of tenth segment, ventral aspect.

Fig. 229.—Polycentropus interruptus larva.
larvae of the species from various conti- lobes of tenth segment, ventral aspect



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 59

232 233
Polycentropus Larvae, Heads

Fig. 230.—P. cinereus.

Fig. 231.—P. centralis.

Fig. 232.—P. reniotus.

Fig. 233.—P. interruptus.

ent shade than background
flavus, p. 68

Head with spots conspicuous 4

4. Upper part of frons long, subequal in

length to lower portion, fig. 232;

hair on basal segment of anal ap-

pendages in irregular lateral areas. .

remotus, p. 67

Upper part of trons shorter than lower

portion, fig. 233; hair on basal seg-

ment of anal appendages in regular

rows, fig. 229 5

5. Dorsum of head usually clouded with

reddish brown; major pair of setae

of upper frons with a small pale area

around base interruptus, p. 69

Dorsum of head usually not clouded

with reddish brown; major pair of

setae of upper frons with a brown
ring around base glacialis, p. 68

Adults

1. Genitalia complex, with an aedeagus,

figs. 234-248 (males) 2

Genitalia without an aedeagus, figs.

249, 250 (females) 16

2. Eighth sternite produced into a long,

apical projection, figs. 234, 235. ... 3

Eighth sternite not produced into an
apical projection, fig. 236 4

3. Apical projection of eighth sternite

wide and incised on meson, fig. 234

aureolus, p. 64

Apical projection of eighth sternite

narrow and pointed, fig. 235

crassicornis, p. 64

4. Cerci with dorsal angle produced into

a long, down-curved, sclerotized

needle, fig. 242 5

Cerci without such a sclerotized proc-

ess, fig. 236 11

5. Ninth sternite narrow; cerci with a

narrow, finger-like projection from
latero-caudal margin, fig. 242

pentus, p. 65

Ninth sternite wide; cerci without a

finger-like projection from latero-

caudal margin, fig. 243 6

6. Aedeagus long and U-shaped, fig. 243

maculatus, p. 65

Aedeagus straight or only slightly

curved, figs. 244, 246 7

7. Baso-dorsal appendage of clasper

almost sessile, without a definite

stalk, fig. 244, and projecting lat-

erad of clasper confusus, p. 65

Baso-dorsal appendage with a definite

stalk so that the dark mesal point is

some distance from the basal part of

the clasper, figs. 246, 247, and not

projecting laterad of it 8

8. Ventral aspect of claspers wide on
basal portion, tapering suddenly to

a narrow apex, figs. 245, 246 9

Ventral aspect of claspers tapering

gradually or imperceptibly from base

to apex, figs. 247, 248 10

9. Claspers with base wide and subparal-

lel two-thirds of its length, the apex

short and digitate; filaments of cerci

long and sinuate, their apex curved

dorsad; baso-dorsal appendage of

clasper with a subtriangular apex

well differentiated from stalk, fig.

245 elarus, p. 65

Claspers with base wide for only one-

third its length, the apex long and
curved; filaments of cerci curved

ventrad and closer to basal portion;

baso-dorsal appendage with apex

smaller and merging gradually with

stalk, fig. 246 carolinensis, p. 66

10. Baso-dorsal lobe of claspers long and
narrow, the mesal point round, the

entire lobe arched; aedeagus widened

at tip, fig. 247 pixi, p. 66



60 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol 23, Art. 1

Figs. 23i-2U.~Po/yceniropus, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect,
usually showing only the claspers.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 61

Baso-dorsal lobe of claspers shorter

and wide, the mesal point sharp, the

entire lobe erect; aedeagus nar-

rowed at tip, fig. 248

centralis, p. 64

11. Processes of tenth tergite long, scle-

rotized and arched, fig. 236 12

Processes of tenth tergite either semi-

membranous or short, fig. 239 14

12. Apex of cerci long and tapering to a

sharp point, fig. 236

interruptus, p. 69

Apex of cerci shorter, rounded at apex,

fig. 237 13

13. Aedeagus and filaments of tenth

tergite long; claspers with only a

short dorso-mesal flap, fig. 237. . . .

flavus, p. 68

Aedeagus and filaments of tenth

tergite short; claspers with a large,

rhomboidal dorso-mesal flap, fig.

238 g'.acialis, p. 68

14. Tenth tergite with a pair of curved.

hornlike, sclerotized processes, fig.

239 remotus, p. 67

Tenth tergite without such processes,

fig. 240 15

15. Claspers with lateral aspect quadrate,

posterior margin only narrowly in-

cised, fig. 240 cinereus, p. 67

Claspers with lateral aspect expanded
at apex, posterior margin deeply

and widely incised, fig. 241

nascotius, p. 68

16. Genital segment long and tapering,

lateral lobes of eighth sternite with

footlike base and stylelike blade on
meso-apical corner, fig. 249

crassicornis, p. 64

Genital segment shorter and broader,

lateral lobes of eighth sternite not so

shaped, fig. 250 17

17. Base of eighth sternite with a pointed

elevation, fig. 250 flavus, p. 68

Base of eighth sternite without a

pointed elevation, fig. 251 18

244C

Figs. 242-244.—Polycentropus, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; 5, ventral aspect;

C, baso-dorsal appendage of clasper; D, aedeagus.



62 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

18. Lateral lobes o\ eighth sternite long

and narrow, figs. 251, 253 19

Lateral lobes of eighth sternite shorter

and wider, almost quadrate, figs.

260, 261 27

19. Base of eighth sternite with a definite

shelf or ledge with a sharp edge,

situated between lateral lobes, figs.

251, 252 20

Base of eighth sternite without a ledge

situated between lateral lobes, figs.

253-259 21

20. Eighth sternite with basal ledge nar-

row; lateral lobes long, slightly ex-

panded near apex and with an angu-
late foot, fig. 251. . . interruptus, p. 69

Eighth sternite with basal ledge wide;
lateral lobes therefore farther apart.

248 C

n k
^^j*' 2*5-248.—Po/yf^«/ro^«j, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; 5, ventral aspect:

C, baso dorsal appendage of clasper; D, aedeagus.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 63

MACULATUS /' PENTUS ^ CINEREUS

Figs. 249-261.—Polycentropus, female genitalia, ventral aspect.

shorter, without expanded apex and
with toot not angulate, fig. 252. . . .

glacialis, p. 68

21. Bursa copulatrix with a wide base and
long, vasiform, sclerotized apical

structures; internal structure of

ninth segment as in fig. 253, with

rounded, nearly approximate apical

lobes which are sclerotized only at

apex centralis, p. 64

Bursa copulatrix shaped differently,

figs. 254-259; internal structure

with longer lobes which are farther

apart 22

22. Ninth sternite with ovoid sclerotized

lobes on each side of bursa; eighth

sternite nearly triangular with the

sides slightly sinuate, fig. 254

species a, p. 66

Ninth sternite without ovoid lobes as

in fig. 254; eighth sternite with apex

more rounded, often nearly truncate,

figs. 255-259 23

23. Ninth sternite without sclerotized

bands; bursa supports sometimes

heavily sclerotized, figs. 255-257..

Ninth sternite with sclerotized bands

in addition to supports of bursa

copulatrix, figs. 258, 259 26

24. Upper portion of bursa supports thick,

wide and twisted, fig. 255, and lower

portion forming a thick bridge below

bursa pixi, p. 66

Bursa supports much more slender,

24



64 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

fig. 256, or verv little sclerotized,

fig. 257 ' 25

25. Bursa supports distinct, sclerotized,

slender and sinuate, fig. 256

elarus, p. 65

Bursa supports chiefly membranous,
with only a small basal portion and
a curious sclerotized forklike piece

near bursa, fig. 257

confusus, p. 65

26. Sclerotized bands of ninth tergite

more rectangular, parallel, and
closer together at base, fig. 258. . . .

maculatus, p. 65

Sclerotized bands of ninth tergite sinu-

ate, pointed at apex, wide apart at

base, and converging rapidly to

apex, fig. 259 pentus, p. 65

27. Ninth sternite with a pair of somewhat
quadrate sclerotized plates pointed

at apex; bursa copulatrix not

heavily sclerotized, fig. 260

remotus, p. 67

Ninth sternite without sclerotized

plates; bursa copulatrix heavily scle-

rotized, fig. 261 cinereus, p. 67

Polycentropus crassicornis Walker

Polycentropus crassicornis Walker (1852, p.

101); d^, 9.

Plectrocnemia adironica Banks (1914, p.

256); cf.

Pletrocnemia australis Banks (1907a, p. 131);

9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 9-10 mm. Color brovi^n,

the front wings irrorate over their entire

surface with brown and yellowish spots.

Male genitalia, fig. 235: ninth segment
produced into a long, pointed tongue which
projects to the apex of claspers; cerci short

and ovate; claspers very heavily sclerotized,

lateral margin narrow, apical margin ex-

panded, with a sharp mesal tooth at apex

pointed ventrad ; tenth tergite submembra-
nous and small ; connecting this and the

cerci is a heavily sclerotized plate which is

divided at its apex into a pair of heavily

sclerotized prongs, one angled sharply

dorsad, the other curved ventrad; aedeagus
with a tubular base, the apex narrowed
and consisting of membranous folds and
internal sclerotized rods. Female genitalia,

fig. 249, forming a long, tapering, heavily

sclerotized structure, divided on the venter

by a long, narrow tongue, at the base of

which are lateral lobes produced into sharp,

long points on their meso-apical corner.

We have only four Illinois records for

this species, two from marsh areas in the

extreme northeastern corner of the state

(see p. 12), another from the east-central

margin and the fourth from the extreme

southern portion. Little is known regarding

the biology of the species or its habitat

preference. It is widespread throughout the

eastern United States and Canada, with

records from Florida, Illinois, Massachu-

setts, Michigan, New York, Ontario and

South Dakota.

Illinois Records.—^Alto Pass, Union
Spring: May 26, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 1 $ .

Rosecrans, Des Plaines River: June 9,

1938, at light, Ross & Burks, \$ , 1 $

.

Urbana: June 1, 1938, light trap, G. T.
Riegel, 1^. ZiON, Dead River: June 3,

1938, Mohr & Burks, 1 $ .

Polycentropus aureolus (Banks)

Plectrocnemia aureola Banks (1930^, p. 130);

cf , 9.

Described from Nova Scotia, this species

has been taken also in New Hampshire and

Minnesota. It has not yet been taken in

Illinois.

Polycentropus centralis Banks

Polycentropus centralis Banks (1914, p. 258);

Larva.—Length 11 mm. Head, pronotum
and legs yellow, the head with very indis-

tinct spots arranged in the same pattern as

in fig. 231; posterior margin of pronotum

dark brown.

Adults.—Length 7-9 mm. General color

brown with irregular light areas on the

wings and definite pale spots around their

border. Male genitalia, fig. 248: cerci

stocky, apical filament fairly short; claspers

short, the baso-dorsal appendage trapezoi-

dal, its inner point sharp and serrulate;

aedeagus slightly sinuate but its general out-

line straight. Female genitalia, fig. 253

:

eighth sternite broad, its apical margin

fairly evenly rounded, lateral lobes moder-

ately short and pointed at apex ; ninth

sternite with two short, broad, rounded

lobes; bursa copulatrix porelike, its supports

forming a broad base and a pair of fusi-

form supports which run close together to

give the entire structure' a more or less

vasiform appearance.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 65

Allotype, female.—Wolf Lake, Illinois,

along Hutchins Creek: May 31, 1940, B.

D. Burks.

In Illinois we have taken this species only

in the extreme southern portion and in the

extreme northwestern corner. In the for-

mer area we found the species very abun-

dant in Hutchins Creek where larvae, pupae

and adults were associated. All our records

are along small, fairly clear and rapid

streams.

The range of the species includes the

Ozarks and adjacent ranges with a north-

eastward extension into New York. We
have records from the following states:

Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, New York and

Oklahoma.
Illinois Records.

—

Galena, Sinsinawa

River: June 5-6, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 1 $ .

Herod: May 29, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 1 9 .

La Rue, McCann Spring: May 26, 1939,

Burks & Riegel, 4 cJ , 9 9. Wolf Lake,
Hutchins Creek: Oct. 5, 1938, Prison &
Burks, 4 9 ; May 25, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

19 ; May 31, 1940, B. D. Burks, $ $,

9 9.

Polycentropus pentus Ross

Polycentropus pentus Ross (1941^, p. 71);

cT, 9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 8-10 mm. General col-

or mottled brown, the wings with a few
light spots along periphery. Male genitalia,

fig. 242: cerci narrow, with a finger-like

projection near middle, apical filament rela-

tively short; ninth segment narrow; claspers

long, ventral aspect slightly irregular and

tapering slightly toward apex, baso-dorsal

appendage long, the apex pointed and the

mesal point sharp; aedeagus slightly curved

with a large hump on ventral margin near

base. Female genitalia, fig. 259: eighth

sternite wide, apex fairly evenly curved and

slightly produced at tip, lateral lobes long

and lanceolate; ninth sternite with a pair

of sclerotized bars wide apart at base and

converging markedly toward apex; bursa

copulatrix conical, its supports poorly de-

fined except for the apical rods, which are

narrow and sinuate.

Our only record for this species in Illi-

nois is a single male collected at Split

Rock Brook, Utica, July 11, 1941, Ross &
Ries (see p. 7).

The range of the species is not well de-

fined, but it is apparently widely distrib-

uted through the Northeast, our Illinois

record being the most western point from
which it is known. Records are available

from Illinois, New Hampshire and Ontario.

Polycentropus tnaculatus Banks

Polycentropus maculatus Banks (1908rt, p.

65); d^.

This species has not been taken in Illinois

but is distributed through the eastern states.

Records are available from Newfoundland,
New Hampshire, New York and Tennessee.

The male genitalia, fig. 243, are distinctive.

The female is similar to the male in color

and general structure and is readily distin-

guished by the widely separated, narrow
and frequently angulate lateral lobes of the

eighth sternite and the parallel, rugose,

sclerotized bands of the ninth sternite, fig.

258.

Allotype, female.—Chimneys Camp
Grounds, Great Smoky Mountains National

Park, Tennessee: July 16, 1939, at light,

A. C. Cole.

Polycentropus confusus Hagen

Polycentropus confusus Hagen (1861, p. 293);

cf , 9.

While not as yet found in Illinois, this

species is almost certain to be taken with

additional collecting. Its range, apparently

general throughout the Northeast, extends

southwestward through the Ozarks, and in-

cludes Arkansas, Michigan, Missouri, New
York, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec and Tennes-

see.

As explained in a previous article (Ross

1941^, p. 71), the type male lacks the ab-

domen, and the male characters are based

on the plesiotype male set up in that paper.

Since the specific characters for the female

of this species have not been pointed out

and illustrated before, I am designating a

specimen to represent the female sex.

Plesio-allotype, female.—Costello Lake,

Algonquin Park, Ontario: July 11, 1938,

Cage No. 4, W. M. Sprules.

Polycentropus elarus new species

Male.—Length 8.5 mm. Color various

shades of brown, the hind tibiae not mark-

edly annulate, the front wings with numer-



66 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

ous inconspicuous light areas forming an

indistinct, irrorate pattern. General struc-

ture typical for genus. Front and hind

wings with R., present. Male genitalia, fig.

245, typical in general for the maculatus

group; ninth sternite deep; cerci fairly

stocky, the ventral corner fairly sharp, the

dorsal angle produced into a long, slender,

sclerotized, sinuate rod which curves dorsad

at the tip; claspers with baso-dorsal lobe

of moderate length, its neck long and slen-

der, the apex large and produced into a

large mesal point; ventral aspect of claspers

with base large and rectangular, narrow-

ing suddenly to a slender and somewhat
digitate tip; aedeagus curved ventrad and

slightly enlarged at apex.

Female.—Length 9.5 mm. In color and

structure similar to male. Genitalia, fig.

256, with eighth sternite fairly narrow, Its

extreme apex produced into a slight lobe;

lateral lobes wide apart at base, fusiform

and narrow.

Holotype, male.—Costello Lake, Algon-

quin Park, Ontario: June 22, 1939, Cage
No. 1, W. M. Sprules.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

New York.—Bear Brook
near Blue Mountain Lake, Adirondack
State Park: June 19, 1941, Frison & Ross,

\$.
Ontario.—Same data as for allotype,

1 $ ; same data except June 11, 1 ^ .

The elongate, sinuate and upturned fila-

ment of the cerci will distinguish this spe-

cies from others in the maculatus group, to

which it belongs. The ventral aspect of the

claspers, fig. 245, is also unique for the

group.

Not known from Illinois but may be

taken in future collecting.

Polycentropus species a

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 7-9 mm. Male un-

known. Female genitalia, fig. 254, with
eighth sternite almost evenly tapering from
base to apex, more or less triangular, the

lateral margins sclerotized; lobes slender

and pointed. Ninth segment with ovate

sclerotized processes which are short, round-
ed at apex, and connected to conical bursa
copulatrix by a narrow ribbon which forms
a narrow ventral bridge ventrad of bursa.

This form is known only from Herod,

Illinois, and Hopkinsville, Kentucky. It is

either the female of carolinensis or repre-

sents a new species.

Illinois Records.

—

Herod: May 8, 1936,

Ross & Mohr, 1 ? ; May 10, 1935, C. O.
Mohr, 2?.

Polycentropus carolinensis Banks

Polycentropus carolinensis Banks (1905^, p.

217); cf.

This species, known only from the unique

male type, has not been taken in Illinois.

There is a possibility, however, that the

unassociated female, Polycentropus species

a, may be carolinensis. This has no statisti-

cal basis but is a possibility because, in the

maculatus group of seven species, carolin-

ensis is the only male with which a female

has not been associated definitely, and spe-

cies a is the only female not definitely asso-

ciated with a male.

Polycentropus pixi new species

Male.—Length 7 mm. Color various

shades of brown, the legs paler, the hind

tibiae dark brown with a basal white an-

nulus, the front wings with only a few

indistinct light spots. General structure

typical for genus. Wing venation with R.,

present in both wings, but only faintly indi-

cated in the hind wings. Male genitalia,

fig. 247, typical for the maculatus group in

general structure as follows: ninth sternite

deep; cerci fairly wide, the apical needle-like

projection nearly straight and extending

considerably posterad, not recurving toward
ventral margin of cerci; tenth tergite long,

the pair of sclerotized styliform processes

very long; claspers with ventral aspect only

slightly narrowed at apex, the dorsal mar-

gin with a sharp lateral edge and with the

mesal margin produced into a sharp tooth

near middle; baso-dorsal lobe of clasper

long, arched, the mesal point not sharp but

well differentiated at the end of the long,

necklike portion; aedeagus only slightly

curved at apex, which is slightly enlarged.

Female.—Length 8 mm. In color and

general structure similar to male. Eighth

sternite, fig. 255, very broad, the corners

heavily sclerotized; lateral lobes of sternite

long, narrow and widely separated at base.

Holotype, male.—North Woodstock,
New Hampshire: June 21", 1941, at light,

Frison & Ross.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 67

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes. — New Hampshire. — Same
data as for holotype, 1 ? .

New York.^—Euba Mills, Adirondack

State Park: June 20, 1941, Prison & Ross,

\$. Varysburg: June 18, 1941, Prison &
Ross, 1 9 .

This species is most closely related to cen-

tralis, from which it differs in the long,

arched, baso-dorsal lobe of the claspers, in

having the mesal angle of this point round,

in the widened tip of the aedeagus, and

other characters of the genitalia.

Although not yet taken in Illinois, because

this species is fairly widely distributed in

the northeastern states, it may be taken here

in future collecting.

Polycentropus cinereus Hagen

PolycentropHS ci>ierens Hagen (1861, p. 293);

cf,
9.'

Polycentropus catiadensis Banks (1897, p. 31);

HolocentropHs flavicor}iis Banks (1907/^, p.

162); d^.

Plectrocnemia pallescens Banks (1930i^, p.

231); cf , 9.

Plectrocnemia lutea Betten (1934, p. 219);

cf , 9.

Larva.—Pig. 230. Length 14 mm. Head,
pronotum and legs straw color, head and

sometimes pronotum with conspicuous

brown spots, those of the upper portion of

frons arranged in an angle; sometimes, also,

the dorsal part of head is suffused with

yellowish brown. Remainder of body pale,

without markings.

Adults.—Length 7-9 mm. Color vari-

ous shades of brown, the wings mottled

with brown and light areas resulting in a

checkerboard mottling. Front and hind

wings with R., present. Male genitalia, fig.

240: tenth tergite short, stocky and semi-

membranous; cerci short and ovate; clasp-

ers appearing quadrate from lateral view,

the posterior margin incised to form a

dorso-mesal hook and a ventro-mesal lobe.

Female genitalia, fig. 261 : eighth sternite

short, lateral lobes large and somewhat
circular; ninth segment with its structures

membranous; bursa copulatrix dark, cone-

like and conspicuous.

This species has been taken commonly in

all parts of Illinois. It is found in a wide

variety of situations, ranging from lakes to

large rivers, showing a marked preference

for cool and clear water. Adult emergence
occurs from May to September. Larvae are

found chiefly under stones. Association of

larval and adult forms was established by

collections of all stages in Channel Lake.

The range of the species is very wide,

occurring throughout the eastern states,

north and westward through Canada and
the northern states to the Pacific Coast
and extending southwestward through the

Ozarks to Oklahoma. We have records

from British Columbia, the District of Co-
lumbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine,
Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,

New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New
York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ohio,

Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Sas-

katchewan, South Dakota, Tennessee,

Washington and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and seven pupae, taken May 24 to

September 20, and many larvae, taken May
5 to October 28, are from Algonquin, An-
tioch, Channel Lake, Danville (Middle
Pork River), Eddyville (Lusk Creek), El-

dorado, Elgin (Botanical Gardens), Fox
Lake, Galena (Sinsinawa River), Homer,
Johnsburg (Fox River), Kankakee (Kanka-

kee River), McHenry, Momence (Kan-
kakee River), Oakwood, Pontiac, Rich-

mond, Round Lake, St. Joseph, Serena

(Indian Creek), Spring Grove (Nippersink

Creek), Wilmington (Kankakee River),

Zion (Dead River).

Polycentropus rewotus Banks

Polycentropus remotus Banks (1911, p. 359);

Larva.—Length 14 mm. Head, prono-

tum and legs straw color, the head with

well-marked spots. Upper portion of frons

subequal in length to lower portion, fig.

232. Body pale, without markings.

Adults.—Length 7-9 mm. Color vari-

ous shades of brown with a checkered pat-

tern of small pale areas on the brown wings.

Both pairs of wings with R,, present. Male
genitalia, fig. 239: tenth tergite composed

chiefly of a pair of stocky, outcurved horns,

slightly expanded and provided with a short

spine at apex; cerci long and leaflike, the

upper portion produced into a lobe, and

the ventro-mesal corner bearing a stout,

heavily sclerotized projection curved ventrad



68 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

at apex; claspers appearing quadrate from

lateral view, with a slender, digitate dorso-

mesal projection. Female genitalia, fig. 260:

eighth sternite short, its lateral lobes large,

almost quadrate, and close together along

meson, covered with short setae ; ninth

sternite with a pair of distinctive, small,

quadrate sclerotized plates which are nar-

rowed and pointed at apex ; other internal

structures membranous or irregular.

Allotype, female.—Zion, Illinois, along

Dead River: June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks.

As with flavus, this species has been taken

in Illinois chiefly along the Dead River,

and our main collection is a series of larvae,

pupae and adults taken along with the

allotype. This species is widely distributed,

occurring from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

So few collections are known, however,

that a very local distribution is indicated.

Records are available from British Colum-
bia, Illinois, Minnesota, New Hampshire

ind New York.

Illinois Records.

—

Richmond: June 4,

1938, Ross & Burks, 2$. Spring Grove:

Aug. 12, 1937, at light, Ross & Burks, 1 9 .

ZiON, Dead River: June 3, 1938, Mohr &
Burks, 1 $ ; June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

2$ , 4 2, 3 larvae.

Polycentropus nascotius Ross

Polycentropus nascotius Ross (1941^, p.

73); cf

.

Not yet taken in Illinois, but to be looked

for in future collecting. It is a rare species

with a wide distribution, known from New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Wisconsin.

Polycentropus flavus (Banks)

Holocentropus flavus Banks (1908^, p. 66);

Larva.—Length 14 mm. Head somewhat
uniformly reddish brown of a dusky shade,

the typical spots present but inconspicuous,

being almost the same color as the ground
color. Pronotum and legs yellowish brown.
Remainder of body pale without markings.

Adults.—Length 7-9 mm. Color brown
with a checkered pattern on the wings
similar to that of nascotius. Front wings
with R^ present, hind wings with R., absent.

Male genitalia, fig. 237: tenth tergite with

a pair of very long, curved sclerotized rods

following the curve of the aedeagus; cerci

fairly long and narrow, the apex provided

with a short, appendage-like prolongation;

claspers with a high lobe at base, apex nar-

row and rounded ; at the top of the lobe is

a small, triangular flap projecting mesad,

and below this there is frequently a tooth-

like projection. Female genitalia, fig. 250:

eighth sternite long, slightly incised at apex,

and extending well beyond the lateral lobes,

which are narrow and pointed; between
them the eighth sternite is raised into a

pyramid, sloping sharply at the sides.

Allotype, female.—Zion, Illinois, along

Dead River: June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks.

Our only recent Illinois records are from
the extreme northeastern portion of the

state. The two sexes and immature stages

were associated by a series of males, fe-

males, pupae and larvae collected at Zion

in and along the Dead River (see p. 12).

The species has been recorded over a wide
but scattered range, probably indicating a

very local distribution. Records are avail-

able from Illinois, Newfoundland, New
York and Ontario.

Illinois Records.

—

Urbana: May 17,

1887, C. A. Hart, \$, 1 $ ; May 19, 1887,

C. A. Hart, U , 2 2 ; May 20, 1887, C. A.

Hart, 1 2 ; June 20, 1888, Forbes, Marten
& Hart, 1 2 . Zion, Dead River: May 20,

1940, Mohr & Burks, 2 larvae; June 6,

1940, Mohr & Burks, \$, 32.

Polycentropus glacialis (Ross)

Holocentropus glacialis Ross (1938a, p. 135);

Larva.—Length 13 mm. Head, pronotum
and legs yellowish, the head frequently

with slight brownish suffusions; spots on

head distinct, the two major setae on upper

part of frons surrounded by a small brown
area. Remainder of body without mark-
ings.

Adults.—Length 8-9 mm. Color, gen-

eral structure and venation similar to those

of flavus. Male genitalia, fig. 238: tenth

tergite composed of a pair of long, curved,

sclerotized rods; cerci narrow and spatulate,

without an appendage; claspers appearing

somewhat quadrate from lateral view, the

dorsal margin curved over into a trapezoidal

flap projecting meso-ventrad. Female geni-

talia, fig. 252: eighth sternite with fairly

short, ovate, lateral lobes which are wide
apart at base ; between them is a wide,

transverse ledge without abrupt apical mar-



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 69

gin; internal structures forming a pair of

wide, lateral lobes and a single mesal lobe.

Allotype, female.—Spring Grove, Illi-

nois: May 22, 1938, Ross & Mohr.
In Illinois this species has been taken

principally in the vicinity of the glacial lakes

in the northeastern part of the state (see

p. 10). It was recorded from Diamond
Lake, Illinois, May 30, as Holocentropus

species 1 Betten (1934, p. 223). Apparently

only one generation of adults appears each

year as indicated by our collection records,

which run from May 9 to August 12.

The range of the species is poorly known.
In addition to our Illinois records we have

only the following: Michigan (Nottawa)
and Wisconsin ( Mukwonagon)

.

Illinois Records.

—

Antioch : July 1,

1931, Prison, Betten & Ross, i S ; July 6,

1931, Prison et al., 5 <S ; July 6, 1932, Prison

et al., 9 $ ; July 7, 1932, at light, Prison &
Metcalf, \S. Channel Lake: May 27,

1936, H. H. Ross, 1 $ pupa; June 11, 1936,

Ross & Burks, i$. Pox Lake: July 1,

1931, Prison, Betten & Ross, $ $ ; June
30, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 3 5 ; May 28,

1936, in weeds, H. H. Ross, $ $ , ?> larvae;

May 13, 1938, 1 9 . Havana: May 9, 1896,

Butler, 1 $. Spring Grove: Aug. 12, 1937,

at light, Ross k Burks, 2 $ ; May 20, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 1 $ ; May 22, 1938, Ross &
Burks, U , 19; May 23, 1938, Ross &
Burks, 3 $ ; June 4, 1938, Mohr & Burks,

1 $ ; May 31, 1 ^ ; June 10, 1 $ (reared).

Ottawa: June 3, 1938, Mohr & Burks,

Polycentropus interruptus (Banks)

Holocentropus interruptus Banks (1914, p.

257); c?.

Holocentropus orotus Banks (1914, p. 257);

cf, 9.

Holocentropus longus Banks (1914, p. 258);

Larva.—Pig. 233. Length 15 mm. Head
yellowish with distinct dark spots and with

most of the dorsum clouded with reddish

brown, the major pair of setae of the upper

frons with a small, pale area around base.

Pronotum and legs yellowish brown. Re-

mainder of body pale.

Adults.—Length 9-10 mm. Color vari-

ous shades of brown, the wings marked with

pale areas making a somewhat checkerboard

pattern. Pront wings with R., present, hind

wings with Rg absent. Male genitalia, fig.

236: tenth tergite with a pair of long,

curved processes which are sclerotized, slen-

der and curved to follow the outline of the

aedeagus; cerci with the basal portion long

and widened at apex, bearing a short, sau-

sage-shaped apical projection; claspers

broad at base, tapering to a sharp, up-

curved point, and with only small flaps on
the mesal base. Pemale genitalia, fig. 251:

eighth sternite long and rounded at apex,

lateral lobes long and spatulate, with a

footlike angular base ; between these lobes

there is a deep depression in the tergite;

ninth sternite with a pair of long, sclero-

tized rods.

In Illinois we have taken this species

recently only in lakes and ponds in the

extreme northeastern corner of the state.

The larvae were taken in weed beds and be-

neath stones in these situations and locally

were very abundant. Our adult records

indicate only one generation per year, all

falling between May 26 and July 15. Nu-
merous mature pupae from Channel Lake,

Pox Lake and Dead River (see p. 12) have

established the association of the larvae and

adults.

The range of the species is extensive, in-

cluding Colorado, Illinois, Massachusetts,

Michigan, New Hampshire and New York.

These records, however, are based on a

minimum of definite localities, so that the

species appears to be very local in its occur-

rence.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken May 26 to July 15, and

many larvae, taken May 27-28, are from

Algonquin, Antioch, Channel Lake, Pox
Lake, Grass Lake, Pistakee Lake, Rich-

mond, Spring Grove, Urbana, Volo, Zion.

Nyctiophylax Brauer

Nyctiophylax Brauer (1865, p. 419). Geno-
type, monobasic: Nyctiophylax sinensis Brauer.

Only two Nearctic species are known for

this genus, one of them from Illinois, the

other from the Northeast. The larva has

not been associated with the adult, although

one species is very common and widespread

(see Genus A and Genus B, pp. 73 and 74).

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with cerci and
claspers, figs. 262, 263 (males).... 2



70 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

262 A
VESTITUS

263 A
UNCUS

Figs. 262-263.

—

Nyctiophylax, male geni-

talia. A, lateral aspect; B, clasper, caudal

aspect.

Apex of abdomen with platelike lateral

lobes, fig. 264 (females)

not keyed

2. Posterior aspect of claspers with mesal

lobe produced into a long finger,

fig. 263 uncus, p. 70

Posterior aspect of claspers with mesal

lobe no higher than lateral lobe,

fig. 262 vestitus, p. 70

Nyctiophylax vestitus (Hagen)

Polycentropus vestitus Hagen (1861, p. 293);

9.

Polycentropus affinis Banks (1897, p. 30); d^.

Nyctiophylax moestus Banks (1911, p. 359);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 5-7 mm. Color various

shades of brown, the wings with light spots

in an irregular pattern. Male genitalia, fig.

262: tenth tergite semimembranous, short,

narrowed at apex; cerci forming a some-
what ovate lobe with a sharp process on the

mesal face near venter; claspers appearing
narrow from lateral view, the extreme base

produced into a short shelf, the apical por-

tion with a broad, concave, posterior face

which is divided at apex into a pair of short

lobes, the inner one small. Female geni-

talia, fig. 264: lateral lobes of eighth ster-

nite short and wide; bursa copulatrix vari-

able, but always with a shieldlike structure.

In Illinois this species occurs associated

with a wide variety of small to large streams

over most of the state. Adult emergence

begins in May and continues until at least

September.

The species is apparently widespread

through the Northeast and continues south-

westward through the Ozarks to Oklahoma.

We have records from Arkansas, Illinois,

Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan,

Minnesota, New York, North Carolina,

Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Quebec, Tennes-

see and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 19 to September 20, are

from Algonquin, Alto Pass (Union Spring),

Antioch, Apple River State Park, Barton-

ville (Kickapoo Creek), Charleston, Coun-
cil Hill (Galena River), Danville (Middle

Fig. 264.—Nyctiophylax vestitus, female gen-

italia. A, ventral aspect; 5, dorsal aspect of

bursa copulatrix.

Fork River), Downs (Kickapoo Creek),

Eddyville (Lusk Creek), Eichorn (Hicks

Branch), Elgin (Botanical Gardens), Fox
Lake, Galena (Sinsinawa River), Grass
Lake, Herod, Kankakee (Kankakee River),

McHenry, Momence (Kankakee River),

Mount Carroll, Muncie, Oakwood (Salt

Fork, Middle Fork, Vermilion River), Ore-
gon, Ottawa, Pontlac, Quincy (stream near

Cave Spring), Serena (Fox River, Indian

Creek), Springfield (Sangamon River),

Spring Grove (Nippersink Creek), Sugar

Grove, Venedy Station (Kaskaskia River),

Wadsworth (Des Plaines River), Wauke-
gan, White Pines Forest State Park, Wil-
mington.

Nyctiophylax uncus new species

Male.—Length 6.5 mm. Color various

shades of brown, the wings only indistinctly

spotted, the antennae and legs straw colored

except for the hind tibiae which have the

apical five-sixths dark brown, forming a

conspicuous pale annulus at base. Wings
with Rg absent. Male genitalia with gen-



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 71

eral features as in fig. 262: ninth sternite

narrowed on ventral margin and produced

on meson into a low, sharp hump ; tenth

tergite short, semimembranous, and divided

at apex into just a pair of short approxi-

mate points; cerci broad, rounded at apex

with a long, curved sclerotized hook arising

from ventral mesal corner; claspers, fig.

263, appearing narrow from lateral view,

the extreme base produced into a hump, the

posterior face wide, slightly convex, with

a wide, lateral, setate area, the apical mesal

corner produced into a long, slender, sclero-

tized rod curved dorsad; aedeagus some-

what tubular with a pair of dorsal sclero-

tized rods and with a cushion of short, black

spines at apex.

Female.—Size 7.5 mm. In color and gen-

eral structure similar to male. Eighth ster-

nite with lateral lobes large and ovate;

bursa copulatrix very similar to that in

fig. 264.

Holotype, male.—Blue Mountain Lake,

Adirondack State Park, New York: June
19, 1941, Frison & Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

New York.—Same data as

for holotype, 5$, 1$. Lima: June 19,

1941, Frison & Ross, 2$ .

New Hampshire.—Woodstock: June
21, 1941, at light, Frison & Ross, 19.
This species is closely related to vestitus,

differing in the male in the large, expanded

lateral lobe and the elongate mesal lobe of

the apex; the female differs little in the

shape of the bursa copulatrix.

Although not yet taken in Illinois, the

species is so widely distributed to the north

and northeast that it can be expected in the

state in future collecting.

Cyrnellus Banks

Cyrnellus Banks (1913, p. 88j. Genotype,
by original designation: Cyrnellus minimus
Banks.

Only one North American species, mar-
ginalise is known for this genus. The im-

mature stages have never been discovered.

The significant generic characters for this

complex (which includes Nyctiopliylax) have

not been worked out clearly, but I am fol-

lowing Mosely (1934a) in assigning mar-
ginalis to Cyrnellus. Future association of

adults and larvae will help to clarify the

status of these genera.

Cyrnellus marginalis (Banks)

Nyctiophylax marginalis Banks ("19301^, p.

231); d^.

Cyrnellus zernyi Mosely (1934rt, p. 142); cf.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 4.5-5.5 mm. Color

various shades of brown ; antennae, legs

and venter much paler. Male genitalia,

fig. 265: tenth tergite semimembranous and

subquadrate; cerci lanceolate, with a short,

ventral, styliform process; claspers long and

nearly straight, the apex with a sharp, large,

black mesal triangle. Female genitalia, fig.

266, with parts weakly sclerotized; eighth

sternite short, slightly carinate between lat-

eral lobes, which are large, approximate on

Fig. 265.— Cyrnellus marginalis, male gen-

italia. A, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect of

claspers.

Fig. 266.

—

Cyrnellus marginalis, female gen-

italia.



72 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

meson and reach beyond sternite ; ninth seg-

ment long and somewhat vasiform, without

conspicuous internal processes.

Taken in all parts of the state, this spe-

cies shows a marked preference for large

rivers such as the Illinois, Kaskaskia and

Mississippi; however, we have taken it in

numbers along many small streams. Usual-

ly it is taken in only small numbers, but

occasionally large swarms are encountered.

The adult emergence occurs from May until

October.

The species is widely distributed through

the central states; records include Alabama,

Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan,

Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma,

Tennessee and Wisconsin. It is also known

from near the mouth of the Amazon River

in South America.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 29 to October 10, are

from Algonquin, Antioch, Bartonville (Kick-

apoo Creek), Danville, Deer Grove (Green

River), Dixon, East Dubuque, Elgin (Bo-

tanical Gardens), Grafton, Hamilton, Har-

din, Havana (Spoon River), Herod, Kan-

kakee (Kankakee River), Milan (Rock

River), Olive Branch (Horse Shoe Lake),

Ottawa, Palos Park (Mud Lake), Pontiac,

Ripley (La Moine River), Rockford, Rock

Island, Springfield (Sangamon River),

Spring Grove, Thebes, Venedy Station

(Kaskaskia River).

Cernotina Ross

Cernotina Ross (1938fl, p. 136). Genotype,

by original designation: Cernotina calcea Ross.

No larva of this genus has been discov-

ered. The adults of both sexes are 5-6 mm.
long, with the head, body and appendages

straw color, the wings and parts of the legs

darkened with brown hair. The female geni-

talia are similar in all species known, the

genital segments forming a conical structure

with only simple parts, fig. 267.

Fig. 267.

—

Cernotina calcea, female genitalia.

Of the six North American species, only

one has been taken in Illinois, but three

others are known from Michigan and Ohio

and may eventually be found in the state.

KEY TO SPECIES

Males

1. Cerci with 3 or 4 long, black teeth on
mesal side near base, fig. 268

calcea, p. 72

Cerci without long, black mesal teeth 2

2. Apex of cerci long and ribbon-like, the

inner margin just beyond apex set

with a row of 5 to 7 small teeth, fig.

269 pallida, p. 73

Apex of cerci shorter and whiplike, the

inner margin without teeth, fig. 270 3

3. Base of clasper with a sclerotized,

ovoid plate attached underneath it,

fig. 270 spicata, p. 73

Base of clasper without this plate,

fig. 271 Ohio, p. 73

Cernotina calcea Ross

Cernotina calcea Ross (1938fl, p. 137); cf, 9.

Adults.—Length 5-6 mm. Head and

body straw color, typical for genus. Male
genitalia, fig. 268: tenth tergite merging

with ninth, the resulting structure with a

deep, V-shaped incision on meson; cerci with

three to four large, black mesal teeth near

middle, the apex lengthened into a long,

slender sinuate rod; claspers stocky, the

apex formed into a clawlike structure, and
the dorsal margin with a slender arm at

middle; aedeagus tubular and only slightly

sclerotized. Female genitalia, fig. 267, coni-

cal, without heavily sclerotized internal

parts or supports.

Our only Illinois records are from Kan-
kakee and Oakwood. The species is always

found along clear, cool streams. Adult
emergence extends over a considerable peri-

od; our Illinois records indicate a span

from June 29 to August 1.

The range of the species is incompletely

known. It is apparently quite widely but

locally distributed in cooler streams as indi-

cated by records from Illinois, Florida, Mis-
souri, Oklahoma and Texas.

Illinois Records.

—

Kankakee: Aug. 1,

1933, Ross & Mohr, 1 5 ; July 21, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, 1 5 ; June 29, 1939, Burks

& Ayars, 25. Oakwood: July 18, 1933,

Ross & Mohr, 1 5

.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 73

Cernotina pallida (Banks)

Cyrnus pallidus Banks (1904^, p. 214); cf.

Cernotina spicata Ross

Cernotina spicata Ross (1938fl, p. 138); cf

.

This species has not yet been found inThis species, described from Maryland,

has not yet been taken in Illinois but has Illinois. Records from Maine, Michigan and

been found as close as central Ohio. It is Oklahoma indicate a widely scattered range

271 B

Figs. 268-271.

—

Cernotina, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C, cercus

showing inner teeth.

similar in general appearance to calcea, dif- and the possibility of its being found in Illi-

fering in the long, whiplike cerci, which nois in future collecting.

are armed with small teeth near the apex,

instead of long black teeth near the base. Psychomyiid Genus A

Cernotina ohio Ross

Cernotina ohio Ross (1939-^, p. 628); cf.

This species has not been taken in Illinois

but occurs in Ohio. It is a close relative of

spicata but may be readily distinguished by

the male genitalia, fig. 271. The cerci lack

a baso-mesal plate and the claspers have

fewer setae on their dorsal arms.

Larva.—Fig. 272. Length 9 mm. Head
cream with a dorsal, spotted, purplish brown
pattern; pronotum cream around edges, cen-

tral portion brown; legs white; body color-

less. Mandibles with dorsal and ventral

rows of teeth, fig. 199, in both mandibles

the dorsal row concealing the ventral row.

Legs spinose, tarsal claws long and sharp.

Tubular processes of tenth segment long;

anal legs and hooks large, very similar to



74 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

272 273

Fig. 272.

—

Psycho7nyiid Genus A, larva, head.

Fig. 273.

—

Psychomyiid Genus B, larva, head.

those in fig. 201 ; anal hooks with inner teeth

minute, fig. 190.

Adults.—Unknown.
This curious larva has been taken in small

to medium-sized, rapid streams, including

the Salt Fork River and Rock Creek. Only
scattered records are available, a few in

the northern half of Illinois, and others

from Florida, Michigan and Wisconsin. No
accurate statement can be made as to the

identity of this larva, but it is probably one

of those now known only from the adult

stage, such as Nyctiophylax, Cyrnellus or

Cernotina (see the following).

Illinois Records.

—

Bartelso: Aug. 16,

1898, on logs, C. A. Hart, 1 larva. Erie,

Rock Creek: June 5, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

1 larva. Oakwood: June 6, 1920, T. H.
Frison, 2 larvae.

pronotum brown with anterior margin yel-

low; legs cream to white. General struc-

ture of mandibles and legs similar to above,

fig. 274; ninth sternite bearing a T-shaped,

reticulate area and having tubular processes

of tenth segment short, with an extensive

patch of minute spinules, figs. 200, 201.

Adults.—Unknown.
We collected a single specimen of this

larva in rapids of the Kankakee River at

Momence, Illinois, May 26, 1936, H. H.
Ross. The similar mandibles and anal hooks

show a marked affinity with the larva de-

scribed above as Genus A ; they will doubt-

less prove to be Nyctiophylax, Cyrnellus or

Cernotina.

hype McLachlan

Lype McLachlan (1879, p. 422). Genotype,
here designated: Lype phaeopa (Stephens).

To date only one species of the genus

has been recorded for North America. We
have one record of it from Illinois.

In recent years there has been consider-

able juggling of generic names in this com-

plex. I believe that the genital structures

indicate clearly that Betten's (1934) defini-

tion of this and the following genus is

correct.

Larvae of this genus are not available for

study. The genotype has been reared in

Europe, but no North American species

have had the adults and larvae associated.

Psychomyiid Genus B

Larva.—Fig. 273. Length 8 mm. Head
creamy yellow with a large brown mark
covering most of anterior portion of dorsum;

Neureclipsis
crepuscularis

PSYCHOMYIA
FLAVIDA

Fig. 274.—Psychomyiidae larvae, legs. I,

front leg; II, middle leg; III, hind leg.

Lype diverse (Banks)

Psychomyia diversa Banks (1914, p. 253); cf.

Lype griselda Betten (1934, p. 229); cf.

New synonymy.

Adults.—Length 5-7 mm. General color

very dark, almost black, with only a few
irregular light marks along the sutures.

Male genitalia, fig. 275: tenth tergite large

and hood shaped, with a dorsal horn; cerci

long and lanceolate; claspers long and nar-

row; aedeagus arcuate. Female genitalia,

fig. 276, produced into a long, tapering ovi-

positor, without conspicuous processes.

Allotype, female.—Elkmont, Tennessee,

along Little River: June 12, 1938, T. H.
Frison & T. H. Frison, Jr.

The dorsal horn of the male tenth ter-

gite varies conspicuously from a very short,

sharp projection to a long,' sinuate structure

enlarged at the tip. The type of diversa



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 75

Fig. 275.

—

Lype diversa, male genitalia,

showing variations of dorsal horn of tenth

tergite.

represents the latter, the type of griselda

a more or less intermediate condition. Ex-

amination of considerable material indicates

that this entire range is merely variation

within the species. Representative condi-

tions found, showing the two extremes and

intermediate steps, are illustrated in fig. 275.

Our only Illinois record of this species

is a male collected along Quiver Creek at

Havana, May 29, 1936, Mohr & Burks.

The range of the species is widespread

through the eastern states, extending west-
ward to Wisconsin and Illinois. We have
records from Florida, Michigan, New
Hampshire, New York, North Carolina,

Ohio, Ontario, Tennessee, Vermont, Vir-

ginia and Wisconsin.

Psychomyia Pictet

Psychomyia Pictet (1834, p. 222). Geno-
type, here designated: Psychomyia annuli-

cornis Pictet.

Quissa Milne (1936, p. 89). Genotype, mon-
obasic: Psychomyia flavida Hagen.

Of the three described North American
species, only flavida has been taken in Illi-

nois. Of the other two species, nomada is

known only from the eastern states, and
lumina is known only from Oregon.
The genus was described without any

included species. Pictet was the first to

place species in the genus, and since no geno-

type has apparently been designated, I pro-

pose his first included species, annulicornis,

in that capacity.

Psychomyia flavida Hagen

Psychomyia flavida Hagen (1861, p. 294); 9.

Psychomyia pulchella Banks (1899, p. 217);

9.

Psychomyia moesta Banks (1907«, p. 131); 9.

Larva.—Fig. 277. Length 6 mm. Head
and pronotum yellowish brown, other scle-

Fig. 276.

—

Lype diversa, female genitalia.

Fig. 277.

—

Psychomyia flavida larva, head.

rites straw color, body green. Frons with

anterior margin sinuate. Legs short, claws

short and angled, fig. 274.

Adults.—Length 4—6 mm. Head, body

and appendages straw color with a slight

purplish tinge on many areas. Male geni-

talia, fig. 278: tenth tergite divided into

two large, flaplike lateral lobes to which

are fused the cerci; claspers short, flat and

truncate; aedeagus with a central arcuate



76 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

stem ending in a knob, with a pair of long

needle-like styles following the stem, and

another pair of styles arising from a ventral

complex of internal sclerites. The short

dorsal processes of the male genitalia are

Fig. 278.— Psychomyia flavida, male genitalia.

CERCUS

\ f\
K / (? Tergites\v\ ///

Fig. 279.—Psychomyia nomada, male genitalia.

Fig. 280.—Psychomyia flavida, female geni-

talia.

in marked contrast to the long structures of

the other eastern species, nomada, fig. 279.

Female genitalia, fig. 280, conical with a

single ventral sclerite.

This species is rare in Illinois. We have

collected it in only two places, along the

Kankakee River at Momence, and in Apple

River Canyon State Park, in the northeast

and northwest parts of the state, respective-

ly. Immature stages were collected in Apple

River Canyon State Park in one of the

swift rapids of the Apple River.

The species has a very wide and extensive

range which almost completely encircles the

Great Plains. It is restricted to swift, cold

streams in which it is frequently taken in

enormous numbers. Records are available

for the following: Arkansas, Colorado,

Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michi-

gan, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire,

New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Okla-

homa, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Saskatche-

wan, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wisconsin

and Wyoming.
Illinois Records.

—

Apple River Can-
yon State Park: May 24, 1940, H. H.
Ross, 1 pupa; June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

1$. Momence: June 4, 1932, Prison &
Mohr, 1 2 .

HYDROPSYGHIDAE

Unquestionably this family is the most

abundant caddis fly group in Illinois. Not
only is our fauna rich in species, but various

species of Hydropsychidae form the most

abundant faunal element in most of the

rivers and streams. This same condition

holds true for almost the entire Corn Belt.

By far the largest genus is Hydropsyche.

Next comes Cheumatopsyche; then the re-

maining genera contain at the most a few

species each.

The adults are diverse in size, shape and

numerous structural characteristics. Both

sexes have five-segmented maxillary palpi.

All genera lack scutal warts, ocelli and

preapical spurs on the front tibiae.

The larvae of all genera are remarkably

uniform in habits and appearance. They
are wormlike, active and pugnacious, and

possess rows of bushy abdominal gills, fig.

281. They prefer the more rapid locations

in streams, usually being concentrated

around riffles, spillways and rapids, although

they may also be found wherever there is

an appreciable current. They make a re-



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 77

treat under and about trash, logs, stones

and any other haven. In front of this retreat

they build a net which is reputed to strain

food from the flowing water, fig. 4. For

Fig. 281.—Hydropsyche simulans, larva.

pupation they spin an ovoid cocoon near the

retreat, generally using sand, stones and bits

of trash.

Characters of both mature and immature

stages show no real benefit to be derived by

dividing this family in subfamilies. Because

it simplifies the keys to treat the entire

family as a unit with no established group-

ings and combinations of genera to follow,

subfamily treatment has been disregarded.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Head with a broad, flat dorsal area

set off" by an extensive arcuate ca-

rina, fig. 415. . . Macronemum, p. 114

Head without a dorsal area set off by a

carina, fig. 304 2

2. Left mandible with a high thumblike,

dorso-lateral projection, fig. 282. . .

Genus A, p. 83

Left mandible without a dorso-lateral

projection, at most with a carina,

fig. 283 3

3. Stridulator of front leg forked, fig. 291 4

Stridulator of front leg not forked, fig.

292 5

4. Prosternal plate with a pair of poste-

rior sclerites, fig. 293. Basal tooth

of mandibles single, fig. 284
Hydropsyche, p. 86

Prosternal plate without a pair of

sclerites posterior to it, fig. 294.

Basal tooth of mandibles double.

fig. 285 Cheumatopsyche, p. 108

5. Quia rectangular and long, separating

genae completely, fig. 296; each

branched gill with all its branches

arising at top of basal stalk, fig.

298 6

Gula triangular and short, genae there-

fore fused for most of their length,

283 284

287 288

289 290
Hydropsychidae Larvae, Mandibles

Fig. 282.—Hydropsychid Genus A.

Fig. 283.—Potamyia flava.

Fig. 284.—Hydropsyche cheilonis.

Fig. 285,—Cheumatopsyche campyla.

Fig. 286.—Diplectrona modesta.

Fig. 287.— Smicridea fasciatella.

Fig. 288.—Macronemum zebratum.

Fig. 289.—Parapsyche cardis.

Fig. 290.—Arctopsyche grandis.



78 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Fig. 291.—Hydropsyche cheilonis larva,

stridulator of front leg.

Fig. 292.—Smicridea Jasciatella larva, strid-

ulator of front leg.

Fig. 293.—Hydropsyche cheilonis larva, pro-

sternal plates.

Fig. 294.—Cheumatopsyche campyla larva,

prosternal plates.

Fig. 295.—Parapsyche cardis larva, head,

ventral aspect.

Fig. 296.—Arctopsyche sp. larva, head, ven-

tral aspect.

Fig. 297.—Diplectrona modesta larva, head,

ventral aspect.

Fig. 298.—Parapsyche cardis larva, gill with

terminal branches.

Fig. 299.—Diplectrona modesta larva, gill

with terminal branches.

304 305

Fig. 300.—Parapsyche cardis larva, portion

of abdomen.
Fig. 301.—Arctopsyche sp. larva, portion of

abdomen.
Fig. 302.—Potamyia flava larva, submen-

tum (sm).

Fig. 303.—Diplectrona modesta larva, sub-

mentum (sm).

Fig. 304.—Diplectrona modesta larva, head,

dorsal aspect.

Fig. 7>^^.—Smicridea jasciatella larva, head,

dorsal aspect.

fig. 297; each branched gill with

branches arising from both sides

and top of basal stalk, fig. 299 7

6. Gula rectangular and of even width,

fig. 295; abdomen with stout, short,

black, scalelike hairs arranged in

tufts along dorsum near sides, fre-

quently with broad scales scattered

between them, fig. 300

Parapsyche, p. 83

Gula narrowed posteriorly, fig. 296;
abdomen without distinct setal

tufts, with coarse hairs of varying
lengths, some ot them scalelike but
narrow and long, fig. 301

. Arctopsyche, p. 83

7. Mandibles with winglike dorso-lateral

flanges along basal half, fig. 283;

submentum cleft, fig. 302
Potamyia, p. 85

Mandibles without distinct dorso-lat-

eral flanges, fig. 286; submentum
sub-conical, not cleft, fig. 303 8

8. Frons expanded laterad, its lateral ex-

tensions sharp, fig. 304
Diplectrona, p. 84

Frons not expanded laterad, its lateral

extensions scarcely produced, fig.

305 Smicridea, p. 85

Pupae

A''. B.—In connection with this key, characters

of the mandibles should be used Jor checking

identifications, fig. 316.

1. Apical processes sharply recurved, fig.

3065, excavated along caudo-ven-

tral aspect and tip without points,

fig. 306 Parapsyche, p. 83

Apical processes not rec.urved, fig. 307,

either not excavated along caudo-

ventral aspect or with tip bifid. ... 2



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Ilunois 79

2. Apical processes rounded at apex, not

bifurcate, figs. 308, 309 3

Apical processes bifurcate at apex,

figs. 310-313 4

3. Apical processes fiat, wide and ap-

pressed, hairy along lateral and

dorsal margins, fig. 308; second

hook-bearing plate of third segment

narrow and linear

Macronemum, p. 114

Apical processes finger-like and widely

separated, hairy chiefly at apex,

fig. 309; second hook-bearing plate

of third segment ovoid

Smicridea, p. 85

Tips of apical processes very long and
sharp, fig. 310 Diplectrona, p. 84

3I2A

Apical Processes ot Pupae

A, caudo-ventral aspect; B, lateral aspect.

313 A

Fig. 306.—Parapsyche cardis.

Fig. 307.—Hydropsyche simulans.

Fig. 308.—Macronemum zebratum.

Fig. 309.—Smicridea fasciatella.

Fig. 310.—Diplectrona modesta.

Fig. 311.—Arctepsyche sp.

Fig. 312.—Potamyia flava.

Fig. 313.—Cheumatopsyche campyla.



80 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Tips of apical processes not so long or

sharp, figs. 311, 312 5

aMaaAMv

314

315

Fig. 314.—Cheumatopsyche
campyla pupa, hook-bearing
plate'3P.

Fig. 315.— Hydropsyche orris

pupa, hook-bearing plate 3P.

5. Apical processes with a group of 3 or

4 long, stout spines and with mesal

point much shorter than lateral

point, fig. 311 Arctopsyche, p. 83

Apical processes without such a group
of spines and with mesal point as

long as or longer than lateral point,

fig. 307 6

6. Apical processes with base large and
inflated, apex short and narrow,

fig. 312 Potamyia, p. 85

Apical processes fairly uniform in

MaCRONEMA
ZEBRATUM

Smicridea
fasciatella

Arctopsyche
SP. Parapsyche

CARDIS
Diplectrona
MODESTA

Hydropsyche
simulans

Potamyia
FLAVA

Cheumatopsyche^
ANALIS

Fig. 316.—Hydropsychidae, pupal mandibles.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 81

width, apex not narrowed, fia;s. 307,

313 r 7

7. Third abdominal tergite with posterior

plates ovoid, fig. 314
Cheumatopsyche, p. 108

Third abdominal tergite with posterior

plates long and linear, fig. 315

Hydropsyche, p. 86

Adults

1. Head with anterior warts large and
swollen, posterior warts much
smaller, fig. 317; slender species

with very long antennae and with

pictured wings, fig. 420

Macronemum, p. 1 14

Head with anterior warts small or in-

distinct, posterior warts large, figs.

318-320 2

2. Front wings with R4 and Rs running

very close together at base and form-

ing a long, narrow V, fig. 330

Smicridea, p. 85

Front wings with Ri and Rs separating

rapidly at base and not running
close together, figs. 331-334 3

3. Hind wings with apex round and
with Sc and Ri bowed deeply at

apex, fig. 331 Diplectrona, p. 84

Hind wings either with Sc and Ri not

markedly bowed, fig. 333, or both

wings with apical margin incised,

fig. 332 4

4. Second segment of maxillary palpi

distinctly shorter than third seg-

ment, fig. 322 5

Second segment of maxillary palpi as

long as or longer than third segment,
fig. 323 8

5. Genitalia with aedeagus and claspers

(males) 6

Genitalia without aedeagus or claspers

(females) 7

6. Eighth segment with sternite forming
a short, wide projection extending

under genital capsule

Parapsyche, p. 83

Eighth segment with sternite not pro-

jecting under genital capsule

Arctopsyche, p. 83

7. Middle tibiae with basal two-thirds

almost cylindrical, fig. 324
Parapsyche, p. 83

Middle tibiae greatly widened and
flattened, fig. 325

Arctopsyche, p. 83

8. Front tibiae without apical spurs, fig.

326 Potamyia cf , p. 85

Front tibiae with well-developed spurs,

fig. 327 9

Eyes situated distinctly forward from
posterior margin of head, figs., 318,

319; front and hind wings similar in

shape, figs. 332, 333 10

Eyes situated at or near posterior

margin of head, fig. 320; front wings

Fig. 317.

Fig. 318.

Fig. 319.

Fig. 320.

Fig. 321.-

palpus.

Fig. 322.

palpus.

Fig. 323.

palpus.

Fig. 324.-

Fig. 325.

tibia.

Fig. 326.

Fig. 327,-

Fig. 328.-

Fig. 329.

—Macronemum zebratum, head.
—Oropsyche howellae, head.

—Aphropsyche aprilis, head.
—Potamyia flava, head.

-Macronemum zebratum, maxillary

—Arctopsyche lagodensis, maxillary

—-Hydropsyche betteni, maxillary

—Parapsyche elsis 9, middle tibia.

—Arctopsyche lagodensis 9, middle

—Potamyia flava c?", front tibia.

—Potamyia flava 9, front tibia.

—Potamyia flava 9, head.

—Cheumatopsyche campyla, head.



82 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

narrow with straight hind margin,

much different in shape from hind

wings, which have the hind margin

arcuate, fig. 334 11

10. Both wings with apical margins in-

cised; front wings with first fork of

Rg as far basad as first fork of M,
fig. 332 Oropsyche, p. 83

Both wings with apical margins evenly

rounded; front wings with first fork

of Rs distad of first fork of M, fig.

333 Aphropsyche, p. 83

11. Malar space wide, fig. 328; flagellum

with first two segments partly or

completely fused, fig. 328; body and

wings straw color with tawny or

light brown on dorsum
Potamyia 9, p. 85

Malar space narrow, fig. 329; flagellum

with first two segments always sep-

arated by a distinct annular suture;

body and wings darker, wings either

dark or irrorate, figs. 392, 393 12

Males 13

Females 14

Base of aedeagus cylindrical, figs. 358-

383 Hydropsyche, p. 86

Base of aedeagus bulbous, figs. 394-

403 Cheumatopsyche, p. 108

14. Sternal plates of eighth segment sep-

arated to base of segment, fig. 391

Cheumatopsyche, p. 13

12

13

Hydropsychidae Wings

Fig. 330.—Smicridea fasciatella.

Fig. 331.— Diplectrona modesta.

Fig. 332.—Oropsyche howellae.

Fig. 333.—Aphropsyche aprilis.

Fig. 334.—Hydropsyche simulans.

Fig. 335.—Macronemum zebratum.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 83

Sternal plates of eighth segment sep-

arated only two-thirds distance to

base of segment, fig. 390

Hydropsyche, p. 86

Parapsyche Better)

Parapsyche Betten (1934, p. 181). Geno-

type, monobasic: Arctopsyche apicalis Banks.

No species of this genus have been re-

corded from Illinois. Two species, apicalis

and cardis, are recorded from the eastern

states.

Arctopsyche McLachlan

Arctopsyche McLachlan (1868, p. 300). Gen-

otype, monobasic: Aphelocheira ladogensis Kol-

enati.

As with the preceding, no species of this

genus have been taken in Illinois. Two east-

ern species, ladogensis and irrorata, have

been recorded from the eastern states and

eastern Canada.

Oropsyche Ross

Oropsyche Ross (1941^, p. 79). Genotype,

by original designation: Oropsyche howellae

Ross.

This primitive genus has not yet been

taken from Illinois and is known only from

Fig. 336.

—

Oropsyche howellae, male geni-

talia. A, lateral aspect; B, aedeagus, ventral

aspect; C, tenth tergite.

the genotype, described from North Caro-

lina. The distinctive genitalia, fig. 336, will

serve to verify identifications of this species.

A phropsyche Ross

Aphropsyche Ross (1941i^, p. 78). Genotype,
by original designation: Aphropsyche aprilis

Ross.

Only one species of this genus is known,
the genotype, described from Tennessee.

The male genitalia, fig. 337, are distinctive.

Fig. 337.—Aphropsyche aprilis, male geni-

talia. A, lateral aspect; B and C, aedeagus,

dorsal and lateral aspects.

Although we have no definite adult record

for this species in Illinois, there is consider-

able suspicion that the larva of the genotype

might be Genus A described below. This

larva was found in the stream at Parksville,

Tennessee, along which the type series of

the genotype was collected.

Hydropsychid Genus A

Larva.—Fig. 338. Head bright brownish

yellow with a few darker suffusions along

the frontal area; thoracic shields and legs

brownish yellow with irregular darker

markings. Head with gula small and tri-

angular, frontal area without prominent

carinae ; mandibles stout, fig. 282, the left

Fig. 338.

—

Hydropsychid Genus A, head.



84 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

one much larger than the right, with a

large dorsal projection from the lateral

margin, this projection somewhat thumb

shaped and very high; a single brustia is

present; and the row of teeth is even. The

right mandible has only a slight flange on

the dorsal lateral portion, a large tooth

dorsad of the regular series, the regular

series itself composed of three or four ir-

regular teeth.

Adults.—Unknown.
Larvae of this distinctive form have been

taken in small numbers at the mouth of

Union Spring, a small underground river

in the Ozark Hills near Alto Pass, Illinois,

as well as at Parksville, Tennessee (see

Aphropsyche aprilis) . Efforts to rear this

species have so far been unsuccessful, but

such a large proportion of the genera of the

Hydropsychidae are known that there seems

good likelihood of this species proving to

belong to one of the rare primitive genera

such as Aphropsyche.

Diplectrona Westwood

Diplectrona Westwood (1840, p. 49). Geno-

type, by original designation: Hydropsyche

flavo-maculata Stephens nee Pictet = Diplec-

trona Jelix McLachlan.

Only a single species of this genus occurs

in Illinois. In addition to this one species,

californica is known from the western

states, and another species, doringa, has been

described from New Hampshire. Dr. Milne

informs me that the holotype of the latter

may be lost; hence no diagnosis of the geni-

talia can be given.

Diplectrona modesta Banks

Diplectrona modesta Banks (1908^, p. 266);

cf , 9.

Larva.—Length 15 mm. Color of head,

thoracic shields, and legs dark reddish brown
to almost black; if reddish brown, the head

has several indistinct darker markings.

Head convex, frons sharply widened at

middle, fig. 304. Mandibles sharp and

stocky without lobes on the lateral margin,

and with the teeth of both mandibles irregu-

lar in size, fig. 286. Abdomen with a mix-

ture of short, appressed pubescence and
erect, flattened hairs; each segment has in

addition two pairs of tufts of a few long,

slender hairs.

Adults.—Length 12-14 mm. Color of

head, body and wings dark brown with a

reddish tinge, the wings without mottling

or pattern. Male genitalia composed of

quite simple parts, fig. 339: tenth tergite

Fig. 339.

—

Diplectrona modesta, male genitalia.

divided into a mesal and a lateral pair of

lobes; claspers with basal segment very long,

apical segment short and narrow; aedeagus

tubular and curved, with sharp sclerites set

in the apex.

We have taken this species commonly in

two spring-fed streams in Illinois, one of

them at Elgin in the northern part of the

state, the other at Alto Pass in extreme

southern Illinois. Scanty Illinois collections

have been made along other small spring-

fed streams, also. The adult emergence is

confined to late spring and early summer.
May and June. In more northern states

adults have been taken as late as July, and

in southern states as early as the month of

April.

The species ranges throughout the wood-
ed portions of the eastern states and ex-

tends through the Ozarks into Oklahoma.
Throughout its range it frequents rapid,

clear brooks and streams. We have records

for Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,

Indiana, New Hampshire, New York,

North Carolina, Oklahoma, Ontario, Penn-

sylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee and

West Virginia.

Illinois Records.

—

Alto Pass, Union
Spring: May 31, 1938, B. D. Burks, 2

larvae, 1 ? ; May 12, 1939, Burks & Riegel,

1 larva, 1 $ ; May 23, 1939, Ross & Burks,

many larvae; May 29, 1939, Burks &
Riegel, 1 5 ; May 14, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

3 larvae; May 26, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

many larvae, 2 5,29; May 31, 1940, B. D.

Burks, many larvae; June 20, 1940, Mohr
& Riegel, 1^. Elgin, Botanical Gardens:

April 19, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 1 larva;

May 9, 1939, Ross & Burks, 4 pupae, 3



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 85

larvae; May 23, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 2$ ,

1 $ , 3 larvae; June 6, 1939, Burks & Riegel,

4<5, 39 ; June 13, 1939, Prison & Ross,

3$, many larvae; Sept. 19, 1939, Ross &
Mohr, 3 larvae. Fountain Bluff: May
14, 1932, Frison, Ross & Mohr, 1 ? ; May
15, 1932, Ross & Mohr, 19. Oakwood,
small tributary Middle Fork River: July

14, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 1 larva. Utica,

Split Rock Brook: Feb. 1, 1941, Frison,

Ries & Ross, 2 larvae; May 24, 1941, Ross

& Burks, 1 9 .

Stnicridea McLachlan

Smicridea McLachlan (1871, p. 134). Geno-
type, here designated: Smicridea Jasciatella

McLachlan.

This genus has not yet been recorded from

Illinois. The genotype has been taken com-

monly in Texas and Oklahoma and may
ultimately be found in southern Illinois.

The distinctive larval mandibles, fig. 287,

pupal mandibles and apical processes, figs.

309, 316, adult venation, fig. 330, and male

genitalia, fig. 340, will readily identify this

c^.

Fig. 340.—Smicridea Jasciatella, male genitalia.

species. The larvae have been collected in

small spring-fed streams in both Texas and

Oklahoma. I have found the adults especi-

ally abundant in this latter state.

Potamyia Banks

Potamyia Banks (1900a, p. 259). Genotype,
by original designation: Macronema flavum
Hagen.

Only one species of this genus is known.
In structure the female is very similar to

that of Hydropsyche, but the male, larva

and pupa are so distinctive that there is no

question as to the separate generic status

of Potamyia.

Potamyia flava (Hagen)

Macronema flavum Hagen (1861, p. 285);

Hydropsyche kansensis Banks (1905^, p. 15);

Larva.—Length 13 mm. Head, thoracic

sclerites and legs brownish yellow, the

frontal area of head with a reddish cast,

and the thoracic sclerites bordered by a

narrow, black line. Frons subtriangular.

Mandibles, fig. 283, with long, wide, lateral

flanges along basal half. Hair on abdomen
short and appressed.

Adults.—Length 10-11 mm. Color al-

most uniformly light brownish yellow, with

a slight pinkish tinge. Male with very long,

slender antennae and without spurs on the

front tibiae; male genitalia, fig. 341, with

simple parts. Female with shorter antennae

and normal spurs on front tibiae, in both

these respects resembling Hydropsyche.

This is one of the most common large-

stream to large-river species, not only in

Illinois but throughout the Middle West.

We have abundant records of the species

from all parts of Illinois and have taken

it repeatedly in huge swarms along such

rivers as the Illinois, Mississippi, Ohio and

Rock. The adults begin emerging in May
and continue through September.

An interesting feature of the species'

habits has been observed in a few small

streams where the larvae were accessible.

Here it was found that, instead of hiding

under the rocks, the larvae tended to fre-

quent less rapid portions of the stream and

construct their retreats on top of the rocks.

In many of these situations their nets could

be seen sticking up into the current like

miniature fences.

The range of the species seems to be re-

stricted to midwestern and southern states,

with a preference for the larger and slower

Fig. 341.—Potamyia flava, male genitalia.



86 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

streams. Records are available for Arkan-

sas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,

Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,

Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee,

Texas and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken May 6 to October 10,

and many larvae, taken April 24 to Septem-

ber 11, are from Alton, Apple River Can-

yon State Park, Areola, Aurora, Bath,

Cairo, Carbondale, Charleston, Clinton,

Como (below mouth of Elkhorn Creek,

Rock River), Crystal Lake near Gulfport,

Danville (Middle Fork River), Dixon

(Rock River), DoAvns, Dundee, East Du-
buque, Effingham, Eichorn, Elgin (Botanical

Gardens, Fox River), Elizabethtown, Flor-

ence, Fox Lake, Freeport, Fulton, Galena

(Sinsinawa River), Gilman, Golconda,

Grafton (Mississippi River), Grand Tow-
er, Gulfport (Crystal Lake), Hamilton,

Hanover, Hardin (Illinois River), Harris-

nurg. Harvard, Havana, Henry, Herod,

Hillsdale, Homer, Horse Shoe Lake, Jer-

seyville, Kampsville, Kankakee (Kankakee

River), Kappa (Mackinaw River), Keiths-

burg, Lawrenceville, Le Roy, Massac Coun-
ty, Meredosia, Metropolis, Milan (Rock
River), Momence, Monticello, Morris,

Mount Carmel, Muncie, New Boston, New
Milford (Kishwaukee River), Oakwood
(Salt Fork River), Oregon (Castle Rock,

Rock River), Oswego, Ottawa, Pere Mar-
quette State Park, Pontiac, Putnam (Lake
Senachwine), Quincy (Burton Creek, Mis-
sissippi River), Richmond, Ripley (La
Moine River), Rockford, Rock Island,

Rockton, Rosiclare, Savanna (Mississippi

River), Serena (Indian Creek, Fox River),

Shawneetown, Shelbyville, South Beloit,

Springfield (Sangamon River), Sterling

(Rock River), Sugar Grove, Thebes, Ur-
bana, Valley City (Illinois River), Venedy
Station (Kaskaskia River), Wadsworth
(Des Plains River), Waukegan, Wilming-
ton, Yorkville, Zeigler, Zion.

Hydropsyche Pictet

Hydropsy che Pictet (1834, p. 199). Geno-
type, here designated: Hydropsyche cinerea

Pictet.

In Illinois we have taken 18 species of

this genus, the various species living in prac-

tically every kind of permanent stream in the

state. Some are found abundantly in large

rivers; others appear restricted to small

spring-fed brooks.

The genus contains about 50 species, for

a large proportion of which females and

larvae have been identified. It is interesting

to note that in the scalaris group the larvae

can be identified with considerable ease, but

in the bifida group few characters have yet

been found by which to identify them. In

the females the opposite is true ; those of

the scalaris group present many small com-

plexes in which final specific identification

is extremely critical and unreliable, whereas

in the bifida group reliable specific charac-

ters are known for most of the species.

Fine pioneer work outlining diagnostic

characters for the females of Hydropsyche
and Cheumatopsyche has been done by Den-
ning (1943). Denning has used the median
plate as a source of supplementary charac-

ters. Due to the difficulty of seeing this

plate in many species, its characters are not

used in the present keys, and for informa-

tion regarding them the student is referred

to Denning's work.

Westwood (1840, p. 49) designated in-

stabilis Curtis as the genotype of Hydro-
psyche, but since this name was not included

in the original description of the genus, it

cannot function as the type species. H.
cinerea Pictet, an originally included species,

is here designated the genotype. Pictet's

species cinerea is considered a synonym of

instabilis.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

L Frons with two short, upturned,

stocky "horns" on anterior margin,

fig. 346 orris, p. 106

Frons without teeth on anterior mar-
gin 2

2. Frons with anterior margin produced
into a low, wide, angular portion,

fig. 347 phalerata, p. 102

Frons with anterior margin almost

straight 3

3. Head entirely black or blackish brown,
including extreme posterior portion,

excepting only a small area around
eye which is yellowish, fig. 348. . . .

betteni, p. 99

Head with at least red or yellowish

areas leading from eye to posterior

part of head or venter, fig. 352; usu-

ally with venter or back of head
yellowish, figs. 351, 355 4



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 87

Dorsum of abdomen with wide, short,

scalelike hairs mixed with plain

hairs, fig. 342, these scales some-
times sparse but usually conspicu-

ous on the sixth, seventh or eighth

tergites

Dorsum of abdomen with only narrow,

long, scalelike hairs mixed with plain

hairs, fig. 344 10

342 A

342

mmmm
343

345

Fig. 342.—Hydropsyche simulans larva, apex

of abdomen, dorsal aspect; A, enlarged portion

of epidermis.

Fig. 343.—H. arinale larva.

Fig. 344.—H. recurvata larva.

Fig. 345.—H. aerata larva, apex of abdo-

men, ventral aspect.

5. Head chiefly yellow or straw color

with a dorsal mark resembling a

cross, fig. 349, the surface shining

and without short, black hair; base

of anal legs with a patch of brown,
flat spines, fig. 345 aerata, p. 101

Head either with more extensive dark
markings, fig. 354, or with abundant,
short, black hair, or base of anal

legs without a patch of spines 6

6. Entire dorsum and lateral portion of

head bright brownish red, uniform
except for a fine pattern of yellow-

ish spots, fig. 350; preclypeus with

sclerotized areas at sides, labrum
with yellow or pale hair. . .cuanis, p. 100

Dorsum of head with either a definite

pale and yellow pattern, fig. 353, or

mostly dark brown; preclypeus

without lateral sclerotized areas, la-

brum usually with pale hair 7

7. Scale-hairs sparse on dorsum of ab-

domen, on sixth segment no more
abundant than in fig. 343

arinale, p. 104

Scale-hairs at least as abundant as in

fig. 342 8

8. Head with dorsal pattern merging
gradually and not contrasting much
with ground color, fig. 352

simulans, p. 104

Head with a well-delimited dorsal,

dark brown mark contrasting with

ground color, figs. 353, 354 9

9. Dorsal mark on head wider, extending

full width of head, ending in line

with eyes, cut ofl^ with a sharper and
straighter margin, fig. 353; simple

hairs on abdomen as dark and con-

spicuous as scale-hairs. . .hageni, p. 103

Dorsal mark of head not extending to

margin of head, margin irregular,

fig. 354; simple hairs on abdomen
much lighter than scale-hairs

frisoni, p. 105

10. Head mostly black or blackish brown
with one or two mesal yellow

squares, fig. 355 slossonae, p. 99

Head with a definite checkered pat-

tern, the checks either surrounded

by black, fig. 356, or indicated by

dark bars on a yellow ground, fig.

357 bifida, p. 97; bronta, p.

98; cheilonis, p. 98; recurvata, p. 99

Adults

1. Genitalia with a prominent aedeagus,

fig. 358 (males) 2

Genitalia without an aedeagus, fig.

390 (females) 28

2. Aedeagus with a pair of ovoid, dorsal

sclerites near apex, figs. 358-367. . 3

Aedeagus without a pair of ovoid, dor-

sal sclerites near apex, figs. 368-

383 13

3. .^pex of aedeagus with a lateral pair of

membranous arms directed basad,

fig. 358 4

Apex of aedeagus with lateral pro-

cesses sessile or lacking, fig. 361 .... 6

4. Aedeagus just basad of dorsal sclerites

bearing a dorsal pair of large, stout

hooks curved laterad, fig. 358. . . .

walkeri, p. 96



88 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Aedeagus with a dorsal pair of small

hooks, figs. 359, 360 5

5. Lateral arms of apex of aedeagus with
end containing a protrusible bundle
of pale but sclerotized spicules, fig.

359 vexa, p. 97
Lateral arms of apex of aedeagus with
end surmounted by a ring of short

setae but without a bundle of

spicules, fig. 360 piatrix, p. 97

346

350

354

347

355

6. Dorso-lateral arms of aedeagus with a

conspicuous lateral spine before

apex and a bundle of spicules at

apex, fig. 361 sparna, p. 97
Dorso-lateral arms of aedeagus with

spine either absent or apical, fig.

362, or arms absent 7

7. Main body of aedeagus sinuate, al-

most Z-shaped, fig. 362

slossonae, p, 99

348

352

356

349

353

357
Hydropsyche Larvae, Head and Pronotum

^•^' ??S'~^-
''''''• Fig. 352.—//. simulam.

^•^' otl
Phalerata. pig. 353.—//. hageni.

V^' ?^n*~?-
'^'^'^"'- FiS- 354.—//./mo«/.

r>-?" ;cn'~^-
''^'''^''-

I'iS- 355.—//. -slossonae.

r"-?" ?c?'~'^-
'"''""• Fi^- 356.—//. bifida.

l-ig. 351.—//. artnale. Fig. Zhl.—H. recurvata.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois

367D

'-'^'''^^^"^t:!-^^^^^^^^^ t; C, D and



90
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

376 B

.. Figs. ibS-i7b.-Hydropsyche, male genitalia. ^, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C,

aedeagus, lateral aspect; D, aedeagus, ventral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 91

Main body of aedeagus with only the

angle at base pronounced, fig. 363. . 8

8. Lateral arms tipped with an upturned

spur, fig. 363 recurvata, p. 99

Lateral arms tipped with no spur or

one that is not upturned 9

9. Spur of lateral arms long, robust and

hanging down with tip well below

ventral margin of aedeagus, figs.

364, 365 10

Spur of lateral arms shorter, flat, fig.

366, finger-like, fig. 367, or some-

times absent 11

10. Apex of aedeagus with lateral pockets

scarcely extruded and containing

only a few weak spicules, fig. 364. .

bronta, p. 98

Apex of aedeagus with lateral pockets

extruded to form a sessile flap con-

taining a cluster of strong, dark

spicules, fig. 365 cheilonis, p. 98

11. Spur of lateral arms large and flat, as

in fig. 366 morosa, p. 98

Spur of lateral arms small and finger-

like, fig. 367, sometimes even smaller

or absent 12

12. Apical segment ot clasper with apex

appearing attenuated, as in fig. 367,

seen from side bifida, p. 97

Apical segment of clasper conical, its

apex appearing pointed, as seen

from side, fig. 363. . . .recurvata, p. 99

13. Apex of aedeagus round, fig. 369, or

truncate, fig. 368 14

Apex of aedeagus produced into a

flattened area composed of two
lateral processes and a mesal body,

figs. 371-383 16

14. Aedeagus curved at base to form a

complete semicircle, fig. 368

betteni, p. 99

Aedeagus curved not more than 90

degrees, fig. 370 15

15. Vertical cleft at apex of aedeagus deep

and not containing extruded mesal

plates, fig. 369 cuanis, p. 100

Vertical cleft at apex of aedeagus

shallower and containing a pair of

prominent mesal plates, fig. 370. . .

depravata, p. 100

16. Apex of tenth tergite turned up and
deeply cleft, fig. 371 17

Apex of tenth tergite rounded and at

most cleft as deeply as shown in

fig. 376 18

17. Apex of aedeagus as wide as stem,

without an open area between lateral

processes, fig. 371. . . . phalerata, p. 102

Apex of aedeagus narrower than stem,

with an open area between lateral

processes, fig. 372 aerata, p. 101

18. Tenth tergite armed on each side with
a stout, long spine, fig. 373

dicantha, p. 102
Tenth tergite without such a conspicu-

ous spine 19

19. Aedeagus with lateral lobes produced
far beyond mesal cavity, fig. 374. . .

hageni, p. 103

Aedeagus with lateral lobes produced
only slightly beyond mesal cavity. . 20

20. Apical segment of claspers appearing
obliquely truncate, from side view,

fig. 375 placoda, p. 103

Apical segment of claspers appearing
sinuate, from side view, fig. 376. . . 21

21. Apex of aedeagus moniliform, fig. 376
arinale, p. 104

Apex ol aedeagus with only one con-

striction and that at base 22

22. Apex of aedeagus robust and sur-

mounted by a shallow caplike contin-

uation ot the basal portion, fig. 377

simulans, p. 104

Apex of aedeagus either not sur-

mounted by a "cap" or dorso-ven-

trally flattened, fig. 380 23

23. Apex of aedeagus with lateral proc-

esses thin and long, as in fig. 378. .

valanis, p. 105

Apex of aedeagus with lateral processes

much more robust 24

24. Apex of aedeagus with mesal dome
elevated above level of lateral flange

and also above level of stem and
forming a distinct angle with it,

fig. 379 frisoni, p. 105

Apex of aedeagus with mesal dome
either not elevated above level of

lateral flange or confluent with dor-

sal margin of stem, figs. 380-383. . . 25

25. Apex of aedeagus with lateral flanges

wide, the apical portion of each

almost as large as the entire mesal

cavity; dorso-lateral edge of flange

confluent with dorsal line of stem,

fig. 380 scalaris, p. 106

Apex of aedeagus with lateral flanges

narrow, the mesal cavity occupying

all of the apex except narrow lateral

and apical portions; dorso-lateral

edge of flange various 26

26. Apex of aedeagus with a long, narrow

profile, and with two-thirds of mesal

cavity open ventrad, fig. 381

incommoda, p. 106

Apex of aedeagus with a shorter, stock-

ier profile and with mesal cavity

only one-third open ventrad 27

27. Apex of aedeagus with apico-lateral

corners of flange sharp, projecting

almost directly posterad and as wide

as in fig. 382 bidens, p. 107



Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

382 C
BIDENS

382 D

379 B -^ 9

A
~ 383 B

ORRIS 383 C 383 D

''l^igs. 377-383.—Hydropsyche, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C,

aedeagus, lateral aspect; D, aedeagus, ventral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 93

106

100

Apex of aedeagus with apico-lateral

corners of flange blunt, in profile

appearing to merge with apex of

dome, and narrow, as in fig. 383. . .

orris, p.

28. Eighth tergite with ventral margin
concave, the apico-lateral lobe bear-

ing a wide, compact brush of long

setae, fig. 3845; clasper receptacle

appearing deeply invaginated, large

and round, especially as seen from

dorsal aspect, fig. 385

betteni, p. 99; depravata, p.

Either ventral margin of eighth tergite

with no apico-lateral lobe or only a

small brush, fig. 384^^, or clasper re-

ceptacle much smaller or more slen-

der, fig. 387 29

29. Clasper groove not well-marked, clasp-

er receptacle either not evident or

appearing from lateral view as only

a shallow crescent beneath dorsal

cap, fig. 386^-D
Either clasper groove well marked,

fig. 387//, or clasper receptacle rep-

resented by a definite pocket, fig.

3875-7, or by an invagination, fig.

30

Fig. 384.— Hydropsyche, lateral aspect of

female eighth tergite. J, bifida; B, betteni.

DORSAL CAP

CLASPER
RECEPTACLE

-ENTRANCE
CHANNEL

' CLASPER GROOVE

POSTERO-LATERAL
FLANGE

LATERAL LOBE

-APICAL TUFT

.-.DORSAL CAP

__.CLASPER
RECEPTACLE

"POSTERO-LATERAL
FLANGE

. LATERAL LOBE

Fig. 385.—Hydropsyche betteni, female ter-

gites. Upper figure, lateral view including

tenth tergite; lower figure, dorsal view of ninth

tergite alone.

3S6H-N, projecting beneath dorsal

cap 36

30. Ninth tergite with lateral lobe not de-

veloped; clasper groove small and
very shallow, scarcely any indenta-

tion visible beneath dorsal cap from

dorsal view, fig. 386^^

dicantha, p. 102

Ninth tergite with lateral lobe dis-

tinctly developed, either narrow,

fig. 386/C, or broad, fig. 386C; clasp-

er groove well-marked, larger and
forming a deep concavity visible

beneath dorsal cap from dorsal view 31

31. Clasper groove with a small, distinct

pit near dorsal margin, fig. 3865. . .

placoda, p. 103

Clasper groove without a pit 32

32. Lateral lobes of eighth sternite with

mesal and lateral margins parallel,

fig. 388C; head and thorax mostly

dark purplish brown, basal seg-

ments of antennae pale, with only

light V-marks, wings without irro-

rate pattern cuanis, p. 100

Lateral lobes of eighth sternite with

mesal margin sloping decidedly lat-

erad toward apex, fig. 388D; either

body much lighter, wings with irro-

rate wing pattern or basal segments

of antennae with very dark V-marks 33

33. Lateral lobe of ninth tergite thick-

ened at base, triangular in cross

section, fig. 386D hageni, p. 103

Lateral lobe of ninth tergite thin and

leaflike 34

34. Clasper groove, from dorsal view,

appearing wider and slightly angu-

late at middle, fig. 386£
arinale, p. 104

Clasper groove shallower and evenly

rounded, fig. 386F, G 35

35. Clasper groove, from dorsal view, ap-

pearing shallower, narrowing more

rapidly anteriorly, fig. 386F
phalerata, p. 102

Clasper groove deeper, the anterior

portion wide, fig. 386G. . .aerata, p. 101

36. Clasper groove forming a well-marked,

curved trough, the upper end of

which projects only slightly under

dorsal cap, fig. 387^ walkeri, p. 96

Clasper groove either indistinct, fig.

3S6K, or running into a pocket-like

clasper receptacle, fig. 3875 37

37. Clasper receptacle forming a wide tri-

angular, crescentic or irregular

pocket which is not narrowed ven-

trad, fig. 3S6H-N 38

Clasper receptacle forming a pouch

with a narrow ventral opening, fig.

3875-/ 44



94 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art 1

Fig. i%b.~Hydropsyche, female ninth tergite.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 95

38. Clasper receptacle large, nearly as

high as long, fig. 386//. . .valanis, p. 105

Clasper receptacle much shallower,

but usually wide, fig. 386A:-A^ 39

39. Lateral lobes of eighth sternite close

together at base, mesal margins
forming a wide V, figs. 389^, 390. . . 40

Lateral lobes of eighth sternite farther

apart, their mesal margins diverg-

ing less, fig. 3895 41

40. Clasper receptacle appearing, from
dorsal view, with a swollen portion

basad of dorsal point, fig. 387/. . . .

scalaris, p. 106

Clasper receptacle appearing, from
dorsal view, with basal portion con-

fluent in outline with dorsal point,

fig. 387/ frisoni, p. 105

41. Clasper receptacle appearing, from

lateral view, with dorsal point acute

and near middle, its posterior

"tail" slender, long and slightly

concave dorsad, fig. 386/C, L 42

Clasper receptacle appearing, from
lateral view, with dorsal point

rounded or near posterior margin
and with posterior "tail" conse-

quently short, fig. 386M, A'' 43

42. Antero-Iateral lobe of ninth tergite

long and narrow, its apex rounded,

its contour following its demarcation
line, fig. 3S6K orris, p. 106

Antero-Iateral lobe of ninth tergite

narrower at base, wider at apex,

which is produced as a somewhat
angulate lobe, fig. 386Z,

bidens, p. 107

43. Clasper receptacle with dorso-mesal

portion narrow, fig. 386A'^. .......

incotnmoda, p. 106

Clasper receptacle with dorso-mesal

portion wide and arcuate, with a

pronounced posterior loop, fig. 386A/
simulans, p. 104

44. Clasper receptacle nearly globular and
small, fig. 3875 bronta, p. 98

BIFIDA

Fig. 387.—Hydropsyche, female ninth tergite.



96 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Clasper receptacle tubular, fig. 387C-/ 45

45. Clasper receptacle directed nearly

anterad, diagonal to segment, fig.

387C, D 46

Fig. 388.—Hydropsyche, lateral lobe of fe-

male eighth sternite. J, bifida; B, recurvata;

C, cuanis; D, phalerata; E, betteni. This set

is drawn at right angles to the face of the lateral

lobe.

Fig. 389.—Hydropsyche, female eighth

sternite. A, scalaris; B, incommoda.

Fig. 390.— Hydropsyche scalaris, female gen-

italia, ventral aspect.

Fig. 391.—Cheumatopsyche campy la, female

genitalia, ventral aspect.

Clasper receptacle directed or curved

dorsad or posterad, fig. 3S7E-I . . . 47

46. Clasper receptacle narrow and trun-

cate at tip, fig. 387C
recurvata, p. 99

Clasper receptacle wider and rounded
at tip, fig. 387D cheilonis, p. 98

47. Clasper receptacle long, the anterior

side of its entrance channel with a

long, overhanging flange, x, fig.

387£ morosa, p. 98

Either clasper receptacle much shorter,

or the anterior side of entrance chan-

nel with only an inconspicuous

flange, fig. 387G 48

48. Posterior side of entrance channel to

clasper receptacle with a sinuate

overhanging flange, y, fig. 3S7F. . .

sparna, p. 97

Posterior side of entrance channel

with no flange extending down ven-

tral portion 49

49. Entrance channel reduced to a narrow
slit, fig. 387G slossonae, p. 99

Entrance channel much wider, fig.

387//, / 50

50. Clasper receptacle long, narrowed and
with tip markedly curved, fig. 387/

bifida, p. 97

Clasper receptacle shorter and more
bulbous 51

51. Clasper receptacle situated near mid-

dle of tergite vexa, p. 97

Clasper receptacle situated along lower

edge of posterior side of tergite, fig.

387// piatrix, p. 97

Bifida Group

Hydropsyche walkeri Betten & Mosely

Hydropsyche maculicornis Walker (1852, p.

113); c?". Preoccupied.

Hydropsyche walkeri Betten & Mosely (1940,

p. 23). New name.

To date this species has not been discov-

ered in Illinois, although it may eventually

be taken in the northern part of the state.

It was originally described from Ontario;

we have additional specimens from New
York, Quebec and Wisconsin.

Female.—Length 10 mm. In color and

general structure similar to male, which in

these characters is practically indistinguish-

able from bifida, described below. Female

genitalia, fig. 387^, with clasper groove

well marked, wide and curved at apex, the

upper portion of the groove partly invagi-

nated beneath dorsal cap of ninth tergite;

lateral lobe long but narrow, with abundant



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 97

setae; from dorsal view the clasper groove

appears as a well-marked posterior swelling.

Allotype, female.—Niagara Falls, New
York: June 23, 1941, J. A. Ross. The
allotype is one of a mating pair.

Hydropsyche vexa Ross

Hydropsyche vexa Ross (1938rt, p. 148); cf.

This species is known only from the states

of Minnesota and Wisconsin. As with Hy-
dropsyche ivalkeri, it may ultimately be

taken in Illinois. The female genitalia are

illustrated by Denning (1943).

Hydropsyche piatrix Ross

Hydropsyche piatrix Ross (1938rt, p. 148);

This species has been taken at the mouth
of large springs in Missouri and Arkansas,

but so far has not been taken in Illinois.

Female.—Length 9 mm. Color and gen-

eral structure typical for group as described

for bifida below. Female genitalia, fig.

387//, with clasper groove more or less

indistinct, leading to the distinct clasper

receptacle invaginated under the dorsal cap

of the ninth tergite. The receptacle is

large, wide and fairly long, slightly swollen

dorsad and curving slightly posterad; its

ventral opening is wide. Lateral lobe of

ninth tergite of moderate length but nar-

row, with scattered setae.

Allotype, female.—Greer Springs, Mis-

souri: June 7, 1937, H. H. Ross. This is

the type locality for the species.

Hydropsyche bifida Banks

Hydropsyche bifida Banks {\90Sb, p. 15);

cf , 9.

Larva.— Fig. 356. Length 14 mm.
Ground color of head yellow with a dorsal

checkerboard pattern; thoracic sclerites light

brown, legs brownish yellow; abdomen gray

with brown hair. Frons slightly concave,

its interior margin straight. Hair of ab-

domen a combination of slender appressed

hair with a few erect, flattened but narrow-

hairs.

Adults.—Length 8-10 mm. Head, tho-

rax and abdomen various shades of brown
;

legs straw color; antennae alternate bands

of straw color and brown; wings with a

mottled irrorate pattern resulting in a salt-

and-pepper mixture which is slightly check-

ered. Male genitalia, fig. 367: apical proc-

esses of tenth tergite finger-like and round;
apical segment of clasper long and slender;

aedeagus with dorso-lateral processes tipped

with a small short spur; this spur may be

absent in some specimens. Female genitalia,

fig. 387, with the eighth tergite bearing an

apical comb, fig. 384/^, and with the lobes of

the sternite produced, slightly flared ventrad

and rather densely haired, fig. 388^ ; ninth

tergite as in fig. 387/.

This is one of the very common species

of Hydropsyche in several streams in north-

ern Illinois, in particular the rapid portion

of the Rock River, Apple River and Nipper-

sink Creek. To date all our records of the

species are confined to the northern fourth

of the state. The adults begin emerging

early in May and continue through Septem-

ber.

As is common with many other predom-
inantly northeastern species with a wide

seasonal emergence, bifida has a heavy flight

early in the season and a lesser one for the

remainder of the summer.
The species has a wide range, appears to

be most abundant in the northcentral states,

and has not yet been taken east of central

New York. Records are available for the

following: Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota,

New York, Oklahoma, Ontario, Wisconsin

and Wyoming.
Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken May 10 to August 23,

and many larvae, taken June 5 to June 12,

are from Amboy (Green River), Apple

River Canyon State Park, Dundee, Erie

(Rock Creek), Galena, Oregon, Rockford,

Rockton, Savanna, Spring Grove (Nipper-

sink Creek), Sycamore (tributary South

Kishwaukee River).

Hydropsyche sparna Ross

Hydropsyche sparna Ross (1938rt, p. 150);

This distinctive species has not yet been

taken in the state. It has been captured

in extreme southwestern Michigan and can

be looked for in future collecting in Illinois.

It occurs abundantly to the north and east,

including Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota,

New York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia,

Ontario, South Carolina, Virginia and West
Virginia.



98 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

cf.

Hydropsyche morosa Hagen

Hydropsyche morosa Hagen (1861, p. 287);

Hydropsyche chlorotica Hagen (1861, p. 290);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Size, color and general struc-

ture identical with bifida. Male genitalia,

fig. 366, differing from bifida chiefly in the

aedeagus, which has the base larger, the

stem slightly sinuate, and the membranous
dorsal appendages tipped with a flat, sclero-

tized denticulate plate.

We have not taken this species in Illinois

in our recent survey, but the locality,

"Chicago" was mentioned by Hagen in his

original description of chlorotica. These

Chicago specimens, however, prove to be

females of the genus Cheumatopsyche so

that we still have no definite record for the

state.

The species is known from Michigan,

New York, Ontario, Virginia and West
Virginia and may ultimately be found in

Illinois.

Hydropsyche bronta Ross

Hydropsyche bronta Ross (1938«, p. 149);

cf , 9.

Larva.—Length 14 mm. In coloration

similar to bifida, especially with reference

to the checkered type of pattern on the

head. As with bifida, there is considerable

variation in the details of this pattern.

Adults.—In size, color and general struc-

ture similar to bifida. Male genitalia, fig.

364, with apical processes of tenth tergite

short and finger-like; apical segment of

claspers conical; aedeagus with dorsal mem-
branous processes tipped by a long, spinose

spur which is directed ventrad and projects

considerably beyond the ventral margin of

the stem. Female genitalia similar in gen-

eral with those of bifida, differing in charac-

ters of the clasper receptacle, fig. 3875.

In Illinois this species is restricted with
few exceptions to small and medium-sized
streams in northern Illinois. Most of these

are spring fed ; all are permanent. The
adults emerge from April to the latter part

of August.

The range of the species includes most of

the Northeast, as follows: Illinois, Mary-
land, Michigan, New Brunswick, Ohio, On-

tario, Pennsylvania and Virginia ; in addi-

tion we have a large collection from Wy-
oming.

Illinois Records.—Many larvae, taken

March 2 to May 30, and many females and

two pupae, taken April 25 to August 23, are

from Amboy (Green River), Apple River

Canyon State Park, Cedarville, Council

Hill (Galena River), Elgin (Botanical

Gardens), Fox Lake, Galena (Sinsinawa

River), Havana (Quiver Creek), Leland,

Marengo, Momence, Mount Carroll, Ore-

gon, Rock City, Sycamore (tributary South

Kishwaukee River), Utica (Split Rock
Brook), White Pines Forest State Park,

Wilmington.

Hydropsyche cheilonis Ross

Hydropsyche cheilonis Ross (1938^, p. 149);

cf , 9.

Larva.—Similar to bifida in size and

color, especially in the checkered head pat-

tern, as in fig. 356.

Adults.—In size, color and general struc-

ture identical with bifida. Male genitalia,

fig. 365, differing from those of bronta chief-

ly in aedeagus, which has shorter mem-
branous lobes tipped by a narrow spur con-

stricted at the base ; in addition, the apical

bulb of the aedeagus has four pockets (two

meso-dorsal and two lateral), each bearing

a group of at least 6 relatively long and

heavy sclerotized spicules, the lateral pockets

exserted on a short stalk. Female typical

for the bifida group, genitalia as in fig.

387D.

To date this species has been found in

Illinois only in the Middle Fork and Salt

Fork of the Vermilion River in the neigh-

borhood of Oakwood. In these streams

this species is fairly abundant, and the only

member of the bifida group occurring in

them. A scattering of adults has been taken

from May 4 to September 20.

Practically nothing can be stated regard-

ing the range of this species, since we have

only two records from Michigan (Aurelius

and East Lansing) in addition to the Illi-

nois records. This indicates a spotted and

local distribution pattern.

Illinois Records.

—

Muncie: Sept. 20,

1935, Frison & Mohr, 2$ ; May 4, 1936,

Ross & Burks, 1 $ ; July 6, 1936, Mohr &
Burks, 1 larva. Oakwood: Salt Fork Riv-

er, July 18, 1933, Ross & Mohr, Z$, 79,



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 99

many larvae; Middle Fork River, July 18,

1933, Ross & Mohr, 1 6 ; Sept. 20, 1935,

DeLong & Ross, 7 c5 , 9 9 ; May 21, 1936,

Mohr & Burks, 1 larva, 1 pupa; Salt Fork

River, Aug. 25, 1936, H. H. Ross, many
larvae; Middle Fork River, July 14, 1939,

Burks & Riegel, 2 larvae.

Hydropsyche slossonae Banks

H\d)opsvche slossonae Banks (1905i^, p. 14);

Larva.—Fig. 355. Length 16 mm. Head,

thoracic sclerites and legs dark brown, fre-

quently approaching black, with the fol-

lowing areas yellowish: retracted posterior

portion of head, one or two small quadrate

marks on the dorso-mesal line, and irregular

portions of the legs; abdomen purplish gray.

Adults.—In size, color and general struc-

ture similar to bifida. Male genitalia, fig.

362, with the apical processes of the tenth

tergite long, enlarged at middle, the mesal

face concave, and the two forming a horse-

shoe-like structure; claspers with apical seg-

ment long, narrow and curved mesad;

aedeagus with base large, markedly sinuate,

the dorsal membranous lobes tipped by a

short, sharp spur, and with the apical bulb

provided with one mesal and two lateral

pockets of spicules. Female typical for the

bifida group, genitalia as in fig. 387G.

In Illinois we have records for this species

from only three localities. One of these is

the small stream at Elgin fed by Rainbow
Springs, in which this species was taken

in great abundance. Our Illinois collec-

tions, supplemented by those from other

states, show that the adult emergence occurs

from May to August. The larval head

pattern is diagnostic.

The range of this species, fig. 16, includes

most of the northeastern states. We have

records from Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota,

New Hampshire, New York, North Caro-

lina, Pennsylvania, Saskatchewan and Wis-
consin.

Illinois Records.— Elgin, Rainbow
Springs: April 19, 1939, Burks & Riegel,

many larvae; May 9, 1939, Ross & Burks,

many larvae, 4^,2$, 1 pupa
; June 6, 1939,

Burks & Riegel, $ $ , ? 9 ; Aug. 9, 1939,

Burks & Riegel, 3 <? ; April 25, 1941, Ross

& Burks, many larvae; May 7, 1941, Mohr
k Burks, 1 larva. Galena: June 28, 1892,

Hart & Shiga, 2 i pupae. Spring Grove:

May 29, 1938, Mohr & Burks, 1 i .

Hydropsyche recurvata Banks

Hydropsyche slossonae var. recurvata Banks
(1914, p. 253); &.

Hydropsyche codona Betten (1934, p. 187);

cf , 9.

Larva.—Length 14 mm. Head varying

from the dark checkered pattern in fig. 356

to almost entirely yellow with a few brown
markings outlining a skeleton checkerboard,

fig. 357; thoracic sclerites and legs usually

entirely yellow with a few dark lines, vary-

ing to brownish yellow.

Adults.—In size, color and general struc-

ture similar to bifida. Male genitalia, fig.

363, with apical processes of tenth tergite

short; claspers with apical segment short,

conical and pointed; aedeagus with stem

long and nearly straight, dorsal membra-
nous lobes tipped by a stout recurved spur

(rarely absent or reduced) and with the

apical bulb forming a pair of membranous
lobes, each with a pocket of spicules. Female
genitalia typical for members of the bifida

group, ninth tergite as in fig. 387C.

Of unusual interest is our only Illinois

larval record of this species. At Evanston

we found the larvae and pupae under rocks

in Lake Michigan, in water which was 2

to 3 feet deep at that time. A few adults

were taken around buildings along the

beach. Collecting in situations away from

Lake Michigan has persistently failed to

disclose representatives of this species in

the state.

The species is normally taken in swift,

cold rivers to the north, fig. 16, including

Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ontario,

Quebec, Saskatchewan and Wisconsin, with

adult emergence occurring from May to

September.

Illinois Records.— Evanston, Lake
Michigan: May 22, 1938, Ross & Burks,

3 (3 , 1 $ , many pupae and larvae. Wauke-
GAN, Lake Michigan: June 9, 1938, at light,

Ross & Burks, 2 c? , 19.

Depravata Group

Hydropsyche betteni Ross

Hydropsyche betteni Ross (1938a, p. 146);

Larva.—Fig. 348. Length 16 mm. Head
and thoracic sclerites dark brown, frequent-

ly approaching black, with a light spot sur-



100 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

rounding eye; legs yellow to yellowish

brown. Frons small, fiat, the anterior mar-

gin straight. Dorsum of abdomen with con-

spicuously flattened hairs scattered among
the simple appressed ones.

Adults.—Length 12-13 mm. Various

shades of brown, antennae with first seven

segments of flagellum having a dorsal black

V-mark; wings reticulate with various

shades of brown, resembling closely the pat-

tern of bifida. Male genitalia, fig. 368, with

tenth tergite somewhat hood shaped; clasp-

ers with apical segment long and tapering;

and aedeagus long, curled at base, with stem

straight and apex almost truncate. Female

similar to male in size, color and structure.

Eighth tergite with a long brush on apico-

ventral corner and with lobes of eighth ster-

nite somewhat produced at apex. Ninth ter-

gite with large clasper receptacle, fig. 385.

This species was treated as incommoda
by Betten (1934, p. 188). It frequents a

variety of small streams throughout the

northern two-thirds of Illinois. It has been

taken in abundance many times, both in

Illinois and elsewhere, in the shallow, swift

film of water running over the spillways of

small dams. Otherwise its favorite haunt

seems to be the riffles of small to medium-
sized streams. The adults emerge from

April to September.

The species' range seems to include a

sort of crescentic area through much of

the Northeast and continuing south through

the Appalachians. We have records from

Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New
York, Ohio, Ontario and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken April 11 to August 23,

and many larvae, taken March 2 to August
13, are from Apple River Canyon State

Park, Clinton (Weldon Springs), Elgin

(Botanical Gardens, Rainbow Springs), Ga-
lena, Gibson City, Havana (Quiver Creek),

Marengo (Coon Creek), Matanzas Lake,

McHenry, Milan, Momence, Mount Car-
roll, Oregon, Richmond, Rock City, St.

Anne, Utica, Watson, White Pines Forest

State Park.

Hydropsyche depravata Hagen

Hydropsyche depravata Hagen (1861, p. 290);
9.

This species is southern in distribution,

roughly occupying the area south of the

range of betteni. It has not yet been taken

in Illinois, but from both Kentucky and

Indiana we have records which are very

close to the Illinois state line, and it is al-

most certain that the species will eventually

be found in Illinois. At present it is known
from Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky and Ten-
nessee.

Guanis Group

Hydropsyche cuanis Ross

Hydropsyche cuanis Ross (1938^, p. 147);

cT, 9.

Larva.—Fig. 350. Length 15 mm. *Head
and thoracic sclerites bright brownish yel-

low, the head with an irregular, fine, red-

dish brown pattern, the pronotum with fine,

reddish brown speckling; legs yellow. Frons
almost fiat, the apical margin straight. Dor-
sum of abdomen, especially on the seventh

and eighth segments, with conspicuous flat-

tened setae interspersed among the simple

appressed ones.

Adults.—Length 10-11 mm. Head and

body black with irregular areas of reddish

brown ; antennae with V-marks faint ; wings

with a purplish cast, mottled with various

shades of brown and without a definite pat-

tern. Male genitalia, fig. 369, with tenth

tergite simple and hoodlike, divided into a

pair of round lobes; claspers with apical

segment oblique at apex; aedeagus curved,

rounded at apex, incised on the meson. Fe-

male, fig. 386, with eighth tergite having

only a very short and inconspicuous apical

ventral fringe, eighth sternite with apico-

mesal corner only moderately produced, fig.

388C. Ninth tergite, fig. 386C, very similar

to that in scalaris group.

Most of our Illinois records of this spe-

cies are from various points along the Kan-
kakee River; in addition we have taken it

from two other points in the extreme north-

eastern corner of the state. The larvae are

extremely abundant in swift rapids of the

Kankakee River at Wilmington, and here

we have taken large flights of the adults.

In this locality the spring emergence, during

May, is very heavy. Adults continue to

emerge later in the year until August but

never in the large numbers that we have

taken in May.
The range of the species appears to be

very restricted, the known records including

only Illinois, Indiana and Michigan.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 101

Illinois Records.

—

Des Plaines, Fox
River: May 26, 1936, H. H. Ross, 2 larvae.

Kankakee, Kankakee River: May 17,

1935, H. H. Ross, 2 pupae; Aug. 8, 1935,

Ross & DeLong, 1 larva. Momence: May
17, 1931, Ross & Burks, 1 S ; June 4, 1932,

Prison & Mohr, 4 <5 ; Aug. 1, 1935, Ross

& Burks, 1 S ; Mav 26, 1936, H. H. Ross,

1 S ; July 14, 1936, B. D. Burks, U , 2

larvae; Aug. 3, 1936, C. O. Mohr, I S ;

Aug. 4, 1936, Frison & Burks, S S ; May
17, 1937, Ross & Burks, $ S, \ S pupa;

Sept. 7, 1937, Frison & Ross, 1 $ ; May 5,

1938, Ross & Burks, 3S. St. Charles:
June 18, 1931, T. H. Frison, \S. Spring
Grove: May 14, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 3$,
19,2 pupae, 8 larvae; June 12, 1936, Ross

& Burks, 5 5,12,1 $ pupa; Nippersink

Creek, May 19, 1938, Ross & Burks, 2$.
Wilmington, Kankakee River: April 23,

1930, Ross & Mohr, 1 pupa; April 10, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, many larvae; April 23, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, 7 pupae, many larvae; May,
1935, reared in cage, Ross & Mohr, many
pupae; May 12, 1935, Frison & Ross, $ S ,

9 9 ; May 17, 1935, H. H. Ross, S $,

9 9 ; May 27, 1935, Ross & Mohr, S $ ,

9 9 , many pupae and larvae; June 6, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, S $,79, many larvae ; May
17, 1937, Ross & Burks, S S, 9 9. Wil-
mington: Aug. 3, 1937, at light, Ross &
Burks, 1 $ .

Scalaris Group

Hydropsyche aerata Ross

Hydropsyche aerata Ross fl938rt, p. 144);

Larva.—Fig. 349. Length 13 mm. Head,
thoracic sclerites and legs yellow, dorsum
of the head with a somewhat cross-shaped

dark brown mark, pronotum minutely speck-

led with brown. Frons almost flat, anterior

margin straight. Head and pronotum with

only a few scattered long hairs, in general

appearing polished.

Adults.—The two sexes are very dissim-

ilar in general appearance. Male, fig. 392:

length 9 mm.; head and body dark brown,
antennae and legs white ; wings white with

definite brown markings forming a distinc-

tive pattern; eyes very large, twice as wide

as the antero-dorsal distance between them;

genitalia, fig. 372, with tenth tergite up-

turned and deeply incised; apex of aedeagus

with an open area between lateral processes.

Female: length 10 mm.; color dark brown,
the wings mottled with various shades of

brown and resembling other females of the

genus, similar to fig. 393; genitalia as in

fig. 386G.
Myriads of this uniquely marked species

have been taken at Illinois localities along
the Kankakee River, in the rapids of which
the larvae and pupae have been found.

Other than in this area, we have taken only

one or two records from the eastern part of

the state. The adults emerge from May
through most of August.

The present known range of the species

is very small, fig. 15, and includes Illinois,

Indiana and southern Michigan. All the

records indicate a preference for medium-
sized to large, rapid rivers.

Illinois Records.

—

Aurora: July 17,

1927, at light, Frison & Glasgow, 1 $ .

Kankakee, Kankakee River: Aug. 1, 1933,

Ross & Mohr, 1 $ ; May 26, 1935, Ross &

Fig. 392.

—

Hydropsyche aerata, cf

.



102 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Mohr, 1 S (reared)
; June 6, 1935, Ross

& Alohr, 6 S, 9 9; July 21, 1935, Ross

& Mohr, S $ ; Aug. 8, 1935, Ross & De-
Long, \$, 19, 4 larvae; May 17, 1937,

Ross & Burks, $ $, 5 $ ; May 6, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 1 $ ; May 31, 1938, Mohr
& Burks, 1 $ ; June 29, 1939, Burks &
Ayars, 1^. Momence: Kankakee River,

May 26, 1936, H. H. Ross, 1 i ; Aug. 4,

1936, Prison & Burks, A$ ; Aug. 21, 1936,

Ross & Burks, \S, 2 larvae; Kankakee
River, March 24, 1937, H. H. Ross, 1 S ;

May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks, 3S . Mount
Carmel: July 3, 1906, 1 S . Spring Grove:

May 20, 1938, at light, Ross & Burks, 2 6

Wilmington: April 23, 1935, Ross &
Mohr, 2 larvae; May 12, 1935, Prison &
Ross, S, 75 ; Kankakee River, May 17,

1935, H. H. Ross, S S, 9 $ ; May 27,

1935, Ross & Mohr, 1 larva, 1 pupa; June
6, 1935, Ross & Mohr, 7^,7 larvae; July

1, 1935, DeLong & Ross, U ; Aug. 20,

1935, DeLong & Ross, 2 $ ; Kankakee River.

May 17, 1937, Ross Si Burks, 1 S ; June 13.

1938, B. D. Burks, 6 6 .

Hydropsyche phalerata Hagen

Hydropsyche phalerata Hagen (1861, p. 287);

9.

Larva.—Pig. 347. Length 13 mm. Head,
thoracic sclerites and legs with ground color

yellow; superimposed on this is an irregular,

dark, somewhat T-shaped area on the head
bearing a scattering of small black setae,

and scattered brown spots on the pronotum
and mesonotum, each bearing numerous
short, black setae. Frons almost flat and
with the apical margin produced into a low
triangular point.

Adults.—Length 9-10 mm. Head and
body brown, wings tawny with brown areas

small and forming only a light and indefinite

pattern. Eyes of male medium sized, slight-

ly larger than half the area between them.

Male genitalia, fig. 371, with tenth tergite

upturned and incised to form forceps-like

lobes; aedeagus stout throughout, the apex
large, the lateral processes close together,

and the mesal cavity almost completely open.

Pemale genitalia, fig. 386F, very similar to

those of aerata.

Until the selection of a lectotype by Banks
(1936^, p. 126), the status of this species

had been confused. The species considered

as phalerata by Betten (1934, p. 189) is

sparna ; and the species considered as Hydro-

psyche species 3 by Betten (1934, p. 192)

is true phalerata. The color pattern of the

adults is fairly distinctive but requires actual

comparison with specimens to be of practical

use.

In Illinois this species is apparently con-

fined to the northern fourth of the state,

where it has been taken abundantly in the

Kankakee River and in small numbers along

the Rock River and other creeks. Larvae

and pupae have been taken in rapids of the

Kankakee River. The adults emerge from
May to October. As in the case of bifida,

the heaviest flights of phalerata are taken

during the early summer months.

The range of the species, fig. 15, extends

from the southern portion of the eastern

states to areas north of Illinois, and includes

Georgia, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Michi-

gan, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Vir-

ginia and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken May 1 to September 7,

and many larvae, taken April 23 to October

28, are from Como (Rock River), Dixon
(Rock River), Prankfort (Clear Creek,

Hickory Creek), Kankakee, Lyndon (Rock
River), Momence (Kankakee River), New
Milford (Kishwaukee River), Oregon,

Rockford, Rock Island, Rockton, Sterling,

Wilmington (Kankakee River).

Hydropsyche dicantha Ross

Hydropsyche dicantha Ross ('1938rt, p. 146);

This species, readily distinguished by the

unique male genitalia, fig. 373, has been

taken in extreme southwestern Michigan
and may eventually be found in Illinois, al-

though we have not as yet taken it here.

Few records are available for the species,

but they indicate a wide, scattered range,

as follows: District of Columbia, Kentucky,

Michigan, New York and Ontario.

Female.—Length 9 mm. Color and gen-

eral stucture as described for male. Ninth

tergite, fig. 386^, with areas forming clasper

groove small and only indistinctly concave,

scarcely any indentation visible beneath dor-

sal cap from dorsal view; lateral lobe appar-

ently absent, the margin of the segment in

this region with a few setae.

Allot>'pe, female.—Costello Lake, Al-

gonquin Park, Ontario, from Station 4,

Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory:

July 7, 1938, W. M. Sprules.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 103

Hydropsyche hageni Banks

Hydropsyche hageni Banks (1905;^, p. 14);

Larva.—Fig. 353. Length 15 mm. Head
and thoracic sclerites brown, legs yellowish

brown; head with lateral and posterior por-

tions yellowish, limiting the dark brown of

the dorsum to a broad T of which the cross-

piece is broad and rather sharply cut off

laterally; the brown T area of head and

all of the pronotum finely granulate with

paler marks. Frons flat, its apical margin

straight, the area surrounding the anterior

portion of the fronto-genal suture set with

abundant, short, black spines.

Adults.—Length 10-11 mm. Color dark

brown, the wings mottled with various

shades of brown and typical of the common
pattern of the scalaris group, as in fig. 393.

Eyes of male large, each equal to the area

between them on the dorsum. Male geni-

talia, fig. 374, with tenth tergite short and

pointed slightly ventrad; aedeagus with

straight stem and with lateral processes

greatly elongated, flattened and almost

truncate at tip. Female readily distin-

guished from other species of the scalaris

group by the thickened lateral lobe of the

ninth tergite, fig. 386Z).

Allotype, female.— Momence, Illinois:

May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks.

Our Illinois records of this species are

confined to the Kankakee River, with the

exception of male specimens taken along the

Rock River. Along the Kankakee we have

taken it consistently but always in small

numbers and have found the larvae and

pupae in the rapids. The adults have been

taken from May to late August.

The range of the species is poorly delin-

eated. Our only records are from Illinois,

Kentucky and Maryland. These indicate

a marked preference for large, rapid rivers.

Illinois Records.

—

Kankakee: June 12,

1931, Frison & xMohr, \$ ; June 6, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, 1 $ ; May 6, 1938, Ross &
Burks, 9$ ; May 31, 1938, Burks & Mohr,
\$. Momence: May 26, 1936, H. H.
Ross, $ $ , (y larvae; Aug. 3, 1936, C. O.

Mohr, 1 $ ; Aug. 4, 1936, Frison & Burks,

3 $ ; May 24, 1937, H. H. Ross, 1 $ ; May
5, 1938, Ross & Burks, 4 5, 3 larvae; Oct.

28, 1938, Ross & Burks, 2 larvae; preced-

ing Momence records from Kankakee Riv-

er; Aug. 21, 1936, Ross & Burks, 2$, 1

pupa; May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks, 1 i

pupa, S $ , 15,4 larvae; May 5, 1938, Ross
& Burks, 4 5, 3 larvae; Aug. 16, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 1 $ ; June 24, 1939, Burks
& Ayars, \$. Rockford: June 12, 1931,

Frison & Mohr, 1 $ ; May 30, 1936, H. H.
Ross, \$. Wilmington, Kankakee River:

June 6, 1935, Ross & Mohr, 1 $ .

Hydropsyche placoda Ross

Hydropsyche placoda Ross (194U, p. 87);

cT, 9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 10-11 mm. General

color typical for most members of the sca-

laris group, the male differing in having

the eyes reddish and the wings slightly light-

er. Eyes of male very large, each one equal

to the dorsal area between them and almost

completely hiding the head from side view.

Male genitalia, fig. 375, with tenth tergite

somewhat beaklike ; apical segment of clasp-

ers short and markedly truncate; aedeagus

of fairly uniform thickness, the lateral proc-

esses triangular from side view and dorsal

margin almost confluent with the stem, and

the mesal cavity more than half closed.

Female with small eyes; genitalia, fig. 3865,

distinguished by the pit at dorsal portion of

clasper groove.

In Illinois this species has been taken in

numbers only near the dam on the Illinois

River at Starved Rock State Park. Other

records are represented by few specimens.

We have not yet obtained larvae, but it is

probable that they occur in the race below

the dam at Starved Rock State Park.

This species has been taken in many of

the north central states and as far east as

Niagara Falls. In addition to this New
York locality, we have records from Illinois,

Minnesota, Montana, South Dakota and

Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Elgin : Botanical

Gardens, June 6, 1939, Burks & Riegel,

1 c5 ; Rainbow Springs, June 6, 1939, Burks

& Riegel, 15- Kankakee: June 12, 1931,

Frison & Mohr, \$. Ottawa: June 3,

1938, Mohr & Burks, 15- Richmond:

June 7, 1938, at light, Ross & Burks, 1 5 .

Rockford: June 29, 1938, at light, B. D.

Burks, 25. Rock Island: June 23, 1928,

at light, Frison & Hottes, 1 5 ; June 24,

1931, at light, C. O. Mohr, 15. Serena:

Fox River, June 3, 1938, Ross & Burks,

3 5 . Starved Rock State Park: June 28,

1937, G. T. Riegel, 9 5,2$; June 28, 1937,



104 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Ross & Burks, 4 5,5$; June 15, 1938, D.

T. Ries, 5$; June 17, 1938, Frison &
Mohr, 4 5 ; June 18, 1938, Ries & Werner,

6$ ; June 22, 1938, D. T. Ries, 6$ ; June

27, 1938, F. Werner, 1 5 , 1 $ ; June 5, 1941,

Floyd Werner, \$, 15; July 11, 1941, D.

T. Ries, 1 $ . Sugar Grove: June 13, 1939,

Frison & Ross, 1 $ .

Hydropsyche arinale Ross

Hydropsyche arinale Ross (1938«, p. 143);

Larva.—Fig. 351. Length 15 mm. Head
mostly brown with yellowish markings

around and under the eyes, on the ventral

surface and the postero-lateral angles. Tho-
racic sclerites and legs brownish yellow.

Frons flat, its anterior margin straight.

Setae on the dorsum of the abdomen rela-

tively sparse.

Adults.—Length 9-10 mm. Color vari-

ous shades of brown similar to the typical

pattern for the scalaris group, as in fig. 393.

Male with eyes of medium size, each equal

to at least two-thirds of the dorsal area

between them. Male genitalia, fig. 376, with

tenth tergite somewhat hood shaped and

declivous; claspers with apical segment sinu-

ate and pointed; aedeagus with stem con-

stricted near middle, appearing somewhat
moniliform from ventral view, the lateral

processes wide and the mesal cavity almost

entirely open. Female similar in color and

general structure to other members of the

scalaris group. Ninth tergite as in fig. 386£.

Allotype, female.—Serena, Illinois, along

Indian Creek: May 12, 1938, Ross &
Burks.

We have taken this species at various

points in the northern half of the state. It

shows a preference for such streams as

Indian Creek, which is relatively clear and
provided with many riffles or rapids. Our
only large collections of adults were taken
early in May, but emergence continues

through August.

The range of the species seems to follow

rather closely the outer fringe of the oak-

hickory forest. We have records from Ar-
kansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma and
Wisconsin; these all indicate the same type

of stream preference as do our Illinois

records and increase the seasonal emergence
of adults from April to September.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and two pupae, taken May 12 to

September 5, and many larvae, taken May
12 to May 16, are from Algonquin, Aurora,

Baker, Des Plaines (Fox River), Oregon,

Pontiac, Quincy (stream near Cave Spring),

Richmond, Serena (Indian Creek), Starved

Rock.

Hydropsyche simulans Ross

Hydropsyche simulans Ross (1938a, p. 139);

c?", 9.

Larva.—Fig. 352. Length 18 mm. Head
dark brown with irregular light areas on

the sides, posterior portion and venter; pro-

notum brown, remainder of thoracic scle-

rites and legs straw color to brownish yel-

low. Frons flat, its apical margin straight.

Dorsum of abdominal segments with flat-

tened setae relatively abundant.

Fig. 393.—Hydropsyche simulans, cf

.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 105

Adults.—Length 13-15 mm. Color pat-

tern various shades of brown, fig. 393, the

pattern typical of many species of the sca-

laris group. Male with eyes of medium
size, each equal to about half the dorsal

area between them. Male genitalia, fig. 377:

tenth tergite somewhat hoodlike, the apex

almost truncate ; claspers with apical seg-

ment long, sinuate and pointed ; aedeagus

with stem straight and a dorsal continuation

of it extending over the apical portion; lat-

eral plates rounded at apex, the lateral

flange sharp and sinuate, mesal plates long

and curved ventrad, and the mesal cavity

about half closed. Female with ninth ter-

gite, fig. 386i1/, very similar to that of iii-

commoda.
This species has been taken in abundance

at various points along most of the large

Illinois rivers; the records cover the entire

state. It occurs also in smaller streams, as

for example, in Quiver Creek near Havana,
where the larvae and pupae were taken in

large numbers from a small rapid. It is,

however, by no means as widespread along

the largest rivers as orris. The adults

emerge throughout the warmer months,

from April to late September.

The range of the species, fig. 14, includes

most of the Corn Belt states with extensions

westward to Texas and eastern Colorado.

States for which we have records are Colo-

rado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken-

tucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Okla-

homa, Tennessee and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken April 15 to September 20, and

many larvae, taken May 5 to July 8, are

from Alton (Mississippi River), Deer
Grove (Green River), Freeport, Grafton,

Hardin (Illinois River), Havana (Quiver

Creek), Homer, Kankakee, Kappa (Mack-
inaw River), Lawrenceville, Momence
(Kankakee River), Mount Carmel (Wa-
bash River), Oakwood, Olney, Pontiac,

Quincy, Rockford, Rock Island, Rockton,

Savanna, Shawneetown, Spring Grove, Ster-

ling, Topeka (Quiver Creek), Urbana,

Wilmington.

Hydropsyche valanis Ross

Hvdropsyche valanis Ross (1938^, p. 144);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 9-10 mm. Color tawny

with irregular flecking of light brown over

the entire surface of the wings, forming a

slightly lighter mottling than that found in

simulans. Male with eyes large, each slight-

ly larger than dorsal width between them.
Male genitalia, fig. 378: tenth tergite short,

stubby, and incised on meson; claspers with
apical segment sinuate and rounded at apex;

aedeagus with stem slightly curved; apex
with lateral plates narrow from lateral

view, and mesal margin notched, the two
overlapping at apex; mesal cavity almost

completely open. Female with small eyes,

and color pattern slightly lighter than on

most of the species. Ninth tergite, fig.

386//, with very large clasper receptacle.

Allotype, female.—Noblesville, Indiana:

Aug. 10, 1938, Ross & Burks.

We have found this species at scattered

localities in northern Illinois, never in great

abundance. It has been taken along some
of the larger streams only, such as Indian

Creek and the Kankakee River. The dates

of capture indicate adult emergence from

May to late August. To date the larvae

have not been identified.

Little is known about the range of the

species. Aside from the Illinois records, it

is known only from southern Minnesota

and central Indiana where again it was
found along fairly large rivers.

Illinois Records.

—

Baker, Indian Creek:

May 12, 1938, Ross & Burks, \$. Kan-
kakee: July 21, 1935, Ross & Mohr, 1 $ ;

Kankakee River, May 17, 1937, Ross &
Burks, 3 $ ; May 6, 1938, Ross & Burks,

$ $ . Pontiac: Aug. 22, 1938, H. H. Ross,

$ $. Rock Island: June 23, 1928, Prison

& Hottes, 1 $ . Rockton: Rock River, July

2, 1931, Prison, Betten & Ross, $ $.

Hydropsyche frisoni Ross

Hydropsyche frisoni Ross (1938^, p. 142);

Larva.—Fig. 354. Length 15 mm. Head
straw color with a dorsal brown area cover-

ing the frons and a few irregular areas

around it; thoracic sclerites and legs straw

color to brownish yellow. Frons flat, its

anterior margin straight.

Adults.—Length 12-13 mm. Body dark

brown, similar in pattern to simulans, fig.

393. Male with eyes large, each equal to

dorsal area between them. Male genitalia,

fig. 379: tenth tergite short, almost truncate

at apex; apical segment of clasper somewhat

sinuate and pointed ; aedeagus with stem



106 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23. Art. 1

straight, constricted at base of apical por-

tion; apex of aedeagus angled dorsad, the

lateral plates rounded at apex, the lateral

flange considerably lower than mesal dome,

mesal cavity half closed, and mesal plates

short and somewhat triangular. Female

with small eyes, color pattern typical for

scalaris group. Ninth tergite as in fig. 3867.

This species has been taken commonly but

not abundantly along the Middle Fork and

Salt Fork rivers near Oakwood ; aside from

this area we have only a single record, from

Indian Creek. The adult emergence con-

tinues from April to late August.

Little is known regarding the range of

this species. Aside from Illinois, we have

only three scattered records from lower

Michigan. In this respect frisoni is remark-

ably similar to cheilonis, which has nearly

the same known range and has never been

found in Illinois outside the Oakwood area.

Illinois Records. — Danville, Middle

Fork River: Aug. 27, 1936, Ross & Burks,

1 pupa, 2 larvae. Homer: July 11, 1927,

at light, Frison & Glasgow, 1 S . Muncie:
July 27, 1927, T. H. Frison, 2$. Oak-
wood, Salt Fork River: April 24, 1925,

T. H. Frison, 6^,1?; June 6, 1925, T. H.
Frison, 1 2 ; July 6, 1925, at light, Frison

& Glasgow, 5 S ; July 18, 1933, Ross &
Mohr, 2 S ; Aug. 25, 1936, H. H. Ross, 1 6 .

Serena, Indian Creek: June 16, 1939, B.

D. Burks, 1 S .

Hydropsyche scalaris Hagen

Hydropsyche scalaris Hagen (1861, p. 286);

cf,9.

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois but will almost certainly be found

with future collecting, since it has been col-

lected on practically all sides of the state,

with records from Georgia, Indiana, Mis-
souri, Oklahoma, Ontario and Wisconsin.
The name scalaris is the one under which

many species have been confused. The selec-

tion of a lectotype by Banks (1936^, p. 127)
has given us a definite concept of this species

for the first time.

Hydropsyche incommoda Hagen

Hydropsyche incommoda Hagen (1861, p.

290); d'.

Larva.—Unassociated with adult.

Adults. — Length 13-14 mm. Color

brown with the typical mottled pattern sim-

ilar to that in fig. 393. Male with eyes of

moderate size, each subequal to one-half the

dorsal area between them. Male genitalia,

fig. 381, similar to simulans in shape of

tenth tergite and male claspers; aedeagus

with lateral plates long, lateral flange small,

parallel with dorsal outline of stem, mesal

cavity almost entirely open, and mesal plates

large and projecting ventrad. Female with

ninth tergite as in fig. 386Ai^.

Allotype, female.—Tavares, Lake Coun-
ty, Florida: March 23, 1936, F. N. Young.
The species treated under the name in-

commoda by Betten (1934, p. 188) is not

the true incommoda, but is betteni (see p.

99).

We have taken this species at several

localities in the eastern, central and south-

ern parts of Illinois, usually in small num-
bers, and never in a heavy flight. The col-

lections are associated w^ith medium-sized

to large streams. The adults emerge over

a long period, our records being scattered

from April 24 to August 27.

In addition to Illinois, the species is known
only from Florida, Georgia and North Car-

olina; presumably it occurs in suitable situ-

ations in the intervening area between these

southeastern states and Illinois.

Illinois Records.

—

Carmi, Little Wa-
bash River: April 24, 1935, T. H. Frison,

\$. Kappa, Mackinaw River: Sept. 14,

1937, Ross & Burks, 4 <5 . Mahomet: Aug.

3, 1937, Ross & Burks, $ $ , $ 9 . Mo-
mence: Aug. 16, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1 $ ;

Kankakee River, May 29, 1939, Frison &
Ross, \i. MoNTicELLo: May 7, 1936,

Ross & Burks, \$. Oakwood: Sept. 20,

1935, DeLong & Ross, 1 $ ; Salt Fork River,

July 31, 1939, Burks & Riegel, \$. PoN-
tiac: Aug. 22, 1938, H. H. Ross, 5^.
Shawneetown: May 27, 1928, at light,

T. H. Frison, 1 $ . Venedy Station, Kas-

kaskia River: Aug. 27, 1940, Mohr &
Riegel, 9 ,? , 9 9 .

Hydropsyche orris Ross

Hydropsyche cornuta Ross (1938^, p. 141);

d^, 9. Preoccupied.

Hydropsyche orris Ross (1938^, p. 121).

New name.

Larva.—Fig. 346. Length 14 mm. Head
brown with pale areas on lateral and pos-

terior portions and frons; "thoracic sclerites

and legs straw colored to brownish yellow.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 107

Frons slightly concave and always covered
with a grayish hairy mass, the anterior mar-
gin straight across the middle, and provided
with a pair of short, elevated teeth. Dorsal
abdominal segments with abundant flattened

setae.

Adults.—Length 12-13 mm. Color pat-

tern brown, the mottling similar to that of

simulaus, fig. 393. Male with eyes small,

each equal to less than half the dorsal area
between them. Male genitalia, fig. 383:
tenth tergite short, declivous and hooklike

with a wide mesal incision; claspers with
second segment long, sinuate and pointed at

tip; aedeagus with stem straight, lateral

plates upturned and meeting mesal dome
on a line with the dorsal outline of stem,

lateral flanges not sharp, and the tip of the

plates rounded from side view, the mesal
cavity two-thirds closed, and the mesal
plates triangular and not projecting ventrad.

Female with ninth tergite, fig. Z%6K, very

similar to that of bidens; clasper receptacle

with anterior and posterior dorsal margins
usually of about equal slope.

This species is one of the most common
along the larger rivers and has been taken
quite generally in Illinois. Especially heavy
flights have been seen along the Rock, Illi-

nois and Mississippi rivers. Adult emer-
gence continues from April to September.
The range of the species, fig. 14, covers

the central Corn Belt states and widens
toward the south to include most of the

Gulf Coast states. We have records from
Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indi-

ana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and six pupae, taken April 24 to Oc-
tober 2, and many larvae, taken April 24
to July 23, are from Alton, Cairo, Chicago,

Dixon, East Dubuque, Eddyville (Lusk
Creek), Elgin (Botanical Gardens), Eliza-

bethtown, Florence, Golconda, Grafton
(Mississippi River), Grand Tower, Ham-
ilton, Harrisburg, Havana (Spoon River),

Herod, Homer (Salt Fork River), Horse
Shoe Lake, Jerseyville, Kankakee, Keiths-

burg, Meredosia, Milan (Rock River), Mo-
mence (Kankakee River), Mount Carmel,
New Boston, Oakwood (Salt Fork River),

Oregon (Castle Rock), Ottawa, Putnam
(Lake Senachwine), Quincy, Rockford, Rock
Island, Rosiclare, St. Joseph, Savanna,

Shawneetown, Sterling, Urbana, White
Pines Forest State Park.

Hydropsyche bidens Ross

Hydropsyche bidens Ross (1938rt, p. 142);
&, 9.

Larva.—Not definitely reared; we have
some statistical evidence that it might be
similar to that of orris.

Adults. — Length 10-11 mm. Color
brown, mottled as in simulans. Male with
eyes small, each slightly smaller than half
the dorsal area between them. Male geni-
talia similar to those of orris in structure
of tenth tergite and claspers, differing chief-
ly in the shape of the aedeagus, fig. 382,
which has the lateral plates parallel with
the axis of the stem, the lateral flanges
sharp and almost pointed at apex, and the
mesal dome rounded and curving consider-
ably ventrad to meet the apex of the lateral

plates. Female ninth tergite, fig. 386L, very
similar to that of orris. Extreme care must
be exercised in identifying females of bidens,

orris, simulans and incommoda. The differ-

ences between them are relative and subject
to variation. For this reason, females of

this group should not be used for isolated

records.

This species is distributed over the entire

state. It has been taken along a large vari-

ety of streams, ranging from small creeks

to large rivers. Most of our collections have
been of a few specimens, but occasionally

large flights have been encountered. Adult
emergence occurs from April to September.
The species has been taken throughout most
of the Corn Belt states, including Illinois,

Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis-
souri, Ohio and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken April 24 to September 25, are

from Alton, Apple River Canyon State

Park, Carmi, Champaign, Charleston, Dan-
ville, Deer Grove (Green River), Dundee,
East Dubuque, Elgin (Botanical Gardens,
Rainbow Springs), Elizabethtown, Freeport,

Fulton, Grafton (Mississippi River), Har-
din, Havana, Homer, Kampsville, Kankakee
(Kankakee River), Kankakee River at Illi-

nois-Indiana state line, Marengo, Mere-
dosia, Momence (Kankakee River), Mount
Carmel, New Boston, New Memphis (Kas-

kaskia River), Oakwood, Pere Marquette
State Park, Pike, Pontiac, Quincy (Burton

Creek), Richmond, Rockford, Rock Island,

St. Marie, Savanna, Spring Grove, Urbana,
Venedy Station (Kaskaskia River).



108 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Chetimatopsyche Wallengren

Cheumatopsyche Wallengren (1891, p. 142).

Genotype, monobasic: Hydropsyche lepida

Pictet.

Of the 18 species of this genus described

from North America, we have taken 9 in

Illinois. The remaining species are distrib-

uted in diverse parts of the continent. In

Illinois, different members of the genus fre-

quent almost every type of stream in the

state. Not only do they occur in streams

ranging from small brooks to the largest

rivers but can frequently succeed to some

extent in streams too polluted for almost

any other caddis flies.

The female genitalia have definite con-

cavities or invaginations in the sides of the

ninth tergite. These seem to be correlated

very closely in each species with the shape

of the apical segment of the male claspers,

and give definite indication of a "lock and

key" relationship.

To date no structural characters have

been found to identify the larvae to species.

All five of the reared Illinois species have

the larval frons notched in the middle, fig.

414, no conspicuous head or pronotal pat-

tern, and a general habitus similar to that

of Hydropsyche; minuscula differs in lack-

ing the notch in the frons.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with a pair of long

claspers, fig. 397 (males) 2

Apex of abdomen with no long append-

ages, fig. 391 (females) 11

2. Apical segment of claspers short, not

produced into a tapered point, fig.

394 3

Apical segment of claspers long, pro-

duced into a tapered point, figs. 396,

398 4

3. Apex of tenth tergite bearing a pair of

pointed, dorsal lobes which are held

close together, fig. 395

minuscula, p. 1 10

Apex of tenth tergite bearing a pair

of wide, lateral lobes which are not

approximate on meson, fig. 394. . . .

sordida, p. 1 10

4. Apical segment of claspers half length

of basal segment, fig. 396 .... oxa, p. 1 10

Apical segment of claspers shorter,

only one-fourth to one-fifth length

of basal segment, fig. 397 5

5. Lobes of tenth tergite reflexed and up-

turned to form a sharp, pointed,

apical ridge and just basad of it a

digitate, setose lobe as in fig. 397. . .

speciosa, p. 1 14

Lobes of tenth tergite not reflexed to

form such distinct and apparently

separated parts 6

6. Apical segment of claspers with a

broad, triangular base and a short,

tapered apex, fig. 398. . . .burksi, p. 113

Apical segment of claspers longer, with

base not nearly so wide in relation to

apex, fig. 400 7

7. Apical lobes of tenth tergite sharply

angled, apex bent back and bearing

an apical, thick cluster of stout,

curved setae as in fig. 399. . .lasia, p. 114

Apical lobes of tenth tergite not

sharply angled 8

8. Apical lobes of tenth tergite short,

more or less circular and at right

angles to linear body axis, fig. 400. .

analis, p.l 12

Apical lobes at apex of tenth tergite

either longer, fig. 402, or not at all

circular, fig. 401 9

9. Apical lobes of tenth tergite appressed

to tergite, appearing rounded at

apex from both lateral and caudal

view, and set diagonally to linear

body axis, fig. 401 aphanta, p. Ill

Apical lobes of tenth tergite not ap-

pearing rounded at apex from lateral

and caudal view, and not set diag-

onally to linear axis, fig. 402 10

10. Apical lobes of tenth tergite perpen-

dicular, rounded at apex and shorter,

fig. 402 campyla, p. 113

Apical lobes of tenth tergite angled

caudad, pointed at apex and longer,

fig. 403 pasella, p. 113

11. Ninth tergite without pouchlike lateral

invaginations or pockets, figs. 404,

405 12

Ninth tergite with pouchlike lateral

invaginations or pockets, figs. 406-

413 13

12. Dorsal portion of ninth tergite wide;

lateral portion with a small pit and
a slightly raised line running ventrad

from it, fig. 404 minuscula, p. 110

Dorsal portion of ninth tergite very

narrow; lateral portion with a large

concave area bounded toward an-

terior margin by a sinuate ridge and
cutting beneath dorsal portion, fig.

405 sordida, p. 110

13. Lateral invagination short and small

and situated far from postero-ven-

tral point of segment, fig. 406
burksi, p. 1 13



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 109

Figs. i^A-AQ2,.—Cheumatopsyche, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect;

C, caudal aspect of tenth tergite; D, claspers, caudal aspect.



110 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Lateral invagination much longer and
larger, usually approximate to pos-

tero-ventral point of segment, figs.

407-413 14

14. Lower margin of lateral invagination

forming a wide, round lobe extend-

ing below postero-ventral corner,

and with posterior corner upturned

and level with anterior corner, fig.

408 aphanta, p. Ill

Lower margin of lateral invagination

either concave, fig. 411, or with

anterior corner much higher than

posterior corner, figs. 409, 410,

never forming the rounded ventral

lobe as above 15

15. Lateral margin of ninth tergite pro-

duced into a narrow, ventral angular

point in which the lateral invagina-

tion ends and which projects slightly

beyond the postero-ventral corner,

fig. 409 oxa, p. 110

Lateral margin not forming a ventral

angular projection, fig. 410 16

16. Lateral invagination with inner open-
ing on mesal side, fig. 410

speciosa, p. 1 14

Lateral invagination with inner open-

ing on posterior side, figs. 411-413 17

17. Lateral invagination with lower pos-

terior corner situated a short dis-

tance from postero-ventral corner of

segment, fig. 407 analis, p. 112

Lateral invagination with lower pos-

terior corner nearly touching pos-

tero-ventral corner of segment, fig.

411 18

18. Lateral invagination elongate and
curved at apex, the two approxi-

mate on meson, fig. 413. . . .lasia, p. 114
Lateral invagination shorter and not

curved at apex, fig. 411 19

19. Lateral invagination smaller, the two
divergent and very far apart, fig.

411 campyla, p. 113
Lateral invagination larger, the two

parallel and closer together, fig. 412

pasella, p. 113

Cheumatopsyche sordida (Hagen)

Hydropsyche sordida Hagen (1861, p. 290);
d', 9.

Adults.—Length 6-8 mm. Head and
body various shades of brown; antennae
paler with a brown V-mark on the seven
basal segments of the flagellum; wings uni-

formly dark brown without pattern. Male
genitalia, fig. 394, with apical segment of

claspers short and stubby; tenth tergite

wide, the mesal portion rounded with the

apical lateral corners produced into short,

flat, truncate lobes.

In Illinois we have taken this species only

at Wilmington, along the Kankakee River.

This is apparently along the western limits

of the species' range; this range includes

the denser portions of the beech-oak-hick-

ory forest, with extensions southwestward
through the Ozarks and neighboring ranges.

Records are available from Arkansas, Illi-

nois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Mis-
souri, New York, Pennsylvania, Quebec
and Wisconsin. Adults emerge from May
to September.

Illinois Records.

—

Wilmington, Kan-
kakee River: May 27, 1935, Ross & Mohr,

$ $, $9,1 mating pair, 1 larva; June 6,

1935, Ross & Mohr, 1U , 8 ? ; July 1, 1935,

DeLong & Ross, \ $ , 1 ? .

Cheumatopsyche minuscula (Banks)

Hydropsyche minuscula Banks (1907«, p.

130); d^, 9.

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois but may eventually be found here.

It is similar to sordida in its dark coloring

and has a somewhat similar range, being

known from Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky,

New York, Oklahoma, Ontario, Quebec,

Tennessee and Wisconsin.

The tenth tergite and short apical seg-

ment of the claspers of the male distinguish

the species from others in the genus.

Cheumatopsyche oxa Ross

Cheumatopsyche oxa Ross (1938^, p. 155);

cf , 9.

Adults.—Length 8-9 mm. Color uni-

formly dark brown with only a few incon-

spicuous light areas near the anal angle of

the wings. Male genitalia, fig. 396, with

apical segment of the claspers very long,

slender and pointed; apical lobes of tenth

tergite, from caudal view, appearing fairly

long, narrowed near middle and slightly

widened at tip.

In Illinois, we have three scattered rec-

ords of this species, each along a small,

spring-fed stream. These and records from
other states show the adult emergence to

extend from March to middle or late Octo-

ber. Records from other" states also indi-

cate a preference for small, rapid streams,



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 111

thus substantiating observations from our

few Illinois records. The species usually

occurs in small, local colonies.

The range of the species apparently covers

most of the northeastern deciduous forest

region with extensions westward through

the Ozarks. We have records from Arkan-

sas, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, New York,

North Carolina, Tennessee and West Vir-

ginia.

Illinois Records.—Herod: July 11, 1935,

Ross & DeLong, 1$. Springville: Roar-

ing Spring Outlet, Oct. 17, 1938, Ross &
Burks, \ $ , 19, many larvae. Utica: Split

Rock Brook, June 17, 1941, Burks & Rie-

gel, U.

Cheumatopsyche aphanta Ross

Cheumatopsyche aphanta Ross (1938a, p.

151); &, 9.

Adults.—Length 7-9 mm. Color dark

brown, the wings with a few indistinct,

grayish, scattered spots and a large gray

spot on the anal margin near apex. Male
genitalia, fig. 401 : clasper with apical seg-

ment long, curved, slender, and pointed at

/^^l

LASIA

Figs. 404-413.—Cheumatopsyche, ninth and tenth tergites, females. A, lateral aspect;

5, dorsal aspect; C, caudal aspect showing lateral invaginations.



112 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

apex; tenth tergite short, the apical lobes

somewhat ovate, somewhat polished, and

appressed on the diagonal to the apex of

the tergite.

This species is common in small streams

of the northern fourth of the state, in the

vicinity of Oalcwood and also in the center

of the western margin of the state.

The species shows a decided preference

for brooks and small creeks, especially those

fed by springs and permanent in character.

The only exception we have to this is a col-

lection from Oregon, Illinois, which pre-

sumably came from the Rock River. The
adult emergence extends from May to late

September.

The range of the species is poorly deline-

ated. In addition to Illinois records we have

only one from Indiana and two from the

heart of the Ozarks in western Arkansas.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and 1 pupa, taken May 11 to Sep-

tember 20, are from Apple River Canyon

State Park, Cedarville, Charleston, Che-

mung, (Piscasaw Creek), Danville (Middle

Fork River), Deer Grove, Elgin, Galena

(Sinsinawa River), Homer, Howardsville,

Mahomet, Mount Carroll, Muncie, Oak-

wood, Oregon, Quincy (stream near Cave

Spring), Rock City, Serena, Sycamore (trib-

utary of South Kishwaukee River), Urbana,

White Pines Forest State Park.

Cheutnatopsyche analis (Banks)

Hydropsyche analis Banks (1903^, p. 243);

Hydropsyche pettiti Banks (1908^, p. 265); cf.

Adults.—Length 9-12 mm. Color vary-

ing from almost entirely dark brown with

few light spots on the wings to a lighter

phase with many small, light spots and the

two anal spots as described for burksi. Male
genitalia, fig. 400: claspers with apical seg-

ment long, slightly sinuate and pointed;

tenth tergite with apical lobes projecting

slightly in front of mesal angle of tergite,

low, and with the apex widened into a some-

what round plate which is nearly truncate

at apex ; these plates vary considerably in

proximity to each other.

A re-examination of the type of analis

convinces me that the curious structure of

the tenth tergite of the type is due to me-
chanical injury, to wit, the breaking off of

the apical lobes. The ridging of the tenth

tergite, narrow aedeagus and shape of the

claspers leave no doubt in my mind that this

is the same as pettiti, in which type the

genitalia are intact. In the type of analis,

the caudal aspect of the tenth tergite is

asymmetrical and appears to end dorsad at

fracture lines.

This species exhibits the interesting phe-

nomenon of a dark color phase correlated

with the earliest spring emergence and suc-

cessively lighter color forms as the season

advances into warmer weather. The same
phenomenon is shown to a certain extent

by other caddis flies, but I have observed

none in which it is as marked as in this

species.

In Illinois the species is very widespread.

It shows a preference for small streams

but occurs also in the larger rivers. With
campyla, it is often found in streams carry-

ing considerable pollution and in which few
or no other caddis flies are found. It has a

wide ecological tolerance.

The range of the species is extremely

large, extending from the Atlantic to the

Pacific through the northern states and

from Georgia and Oklahoma in the south

to Minnesota, Ontario and New Hampshire
in the north.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken April 16 to September 20, are

from Amboy, Apple River Canyon State

Park, Aurora, Baker (Indian Creek), Bour-

bonnais (Rock Creek), Cedarville, Charles-

ton, Chemung (Piscasaw Creek), Chester-

ville, Clinton (Weldon Springs), Cora,

Crescent City, Danville, Dixon Springs, El-

gin (Botanical Gardens, Rainbow Springs),

Erie, Freeport, Gibson City, Gilman, Green-

up (Embarrass River), Halfday, Harris-

burg, Havana (Quiver Creek), Herod,

Homer, Horse Shoe Lake, Howardsville,

Kankakee, Kappa (Mackinaw River), Le-

land, Mahomet (Sangamon River), Ma-
rengo, Mazon (Mazon Creek), McHenry,
Momence (Kankakee River), Monticello,

Morris, Mount Carroll, Muncie, Oak Hill,

Oakwood, Oregon, Ottawa, Palos Park
(Mud Lake), Pontiac, Quincy, Richmond,

Rock City, Savanna, Serena (Indian Creek),

Spring Grove (Nippersink Creek), Starved

Rock State Park, Sycamore (tributary of

South Kishwaukee River), Urbana (Salt

Fork River), Utica (Split Rock Brook),

Wadsworth (Des Plaines River), Wauke-
gan. West Vienna, White Heath, White
Pines Forest State Park, Wilmington (Kan-
kakee River), Yorkville (Fox River).



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 113

Cheumatopsyche hurksi Ross

Cheumatopsyche bnrksi Ross (1941/^, p. 83);

cf , 9.

Adults.—Length 9-10 mm. Color brown,

the wings with abundant light flecks over

the entire surface and with two fairly large

white areas along the anal margin, one at

the end of the anal veins, the other near

the junction of the anal veins. Male geni-

talia, fig. 398: claspers with apical segment

short, the caudal view with base wide and

apex narrow and finger-like, the mesal mar-

gin straight, the segment in general some-

what triangular; tenth tergite long, the

apical lobes short and lanceolate, armed with

fairly long setae.

Our only record of this species in Illinois

is the holotype male, taken at Havana, along

the Spoon River, October 2, 1938, B. D.

Burks. The only other record of the species

is from Tavares, Florida; hence little can

be said regarding the general range of the

species.

Cheumatopsyche campyla Ross

Cheumatopsyche campyla Ross (1938c/, p.

152); c^, 9.

Adults. — Length 10-12 mm. Color

brown, wings irrorate with light brown and

cream and with a large light spot on the

anal margin near apex ; the irrorate portion

is irregularly marked. Male genitalia, fig.

402: claspers with apical segment long and

pointed but much shorter than in oxa or

aphanta; tenth tergite fairly long, the apical

lobes appearing somewhat clavate at apex

from side view, and shouldered and pointed

from caudal view; in some specimens this

shoulder is more pronounced than in fig.

402.

This species is distributed very widely

over Illinois. It seldom frequents small

streams, preferring those at least as large

as the Salt Fork at Oakwood. It is fre-

quently taken in large numbers along the

Illinois, Rock and Mississippi rivers. Adult

emergence covers a wide span, from April

to October. As mentioned under analis,

this species is frequently found in streams

which are quite unattractive to most caddis

flies. The larval head is illustrated in fig.

414.

This species also has a very wide range.

It is most abundant through the Corn Belt

states but is found over almost all other

parts of the continent, with records from
Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,

Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis-
souri, Montana, New Mexico, New York,

Fig. 414.—Cheumatopsyche campyla larva,

head.

Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tex-
as, Utah, Wisconsin and Wyoming.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken April 11 to October 11, are

from Algonquin, Alton, Beardstown, Byron,

Carmi (on bridge across Little Wabash
River), Charleston, Danville (Middle Fork
River), Deer Grove (Green River), Des
Plaines, Dixon, Dundee, East Dubuque,
Elgin (Botanical Gardens), Fieldon, Flor-

ence, Grafton, Grand Detour, Grand Tow-
er, Hamilton, Hardin (Illinois River),

Harrisburg, Havana, Homer, Horse Shoe

Lake, Jerseyville, Kampsville, Kankakee
(Kankakee River), Kappa (Mackinaw Riv-

er), Keithsburg, Mahomet, McHenry, Me-
redosia, Momence, Montezuma, Morris,

Mount Carmel, New Boston, Oakwood,
Oregon, Ottawa, Pearl, Pontiac, Quincy

(stream near Cave Spring), Richmond,

Rockford, Rock Island, Rockton, St.

Charles, Savanna, Serena (Fox River),

Springfield, Spring Grove (Nippersink

Creek), Starved Rock State Park, Sterling,

Urbana, Valley City, Waukegan, Wilming-

ton, Yorkville.

Cheumatopsyche pasella Ross

Cheumatopsyche pasella Ross (1941^, p. 84);

cf , 9.

Adults.—Length 7-9 mm. Color dark

brown with very few light spots. Male
genitalia, fig. 403: claspers with apical seg-

ment long and sinuate, pointed at apex.

Lobes of tenth tergite very long, angled

dorso-caudad, appearing narrow and point-

ed from lateral view, from caudal view

pointed but with the base widened.



114 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23. Art. 1

We have only two widely separated rec-

ords of this species for the state, one along

the Kaskaskia River, the other along the

Kankakee.

Other records from Georgia, Indiana,

Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,

Tennessee and Wisconsin indicate that the

main range of the species centers in the

eastern states with a preference for rapid

streams, and that our isolated records from

Indiana, Wisconsin and Illinois are on the

extreme western edge of the range.

Illinois Records.

—

Momence, Kankakee

River: May 26, 1936, H. H. Ross, 3S.
Venedy Station, along Kaskaskia River:

Aug. 27, 1940, Mohr & Riegel, 1 S .

Cheumatopsyche lasia Ross

Cheumatopsyche lasia Ross (1938fl, p. 154);

cf, 9.

Adults.—Length 7 mm. Color brown,

the wings with very fine, uniform and

irrorate markings over the entire wing.

Male genitalia, fig. 399: claspers with api-

cal segment long, similar to those of cam-

pyla ; tenth tergite with apical lobes pro-

duced into a wide, projecting, basal shoul-

der, the apical portion curved back against

the tenth tergite and provided with a heavy

brush of setae at the apex.

This species has been taken fairly widely

throughout the state, usually along small

streams, although occasionally taken along

rivers such as the Rock. Many of the

streams in which it is found are fairly

heavily silted; it is interesting to note in

this connection that to the southwest the

species has been taken in abundance along

heavily silted rivers. Adult emergence ex-

tends from May to August with a decided

high peak toward July and August.

The range, fig. 12, extending to the south

and west of Illinois, includes Illinois, Kan-
sas, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas; in

addition we have a record from eastern

Montana which indicates that the species

might be fairly widespread in the relatively

uncollected Great Plains area.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 15 to August 31, are from
Amboy (Green River), Bartonville (Kick-
apoo Creek), Deer Grove, Dixon, Downs
(Kickapoo Creek), Elgin (Botanical Gar-
dens), Kappa (Mackinaw River), Ma-
homet, Milan, Oak Hill (Kickapoo Creek),

Pontiac, Quincy (Burton Creek), Ripley,

Serena (Indian Creek), Springfield, Spring

Grove, White Pines Forest State Park,

Wolf Lake.

Cheumatopsyche speciosa (Banks)

Hydropsyche speciosa Banks (1904^, p. 214);

&, 9.

Adults.—Length 7-8 mm. Head brown,
wings brown with irregular, fine, light mot-
tling and three large light spots as follows:

a pair on the anterior and posterior mar-
gins just before the stigma, and the third

on the anterior margin just beyond the stig-

ma, sometimes the three marks running to-

gether. Male genitalia, fig. 397: claspers

with apical segment long, very narrow,

pointed, and curved at apex; apical lobes

of tenth tergite sharply angled near middle,

the apical portion recurved down and back

along the tergite and then curved dorsad

again, the whole giving the appearance of a

pair of sharp, apical projections and a pair

of preapical, somewhat hairy lobes.

We have taken this species at several

scattered localities in northern Illinois and

at one locality along the Wabash River in

southern Illinois; this last record probably

represents drifts from a nearby large colony

at Shoals, Indiana. Our only large Illinois

collections have been made at Momence,
along the Kankakee River; here the species

emerges in swarms. It has a marked prefer-

ence for large rivers. The adults emerge

from April until early September.

The species has a wide range, occurring

through the eastern states, extending to the

southwest through the Ozarks and to the

northwest through Minnesota to Montana.
We have records from Arkansas, Indiana,

Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri,

Montana, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma,

Tennessee and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 17 to September 7, are

from Champaign, Dixon, Kankakee (Kan-

kakee River), Metropolis, Momence (Kan-

kakee River), Mount Carmel, Putnam, Sa-

vanna, Urbana, Wilmington.

Macronemum Burmeister

Macronema Pictet (1836, p. 399). Geno-
type, monobasic: Macronema lineatum Pictet.

Preoccupied.

Macronemum Burmeister (1839, p. 915).

Emendation.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 115

The larvae and pupae are readily distin-

guished from other members of the family

by characters used in the key. The adults

may be distinguished also by the large,

slender outline, extremely long antennae,

and the polished, brightly colored and pat-

terned wings.

The species frequent large, rapid rivers.

The larvae, which may attain a length of

nearly an inch, frequently net together large

areas of small and medium sized stones if

a large number of larvae spin their retreats

close together. Only three species have been

described for Nearctic America. Two of

them have been taken in Illinois, and the

other occurs in Indiana not many miles

away. At some time we may expect to find

adults of this third species which have drift-

ed into Illinois.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Head yellow, the posterior portion of

the dorsal flange raised into a pair

of tubercles, fig. 417

transversum, p. 117

Head reddish brown, the posterior

portion of the dorsal flange even,

not tuberculate, fig. 416 2

2. Tubercles near eye larger, fig. 416. . .

Carolina, p. 1 1

6

415 416

Fig. 415.—Macronemum zebratum larva,

head.

Fig. 416.—Macronemum Carolina larva,

head.

Fig. 417.—Macronemum traiisdersiim larva,

head.

Tubercles near eye smaller, fig. 415 .

zebratum, p. 115

Adults

1. Wings pale yellow with narrow, trans-

verse brown stripes

transversum, p. 117

Wings brown with large yellow spots

and stripes, fig. 420 2

Fig. 418.—Macronemum zebratum, head.

Fig. 419.—Macronemum Carolina, head.

2. Eyes small, malar space large, fig. 418

zebratum, p. 1 1

5

Eyes large, malar space narrow, fig.

419 Carolina, p. 116

Macronemum zebratum (Hagen)

Macronema zebratum Hagen (1861, p. 285);

&, 9.

Larva.—Fig. 415. Length 22 mm. Head,

thoracic sclerites and legs reddish brown.

Head with a sharp, U-shaped ridge sur-

rounding a flat area embracing almost all

the dorsal portion of the head, this ridge

elevated into a distinct tubercle above each

eye. Mandibles with base very large and

apex narrow, fig. 288. Front legs with a

heavy brush on the tibiae.

Adults.—Fig. 420. Length 15-18 mm.
Color of head and thorax metallic bluish

brown; antennae dark brown at base, grad-

ually becoming lighter toward apex; mouth-

parts and legs yellow. Front wings brown

with yellow markings forming a pattern as

in fig. 420. Eyes small, fig. 418, malar space

large. Male genitalia with parts simple,

fig. 421.

In Illinois we have taken this species at

many localities in the northern half of the

state, particularly along the Fox, Kankakee,

Rock and Mississippi rivers. We have taken

the larvae and pupae very abundantly in

the rapids of the Kankakee River. Adult

emergence begins during the latter part of

May and continues into September. During



116 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

the middle of the summer it is not unusual

to encounter large flights of these beauti-

fully colored insects.

The range includes most of eastern North

America, with records available from Con-

necticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Ken-
tucky, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New
York, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Vir-

ginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin; in addition

we have an isolated record from Utah.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, collected May 22 to September 7,

and many larvae, collected April 27 to Oc-
tober 28, are from Algonquin, Antioch,

Fig. 421.—Macronemum zebratum cT, genitalia.

Aurora, Como (Rock River), Dixon (Rock
River), Hamilton, Kankakee (Kankakee
River), Momence (Kankakee River), Nor-
mal, Oregon, Quincy (Mississippi River),

Rockford, Rock Island, Sterling (Rock Riv-

er), Wilmington (Kankakee River).

Macronemum Carolina (Banks)

Macronema Carolina Banks (1909, p. 342);

Fig. 420.—Macronemum zebratum cf

.

d^.

The genitalia appear identical with zebra-

tum, but Carolina is always smaller, 12-13

mm., has a slightly darker pattern, and has

much larger eyes, resulting in a narrower

malar space. The larvae, reared at Shoals,

Indiana, are remarkably similar to those of

zebratum, but the differences between them
are very critical. It is advisable to use com-

parison material to aid identification.

Allotype, female.—Swainsboro, Georgia,

along Ohoopee River: May 31, 1931, P. W.
Fattig.

We have taken only a single specimen

in Illinois, a female collected at light in

Fox Ridge State Park, near the Embarrass

River, July 9, 1944, Sommerman & Ross.

The species is fairly widely distributed

through the southern states, and records

are available from Florida, Georgia, Indi-

ana, Louisiana, New York, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania and South Carolina.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 117

Macronetnum transversum (Walker)

Hydropsyche transversa Walker (1852, p.

114); 9.

Macronema polygrammatum McLachlan
(1871, p. 129); d^.'

Macronema polygrammaticum Betten (1934,

p. 204). Misspelling.

As in the case of Carolina, we have not

yet taken this species in Illinois but have

found it in small numbers in the White
River at Shoals and Petersburg, Indiana.

We have not actually reared the yellow-

headed larva of this genus which we are

considering as this species. By a process of

elimination, however, there seems no ques-

tion as to the association. This larva, fig.

417, differs from the others not only in

color but in having the posterior portion of

the head ridge produced into a pair of

tubercles.

Little is known regarding the distribution

of the species. Available records are from

Georgia and Indiana.

HYDROPTILIDAE

This family comprises most of the "micro"

caddis flies. Various members of the family

frequent diverse situations, and in Illinois

one or more species may be found in al-

most any unpolluted lake or stream. Every
known Nearctic genus has a representative

in the central or eastern states.

The adults are hairy and usually have a

mottled pattern; the maxillary palpi are

five-segmented in both sexes and the wings

have either reduced or compressed venation.

The pupae, fig. 44, are very uniform in

structure and no characters have been found

to key them to genus.

The larvae are unique in possessing a

modified type of hypermetamorphosis. In

at least some genera (see Ochrotrichia, p.

125, and Mayatrichia, p. 160) the early in-

stars have a slender body fitted for free,

active life and have no case. These forms,

'422
423

Fig. 422.—Mayatrichia ayama, apex of ab-

domen of early instar larva.

Fig. 423.— Ochrotrichia sp., apex of abdomen
ot earlv instar larva.

fig. 557, have a slender abdomen with the

dorsum of each segment sclerotized. The
Mayatrichia larva studied has structures

similar to the mature form, fig. 422, but the

Ochrotrichia larva differs in having long

tarsal claws and long anal legs and claws,

fig. 423. Later instars make a case and are

modified for life in a case; the abdomen
enlarges, at least some tarsal claws are

stout, and the anal legs and hooks are re-

duced to small, stout hooks. Early instars

are known for very few genera. Perhaps

because they are exceedingly minute (about

1-2 mm. long), they are seldom collected.

The larvae and cases possess many gener-

ic characters and few specific characters,

so that in the treatment of this family the

generic characters are described in some

detail under the first species in each genus.

Many of the genera of the Nearctic

Hydroptilidae occur throughout the Ameri-

cas, frequently with as many species in the

Neotropical region as in the Nearctic, or

more. Much pioneer work has been done

in the study of the Neotropical fauna by

Mosely, and the North American students

of the group will find much valuable mate-

rial in his two papers on the Mexican and

Brazilian Hydroptilidae (Mosely 1937,

1939).

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Abdomen enlarged, at least some part

of it much thicker than thorax, figs.

541; 5575, living in case (later in-

stars) 2

Abdomen slender, not appreciably

thicker than thorax, fig. SSIA; free

living, not with case (early instars)

not keyed

2. Each segment of abdomen with a dark,

sclerotized dorsal area, figs. 449,

464^ 3

Abdomen with at least segments 2-7

without dark, sclerotized dorsal

area, at most with a small, delicate

ring, fig. 4645 4

3. Abdomen with dorsal sclerites soHd;

segments 1 and 2 small, 3-6 greatly

expanded, fig. 449. Case translu-

cent, ovoid and water-penny shaped,

fig. 450 Leucotrichia, p. 120

Abdomen with dorsal sclerites mem-
branous across middle, fig. 464.-/;

segments 1-6 evenly expanded, as

in fig. 541 Ochrotrichia, p. 125



118 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

4. Abdominal segments with lateral pro-

jections, fig. 456
Ithytrichia, p. 1 23

Abdominal segments without lateral

projections, fig. 541 5

Middle and hind legs with tarsal claws

shorter or stouter, figs. 427, 429;

cases of various types 7

7. Anal legs distinctly projecting from

body mass, fig. 422; eighth abdomi-

nal tergite with a brush of setae,

fig. 433 8

Anal legs apparently combined with

body mass and only the claws pro-

jecting, fig. 541; eighth abdominal

tergite with only one or two pairs of

weak setae, fig. 541 . 9

8. Thoracic tergites clothed with long,

slender, erect, inconspicuous setae,

fig. 431; case of sand grains, evenly

tapered and without posterior slit

Neotrichia, p. 154

Thoracic tergites clothed with shorter,

stout, black setae which are con-

spicuous and appressed to the sur-

Fig. 424.—Oxyethira dualis larva, legs.

Fig. 425.— Agraylea multipunctata larva,

legs.

Fig. 426.— Mayatrichia ayama larva, legs.

5. Middle and hind legs almost three

times as long as front legs, fig. 424
Oxyethira, p. 133

Middle and hind legs not more than
one and one-half times as long as

front legs, fig. 425 6

6. Middle and hind legs with very long,

slender tarsal claws which are much
longer than tarsi, fig. 425; case

purselike, fig. 465 Agraylea, p. 122

Fig. 427.—Neotrichia sp. larva, legs.

Fig. 428.—Orthotrichia sp. larva, legs.

Fig. 429.—Hydroptila ajax larva, legs.

Fig. 430.—Ochrotrichia unto larva, legs.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 119

face of the body, fig. 432; case

translucent, evenly tapered and with

dorsal side either ringed or fluted

with raised ridges, fig. 558

Mayatrichia, p. 160

Fig. 431.—Neotrichia sp. larva, metanotum.
Fig. 432.—Mayatrichia ayama larva, meta-

notum.
Fig. 433.—Mayatrichia ayama larva, eighth

tergite.

Fig. 434.— Tascobia palmata larva, tarsal

claws.

Fig. 435.—Ochrotrichia nnio larva, tarsal

claws.

Fig. 436.—Ochrotrichia tarsalis larva, met-

anotum.
Fig. 437.

—

Hydroptila waubesiana larva,

metanotum.

9. Tarsal claws with long, stout inner

tooth, fig. 434; case purselike, ro-

bust Tascobia, p. 124

Tarsal claws without prominent inner

tooth, fig. 435; case either purselike

or cylindrical 10

10. Middle and hind legs with tibiae cylin-

drical and long, fig. 428; case long,

smooth and round in cross sec-

tion, tapered at each end and with

an indented slit at both ends
Orthotrichia, p. 139

Middle and hind legs with tibiae stout

and widened at apex, fig. 429; case

of purse type 11

11. Metanotum with a distinct, widened
ventro-lateral area, fig. 436

Ochrotrichia, p. 125

Metanotum without a widened, lateral

area, fig. 437 Hydroptila, p. 141

Aduhs

1

.

Ocelli absent 2

Ocelli present 4

2. Front tibiae with an apical spur

Dibusa, p. 121

Front tibiae without an apical spur. . 3

3. Metascutellum almost rectangular, fig.

445 Orthotrichia, p. 139

Metascutellum pentagonal to triangu-

lar, fig. 446 Hydroptila, p. 141

4. Metascutellum as wide as scutum,
short and rectangular, fig. 438. . . .

Tascobia, p. 124

444

Hy
Fig. 438

Fig. 439

Fig. 440

Fig. 441

Fig. 442

Fig. 443

Fig. 444
Fig. 445

Fig. 446

445 446

droptilidae. Thorax

.— Tascobia brustia.

.
— Leucotrichia pictipes.

.
—Metrichia nigritta.

.
—Ochrotrichia tarsalis.

.
—Agraylea multipunctata.
—Oxyethira pallida.

—Ithytrichia clavata.

—Orthotrichia americana.
—Hydroptila hamata.



120 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

447 448

Fig. 447.

—

Leucotrichia pictipes, front coxae.

Fig. 448.

—

Metrichia nigritta, front coxae.

Metascutellum either triangular, fig.

440, or markedly narrower than

scutum, fig. 439 5

5. Front tibiae with an apical spur 6

Front tibiae without an apical spur. . 7

6. Front coxae wide, fig. 447

Leucotrichia, p. 120

Front coxae narrow, fig. 448

Metrichia, p. 121

7. Hind tibiae with only 1 preapical spur

Neotrichia, p. 154

Hind tibiae with 2 preapical spurs. . . 8

8. Middle tibiae without a preapical

spur Mayatrichia, p. 160

Middle tibiae with a preapical spur. . 9

9. Mesoscutellum with a slightly arcuate,

linelike fracture running from one

lateral angle to the other, fig. 441,

and dividing the area of the sclerite

almost equally. . . .Ochrotrichia, p. 125

Mesoscutellum without a transverse,

linelike groove 10

10. Mesoscutellum narrow and diamond-
shaped, with a wide area posterior

to postero-dorsal edge; metascutel-

lum with sides parallel to median
line and anterior margins forming

a corner with sides, fig. 442
Agraylea, p. 1 22

Mesoscutellum wider, anterior margin
evenly curved, with postero-dorsal

edge close to or touching posterior

margin; metascutellum triangular,

arcuate or nearly so, figs. 443, 444 11

11. Postero-dorsal edge of mesoscutellum
touching posterior margin on meson;
metascutellum with posterior mar-
gin extending to lateral margin of

segment, fig. 443 Oxyethira, p. 133

Postero-dorsal edge of mesoscutellum
separated from posterior margin by
a narrow strip; metascutellum with

posterior margin not extending to

lateral margin but joined to it by a

short, strapHke piece, fig. 444
Ithytrichia, p. 123

Leucotrichia Mosely

Leucotrichia Mosely (1934^, p. 157). Geno-
type by original designation: Leucotrichia mel-

leopicta Mosely.

Only one of the four Nearctic species

has been taken in Illinois. The remainder

are western or southwestern in distribution.

A key to Nearctic males is on page 271.

Leucotrichia pictipes (Banks)

Orthotrichia pictipes Banks (1911, p. 359);

&, 9.

Larva (mature type).—Fig. 449. Length
4.5 mm. Sclerites dark brown. Segments of

thorax somewhat flattened, legs short and
stout. Abdomen with first two segments

very small, third to sixth greatly expanded;

each segment of abdomen with a conspic-

uous, rectangular, dark sclerite on the dor-

sum, each sclerite bearing several setae,

segments separated by a conspicuous con-

striction. Anal hooks sessile and fairly long.

Case.—Fig. 450. Round and convex, sim-

ilar in appearance to a leech egg, attached

like a water-penny, made of translucent ma-
terial which appears gelatinous but is actu-

ally quite tough.

Underside of case

formed of a weak,

irregular sheet.

Adults.—Length
4.0-4.5 mm. Body
and appendages dark

brown to black, the

antennae and tarsi

banded with white,

the wings with a

few scattered, small

light areas.

Fig. 449.

—

Leucotri- Fig. 450.

—

Leucotri-

chia pictipes larva. chia pictipes case.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 121

Male genitalia, fig. 916, (see p. 272) : eighth

sternite bilobed, forming a pair of widely

spaced triangles; ninth tergite with a brush

of long setae; claspers fused to form a short,

broad spatula; aedeagus as in fig. 916. Fe-

male genitalia with segments simple; bursa

copulatrix as in fig. 921 (see p. 273).

The larva was described by Lloyd

(1915fl) under the name Itliytricliia confusa

(misidentification)

.

Our only Illinois records of this species

are from the Apple River in Apple River

Canyon State Park, situated in the Jo
Daviess hills of extreme northwestern Illi-

nois. In one or two of the swiftest rapids

of the river we have taken larvae and pupae

on large stones in the center of the current.

In the northern states, the species' range

is practically transcontinental, with definite

records from Colorado, Idaho, Michigan,

Minnesota, New York, Oregon, Wisconsin

and Wyoming.
Illinois Records.

—

Apple River Can-
yon State Park: Aug. 23, 1939, Ross &
Riegel. 1$, 2$; Apple River, May 24,

1940, H. H. Ross, \ $ , 2 larvae, many pu-

pae
;
June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 2$ ;

April 9, 1941, Ross & Mohr, many larvae.

Metrichia Ross

Metrichia Ross (1938<r, p. 9). Genotype, by
original designation: Orthotrichia nigritta

Banks.

The genotype is the sole species in the

genus and is known from Texas and Okla-

Fig. 451.—Metrichia nigritta. //, wings;

B, male genitalia.

homa. The larva is unknown. The male

genitalia and wings are illustrated in fig.

451.

Dibusa Ross

Dibusa Ross (1939«, p. 66). Genotype by

original designation: Dibusa angata Ross.

In this genus, as in Metrichia, the geno-

type is the sole species. Originally described

Fig. 452.— Dibusa angata. A and 5, male genitalia, lateral and dorsal aspects; C, aedeagus;

D, wings.



122 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

from North Carolina, it has since been col-

lected in southeastern Oklahoma. The male

genitalia and wings are illustrated in fig.

452; the female and larva are unknown.

Agraylea Curtis

Agraylea Curtis (1834, p. 217). Genotype,

monobasic: Agraylea multipunctata Curtis.

Hydrorchestria Kolenati (1848, p. 103).

Emended name.

Only one species of the genus, multi-

punctata, has been collected in Illinois. The

^454
MULTIPUNCTATA B

Figs. 453-454.

—

Agraylea, male genitalia.

Ay lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect; C, lateral

process of seventh sternite.

only other eastern species, costello, differs

markedly in the shape of the claspers, fig.

453.

Agraylea multipunctata Curtis

Agraylea multipunctata Curtis (1834, p. 217).

Allotrichia signata Banks (1904^^, p. 215);

Agraylea Jraterna Banks (1907^, p. 164); cf.

Allotrichia flavida Banks (1907^, p. 164); 9.

New synonymy.

Larva (mature type).—Length 5 mm.
Head round and robust, front legs short

and stocky, middle and hind legs longer,

with exceptionally long tarsal claws. Ab-
dominal segments enlarged gradually to

beyond middle and decreasing to apex, seg-

ments separated by a constriction and with-

out dorsal armature.

Case.—Purselike, formed of two sym-

metrical ovate valves and with anterior and

posterior slits. The case is carried erect.

Construction of fibers often mottled.

Adults.—Length 4-5 mm. Color salt-

and-pepper mottling to almost uniformly

Fig. 455.

—

Agraylea multipunctata, female

genitalia.

black. Venation relatively complete, much
as in fig. 452. Male genitalia as in fig. 454.

Female genitalia as in fig. 455.

Holarctic in distribution, this species is

taken commonly throughout the northern

states and Canada. In Illinois our records

are most abundant in the northeastern cor-

ner. The larvae have been taken in both

lakes and rivers. In addition to Illinois,

we have records from British Columbia,

Colorado, Maine, Manitoba, Michigan,

Minnesota, New Brunswick, New York,

Nova Scotia, Ontario, South Dakota, Vir-

ginia, Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Antioch: July 1,

1931, Frison, Betten & Ross, 2 5 ; July 7,

1932, at light, Frison & Metcalf, S S , 9 9.

Fox Lake: July 1, 1931, Frison, Betten &
Ross, 2$, 6$; Sept. 22, 1931, Frison &
Ross, S S ,69 ; Oct. 4, 1931, Ross & Mohr,

5 5,3$; June 30, 1935, DeLong & Ross,

$ S , $ 5 ; May 28, 1936, in weeds, H. H.j

Ross, 3 larvae; June 10, 1936, Ross &j
Burks, 1$. McHenry: June 30, 1931,

Frison, Betten & Ross, 1 $ . Palos Park.I

Mud Lake: Aug. 3, 1938, Ross & Burks,



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 123

U , 6 $ . Richmond: June 20, 1938, Burks

& Boesel, 5$. Savanna: July 10, 1927,

Frison & Glasgow, at light, 1 9 . Spring

Grove: Fish Hatchery, May 10, 1935,

Frison & Ross, 1$ , 1 $ ; June 9, 1938,

Burks & Mohr, 5^, 5$ ; June 17, 1938,

at light, Burks & Boesel, 1 9 ; Nippersink

Creek, June 17, 1938, B. D. Burks, 2 9 ;

Fish Hatchery, July 11, 1938, Burks &
Riegel, 4 larvae.

Ithytrichia Eaton

Ithytrichia Eaton (1873, p. 139). Genotype,

monobasic: Ithytrichia lamellaris Eaton.

The curious hydroptilid larva described

by Needham (1902) is probably of this

genus. At the time Needham considered

the larva (prepupa) with lateral append-

ages, fig. 456, to be a different phase of

Fig. 456.— Ithytrichia? larva. (After Needham.)

another larva without such appendages but

collected with it. I have observed no such

phenomenon in prepupae of other Hydrop-
tilidae. Furthermore the larva under dis-

cussion fits descriptions of a European spe-

cies of this genus (Morton 1888). I be-

lieve that two genera were involved in Need-

ham's collecting. His larva without the

lateral appendages (1902, fig. 1) may have

been a species of Oxyethira ; the one with

lateral appendages (1902, figs. 2-5) was
probably Ithytrichia clavata. Both were in

cases apparently resembling fig. 465.

Both Nearctic species have been taken in

Illinois. The female of one of these is un-

known. The adults have the salt-and-pep-

per markings typical of many Hydroptilidae.

KEY TO SPECIES

Males

1. Claspers with ventral aspect nar-

rowed to a slender apex; side plates

of ninth segment with apex narrow,
lateral aspect downcurved, ventral

aspect flared, fig. 457

clavata, p. 124

Figs. 457-458.— Ithytrichia, male genitalia.

/}, ventral aspect; B, lateral aspect; C, aedea-

gus.

Claspers with ventral aspect parallel

sided, apex wide and truncate; side

plates of ninth segment with apex

wide, without flared end, fig. 458. . .

mazon, p. 1 24



124 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Ithytrichia clavata Morton

Ithytrichia clavata Morton (1905, p. 67); d^.

Larva.—What is possibly the larva of

this species was illustrated by Needham

(1902, p. 377, figs. 2-5). His drawing is

reproduced here in fig. 456. No additional

material of this form has been found.

Fig. 459.

—

Ithytrichia clavata, female geni-

talia. A, ventral aspect; B, bursa copulatrix.

Adults.—Length 3 mm. Color dark

brown with light mottling over body and

wings. Male genitalia, fig. 457: ninth and

tenth tergites entirely membranous dorsally,

the lateral portion extending to apex of

clasper and forming an apical portion with

downcurved, truncate lateral aspect and a

flared ventral aspect; below this is a thumb-
like protuberance from which arises a fin-

ger-like process; claspers long and slender,

tapering to a narrow apex; aedeagus long,

with tubular base, distinct neck with a stout

spiral process and long apex flattened and
flanged at end. Female genitalia, fig. 459:

eighth sternite membranous with six setae

at apex, each on a separate basal tubercle;

near middle of segment is a curious, head-

like structure having internal lobes connect-

ed with its base; bursa copulatrix with base

open, fig. 4595.

Allotype, female.—Cultus Lake, Sardis,

British Columbia: July 23, 1936, H. H.
Ross.

Our only Illinois collection of this species

was made at light, along the Galena River,

.
Council Hill, June 26, 1940, Mohr & Riegel,

7 $ . We have female specimens from Mun-
cie which may be this species. Since the

female of mazon is not known and may be

similar to that of clavata, it seems best to

leave these Muncie specimens unidentified.

The species has a very wide range, at

least transcontinental and perhaps Holarctic,

with records from British Columbia, Cali-

fornia, Illinois, New York, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvania. Tjeder (1930) records the

species from Sweden, but there is a doubt

as to the correctness of his identification.

Ithytrichia mazon new species

Male.—Length 3 mm. Color brown with

light mottling over body and wings. Gen-
eral structure typical for genus. Male
genitalia, fig. 458: ninth and tenth tergites

not separated, both membranous; lateral

area of ninth segment sinuate at base, with

an arcuate, sclerotized dorsal thickening,

the apex wide and without flared areas or

processes; claspers nearly straight, ventral

aspect parallel sided and truncate at apex;

aedeagus with long, tubular base, round

neck, and with spiral and apex similar to, but

slightly narrower than, those in fig. 457C
Holotype, male.—Mazon, Illinois, along

Mazon Creek, June 16, 1938, B. D. Burks.

Known only from the holotype. This

species resembles lamellaris Eaton most

closely but differs in having no sclerotized

dorsal rods beneath the base of the ninth

tergite and in the truncate apex of the

claspers. The type was collected at light

along the banks of Mazon Creek, which is

a small stream laden with pollution.

Tascobia new genus

Larva (mature type).—Head rounded,

all legs short and stocky. Abdomen grad-

ually enlarged toward middle, tapering to

posterior end, with moderate constrictions

between segments. Anal hooks short and

not projecting on "legs."

Case.—Purselike, of fibrous construction.

Adults.—Length 3 mm. Color salt-and-

pepper mottling. Ocelli present, lateral pair

close to eye. Wings only moderately nar-

rowed at apex. Legs with spur count of

1-3-4. Notum, fig. 438, with mesoscutel-

lum divided by transverse line; metascutel-

lum wide, short and rectangular.
\

Genotype.

—

Stactobia palmata.

This genus includes palmata, brustia and

delira, all placed previously in the genus

Stactobia. Stactobia is apparently restricted

to Europe and is quite distinct from this

new genus as evidenced by differences in

larvae and genitalia. Characters to sepa-

rate Tascobia from other Nearctic Hydrop-

tilidae are given in the key to genera.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 125

Tascobia palmata (Ross)

Stactobia palmata Ross (1938«, p. 116); d^,

9.

Larva.—Length 3.5 mm. Sclerites cream

to dusky, with dark lines and spots along

sutures.

Adult.—Size, color and structure as de-

scribed for genus. Male genitalia, fig. 460:

ninth segment forming a long internal shelf

open ventrally; tenth tergite membranous;
claspers short, ovate at apex; above them

arise a pair of stalked processes divided at

apex into three fingers; aedeagus simple and

tubular. Female genitalia with a ring of

spines at apex of eighth segment; bursa

copulatrix as in fig. 463.

71 r\^

DELIRA

462
A

463
B

PALMATA

Figs. 462-463.— Tascobia, female geni

A, ventral aspect; 5, bursa copulatrix.

talia.

Figs. 460-461.— Tascobia, male genitalia.

A, ventral aspect; fi, lateral aspect; C, aedea-

gus.

Of the three species known in the genus,

only this one has been taken in Illinois.

Another, delira, occurs north and east of

the state and may be taken in future col-

lecting. The two species differ radically in

genitalia, figs. 460, 461.

Adults have seldom been taken, but the

larvae are found in nurtibers in several

small and fairly SvVift streams, notably the

Sangamon and Sitlsirlawa rivers. The cases

are found on stoties in riffles, and the larvae

mature in early Spfing. Mature pupae have

been collected ffOftl several localities.

Originally described from Illinois, Ken-

tucky, Tennessee and Wisconsin, the species

has since been takett iti Oklahoma.

Illinois Records.

—

Apple River Can-
yon State Park: May 24, 1940, H. H.

Ross, many larvae; June 6, 1940, Mohr &
Burks, $ $ , $ 9 . Council Hill, Galena

River: June 5, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 2

larvae. Eddyville, Lusk Creek: May 24,

1940, Mohr & Burks, \$ (reared), 2$,
1 ? , 6 pupae, 6 larvae; June 1, 1940, B. D.

Burks, 4 larvae, many pupae. Galena:

May 23, 1940, H. H. Ross, many larvae.

Kankakee, Kankakee River: June 6, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, 2$ ; May 31, 1938, Mohr &
Burks, \ $ , 3 5. Mahomet, Sangamon

River: June 6, 1940, Ross & Riegel, many

pupae and larvae. Sugar Grove: June 13,

1939, Frison & Ross, 1 $ .

Ochrotrichia Mosely

Polytrichia Sibley (1926^, p. 102). Geno-

type, monobasic: Ithytrichia confusa Morton,

Preoccupied.



126 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Ochrotrichia Mosely (1934/^, p. 162). Geno-

type, by original designation: Ochrotrichia in-

siilaris Mosely.

The genus Polytrichia, erected in 1926

for the species Ithytrichia confusa, is pre-

occupied by a genus of snails and therefore

cannot be used in the caddis flies. It is neces-

sary to resurrect the genus Ochrotrichia,

described in 1934, with insularis as its type.

In 1937 Mosely sank his genus Ochrotrichia

as a synonym of Polytrichia, but now Mose-

ly's name must be applied to the large as-

semblage of species in North, Central and

South America which have previously been

placed under Polytrichia.

Ten of the 20 described Nearctic species

have been taken in Illinois and one or two

more may show up with additional collect-

ing. All the species frequent clear and

rapid streams, including some which dry in

summer. Many of the species appear to

be local in distribution, and the few known
localities for any one of these species may
be widely separated.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Abdominal tergites, fig. A6AA, with an

ovoid sclerite having a transverse,

membranous center and with lateral,

sclerotized, setate spots some dis-

tance from mesal sclerite; case tor-

toise-like, flat on the bottom
riesi, p. 132

Abdominal tergites, fig. 4645, orna-

mented only with inconspicuous

sclerotized rings; case purselike, fig.

465 2

2. Head and thoracic sclerites almost en-

tirely yellow or light brownish yel-

low, sometimes with a faint reddish

tone 3

Head and thoracic sclerites mostly

dark brown, sometimes shading to

black 4

Fig. 464.—Ochrotrichia larvae, abdominal
rings. A, 0. riesi; B, 0. anisca.

Fig. 465.—Ochrotrichia unio, larva and case.

3. Thoracic sclerites with distinct mark-

ings of fairly dark brown
tarsalis, p. 130

Thoracic sclerites with only indistinct

suffusions of darker color; head and
thorax frequently with a reddish

tone anisca, p. 131

4. Head with a small, mesal pale spot or

stripe xena, p. 130

Head without a mesal pale area

unio,

p. 129; eliaga, p. 132; spinosa, p. 132

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with long claspers,

fig. 466 (males) 2

Apex of abdomen tubular, fig. 478 (fe-

males) 12

2. Tenth tergite triangular or vasiform,

figs. 466, 467, small, without long or

hooked, sclerotized processes; both

ninth segment and claspers long and
narrow 3

Tenth tergite longer, with a set of defi-

nite, heavily sclerotized hooked or

straight processes, fig. 471; ninth

segment and claspers shorter 4

3. Claspers with two mesal brushes of

black pegs at apex, fig. 466; tenth

tergite triangular xena, p. 130

Claspers with only one mesal brush of

black pegs at apex, fig. 467; tenth

tergite vasiform unio, p. 129

4. Claspers shoelike, upcurved at apex,

dorsal margin concave, fig. 468. ... 5

Claspers sinuate, fig. 475 8

5. Left side of tenth tergite with a large,

conspicuous spine near middle,

curved mesad, fig. 471. . .tarsalis, p. 130

Left side of tenth tergite without such
a spine curved mesad 6

6. Tenth tergite with spine C filamentous

and not angled from its base, fig.

468 shawnee, p. 131

Tenth tergite with spine C stout,

curved away from and back to its

parent sclerite, fig. 469 7

7. Tenth tergite with sclerite A very
broad, D almost touching spiral of



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 127

B, and E short, tapering evenly to

pointed apex, fig. 469
contorta, p. 131

Sclerite A much narrower, D removed
at least its own length from spiral

of B, E long, obliquely truncate at

apex and much closer to apex of F,

fig. 470 anisca, p. 131

8. Claspers with a row of 4 or 5 long,

stout, evenly spaced, black spines

at middle shoulder, fig. 473 9

Claspers with black spines irregular or

clustered at middle shoulder, figs.

475-477 10

9. Hook of tenth tergite large and reach-

ing beyond sclerite B\ sclerites C and

D both slender, fig. 473. . . .riesi, p. 132
Hook of tenth tergite small, sclerite B

extending considerably beyond it;

sclerite C very slender, sclerite D
shorter and stout, fig. 474

confusa, p. 1 33

10. Right clasper with middle of ventral

portion angulate; the angle bears a

spine well separated from the others,

fig. 475 spinosa, p. 132

Right clasper with middle of ventral

portion evenly sinuate, fig. 476. . . 11

11. Apex of claspers with a row of 4 to 6

black, peglike spines on the mesal

face of the caudo-ventral arc, fig.

476 eliaga, p. 132

468 D

469 D
CONTORTA

470D
ANISCA

47ID
TARSALIS

472D
STYLATA

Figs. 466-472.—Ochrotrichia, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C, ventral

aspect; D, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; F, aedeagus.



128 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Apex of claspers with only 1 or 2

apico-mesal black spines, fig. 477. .

arva, p. 132

12. Tenth tergite heart shaped, the apex

pointed, the styles arising near

meson; internal structure of eighth

sternite not conspicuous, fig. 478..

xena, p. 130; unio, p. 129

Tenth tergite triangular, apex round-

ed, the styles arising from lateral

margin; internal structure of eighth

sternite frequently sclerotized and
conspicuous, figs. 479-484 13

13. Eighth sternite with apical margin

produced into a low, distinct lobe;

mesal area of internal structure

with spicules, fig. 479. . . tarsalis, p. 130

Eighth sternite with apical margin

nearly straight or merged with ninth

and the boundary between them in-

ARVA

Figs. 'i73-477.—Ochrotrichia, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; C, ventral aspect; D,
tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; E, tenth tergite, right side.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 129

481 C
ELIAGA

Figs. 478-484.—Ochrotrichia, female genitalia. A, eighth sternite; B, eighth segment,

lateral aspect; C, tenth segment, dorsal aspect.

distinct, figs. 480, 484 14

14. Internal structure of eighth sternite

with surface membranous and in-

distinct, fig. 480
shawnee, p. 131 ; anisca, p. 131

Internal structure of eighth sternite

with surface sclerotized and reticu-

late, figs. 481-484 15

15. Eighth sternite with apical margin
distinct, separating it from ninth,

fig. 481 16

Eighth sternite with apical margin
merging with ninth sternite so that

the division between the two is oblit-

erated, fig. 483 17

16. Internal structure of eighth sternite

short, reaching about middle of seg-

ment, fig. 481 riesi, p. 132

Internal structure of eighth sternite

long, reaching almost to base of seg-

ment, fig. 482 confusa, p. 133

17. Internal structure of eighth sternite

short, reaching only two-thirds dis-

tance to base, fig. 483. . . . eliaga, p. 132

Internal structure of eighth sternite

long, reaching well beyond base of

segment, fig. 484 spinosa, p. 132

Ochrotrichia unio (Ross)

Polytrichia unio Ross (1941i^, p. 56); cf, 9.

Larva.—Fig. 465. Length 4 mm. Head
and thoracic sclerites dark brown, shading



130 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23. Art. 1

to black, with pale ring around eyes and

along some sutures. Abdominal tergites

with an inconspicuous sclerotized mesal ring.

Adults.—Length 3-4 mm. Body and ap-

pendages dark brown to black with spots

of white on body and legs and a narrow

white band on front wings just before mid-

dle. Male genitalia, fig. 467: ninth segment

long, slender and flattened; claspers long,

symmetrical and nearly straight, each with

a large brush of black, peglike setae on inner

face at apex ; tenth tergite small, vasiform

and without processes. Female genitalia as

in fig. 478: eighth sternite with apex pro-

duced into a broad, emarginate lobe set with

fairly stout setae; internal rods straight;

endoskeleton apparently absent; tenth seg-

ment heart shaped, cerci arising near meson.

To date we have records of this species

only from southern Illinois. Here it occurs

in several temporary streams in the Ozark-

ian region. The larvae usually occur in

large colonies, although adults are seldom

taken. We have many collections of mature

male and female pupae. There are no rec-

ords for other states.

Illinois Records.—East of Aldridge:

May 14, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 2 larvae.

Alto Pass, Union Spring: May 25, 1940,

Mohr & Burks, S S , 3 $ , many pupae.

Carbondale: Clay Lick Creek, April 17,

1935, H. H. Ross, many larvae; May 11,

1935, C. O. Mohr, many larvae, 7 pupae.

Elizabethtown: Hog Thief Creek, May
10, 1935, C. O. Mohr, many larvae, 8 pupae.

Etherton, Jackson County: May 15, 1940,

Mohr & Burks, many larvae. Golconda:
May 11, 1935, C. O. Mohr, many larvae,

2 pupae; April 30, 1940, Burks & Mohr,
many larvae. Herod: May 10, 1935, C. O.

Mohr, many pupae; May 29, 1935, Ross &
Mohr, many pupae; Gibbons Creek, April

19, 1937, Ross & Mohr, many larvae; April

30, 1940, Mohr & Burks, many larvae and

pupae. Karbers Ridge: May 11, 1935, C.

O. Mohr, many larvae, 3 pupae. Walters-
burg: April 30, 1940, Mohr & Burks, many
larvae. Wolf Lake, Hutchins Creek: May
12, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 7 larvae; May 31,

1940, B. D. Burks, U.

Ochratrichia xena (Ross)

Polytrichia xena Ross (1938a, p. 122); c?'.

Larva.—Length 3.5 mm. Head and tho-

racic sclerites dark brown, except for a pale

ring around eyes and a small mesal pale

spot or stripe down the front of the head.

Otherwise similar to unio.

Adults.—Size and color as for unio.

Male genitalia, fig. 466: ninth segment long,

slender and flattened; claspers long, sym-

metrical, curved slightly dorsad, each clasper

with two brushes of black, peglike setae on

inner face, one brush at extreme apex, the

other brush just beyond middle near ventral

margin; tenth tergite triangular, the base

membranous and wrinkled, the apex bear-

ing a large sclerotized shield which bears

two small peglike teeth. Female genitalia

indistinguishable from unio, fig. 478.

Allotype, female.—Oakwood, Illinois:

May 21, 1936, Mohr & Burks.

Known only from a few scattered locali-

ties in Illinois, this species is recorded chief-

ly from larval and pupal material. Better

diagnosis of the larvae shows that most of

the larvae I regarded as of this species in

1938 are in reality unio.

Illinois Records.— Herod, Gibbons
Creek: May 13, 1937, Frison & Ross, 4^.
Muncie, Stony Creek: May 1, 1935, H.
H. Ross, many larvae; May 6, 1936, Ross

& Mohr, many larvae. Oakwood: May 1,

1935, H. H. Ross, many larvae; May 21,

1936, Mohr & Burks, 3^, 25.

Ochrotrichia tarsalis (Hagen)

Hydroptila tarsalis Hagen (1861, p. 275); cf.

Polytrichia conjusa Betten (1934, p. 154);

nee Morton. Misidentification.

Larva.—Length 4 mm. Head and tho-

racic sclerites almost entirely yellow or

straw color, sometimes with a light brown-

ish tint; thoracic sclerites with distinct dark

brown markings along sutures; legs pale

with dark brown markings along sutures.

Case purselike.

Adults.—Size and color as for unio.

Male genitalia: ninth segment short, clasp-

ers shoe shaped as in fig. 468, both claspers

very similar, long and tapering as seen from
ventral view; tenth tergite, fig. 471, with

right portion produced into a long spiral

process overlaid by a large plate; left process

stout, with two small sclerotized points and

a large sclerotized hook pointing mesad. Fe-

male genitalia, fig. 479: eighth sternite with

apical margin sinuate, the mesal portion

produced into a rounded lobe; internal rods

sinuate; endoskeleton large, extending the

full length of the segment and with the



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 131

center area covered with small, sharp spic-

ules; tenth tergite similar to that in fig.

480, long, somewhat triangular, rounded at

apex, the cerci arising from the lateral mar-

gin.

Allotype, female.—HoUister, Missouri:

July 14, 1938, Mrs. Vitae Kite.

The male genitalia extremely distinctive,

resembling only those of stylata, fig. 472,

which may be distinguished by the large,

dark basal process of the tenth tergite. This

latter species is apparently western in range

(Montana to Oklahoma).

Showing a preference for clear, medium-
sized streams, tarsalis occurs in several such

streams in Illinois. We have established the

identity of the larvae by collections of pupae

from the Salt Fork River at Oakwood.
The range of tarsalis is widespread and

includes Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, New
York, Oklahoma, Ontario, Texas and Wis-
consin.

Illinois Records.—Danville, Middle

Fork River: Aug. 27, 1936, Ross & Burks,

\S, 1$, many larvae. Kankakee: Aug.

1, 1933, Ross & Mohr, 1 $ ; July 21, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, 2 $ . Mahomet, Sangamon
River: June 6, 1940, Ross & Riegel, many
larvae. Momence: Aug. 21, 1936, Ross

& Burks, 8<? ; Kankakee River, May 26,

1936, H. H. Ross, 2 larvae; May 17, 1937,

Ross & Burks, many larvae; June 22, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 2 <? ; June 6, 1940, Ross &
Riegel, many larvae. Morris: Aug. 22,

1938, H. H. Ross, 1 9 . Oakwood, Salt Fork

River: July 18, 1933, Ross k Mohr, 1 <? .

Ottawa: July 3, 1937, at light, Werner,

19. White Pines Forest State Park:
Aug. 13, 1937, Ross & Burks, 1$. Wil-
mington: July 1, 1935, DeLong & Ross,

u.

Ochrotrichia anisca (Ross)

Polytrichia anisca Ross {\9A\b, p. 58); cf,

9.

Larva.—Length 4 mm. Head, thoracic

sclerites, and legs light brownish yellow,

frequently with a faint reddish tone; some-

times indistinct suffusions of a darker color

are present but never forming distinct mark-

ings as in tarsalis. Abdominal tergites with

only inconspicuous sclerotized rings. Case

purselike.

Adults.—Size and color as for unio.

Male genitalia with ninth segment and

claspers similar to shaivnee, fig. 468; tenth

tergite, fig. 470, with process, C, stout,

curved mesad and then abruptly laterad;

D, short and stout, situated more than its

own length from spiral, S ; the hook, F,

longer and close to the spiral. Female geni-

talia, fig. 480: eighth sternite with apical

margin slightly reticulate but not produced;

internal rods markedly sinuate, following

the shape of the membranous, indistinct en-

doskeleton. Tenth tergite somewhat trian-

gular, the apex rounded, and the cerci aris-

ing from the lateral margin.

In Illinois this species frequents several

small temporary streams in the Ozarkian

region. These streams are rapid and clear

in early spring when the larvae of the spe-

cies mature. Collections of pupae at Wolf
Lake have associated the larval and adult

stages. A very large colony of larvae at this

locality was unique in that each case had a

comparatively large "anchor" stone attached

to one side.

The range of the species extends through

the Ozarks and neighboring mountains, with

records for Arkansas, Illinois and Okla-

homa.

Illinois Records.—LaRue, McCann
School: May 26, 1939, Burks & Riegel.

$ $, 9 9. Wolf Lake: Hutchins Creek,

May 25, 1940, Mohr & Burks, many larvae;

May 31, 1940, B. D. Burks, $ $, 9 9.

Ochrotrichia contorta (Ross)

Polytrichia contorta Ross (1941^, p. 60); cf

.

This species is known from various locali-

ties in south central Missouri in the Ozarks

and might be collected in Illinois.

Ochrotrichia shawnee (Ross)

Polytrichia shawnee Ross (1938^, p. 120);

cf , 9o

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Size and color as for unio.

Male genitalia, fig. 468: ninth segment

short, claspers shoe shaped, both appearing

long, slender and similar in shape from ven-

tral view; tenth tergite divided into many
parts; the right sclerite, 5, formed near

apex into a coiled spring, 5, and beyond

that forming a bent point, /"; left process,

//, with a long, slender style, C, arising

near base, beyond this a mesal process, D,

which has a sclerotized, narrow, pointed tip



132 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

and at the extreme apex a pointed process,

E. Female genitalia similar to anisca.

The original type material from Herod,

Illinois, May 29, 1935, Ross & Mohr, is the

only known collection of this species.

Ochrotrichia eliaga (Ross)

Polytrichia eliaga Ross (194U, p. 57); cf,

9.

Larva.—Length 4 mm. Head and tho-

racic sclerites dark brown to black with

pale ring around each eye and along some

sutures. Abdominal tergites with only in-

conspicuous sclerotized rings. Case purse-

like.

Adults.—Size and color as in unio. Male
genitalia as in fig. 476: ninth segment

short and high; claspers suddenly sinuate

near base, the apex slightly enlarged and

spatulate; from ventral view the base ap-

pears broad, suddenly tapering to a plate-

like apical portion, the shoulder thus formed
bearing an uneven row of four to five scle-

rotized teeth, the extreme apex of the clasp-

er bearing a row of four sclerotized teeth

along the apico-ventral margin; tenth ter-

gite with long keel-like structure, and teeth

in processes on right side similar to arva.

Female genitalia, fig. 483 : eighth sternite

merging imperceptibly with structures of

the ninth segment; internal rods sinuate,

touching the endoskeleton and then curving

laterad; endoskeleton distinct, reaching

about two-thirds the distance to the base of

the segment and with the entire ventral

surface fenestrate with rectangular reticu-

lations; tenth segment as in anisca, fig. 480.

This species is known from only two
states, Tennessee and Illinois. The Illinois

record consists of a single male collected in

company with a large flight of anisca, along

Hutchins Creek, Wolf Lake, May 31, 1940,

B. D. Burks.

Ochrotrichia spinosa (Ross)

Polytrichia spinosa Ross (1938^, p. 121); cf

.

Larva.—Length 4 mm. Head and tho-

racic sclerites dark brown to black, similar

to eliaga, as are also the inconspicuous

sclerotized rings on the abdominal tergites

and the purselike case.

Adults.—Size and color as in unio. Male
genitalia, fig. 475 : ninth segment short and
high; claspers evenly sinuate, the apex nar-

rowed and slightly pointed, with a sclero-

tized tooth at the tip, and with a triangular

projection near the middle of the ventral

side; from ventral view the base of each

clasper appears broad, narrowing suddenly

beyond middle to a bladelike apex; at the

shoulder thus formed there is a small group

of two or three sharp, black spines on the

left clasper, and on the right clasper a small

group of similar spines just below the mid-

dle, and a stout spur upon this and well

separated from it. Female genitalia, fig.

484: eighth sternite merging imperceptibly

with structures of the ninth segment; in-

ternal rods curving to meet and follow the

endoskeleton; endoskeleton distinct and long,

extending well beyond the base of the seg-

ment and fenestrate over most of its surface

with rectangular reticulations.

Allotype, female.—North Lake, Wiscon-
sin: June 5, 1938, Ross & Burks.

Our Illinois records are all from a single

colony at Split Rock Brook (see p. 8), a

small, spring-fed brook, where we have col-

lected larvae and mature pupae. Associa-

tion of males and females is based on a large

collection of adults from a creek at North
Lake, Wisconsin.

Few collections of this species have been

made, but these indicate a wide range:

Illinois, Kentucky (Harrodsburg), Okla-

homa (Turner Falls State Park) and Wis-
consin (North Lake).

Illinois Records.

—

Utica, Split Rock
Brook: Feb. 1, 1941, Frison, Ries & Ross,

many larvae; June 17, 1941, Burks & Riegel,

4 (5 , 7 pupae, many larvae.

Ochrotrichia arva (Ross)

Polytrichia arva Ross (1941.^, p. 58); cf.

Originally described from Martin Springs,

Tennessee, the species has not yet been taken

in Illinois.

Ochrotrichia riesi new species

Larva (mature type).—Length 4 mm.
Color of sclerites black or dark brown.
Head and thorax small but rounded; legs

short and stocky. Abdominal segments grad-

ually enlarged to beyond middle and taper-

ing to apex, segments separated by constric-

tions; each segment having an ovoid, dorsal

sclerite with a curious, transverse, mem-
branous center and lateral sclerotized spots



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 133

bearing setae situated at some distance from

the mesal sclerite.

Case.—Tortoise-shell-like with top piece

ovoid, high and convex, the bottom piece

forming a plate which covers all but the

front and back of bottom opening. Made
from fibrous material, opaque, sometimes

with other matter attached.

Male.—Length 2.8 mm. Color and gen-

eral structure as given for unto. Genitalia,

fig. 473 : ninth segment short and stocky, its

dorsal portion cutting away nearly to base

to receive the tenth tergite ; tenth tergite

with a rounded internal base shaped like

an inverted scoop; apical portion of tergite

divided into many parts, conspicuous among
them being stylelike sclerites B, C and D,
spurlike J, the stout, apical hook H, and

the ventral lobe J' which has a small pre-

apical tooth; the entire structure is pro-

duced on each side into a sclerotized attach-

ment stub which is anchored to the internal

lateral portion of the ninth sternite; clasp-

ers sinuate, the base fairly wide, suddenly

constricted near middle to form a broad

shoulder bearing four dark spurs and an

apical flaplike portion; aedeagus simple and

filiform, typical for the genus.

Female.—Similar to male in size, color

and general structure. Genitalia, fig. 481 :

eighth sternite set off distinctly from struc-

tures of the ninth, its apical margin fairly

heavily sclerotized and almost straight; the

segment has an internal bell-shaped struc-

ture whose ventral surface is fenestrate with

oblong and linear reticules; bursa copu-

latrix typical for the genus.

Holotype, male.—Utica, Illinois, Split

Rock Brook: July 11, 1941, Ross & Ries.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

Illinois: Port Byron:
May 14, 1942, Ross & Burks, 2S, 3 9.

This species is related to confusa, differ-

ing from it in the shorter apical process of

the clasper, the much larger hook of the

tenth tergite, shorter style B, and other

details.

A colony of larvae of this peculiar spe-

cies has been found, existing in a short

stretch of the spring-fed brook at Split Rock,

Utica, Illinois. Unique for the genus is the

tortoise-shell-like case and the conspicuous,

sclerotized plates on the tergites of the lar-

vae. In genitalia the adults suggest nothing

peculiar, very plainly being a derivative of

the spinosa group. In this group the larvae

and cases are very similar to those of the

primitive unio group.

Ochratrichia confusa (Morton)

Ithytrichia confusa Morton (1905, p. 69); cT.

Although known only from New York
and Tennessee, this species may be found in

Illinois with future collecting. The larva

has not been discovered. The larva accredit-

ed to this species by Lloyd (19l5fl) was
misidentified; it was Leucotrichia pictipes.

Oxyethira Eaton

Oxyethira Eaton (1873, p. 143). Genotype,
here designated: Hydroptila costalis Curtis.

Loxotrichia Mosely (1937, p. 165). Geno-
type, by original designation: Loxotrichia

azteca Mosely. New synonymy.
Dampfitrichia Mosely (1937, p. 169). Geno-

type, by original designation: Dampfitrichia

ulmeri Mosely.

The species of this genus frequent a wide

variety of situations, and many of them are

very widely distributed geographically. We
have taken only four species in Illinois, but

it is likely that others will be found in

future collecting. No characters have been

found to separate the larvae to species.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with various sclero-

tized rods and plates (males), fig.

485 2

Apex of abdomen cylindrical (females),

fig. 494 10

2. Eighth tergite with apico-lateral mar-

gins produced into long, serrate

processes, fig. 485 serrata, p. 136

Eighth tergite without apico-lateral

processes, fig. 489 3

3. Aedeagus divided at neck into two

twisted, sclerotized filaments which

cross each other near apex, fig. 486

pallida, p. 137

Aedeagus not divided into twisted

filaments 4

4. Aedeagus with prominent spiral proc-

ess at neck, figs. 487-489 5

Aedeagus with spiral process incon-

spicuous or absent, figs. 492, 493. . 7

5. .'\pex of eighth segment toothed and

serrate; claspers projecting, up-

turned and bootlike, fig. 487

coercens, p. 137



134 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Figs. 4S5-49<i.—Oxyethira, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect; C, dorsal

aspect; D, aedeagus.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 135

138

Apex of eighth segment only minutely

serrate; claspers not projecting and
upturned, fig. 489

6. Apex ot aedeagus bulbous, with both

apical processes smooth, the larger

one short and stout; plate formed
by claspers narrow, fig. 488

grisea, p.

Apex of aedeagus only slightly en-

larged, with a long, smooth process

and a round, platelike, serrate one;

plate formed by claspers much
wider, fig. 489 novasota, p. 138

7. Ninth sternite produced to form a

long, narrow, ventral internal plate

which is four or five times as long as

the posterior part of the segment,
fig. 490 zeronia, p. 139

Ninth sternite not produced into such
a long plate, the interna! narrowed
part never more than twice the

length of posterior portion of seg-

ment, fig. 491 8

.Aedeagus with a long, stout tooth

just beyond neck, fig. 491

verna, p. 1 39
Aedeagus without a tooth; at most

with a short, slender thread, fig. 492 9

Aedeagus with a neck, a weak, slender

thread and a slender apex tipped

with a small plate, fig. 492

forcipata, p. 139

Figs. 491-493.—Oxyethira, male genitalia,

aspect; D, aedeagus.

OUALIS

4, lateral aspect; 5, ventral aspect; C, dorsal



136 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

496 A
DUALIS

497 C

Figs. 494-497.

—

Oxyet/iira, female genitalia. J, ventral aspect; B, lateral aspect; C,

bursa copulatrix.

Aedeagus with neither neck nor thread,

with the tip enlarged and vasiform

and containing an eversible group

of 5-6 sclerotized spines, fig. 493. . .

dualis, p. 139

10. Eighth sternite truncate, fig. 495, or

emarginate, fig. 494 11

Eighth sternite produced into a

rounded apex, fig. 497 12

11. Bursa copulatrix short, with a ventral,

sclerotized bridge, fig. 494
pallida, p. 137

Bursa copulatrix elongate, without a

sclerotized ventral bridge, fig. 495. .

serrata, p. 136

12. Bursa copulatrix with a semisclero-

tized, large, vasiform base, fig. 496
dualis, p. 139

Bursa copulatrix with base membra-
nous and not vasiform, fig. 497. . . .

novasota, p. 138

Oxyethira serrata Ross

Oxyethira serrata Ross (1938^, p. 117); cf,

9.

Larva (mature type).—Length 3 mm.
Head rounded. Middle and hind legs much
more slender than front legs. Abdomen
without dorsal sclerites and only slightly

widened at middle, the segments not set off

by constrictions.

Case.—Fig. 498. Constructed of trans-

parent, sheetlike material, without sand

grains, narrow at end and tapering evenly

to front, end slightly flattened.

Adults.—Length 2.5-3.0 mm. Color light

and mottled. Wings tapered to a slender

ape.x ; hind wings slender. Tibial spur count

0-3-4. Ocelli present. Male genitalia, fig.

485: claspers elongate; tenth segment beak-

like ; aedeagus with a short base and elon-

gate, cylindrical apex, with a ribbon-like

spiral which apparently fuses with the apical

portion; eighth segment with a pair of long,

lateral processes which are serrate along

the dorsal margin. Female genitalia, fig.

495 : eighth sternite wide and slightly emar-

ginate, ninth segment narrow and sclero-

tized, with a pair of long, internal rods;

tenth segment nearly ovate; bursa copulatrix

composed of three saclike lobes.

This species is apparently confined in Illi-

nois to the glacial lakes in the northeastern

corner of the state. The cases have been

found in large numbers under stones in 2

or 3 feet of water along open beaches. Adult

emergence seems confined to the earlier part



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 137

Fig. 498.

—

Oxyethira serrata, case.

of the year, from May to the middle of

July; the number of generations per year

has not been determined. In local areas

around these lakes the species sometimes

occurs in tremendous numbers, swarming
around lights.

Little is known concerning the range of

the species, with records available only from

Illinois, New York and Wisconsin. All

records, however, indicate a restriction to

lakes and connecting channels.

Illinois Records.

—

Antioch : July 7,

1932, Prison & Metcalf, A$, 9 ?. Chan-
nel Lake: May 27, 1936, H. H. Ross,

$ $, 5$. Fox Lake: July 15, 1935, at

light in town, DeLong & Ross, $ $ , 5 5 ;

May 15, 1936, Ross & Mohr, $ $, 9 ?,

many pupae, 2 larvae; May 28, 1936, H. H.
Ross, $ $ , 1 $ ; June 10, 1936, Ross &
Burks, 1$. JoHNSBURG, Fox River: May
28, 1936, H. H. Ross, $ $ , ? $ .

Oxyethira pallida (Banks)

Ortholrichia pallida Banks (1904^, p. 215);

&.
Oxyethira viminalis Morton (1905, p. 71);

Adults.—Length 3 mm. Color a salt-

and-pepper combination of cream and light

brown, the general tone light. Male geni-

talia, fig. 486, with aedeagus split and curi-

ously twisted. Female genitalia, fig. 494:
eighth sternite produced into a wide, emar-
ginate lobe which is sclerotized along the

sides; tenth segment fairly long; ninth seg-

ment with very long and curved internal

rods which extend below and to the side of

the bursa copulatrix ; bursa copulatrix short,

with a ventral sclerotized bridge.

Allotype, female,—Wilmington, Illinois:

Aug. 20, 1934, DeLong & Ross.

This species was first recorded from Illi-

nois in the original description of viminalis,

in which Morton recorded material from
Lake Forest, collected October 15, 1902, by

Professor Needham. We have since taken

it in scattered localities in the northern

half of the state. Adult emergence occurs

throughout the warmer months of the year,

from June to October. Our records indi-

cate that the species frequents streams, lakes

and artificial ponds. This is very likely the

species which has been taken in large num-
bers as larvae by various fish in certain

experimental lakes investigated by the Nat-
ural History Survey.

The distribution of the species apparently

occupies most of the eastern and central part

of the continent, with records available for

the District of Columbia, Illinois, Nebraska,

New York, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia and
Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Council Hill, Ga-
lena River: June 26, 1940, Mohr & Riegel,

$ $ , 9 9. Downs, Kickapoo Creek: July

31, 1940, Ross & Riegel, 2$. Fox Lake:
Sept. 22, 1931, Frison & Ross, 2$ ; Oct. 4,

1931, Ross & Mohr, 1 $ . Kankakee: July

21, 1935, Ross & Mohr, 1^. Liverpool:

Oct. 7, 1931, T. H. Frison, 3 5, 99. Mc-
Henry: Oct. 4, 1931, Ross & Mohr, \$.
Momence: June 22, 1938, Ross & Burks,

\$. Palos Park, Mud Lake: Aug. 3,

1938, Ross & Burks, 99. Quincy, Burton

Creek: June 25, 1940, Mohr & Riegel, 1 9 .

Spring Grove: Aug. 12, 1937, at light, Ross

& Burks, 9 9 . White Pines Forest State

Park: Aug. 13, 1937, Ross & Burks, $ $,

9 9. Wilmington: Aug. 20, 1934, De-

Long & Ross, 2 5,89.

Oxyethira coercens Morton

Oxyethira coercens Morton (1905, p. 70); cf

.

Adults.—Length 3 mm. Color a salt-

and-pepper mottling of cream and brown.



138 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Male genitalia, fig. 487: eighth segment

spiny at sides; claspers projecting and up-

turned at apex; aedeagus with a long, rib-

bon-like spiral and with apex knobbed and

bearing a pair of sharp, short processes.

Our only records of this species in Illi-

nois have been taken along the Kankakee

River at Momence during May. Nothing

is known regarding its biology.

Records of this species are very scattered

but indicate an extensive range stretching

from New York to Oklahoma, with records

available for Indiana, New York and Okla-

homa as well as Illinois.

Illinois Records.

—

Momence, Kankakee

River: May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks, 1 $ ;

May 24, 1937, H. H. Ross, U.
Oxyethira novasota new species

Male.—Length 3 mm. In color and gen-

eral structure similar to the preceding, the

diagnostic characters apparently confined to

the male genitalia.

Genitalia as in fig. 489. Eighth segment

very simple, without sclerotized processes,

both dorsal and ventral margins of the apex

circularly incised, the dorsal incision bear-

ing membranous folds; there is a distinct

angle where the dorsal margin and the lat-

eral margin join. Ninth segment short; the

venter with a wide, triangular emargination,

the dorsum reduced to a narrow bridge.

Tenth tergite somewhat inverted U-shaped,

the base large and the apex pointed; the

basal portion is bridgelike and the apex is

divided into a pair of lobes appearing some-

what triangular, as viewed from above, and

pointed mesad, not quite touching at apex,

and armed at tip with a minute spine. Be-

low the tenth tergite is a pair of semimem-
branous horns, each surmounted by a long

seta. Below this are two plates, a short

wide one with a slightly concave posterior

margin and below that a longer one divided

into a pair of rounded lobes separated by a

rounded mesal incision, the ventral margin
armed with a cluster of long setae. Aedea-
gus with a wide, tapered, tubelike basal por-

tion; a sinuate, wide "neck" from which
arises a long, stout spiral encircling the

structure one and one-half times, proceeding

as far toward the posterior as the remain-
ing genitalia and ending in a clavate tip;

and an apical tube which tapers from the

base to the middle, then expands slightly,

and is divided at the extreme apex into a

sclerotized point and a semisclerotized lobe

which appears beaked from lateral view and

ovate from dorsal view.

Female.—Length 3.2 mm. Color and

general structure as for male. Genitalia

as in fig. 497. Eighth segment with tergite

simple, bearing at apex an irregular row
of long setae. Eighth sternite with its apical

margin produced into a long, rounded pro-

jection which merges with the ninth sternite.

Ninth tergite fairly heavily sclerotized, its

baso-ventral angle produced into a long, in-

ternal rod, its baso-dorsal region produced

into a rounded projection bearing a cushion

of short, thick, black spines and its apex

tapering to meet the tenth tergite. Tenth
tergite appearing narrow from lateral view

and wide and emarginate from ventral view

with a pair of styles arising from each later-

al hump. From the inner margin of the

apex of the eighth arises a series of semi-

membranous folds \vhich encircle the bursa

copulatrix. This structure is irregular in

shape, somewhat like a truncate cylinder,

the posterior margin with a wide opening

around the ventral margin from which arises

a group of semisclerotized, irregular, tooth-

like lobes.

Holotype, male. — Marquez, Texas,

along Novasota River: April 16, 1939, J. A.

& H. H. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

Texas.—Same data as for

holotype, 1 $ .

On the basis of genitalia, this species is

most closely related to grisea from which it

differs in the two-lobed apex of the aedeagus

and other characters of the genitalia.

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois. The river along which it was col-

lected in Texas is a sluggish, silty river

much like some of the rivers of southern

Illinois, and there is a good possibility that

it may be found in Illinois with additional

collecting.

Oxyethira grisea Betten

Oxyethira grisea Betten (1934, p. 162); cT.

Adults.—Length 3 mm. Color a salt-

and-pepper mottling of cream and brown.

Male genitalia, fig. 488, similar in general

features to those of the preceding species,

differing chiefly in the apex of the aedeagus

and smaller cleft of the fused claspers.

The holotype of this species may be lost.

There seems little doubt, however, that our



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 139

material is the species described by Betten.

The coiled spiral of the aedeagus and the

lobes of the aedeagus head indicate this;

in Betten's illustration of the side view of

the genitalia (1934, pi. 14, fig. 5), the ap-

parent hook of the eighth segment is un-

doubtedly a silhouette of the hooklike tenth

tergite.

We have only a single male from Illinois,

collected along a small creek near Momence,
June 22, 1938, Ross & Burks. The only

other available records for the species are

from Indiana and New York. It is probable

that this species, like many others in the

genus, has a wide but scattered range.

Oxyethira verna Ross

Oxyethira verna Ross (1938rt, p. 118); c?'.

Adults.—Length 2.7 mm. Color a salt-

and-pepper mixture of cream and brown,

predominantly light. Male genitalia, fig.

491, with ninth segment produced internally

into a long, ventral lobe; claspers fused on

meson, tenth tergite somewhat platelike,

with a pair of styliform appendages, and

aedeagus simple, with a large tooth near

base of apical portion.

To date we have only two Illinois records

for this species, both of them in the extreme

northeastern corner of the state. Nothing

is known regarding the biology or habitat

preference of the species. The only record

outside of Illinois is from New Brunswick,

indicating a wide but probably local range.

Illinois Records.

—

Spring Grove: June

12, 1936, Ross & Burks, U. Willow
Springs: 2 $ .

Oxyethira forcipata Mosely

Oxyethira forcipata Mosely (1934^, p. 153);

Not yet taken in Illinois. It occurs to

the north and east, with records available

for New York, Ontario, Virginia and Wis-
consin.

Oxyethira zeronia Ross

Oxyethira zeronia Ross (1941^, p. IS); cf.

Adults.—Length 2.5 mm. Color a salt-

and-pepper combination of yellow and

brown. Male genitalia, fig. 490: eighth seg-

ment produced into a pair of earlike apico-

ventral lobes; ninth segment appearing tri-

angular from side view with a very long in-

ternal ventral projection which is narrow
and pointed; claspers minute and biscuit-

like; tenth tergite hooklike; aedeagus with
a slender base, no distinct neck, the apical

portion divided into two slender rods, one
pointed, the other sinuate with a round api-

cal knob.

Originally described from upper Michi-
gan, this species has been identified since

from only two localities in extreme north-

eastern Illinois. Nothing is known of its

immature stages or general distribution.

Illinois Records.

—

Richmond: Aug. 15,

1936, Ross & Burks, 1^. Spring Grove:
Aug. 12, 1937, at light, Ross & Burks, 1 $ .

Oxyethira dualis Morton

Oxyethira dualis Morton (1905, p. 71); cf.

Not yet taken in Illinois. It is very widely

distributed, occurring across the entire con-

tinent, but has not been taken many times.

We have a record from Meramec Springs

at St. James, Missouri, which is only a

short distance from Illinois. Records are

available for California, Missouri, New
Mexico, New York, Texas and Virginia.

The female, which has not been described

before, has the following diagnostic charac-

ters, fig. 496: eighth sternite tapering and

produced at apex into a rounded lobe; tenth

segment short and relatively wide; bursa

copulatrix with a sclerotized, vasiform basal

portion to which is attached an apical, mem-
branous portion culminating in a somewhat
lock-shaped ventral process.

Allotype, female.—Pecos River, Carls-

bad, New Mexico: April 29, 1939, J. A.

& H. H. Ross.

Orthotrichia Eaton

Orthotrichia Eaton fl873, p. 141). Geno-
type, here designated: Hydroptila angustella

McLachlan.

Only two Nearctic species in this genus

are known; both occur in Illinois. To date

I have found no characters to separate these

two in the larval stages.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with platelike, con-

spicuous appendages, fig. 499 (males) 2



140 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Apex of abdomen simple and tubular,

without platelike or produced ap-

pendages, fig. 501 (females) 3

Figs. 499-500.—Orthotrichia, male genitalia.

A, ventral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C, aedeagus.

CRISTATA

Figs. 501-502.—Orthotrichia, female gen-
italia.

2. Claspers wide, with a sharp, projecting,

apico-lateral corner; plate back of

claspers small and truncate, fig. 500

cristata, p. 141

Claspers narrow, converging, together

forming a trapezoidal, dark block;

plate back of claspers with a pair of

long hornlike arms, each tipped with

a long seta, fig. 499
americana, p. 140

3. Eighth sternite with median process

not flared out at a wide angle toward

base; this mesal portion of sclerite

distinctly but not heavily sclero-

tized, fig. 502 cristata, p. 141

Eighth sternite with median process

flared out at a wide angle toward

base; this mesal portion membra-
nous, fig. 501 americana, p. 140

Orthotrichia americana Banks

Orthotrichia americana Banks (1904^, p. 116);

cf , 9.

Oxyethira dors alts Banks (1904^, p. 216); 9.

New synonymy.
Orthotrichia brachiata Morton (1905, p. 70);

Larva (mature type).—Length 4 mm.
Head and thorax brown and robust. Front

legs stocky, middle and hind legs very long,

with tarsi elongate. Abdomen elliptical,

widest near middle but not distended and

with the segments not separated by con-

strictions.

Case.—Modification of the purse type;

composed of two equilateral halves, the case

almost round in cross section, long and with

the slits at each end visible from the ventral

view only.

Adults.—Length 2.5-3.5 mm. Color mot-

tled with a salt-and-pepper combination over

the entire body, and with a pale stripe down
meson when wings are folded. Seventh

sternite of male with a mesal process cov-

ered with a brush of long scales. Male
genitalia, fig. 499: ninth segment mostly

membranous; tenth tergite forming a pair of

long, wide membranous lobes ; claspers

small, fused to form a bifid plate ; above

these arise a pair of long horns, each bear-

ing a long seta at tip; aedeagus very long,

with a sclerotized, eversible penis; lying near

and above aedeagus is a curved, sclerotized

blade. Female genitalia, fig. 501 : eighth

sternite with a wide, membranous ventral

area; bursa copulatrix nearly circular.

This species was recorded by Morton
(types of brachiata) from Lake Forest, lUi-



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 141

nois. In our recent collecting we have taken

the species at various points in the north-

eastern part of the state and found the

larvae frequenting ponds and lakes. Adult

records extend from June 9 to August 15,

probably indicating more than one genera-

tion per year.

Although collections are not common, the

range of the species is wide, as shown by

records from the District of Columbia, Illi-

nois, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, New
York, Texas, Virginia.

Illinois Records.—Antioch : Aug. 1,

1931, Prison, Betten & Ross, 1$ ; July 7,

1932, at light in town. Prison & Metcalf,

2$, 15. Fox Lake: June 30, 1935, De-
Long & Ross, I $ , 1 ? . Palos Park, Mud
Lake: Aug. 3, 1938, Ross & Burks, $ S,

$ ?. Richmond: Aug. 15, 1938, Ross &
Burks, 5 9 . RoSECRANS, Des Plaines River:

June 19, 1938, Ross & Burks, 2$. Spring

Grove: Aug. 12, 1937, at light, Ross &
Burks, 3$, 3 5; June 9, 1938, Mohr &
Burks, 6$ , 65.

Orthotrichia cristata Morton

Orthotrichia cristata Morton (1905, p. 73); cf

.

Larva.—Not differentiated from ameri-

cana.

Adults.—Size and color as for americana.

Seventh sternite with a mesal process bear-

ing a large brush of long scales. Male
genitalia, fig. 500: similar in general organ-

ization to americana; claspers larger, black

and produced into lateral processes; process

above, small, quadrate, with two small api-

cal spines; no large, curved blade present.

Female genitalia, fig. 502, with only a small,

membranous mesal area.

Allotype, female.— Belton, Montana:

July 10, 1940, at light, H. H. & J. A. Ross.

In Illinois we have taken this species in

fewer numbers but in more widespread lo-

calities than americana, including localities

along small streams, lakes and ponds. Adult

emergence continues from June to August.

The range of the species is widespread,

with records from British Columbia, Illi-

nois, Michigan, Montana, Oklahoma, Ten-
nessee, Texas.

Illinois Records.—^Antioch: at light in

town, July 7, 1932, Prison & Metcalf, 1 5 .

Pox Lake: June 30, 1935, DeLong & Ross,

15,25. Oakwood, Salt Fork River: July

18, 1933, Ross & Mohr, 1 5. Palos Park,
Mud Lake: Aug. 3, 1938, Ross & Burks,

15,25. Spring Grove: at light, Aug. 12,

1937, Ross & Burks, 5^,55; June 9, 1938,

Mohr & Burks, 6$, 65. White Pines
Forest State Park: Aug. 13, 1937, Ross
& Burks, 1 (5 .

Hydroptila Daim an

Hydroptila Daiman (1819, p. 125). Geno-
type, monobasic; Hydroptila tineoides Daiman.

Phrixocoma Eaton (1873, p. 132). Genotype,
here designated: Hydroptila sparsa Curtis.

This genus embraces about 35 Nearctic

species, comprising one-third of the Hydrop-
tilidae. The habits of the various species

are diverse. Several species have a known
range covering most of the continent. Four-
teen species have been taken in Illinois, nine

of which we have reared. No structural dif-

ferences have been found to separate the

larvae to species, so that color has been the

only guide to separation. This varies so

much in some species, and is so similar in

other species, that it seems impossible at

present to make a key which would be accu-

rate. Instead, a short diagnosis is presented

drawing attention to the few characters so

far discovered.

DIAGNOSIS OF LARVAE

1. Head yellowish or brown, without defi-

nite markings— paler specimens are usually

ajax, darker specimens usually angusta, and
nearly black specimens consimilis, fig. 503.

2. Head and pronotum pale yellow with

scattered, small, dark spots as in fig. 504:

spatulata.

3. Head and thoracic sclerites with a

contrasting pattern as in fig. 505, the head
always with a light, postero-mesal streak, the

nota always with a pair of lateral, light areas:

albicornis.

4. Head yellow, marked only with a pair

of posterior dark bars, and each thoracic

notum with a transverse dark bar in addition

to dark posterior margin, fig. 506: armata.
5. Head entirely yellow except for a wide,

black V across top of frons, fig. 507; pronotum
variable in color: hamata. In darker speci-

mens the posterior portion of the head is

darker and the black V-mark enlarges an-

teriorly to a pentagon.

6. Head yellowish, with both a wide

posterior dark band and a V-shaped dark

mark above frons, fig. 508; each thoracic

notum with anterior portion and two vague

lateral areas pale, intervening areas brownish:

grandiosa. In darker specimens the V-mark
enlarges to form a hollow diamond.



142 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

SIlUii

.503
CONSIMILIS

504
S PAT ULATA

505
ALBICORNIS

508
GRANDIOSA

509 A
WAUBESIANA

509 B

Figs. 503-509.—Hydroptila larvae.

7. Head varying from yellow with dark
marks arranged as in fig. SQ9A to much darker
with Hght areas as in fig. 5095; each notum
varies as shown: waubesiana.

8. Head and pronotum almost entirely
black, head with at most an indistinct light

area between posterior and anterior dark
dorsal areas: probably dark specimens of ha-
mata.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with complicated
set of appendages, figs. 510-526
(males) 2

Apex of abdomen tubular and with
simple parts, figs. 527-539 (females) 17

2. Seventh sternite with a long median
process either expanded at apex,

straight or sinuate, fig. 515 3

Seventh sternite with a short, spur-

like, median process, fig. 520 9

3. Tenth tergite with apex divided into

a pair of long, stout, heavily sclero-

tized arms curved sharply mesad at

apex, fig. 510 xella, p. 148

Tenth tergite divided only into semi-

membranous lobes 4

4. Eighth sternite with an apico-mesal,

heavily sclerotized projection; med-
ian process of seventh sternite sin-

uate and suddenly narrowed at apex,

fig. 511 virgata, p. 148

Eighth sternite without a mesal pro-

jection; median process of seventh

sternite expanded and flanged at

apex, or of even thickness, figs. 512,

515 5

5. Claspers short and beaklike, tenth

tergite projecting beyond them, fig.

513 6

Claspers long and slender, as long as

tenth tergite, figs. 514-516 7

6. Aedeagus with apex divided into a

pair of very slender rods, one

straight and the other sharply right-

angled close to end, fig. 512

hamata, p. 149

Aedeagus without one apical rod so

sharply angled, at most as in fig.

513 amoena, p. 150

7. Apex of aedeagus with a definite knob
beyond lateral spur near tip, fig. 514

spatulata, p. 148

Apex of aedeagus with lateral spur at

tip, figs. 515, 516 8

8. Tenth tergite with apex blunt and un-

expanded, fig. 515 vala, p. 148

Tenth tergite with apex divided into

a pair of laterally directed, sharp

points, fig. 516 armata, p. 147

9. Tenth tergite with apex divided into a

pair of hornlike spikes directed

laterad, fig. 517. . . .waubesiana, p. 150

Tenth tergite without such apical

structures, fig. 518 10

10. Tenth tergite with apex divided into a

pair of lateral, slender, sinuate fila-

ments curved under the apico-dorsal

projections of the claspers, fig. 518

delineata, p. 151

Tenth tergite without such apical

structures, figs. 519-525 11

11. Eighth sternite with a row of 4 to 6

stout black spines at each apico-

dorsal corner, fig. 519

grandiosa, p. 151

Eighth sternite without stout black

spines 12



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 143

Figs. 510-515.—Hydroplila, male genitalia. A, B, C, respectively lateral, ventral and
dorsal aspects; D, aedeagus; E, process of seventh sternite.



144 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Figs. 516-523.—//7<^rop/;7«, male genitalia. A, B, C, respectively lateral, ventral and

dorsal aspects; D, aedeagus; E, process of seventh sternite.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 145

12. Claspers with dark sclerotized eleva-

tion near lateral margin midway be-

tween base and apex, fig. 520

albicornis, p. 151

Claspers with dark sclerotized points

only along mesal or apical margins,

figs. 521-525 13

13. Spiral process of aedeagus short and
slender, fig. 521 scolops, p. 152

Spiral process of aedeagus long and
stout, fig. 522 14

14. Claspers saber shaped, pointed at

apex, with a dark, sclerotized point

bevond middle ot mesal margin,

figs. 522, 523 15

Claspers with mesal margin concave

and without sclerotized point, apex

slightly curled latero-ventrad and
bearing a sclerotized point at each

corner, figs. 524, 525 16

15. Apical portion of aedeagus short and
slender, its extreme apex with only

a short curved process, fig. 522. . . .

angusta, p. 152

Apical portion of aedeagus longer and
stouter, its extreme apex with a

long, stout process, fig. 523

consimilis, p. 1 53

16. Extreme apex of aedeagus bent at a

right angle to form a narrow, sharp

process, fig. 524; tenth tergite with a

sclerotized, clavate, mesal strip

with the lateral areas membranous
perdita, p. 1 53

Extreme apex of aedeagus straight, fig.

525; tenth tergite divided by mem-
branous strips into a mesal and 2

lateral sclerotized fingers. . .ajax, p. 153

17. Apex of eighth sternite formed as in

fig. 527, with a pair of sharp corners

between which arises a truncate

tongue bearing about 6 long, stout

setae xella, p. 148

Apex of eighth tergite not formed as in

fig. 527 18

18. Apex of eighth sternite with a pair of

flat, ovate lobes, each bearing 3

long setae, fig. 528 amoena, p. 1 50

Apex of eighth sternite without a pair

of flat, ovate lobes bearing 3 long

setae 19

19. Eighth sternite bearing a pair of

transverse, sclerotized bars below

apex, fig. 529 hamata, p. 149

Eighth sternite not bearing such a

pair of bars 20

20. Eighth sternite with a group of 6 long

radiating hairs at apex, figs. 530,

532 21

Eighth sternite without a group of 6

long radiating hairs at apex, figs.

533-539; hairs absent or short. ... 24

Figs. 524-526.—Hydroptila, male genitalia. A, B, C, respectively lateral, ventral and

dorsal aspects; D, aedeagus.



146 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

527A
XELLA

531 A
ARMATA VIRGATA

534A
PERDITA

536
ANGUSTA A

536 D

537A
CONSIMILIS

538 A
GRANDIOSA

ALBICORNIS

Figs. 527-539.—Hydroptila, female genitalia. A, eighth sternite; 5," bursa copulatrix;
C, eighth tergite; D, apex of abdomen.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 147

21. Eighth sternite with a long, T- or Y-
shaped area marked on middle,

fig. 530 22

Eighth sternite without central orna-

mentation, fig. 532 23

22. Mesal sclerite of eighth sternite Y-
shaped, without imbrications, fig.

530 vala, p. 148

Mesal sclerite of eighth sternite with

posterior margin truncate and the

wide portion imbricate, fig. 531. . . .

armata, p. 147

23. Eighth sternite with apical 6 setae

situated on individual stalks along

margin; tenth segment triangular,

fig. 532 virgata, p. 148

Eighth sternite with apical 6 setae

clustered on a mesal lobe as in fig.

531; tenth segment semicircular. . .

spatulata, p. 148

24. Apex of eighth sternite produced into

a long shield extending half the

length of the segment beyond meson
of tergite, fig. 533. .waubesiana, p. 150

Apex ot eighth sternite not produced
into a long shield 25

25. Surface of eighth sternite bearing a

single mesal plate near middle, fig.

534 26

Surface ot eighth sternite not bearing

a mesal plate, fig. 539 29

26. Apex of eighth sternite incised on
meson, fig. 534 perdita, p. 153

Apex of eighth sternite produced on
meson, fig. 535 27

27. Mesal plate of eighth sternite bell

shaped, long and narrow, fig. 535. .

ajax, p. 153

Mesal plate of eighth sternite trapezoi-

dal, short and wide, figs. 536, 537. . 28

28. Apex of eighth tergite with a narrow,

straight-sided, straight-bottomed in-

cision without a mesal thickening,

fig. 536 angusta, p. 152

Apex of eighth tergite with incision

shallower, wider and with a mesal

thickening, fig. 537. .consimilis, p. 153

29. Eighth segment with a large, spatulate,

internal plate, best seen from ven-

tral aspect, fig. 538. . . grandiosa, p. 151

Eighth segment without a large in-

ternal plate, fig. 539

albicornis, p. 1 5

1

Hydroptila armata Ross

Hydroptila armata Ross (1938^, p. 123); cf

,

9.

Larva (mature type).—Fig. 506. Length
about 5 mm. Head yellow with an inter-

rupted posterior band; each thoracic notum
yellow with a central and a posterior dark
band. Body, fig. 541, similar in shape and
general appearance to that of Ochrotrichia
except for key characters. Each segment of

abdomen with a very small, inconspicuous
rectangular sclerite, difficult to detect.

Case.—Shape as in fig. 465. Length about
5 mm. Purselike type, generally narrower
in cross section than Ochrotrichia, some-
times constructed of sand grains.

Adults.—Length 2-4 mm. (generally
quite variable within this genus). Color
a mottled, salt-and-pepper combination of

white, gray, brown and dark brown. Sev-
enth sternite of male with a long, sinuate

process. Male genitalia, fig. 516: tenth ter-

gite wide at base, tapering toward apex, and
divided at extreme apex into a pair of sharp
lobes directed laterad; beneath the tenth

arise a pair of long processes which pro-
ceed beyond the apex of the tenth tergite

and then curve back above it; claspers long,

extreme tip sclerotized and upturned; aedea-

gus with small neck, long spiral process, and
long, slender apex which is armed at tip

with a short arm at right angles to stem.

Female genitalia, fig. 531: eighth segment
short, semimembranous, with a T-shaped,
ventral, imbricated area, and with an apical

lobe bearing six long setae.

Association of males, females and larvae

was established by a collection of larvae and
mature pupae in Nippersink Creek at Spring

Grove, Illinois. In Illinois, as in other

states, the species has been taken only in

riffles of clear and moderately swift streams

of various sizes. The adults appear contin-

uously from May through September. They
are usually rare, but occasionally a fairly

large colony is found.

The range of the species, including Illi-

nois, Indiana, Michigan, Oklahoma and

Wisconsin, seems to follow the western por-

tion of the oak-hickory forest.

Illinois Records.—Fox Lake: July 15,

1935, DeLong & Ross, 2$. Momence:
Aug. 21, 1936, Ross & Burks, 1 $ ; May
17, 1937, Ross & Burks, U , 6? (reared)

;

May 24, 1937, H. H. Ross, 1 $ ; June 22,

1938, Ross & Burks, $ $ . Oakwood, Salt

Fork River: Sept. 20, 1935, DeLong & Ross,

1^. Spring Grove: Nippersink Creek,

May 14, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 1 <5 , 3 ?

(reared), many larvae and pupae; June 12,

1936, Ross & Burks, \i. Wilmington:
July 1, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 2$.



148 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Hydroptila vala Ross

Hydroptila vala Ross (1938^, p. 123); c?, 9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—In size and color similar to

armata. Seventh sternite of male with a

long, straight process. Male genitalia, fig.

515: tenth tergite divided into a pair of

thick, rectangular lobes; beneath these arise

a pair of long arms which curve back over

the tergite ; claspers with apical portion long

and flattened, curved slightly mesad at tip;

aedeagus with apical portion long, simple

and sharply turned at tip, and with a long

spiral. Female genitalia, fig. 530: eighth

segment semimembranous; sternite with a

central Y- or T-shaped structure without

imbrications, and with an apical, detached

plate bearing six long setae.

Originally described from Herod, Illinois,

the species has since been collected at another

locality near Herod and in the Kiamichi

Mountains of Oklahoma.

Illinois Records.

—

Eddyville, Lusk

Creek: June 19-20, 1940, Mohr & Riegel,

$ $ . Herod: May 29, 1935, Ross & Mohr,

$ $, ? 5.

Hydroptila xella Ross

Hydroptila xella Ross (1941^, p. 65); cf, 9.

Not yet taken in the state but perhaps to

be expected in future collecting. The species

is known only from south central Tennessee,

where it occurred along a creek similar to

several found in southern Illinois. Both

sexes are readily identified by means of the

genitalia; the larvae are unknown.

Hydroptila spatulata Morton

Hydroptila spatulata Morton (1905, p. 66);

Larva.—Fig. 504. Head and body scle-

rites tawny yellow, head and pronotum with

a scattering of small, dark spots.

Adults.—Size and color as for armata.

Seventh sternite of male with a long, straight

process, oblique at apex. Male genitalia,

fig. 514: tenth tergite membranous, with

a pair of sinuate, sclerotized rods running

through it; beneath tenth tergite arise a

pair of recurved, membranous processes, fre-

quently difficult to see due to poor refrac-

tion; claspers spatulate; aedeagus very long

and slender, spiral small, tip provided with

a lateral spur and beyond this spur a knob.

Female genitalia without ventral ornament

on eighth sternite, the apical setae of this

sternite grouped on a semicircular lobe as

in fig. 531.

Allotype, female.—Kankakee, Illinois:

June 6, 1935, Ross & Mohr.
Our only abundant records in Illinois are

along the Kankakee River. Here the larvae

occur in the rapids, where we have collected

mature pupae. Other records are from the

Oakwood region. Adult records extend from

June to late in August, indicating successive

summer generations.

The range of the species extends through-

out the Northeast; definite records are

available for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,

New York, Quebec, Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Danville, Middle

Fork River: Aug. 27, 1936, Ross & Burks,

3 larvae. Kankakee: Kankakee River,

Aug. 1, 1933, Ross & Mohr, 4,^ , 1 ? , many
larvae, 2 pupae; June 6, 1935, Ross & Mohr,

$ S ,69. MoMENCE : July 14, 1936, B. D.

Burks, 1 larva; strip mines, Aug. 21, 1936,

Ross & Burks, $ S , many larvae and pupae;

Kankakee River, Aug. 24, 1936, Ross &
Burks, 4 5 ; May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks,

many larvae; Kankakee River, May 24,

1937, H. H. Ross, S S ; at light, June 24,

1939, Burks & Ayars, 1^. Morris: Aug.

22, 1938, H. H. Ross, S S, 2 9 . Oak-
wood: Salt Fork River, July 18, 1933, Ross

& Mohr, 2 5,39; Middle Fork, Vermilion

River, July 18, 1933, Ross & Mohr, 1 S ;

May 21, 1936, Mohr & Burks, 1$. Put-
nam, Lake Senachwine: July 11, 1933, C.

O. Mohr, 45 . Wilmington: July 1, 1934,

DeLong & Ross, 4 S ; Aug. 20, 1934, De-
Long & Ross, 45, 16 2 ; Kankakee River,

May 27, 1935, Ross & Mohr, 15, many
larvae and pupae; Kankakee River, June 6,

1935, Ross & Mohr, 5 5 ; July 1, 1935,

DeLong & Ross, 5 5 .

Hydroptila virgata Ross

Hydroptila virgata Ross (1938a, p. 125); c?,

9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Size and color as for armata.

Seventh sternite of male with mesal process

sinuate and abruptly narrowed at tip.

Eighth sternite of male with apico-mesal

portion forming a heavily "sclerotized, rud-

der-like projection. Male genitalia, fig. 511:



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 149

tenth tergite pointed and conical; claspers

short and sinuate; near base of each clasper

arises a short style tipped with a long seta,

P ; aedeagus with long, slender spiral and a

sickle-like hook at tip. Female genitalia,

fig. 532: eighth segment cylindrical, almost

membranous, without ventral ornament; its

apical margin straight, the ventral margin

bearing six evenly spaced setae, each situated

on an individual stalk; bursa copulatrix with

end short and robust. Tenth segment tri-

angular, unique in the genus.

In Illinois this species is restricted to the

Ozark Hills where it has been collected

along the streams peculiar to that region

(see p. 6). The seasonal appearance of the

adults is distinctly vernal, as indicated by

records not only for Illinois but for all other

states from which the species is known. Al-

though the adults have been taken in large

numbers, no larvae have yet been discov-

ered.

The known distribution records are

scanty, including only Arkansas, Illinois and

Oklahoma, but indicate a restriction to the

Ozarks and nearby mountains.

Illinois Records.

—

Eddyville, Lusk
Creek: June 1, 1940, B. D. Burks, 6^,
6$. EiCHORN, Hicks Branch: May 29,

1935, Ross & Mohr, 1 $ . Herod: May 10,

1935, C. O. Mohr, 1 6 ; May 29, 1935, Ross

& Mohr, $ $ , 9 5; May 13, 1937, Frison

& Ross, $ $ .

Hydroptila hamata Morton

Hydroptila hamata Morton (1905, p. 67); c?",

9.

Larva.—Fig. 507. Color variable. Light

extreme has head yellow, with black V
across top of frons, and pronotum mostly

yellow; darker individuals have head with

a dusky posterior band and a black pentag-

onal central area, and pronotum dark with

pale anterior margin.

Adults.—Fig. 540. Size and color as for

armata, except for the femora, which are

dark brown or black (they are tawny in

other members of the genus). Seventh ster-

nite of male with a long mesal process ex-

panded at apex and flared laterad, the flared

edges serrate. Male genitalia, fig. 512: ninth

segment with long, finger-like internal arms;

tenth tergite simple; claspers short, with a

beaked ventral portion and a finger-like,

style-bearing, dorso-lateral portion; aedea-

gus very long, the apical portion divided

into a long, slender filament and a long rod

bent sharply at apex. Female genitalia, fig.

529: eighth sternite with six apical setae

along incised apical margin, and with a pair

of transverse sclerotized bands near middle.

Although we have collections of this spe-

cies from many widely scattered localities

in the state, it must be classed as a rarity

Fig. 540.—Hydroptila hamata d^.

for Illinois. It occurs in some of our north-

eastern glacial lakes and in clear rivers and

streams in various other localities, but is

almost always collected in very small num-

bers. We have associated larvae and adults

on the basis of mature pupae from Channel

Lake and Lusk Creek. The adults appear

from spring to late summer.

The species ranges throughout most of

the mountainous and predominantly hilly

country from southern Mexico to at least

Washington in the west and to New York

and Ontario in the east. It is frequently

abundant in such areas as the Ozarks and

hilly parts of Oklahoma. Records are avail-

able from Arizona, Arkansas, Illinois, Indi-

ana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, New
Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Okla-

homa, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tex-

as, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, Mex-

ico.

Illinois Records.—ChannelLake : May



150 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

16, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 45, 1$. Dan-
ville, Middle Fork River: Aug. 27, 1936,

Ross & Burks, 2 larvae. Eddyville, Lusk

Creek: June 19-20, 1940, Mohr & Riegel,

5 (J , 59, 1 pupa. Elizabethtown : June

25, 1932, Ross, Dozier & Park, 1 $ . Fox

Lake: June 30, 1935, DeLong & Ross,

19. Harrisburg: June 15, 1934, DeLong
6 Ross, at light, 1(5. Herod: June 20,

1940, Mohr & Riegel, 1^. Homer: Aug.

5, 1931, H. H. Ross, 1 $ . Momence: Aug.

21, 1936, Ross & Burks, 1 <? . Ottawa:

July 3, 1937, at light, Werner, 1 S .

Hydroptila amoena Ross

Hydroptila amoena Ross (1938a, p. 124); cf

.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Size and color as for armata.

Seventh sternite of male with a long mesal

process which is curved ventrad and slightly

indented at apex, the apical margin slightly

rounded and neither flanged nor serrate.

Invaginated lateral portion of ninth seg-

ment long and narrow. Male genitalia, fig.

513: tenth tergite narrow and projecting;

claspers short, with a wide base and narrow
apex, slightly beaked at tip; aedeagus with

very short spiral wound tightly around the

short neck, the apical portion long and

divided almost to base to form long proc-

esses. Female genitalia, fig. 528: eighth

sternite tapering and semimembranous, with

a pair of ovate lobes at apex, each bearing

three long setae.

Allotype, female.—Broken Bow, Okla-

homa, along small creek near town: June

8, 1940, Mrs. Roy Weddle.
Our only records for this species are col-

lections of males from Herod, Illinois, and

Turner Falls State Park, Oklahoma (the

type series) and a subsequent collection of

both sexes from Broken Bow, Oklahoma.
Presumably this species is a spring form
inhabiting small streams in the Ozarks and

neighboring ranges.

Illinois Records.—Herod: May 29, 1935

Ross & Mohr, 1 $ ; Gibbons Creek, April

19, 1937, Ross & Mohr, 1 $ .

Hydroptila waubesiana Betten

Hydroptila waubesiana Betten (1934, p. 160);

cf, 9.

Larva.—Figs. 509, 541. Color extremely

variable. Light extreme has head and tho-

Fig. 541.—Hydroptila waubesiana larva.

Dorsal aspect, left; lateral aspect, right.

racic terga yellow with small black marks
as in fig. 5Q9A ; dark extreme has head most-

ly black with thoracic terga having large

dark areas.

Adults.—Size and color as for armata.

Male genitalia, fig. 517: ninth segment al-

most entirely retracted within eighth; tenth

tergite divided into a pair of long processes,

closely appressed and with apexes pointed

laterad, truncate and sclerotized; claspers

long, slender and hooked at apex, reaching

beyond apex of tenth tergite ; aedeagus

simple, rodlike. Female genitalia, fig. 533:

eighth segment sclerotized, the ventral por-

tion produced into a long, tonguelike flap

which is emarginate at tip, tergite deeply

incised on meson.

Interesting among the habits of this spe-

cies is its ability to thrive in both lakes and

streams. In Illinois it occurs over the entire



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 151

state; in the northeastern portion it inhabits

the glacial lakes and over the remainder it

inhabits a variety of clear streams and large

rivers. We have collections of larvae and

mature pupae from Fox Lake and from
Quiver Creek near Havana. Adult emer-

gence occurs from April through October.

In addition to Illinois, the species is

known from Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, On-
tario, Saskatchewan and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken April 29 to October 5,

and many larvae, taken April 25 to May 29,

are from Amboy, Antioch, Council Hill, Fox
Lake, Galena, Grand Tower, Havana,

Kankakee, La Rue, Mahomet, McHenry,
Momence, Palos Park, Pere Marquette

State Park, Quincy, Richmond, Spring

Grove, White Pines Forest State Park,

Wolf Lake.

Hydroptila delineata Morton

Hydroptila delineatus Morton (1905, p. 66j;

Not yet taken in Illinois; it is known from

Indiana, New York and Nova Scotia. Only
the male is known, readily distinguished by

the genitalia, fig. 518.

Hydroptila grandiosa Ross

Hydroptila grandiosa Ross (1938«, p. 126);

Larva.—Fig. 508. Head tawny yellow

with dark posterior band and a dark V
across top of frons, this V sometimes closed

in front to form a dark, hollow diamond;
each thoracic tergum with an anterior light

margin and a pair of lateral light areas

outlined by a darker background.

Adults.—Size and color as for armata.

Male genitalia, fig. 519: eighth sternite

large and scoop shaped, bearing four to six

black, peglike setae on each lateral margin;

ninth segment small and retracted within

eighth; tenth tergite divided into a pair of

large, sclerotized hooks broad at base and

sharp at tip; below these arise a pair of

long, sinuate rods around which the hooks

curl; claspers small, short and truncate;

aedeagus short, with a slender spiral and

tapered apex. Female genitalia, fig. 538:

eighth segment short, wide at base and nar-

rowing rapidly toward apex ; sternite with-

out external plates but with apex produced

into a triangle set with short setae; internal

skeleton large and conspicuous, dark and
expanding anteriorly.

Allotype, female. — Oakwood, Illinois,

along Salt Fork River: July 18, 1933, Ross
& Mohr.
To date this species has been taken only

in the northern half of Illinois, in clear

rivers and small, permanent streams. In

only one or two cases have more than a

few specimens been taken at one time. The
adults emerge over the entire summer, our
records including May through September.
Larvae and both sexes of the adults were
associated by collections of larvae and pupae
from the Sinsinawa River near Galena, and
from the Apple River.

Known from Illinois, Indiana, Missouri,

Oklahoma and Wisconsin, the species has a

range that seems to follow the better

streams of the western oak-hickory forest,

much as with armata.

Illinois Records.

—

Amboy, Green River:

July 7, 1939, Mohr & Riegel, 2 ? . Apple
River Canyon State Park: Aug. 23, 1939,

Ross & Riegel, 1 $ ; Apple River, May 24,

1940, H. H. Ross, many larvae and pupae.

Danville, Middle Fork River: Aug. 27,

1936, Ross & Burks, \ $ , \ pupa, 4 larvae.

Galena: May 23, 1940, H. H. Ross, 2$,
3$, many pupae and larvae. Momence:
May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks, 1 $ ; Kanka-
kee River, May 24, 1937, H. H. Ross, 2$.
Muncie: June 27, 1932, H. H. Ross, 19.
Oakwood: Salt Fork River, July 18, 1933,

Ross & Mohr, 2 9 ; Salt Fork River, July

18, 1933, Ross & Mohr, 2^,29; Salt Fork

River, Sept. 20, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 1 $ ;

May 21, 1936, Mohr & Burks, 1 pupa.

Richmond: Aug. 15, 1938, Ross & Burks,

19. Rock City: June 6, 1940, Mohr &
Burks, \$. Sugar Grove: June 13, 1939,

Frison & Ross, \$ , 2 9.

Hydroptila albicornis Hagen

Hydroptila albicornis Hagen (1861, p. 275);

Larva.—Fig. 505. Head patterned with

pale yellow and dark brown, always with

a postero-mesal pale streak; each thoracic

notum dark brown with anterior margin

and a pair of lateral areas pale.

Adults.—Male, fig. 520: tenth tergite

divided into a mesal and a pair of lateral

semimembranous lobes, each narrow. Clasp-

ers as long as tenth tergite, slender, situated



152 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

some distance apart; the mesal margin is

nearly straight, the apex is rounded and

curved slightly dorsad, and near the lateral

margin is a sclerotized point midway be-

tween base and apex. Above the claspers

is a round plate bearing a pair of small

setae near the middle. Aedeagus with spiral

slender, neck large, and tip of apical portion

with a short lateral projection. Female, fig.

539: eighth segment semisclerotized, tubu-

lar, without internal plates or external

ornamentation; tergite with a fllat-bottomed

mesal depression; sternite with meson pro-

duced into a rounded lobe.

Allotype, female.—Kankakee, Illinois:

July 22, 1935, at light, DeLong & Ross.

As pointed out in the lectotype designation

(Ross 1938c, p. 9), the type is in reality a

male, although the original description notes

it as a female.

Our only Illinois records for this species

are from various points along the Kankakee

River (see p. 6). Here it is abundant;

we have taken larvae and pupae from the

river at Momence and Kankakee. Records

for the species are widespread but not nu-

merous, including Illinois, Indiana, Mis-

souri, Ontario and Wisconsin. All specimens

were taken along large, swift, clear rivers,

including the St. Lawrence, Kankakee,

White (in Indiana), Gasconade and White

(in Missouri), and Namekagon (in Wiscon-

sin). The adults emerge throughout the

warmer months (May through September).

Records given under the name albicornis

by Betten (1934) probably refer to some

other species; the illustrations indicate

hamata.

Illinois Records.

—

Kankakee: Kanka-

kee River, Aug. 1, 1933, Ross & Mohr, many
larvae; July 22, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 1 $ ,

1 5 . Momence: July 14, 1936, B. D. Burks,

many pupae and larvae; Aug. 21, 1936, Ross

& Burks, S S, many pupae and larvae;

Kankakee River, Aug. 24, 1936, Ross &
Burks, 1 $ ; May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks,

5 S , many pupae and larvae ; Kankakee Riv-

er, May 24, 1937, H. H. Ross, S $. Wil-
mington: Aug. 20, 1934, DeLong & Ross,

3 2 ; Kankakee River, May 17, 1937, Ross

6 Burks, 2$ .

Hydroptila scolops Ross

Hydroptila scolops Ross (1938fl, p. 128); cf

.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Size and color as for armata.

Male genitalia, fig. 521: tenth tergite mem-
branous, divided into two large lateral lobes

and a small mesal lobe; claspers fairly long

and straight, with an apico-lateral sclero-

tized point and only small setae; aedeagus

short, basal portion flared, neck distinct,

spiral small and apical portion large at base,

tapering gradually to a pointed tip. Female

unknown.
This species is known only from the holo-

type, collected along the Ohio River at

Shawneetown, Illinois, May 11, 1935, at

light, C. O. Mohr.

Hydroptila angusta Ross

Hydroptila angusta Ross (1938a, p. 130); cf

,

9.

Larva.—Head and thoracic sclerites vary-

ing from tawny yellow to fairly dark brown,

the color fairly uniform over the entire area

and not forming a pattern.

Adults.—Male, fig. 522: tenth tergite

wide, divided down meson by a deep, angu-

lar cleft, with only lateral margins sclero-

tized. Claspers with a wide "foot," the

upper portion bladelike; blade with a small,

sclerotized point on mesal margin beyond

middle, with a row of irregular setae on

lateral margin and with tip pointed. The
rounded plate above the claspers bears a

pair of short setae near apex. Aedeagus

very long, with an imbricated portion below

neck, a narrow neck, a long, stout spiral and

a long, slender apical portion which has a

sinuate, small finger at tip. Female, fig.

536: eighth segment semimembranous, ta-

pering; apex of tergite with a truncate in-

cision; sternite with somewhat stocky, mesal

plate near middle and with a mesal, tongue-

like projection at apex.

Association of larvae and adults was

established by collections of larvae and pu-

pae from the Middle Fork River near Dan-
ville, and from other localities.

In Illinois the species has been collected

from widespread localities. It prefers mod-
erate-sized to large streams and rivers, and

is frequently encountered in large numbers.

The adults emerge over a wide span; we
have records from May 1 to October 16.

The range of the species extends from the

arid plains of western Texas and eastern

New Mexico to Ohio, with records from

Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, New Mexico,

Ohio, Oklahoma and Texas.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 153

and two pupae, taken May 1 to October 16,

and many larvae, taken August 1 to August

27, are from Amboy, Charleston, Danville,

Galena, Homer, Kankakee, Mahomet, Mi-
lan, Momence, Morris, Mount Carroll,

Muncie, Oakwood, Ottawa, Putnam, Rich-

mond, Rock City, Rock Island, Serena,

Spring Grove, Sugar Grove, Wilmington.

Hydroptila consimilis Morton

Hydroptila consimi/is Morton (1905, p. 65);

Larva.—Fig. 503. Head and thoracic

nota mostly black; head sometimes with a

narrow pale area between posterior and

anterior dark areas; thoracic nota with an-

terior margin pale.

Adults.—Male, fig. 523: similar in most

structures to the preceding species, but dif-

fering as follows: claspers wider, rounder

at apex ; the apex of the aedeagus robust

and shorter, with a long, finger-like, lateral

process at tip. Female, fig. 537: eighth seg-

ment semimembranous, tapering; tergite

with a wide, shallow incision at apex, the

bottom of the incision with a sclerotized,

mesal thickening; sternite with a somewhat
trapezoidal mesal ornament and a rounded,

mesal projection.

Allotype, female.—Utica, Illinois, Split

Rock Brook: July 11, 1941, Ross & Ries.

Although taken several times, this species

must be classed as a rarity in Illinois. We
have taken it in numbers only in two peculiar

and restricted situations, at Elgin and Split

Rock (Utica). Other records are from

clear, permanent streams, most of them in

the northern quarter of the state. All our

records are in June and July, but records

for other states indicate that the adults

emerge from April to September.

The range of the species is extensive and

seems to cover all the mountainous and

much of the heavily wooded areas from

Texas to British Columbia in one direction

and New York in the other. Records are

available from Arizona, British Columbia,

Illinois, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon,

Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia and Wy-
oming.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and eight pupae taken June 5 to August 15,

and five larvae taken May 23 to June 6,

are from Apple River Canyon State Park,

Council Hill (Galena River), Dixon, Elgin

(Rainbow Springs), Galena, Mount Car-
roll, Muncie, Oakwood (Middle Fork Ver-
milion River), Utica (Split Rock Brook),
White Pines Forest State Park.

Hydroptila perdita Morton

Hydroptila perdita Morton (1905, p. 67); cf.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Male, fig. 524: tenth tergite

large, somewhat hood shaped, almost entire-

ly membranous except for a mesal, clavate

sclerotized strip. Claspers with a distinct

foot, the blade long, slightly out-curved at

apex, and with a dark, sclerotized point at

each apical angle. Aedeagus with a stout

spiral and with the tip of the apical portion

bent to form a sharp, right-angled process.

Female, fig. 534: eighth segment wide at

base and semimembranous; tergite with

sloping apex and a narrow mesal incision;

sternite with sinuate apical margin and a

wide, rounded incision; near the center of

the sternite is a bell-shaped plate.

Allotype, female.—Washington County,

Arkansas: June 19, 1940, M. W. Sander-

son.

To date we have only two records of this

species for Illinois, from the Kankakee and

Salt Fork rivers, both on the extreme east-

ern edge of the state. These, together with

other localities, indicate a preference for

large, clear, rapid streams, with adult emer-

gence from May to October.

Available records are from Arkansas, Illi-

nois, Michigan, New York, Ontario and

Pennsylvania.

Illinois Records.

—

Momence, Kankakee

River: May 24, 1937, H. H. Ross, \$.

Oakwood, Salt Fork River: July 18, 1933,

Ross & Mohr, 1$. Spring Grove: Aug.

12, 1937, at light, Ross & Burks, 3,?.

Hydroptila ajax Ross

Hydroptila ajax Ross (1938^, p. 127); cf, 9.

Larva.—Head and thoracic sclerites taw-

ny yellow, varying somewhat in exact shade

but not forming a pattern.

Adults.—Size and color as for armata.

Male genitalia, fig. 525: tenth tergite hood-

like, divided by membranous darts into a

mesal and pair of lateral lobes; claspers

having a distinct foot and a fairly long, nar-

row blade with the apex outcurved and a

sclerotized point on each apical corner

;



154 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

aedeagus large, with a large spiral and the

apical portion straight at tip. Female geni-

talia, fig. 535: eighth tergite with apex

widely and deeply emarginate and with a

sclerotized nodule at base of depression;

sternite with a long, bell-shaped central

plate and with the apical margin undulate

to form a pair of low, lateral humps and

a higher mesal projection.

The species icona, described from Mexico

and since taken in Texas and Oklahoma,

might be confused with this species, but

icona differs radically in having short clasp-

ers, fig. 526.

This is one of the more common Illinois

species of the genus, having been taken in

large numbers in a considerable variety of

creeks and small rivers in the northern half

of the state. Larvae and pupae have been

collected in several localities. The adults

appear throughout the warmer months, from

May through September.

The range of the species extends from

Oklahoma to New York, with Illinois as

the apparent density center. We have rec-

ords for Illinois, Indiana, New York and

Oklahoma.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and four pupae, taken May 24 to

September 20, and many larvae, taken May
21 to June 6, are from Amboy (Green Riv-

er), Apple River Canyon State Park, Downs
(Kickapoo Creek), Howardsville, Kappa
(Mackinaw River), Mount Carroll, Mun-
cie, Oakwood (Middle Fork, Vermilion

River, Salt Fork River), Quincy (stream

near Cave Spring, Burton Creek), Rock
City, Serena, Spring Grove, White Pines

Forest State Park.

Neotrichia Morton

Cyllene Chambers (1873, p. 124); preoccu-

pied. Genotype, monobasic: Cyllene minutisi-

mella Chambers.
Neotrichia Morton (1905, p. 72). Genotype,

monobasic: Neotrichia collata Morton.
Exitrichia Mosely (1937, p. 170). Genotype,

by original designation: Exitrichia anahua
Mosely.

Dolotrichia Mosely (1937, p. 177). Genotype,
by original designation: Dolotrichia canixa
Mosely.

Guerrotrichia Mosely (1937, p. 179). Geno-
type, by original designation: Guerrotrichia

caxima Mosely.

Lorotrichia Mosely (1937, p. 181 J. Geno-
type, by original designation: Lorotrichia hi-

aspa Mosely.

This genus contains the smallest caddis

flies in North America. Of the 11 species

known from the United States, 6 have been

captured in Illinois. All the species frequent

clear-water streams, and some of them are

extremely local in their distribution. The
genus has developed a large fauna in the

Neotropical region, which seems to be the

center of distribution for many "micros"

that range from southern Mexico to Okla-

homa, Illinois and New York.

Characters of the genitalia separate the

species in both males and females, but, to

date, reliable characters have not been found

for separating the larvae. We have associ-

ated larvae and adults of minutisimella,

okopa, collata and riegeli.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Apex ot abdomen with several sets of

plates or processes (males) 2

Apex of abdomen simple and tubular

(females) 9

2. Ninth segment with outer lateral proc-

ess B divided to form long dorsal

and ventral fingers; plate E behind

claspers twice as long as claspers,

fig. 542 kitae, p. 158

Ninth segment with outer lateral proc-

ess simple; plate behind claspers

short or inconspicuous, figs. 543-

549 3

3. Aedeagus with a pair of stout, sclero-

tized hooks, figs. 543-545 4

Aedeagus without stout, sclerotized

hooks, figs. 546-549 6

4. Claspers slender, almost three times

longer than wide, fig. 543

collata, p. 159

Claspers almost quadrate, no longer

than wide, fig. 544 5

5. Aedeagus with both sclerotized hooks
subequal and alike; apex of claspers

with a steplike break, fig. 544

falca, p. 159

Aedeagus with sclerotized hooks very

dissimilar in length and shape;

apex of claspers truncate, fig. 545. .

riegeli, p. 159

6. Aedeagus ending in a uniform, sclero-

tized cylinder; claspers heavily

sclerotized and black, fig. 546

okopa, p. 1 58

Aedeagus not cylindrical or sclero-

tized at apex; claspers not as above,

fig. 547 -. 7

7. Claspers fused to form a long ventral



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 155

Figs. 542-5'i6.~Neo(richia, male genitalia. ^, ventral aspect; B, lateral aspect; C, aed
gus, the basal portion omitted in 542.

ea-



156 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

plate covered with long setae and

narrowed and upturned at apex, fig.

547 minutisimella, p. 157

Claspers not forming a plate, figs. 548,

549 8

10. Sclerotized plate of eighth sternite nar-

row and angular, fig. 550

edalis, p. 158

Sclerotized plate of eighth sternite

wide and arcuate, figs. 551, 552... 11

Figs. 547-549.

—

Neotrichia, male genitalia. A, ventral aspect; B, lateral aspect; C, aedea-

gus, the basal portion omitted in 547 and 548.

8. Apex of aedeagus flattened and elliptic,

with a pair of long, apical setae;

apex of tenth tergite divided into a

pair of divergent, pointed, sclero-

tized lobes, fig. 548 vibrans, p. 159
Apex of aedeagus flattened, but with

a membranous "thumb" instead of

setae; tenth tergite entirely mem-
branous, fig. 549 edalis, p. 158

9. Eighth sternite with a heavily sclero-

tized, arcuate or angular plate, figs.

550, 551 10

Eighth sternite without a sclerotized

plate, fig. 553 12

11. Sclerotized plate of eighth sternite

evenly arcuate along apical margin,

fig. 551 riegeli, p. 159

Sclerotized plate of eighth sternite

with a mesal emargination, fig. 552

falca, p. 159

12. Eighth sternite with a large mesal

body, angulate at apex, occupying

a full third of the width of the seg-

ment, fig. 553 kitae, p. 158

Eighth sternite with mesal body either

much smaller, fig. 556, or of a dif-

ferent shape, fig. 554; note also

diff"erences in bursa copulatrix 13

I



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 157

554 A
MINUTISIMELLA 555 A

COLLATA

Figs. 550-556.—Neotrichia, female genitalia. A, eighth sternite; 5, bursa copulatrix.

13. Apex of bursa copulatrix forming a

long, narrow, tapered rod, figs. 554,

555 14

Apex of bursa copulatrix forming a

wide, bilobed structure, fig. 556. . . 15

14. Median portion of bursa copulatrix

with a pair of sclerotized projections

at base of apical rod, fig. 554

tninutisimella, p. 157

Median portion of bursa copulatrix en-

tirely membranous, without pro-

jections, fig. 555 collata, p. 159

15. Eighth sternite sclerotized and dark-

ened to form a distinct V, fig. 556. .

okopa, p. 158

Eighth sternite slightly sclerotized but

not darkened; without an evident

V-shaped pattern vibrans, p. 159

Neotrichia minutisimella (Chambers)

Cyllene minutisimella Chambers (1873, p.

125); cf.

Larva (mature type).—In general shape

similar to fig. 557. Length 2 mm. Head
somewhat cone shaped, narrowed toward

front. Legs short but slender. Abdomen
abruptly enlarged at juncture of thorax, the

second segment slightly the widest and the

abdomen tapering almost evenly from that

point to the end; lateral margins with a

delicate, small fringe of hair. Anal hooks

situated on short, stubby but distinct "legs."

Case.—Short and elliptic, tapered at the

base without a bottom opening; composed



158 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23. Art. 1

of sand grains woven into an even, fairly

smooth surface. Top opening closed for

pupation by an irregular silky layer.

Adults. — Length 1.5-2.0 mm. Color

strawlike, wings with only indistinct mark-

ings. Male genitalia, fig. 547: tenth ter-

gite large, bilobed and submembranous; ven-

tral plate (probably consisting of the fused

claspers) large, clothed with long setae and

narrowed and upturned at apex; aedeagus

with a large spiral process at neck, the api-

cal portion submembranous with one or two

accessory finger-like lobes. Female genitalia,

fig. 554: eighth sternite practically color-

less, divided down meson by membranous

incision which flares out at the base; within

this area at the base arises an ovate struc-

ture with rounded apex and membranous
base; bursa copulatrix with long, slender,

apical style and a pair of horns at its base.

Allotype, female.—Kankakee, Illinois

:

July 22, 1935, at light, DeLong & Ross.

No record of this species, the smallest

known caddis fly in North America, has

been published since its original description

from Covington, Kentucky. It is the com-

monest species of the genus in Illinois, espe-

cially abundant in the upper Sangamon
River, where we have reared it, and has

been taken also from the Kankakee River

and a few small streams.

The species is known to range through

Missouri, Oklahoma, Illinois, Indiana and
Kentucky.

Illinois Records.—Kampsville: July 2,

1931, Prison, Betten & Ross, 1 $ . Kanka-
kee: Kankakee River, Aug. 1, 1933, Ross &
Mohr, 1 S ; July 22, 1935, at light, DeLong
& Ross, 2S , 19. Mahomet, Sangamon
River: June 6, 1940, Ross & Riegel, 2 pu-

pae. Oakwood, Middle Fork River: Sept.

7, 1936, DeLong & Ross, 1 5 . Quincy,
Burton Creek: June 25, 1940, Mohr &
Riegel, 1$. Urbana: Aug. 3, 1931, light

trap, W. P. Flint, 7 6 . White Heath :

Aug. 2, 1940, Ross & Riegel, 1 ? .

Neotrichia okopa Ross

Neotrichia okopa Ross (1939,^, p. 629); cf , 9.

Adults.—Length 2 mm. Body and ap-

pendages dark brown, the wings mottled.

Male genitalia, fig. 546: tenth tergite mem-
branous with a mesal lobe, a pair of long
setae and a pair of lateral extensions; be-

neath it are a pair of sclerotized processes;

lateral appendages spatulate; aedeagus with

a very long, cylindrical, basal portion, nar-

row neck with a prominent spiral process

and the apical portion more or less cylin-

drical and heavily sclerotized. Female geni-

talia, fig. 556: eighth sternite with sclero-

tized portions forming a dark V; above the

base of the V is a small, rounded structure

the base of which is divided into two lobes;

bursa copulatrix as in fig. 5565.

This species, not previously recorded from

Illinois, has been taken at only widely sep-

arated localities in the state. It was espe-

cially abundant in Lusk Creek in the Ozark
Hills, where it was reared in company with

collata and riegeli. Its known range includes

scattered localities in Illinois, Ohio, Okla-

homa and Pennsylvania. Our collecting in

Illinois indicates its preference for small,

clear streams.

Illinois Records.—Apple River Can-
yon State Park: Aug. 23, 1939, Ross &
Riegel, 1 $ . Council Hill, Galena River:

June 26, 1940, Mohr & Riegel, \$, many
pupae. Eddyville, Lusk Creek: June 19-

20, 1940, Mohr & Riegel, $ $ , 9 5. Mo-
mence: June 22, 1938, Ross & Burks, 8^.
Utica, Split Rock Brook: June 17, 1941,

Burks & Riegel, $ $ , 9 9. White Pines

Forest State Park: Aug. 13, 1937, Ross

& Burks, \$, 9 9. Wilmington: July

1, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 1 9.

Neotrichia kitae Ross

Neotrichia kitae Ross (1941^, p. 60); d^, 9.

To date this species has not been taken

in Illinois. It is known only from Hollister,

Missouri. This species resembles the others

of the genus in general size and shape, but is

readily distinguished on the basis of geni-

talia, figs. 542, 553.

Neotrichia edalis Ross

Neotrichia edalis Ross (1941^, p. 62); cf, 9.

Although not yet taken in Illinois, this

species frequents streams in eastern Okla-
homa which are very similar to some in

southern and western Illinois and may possi-

bly be taken in the state in the future. The
genitalia of both sexes, figs. 549, 550, are

diagnostic for the species; the triangular

subgenital plate of the female eighth sternite

is unusual in the genus and distinctive.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 159

Neotrichia vibrans Ross

Neotrichia vibrans Ross (1938rt, p. 119); cf.

Adults.—Length 2 mm. Body and ap-

pendages mottled with black, brown and

whitish. Male genitalia, fig. 548: eighth

sternite with an apico-mesal lobe; genitalia

with claspers small, curved and hooklike,

arising from a platelike, basal sclerite; tenth

tergite produced into a pair of widely diver-

gent pointed lobes; lateral appendages long

and fusiform ; aedeagus with a broad base,

very narrow neck bearing a long, slightly

curved, spiral process, and a long, narrow
apical portion which has its tip enlarged and

ovate, and bears a pair of prominent setae.

Female genitalia similar to those of okopa

in structure of eighth segment and bursa

copulatrix ; differing in lacking dark colora-

tion so that the sternite has no distinct pat-

tern.

Allotype, female.—Hollister, Missouri:

July 14, 1938, Mrs. Vitae Kite.

Originally described from a single male

from Oakwood, Illinois, this species has

since been collected in large numbers at

Hollister, Missouri. The Illinois records in-

dicate a preference for small, clear streams.

Little can be said regarding the range of the

species.

Illinois Records.—Muncie: June 27,

1932, H. H. Ross, 1 9 . Oakwood, Middle

Pork River: Sept. 7, 1936, DeLong & Ross,

u.

Neotrichia falca Ross

Neotrichia Jalca Ross (1938rt, p. 119); d"

.

Adults.—Length 2.5 mm. Color a salt-

and-pepper mixture of cream and brown.

Male genitalia, fig. 544: tenth tergite mem-
branous; cerci long, slightly sinuate and with

sparse setae; claspers short, the apical mar-

gin steplike and with two black, sclerotized

cushions; above them membranous folds end

in a pair of blunt black lobes and a pair of

small black hooks; above these are a pair of

ovate membranous lobes tipped by a seta;

aedeagus with flared base, a long finger-like

lobe rising from neck and a slender, curved

apical portion with two teeth which are al-

most superimposed one over the other. Fe-

male genitalia, fig. 552: eighth sternite with

a central sclerite with arcuate apical margin

and a minute incision at tip; bursa copu-

latrix as in fig. 5525.

Allotype, female.—Quincy, Illinois,

stream near Cave Spring: July 6, 1939,

Mohr & Riegel.

We have taken this species in scattered

localities in the northern two-thirds of the

state, in every case along a small and fairly

clear stream. Adult emergence is continu-

ous throughout the warmer months, with

records from June through most of Septem-
ber. No collections are known outside Illi-

nois.

Illinois Records.—Council Hill, Ga-
lena River: June 26, 1940, Mohr & Riegel,

\$. Momence: June 22, 1938, Ross &
Burks, $ $, 9 9. Muncie, Stony Creek:

Sept. 20, 1935, Frison & Mohr, 1 $ . Quin-
cy: stream near Cave Spring, July 6, 1939,

Mohr & Riegel, $ $ , 9 9; Burton Creek,

June 25, 1940, Mohr & Riegel, 1 9 . Sugar
Grove: June 13, 1939, Frison & Ross, 1 i .

White Pines Forest State Park: Aug.

13, 1937, Ross & Burks, 49.

Neotrichia riegeli Ross

Neotrichia riegeli Ross (1941^, p. 61); cf', 9.

Adults.—Length 2.0-2.5 mm. Straw col-

ored, with irregular light brown marks on

body and wings. Male genitalia, fig. 545:

similar in general structure to falca; clasp-

ers short, nearly quadrate, with a dense

black area at apex; above, the black hooks

are large with a black cushion at base; aede-

agus with sclerotized hooks set one beyond

the other. Female genitalia, fig. 551 : eighth

sternite with a large, sclerotized mesal lobe

with the arcuate apical margin thickened;

bursa copulatrix as in fig. 5515.

This species is known only from the type

series, containing a large collection of males

and females, from Lusk Creek near Eddy-

ville, Illinois, June 19-20, Mohr & Riegel.

Mature pupae also were collected here, link-

ing larval and adult forms. This set was

taken in company with collata and okopa.

Neotrichia collata Morton

Neotrichia collata Morton (1905, p. 72); cT,

9.

Adults.—Size 2.0-2.5 mm. Color mottled

brown and tawny. Male genitalia, fig. 543:

tenth tergite membranous; cerci fairly long;

claspers long and tapering, with a small

mesal tooth at apex; above it is a rectangu-

lar plate with a pair of apical setae; aedea-



160 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

gus very long, neck long and narrow, spiral

long, apex with a pair of appressed sclero-

tized hooks. Female genitalia, fig. 555:

eighth sternite without central ornamenta-

tion; bursa copulatrix with an elongate,

tenpin-like process.

Our only Illinois record of this species is

a large collection of males, females and

pupae from Lusk Creek near Eddyville,

June 19-20, 1940, Mohr & Riegel. These

were taken in company with okopa and

riegeli. Lusk Creek is a clear, rapid stream

in the Ozark Hills of southern Illinois.

The only available records are from Illi-

nois, Kentucky and New York.

Mayatrichia Mosely

Mayatrichia Mosely (1937, p. 182). Geno-

type, by original designation: Mayatrichia

ayama Mosely.

This genus contains three North Ameri-

can species, of which only one, ayama, has

been taken in Illinois. The other two are

known from Oklahoma and Texas. The
three species are readily distinguished on the

basis of male genitalia, but differences be-

tween the females have not yet been worked
out. A key to the males, followed by de-

scriptions of the out-of-state species, is given

on p. 278.

Mayatrichia ayama Mosely

Mayatrichia ayama Mosely (1937, p. 182);

Larva (mature type).—Fig. 557. Length
2 mm. Head and body sclerites cream col-

ored with only a few slightly darker lines

around the edges of some sclerites; body
white. Similar in general to Neotrichia, with

cone-shaped head and slender legs. Abdomen
wedge shaped, with lateral contours very

even and possessing lateral fringe, similar

in this respect to the Leptoceridae.

Larva (free-living young form).—Fig.

557. Similar to mature type but with ab-

domen small and tapering, all segments par-

tially sclerotized and provided with stout

setae. Anal legs close together at base, fig.

552, claws as in mature form.

Case.—Fig. 558. Somewhat wedge shaped,

fibrous, ventral surface flat, dorsal surface

convex, raised into either longitudinal ridges,

transverse ridges, or sometimes a combina-
tion of both. Posterior end closed; anterior

end sealed for pupation by a circular, brown,

membranous cap.

Adults.—Length 2-3 mm. Color brown

without conspicuous markings. Sixth seg-

ment with a long, slender spine, fig. 559.

Male genitalia, fig. 929, p. 279; ninth seg-

Fig. 557.

—

Mayatrichia ayama. A, free

living, early instar; 5, case making, later instar.

Fig. 558.

—

Mayatrichia ayama, case.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 161

ment with a large, clasper-like lobe on the

postero-lateral margin, this lobe with the

apical margin rounded dorsally and taper-

ing to a somewhat pointed ventral corner;

tenth tergite membranous and somewhat

hood shaped; claspers with a broad base,

a small, finger-like dorso-lateral projection

and a wide ventro-mesal lobe the apical

margin of which is rounded and which bears

four to six setae; above the claspers is a

559
560

Fig. 559.—Mayatrichia ayama cf , spine of

sixth sternite.

Fig. 560.—Mayatrichia ayama 9, bursa

copulatrix.

stout, wide lobe with a long, sharp ventral

beaked apex; aedeagus long, slender and

simple, the extreme apex divided into a

three-pronged sclerotized plate. Female

genitalia simple and tubular, with bursa

copulatrix large and shaped as in fig. 560.

This species is the one described by Bet-

ten (1934, p. 164) as an undetermined genus

and species.

In Illinois, we have taken the species

commonly in the northern fourth of the

state and have, in addition, a record from

southern Illinois. We have taken the larvae

and pupae abundantly in the riffles of the

Galena River at Council Hill, Illinois, thus

associating the larvae, males and females;

we have made similar collections in the Kan-

kakee River at Momence. This species has

a distinct preference for the more rapid and

clear Illinois rivers and streams. Adult

emergence extends from June to early Sep-

tember, indicating a continuous cycle of gen-

erations.

The range of the species extends from

extreme southern Mexico to New York and

Montana; most of the records follow fairly

closely the confines of the deciduous forests,

ranging through Texas into Florida and

more northern eastern states; in the north-

western states our only record is from Mon-

tana. Although the records are scattered

over a wide area, the species is quite rare

and not commonly taken. We have records

from Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Ken-
tucky, Missouri, Montana, New York,

Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and

Texas.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken June 21 to September 10,

and many larvae, taken June 6 to August

21, are from Amboy (Green River), Apple

River Canyon State Park, Council Hill

(Galena River), Dixon, Elizabethtown,

Kankakee, Momence, Oregon, Ottawa,

Rock Island, Serena.

PHRYGANEIDAE

In this family the maxillary palpi are

four segmented in the male, five in the fe-

male. The larvae construct cases which in

most genera are long and built in a spiral.

Characteristic of the larvae are their mem-
branous meso- and metanotum, each with a

lateral tuft of long setae; in addition, the

lateral gills are covered with hair, and the

lateral line of the abdomen is represented

by a fairly wide area of short hair.

The generic limitations in this family have

previously been established on the basis of

wing venation and vestiture. Both of these

characters, however, vary so much in some

genera that it is impractical to use these as

a basis for generic differentiation in this

family. The best characters for this pur-

pose seem to be the female genitalia, which

present some striking evidences of both

differentiation and affinities, and the generic

groupings outlined here are based on these

characters.

The genus Neuronia Leach, used com-

monly in the past as a caddis fly genus of

this family, apparently belongs to the Ple-

coptera, with Phryganea fusca Linnaeus as

the type.

In general, the family favors marshes and

lakes for its abode, but some species are

taken in rivers and streams.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Frons with a median black line, fig.

561 ;•• 2

Frons without a median black line,

fig. 564 3

2. Pronotum with anterior margin black,



162 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

fig. 561, and without a diagonal

black line Phryganea, p. 174

Pronotum with a diagonal black line,

fig. 562, anterior margin mostly
yellow Banksiola selina,

p. 169; Agrypnia straminea, p. 165

Mesonotum with a pair of small scle-

rites near anterior margin, fig. 563 4
Mesonotum without a pair of scle-

rites, sometimes with a very small

sclerotized area around the base of

1 seta, fig. 564 5

Mature larvae attaining length of 30
mm Eubasilissa, p. 168

Mature larvae attaining length of

only 20 mm Oligostomis, p. 167

5. Pronotum with anterior margin black,

fig. 564, and without a diagonal
black line Agrypnia vestita, p. 166

Pronotum with a diagonal black line,

fig. 565, anterior margin mostly
yellow 6

6. Diagonal marks on pronotum meeting
at posterior margin to form a V-
mark, fig. 566

Phryganeid Genus A, p. 167
Diagonal marks on pronotum not

reaching posterior margin but join-

562 563

564 565 566

Larvae of Phryganeidae

Fig. 561.—Phryganea sp.

Fig. 562.—Banksiola selina.

Fig. 563.—Oligostomis ocelligera. (After Lloyd.)

Fig. 564.—Agrypnia vestita.

Fig, 565.—Ptilostomis bcellifera.

Fig. 566.—Phryganeid Genus A.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 163

ing each other on meson to form an

arcuate mark, fig. 565

Ptilostomis, p. 1 7

1

Pupae

Mandibles short and fleshy, some-

times with a small mesal point but

without an apical blade, much
shorter than labrum, fig. 567 2

Mandibles long, with a sclerotized

apical blade, figs. 568, 569 5

2. Apical processes of abdomen long and
not widely separated, fig. 570

Banksiola, p. 1 69
Apical processes of abdomen short and

their apical points very widely sep-

arated, fig. 571 3

3. Posterior plate of fifth tergite with 6

teeth forming one row, fig. 574;

apical projection of first tergite

elongate, membranous and trun-

cate Phryganeid Genus A, p. 167

Posterior plate of fifth tergite with

572 573 574 575 576

Fig. 567.—Banksiola selina pupa, mandi-
bles and labrum.

Fig. 568.—Agrypnia vestita pupa, mandibles

and labrum.

Fig. 569.—Phryganea sayi pupa, mandibles

and labrum.

Fig. 570.—Banksiola selina pupa, apex of

abdomen.
Fig. 571.—Phryganeid Genus A pupa, apex

of abdomen.

Fig. 572.— Ptilostomis ocellifera pupa, first

tergite.

Fig. 573.—Eubasilissa pardalis pupa, first

tergite. (After Lloyd.)

Fig. 574.—Phryganeid Genus A pupa, hook

bearing abdominal plates.

Fig. 575.— Ptilostomis ocellifera pupa, hook

bearing abdominal plates.

Fig. 576.—Phryganea sayi pupa, hook bear-

ing abdominal plates.

Fig. 577.— Agrypnia vestita pupa, hook

bearing abdominal plates.



164 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

10-12 teeth forming two rows, fig.

575; apical projection of first tergite

bifid, figs. 572," 573 4

4. Apical projection of first tergite only

moderately produced, the apex

wide, fig. 572 Ptilostomis, p. 171

Apical projection of first tergite form-

ing a long structure with a narrow

apex, fig. 573 Eubasilissa, p. 168

5. Mandibles greatly curved and sickle

shaped, fig. 569; fourth tergite with

a normal sized, hook-bearing, scle-

rotized plate, fig. 576, which nearly

equals size of anterior plate on fifth

tergite Phryganea, p. 174

Mandibles only slightly curved, fig.

568; fourth tergite with hook-bear-

ing plate absent or not more than

half size of anterior plate on fifth

tergite, fig. 577 Agrypnia, p. 165

Adults

1. Maxillary palpi 4-segmented, fig. 64;

genitalia with an aedeagus, figs. 580,

594 (males) 2

Maxillary palpi 5-segmented; genitalia

without an aedeagus, figs. 582, 598

(females) 8

2. Ninth sternite produced as a toothed

shelf beyond the bases of the clasp-

ers, fig. 594 Ptilostomis, p. 171

Ninth sternite not shelflike, figs. 580,

585 3

3. Claspers produced posterad into a

short, slightly upturned point, but

rounded and low dorsad, appearing

spoon shaped from the side and bis-

cuit shaped from below, figs. 603,

604 Phryganea, p. 174

Claspers produced dorsad into either

a long process or into appendage-
like blades, figs. 580, 585 4

4. Tenth tergite forming two long, black,

sclerotized rods, fig. 590; ninth ster-

nite with a pair of sharp points, fig.

590. Hind wings banded with black

and dark yellow, fig. 588

Eubasilissa, p. 168

Tenth tergite not rodlike; ninth ster-

nite sometimes with 1 mesal point

but not 2. Hind wings not so

banded 5

5. Hind wings almost entirely black, fig.

587 Oligostomis, p. 167
Hind wings with only black spots or

markings on a gray or clear ground
color 6

6. Ninth tergite forming a transverse,

somewhat hood-shaped area arising

above base of tenth tergite and
bearing a brush or pair of brushes of

long setae, figs. 580, 581

Agrypnia, p. 165

Ninth tergite continuous with outline

of tenth tergite and usually not

bearing a brush of long setae 7

7. Middle tibiae thorny, the black spines

sticking out prominently and about

as long as the tibia is thick; wings

shiny with a conspicuous pattern of

black markings, fig. 591

Banksiola, p. 169

Fig, 578.—Banksiola selina, front wing.

Fig. 579.—Ptilostomis semijasciata, front

wing.

Middle tibiae not appearing thorny,

the black spines not sticking out

prominently, shorter than the tibia

is thick; wings dull, tawny brown
and with only a faint, fine, irrorate

pattern Fabria, p. 166

8. Ninth sternite divided at apex into

three long processes, which are

stout and close together, figs. 589,

605 9

Ninth sternite either not divided into

three points or these very short,

figs. 586, 601 10

9. Both wings checkered with black and
orange, the hind wings black at base

with two bands at apex, fig. 588;

ninth sternite with apical processes

shorter and converging, fig. 589. . .

Eubasilissa, p. 168

Neither pair of wings with orange, the

hind wings pale at least at base;

ninth sternite with apical processes

longer and divergent, fig. 605

Phryganea, p. 174

10. Ninth sternite forming an extremely
wide, flat, emarginate plate, fig.

584C Fabria, p. 166

Ninth sternite not forming such a

plate, figs. 582, 593 11

11. Ninth sternite with a semimembra-
nous apical lobe set off by a con-

stricted neck, fig. 5 82...Agrypnia, p. 165

Ninth sternite not produced into such

a lobe, figs. 586, 593 12



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 165

12. Ninth sternite almost triangular, ta-

pering evenly to a narrow apex, fig.

586 Oligostomis, p. 167

Ninth sternite wide at apex, figs. 593,

601 13

13. Ri markedly sinuate in both front and

hind wings, fig. 578

Banksiola, p. 169

Ri nearly straight in both front and

hind wings, fig. 579

Ptilostomis, p. 171

Agrypnia Curtis

Agrypnia Curtis (1835^, p. 540). Genotype,

monobasic: Agrypnia pagetana Curtis.

Agrypnetes McLachlan (1876, p. ii). Geno-

type, monobasic: Agrypnetes crassicornis Mc-
Lachlan.

Dasystegia Wallengren (1880, p. 73). Geno-

type, by subsequent designation of Milne (1934,

p. 7): Phryganea obsoleta Hagen.
Phryganomyia Banks (1907rt, p. 122). Geno-

type, by original designation: Asynarchus alas-

censis Banks.

Prophryganea Martynov (1924, p. 210).

Genotype, by original designation: Prophry-

ganea principalis Martynov.
Jyrvia Milne (1934, p. 3). Genotype, b\

original designation: Neuronia vestita Walker.

The size, color, wing venation and vesti-

ture all vary through a wide range in this

genus, but the curious ninth sternite of the

female, fig. 582, and the structure of the

male genitalia leave no doubt but that this

forms a compact generic unit well differ-

entiated from the rest of the family.

Only two species of the genus have been

taken in Illinois. A third occurs in Wiscon-

sin, and the remaining seven or eight occur

to the north. Several of these occur through

the subarctic regions of Alaska and Canada.

KEY TO SPECIES

1. Wings almost uniformly tawny, at

most with a few brownish streaks in

the forewing straminea, p. 165

Front wings with a definite pattern of

brown and gray; hind wings clear

with an apical band of dark brown
vestita, p. 166

Agrypnia straminea Hagen

Agrypnia straminea Hagen (1873, p. 425);

Agrypnetes curvata Banks (1900^, p. 252); d^.

Phryganomyia obscura Banks (1907^, p.

122); cf.

Larva.—Not reared in Illinois. A speci-

men determined as this species by Elkins,

loaned through the courtesy of Professor C.

E. Mickel, University of Minnesota, ap-

pears identical with our specimens of Bank-
siola selina (see p. 169).

Adults.—Length 14 mm. Head, body
and appendages almost uniformly yellowish

brown, the front wings with a few slightly

darker streaks and with a very fine and faint

pattern of irrorations. Legs with only a

scattering of short, tawny spines. Male gen-

italia, fig. 580: ninth segment with a pair

of slightly projecting lateral areas, each

bearing a brush of long setae; tenth tergite

almost hemicylindrical ; claspers with a large

Figs. 580-581.—Agrypnia, male genitalia.

583
VESTITA

Figs. 582-583.—Agrypnia, female genitalia.



166 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

base, tapering dorsally to a narrow apex

divided into two sharp points and bearing

a bladelike apical segment which extends

between and beyond these two points. Fe-

male genitalia, fig. 582, with ninth sternite

constricted at apex and then expanded into

a wide, semimembranous orbicular lobe.

Dr. Betten (1934) has recorded this spe-

cies in an insect drift along Lake Michigan

at Lake Forest, Illinois. This catch was
made by Professor Needham on August 12,

and constitutes the only known record for

the state. The species was reared by Elkins

(1936) from Minnesota.

The range of the species is widespread

through the northern states and Canada
from Alaska to Quebec, with records avail-

able for Alaska, Colorado, Illinois, Mani-
toba, Michigan, Minnesota, Quebec, Sas-

katchewan and Wisconsin.

Agrypnia vestita (Walker)

Neuronia vestita Walker (1852, p. 10); cf , 9.

Neuronia commixta Walker (1852, p. 10); c?.

Larva.—Fig. 564. Length 25 mm. Head,
pronotum and legs yellow; head with a pair

of black lines following the boundaries of

the frons and with another short, black line

on the lateral margin; pronotum with an-

terior and posterior margins black, without

diagonal marks.

Case.—About 45 mm. long, slender and
of spiral construction.

Adults.—Length 18-22 mm. Color brown
with dense, matted hair on most of the

body; front wings variegated brown, the

posterior and apical margins with grayish

cream-colored areas which form a sinuate

pattern when the wings are folded; hind

wings clear with an apical dark brown mar-
gin. Tibiae with long, pale spines which
stand out conspicuously and give the legs a

tawny appearance. Male genitalia, fig. 581,

similar in general structure to straminea,

differing chiefly in the long, sharp, mesal
projection of the base of the clasper. Fe-
male genitalia, fig. 583, with the orbicular

lobe of the ninth sternite larger and stouter

than in straminea.

This species has frequently been placed
in Phryganea or Dasystegia.

In our recent collections we have found
this species confined in Illinois to the lakes

and marshes of the northeastern corner of

the state. We have, however, a single early

record (1894) from Havana, near the center

of the state. The species was recorded from
Lake Forest and Diamond Lake, Illinois, by

Betten (1934). We have reared the larvae

from the Dead River at Zion, Illinois,

where the cases were found in abundance

in mats of aquatic smartweed and other

plants. Adult records extend from May to

mid August and indicate the possibility of

more than one generation per year; our own
records are confined chiefly to May and

June, so that undoubtedly the greatest wave
of adult emergence occurs at this time.

The range of the species includes most of

the Northeast and East; records are known
for the District of Columbia, Georgia, Illi-

nois, Indiana, Massachusetts, New York
and Ohio.

Illinois Records.

—

Algonquin: June 9,

1909, 1 $ ; June 11, 1910, at light, 1 ? ; June

20, 1910, at light, 19. Chicago: June 17,

W. J. Gerhard, 1^, fm. Havana: 1894,

1$. Northern Illinois: 1$; Aug. 13,

1898, 1 9. Palos Park: July 4, 1905, W.
J. Gerhard, 1 9 , fm. Pistakee Lake: May
28, 1936, H. H. Ross, 19. Sand Lake:
June 15, 1892, Hart & Shiga, 1 9 . Willow
Springs: June 26, 1910, W. J. Gerhard,

1 9 , FM. ZiON, Dead River: May 28, 1938,

Mohr & Burks, 1 ^ , 1 reared pupa and

larval parts; May 20, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

9 larvae
; June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 2 9 ,

4 pupae, 2 larvae; June 16, 1940, Mohr &
Burks, \$, 19, 7 larvae (reared).

Fabria Milne

Fabria Milne (1934, p. 9). Genotype, by
original designation: Neuronia inornata Banks.

This genus is readily distinguished in the

female by the extremely broad ninth ster-

nite. The male is distinguished by the com-
bination of drab color and genitalia, as out-

lined in the key.

One of the two North American species

has been taken in Illinois.

Fabria inornata (Banks)

Neuronia inornata Banks (1907^, p. 117);

Larva.—See following genus.

Adults.—Length 20-24 mm. Color light

brown, the wings with a very fine reticula-

tion of slightly darker brown marks. Front
wings with R^ very sinuate at apex, hind

wings with R^^ also sinuate. Male genitalia,

I



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 167

fig. 584: tenth tergite stocky and somewhat

hood shaped; claspers with a large, broad

basal segment bearing a short, sharp tooth

at apex which is nearly as long as the short,

sinuate second segment. Female genitalia

very wide, the ninth sternite as in fig. 584C.

Fig. 584.—Fabria inornata, genitalia. A,

male, lateral aspect; B, clasper, caudal aspect;

C, female, ventral aspect.

In Illinois we have taken this species only

at Zion, where adults have been collected

at lights beside the Dead River. In this

locality we reared all the species of larvae

that we found except one, described below

as Genus A. Similarly, all the Phryganei-

dae adults which we collected there were

reared except one, Fabria. There is a very

good possibility, therefore, that Genus A is

the larva of this species. Little is known
regarding the range of the species. It was
described from Minnesota, and this is only

the second state record for it.

Illinois Records.

—

Zion, Dead River:

July 7, 1937, Frison & Ross, 2 9 ; May 28,

1938, Mohr & Burks, 1 $ ; June 3, 1938,

Mohr & Burks, 2$ ; June 4, 1938, Ross

& Burks, 2$ , 19; June 6, 1940, Mohr &
Burks, 5 i .

Phryganeid Genus A

Larva.—Fig. 566. Length 22 mm. Head,

pronotum and legs yellow; head with no

mesal line but with two pairs of dark lines,

one outside the frons, the other on the lat-

eral margin; pronotum with posterior mar-

gin black, and each half with a diagonal

black line, the two not meeting posterad on

the meson. Meso- and metanotum without
any sclerites near the meson and with a dark
purple line on each side of the meson.
Of the many phryganeid larvae collected

in the Dead River at Zion, Illinois, this spe-

cies alone was not reared. As explained in

the discussion of the preceding species, cir-

cumstantial evidence indicates that this

might be the larva of Fabria inornata. This
larva has been taken only in the Dead River,

where it was quite common in the smart-

weed beds (see p. 11). We found that it

differed from others inhabiting the same
location in being unable to withstand our

rearing conditions, which were accompanied,

unfortunately, by rather high, unseasonable

temperatures.

Illinois Records.

—

Zion, Dead River:

May 18, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 1 larva;

May 20, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 2 pupae,

many larvae; June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks,

4 larvae; June 16, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 3

larvae; June 28, 1940, Mohr & Riegel, 2

larvae.

Oligostomis Kolenati

Oligostomis Kolenati (1848, p. 80). Geno-
type, by subsequent designation of Milne

(1934, p. 8): Phryganea reticulata Linnaeus.

We have only one species of this genus

in North America, ocelligera, which has not

been taken in Illinois. This species is very

striking in coloration, fig. 587, having reticu-

late black front wings and black hind wings

Fig. 585.

—

Oligostomis ocelligera, male geni-

talia. A, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect; C,

dorsal aspect. (After Betten & Mosely.)



168 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Fig. 586.—Oligos/omis ocel/igera, female

genitalia.

Fig. 588.

—

Eubasilissa pardalis 9.

which has not been taken in Illinois. This

species, fig. 588, is so brightly colored with

orange and black that it could be confused

with many of the brighter Lepidoptera. The
genitalia are distinctive for both sexes, figs.

589, 590. The species is known only from

the Northeast, including New Hampshire,

New York, Nova Scotia and Quebec. Lloyd

(1921, p. 21) has described the immature

stages and case under the name Neuronia

pardalis. This is the most colorful North

American caddis fly. In Europe, however,
Fig. 587.—Oligostomis ocelligera c?".

with a bandlike group of yellow reticulations

near apex. It has been reared by Lloyd

(1921, p. 26), who described the larva under

the name Neuronia stygipes, which is a syn-

onym of ocelligera. The genitalia of both

sexes are distinctive, figs. 585, 586.

Eubasilissa Martynov

Regina Martynov (1924, p. 215); preoccupied.
Genotype, by original designation: Neuronia
regina McLachlan.

Eubasilissa Martynov (1930, p. 88). New
name for Regina.

This genus is represented in North Amer- Fig. 589.—Eubasilissa' pardalis, female

ica by only the brightly colored pardalis, genitalia.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 169

Fig. 590.

—

Eubasilissa pardalis, male geni-

talia. J, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect; C,

dorsal aspect. (After Betten & Mosely.)

there are several closely related species

which are larger and more strikingly col-

ored.

Banksiola Martynov

Banksiola Martynov (1924, p. 216). Geno-
type, by original designation: Neuronic con-

catenata Wall^er.

This genus is distinguished by the sinuate

apex of R^ in both wings, the spiny tibiae,

the reticulate and spotted wings, and in par-

ticular the quadrate brown spots on the

otherwise clear hind wings. At the present

time five species are recognized in the Ne-
arctic region. One of these, canadensis, was
placed in OUgostomis by Milne (1934); it

seems better placed in Banksiola on the basis

of the venation and spiny legs. The geni-

talia, however, are extremely aberrent. Un-
questionably a review of the world fauna

will necessitate changes in some of these
generic groupings.

Only one species has been taken in Illinois.

Banksiola selina Betten, new species

Larva.—Fig. 562. Length 20 mm. Head,
pronotum and legs yellow; head with a

mesal and two lateral lines, the latter con-
verging toward the back of the head but
not actually meeting; pronotum with pos-
terior margin black, and with the disk hav-
ing a pair of black lines which usually touch
on the meson. Mesonotum and metanotum
entirely membranous, with irregular pur-
plish blotches.

Adults.—Fig. 591. Length of male 12-

15 mm.; of female 16-20 mm. Head mostly
yellow; ocelli yellow, sometimes greenish

yellow, with their bases dark brown, the

area between lateral ocelli with some round,

dark brown spots each with a stout bristle;

posterior warts brown, covered with yel-

lowish bristles; in some specimens the brown
color of the head predominant; antennae

with alternate dark brown and yellowish

bands, the basal part of each segment dark;

palpi brownish yellow and covered with
darker bristles. Thorax various shades of

brown, the bristles yellowish. Legs brown-
ish yellow, the spurs brown, the spines

black. Forewings with pale, cream-colored

background, covered with a close reticula-

tion of dark brown; larger dark brown spots

at base and tip of subcosta, at tips of anals,

and often between anal veins; the dark spot

at tips of anals and one beyond on Cu^jj are

generally noticeable in the mid-dorsal line

when wings are roofed over abdomen. Hind
wings clear at base, a dark brown area on

the line of anastomosis and brown reticula-

tions from there out to the wing tip; M3
and M^ fused in the males, separate for

some distance in the females. Abdomen
yellowish brown, darker above; a transverse

sclerotized line on sternites 4—7 in the male,

3-6 in the female; a blunt sclerotized tooth

projects from meson on the sixth sternite

of the female, a smaller tooth appears on

the seventh and, rarely, one on the fifth;

these are usually absent on the male ab-

domen.

Male Genitalia.—Fig. 592. Ninth seg-

ment sclerotized and ringlike, the anterior

margin curved and telescoped into the eighth

segment, the posterior margin nearly

straight and bearing dorsally many long



170 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Fig. 591.—Banksiola selina 9.

bristles. Tenth tergite forming a dorsal

roof wkich narrows from its base and is

notched at the posterior margin; on each

side near the base is a lateral projection.

Aedeagus with a blunt membranous stalk

beneath which extends a dark brown, heavi-

ly sclerotized flat strap; arising from the

base of the aedeagus is a membranous ap-

pendage which has on the upper margin

of its tip a large number of stout, reddish

bristles; this appendage curves down along

the side of the aedeagus, generally on the

left side. Claspers very heavy, each termi-

nating in a strong dorsal hook and with

strong teeth along the posterior margin;

seen from below the bases of the claspers

meet in a straight line.

Female Genitalia.—Fig. 593. Terminal

dorsal segment of abdomen rooflike, not

unlike that of the male; near its base is a

transverse line of bristles and two bunches

of these are located toward the tip. Em-
bedded in the ventral wall of the eighth

ventral segment is a dark brown, corneous

structure, thin in the middle and with in-

flated lobes at the sides; at the posterior end

of this structure there are two spinose arms
and between these a shorter, generally broad

and rounded projection also covered with

spines. These parts vary greatly.

Holotype, male.—Zion, Illinois, along

Dead River: June 3, 1938, Mohr & Burks.

Allotype, female.—Zion, Illinois: larva

from Dead River, emerged June 12, 1940,

Mohr & Burks.

Paratypes.

—

Illinois.—Zion: Same da-

ta as for holotype, 4? ; July 7, 1937, Frison

& Ross, 1^,1$; same data as for allotype,

2 9 . Four paratypes are deposited in the

collection of Dr. Betten.

Additional specimens have been examined

from Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan,

Minnesota, New York and Ontario.

This species has heretofore always been

identified as concatenata. The type of the

latter (described by Betten & Mosely 1940)

is a female in which Mg and M^ are sep-

arate nearly to the line of anastomosis, much
farther than is ordinarily the case in selina;

the genitalia of concatenata resemble those

of dossuaria more than those of selina.

The above description was kindly sent to

us by Dr. Betten for inclusion in this report.

In Illinois, with the exception of a single

male taken at lights in Champaign, all our

records are from the extreme northeastern

corner. We have found the species breeding

abundantly in the Dead River near Zion,

and apparently its main range in the state

is in the region containing similar marsh

Fig. 592.

—

Banksiola selina, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; B, claspers, ventral aspect.

Fig. 593.— Banksiola selina, female genitalia,

ventral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 171

areas. There is only a single generation per

year, the adults being present in June and

early July.

Illinois Records.— Algonquin: June

30, 1906, 1 9 ; May 25, 1908, 1 ? ; July 9,

1909, 1 9 ; July 12, 1910, 1 9 , all by W. A.

Nason. Cedar Lake: June 19, 1892, H. S.

Shiga, 19. Champaign: at electric light,

June 17, 1886, Hart, 1^. ZiON : many
larvae, pupae and adults (including the type

series) taken in or near Dead River from

May 15 to July 7.

Ptilostotnis Kolenati

Ptilostomis Kolenati (1859^, p. 198). Geno-
type, monobasic: Ptilostomis kovalevskii Kole-

nati.

All the species of this genus are brown,

frequently with an angulate dark brown
mark in the hind wings. The shelflike

projection of the male ninth sternite and

the broad ninth sternite of the female, with

its two lateral finger-like processes and

mesal triangular process, are diagnostic.

The larvae have no mesal dark line down
the frons and have the diagonal marks on

the pronotum forming an arcuate mark, fig.

565. To date no characters have been found

to separate the larvae to species. They make

a long cylindrical case of spiral formation
similar to that of other members of the

family.

Four species of the genus are recognized,

three of which occur in Illinois. The geno-

type, kovalevskii, described from Alaska, has

never been identified definitely, and we do
not know whether it constitutes a fifth Ne-
arctic species of the genus or whether it is

the same as one of the four treated below.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Maxillary palpi 4-segmented (males) 2

Maxillary palpi 5-segmented (females) 5

2. Apex of tenth tergite with a pair of

long, curved, filiform blades, fig.

594 semifasciata, p. 173

Apex of tenth tergite at most with

long setae, fig. 595 3

3. Base of tenth tergite with two pairs of

processes which arise from it, then

angle suddenly and run parallel

with the segment; the dorsal pair is

very long, the lateral pair short, fig.

595 postica, p. 1 73

Base of tenth tergite at most with a

lateral pair of processes, figs. 596,

597 4

4. Tenth tergite flat and rectangular, with

596
A

OCELLIFERA ANGUSTIPENNIS

Figs. 594-597.

—

Ptilostomis, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, tenth tergite, dorsal

aspect.



172 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

a tuft of long setae at apex and long,

lateral processes, fig. 596

ocellifera, p. 172

Tenth tergite convex, with a pair of

dorsal rows of setae and without

lateral processes, fig. 597

angustipennis, p. 174

5. Bursa copulatrix with a high, triangu-

lar ventral keel, fig. 598

semifasciata, p. 173

Bursa copulatrix with a short ventral

process which forms a transverse

fork or short plate, figs. 599-601 ... 6

6. Ventral process of bursa forming a

short fork which is narrow and small,

fig. 599 postica, p. 173

Ventral process of bursa transverse and
platelike, its tip emarginate and
sometimes forming a very broad V,
figs. 600, 601 7

7. Ventral process of bursa with the an-

terior face forming a short mesal

keel, fig. 600. . . .angustipennis, p. 174

Ventral process of bursa with the an-

terior face slightly carinate at each

lateral margin where it joins with

base, fig. 601, but without a mesal

keel ocellifera, p. 172

Ptilostomis ocellifera (Walker)

Neuronia ocellijera Walker (1852, p. 8); of.

Neuronia simulans Betten & Mosely (1940,

p. 107); 9. New synonymy.

Larva.—Length 27 mm. Head, pronotum
and legs yellow; head with two pairs of

black lines, one on each side of the frons and

one on the lateral margin; pronotum with

posterior margin black and with an arcuate

dark brown line starting at each antero-

lateral corner and running to about the

middle of the mesal margin.

Case.—Very long, usually about 50 mm.
Adults.—Length 21-24 mm. Color yel-

lowish brown, the front wings minutely

speckled with darker brown, hind wings

sometimes with a V-shaped dark brown
mark which is small or even completely ab-

sent in some specimens. Male genitalia, fig.

596: tenth tergite long and somewhat rec-

tangular with a pair of long, stout lateral

arms arising from base, and a pair of spiny

processes arising from ventral margin near

middle; the apex of the tergite bears a pair

of long, curved setae; ninth sternite pro-

duced beneath and beyond base of claspers,

the apex of the ventral margin forming two

stout teeth, the dorsal margin with a row
of irregular teeth. Female genitalia, fig.

601 : bursa copulatrix with a relatively short

body bearing a ventral transverse projec-

tion which extends platelike at right angles

to the surface and is usually emarginate at

apex; this projection is anchored at its base

with a short carinate brace at each lateral

600 \i\h
B (ik'

ANGUSTIPENNIS (

Figs. 598-601.—P/;7oj/ow/.f, female genitalia. A, ventral aspect; B and C, bursa copula-
trix, ventral and lateral aspects.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 173

margin; posterior to this projection is a

fairly wide and long, heavily sclerotized

piece.

This species has been collected at scattered

points in the central and northern portions

of Illinois. At Oakwood we reared it from
larvae collected in the back waters of a

small stream. At other localities we have

taken unreared larvae of this genus in sim-

ilar situations. Our adult records extend

from April to late June, indicating that we
may have only a single early summer emer-

gence of adults in Illinois. In more northern

states, the species emerges later.

This species is widespread through the

Northeast; records are known from Illinois,

Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, New York,

Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania,

Quebec and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Algonquin: June

17, 1907, W. A. Nason, 1 ? ; June 16, 1908,

1 9 ; June 29, 1909, at light, Nason, 2$ ;

June 20, 1910, at light, Nason, 3 $ . Chi-
cago: June 28, 1908, 19 ; June 4, W. J.

Gerhard, 1^, 15, fm. Harvard: Chas.

Faust, 1^. Havana: Chas. Faust, 1^.
Northern Illinois: 1 $ ; May, Peabody

Collection, 1^. Oakwood: April 10, 1936,

Ross & Mohr, 12, 2 larvae, 1 larva

(reared); May 27, 1936, Ross & Mohr,
2 5,5$; June 1, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 1 9 ;

June 13, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 19. Palos

Park: June 20, 1908, W. J. Gerhard, 1 $ ,

FM. Urbana: June 12, 1886, Hart, 1$.

Ptilostomis semifasciata (Say)

Phryganea semijasciata Say (1828, pi. 44).

Neuroniajusca Walker (1852, p. 9); c?'.

Neuronia dubitans Betten & Mosely (1940,

p. 105); 9. New synonymy.

Adults.—In size and color similar to the

preceding species. Male genitalia, fig. 594:

tenth tergite, very complex, having a pair of

long, widely separated dorso-lateral append-

ages arising from extreme base, a pair of

setal tufts arising from central portion, and

with the lateral margins modified at apex

into a pair of sclerotized plates which end

in a long, narrow upturned blade; ninth

segment with apex of shelflike portion bear-

ing four teeth on the emarginate ventral

margin and an irregular group of teeth on

the dorsal margin. Female genitalia, fig.

598, with bursa copulatrix bearing a large,

long keel on the venter, this keel being the

most prominent part of the entire structure.

Neotype, male. — Momence, Illinois:

June 4, 1932, Prison & Mohr.
The traditional identification of this spe-

cies has been quite uniform for many years,

and in order to avoid any ambiguity I have
selected the above neotype since Say's type

is lost.

This species, like the preceding, has been
taken at scattered localities in the northern
half of Illinois. Our adult records are en-

tirely from June and July, indicating a single

adult brood. Specimens have been taken in

the proximity of both lakes and streams,

with a preponderance of records from local-

ities near streams.

The range of the species is apparently

widespread through the Northeast; records

are available from Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio,

Quebec, South Dakota and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Algonquin: June
10, 1905, W. A. Nason, 1 $ ; June 13, 1905,

W. A. Nason, 1 $ ; July 10, 1905, W. A.

Nason, 1 $ ; July 13, 1905, W. A. Nason,

1 $ ; June 13, 1910, W. A. Nason, 1 9 ;

June 20, 1910, at light, W. A. Nason, U.
Channel Lake: June 15, 1928, T. H.
Frison, 19. Charleston: June 11, 1931,

at light, H. H. Ross, 1 9 . Elgin, Botanical

Gardens: June 6, 1939, Burks & Riegel,

1 9 . Fithian: June 18, 1919, at light, 1 9 .

Homer: June 30, 1927, at light, Frison &
Glasgow, 19. Momence: June 4, 1932,

Frison & Mohr, \ $ , 19; 3 miles east,

June 22, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1 9 . Oregon:
June, 1930, Sauer, 19. Palos Park: July

2, 1910, W. J. Gerhard, 19, fm. Rich-

mond: June 4, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1^.
St. Joseph: July 30, 1929, T. H. Frison,

\$. Urbana: July 18, 1885, 19. Wads-
worth, Des Plaines River: July 7, 1937,

Frison & Ross, 1 9 .

Ptilostomis postica (Walker)

Neuronia postica Walker (1852, p. 9); 9.

Adults.—Length 19-20 mm. Color as in

ocellifera. Male genitalia, fig. 595: tenth

tergite with central portion long and styli-

form, with two pairs of processes which

arise from it, then angle suddenly and run

parallel with the segment; the dorsal pair

is very long, the lateral pair short; apical

shelflike projection of ninth sternite with

a pair of ventral, low teeth and an arcuate

row of smaller, irregular teeth. Female

genitalia, fig. 599, with bursa copulatrix

having a long, ventral blade which bears



174 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

near its middle a short fork which is nar-

row and small.

The male of this species was described by

Betten & Mosely (1940, p. 108) as the

male of their new species simulans (the

female type of simulans is ocellifera).

In Illinois we have only three scattered

collections for this species, all of them along

fairly large rivers, including the Kankakee,
Rock and Kaskaskia. Our few records ex-

tend from May until late September.

The range of the species is poorly known
but apparently is extensive through much
of the Northeast; records include Georgia,

Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey and New
York.

Illinois Records.

—

Momence: June 4,

1932, Prison & Mohr, 1 $ . New Memphis,
Kaskaskia River: Sept. 25, 1939, Prison &
Ross, 25. Olive Branch: Oct. 4, 1909,

W. J. Gerhard, 1$, fm. Oregon: May,
1929, Sauer, 1$.

Ptilostomis angustipennis (Hagen)

Neuronia angustipennis Hagen (1873, p. 400);

&, 9.

This species has not yet been taken in the

state but may be found with subsequent col-

lecting. We have records from Massachu-
setts, Michigan and New Jersey.

Phryganea Linnaeus

Phryganea Linnaeus (1758, p. 547). Geno-
type, by subsequent designation of Westwood
(1840, p. 49): Phryganea grandis Linnaeus.

The adults of this genus are all large,

with a conspicuous pattern of brown and
gray, most noticeable in repose, fig. 602.
The female ninth sternite, fig. 605, and the
short, biscuit-shaped claspers of the male,
fig. 603, are diagnostic for the genus.
Only three species are recognized in

North America, and two of these have been
taken in Illinois. Larvae of these two spe-
cies have been reared, but no characters
have yet been found to distinguish them.

KEY TO SPECIES

1. Hind wings with basal two-thirds
smoky, apical third dark brown or
blackish gray sayi, p. 176

Hind wings uniformly gray or brown-
ish, marked at apex only with a few
slightly darker darts along the veins,

Fig. 602.—Phryganea cinerea cT. This
species may attain a length of nearly an inch.

Its mottled pattern mimics the dead rushes on
which it rests.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 175

but with no suggestion of an apical

band cinerea, p. 175

Phryganea cinerea Walker

Phryganea cinerea Walker (1852, p. 4); cf,

9.

Larva.—Fig. 561. Length 35 mm. Head,

pronotum and legs yellow; head with a

mesal dark line down the frons, a pair of

oblique dark lines, one on each side of the

frons; and a second pair of dark lines, one

along each lateral margin of the head. Pro-

notum with anterior and posterior margins

black, the two lines frequently meeting on

meson.

Case.—Very long, usually 65-70 mm.,

and of the usual spiral type of construction.

604
A

CINEREA

Figs. 603-604.—Phryganea, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; B, claspers, ventral aspect.

Fig. 605.—Phryganea cinerea, female geni-

talia.

Adults.—Length 21-25 mm. Color pre-

dominantly gray or brown, the front wings
with an irregular pattern of various shades

of brown with light gray patches along the

posterior margin, these forming triangular

marks when the wings are folded; hind

wings uniformly gray, with a few slightly

darker darts along the extreme tips of the

veins. Male genitalia, fig. 604: tenth ter-

gite divided into a pair of cercus-like organs

with a short but broad dorsal spur and a

group of stout, black spines at apex ; clasp-

ers short, somewhat spoon shaped as seen

from lateral view, rounded and biscuit

shaped as seen from ventral view. Female
genitalia, fig. 605, characterized by the tri-

dentate apex.

In Illinois we have taken this species only

in the northeastern part of the state where
it is apparently confined to glacial lakes and

marshes. We reared the species from the

Dead River at Zion, where the larvae were

taken in aquatic smartweed beds in company
with sayi (see p. 11). Our adult records

are chiefly from June and July, indicating

a heavy early summer emergence with strag-

glers beyond that time.

The adults are crepuscular, flying chiefly

in the first hours after dark. During the

day they rest on rushes and sedges around

lakes or marshes. When at rest, with wings

folded, they blend into their surroundings.

The species is widely distributed through

the northern states and Canada, extending

as far west as the Rocky Mountains; our

Illinois records represent apparently the

most southern points at which the species

has been taken. Records are available for

Alberta, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Mani-

toba, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,

Montana, New York, Ontario, Saskatche-

wan, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Wyo-
ming.

Illinois Records.—Antioch : July 1,

1931, Frison, Betten & Ross, \$, 1$.

Channel Lake: Aug. 13, 1906, 1 $ . Chi-

cago: Wescott, \$. Fox Lake: July 1,

1931, Frison, Betten & Ross, 1 $ ; June 30,

1935, DeLong & Ross, 3 <J . Grass Lake:

July 1, 1926, Frison & Hayes, \$, 1$.

Northern Illinois: July 28, 1898, 19.

ZiON, Dead River: July 7, 1937, Frison &
Ross, 4<J, 1$; June 12, 1940, Mohr &
Burks, 1 2 (reared)

;
June 28, 1940, Mohr

& Riegel, 3^, 2$ ; June 16, 1940, Mohr

& Burks, 4,5, 3$, 1 <? (reared); July 1,

1940, Mohr & Burks, 1 9 .



176 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

Phryganea sayi Milne

Phryganea interrupla Say (1828, pi. 44); pre-

occupied.

Phryganea sayi Milne (1931, p. 228). New
name.

Larva and Case.—Indistinguishable from

those of cinerea.

Adults.—Length 20-25 mm. In color

similar to cinerea, differing chiefly in the

hind vikings, which are grayish yellow with

the apical third dark brown and forming a

distinct band. Male genitalia, fig. 603, with

the tenth tergite much broader and shorter

than in cinerea. Female genitalia very sim-

ilar to those of cinerea in regard to both

external and internal parts.

We have scattered records of this species

from the northern half of Illinois. Larvae

were collected and reared from the Dead
River at Zion, in company with those of

cinerea. Our adult records extend from

June 6 to August 27. Indications are that

this species has a longer adult life than many
caddis fly species. The larva illustrated for

this species by Lloyd (1921) is apparently

a misidentification; his larva, described un-

der the old name interrupta, has diagonal

marks on the pronotum, whereas Vorhies

(1909) found (and we did, also) that the

marks followed the margin as in cinerea. I

do not know what species Lloyd actually

had.

The range of the species is apparently

confined principally to the Northeast. Rec-
ords are available from the District of

Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michi-
gan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Algonquin: Aug. 27,

1908, 1$. Havana: June 12, 1894, C. A.
Hart, 1 $ ; June 14, 1894, C. A. Hart, 1 9 ;

June 23, 1894, C. A. Hart, 1 i . Oakwood,
Salt Fork River: July 18, 1933, Ross &
Mohr, 1$. Springfield: July 2, 1885, at

light, C. A. Hart, 19. Urbana: Aug. 2,

1886, at light, C. A. Hart, 1 5 ; Aug.
18, 1886, at light, C. A. Hart, 1 9 ; Aug. 23,

1886, at light, C. A. Hart, 1 6 ; Aug.
22, 1938, G. T. Riegel, light trap, 19.
Zion, Dead River: June 6, 1940, Mohr &
Burks, U , 19; June 12, 1940, Mohr
& Burks, M (reared); June 16, 1940,
Mohr & Burks, 1 ^ (reared), 1 9 (reared),

2$, 29 ; June 28, 1940, Mohr & Burks,
\$; July 1, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 19;
July 15, 1940, Mohr & Burks, \$.

LIMNEPHILIDAE

This is one of the largest families of

caddis flies in North America, represented

by over 20 genera and nearly 200 species.

It is characterized by having the maxillary

palpi of the male three segmented, by dis-

tinct ocelli in both sexes, and other struc-

tural characters as outlined in the key.

The larvae are quite variable in many char-

acters, but in all of them the antennae are

situated midway between the eye and the

base of the mandible. All species are case

makers, many of which are illustrated by

Lloyd (1921).

Discovery of its larva shows that the

genus Neothremma, previously placed in

the Sericostomatidae, belongs definitely in

the Limnephilidae. The genus Farula also

was placed in the Sericostomatidae, but since

it possesses distinct ocelli, I am removing it

tentatively to the Limnephilidae.

Most of the genera and species of the

Limnephilidae are western or northern in

distribution, and Illinois occurs on the south-

ern fringe of the main range of the family.

Only a small proportion of the species have

been taken in Illinois, and many of these

are rare or locally distributed.

In many cases the genera are only im-

perfectly defined, and we are awaiting in-

formation on females or larvae, which are

as yet unknown for many genera and species.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Anterior margin of mesonotum with a

mesal, rectangular emargination,

fig. 606; at this point it is connected
to pronotum by a short, sclerotized

strap; head with malar space nearly

twice height of head above eye, fig.

609 Neophylax, p. 202
Anterior margin of mesonotum evenly

rounded and not emarginate, fig.

607; head with malar space no longer

than height of head above eye, fig.

610 ^ 2

2. Front femora slender, the apical mar-
gin short, fig. 611; pronotum slightly

incised along anterior margin;
always with sclerotized portions of

head and body black or nearly so. .

Dicosmoecus, p. 181

Front femora somewhat chelicerate,

widened, with the apical margin
very oblique and nearly as long as

the lower margin, fig. 612 3



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 177

3. Gills arising singly, fig. 613 4

Gills arising in groups ot two or more 5

4. Seventh abdominal tergite with an

antero-mesal gill; postero-lateral cor-

ner of mesonotum with a linear

black mark Astenophylax, p. 183

Seventh abdominal tergite with no

antero-mesal gill; postero-lateral cor-

ner of mesonotum with either a spot

or no black mark, as in fig. 20

Pycnopsyche, p. 193

5. Pronotum with dense, short black

spines, especially anterior margin,

fig. 608; legs banded with red and
black, fig. 612. , . Glyphopsyche, p. 200

Pronotum without dense black spines,

clothed primarily with long setae,

fig. 607; legs not so banded 6

Anal legs with a group of about 10

setae on the bulbous ventral portion

Frenesia, p. 199
Anal legs with no setae on bulbous

ventral portion 7

Dorsal gills of first few abdominal seg-

ments with 6-12 branches forming a

fanshaped spread, figs. 615, 616. ... 8

Fig. 606.—Neophy/ax autumnns larva, tho- Fig. 612.—Glyphopsyche missouri larva,

rax. legs. A, front leg; B, hind leg.

Fig. 607.—Frenesia missa larva, thorax. Fig. 613.— Pycnopsyche subjasciata larva,

Fig. 608.—Glyphopsyche w/jio«r/ larva, tho- abdominal gill.

rax. Fig. 614.—Limnephilus submonilijer larva,

Fig. 609.—Neophylax autumnus larva, head. abdominal gill.

Fig. 610.—Frenesia missa larva, head. Fig. 615.—Hesperophylax designatus larva,

Fig. 611.—Dicosmoecus sp. larva, legs. /I, abdominal gill,

front leg; B, hind leg. Fig. 616.— Caborius sp. larva, abdominal

gill.

Fig. 617.— Glyphotaelius sp. larva, head and

pronotum.



178 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Dorsal gills of first few abdominal seg-

ments with 2 or 3 branches at the

most, not spreading fanlike, fig. 614 9

8. Dorsal gills at base of abdomen with

about 12 branches each, fig. 616. . .

Caborius, p. 196

Dorsal gills at base of abdomen with

about 6 branches each, fig. 615. . . .

Hesperophylax, p. 183

9. Head with a narrow, dark line along

meson of frons and with a dark, U-
shaped line running through eyes

and above frons, fig. 617

Glyphotaelius, p. 183

Head either with wider dark areas, fig.

648, or without indication of dark

lines, fig. 646 10

10. Prosternal horn short, not projecting

beyond apexes of front coxae

Limnephilus, p. 185

Prosternal horn projecting distinctly

beyond apexes of front coxae

Platycentropus, p. 181

Pupae

1. Dorsal plates 5P transverse, narrow
and with two rows of about 24 teeth

each, fig. 618 Neophylax, p. 202
Dorsal plates 5P much more ovate or

nearer square, fig. 620, with rows of

not more than 12 teeth each, fig. 619 2

2. Dorsal abdominal gills arising in

groups of 5 or 6 or threadlike, usu-

ally crushed into a small, shapeless

bundle Hesperophylax,
p. 183; probably Caborius also, p. 196

Dorsal abdominal gills finger-like and
distinct, figs. 622, 623, never with

more than 3 or 4 gills in a group. . . 3

3. Dorsal abdominal gills stout, very long,

and arising singly 4

Dorsal abdominal gills more slender,

arising in bunches of two or more. . 5

4. Dorsal plates 5P, 6 and 7 with about

17, 5 and 4 teeth, respectively, fig.

619 Astenophylax, p. 183

Dorsal plates 5P, 6 and 7 with about

7 and 2 teeth and 1 tooth, respec-

tively, fig. 621. . . . Pycnopsyche, p. 193

5. Second antennal segment with a tuft

of long, black hair, fig. 624
Dicosmoecus, p. 181

Second antennal segment with at most
a tuft of very short setae, fig. 625. . 6

6. Postero-dorsal gills of second abdomi-
nal segment and antero-dorsal gills

of third segment with some filaments

reaching fifth segment and a few

others nearly as long, fig. 622

Platycentropus, p. 181

Postero-dorsal gills of second abdomi-
nal segment and antero-dorsal gills

of third never reaching more than a

short distance on fourth segment,
fig. 623 Limnephilus, p. 185;

Glyphopsyche, p. 200; Frenesia, p. 199

620

Fig. 618.—Neophylax autumnus pupa, hook- Fig. 622.—Platycentropus radiatus pupa,
bearing plates. portion of abdomen.

Fig. bl9.~Jstenophylax argus pupa, hook- Fig. 623.—Glyphopsyche missouri pupa,
bearing plates. portion of abdomen.

Fig. 620.—Limnephilus submonilifer pupa, Fig. 624.—Dicosmoecus sp. pupa, base of
hook-bearing plates. antenna.

Fig. b2\.~Pycnopsyche subfasciata pupa. Fig. 625.—Platycentropus radiatus pupa,
hook-bearing plates. base of antenna.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 179

Adults

1. Front wings with apical abscissa of

vein 2A atrophied, fig. 626

Platycentropus, p. 181

Front wings with vein 2/i complete,

fig. 628 2

2. Front wings with Sc ending in a short,

straight, oblique crossvein, fig. 627

Radema, p. 181

Front wings with Sc not ending in an

oblique crossvein, figs. 628, 629. . . 3

3. Hind wings with M1+2 undivided, fig.

637; head with a small pair ot warts

between lateral ocelli and posterior

warts Neophylax, p. 202

Hind wings with Mi-f2 divided into Mi
and M2, fig. 638; head without warts

between lateral ocelli and posterior

warts 4

4. Apex ot front wings scalloped and
posterior corner sharp, fig. 628. . . .

Glyphotaelius, p. 183

626

629

630

Limnephilidae Front Wings

Fig. 626.—Platycentropus radiatus.

Fig. 627.—Radema stigmatella.

Fig. 628.—Glyphotaelius hostilis.

Fig. 629.—Phanocelia canadensis.

Fig. 630.—Chilostigma areolatum.

184

Fig. 631.—Limnephilidae front wings. A,
Glyphopsyche missouri; B, Glyphopsyche irro-

rata; C, Grensia praeteritum\ D, Frenesia missa.

Apex of front wings either evenly

rounded or incised without scalloped

condition, figs. 629, 6315 5

5. Dorsum of head and pronotum greatly

lengthened, with a deep, narrow
groove running their entire length,

fig. 644 Leptophylax, p.

Dorsum of either head or pronotum,
or both, much shorter, and head

without mesal groove

6. Front wings with fork of Mi-|-2 con-

siderably beyond crossvein r-m, fig.

629 Phanocelia, p.

Front wings with fork of M1-1-2 at or

near crossvein r-m, fig. 630

7. Dorsum of head bright yellow, highly

polished and with only a few short,

black setae Astenophylax, p. 183

Dorsum of head either dark, dull or

with long or abundant setae

8. Vertex and anal portion of front wings

covered with close, appressed, silky

hair Hesperophylax, p.

Vertex without close, appressed hair

9. Front wings with a short, rounded

stigma (bordered below by Ri) and
with R2 also curved parallel with it

or even more curved, figs. 630, 631;

never with a longitudinal silvery

line

Front wings either with a longitudinal

silvery line, fig. 633, or with stigma

201

7

8

183

9

10



180 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

longer if well marked, and with R2

less sharply curved or straight, figs.

633, 636. .' 14

10. Wings transparent, colorless and glassy

with definite solid brown markings,

fig. 630; veins and membrane with

very short, sparse hair; cord follow-

ing a zigzag course.

Chilostigma, p. 199

Wings either mostly brown, or with

abundant hair on veins or mem-
brane; cord more regular, as in fig.

631 11

11. Apical margin of front wings deeply

incised and with cell Cuib very nar-

row, long and parallel-sided, fig.

6315 Glyphopsyche, p. 200

Apical margin not incised; cell Cuib

narrowing gradually for most of its

length, fig. 631^, C 12

12. Front wings with cord aligned with

base of stigmatic area, fig. 631D. . .

Frenesia, p. 199

Front wings with cord not forming a

line with base of stigma, fig. 631y/,

C 13

13. Front wings with apex of R2 almost

633

fusing with apex of stigma, fig. 631C
Grensia, p. 201

Front wings with Rs paralleling stigma

and definitely not approaching it,

fig. 631 v^ Glyphopsyche, p. 200

14. Front wings with fork of R2-I-3 much
basad of fork of Rj-f-s, at least as

much as in fig. 632, and last tarsal

segment of all legs without black

spines 15

Either front wings with fork of Rz-fa

more nearly on a level with fork of

R4-J-5, fig. 636, or last tarsal segment
of at least 1 or 2 legs with 1 or more
short black ventral spines 16

15. Hind tibiae with 2 spurs; small, slen-

der species about 10 mm. long

Ironoquia, p. 184

Hind tibiae with 4 spurs; large, robust

species about 15 mm. long

Caborius, p. 196

16. Front wings as in fig. 633, with Ri sin-

uate and upcurved at apex to de-

limit a stigmatic area, and R2 close

to and parallel with Ri from base of

stigma; wing very long and narrow;

last tarsal segments never with

black spines Psychoglypha, p. 201

Front wings either very wide or with

R2 following Ri no closer than in

fig. 636; note that R2 does not follow

Ri at base of stigma; last tarsal seg-

ments sometimes with 1 or 2 black

spines 17

17. Hind wings with Rs bordered with a

- Limnephilidae Front Wings

Fig. 632.—Caborius kaskaskia.

Fig. 633.—Psychoglypha avigo.

Fig. 634.—Drusinus uniformis.

Fig. 635.—Pycnopsyche subfasciata.

Fig. 636.—Limnephilus submonilifer.

Fig. 637.—Neophylax autumnus, hind wing
Fig, 638.—Grammotaulius sp., hind wing.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 181

black streak, fig. 638

Grammotaulius, p. 185

Hind wings with Rs not bordered with

a dark streak 18

18. Front wings with first cell l^J much
more than half as long as second

cell \J, fig. 634 19

Front wings with first cell lA at most
only half as long as second cell L^,

fig. 636 20

19. Front wings with post-apical margin
rounded, fig. 634, and last tarsal seg-

ment ol all legs without black

spines Drusinus, p. 202

Front wings with post-apical margin
oblique, fig. 635, and last tarsal seg-

ment of 1 or more legs with 1 or

more short, black ventral spines. . .

Pycnopsyche, p. 193

20. Mesonotum with mesoscutal warts

represented by a poorly defined,

linear area ot setae, some of them
stout, fig. 639; head either with 1

or 2 pairs ot long, stout macrochae-

tae in postocellar area or with only

a tew, stout setae on posterior

warts, fig. 639. . . . Limnephilus, p. 185

Mesonotum with mesoscutal warts

ovate, well delimited and with long,

silky hair, fig. 640; head with scat-

tered hair over postocellar area and
with long, silky hair on posterior

warts, fig. 640 21

21. Last tarsal segments without black

ventral spines; male claspers dis-

tinctly 2-segmented; female genitalia

of eastern species with tenth seg-

ment vasiform. . . . Dicosmoecus, p. 181

Last tarsal segment ot at least 1 or 2

legs with 1 or more short, black ven-

tral spines; male claspers with only

1 segment, figs. 673-678; temale

genitalia with apical portion not

vasiform, fig. 680

Pycnopsyche, p. 193

Fig. 639.—Limnephilus sitbmoyiilijer, head
and thorax.

Fig. 640.—Pycnopsyche subfasciata, head
and thorax.

Radema Hagen

Radema Hagen (1864, p. 799). Genotype,
monobasic: Radema injernale Hagen.

Apatidea McLachlan (1874, p. 33). Geno-
type, here designated: Apatidea copiosa Mc-
Lachlan.

Apatelia Wallengren (1886, p. 78). Geno-
type, here designated: Apatania [Apatelia)
inornata Wallengren.

Apatania of authors, not Kolenati.

No Illinois species of this genus have yet

been reported, but several are known in the

northeastern states. In general, the group
is Arctic and Subarctic, occurring as far

south as New York and Connecticut.

This group was formerly called Apatania.

The genus Apatania, however, has as its

only included species one which belongs to

the genus Molanna; Apatania, therefore,

must be considered a synonym of Molanna.

Dicosmoecus McLachlan

Dicosmoecus McLachlan (1875, p. 122). Gen-
otype, here designated: Stenophylax palatus

McLachlan.

No species of this genus is known to occur

in Illinois, but quadrinotatus occurs in the

Northeast.

Platycentropus Ulmer

Platycentropus Ulmer (1905rt, p. 13). Geno-
type, by original designation: Halesus maculi-

pennis Kolenati.

Hylepsyche Banks (1916, p. 121). Genotype,
by original designation: Halesus indistinctus

(Walker).

Of the three species described in the genus

only one is known from Illinois.

Platycentropus radiatus (Say)

Phryganea radiata Say (1824, p. 308).

Limnephilus indicans Walker (1852, p. 23);

9. New synonymy.
Halesus maculipennis Kolenati (1859i^, p.

176); d^. New synonymy.
Hallesus hostis Hagen (1861, p. 266); cf.

New synonymy.

Larva.—Length 24 mm. Head and pro-

notum with ground color yellowish brown,

nearly orange, irregularly speckled with

small black dots which are arranged to form

a small design on the frons. Mesonotum



182 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Fig. 641.—Platycentroptis radiatus cf.

and legs brownish yellow with irregular

darker markings. Pronotum with a trans-

verse depression. Abdominal gills long and

single beyond base, arising in groups of one

to three. Lateral line conspicuous.

Case.—Length 23 mm., constructed of

fiber and wood fragments to form a round

and very thick case of log-cabin construc-

tion and usually very fuzzy in appearance.

Adults.—Fig. 641. Length 20-23 mm.
General color a medium shade of brown, the

wings with a very distinct pattern of various

shades of brown ranging from almost cream

color to chocolate, as in fig. 641. Fifth,

sixth and seventh sternites in both sexes

with a row of projecting sclerotized teeth.

Male genitalia, fig. 642: cerci small and

cushion shaped, bearing a black mesal area

;

tenth tergite forming a pair of long, pointed

processes which are black and striate on

the dorsal surface; claspers small and incon-

spicuous. Aedeagus as in fig. 642. Female

Fig. 642.—Platycentropus radiatus, genitalia.

A, male; B, aedeagus; C, female.

genitalia, fig. 642, simple, without long or

complicated processes.

Neotype, male.—Northern Illinois, Pea-

body Collection.

The neotype fits Say's description well,

and records indicate that the species occurs

throughout the bounds of the old "North-

west Territory," which included Illinois,

Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin.

The occurrence of specimens of this spe-

cies in old collections, such as Peabody's, may
indicate that radiatus was more abundant in

earlier years. This circumstance is undoubt-

edly true of some of Say's other species.

In Illinois this species has been taken at

Palos Park (near Chicago) and along the

Kankakee River at Momence (see p. 5).

At this locality one female was taken at

lights ; in addition to this we took moderate

numbers of the larvae on drift along the

river bank after a very heavy flood. We
have taken larvae of this species in abun-

dance in some of the small streams in north-

western Indiana which are the headwaters

of the Kankakee River, but we have taken

the larvae at Momence only after a flood

stage of water. We think it highly probable

that this species does not normally live in

the river at Momence but is periodically

washed down from small streams. Larvae
from Momence were reared.

The range of the species extends through

the East and Northeast ; records are known
from Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Manitoba,

Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New-
foundland, New York, Ontario and Wis-
consin.

Illinois Records.—Momence, Kankakee
River: June 4, 1932, Frison & Mohr, 1 $ ;

May 19, 1937, Ross & Burks, many larvae,

1 $ pupa (reared). Palos Park: June 19,

1909, W. J. Gerhard, \$, fm
; June 24,

1922, W. J. Gerhard, 1 ? , fm.



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 183

Glyphotaelitis Stephens

GlyphotaeltHS Stephens (1837, p. 211). Geno-

type, monobasic: Limnephilus pellucidus De
Geer (spelled pellucidulus by Stephens).

Glyphidotaulius Kolenati (1848, p. 36).

Emended name.

ti

Only one species has been recorded from

North America, hostilis. This species has

not been taken in Illinois but is distributed

throughout the Northeast.

Astenophylax Ulmer

Astenophylax Ulmer (1907i^, p. 51). Geno-
type, monobasic: Phryganea arga Harris.

The genus contains only one species,

argus, which has not yet been taken in Illi-

nois.

This large and very showy caddis fly has

been taken throughout the northeastern

states from Maine to Wisconsin. The wings

are medium brown with large areoles which

are almost transparent, and the apical third

of the wing is almost entirely transparent

except for the brown veins.

Hesperophylax Banks

Hesperophylax Banks (1916, p. 118). Geno-

type, by original designation: Platyphylax oc-

cidentalis Banks.

The adults of this genus usually have a

longitudinal silvery mark on the front

wings; this is very prominent in the larger

western species. The genitalia of both sexes,

fig. 935, are uniform in general structure

throughout the entire genus.

Of the described North American species

only one occurs in Illinois.

Hesperophylax designatus (Walker)

Limnephilus designatus Walker (1852, p. 24);

d', 9.

Larva.—Length 15 mm. Head, thoracic
sclerites and legs yellowish brown; head and
pronotum speckled with irregular small
brown spots; legs with an orange tinge.

Pronotum with a transverse crease. Ab-
dominal gills mostly branched, the dorsal

gills and meso-ventral gills of the first few
segments with five or six branches and form-
ing a fan, fig. 615. First abdominal sternite

with many black, conspicuous setae.

Case.—Length 18 mm., constructed chief-

ly of small stones and sand grains; in very

young forms the case is strongly tapered and
almost horn shaped; in mature specimens it

is nearly cylindrical but slightly curved.

Adults.—Fig. 643. Length 20 mm. Color
brown, the wings with a definite pattern of

light and dark brown, and in addition a

silver stripe through cell first R.. Male
genitalia, fig. 935: claspers appearing some-
what triangular from lateral view; tenth

tergite produced into a dorso-mesal knob;

claspers elongate, tapering from base to a

narrow apex; aedeagus with a pair of

bunches of sclerotized, serrate and appressed

spurs. Female genitalia, fig. 938, without

conspicuous or complicated processes.

Structurally this species is closely related

to others in the genus. In the past there has

been considerable confusion as to whether

or not certain forms were varieties or spe-

cies, but differences in the cerci and tenth

tergite appear to separate these clearly. A
key to the Nearctic species is given on page

281.

Our Illinois records are all from the

spring-fed brooks in the Botanical Gardens

at Elgin. The species is very abundant in

this set of streams (see p. 7), and larvae,

pupae and adults have been collected there.

Our adult emergence was apparently con-

fined to May.
The species is widely distributed through

the Northeast ; records are known from Illi-

nois, Michigan, New Hampshire, New
York, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Wisconsin.

Fig. 643.—Hesperophylax designatus c?.



184 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23. Art. 1

Illinois Records.

—

Elgin: April 19,

1939, Burks & Riegel, 3 pupae; May 9,

1939, Ross & Burks, 2^,2 pupae, 3 larvae;
May 14, 1939, Ross k Burks, U , 3 $ ; May
20, 1939, ii cases, \$ pupa, 3 9 pupae;
June 13, 1939, Prison & Ross, many larvae;
May 7, 1941, Mohr & Burks, 1 <5 , 1 9 ; pre-
ceding Elgin records from Botanical Gar-
dens; Rainbow Springs, April 19, 1939,
Burks & Riegel, 7 pupae; Trout Spring,'

March 7, 1940, Burks & Mohr, 8 larvae.

Ironoquia Banks

Ironoquia Banks (1916, p. 121). Genotype,
by original designation: Chaetopterygopsis par-
vula Banks.

This genus contains only one species, the
genotype, described from New Brunswick,
New Jersey. It has not been taken in Illi-

nois.

Leptophylax Banks

Leptophylax Banks (1900a, p. 252). Geno-
type, monobasic: Leptophylax gracilis Banks.

Only one species is known for the genus,
and this has been taken in Illinois.

Leptophylax gracilis Banks

Leptophylax gracilis Banks (1900rt, p. 252);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Fig. 644. Length 1^16 mm.

Color tawny, the antennae and anal portion
of the wings darker brown. Form elongate,
the head and pronotum long, f^g. 644. Male
genitalia, fig. 645: cerci large, the apical
margm sclerotized and the apico-dorsal cor-
ner forming a sclerotized point; tenth tergite
formmg two long, narrow blades; claspers
narrow, long and pointed, the apex tipped
with black. Female genitalia with apical
segments large, and the lateral lobes of the
tenth tergite long and pointed.
We have no recent record of this species

trom Ilhnois, but it has been collected in
earlier years from Chicago and Algonquin.
JNothing IS known of the biology of the spe-
cies. It is widespread through the North-
east; records are known from Illinois,
Michigan, Minnesota, New York and South
Dakota.

Illinois Records.—Algonquin: July 3,

Fig. bU.~Leptophylax gracilis 9. Now
rarity, but apparently abundant in Illinois
one time.

1
at



August, 1944 Ross : Caddis Flies of Illinois 185

Fig. 645.—Leptophylax gracilis, genitalia.

A, male; B, aedeagus; C, female.

1909, 1 9 ; Tuly 10, 1909, 3 2 ; July 3, 1910,

4<? , 19; July 7, 1910, 1 $ ; July 28, 1910,

1 ? ; all W. A. Nason. Chicago: June 23,

1907, Lincoln Park, \$ ; June 11, W. J.

Gerhard, 1 9, fm
; June 17, W. J. Gerhard,

Grammotaulius Kolenati

Grammotaulius Kolenati (1848, p. 38). Geno-
type, by subsequent designation of Milne

(1935, p. 50): Phryganea interTogationis Zetter-

stedt.

No representatives of this genus have been

taken in Illinois. The species are all large

and Arctic or Subarctic in distribution. The
genotype is known as far south as Minne-
sota. The genus was revised by Denning
(194U).

Limnephilus Leach

Limnephilus Leach (1815, p. 136). Geno-
type, monobasic: Phryganea rhombica Lin-

naeus.

Anabolina Banks (1903^, p. 244). Geno-
type, by original designation: Anabolina di-

versa Banks.

Apolopsyche Banks (1916, p. 121). Geno-
type, by original designation: Stenophylax

minusculus Banks.

Algonquina Banks (1916, p. 121). Geno-
type, by original designation: Stenophylax?

parvula Banks.

Rheophylax Sibley (1926^, p. 107). Geno-
type, by original designation: Limnephilus
submonilifer Walker.

The species treated under this genus in-

clude those placed by previous writers not
only in Limneplxilus but in AnaboUa, Ana-
bolina, Arctoecia and Colpotaiilius. I have
been unable to find characters which will

key out either the males or the females to

these groups ; available characters inter-

grade to such an extent that they cannot
be used for accurate separation. I have not

listed certain of these genera as synonyms
because the genotypes involve European spe-

cies which cannot be placed quite definitely

in relation to the North American forms.

The characteristics of the genus are

varied, and the only diagnostic characters

which I have found are included in the key.

This is probably one of the largest genera in

North America, containing 60 or 70 species.

Of these we have taken only 9 in Illinois,

one of which is very common and wide-

spread, the others locally distributed and

rare.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Head yellow, with scattered brown
dots, without dark areas or lines,

fig. 646 consocius, p. 190

Head with dark areas at least as ex-

tensive as in fig. 647 2

2. First abdominal tergite with only a

few setae beside dorsal hump and
above lateral swellings, fig. 650. . . .

submonilifer, p. 192

First abdominal tergite with many
setae in each ot these areas, fig. 651 3

3. Mesal and lateral dark areas of head

separated by a wide pale area, fig.

648 rhombicus, p. 190

Mesal and lateral dark areas of head

separated by a narrow pale area, fig.

649 indivisus, p. 191

Adults

1. Antennae 3-segmented (males) 2

Antennae 5-segmented (females) 11

2. Front basitarsus only half length of

second tarsal segment and with a

black, curved apical spur

submonilifer, p. 192

Front basitarsus longer than second

tarsal segment and with a straight,

yellow apical spur 3



186 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

3. Cerci with a deep lateral incision di-

viding them into long dorsal and

ventral lobes, fig. 653. . .ornatus, p. 189

Cerci with posterior margin slightly

or not at all incised 4

4. Cerci very large, long and wide, dwarf-

ing the other parts of the genitalia,

especially the minute tenth tergite,

fig. 654 rhombicus, p. 190

Cerci either small, fig. 655, or less than

twice length of tenth tergite, fig.

659 . 5

5. Cerci short, either widened at apex

646

648

649

Fig. 646.—Limnephilus consocius larva,

head and thorax.

Fig. 647.—Limnephilus submonilijer larva,

head and thorax.

Fig. 648.— Limnephilus rhombicus larva,

head and thorax.

Fig. 649.—Limnephilus indivisus larva,

head and thorax.

Fig. 650.—Limnephilus submonilijer larva,

first abdominal tergite.

Fig. 651.—Limnephilus rhombicus larva,

first abdominal tergite.

and spatulate, or with apical margin

incised, figs. 655-658 6

Cerci long and rounded or pointed at

apex, figs. 659-661 9

6. Claspers reduced to a small, sharp

triangle; processes of tenth tergite

narrow and sharp, projecting below

level of cerci, fig. 655. . .sericeus, p. 192

Claspers large, fig. 656, or projecting

as finger-like processes, fig. 657;

processes of tenth tergite projecting

between cerci and at least partially

hidden by them in lateral view. ... 7

7. Cerci with apical margin uniformly

black and heavily sclerotized, emar-

ginate, forming a produced dorsal

lobe, fig. 656; mesal face of cerci

without row of teeth near base. . . .

consocius, p. 190

Cerci with apical margin not black

but with mesal, sclerotized teeth

black; apical margin nearly straight,

with the dorsal corner rounded, figs.

657, 658; mesal face of cerci with a

row of black, sclerotized teeth near

base, fig. 658 8

8. Claspers broad, nearly as broad as

cerci; lateral arms of aedeagus end-

ing in a membranous, diamond-
shaped lobe with a dense brush of

spines, fig. 657 hyalinus, p. 191

Claspers finger-like, much narrower

than cerci; lateral arms of aedeagus

bladelike and with a dorsal angula-

tion, bearing a definite dorsal row of

setae, fig. 658 indivisus, p. 191

9. Claspers small and platelike, without

any projecting parts, fig. 659

moestus, p. 191

Claspers with a long, pointed apical

portion, fig. 660 10

10. Cerci longer, more slender at tip and
curved slightly ventrad, fig. 660. . .

sordidus, p. 1 89

Cerci shorter and stouter, straight and
tapered at tip to a point, fig. 661 . . .

bimaculatus, p. 189

11. Cerci represented only as slight swell-

ings at base of tenth tergite, which
forms a simple tube, fig. 662

submonilifer, p. 192

Cerci present as distinct processes

above or beside tenth tergite, figs.

663-671 12

12. Tenth segment very short and broad,

cerci long; ninth tergite broad and
bandlike, fig. 663 ornatus, p. 189

Tenth segment more than half length

of cerci, fig. 665, usually as long as

or longer than cerci, fig. 666 13

13. Dorsal portion of tenth segment pro-

duced into a long, thin spatula



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 187

BIMACULATUS

Figs. 652-661.—Limnephilus, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, aedeagus, lateral aspect,

showing one of the lateral arms.



188 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

C

CONSOCIUS

Figs. 662-671.—Limnephilus, female genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C,

ventral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 189

slightly emarginate at apex, fig. 664

sericeus, p. 192

Dorsal portion of tenth tergite either

divided at least half way to base,

fig. 665, or not much produced be-

yond ventral margin 14

14. Dorsal portion of tenth segment modi-

fied into a pair of narrow, needle-

like blades, fig. 665. . . .hyalinus, p. 191

Dorsal portion of tenth segment with

wide blades, fig. 666 15

15. Ninth sternite prolonged into long,

finger-like processes, the apices of

which are separated by half the

width of the segment, as in fig. 666

moestus, p. 191

Ninth sternite forming a pair of short,

stocky processes, figs. 667-671.... 16

16. Cerci long, slender, spindly, and wide-

ly separated to base, tenth tergite

very much stouter, its halves ap-

pressed, fig. 667 rhombicus, p. 190

Cerci stout, shorter and wider, fig.

668, tenth tergite not stouter than

cerci 17

17. Cerci close together at base and apex,

forming with the tenth segment a

definitely conical structure, fig. 668

indivisus, p. 191

Cerci either diverging, fig. 671, or wide

apart at base, fig. 669 18

18. Ninth tergite with only a small scle-

rotized button, cerci wide apart at

base; ninth sternite with lobes

rounded ventrad, tenth tergite with

lateral halves solid and pyramidal,

fig. 669 consocius, p. 190

Ninth tergite with a fairly large, tri-

angular sclerite, cerci fairly close

together at base; ninth sternite with

lobes angular ventrad, tenth tergite

with lateral halves thin and curved,

fig. 671 19

19. Cerci with a large, nearly bulbous

basal portion which narrows to a

small, short apex, fig. 670
bimaculatus, p. 189

Cerci with a small basal portion and
a long, thin apex, fig. 671

sordidus, p. 1 89

Ltmnephilus sordidus (Hagen)

Anabolia sordida Hagen (1861, p. 264); cf.

AnaboUa longicercus Denning (1941rt, p.

195); 0^,9.

Larva.—Unknown. *

Adults.—Length 16-18 mm. Color dark
reddish brown, the dorsum and antennae al-

most black, the front wings very dark brown

with irregular light dots scattered over the
entire surface of the wing, giving it a salt-

and-pepper appearance. Head and thorax
with black dorsal macrochaetae, those on
head sparse. Front basitarsus of male much
longer than succeeding segment. Male geni-
talia, fig. 660, with long cerci which are

narrowed at apex and have a few small
sclerotized teeth along the apico-mesal mar-
gin; lobes of tenth tergite also long and
reaching nearly to apex of cerci; claspers

smooth, long and sharp; lateral arms of

aedeagus sclerotized, curved, widened and
obliquely truncate at apex. Female geni-

talia, fig. 671, with ninth tergite triangular,

cerci long and diverging, lateral halves of

tenth segment thin and long, ninth sternite

produced into large angulate protuberances.

Our only Illinois record of this species

is a female collected at Galena, Illinois,

bearing the number 1062; this specimen was
recorded by Hagen and is probably part of

the Kennicott Collection.

The range of this species is poorly under-

stood. It was originally described from the

Red River valley (North Dakota-Minne-
sota), but undoubtedly specimens of this

species had been recorded under the name
bimaculatus, and few definite locality rec-

ords can be given until this material is re-

studied.

Ltmnephilus bimaculatus Walker

Ltmnephilus bimaculatus Walker (1852, p.

30); d^.

This species occurs throughout the north-

ern states from Colorado to the Atlantic

Coast. Betten mentions a record from
northern Illinois in Hagen's specimens, but

these specimens are the preceding species,

sordidus. We have no definite Illinois rec-

ords of this species, although it might be

taken in future collections.

Limnephilus ornatus Banks

Limnephilus ornatus Banks (1897, p. 27); 9.

Limnephilus elegans Mosely (1929, p. 504);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 17-18 mm. Color yel-

lowish brown, the front wings with longi-

tudinal silvery stripes which contrast with

the chocolate brown ground color. Dorsum
of head and thorax with a mixture of tawny



190 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

and silvery setae. Front basitarsus of male

longer than second segment. Male genitalia,

fig. 653, with cerci deeply incised to form

long dorsal and ventral lobes; tenth tergite

large and stocky; claspers with wide base

and fairly long apical portion; lateral arms

of aedeagus with a wide foliaceous apex

bearing rows of spines. Female genitalia,

fig. 663, with cerci long and slender, tenth

segment short and forming a wide tube.

Dr. Betten (1934) reports this species

from Lake Forest, Illinois, in June. In

addition to this record, we have a single

female bearing the data "Northern Illinois,"

a male collected at Zion, Illinois, June 26,

1936, Frison & DeLong, and a female col-

lected at Chicago, Illinois, May 17, W. J.

Gerhard, fm.

The species has been recorded from scat-

tered localities over a very wide range from

Greenland, across America, to Japan; on

the North American continent records are

available for Alaska, Illinois, Maine, Mas-
sachusetts, Newfoundland, New Hampshire,

New York and Ontario.

Limnephilus rhombicus (Linnaeus)

Phryganea rhombica Linnaeus (1758, p. 548).

Limnephilus combinatiis Walker (1852, p.

28); d^.

Larva.—Length 20 mm. Head, thoracic

sclerites and legs yellowish brown with scat-

tered brown dots; head with a distinct

brown area down the center of the frons,

a pair of brown lines on each side of the

frons, and an irregular brown area occupy-

ing much of the lateral and ventral portions

of the head; pronotum sometimes with an-

terior half dark.

Case.—Fig. 672. Length 20 mm., stout

and round, constructed of short wood frag-

ments woven together in an irregular pat-

tern.

Adults. — Length 19-20 mm. Color
brownish yellow, the wings with a distinct

pattern of cream color and chocolate brown
arranged in somewhat oblique stripes. Head
and thorax armed with silvery or tawny mac-
rochaetae. Front basitarsus of male longer

than succeeding segment. Male genitalia,

fig. 654, with very long, wide cerci which
have a row of ventro-mesal sclerotized

teeth; tenth tergite very small, claspers

small. Female genitalia, fig. 667, with mi-
nute ninth tergite, long and spindly cerci and
stout tenth segment.

We have taken this species in Illinois

only in the spring-fed brooks in the Botani-

cal Gardens at Elgin (see p. 7). To date

we have actually captured only three larvae

and one female of this species there, so that

it is a rarity with us.

This species is widely distributed through-

out the Northeast. All stages were described

Fig. 672.—Limnephilus rhombicus^ case.

by Vorhies (1909) and Lloyd (1921), and

records are available from Greenland, Illi-

nois, Maine, Newfoundland, New York,

Saskatchewan and Wisconsin, in addition to

records from Eurasia.

Illinois Records.— Elgin : Botanical

Gardens, June 19, 1939, H. H. Ross, 1 5 ;

Trout Spring, March 7, 1940, Burks &
Mohr, 3 larvae.

Limnephilus consocius Walker

Limnephilus consocius Walker (1852, p. 33);

d".

Colpotaulius medialis Banks (1905^, p. 8);

d'.

Larva.—Length 20 mm. Head and pro-

notum yellow, with small brown spots scat-

tered over the entire surface, fig. 646. Other

sclerites yellow with variable brown spots.

Case.—Length 20 mm. Constructed chief-

ly of wood and leaf fragments, irregular in

outline, but fairly stoutly constructed.

Adults.—Length 14—16 mm. Color al-

most entirely a rich reddish brown, the front

wings finely marbled with a darker shade

of brown but without a definite pattern.

Setae of head and thorax reddish brown.

Front basitarsus longer than the succeeding

segment. Male genitalia, fig. 656, with cerci

short and broad at apex, the posterior mar-

gin heavily sclerotized along the mesal edge;

claspers narrow, with a pair of sclerotized

points at apex; tenth tergite projecting be-

yond cerci; aedeagus with stout, curved,

spinose, lateral arms. Female genitalia, fig.

669, with cerci stout and tenth tergite with

the lateral halves thick and pyramidal; ninth

sternite developed into large rounded pro-

tuberances.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 191

This species has been taken at various

points in the northeastern quarter of the

state. Dr. Betten found it abundant in the

ravines at Lake Forest, Illinois, but in our

recent collections we have taken adults only

in small numbers at various localities. Lloyd

(1921) has described the immature stages.

Our adult records for Illinois are scattered

from early June to late August.

The range of the species occupies most of

the Northeast; records are available from

Illinois, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire,

New York, Ontario and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Chicago: Aug. 3-12,

W. J. Gerhard, 1 ^ , 2 9, fm. Kankakee:
June 17, 1939, B. D. Burks, \$. Palos

Park: June 19, 1933, Ross & Mohr, 2 9 ;

Sept. 11, 1910, W. J. Gerhard, 1$, fm.

Seymour: June 13, 1929, Frison & Hottes,

U , 19. Urbana: Aug. 24, 1896, at light,

C. A. Hart, 1^. Waukegan: July 6,

1932, Frison et al., 2 $ .

Limnephilus indivisus Walker

Limnephilus indivisus Walker (1852, p. 34).

Limnephilus subguttatus Walker (1852, p.

34).

Larva.—Length 20 mm. Head and pro-

notum with a pattern of light and dark

markings as in fig. 649. Legs and other scle-

rites yellow with indefinite brown marks.

Case.—Length 20 mm. Constructed in

log-cabin style, as in fig. 833, of small twigs,

grass stems and other short and narrow
pieces.

Adults.—Length 15-16 mm. Color in

general tawny to straw color, the front

wings with scattered irregular brown marks

which give a slightly banded impression.

Setae of head and thorax ftawny. Front

basitarsus longer than the succeeding seg-

ment. Male genitalia, fig. 658: cerci short

and triangular, narrow at base, the posterior

margin bearing sclerotized teeth, the mesal

face with a row of sclerotized teeth near

base; tenth tergite with lobes long and nar-

row; claspers short, lateral arms of aedea-

gus sclerotized, with a sharp dorsal fin.

Female genitalia, fig. 668, with the parts

compactly arranged to give the general im-

pression of a tube.

Our only Illinois record of this species is

a single male collected at Antioch, August

1, 1930, Frison, Knight & Ross. The spe-

cies is widely distributed through the North-

east with about the same range as that for

the preceding. Lloyd (1921) has described

the immature stages.

Limnephiltis hyalinus Hagen

Liynnephilus hyalinus Hagen (1861, p. 258);

cT.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 13-14 mm. Entire in-

sect straw colored except for the black

spines on the middle and hmd legs; front

wings usually without any pattern, hyaline;

with very sparse, short hair; sometimes with

faint brownish markings along the posterior

margin. Front basitarsus longer than suc-

ceeding segment. Male genitalia, fig. 657,

with cerci short, narrow at base, and with

a mesal ridge of sclerotized teeth near base,

this ridge, continuing faintly near ventral

margin to postero-ventral corner; lobes of

tenth tergite fairly wide but short, claspers

wide and short, the apex emarginate; aedea-

gus with lateral arms terminating in an

extensile membranous organ tipped with a

diamond-shaped brush of spines. Female

genitalia, fig. 665, with ninth tergite and

cerci short and broad, tenth segment de-

veloped into a pair of long and needle-like

processes.

The only Illinois record for this species is

a single female in the Field Museum Col-

lection taken at Chicago, August 29, W. J.

Gerhard. The species has a very widespread

range extending across the entire northern

portion of the continent, with records from

British Columbia, Colorado, Illinois, New
York, the Northwest Territory (Canada)

and Ontario.

Limnephilus moestus Banks

Limnephilus moestus Banks (1908^, p. 62);

&, 9.

Limnephilus hingstoni Mosely (1929, p. 504);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 12-13 mm. Color dark

brown; front wings with cubital and anal

areas tawny, remainder of wing chocolate

brown with cream-colored spots, some of

these spots forming a fairly large, light area

around the cord. Front basitarsus of male

longer than succeeding segment. Male geni-

talia, fig. 659, with very long and slightly

sinuate cerci, long and pointed tenth tergite,

and claspers reduced to a small plate bear-



192 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

ing numerous short setae and a few long

ones. Female genitalia similar to those in

fig. 666, with cerci and tenth segment long,

and ninth sternite developed into a pair of

long, finger-like processes.

We have only one record of this species

in Illinois, a male collected at Dixon, at

lights along the Rock River, June 27, 1935,

DeLong & Ross. The species is widespread

through the northern part of the continent

from Greenland to Colorado, with records

from Colorado, Greenland, Illinois, New-
foundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec
and Wisconsin.

Litnnephilus sericeus (Say)

Phryganea sericeus Say (1824, p. 309).

Limnephilus despectus Walker (1852, p. 31);

cT, 9. New synonymy.
Limnephilus multijarius Walker (1852, p.

32); 9. New synonymy.
Limnephilus perjoratus Walker (1852, p. 33);

?. New synonymy.
Limnephilus eminens Betten (1934, p. 323);

d^. New synonymy.

This species has not been taken in Illinois

but occurs to the north from Alaska to

New York. Records are available for

Alaska, Minnesota, New York, Northwest
Territory (Canada), Ontario, Pennsylvania

and Quebec.

I am designating as a neotype a female
from Duluth, Minnesota, well differentiated

on the basis of its genitalia, fig. 664, and
characters given in the preceding key. The
species was originally described from the old

Northwest Territory, which included Min-
nesota. Of the various species known from
that general region, this particular one fits

Say's description quite well, especially in the

unusual black mark on the forewing.

Neotype, female.—Duluth, Minnesota.

Limnephilus submonilifer Walker

Limnephilus submonilifer Walker (1852, p
33); 9.

Limnephilus pudicus Hagen (1861, p. 262);
cf.

Larva.—Length 16-17 mm. Head, tho-
racic sclerites and legs fairly dark brown;
head with frons almost entirely brown and
with small light patches at apex and sides,

dorso-lateral portions variegated with yel-

lowish brown; legs lighter yellowish brown
than the head. See fig. 20, page 20.

Case.—Length 16-20 mm., made of leaf

and grass stem fragments neatly arranged

in linear order to form a fairly loosely con-

structed straight and almost cylindrical case.

Adults.—Length 13-16 mm., slender.

Color brown, the dorsum darker and the

wings variegated with irregular lighter

and darker spots; leg spines black. Head
and thorax armed dorsad with long, stout

macrochaetae. Front legs with a linear

brush of stout, black spines on underside of

femur and tibia; basitarsus only one-half

length of next segment. Male genitalia, fig.

652, with cerci and claspers triangular, tenth

tergite short and hooked dorsad, aedeagus

with lateral arms sclerotized, filiform, very

long and tipped with a small row of short

spurs. Female genitalia, fig. 662, with ninth

and tenth segments and cerci fused to form a

single tubular structure.

This is our common temporary pond and

marsh species in Illinois. We have taken it

at scattered localities throughout the state,

especially in the temporary ponds along rail-

road rights-of-way and in shallow spring

marsh ponds in the northeastern corner of

the state. In these situations the larvae are

difficult to see since they build their cases

from the dead grass stems and leaves in the

bottom of the ponds, and, although they

frequently practically cover the bottom, it

is scarcely possible to detect them until they

move.

This species has two very definite genera-

tions, at least in the general region of Illi-

nois. The first matures early in spring,

in the vicinity of Urbana the adults emerg-

ing about the first of May. Soon after this

date the ponds invariably dry up, filling up

again with the late summer rains. When
this occurs, a second generation is developed

which matures into the adults in late August
and September. This same phenomenon has

been noticed by previous writers. Vorhies

gave evidence of this two-brooded habit

from Wisconsin material, and Betten ob-

served the same phenomenon in his studies

with the species in the vicinity of Lake
Forest, Illinois.

The range of the species is extensive to

the north and east of Illinois; records in-

clude the District of Columbia, Illinois,

Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,

Michigan, Newfoundland, New Hampshire,
New York, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec, Rhode
Island, South Dakota and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 193

and pupae, taken April 30 to October 17,

and many larvae and cases, taken March 3

to May 7, are from Areola, Cary, Cham-
paign, Chicago, Grayslake, Leslie, Neoga,
Oakwood, Rantoul, Rosecrans (Des Plaines

River), Savoy, Seymour, Spring Grove, Ur-
bana, Volo, Watson, Waukegan, West Pull-

man, Zion.

Pycnopsyche Banks

Pycnopsyche Banks (1905^, p. 9). Genotype,
by original designation: Limnephilus scabri-

pennis Rambur.
Allegophylax Banks (1916, p. 118). Geno-

type, by original designation: Phryganea sub-

Jasciata Say. New synonymy.

Eustenace Banks (1916, p. 118). Genotype,
by original designation: Stenop/iylnx limbatus
McLachlan. New synonymy.

The general shape and color of the wings,
the heart-shaped subgenital plate of the fe-

male and the structure of the male genitalia,

especially the aedeagus, indicate that the

species grouped under this genus form a

very compact and homogenous unit. There
is considerable variation in particular points

of the venation and to an even greater de-

gree in the spur count, but these differences

are not substantiated by any indications of

phylogenetic importance.

Many species occur in the eastern states,

but to date onlv three have been taken in

675D
SUBFASCIATA

676E
GUTTIFER

Figs. 673-678.—Pycnopsyche, male genitalia. A and B, lateral and dorsal aspect respec-
tively; C and D, eighth tergite, lateral and dorsal aspect respectively; E, clasper, caudal aspect;
F, aedeagus.



194 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Illinois. Three others, however, have been

taken within a few miles of Illinois and

are to be expected here in future collecting.

The larvae of several species of this genus

have been reared, but to date no characters

have been found to separate them to species.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Front wings irregularly speckled over

entire surface with small, dark

brown spots antica, p. 196

Aedeagus long, narrow, dorsal spines

thrice length of their base; mesal

area of eighth tergite with a de-

pression, fig. 675, . subfasciata, p. 194

Lateral lobes of eighth tergite widely

separated, enlarged and covered

with dense, black spines, fig. 676. .

guttifer, p. 196

Lateral lobes of eighth tergite small

and bare, fig. 677 luculenta, p. 196

Tenth segment with dorsal portion

tapering gradually to apex, without

lateral expansions, fig. 680 8

Tenth segment with lateral, flangelike

68IA
INDIANA

682A
SUBFASCIATA ANTICA

/'' 683A

Figs. 679-683.—Pycnopsyche, female genitalia. A, ventral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C,

bursa copulatrix.

Front wings at most with dark brown
marks near center and along apical

margin

2. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented (males)

Maxillary palpi 5-segmented (females)

3. Apico-mesal angle of clasper project-

ing dorsad as a long, sharp point,

fig. 673 4

Apico-mesal angle of claspers not pro-

duced into a long point, fig. 676. ... 6

4. Eighth tergite with an abrupt, quad-
rate mesal notch and with an apical

brush of short, black spines, fig. 673

lepida, p. 195
Eighth tergite not abruptly notched

and with triangular patches of

spines instead of an apical brush. . .

5. Aedeagus short, stocky, dorsal spines
only twice as long as their base;

mesal area of eighth tergite not ex-

cavated, fig. 674 Indiana, p. 196

5

expansions on dorsal portion, fig.

681 9

8. Bursa copulatrix long and triangular;

ventral margin of tenth segment bi-

lobed and extending beyond dorsum,
fig. 679 luculenta, p. 196

Bursa copulatrix shorter and ovate;

ventral margin of tenth segment
slightly emarginate but not extend-

ing beyond dorsum, fig. 680
guttifer, p. 196

9. Ventral portion of tenth segment nar-

rowed to a very small, apical open-

ing, fig. 681 Indiana, p. 196

Ventral portion of tenth segment nar-

rowed, but with the apical opening

wide, fig. 682 subfasciata, p. 194

Pycnopsyche subfasciata (Say)

Phryganea subfasciata Say (1828, pi. 44).



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 195

Larv'a.—Length 18-20 mm. Head, tho-

racic sclerites and legs shades of reddish

brown; head and pronotum with abundant

small dark brown dots ; legs with tibiae and

tarsi darker and redder than preceding seg-

ments. Gills very long and single. First

abdominal segment with a pair of very small

sclerites near meson of venter and with only

a few scattered setae on the rest of the

venter and on the dorsum. Pronotum with

distinct and fairly deep transverse furrow.

Case.—Length 20 mm. Constructed of

stones, sand and wood fragments; robust

and straight, frequently with a long twig

or a group of small twigs cemented to the

sides so that they trail behind the case ; the

variety of materials used varies from place

to place, sometimes the stone material pre-

dominating, sometimes the wood fragment

material, so that there is great variation in

the general appearance of the case.

Adults. — Length 19-20 mm. Color

brown, front wings usually with two dark

brown marks, a transverse one which ends

just in front of m-cu, and a more or less

angulate mark along the cord; in addition

the apex of the wing and a narrow border

along the tips of the veins are darkened.

Male with eighth tergite rounded at apex

and bearing a pair of triangular areas cov-

ered with short, brown spines, fig. 675.

Male genitalia, fig. 675, with claspers pro-

duced into a long dorsal process which usu-

ally has a low lateral shoulder at its base;

tenth tergite with mesal processes fairly

long; aedeagus elongate with a pair of long,

needle-like dorsal styles, each of which has

a long, tubular base. Female genitalia, fig.

682: tenth segment with lateral flangelike

expansions on dorsal portion, ventral portion

wide and emarglnate on meson, the apical

opening wide; subgenital plate and bursa

copulatrix as in Hg. 682.

Neotype, male. ^— McHenry, Illinois:

Oct. 4, 1931, Ross & Mohr.
This species is very abundant in scattered

localities in the state, especially in the north-

ern and eastern parts. It occurs in such

rivers as the Salt Fork and Kankakee and

also in the glacial lakes in the northeastern

corner. There is only a single generation

per year. In this state the larvae become

full grown not later than June, then aesti-

vate until September, when the adults

emerge. In localities to the north, adult

emergence may take place in August, as in

Neophylax.

This species is widespread through the

Northeast; records are available for Illi-

nois, Michigan, Minnesota, New York,
Pennsylvania, South Dakota and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Channel Lake:
May 16, 1936, Ross & Mohr, many larvae;

May 27, 1936, H. H. Ross, 2 larvae. Fox
Lake: Sept. 22, 1931, Prison & Ross, S $ .

Golconda: April 17, 1930, Prison & Ross,

1 larva. Havana: June 16, 1894, C. A.

Hart, 4 larvae; Sept. 21, 1894, C. A. Hart,

2 pupae; April 9, 1895, 2 larvae; Quiver
Creek, April 29, 1937, Ross & Mohr, 1 $ ,

19,2 larvae. Homer: Sept. 24, 1927, T.
H. Prison, 1 9. Kankakee: June 6, 1935,

Ross & Mohr, 1 larva. Kankakee Coun-
ty, Kankakee River: June 1, 1901, Laske

& Wright, 4 larvae. McHenry: Oct. 4,

1931, Ross & Mohr, $ $ . Momence: Sept.

19, 1937, Ross & Burks, many larvae and

pupae, 6 S, 9 9 (all reared), 1^ ; Kan-
kakee River, May 26, 1936, H. H. Ross, 3

larvae; July 14, 1936, B. D. Burks, 1 larva;

Aug. 21, 1936, Ross & Burks, 2 larvae;

Sept. 17, 1937, B. D. Burks, 7 larvae, many
pupae, 1 9 ; Sept. 20, 1937, Ross & Burks,

3 larvae; Kankakee River, Oct. 4, 1937,

Ross & Burks, 2 9 . Wilmington, Kanka-

kee River: May 17, 1935, H. H. Ross, 1

larva.

Pycnopsyche lepida (Hagen)

Enoicyla lepida Hagen (1861, p. 269); cf.

Larva and Case.—Similar to those of

subfasciata.

Adults.—In size and color similar to

subfasciata. Pighth tergite of male with

posterior margin sharply incised and with

a brush of black setae along entire margin.

Male genitalia, fig. 673, differing from those

of subfasciata chiefly in always having a

large, sharp, concave shoulder at the base

of the apical process of the claspers. Fe-

male unknown; the specimen so labeled by

Betten & Mosely (1940, p. 156) is only a

provisional assignment as stated by the au-

thors, and we have no well-associated fe-

males for the species.

We have only a single record of this spe-

cies from Illinois, a male collected along the

Kankakee River at Momence, September 7,

1937, Prison & Ross. Apparently its life

cycle is the same as for subfasciata.

The range of the species is very similar

to that of subfasciata: through the North-



196 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin FoL 23, Art. 1

east; records are available from Illinois,

Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, V^ir-

ginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin.

Pycnopsyche guttifer (Walker)

Halesus guttifer Walker (1852, p. 16); cf , 9.

Pycnopsyche similis Banks (1907^, p. 122);

cT.

Larva and Case.—Similar to those of

subfasciata.

Adults.—In size and color similar to

subfasciata; the dark marks of the front

wing quite variable in size, shape and degree

of darkness. Eighth tergite of male with

postero-Iateral corners produced into long

lobes w^hich bear a dense cushion of black

spines along the apex. Male genitalia, fig.

676, with tenth tergite produced into nar-

row sclerotized hooks, claspers with apex

long, flattened and oblique at tip, aedeagus

very similar to that of subfasciata. Female

genitalia with tenth segment narrowed to-

ward apex, the dorsum forming a pair of

narrow flanges, the ventral margin incised.

Dr. Betten has collected this species from

Lake Forest, Illinois, but we have not taken

it in our recent survey. The streams around

Lake Forest have changed greatly since Dr.

Betten collected there in about 1905-06, and

it is entirely possible that the colony of gutti-

fer which he located has become extinct in

that area.

The species is widely distributed through

the Northeast; records are available for

Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, New Hamp-
shire, New York, Nova Scotia, Ontario,

Saskatchewan, South Dakota and Tennes-

see.

states; records are available from Georgia,

Michigan, North Carolina and West Vir-

ginia.

Pycnopsyche indiana (Ross)

Stenophylax indiana Ross (1938^, p. 121);

0^,9.

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois, although it occurs nearby in south-

ern Indiana. It is possible that some of the

unidentified Pycnopsyche larvae which we
have obtained from southern Illinois streams

may belong to this species, but we have not

yet been able to differentiate the larvae of

indiana from other related species in the

genus.

Records for the species, which are very

limited, include only Rogers, Indiana, and

Athens, Ohio; this may indicate that the

range of the species is south and west of the

main range of subfasciata, to which it is

most closely allied.

Pycnopsyche luculenta (Betten)

Stenophylax luciilentus Betten (1934, p. 345);

cf, 9.

Although we have not yet taken this spe-

cies in Illinois, we have reared it in south-

ern Indiana close to Illinois, so that it may
be found in this state with future collect-

ing. The larvae are apparently indistin-

guishable from others in the genus. It is

widespread in distribution, although appar-

ently local, and seldom collected. Records

are available for Indiana, New York and

North Carolina.

Pycnopsyche antica (Walker)

Neuronia antica Walker (1852, p. 9); 9.

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois, but J. S. Ayars has taken it in the

extreme southwestern corner of Michigan

at Almena, not far from Illinois.

As pointed out by Betten & Mosely ( 1940,

p. 144), there is some question regarding

the identity of Rambur's species scabripen-

nis, under which name the present species

has usually been listed in North American
literature. Collections from North Carolina

indicate that the male here illustrated is the

one associated with the type of antica. Its

range extends through some of the eastern

Caborius Navas

Allophylax Banks (1907^, p. 119); preoccu-

pied. Genotype, by original designation:

Halesus punctatissimus Walker.
Caborius Navas (1918, p. 362). New name

tor Allophylax Banks.
Carborius used by Betten (1934), Milne

(1935) and Ross (1938a); misspelling.

Both previously described species of this

genus have been taken in Illinois, and a

third form, until now undescribed, has also

been captured. All of them are short and

stocky and have broad wings.

No North American species have yet been

reared. We have located many colonies of

larvae in Illinois, but all eliforts to rear



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 197

them have failed. The larvae are about 15

mm. long, the head and pronotum are yel-

lowish brown with brown spots, and the

gills at the base of the abdomen are short

and very bushy, each forming a compact fan

with 10 to 12 filaments, fig. 616. These

agree perfectly with the description of the

European species of this genus, the peculiar

gills being diagnostic. The case is usually

slightly curved and made of wood frag-

ments.

We have taken these larvae in temporary

ponds and in small streams, most of which

became dry in summer. In each collection

we made, the larvae were full grown late

in April or early in May. They appear to

aestivate under roots and other objects close

to or under the bank of the stream or pond.

We never were able to locate the larvae

after the stream or pond dried up, and the

cultures which we had in cages in various

streams were all killed by a fungus growth.

Our adult records are all late in the season,

ranging from September into October, al-

though in other states adult records are

earlier. It is very likely that this genus has

essentially the same habits as Neophylax

(see p. 202).

As it is impossible to be sure of the asso-

ciation of any of the larvae with definite

species, the records of the larvae for the

entire genus are grouped together as fol-

lows.

Illinois Records of Cabortus Larvae:
Des Plaines, Fox River: May 26, 1936,

H. H. Ross, 1 larva. Fox Ridge State

Park: April 12, 1941, B. D. Burks, 1 larva.

Hurd, small stream: April 15, 1936, Ross

& Mohr, many larvae. Oakwood: April

10, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 1 larva; May 6,

1936, Ross & Mohr, 2 larvae; May 7, 1936,

Ross & Mohr, 1 larva. Rantoul, tempo-

rary pond: April 10, 1936, Ross & Mohr,
1 larva. Red Bud: March 23, 1939, Ross

& Burks, 2 larvae. Seymour: March 20,

1929, H. H. Ross, 1 larva. Watson: April

15, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 2 larvae; April 16,

1936, Ross & Mohr, 1 larva.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented (males) 2

Maxillary palpi 5-segmented (females) 3

2. Apex of aedeagus cleft and lyre shaped
at apex, claspers rounded at apex,

fig. 684 lyratus, p. 198

Apex of aedeagus divided into a pair

of bulging, sharp plates with a mem-
branous dorsal pocket, claspers

bluntly pointed at apex, fig. 685. . .

punctatissimus, p. 197

3. Ninth and tenth tergites separated by
a distinct, suture-like groove; ninth

sternite without an internal plate

ventrad of bursa copulatrix, fig. 686

kaskaskia, p. 198

Ninth and tenth tergites fused and
scarcely separable, fig. 687; ninth

sternite with a round or rectangular

internal plate ventrad of bursa, figs.

687, 688 4

4. Ninth sternite with an internal rec-

tangular plate ventrad of bursa

copulatrix, fig. 688

punctatissimus, p. 197

Ninth sternite with internal plate

much smaller and semicircular, fig.

687 lyratus, p. 198

Caborius punctatissimus (Walker)

Halesus punctatissimus Walker (1852, p.

17); cf.

Adults.—Length 16-18 mm. Color al-

most uniformly yellowish brown, the front

684 LYRATUS

685
punctatissimus

Figs. 684-685.

—

Caborius, male genitalia.

A, aedeagus, ventral aspect; B, aedeagus,

lateral aspect; C, clasper.



198 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

wings a darker bown with small, light dots

scattered over the entire surface to give it

a peppered look. Face with genae produced

into sharp points. Male genitalia, fig. 685,

with the claspers pointed at apex, the aedea-

gus with its extreme tip forming a pair of

somewhat triangular lobes having a dorsal

membranous fold. Female genitalia, fig.

688, with ninth and tenth tergites fused

and with the ninth sternite bearing an in-

ternal, rectangular, sclerotized plate ventrad

of the bursa copulatrix.

Allotype, female.— Columbia Cross-

roads, Pennsylvania: July 7, 1931, R. M.
Leonard.

Our only Illinois record of this species

is a female collected at Champaign, October

6, 1938, C. O. Mohr. Dr. Mohr captured

this specimen in the grass and weeds at the

edge of a small stream which forms the

headwaters of the Embarrass River.

The species is widespread through the

PUNCTATI55IMU5

688A

Figs. 686-688.

—

Caborius, female genitalia.

A, ventral aspect; B, dorsal aspect.

Northeast; definite records are available

from Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan,

New York, Nova Scotia and Ohio.

Caborius lyratus Ross

Carborius lyratus Ross (1938^, p. 163); d^.

Adults.—Length 16-18 mm. In color

similar to punctatissimus, yellowish brown,

the front wings darker brown with small

light dots scattered over the entire surface.

Face with genae not unusually produced.

Male genitalia, fig. 684, with the claspers

rounded at apex, the aedeagus with its ex-

treme tip forming a divided, lyre-shaped

fork without any dorsal membranous fold.

Female genitalia, fig. 687, with ninth and

tenth tergites fused and with the ninth ster-

nite bearing an internal, semicircular, semi-

sclerotized plate ventrad of the bursa copu-

latrix.

Allotype, female.— Oakwood, Illinois:

Sept. 20, 1935, DeLong & Ross (this is the

same data as for the holotype).

In Illinois this species has been taken only

at Oakwood, the collection comprising the

holotype and allotype, both bearing the data

given above. Caborius larvae were collected

in a small tributary of the Salt Fork near

the point at which the adults were taken

at lights. These larvae were not relocated

in the fall after they had gone into aesti-

vation and the stream had dried up. The
range of the species is very poorly known,

the only available records being from Illi-

nois, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

Caborius kaskaskia new species

Female.—Length 16 mm. Color light

brown, the front wing slightly darker brown
with small light dots scattered over the en-

tire surface of the wing. General structure

typical for the genus. Genitalia, fig. 686:

subgenital plate with three processes, the

lateral ones wide at base and tapering to a

rounded apex ; ninth and tenth segments

separated on the dorsum by a sharp declivi-

ty; ninth segment with the apical portion

divided from the base by a furrow; bursa

copulatrix without a plate ventrad of it.

Holotype, female.—New Memphis, Illi-

nois, along Kaskaskia River: Sept. 25, 1939,

Frison & Ross.

Paratype.—Same data as for holotype,

15.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 199

Fig. 689.

—

Frenesia missa 9.

This species is distinguished from the

others in the genus by characters given in

the preceding key. It is represented only by

the single collection of the type series. Con-

sidering the frequency with which the larvae

are found, and the few records of the

adults, there is every indication that we
may have in this genus a more extensive

fauna than has hitherto been considered.

All our records for Illinois and Indiana

were taken in September and October, a

time when little general collecting is done

for this order.

Chilostigma McLachlan

Chilostigma McLachlan (1876, p. 187).

Genotype, monobasic: Chilostigma sieboldi

McLachlan.

There is only one North American spe-

cies in the genus, areolatum, described from

"Arctic America," with records from On-
tario and Labrador. It has never been

taken in Illinois.

Frenesia Betten & Mosely

Frenesia Betten & Mosely (1940, p. 165).

Genotype, by original designation: Limne-
philus difficilis Walker.

Of the two North American species, only

missa has been found in Illinois. The other

species, difficilis, is eastern in distribution.

Frenesia missa (Milne)

Chilostigma missum Milne (1935, p. 35);

cf, 9.

Larva.—Length 11 mm. Head, thoracic

sclerites and legs reddish brown, the head

with only very indistinct lighter spots, the

legs slightly lighter than the head. Pro-

notum with only a very indistinct trans-

verse groove.

Case.—Length 12 mm., constructed of

small stones; slender, cylindrical and fairly

rigid.

Adults.—Fig. 689. Length 13-14 mm.
Head and body varying from almost black

to various shades of brown; legs beyond

coxae yellowish brown; wings with a ground

color of brown with small, translucent dots

scattered uniformly and abundantly over the

entire surface, giving it a salt-and-pepper

Fig. 690.

—

Frenesia missa, male genitalia.

Fig. 691.

—

Frenesia missa, female genitalia.

A, ventral aspect; B, lateral aspect.



200 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

appearance. Male genitalia, fig. 690, with

tenth tergite forming a pair of appressed,

heavily sclerotized, narrow plates angled

sharply dorsad; cerci short and clavate;

claspers small and padlike. Female geni-

talia, fig. 691, with the ninth segment ap-

pearing as a thick collar almost completely

surrounding the tubular tenth, the cerci re-

duced to indistinct small cushions on the

posterior margin of the "collar."

The eastern species, difficilis, is illustrated

by Betten & Mosely (1940).

For years we were puzzled by two fe-

males of this species in the Illinois Natural

History Survey collection labeled "Havana,

111., November 8, 1912." Diligent search in

the vicinity of Havana did not produce any

caddis flies still on the wing at this date.

Finally, however, a large series of the spe-

cies was taken along a small, clear, spring-

fed brook just south of Havana at Ma-
tanzas. At this time only a few cases were

^ound in the stream. Continuing the search

the next year, it was discovered that the

larvae were congregated in a little seepage

area near the bank and were thriving in

water scarcely deep enough to cover their

cases. Many of the individuals were feeding

on leaves and twigs so that most of the

insect and its case was actually out of water.

Later we found that odd specimens would

live in the stream itself; and, since the

seepage areas frequently dried up, it is possi-

ble that this reservoir in the stream is chief-

ly responsible for the preservation of the

species in this area.

The habits of this species certainly repre-

resent an intermediate stage between the

typical caddis fly and one or two humus in-

habiting species reported from Europe.

We have taken the species nowhere else

in Illinois. The center of its range is appar-

ently in the Northeast; records are avail-

able from the District of Columbia, Mary-
land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,

New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania

and Virginia.

Illinois Records.—Havana, Matanzas
Lake: Nov. 15, 1939, Ross & Burks, 5^,
4$, 5 mating pairs, many larvae; June 2,

1940, H. H. Ross et al., many larvae; Sept.

30, 1940, Mohr & Burks, many larvae.

Glyphopsyche Banks

Glyphopsyche Banks (1904r, p. 141). Geno-
type, by original designation: Glyphopsyche
bryanti Banks.

Contains only two species: irrorata,

known from Arctic America, British Co-
lumbia and Ontario; and missouri.

Glyphopsyche missouri new species

Larva.—Length 14 mm. Head, thoracic

plates and coxae mostly black, with a few
reddish blotches; trochanters dark red;

693 A

Figs. 692-693.

—

Glyphopsyche, genitalia.

A, male, lateral aspect; B, aedeagus; C, spiny

area of male eighth tergite; D, female, ventral

aspect.

femora, tibiae and tarsi red with apical

black band. Pronotum with short, stout

black spines.

Case.—Irregular and cylindrical, con-

structed of a mixture of stones and pieces

of twigs.

Male.—Length 1 1 mm. Color mottled

shades of brown, without distinct pattern.

General structure typical for the genus.

Eighth tergite with a black cushion of short

setae, the cushion divided into a mesal and

two lateral lobes. Male genitalia, fig. 692,

remarkably similar to irrorata, fig. 693.

Tenth tergite short and sharp. Cerci bi-

lobed and small. Claspers long and stout,

with the apex slightly concave on mesal side.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 201

Aedeagus short, with a ventral, bifid, sclero-

tized scoop and a pair of short, dorsal scle-

rotized spurs.

Female.—Similar to male in color and

general structure. Genitalia, fig. 692, with

small subgenital plate, the lateral lobes

relatively narrow, the mesal tongue long;

ninth and tenth segments fused to form a

wide, very short, compressed tube with

dorso-lateral expansions.

Holotype, male.—Meramec Springs, St.

James, Missouri: Oct. 8, 1938, Ross &
Burks.

Allotype, male.—Same data as for holo-

type.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype,

257 c?, 44 9.

Known only from a single large colony

at Meramec Springs, which are more in the

nature of an underground river. This col-

ony was located on September 29, 1938, by

Frison & Yeager, who collected larvae and

pupae and reported them literally paving

spring and stream. Ross & Burks visited

the spot a few days later and collected large

numbers of all stages. The adults were
found in floating beds of water cress; when
the water cress was pushed under water the

caddis fly adults came to the surface and

were collected in large numbers.

The short wings of this species, fig. 63\A,

are very dissimilar to those of the genotype,

fig. 6315, and suggest immediately that a

new genus should be erected for this new
species. The male genitalia, however, are

so similar in the two forms that there is

no doubt that irrorata and missouri are

practically sister species.

Grensia new genus

Adults.—General structure typical for

family. Head and mesonotum without un-

usually large macrochaetae. Mesoscutum
with elongate oval warts. Tibial spur count

1-2-2. Front wings, fig. 63 IC, with stigma

very wide and short, R., curving with stig-

ma, gradually becoming closer to it, the two
nearly or distinctly touching at apex; cord

irregular, distinctly not in line with base of

stigma; R.^ curving markedly. Hind wings

typical for group.

Genotype.

—

L'tmuepliilus praeteritus.

The only known representative is the

genotype, recorded from Arctic portions of

North America. It has not been taken in

Illinois.

Phanocelia Banks

Phanocelia Banks (1943, p. 354). Genotype,
by original designation: Jpatanin canadensis

Banks.

The genotype, described from Manitoba,
is the only known North American species in

this genus, and has never been taken in Illi-

Fig. 694.—Phanocelia canadensis, male gen-

italia. A, lateral aspect; B, aedeagus; C,

dorsal aspect.

nois. The female is not known, but the male

is readily distinguished by the genitalia, fig.

694.

Psychoglypha new genus

Adults.—General structure typical for

family. Male palpi long and slender. Last

tarsal segment of all legs without black

spines. Dorsal macrochaetae of head not

conspicuously longer or stouter than sur-

rounding setae ; area between and behind

lateral ocelli bare except for a group of five

or six silvery setae near each ocellus. Meso-

notum with a pair of well-defined and ovate

scutal warts; meso-scutellum with a pair

of rows of five or six well-separated setae.

Front wings as in fig. 633, with a distinct

stigma which is usually colored red, the red



202 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

extending past R^ almost to R^ ; the lower

portion of the stigma is defined by Rj, which

is abruptly sinuate at base of stigma and

then curves evenly to the front margin of

the wing; R., curves sharply toward R^ and

follows parallel to it to the front margin

of the wing; the wing is very long and nar-

row and characterized by a silvery streak

which runs through the first and second R^

cells, usually with a short spur into cell M^.

Genotype.

—

Glyphopscyche avigo.

This genus contains most of the species

which have previously been placed in Gly-

phopsyche, the genotype of which does not

belong here.

Most of the species are western or Sub-

arctic in distribution. None have been taken

in Illinois. One, subborealis, occurs in the

eastern states and has been taken as far

south as central Michigan.

Drusinus Betten

Drusinus Betten (1934, p. 359). Genotype,

by original designation: Drusinus uniformis

Betten.

In this genus the front wings are broad

and anal cells large. The genotype is the

only species so far collected in Illinois. The
larva of the genus is unknown.

Drusinus uniformis Betten

Drusinus uniformis Betten (1934, p. 360);

Adults.— Length 14—16 mm. Color

brown, dorsum darker, front wings with

a distinctly purplish cast over the brown.

Tibiae and tarsi with numerous black spines.

Eighth tergite of male with a bilobed cushion

of black, peglike setae. Male genitalia, fig.

695, with elongate cerci and stocky tenth

tergite which is divided and upturned to

form a pair of black, narrow, sclerotized

processes. Female genitalia simple, with no
long processes.

The male genitalia are very similar in

general structure to those of virginicus;

in this latter species, however, the cerci are

larger, and the lateral apical processes of

the tenth tergite are developed into a distinct

shoulder at base, fig. 696.

Our only Illinois collection of this species

was made at Elgin, along one of the small

spring-fed brooks in the Botanical Gardens,

June 6, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 1 ^ , 1 $ . To

696
A

VIRGINICUS

696 C

Figs. 695-696.

—

Drusinus, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; B, aedeagus; C, eighth tergite.

date we have not found the larva of this

species.

Little is known regarding the range of the

species. It is apparently widespread but

local, as evidenced by the scattered available

records from Illinois, New York and Ten-
nessee.

Neophylax McLachlan

Neophylax McLachlan (1871, p. 111). Geno-
type, monobasic: Neophylax concinnus Mc-
Lachlan.

Acronopsyche Banks (1930iJ, p. 227). Geno-
type, by original designation: Acronopsyche
pilosa Banks.

In addition to characters mentioned in

the key, the short, triangular front wings

are characteristic of the adults. The larva

has a unique long head and usually lacks

the prosternal horn.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 203

The genus is represented in the eastern

states by many species, but we have taken

only one in Illinois. Two others occur in

nearby states and have been included in the

key.

The biology of the genus in this latitude

is unique in having a long aestivation period,

the larvae usually maturing early in the

spring, and the adults emerging late in

autumn. All three species treated here have

been reared, but no satisfactory key charac-

ters have been found to separate the larvae.

KEY TO SPECIES

Adults

1. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented (males) 2

Maxillary palpi 5-segmented (females) 4

2. Claspers with a long, curved, heavily

sclerotized mesal arm, fig. 697

autumnus, p. 203

Claspers without a heavily sclerotized

arm, at most with a mesal flange as

in fig. 698 3

3. Claspers long, wide apart at base, with

a mesal flange, fig. 698; ninth ster-

nite slightly incised on meson
ayanus, p. 205

Claspers short, close together, without

a mesal flange, fig. 699; ninth ster-

nite with a short, truncate mesal

projection fuscus, p. 205

4. Subgenital plate with 2 pairs of promi-

nent lobes, fig. 700. . .autumnus, p. 203

Subgenital plate with a mesal, spatu-

late style and a pair of low, lateral

lobes, fig. 701

fuscus, p. 205; ayanus, p. 205

Neophylax autumnus Vorhies

Neophylax autumnus Vorhies (1909, p. 669);

d, 9, larva.

Larva.—Length 8-9 mm. Head varying

from reddish brown to blackish brown,

sometimes with a paler mesal stripe and

always with round pale spots on dorsal por-

tion. Thoracic sclerites and legs brownish

yellow with narrow black areas along some
sutures. Head long, malar space twice as

long as distance from eye to top of head;

upper portion of frons produced into a low
but definite hump; antennae situated on a

slight protuberance. All legs the same shape,

the front ones only slightly modified for

grasping. Pronotum velvety and produced

into a rounded anterior portion under which

the head may be retracted. Gills single and

short. Sternites 3, 4 and 5 with an oval

sclerotized ring.

Case.—Length 8-10 mm. Constructed of

stones, slightly curved, nearly cylindrical,

with larger stones situated along each side

to give it a broadened appearance. Before
aestivation, the anterior portion of the case

is capped with a single flat stone, around
the edge of which are small vents.

Adults.—Fig. 702. Length 9-12 mm.
Head and body brownish yellow; front

wings fairly dark brown with irregular,

small, lighter areas scattered over most of

FUSCUS

699 C

Figs. 697-699.

—

Neophylax, male genitalia.

A, B and C, respectively ventral, lateral and

caudal aspects.



204 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

the surface and with a pair of large, yellow

marks along the posterior margin; in repose

these two yellow marks form a double,

diamond-shaped, mesal pattern. Male geni-

talia, fig. 697, with ninth and tenth tergites

both narrow and beaked, ninth sternite

nearly truncate, and claspers short with a

long, sclerotized, constricted mesal arm

700

AUTUMNUS

-\

scus

Figs. 700-701.

—

Neophylax, female geni-

talia.

which is enlarged at tip; aedeagus simple

and tubular. Female genitalia, fig. 700, with
ninth and tenth segments narrow and small,

subgenital plate wide and with two pairs

of fairly long projections.

This species has been found in the north-

ern portion of Illinois and also in the Ozark
Hills streams of southern Illinois. In both

areas it is confined to small, clear and rapid

streams with predominantly rock bottoms.

In all areas but one, adults and pupae have
been taken only late in the year, from Sep-

tember into October. The one exception

was a large colony in Split Rock Brook at

Uticaj where the adults emerged in large

numbers in April. The reason for this

deviation from the usual seasonal cycle we
do not know, but it is the only record of

adults in the spring for the entire genus
anywhere on the continent.

Of unique interest is the adaptation of

this species to streams which become dry in

summer, such as those in the Ozark Hills.

In these situations the larvae mature at

least by April, fasten their cases under

stones and aestivate until autumn; in Sep-

tember the larvae change to the pupae, and

shortly thereafter the adults emerge. When
the stream becomes dry, a very high pro-

portion of the aestivating larvae die from

desiccation, but those which are situated

under a rock which remains even slightly

damp are able to survive and mature. We
have observed successful emergence of the

adults at Herod when the stream was still

dry, the pupae leaving the moist cases with

no mishaps. After a stream has been dry

for a spring and summer, it is startling to

find that the next spring, when it is again a

rapid stream, the rocks are almost covered

with the larvae of this species.

The species has not been taken very fre-

quently, but the records are scattered

through most of the Northeast; records

include Illinois, Michigan, New York, On-
tario and Wisconsin.

It has been suggested by Betten and others

that this species might be the same as the

genotype, which was described from New
York. It certainly is closely related to the

genotype, concinnus, but until information

is available regarding the type, it seems

advisable to treat the two as distinct.

Illinois Records.

—

Alto Pass, Union
Spring: Oct. 18, 1938, Ross & Burks, many
pupae and larvae; March 23, 1939, Ross

& Burks, many larvae; May 26, 1940, Mohr
& Burks, many larvae; May 31, 1940, B.

D. Burks, many larvae; May 12, 1939,

Burks & Riegel, many larvae. Belvidere,

Kishwaukee Creek: June 18, 1938, B. D.

Burks, 1 larva. Dundee: May 23, 1939,

Burks & Riegel, many larvae. Elgin : April

19, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 1 larva; May 9,

1939, Ross & Burks, 6 larvae; Sept. 19,

1939, Ross & Mohr, \$, 12; preceding

Elgin records are from Botanical Gardens;

Trout Spring, March 7, 1940, Burks &
Mohr, 5 larvae. Herod, Gibbons Creek:

March 28, 1935, Ross & Mohr, 2 larvae;

May 29, 1935, Ross & Mohr, many larvae;

Aug., 1936, Ross & Burks, many larvae;

April 19, 1937, 4 larvae; Sept. 11, 1937, H.
H. Ross, 4 larvae; Oct. 3, 1937, Ross &
Burks, many larvae, pupae and pupal skins;

and the following specimens which were

reared, emerging on the dates shown: Oct.

8, 1937, Ross & Burks, 5 pupae; Oct. 18,

1937, 15,19; Oct. 21, 1937, 3 $ ; Oct. 25,

1937, 1 ? ; Oct. 29, 1937, 6 2 ; Nov. 1, 1937,

1 $ ; Nov. 2, 1937, 2 $ ; Nov. 3, 1937, 1 2 ;

Nov. 5, 1937, 2 $ . LaRue, McCann Spring:



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 205

Oct. 17, 1938, Ross & Burks, 8 larvae;

March 23, 1939, Ross & Burks, many lar-

vae and pupae. Spring Grove: May 14,

1936, Ross & Mohr, many larvae; June
12, 1936, Ross & Burks, many larvae.

Starved Rock State Park: April 25, 1933,

Prison & Mohr, 1 larva. Utica, Split Rock
Brook: Feb. 1, 1941, Frison, Ries & Ross,

Molanna Curtis

Molanna Curtis (1834, p. 214). Genotype,
monobasic: Molanna angustata Curtis.

Apatania Kolenati (1848, p. 75). Genotype,
monobasic: Phryganea vestita Zetterstedt.

The larva of this genus, fig. 709, is char-

acterized by the long frons, antennae of

tf^^!!^j#i*'<

Fig. 702.—Neophylax autumnus cT.

many larvae, 1 pupa; April 25, 1941, T. H.
Frison, 1 $ , many larvae and pupae.

Neophylax fuscus Banks

Neophylax fuscus Banks (1903^, p. 242); cf

,

9.

Not yet taken in Illinois, but found in the

Meramec River near Steelville, Missouri,

which is west of St. Louis and not far from

Illinois. In addition to Missouri, the spe-

cies is known from Michigan, New Hamp-
shire and Virginia. The species recorded

as fuscus by Betten (1934) is not fuscus

but a species identical with or closely re-

lated to stolus.

Neophylax ayanus Ross

Neophylax ayanus Ross (1938fl, p. 168); cf,

9.

Not yet taken in Illinois. The only rec-

ords for this species are from Louisville,

Kentucky, and Cataract, Indiana; the latter

is only about 40 miles from the Illinois

line, near Terre Haute.

MOLANNIDAE

This family is represented in the Illinois

fauna by only one genus, Molanna. The
genus Beraea has frequently been placed in

the family Molannidae but is treated as a

separate family in this paper.

medium length situated above base of man-
dibles, and the curious, reduced hind tibia

and claw. The curious, flanged case, fig.

710, is also characteristic of the genus, al-

though a similar case is made by some spe-

cies of Athripsodes (see p. 228). The adults

have the maxillary palpi five segmented in

both sexes. When at rest the adults sit with

the wings curled around the body and with

the body held at an angle to the surface

upon which the insect rests, its mottled gray

color giving the insect in this position a

remarkable resemblance to a rusty nail head

or a very small twig.

Five North American species are known,

of which three have been taken in Illinois,

and it is quite possible that stray specimens

of the other two may eventually turn up

from this state.

No characters have yet been discovered to

give certain identification of the females and

larvae. For this reason it is necessary to

disregard for the present the species cinerea,

represented by the female type of which only

fragments remain.

KEY TO SPECIES

Males

1. Femora and tibiae yellow, except for

indefinite areas on femora, contrast-

ing sharply with coxae; tenth ter-

gite forming a simple hook, fig. 703

flavicornis, p. 208

Coxae and femora the same color, dark



206 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

brown or gray; tenth tergite with

dorsal or beaklike expansions, figs.

704-707

Molanna uniophila Vorhies

2 Molanna uniophila Vorhies (1909, p. 705);

larva, pupa, cf , 9.

Larva.—Fig. 709. Length 18 mm. Head,
pronotum and legs yellow, head with a

Y-shaped black mark, posterior portion of

pronotum black; mesonotum brown, sub-

divided by an irregular line into an anterior

and posterior portion. Head long, frons also

long, the anterior portion not expanded.

Mandibles short and stocky with three teeth

along apical margin. Gula almost rectangu-

lar, longer than wide. Mesonotum with a

semicircular, small antero-mesal plate, the

remaining membranes with a lateral tuft

of long setae. Gills long and filiform, most

of them triple, those on the second and third

abdominal tergites with five branches. Lat-

eral line forming a fringe on segments 3-7,

eighth segment with a sinuate lateral line

Figs. 703-707.—Molanna, male genitalia.

Fig. 708.—Molanna musetta, hind wing.

, A long furrow of black scales in hind
wings, fig. 708 musetta, p. 207

No furrow of scales in hind wings. ... 3

, Lateral aspect of tenth tergite with a

long, pointed, ventral process, fig.

705, and with a small dorsal lobe. .

tryphena, p. 207
Lateral aspect of tenth tergite rounded

at apex and with a larger or less

definite dorsal lobe, figs. 706, 707. . 4

, Tenth tergite with large dorsal lobe

and small ventral lobe, fig. 706. . . .

uniophila, p. 206
Tenth tergite with small dorsal lobe

and very long, truncate ventral lobe,

fig. 707, shaped like a duck's bill. . .

blenda, p. 208

Fig. 709.— Molanna uniophila larva.

divided into an anterior portion of branched,

short, appressed hairs and a posterior por-

tion of about eight very long double hairs.

Anal hooks large with one or two dorsal

teeth.

Case.—Fig. 710. Length 25 mm. Width
11-13 mm., the lateral margins built out

into wide flanges so that the entire dorsal

surface is uniformly convex and formed
of sand and gravel; the ventral aspect has

the middle tube made of fine grains.



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 207

Adults.—Length 16 mm. Body and ap-

pendages various shades of brown and gray,

the wings with light areas in the middle

forming a more or less checkered pattern.

Male genitalia, fig. 706: tenth tergite some-

what hood shaped, produced into a short,

rounded beak at apex ; claspers with a small

basal portion which merges gradually into

a long, apical blade; at the extreme base of

Fig. 710.—Molanna uniophila, case.

the clasper there arises a short, mesal, flat

process bearing short setae at its apex;

aedeagus tubular and slightly curved, con-

taining an eversible group of long spines.

Female genitalia very simple, bursa copu-

latrix small and without complicated struc-

tures.

In Illinois this species has been collected

only in the glacial lakes and connecting

streams in the northeastern part of the

state. In these localities the larvae are

found on gravel bars where they may occur

in large local colonies. Our adult records

are all for May and June, indicating a

single generation per year.

The curious case of this insect has been

the cause of frequent remarks by students

of aquatic insects. Vorhies reared this spe-

cies from Wisconsin, and we have reared

it from Channel Lake, Illinois.

The range of the species is extensive

through the Northeast. Records are avail-

able for Michigan, Minnesota, New Bruns-

wick, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Que-
bec and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Antioch : July 1,

1931, Frison, Betten & Ross, 1 $ ; July 6,

1932, Frison et al, 6$ ; June 11, 1936, Ross
& Burks, $$,99; June 12, 1936, Ross &
Burks, 2$, 19. Channel Lake: May
16, 1936, Ross & Mohr, many pupae which
were reared, adults emerging June 1-3,

1936, Urbana; May 27, 1936, H. H. Ross,

$ $, ? 9, many pupae, larvae and cases;

May 31, 1938, Mohr & Burks, 1 larva.

Fourth Lake, Lake County: Aug. 2, 1887,

C. A. Hart, \$. Fox Lake: June 30,

1935, DeLong & Ross, $ $ , 9 9; May 28,

1936, H. H. Ross, 3 $ ; June 10, 1936, Ross
& Burks, \ $ , 19. Grass Lake: July 14,

1926, Frison & Hayes, 1 $ . Johnsburg,
Fox River: May 28, 1936, H. H. Ross,

t? 5, 39. Round Lake: June 26, 1936,

at light, Frison & DeLong, $ $ , 9 9.
Sand Lake: June 17, 1893, Hart & Shiga,

\$. South Chicago: June 9, 1880, \$.
ZiON, Dead River: May 20, 1940, Mohr
& Burks, 2 larvae.

Molanna musetta Betten

Molanna musetta Betten (1934, p. 248); d".

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—In size, color and general struc-

ture similar to uniophila. Hind wing with

a long, arcuate, conspicuous furrow of scales

running from the apical corner down below
the middle and to the base of the wing, hg.

708. Male genitalia almost identical with

uniophila, the tenth tergite with the dorsal

portion larger, fig. 704.

We have only one record of this species

for Illinois, a male collected along the Kan-
kakee River at Wilmington, August 20,

1934, DeLong and Ross. This species appar-

ently has a scattered range through the

Northeast with a southwestward extension

through the Ozarks into Oklahoma. We
have records from Illinois, New York,

Oklahoma and Ontario.

Molanna tryphena Betten

Molanna tryphena Betten (1934, p. 248);

Not yet taken in Illinois. This species

occurs in Michigan, New York and Wis-

consin. Dr. Betten (1902) has reared it

in New York, recording it as cinerea.



208 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Molanna blenda Sibley

Molanna blenda Sibley (1926^, p. 105);

larva.

Molanna blenda Betten (1934, p. 245); cT,

9.

Larva.—Very similar to that of uniophila.

Sibley's illustrations indicate that the pro-

notum is darker, but since there is some

variation of this character in uniophila, it

is doubtful whether this is a safe criterion

for identification.

Adults.—Length 10-11 mm. Similar in

general appearance to those of uniophila.

Front wings of male with a wide furrow

running through the length of the wing, the

furrow filled with scales. Male genitalia,

fig. 707, similar in general structure to

those of uniophila but with the tenth ter-

gite shaped more like a duck's head and

bill, the apico-ventral projection long and

almost truncate.

We have only one Illinois record for this

species, a male collected along one of the

spring-fed brooks in the Botanical Gardens

at Elgin, June 13, 1939, Frison & Ross.

Aside from Illinois, records are available

only for New York and Wisconsin.

Molanna flavicornis Banks

Molanna flavicornis Banks (1914, p. 261);

cf, 9.

This species has not yet been taken in

Illinois but has been recorded only a few
miles away at Madison, Wisconsin. This
species is common through the northern

part of the continent with a distinct prefer-

ence for lakes. Records are available for

Colorado, Manitoba, Michigan, Minnesota,

New York, Quebec, Saskatchewan, South

Dakota and Wisconsin.

BERAEIDAE

Contains only the genus Beraea. No lar-

vae of this family have been recognized

from North America, the key characters

used here being taken from Ulmer (1909).

Beraea Stephens

Thya Curtis (1834, p. 216); preoccupied.
Beraea Stephens (1836, p. 158). Genotype,

by present designation: Beraea marshamella
Stephens = pullata (Curtis).

Only two species of the genus have been

found in North America, and neither of

these in Illinois. Banks described the first,

tiigritta, from Long Island, New York.

T-
V-w.

pf



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 209

2-2-4, leg spines as in fig. 69 ; wing vena-

tion reduced, front wing, fig. 712, with

radial sector only two branched, hind wing

narrow with a wide, curved band of black

scales extending above cubitus along the

basal two-thirds of the wing; seventh ster-

nite of abdomen with a mesal, sclerotized

process, eighth sternite with a band of hair

along apex.

Male genitalia, fig. 713: tenth tergite

divided down meson to form a pair of long,

Fig. 713.

—

Beraea gorteba, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; fi, ventral aspect; C, dorsal

aspect.

pointed, semimembranous lobes; arising near

its base are a pair of long, sclerotized, sin-

uate rods and a pair of short, ovate cerci;

claspers complex, their base fused on meson,

apex comprised of ( 1 ) a quadrate ventral

plate which is produced into a long, curved

basal filament, (2) a stout hook which
bears a small cushion of setae on the mesal

margin near base and (3) a curved, mem-
branous dorsal lobe which bears long setae

;

aedeagus short, its extreme base vasiform,

the apical portion forming a wide, convolut-

ed ventral area with a pair of slender scle-

rotized styles, a pair of short membranous
lobes and a pair of sclerotized dorsal lobes.

Holotype, male.—Five miles southeast

of Roberta, Georgia: May 8, 1939, P. W.
Fattig.

This species is similar in general structure

to nigritta, differing in having smaller an-

terior warts on the head, only a very short

epicranial stem on the head, and the antero-

dorsal angle of the head much less produced
than in nigritta. Additional material may
show these characters to be only antigenetic.

ODONTOGERIDAE

The genus Psilotreta is the only repre-

sentative of this family in the eastern states.

It contains a number of species which are

treated on page 285 and following.

GALAMOGERATIDAE

The family is represented in the eastern

states by two species: Ganonema arneri-

canum, a brown to black species with five-

segmented maxillary palpi, known from the

eastern and northeastern states; and Aniso-

centropus pyraloides, an orange-brown spe-

cies with six-segmented maxillary palpi,

known only from Georgia. The larvae of

Ganonema make a case by hollowing out a

solid piece of twig (Lloyd \9\5b).

LEPTOCERIDAE

All the larvae in this family make cases,

using a variety of materials and constructing

cases of various shapes. The adults are

slender, frequently exceedingly so, and have

long, slender antennae. The maxillary palpi

are similar and five segmented in both sexes.

This family is well represented in Illi-

nois, and various genera and species occur

in a wide variety of streams, ponds and

lakes. At times large swarms of Oecetis

and Athripsodes occur along large rivers,

such as the Ohio and Illinois. Their most

conspicuous numbers, however, occur in the

glacial lakes of the northeastern part of

the state (see p. 10). Here they form the

dominant part of the caddis fly fauna.

Representatives of all seven Nearctic gen-



210 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

era occur in Illinois. A large number of the

species are widespread, some of them Hol-

arctic. It is certain that a study of the

Holarctic fauna of this family will show a

good many more of the names based on

North American material to be synonyms

of European or Asiatic names.

In the entire family the pupal chamber

has a slit and not a mesh in the closing cap

at both ends. Through these slits the pupa

pushes out all the larval sclerites, so that

it is impossible to get associations of adult

structures and larval sclerites in the same

case. For this reason it is necessary to

rear larvae in cages in order to associate

immature and adult stages.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Middle legs with claw stout and hook

shaped, tarsus bent, fig. 714; case

transparent Leptocerus, p. 212

Middle legs with claw slender, slightly

curved, tarsus straight, fig. 715;

case seldom transparent 2

2. Maxillary palpi nearly as long as stipes,

fig. 717; mandibles long, sharp at

apex, the teeth considerably below

apex Oecetis, p. 236

Maxillary palpi short, about half

length of stipes, fig. 718; mandibles

shorter, blunt at apex, the teeth

near or at apex 3

3. Head with a suture-like line parallel-

ing the epicranial arms, fig. 764. . . .

Athripsodes, p. 221

Head without a suture-like line in ad-

dition to the epicranial arms, fig. 811 4

4. Mesonotum membranous with a pair

of sclerotized, narrow, curved or

angled bars, figs. 764, 769

Athripsodes, p. 221

Mesonotum without such a pair of

sclerotized bars, fig. 836 5

5. .Anal segment developed into a pair of

sclerotized, concave plates, with
spinose dorso-lateral and mesal
carinae, and an overhanging ventral

flap, fig. 719 PSetodes, p. 256
Anal segment convex and without car-

inae between anal hooks, fig. 720. . 6

6. Hind tibiae entirely sclerotized, with-
out a fracture in middle, fig. 716;
abdomen without gills

Leptocella, p. 213
Hind tibiae with a fracture near mid-

dle which appears to divide tibiae

into two segments, fig. 715; abdomen
with at least a few gills 7

Fig. 714.—Leptocerus americanus larva,

middle leg.

Fig. 715.—Mystacides sepulchralis larva,

hind leg.

Fig. 716.— Leptocella Candida larva, hind

leg.

Fig. 717.— Oecetis cinerascens larva, head;

St, stipes.

Fig. 718.—Leptocella Candida larva, head;

St, stipes.

Fig. 719.—Setodes sp. larva, anal segment.

Fig. 720.— Mystacides sepulchralis larva,

anal segment.

7. Hind tibiae with a regular fringe of

long hair, as in fig. 716

Triaenodes, p. 244

Hind tibiae with only irregularly

placed hairs, fig. 715

Mystacides, p. 253

Pupae

1. Anal appendages wide at base with a

sharp mesal corner, the apex taper-

ing gradually to a sharp point, fig.

721 Leptocerus, p. 212



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 211

1723/]

724 725 726

Anal Appendages of Pupae

Fig. 721.

—

Leptocerus americamis.

Fig. 722.

—

Athripsodes tarsi-punctatus.

Fig. 723.

—

Oecetis inconspicna.

Fig. 724.— Triaenodes tarda.

Fig. 725.

—

Mystacides sepulchralis.

Fig. 726.—Leptocella sp.

Mandibles of Pupae

Fig. 727.

—

Leptocerus americanus.

Fig. 728.— Triaenodes tarda.

Fig. 729.

—

Oecetis inconspicua.

Fig. 730.

—

Athripsodes tarsi-punctatus.

Fig. 731.

—

Mystacides sepulchralis.

Fig. 732.

—

Leptocella sp.

Anal appendages with the base nar-
row; shoulder, if present, situated
at the middle, fig. 722 2

2. Mandibles with a definite area of teeth

below the apical point, fig. 730; fre-

quently stocky and triangular 3

Mandibles without teeth, sometimes
with the apex minutely serrate, fig.

731; always with blade very narrow 5

3. Anal appendages slender, straight and
of uniform thickness throughout,
fig. 723 Oecetis, p. 236

Anal appendages with a distinct

shoulder at or near middle, beyond
which the apex tapers evenly to a

sharp point, fig. 722 4

4. Mandibles with apex long and slightly

twisted, teeth small and situated on
a slight convex bulge, fig. 728

Triaenodes, p. 244
Mandibles with apex shorter and

straight, either the teeth situated

within an angulation or curve, fig.

730, or mandible short and triangu-

lar Athripsodes, p. 221

5. Mandibles with a large, bulbous base,

the apical blade minutely serrate and
little longer than base, fig. 731. . . .

Mystacides, p. 253

Mandibles with base small, blade long

and slender, not serrate, fig. 732. . .

Leptocella, p. 213

Adults

1. Front wings with stem of M atrophied,

leaving only two main veins between
convex Ri and convex Cui, fig. 733

Triaenodes, p. 244

Front wings with stem of M present,

so that three main veins are present

Fig. 733.— Triaenodes injusta, front wing.

Fig. 734.—Oecetis inconspicua, front wing.

Fig. 735.

—

Mystacides sepulchralis, front

wing.



212 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23. Art. 1

between convex Ri and convex Cui,

fig. 734 2

2. M apparently not branched, fig. 734

Oecetis, p. 236

M obviously branched, fig. 735 3

3. Epicranial stem distinct, lateral su-

tures absent or indistinct, fig. 736;

katepisternum constricted at apex,

fig. 739 4

Epicranial stem absent or indistinct,

lateral sutures well marked, fig. 738;

Fig. 736.

—

Mystacides sepulchralis, head.
Fig. 737.

—

Selodes vernalis, head.
Fig. 738.

—

Athripsodes tarsi-punctatus, head.
Fig. 739.

—

Mystacides sepulchralis, meso-
pleuron.

Fig. 740.

—

Leptocella albida.

Fig. 741.

—

Athripsodes transversus.

em, mesoepimeron; ep, epicranial stem; k,

katepisternum; Is, lateral suture.

katepisternum truncate at apex, fig.

740 5

4. Dorsal triangle of head small, epicra-

nial stem long, fig. 737; color whitish,

straw yellow or light brown
Setodes, p. 256

Dorsal triangle of head large, epicra-

nial stem short, fig. 736; color very

dark brown or bluish black, includ-

ing wings Mystacides, p. 253

5. Meso-epimeron membranous nearly to

ventral margin, fig. 740; hind wings

with most of Rs and its branches

atrophied; ground color white

Leptocella, p. 213

Meso-epimeron with a wide sclero-

tized bridge between membranous
area and ventral margin, fig. 741;

• hind wings with Rs and its branches

present; ground color not white. . . 6

6. Front tibiae with 2 apical spurs

Athripsodes, p. 221

Front tibiae without apical spurs. . . .

Leptocerus, p. 212

Leptocerus Leach

Leptocerus Leach (1815, p. 136). Genotype,
monobasic: Phryganea interrupta Fabricius.

Ymymia Milne (1934, p. 16). Genotype,
monobasic: Setodes americana Banks.

The curious translucent case, the hooked

middle leg and anal tufts of the larv,ae, and

the genitalia of the adults readily distinguish

the only North American species of this

genus.

The type of case, structure of larva and

adult venation leave no doubt but that

americanus is congeneric with the genotype,

which is European. This necessitates re-

ducing Ymy?nia to synonymy and resurrect-

ing Setodes for the group of species for

which Milne used the name Leptocerus. It

is interesting to note that within both these

groups the male genitalia vary greatly in

shape.

Leptocerus americanus (Banks)

9.

Setodes americana Banks (1899, p. 215); d^,

Setodes grandis Banks (1907^, p. 128); c?.

Larva.—Fig. 742. Length 6-7 mm. Head,
pronotum and legs straw color, the head

and pronotum with many black spots. Gula
somewhat heart shaped. Mandibles short,

truncate at end. Middle leg with claw

hooked, tibiae with rounded mesal teeth.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 213

Abdominal gills absent. Anal segment in-

cised on meson, with brushes of black setae

along the sides of the incision.

Case.—Length 7-8 mm. ; slender, slightly

curved and made entirely of secretion; pale

green to straw color.

'*li.: -..:;......: 1 lllln. ,
;,||||f

Fig. 742.—Leptocerus americanus larva.

Adults.—Length 8 mm. Body very slen-

der, dark brown in color. Both wings nar-

row and pointed. Male genitalia, fig. 743,

with tenth tergite long and bladelike, aedea-

gus irregular; claspers short, narrow at

base and expanding rapidly into a large,

spatulate structure. Female genitalia, fig.

743, with tenth tergite large and semimem-
branous, lobes of the ninth tergite large and
clasper-like, and bursa copulatrix small and
somewhat circular.

This species is distributed over all parts

of Illinois but has been taken in large num-
bers around only the glacial lakes and in

the slow streams connecting them. In these

places the larvae are almost invariably found
in water horsetail.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken May 6 to August 2, and
many larvae, taken May 15 to June 12,

are from Antioch, Carbondale, Channel
Lake, Eflfingham, Eichorn (Hicks Branch),

Fox Lake (Pistakee Bay), Fulton, Grand
Tower, Grass Lake, Havana (Devil's

Hole), Herod, McHenry, Momence, Olive

Branch (Horse Shoe Lake), Ottawa, Pista-

kee Lake, Putnam (Lake Senachwine),

Richmond, Savanna, Springfield, Wads-
worth (Des Plaines River), West Havana,
Zion (Dead River).

Fig. 743.

—

Leptocerus americanus^ genitalia.

Ay male; 5, female.

Leptocella Banks

Leptocella Banks (1899, p. 214). Genotype,
by original designation: Mystacides iiwarowii

Kolenati.

In this genus the case and larva are

always very long and narrow. The larva

has a long, triangular gula, short mandibles

with a broad apex divided into three or

four teeth, and undivided tibiae. Hind legs

with or without swimming brush.

The adults are very long and slender,

chiefly white or gray, frequently with con-

spicuous patterns. They include some of our

most beautiful caddis flies. This is the only

genus in which it is essential to have mate-

rial pinned instead of preserved in liquid.

For satisfactory results the specimens must
be handled extremely carefully. To obtain

good study material, it is necessary to kill

them a few at a time in a strong cyanide

bottle, remove them to a temporary con-

tainer where they will not rub, and then pin

them up very carefully at the first oppor-

tunity, taking pains at all times to avoid

rubbing off the hairs on the wings. These



214 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

hairs form the color pattern, which is fre-

quently essential for adult diagnosis.

No caddis fly genus has been subject to

more conjecture regarding the differentia-

tion and limits of its species than has Lep-

iocella. In the past, some 14 species have

been described from America north of Mex-
ico. Most of these have been synonymized

by Milne (1934, p. 13), who reduced the

genus to two species with one species sub-

divided into 10 forms.

Early in our work on the Illinois caddis

flies, we discovered that several species be-

longing to Leptocella occurred in Illinois

with conspicuous and constant differences

in the larval forms. We have not as yet

succeeded in rearing all of them but have

reared three in controversial groups. This

rearing led to a more detailed study of

the adults in our search for specific char-

acters and resulted in the discovery that size

of eyes and certain differences in male geni-

talia could be used to supplement color

pattern in the definite diagnosis of at least

some species. Most of these adult characters

are presented in the descriptions which fol-

low.

I wish to emphasize that there are many

Fig. 744.—L. albida.

Fig. 746.—L. exquisita.

747

Larvae of Leptocella

Fig. 745.—L. diarina.

Fig. 747.—Z. pavida. Fig. 748.—Z. Candida.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 215

CANDIDA

75IC DIARINA SPILOMA

Figs. 749-753.—Leptocella, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, claspers; C, styles at

base of claspers.

species which have not yet been investigated

sufficiently to determine their status. Such

forms as coloradensis, iii/ervena and minuta

have not been satisfactorily diagnosed. I

have been unable to find any appreciable

difference in the male genitalia of these.

Experience with the Illinois fauna leads me
to believe that until cultures of these other

species are reared, or until additional adult

characters are found, it will be unwise to

attempt definite placement of these names.

There is a very good possibility that many
of them represent distinct species. Not until

we know how many species exist and what
are their limits can we satisfactorily diag-

nose them.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Hind legs with only scattered hair.

Head yellow with a definite V mark,

as in fig. 744 albida, p. 220

Hind legs with a definite swimming
brush of long hair, fig. 716. Head
with either large, irregular brown

areas or with parallel dark lines, figs.

745-748 2

2. Head with parallel dark lines which

are carried back on the pronotum,

fig. 745 diarina, p. 218

Head with irregular dark areas or a

dark network, fig. 746 3

3. Middle and hind legs almost entirely

black beyond coxae; dorsum of head

with fine reticulations, fig. 746. . . .

Pexquisita, p. 217

Middle and hind legs mostly yellow,

at most with small dark areas; dor-

sum of head with solid lines or areas

of brown or black, figs. 747, 748. . . 4

4. Legs pale, banded with dark brown or

black sp. a, p. 221

Legs almost uniformly light colored. . 5

5. Head with an open network of dark

brown or black lines, fig. 747

pavida, p. 218

Head with more extensive dark areas

as in fig. 748 Candida, p. 217

Adults

1. Genitalia with claspers and aedeagus,

fig. 749 (males) 2



216 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Genitalia without such structures (fe-

males)

Apex ot ninth sternite produced into a

spoon-shaped lobe situated beneath

aedeagus, fig. 749 pavida, p. 21

Apex of ninth sternite with a pair of

long, or short, narrow processes. . .

Claspers with basal portion not pro-

duced into a wide flap, figs. 750, 751

7

No dorsal pattern formed by marks on
wings, which have either indistinct

apical rows of spots or the spots

absent and the veins quite promi-

nent, fig. 758 albida, p. 220

7. Wings with transverse yellowish bars

in the membrane, and with four

black areas in membrane near apex

of posterior margin, fig. 755

exquisita, p. 21

7

Wings without transverse yellowish

bars, sometimes with four black

areas of hairs but never black areas

in the membrane 8

8. Wings with four patches of black hair

near apex of posterior margin, fig.

757 Candida, p. 217

Fig. 754.—Leptocella spiloma, wing pattern. Fig. 757.—Leptocella Candida, wing pattern.

Fig. 1^^.—Leptocella exquisita, wing pattern. pig. 75%.—Leptocella albida, wing pattern.

Wings without patches of black hair

in this region 9

9. Wings yellowish with small, well de-

lineated, scattered black spots, fig.

756 pavida, p. 218

Fig. 756.—Leptocella pavida, wing pattern.

Claspers with basal portion produced
into a wide flap, fig. 752 5

4. Wings with transverse yellowish bars

in the membrane, fig. 755

exquisita, p. 217
Wings without transverse yellowish

bars in the membrane, fig. 757. . . .

Candida, p. 217

5. Ventral aspect of head with eye width
equal to distance between eyes,

fig. 761 spiloma, p. 219
Ventral aspect of head with eye width
less than distance between eyes, figs.

759,760 6

6. Wings in repose forming a distinct

dorsal pattern of V-marks, as in

fig. 754 diarina, p. 218

761

Heads, Ventral Aspect

Fig. 759.—Leptocella albida.

Fig. 760.—Leptocella diarina.

Fig. 761.—Leptocella spiloma.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 217

Wings either with spots larger or less

contrasting, figs. 754, 758 10

10. Wings with a dorsal pattern of V-
marks, fig. 754, formed by dark areas

along the posterior margin of the

wings 11

Wings without conspicuous dark marks
on posterior margin, therefore with-

out dorsal V-marks when the wings

are folded in repose, fig. 758

r. .albida, p. 220

11. Wings chalky white, with conspicuous

shoulder marks, spots contrasting

and eyes occupying most of lateral

aspect of head spiloma, p. 219

Ground color of wings slightly tawny,

shoulder mark usually absent and
spots not as dark; eyes smaller, not

occupying most of lateral aspect of

head diarina, p. 218

Leptocella Candida (Hagen)

Setodes Candida Hagen (1861, p. 280); cf.

L.ARVA.—Length 12 mm. Head and tho-

racic sclerites mottled with yellow and

brown, as in fig. 748, the frons always with

the upper portion almost entirely brown;
legs entirely yellow, sometimes with very

narrow dark lines at the joints. Hind legs

with a long swimming brush of fine hair.

Case.—About 20 mm. long, constructed

of wood and leaf fragments molded into a

fairly smooth exterior, frequently with one

to several long twigs cemented to side; be-

fore pupation the case is reduced in length.

Adults.—Length 15 mm. Head and scle-

rites tawny, covered with white hair. Wing
membrane transparent, with a definite pat-

tern from a covering of hair; front wings

white with rows of gray and black marks,

and having four conspicuous tufts of black

hair along the hind margin at apex, as in

fig. 757. Male genitalia, fig. 751: ninth

segment more or less cylindrical, produced

into a meso-dorsal hood, below which arise

a pair of long fingers; tenth tergite almost

ventral in position, broad at base and taper-

ing to a slightly upturned and narrow apex;

at the base of the tenth tergite arise a pair

of filaments curved like a swan's neck and

expanded at apex into a reticulate plate

;

claspers narrow at base, with a slight pro-

jection of the ventral margin, this entire

margin bearing rows of long setae; at apex

the clasper is divided into a subapical, spoon-

like, sclerotized mesal lobe and a lateral

apical lobe with a very oblique margin

clothed with very long setae; between the

bases of the claspers arise a pair of very

short lobes bearing two or three setae at

apex ; aedeagus membranous with a spoon-

shaped ventral sclerite. Female genitalia

very simple, consisting of one or two incon-

spicuous pairs of lobes.

Allotype, female.—Momence, Illinois:

Aug. 16, 1938, Ross & Burks.

This species is widely distributed over the

state. It frequents a wide variety of streams

and rivers, ranging from Quiver Creek to

the Mississippi River and has been found

also in marshes adjoining these streams.

Adult emergence continues from early June
to late August, indicating more than one

generation per year. Both adults and larvae

are frequently taken in large numbers.

Reared collections of larvae from Quiver

Creek have established the association of

larval and adult forms.

This species ranges through the central

and southern states, with records from

Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky

and Ohio.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and three pupae, taken May 28 to

September 20, and many larvae and four

cases, taken May 14 to August 21, are from

Council Hill (Galena River), Deer Grove

(Green River), Dixon, East Dubuque, Eliz-

abethtown, Erie (Rock Creek), Freeport,

Hamilton, Havana (Quiver Creek), Henry,

Hillsdale, Homer, Jackson Island (in Mis-

sissippi River opposite Hannibal, Missouri),

Kampsville, Kankakee, Keithsburg, Milan,

Momence (Kankakee River), Mount Car-

mel, Oakwood, Pontiac, Quincy, Rockford,

Rock Island, Rosiclare, St. Joseph, Savanna,

Shawneetown, Shelbyville, Vandalia, and

Wilmington.

Leptocella exquisita (Walker)

Leptocerus exquisita Walker (1852, p. 72);

9.

Larva (not reared, see below).—Length

12 mm. Head and thoracic sclerites mottled

with yellow and light brown to form pat-

tern as in fig. 746; front legs and all coxae

yellow, middle and hind legs mostly black

beyond coxae.

Case.—Length 20 mm., made of wood

fragments and similar in general to that of

Candida.

Adults.—Length 17 mm., the female usu-

ally not over 11 mm. Head and thorax



218 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

tawny, covered with white hair. Front wings

with a very conspicuous pattern, composed

of cross bands of brownish yellow and a

series of four quadrate black spots on pos-

terior margin near apex, as in fig. 755 ;
the

bands are actually pigmented areas in the

wing membrane with hair which follows

this pattern closely. Male genitalia, fig. 750,

with structures typical for genus, the clasp-

ers with only a small basal projection and

with a pair of long styles tipped with long

setae arising between bases of claspers.

Our Illinois records are confined to the

eastern and northern portions of the state,

and the species has been taken in large num-

bers only around the glacial lakes in the

northeast corner. The larva which is de-

scribed above as belonging to this species

was found abundantly in Channel Lake,

from which our largest collections of adults

were taken; it is the only Leptocella larva

in this entire lake region which was not

reared ; so we feel fairly confident in identi-

fying it as exquisita. Collection data indi-

cate a single generation per year, the Illi-

nois emergence ranging from late June to

mid July.

This species is widely distributed through

the East, with an extension westward

through the Ozarks to Oklahoma. We have

records from Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,

Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Michi-

gan, Minnesota, Missouri, New York,

North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario,

Pennsylvania, Quebec, South Carolina, Ten-
nessee, Vermont and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Algonquin: July 16,

1910, Nason, 1 <? . Antioch : July 7, 1932,

Frison & Metcalf, $ $. Richmond: June

28, 1938, Ross & Burks, 3 $ ; June 29, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 4^. Wilmington: July 1,

1935, DeLong & Ross, 1^, 4$. York-
viLLE, Fox River: June 25, 1936, at light,

Frison & DeLong, S $ , 8 9.

Leptocella pavida (Hagen)

Setodes pavida Hagen (1861, p. 282); 9.

Larva.—Length 7 mm. Head with a defi-

nite pattern of brownish yellow and dark
brown, pronotum mostly brown with yel-

lowish marks, as in fig. 747 ; legs yellowish

with a few dark marks near the joints.

Case.—Length 9 mm. Constructed of

leaf fragments and forming a slightly flat-

tened capsule.

Adults.—Length 10 mm. Color very

pale yellow, including both the front wing
membrane and the hairs on the wing; front

wing, in addition, with a scattering of small

and very black dots over most of the sur-

face, many of the dots arranged in rows but

all of them well separated, fig. 756. Male
genitalia, fig. 749 : general structure typical

for genus as regards most of the structures;

diagnostic are the claspers, which have a

basal flap, and the large scoop-shaped scle-

rite beneath the base of the claspers and

extending to the end of the basal lobe of

the claspers.

In Illinois this species is a rarity. We
have taken only four specimens, three of

them in the center of the state, and one

in the southern tip. We have not found

any larvae. A collection of larvae and pupae

made at Poe Springs, Alachua County,

Florida, April 15, 1935, J. S. Rogers, has

given us the association of larvae and adults.

The range of the species includes the

eastern states with extensions westward

through the Ozarks into Oklahoma. Rec-

ords are available from Arkansas, District

of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Ken-

tucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,

Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Tennessee

and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Herod: Aug. 16,

1937, at light, Ross & Ritcher, 1 $ . Ma-
homet: Aug. 3, 1937, Ross & Burks, 2$.
MoNTiCELLO: June, 1932, T. H. Frison,

\$.

Leptocella diarina new species

Larva.—Length 11 mm. Head and tho-

racic sclerites yellow with a pair of black

lines running the full length of head and

pronotum and frequently indicated on the

mesonotum, fig. 745. Legs various shades

of brown, hind legs ^vith a swimming brush

of long hair.

Case.—Length 20 mm. Made from wood
fragments or sand grains, usually with a

long stick attached to the side and with

wood fragments predominating in the con-

struction.

Male.—Length 14 mm. Head and body

straw colored, the legs whitish, all covered

with white hair. Antennae banded with

black and white hair. Wings with mem-
brane transparent, color pattern formed en-

tirely of hair; color nearly white with light

brown spots arranged in rows across the



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 219

apical third of the wing and scattered in-

definitely over the anterior two-thirds; along

the dorsum the wings usually form three

large V-marks with small ones between.

Sometimes these V-marks are reduced in

size, in which case the intermediate small

ones disappear, leaving only widely spaced

dots. The general appearance is much as in

fig. 754; the chief difference is that the cen-

tral part of the wing has a few more spots,

and the apical portion does not have such

black bars; frequently, also, the shoulder

spot is present near the base of the wing
(well shown in fig. 754), but usually it is

absent. General structure typical for genus.

Eyes moderately large, separated on venter

by twice their width as seen from this view,

fig. 760. Genitalia typical for the albida

group; ninth segment with dorsal process

finger-like, the tenth tergite in the "swan's

neck" processes typical for the genus; clasp-

ers, fig. 752, with a large basal flap, short

narrow neck, the apex divided into a mesal

spoon-shaped mesal lobe and a lateral, trun-

cate, apical lobe bearing long setae; on the

mesal face of the clasper there is a seta-

bearing ridge which runs from the base of

the mesal, subapical lobe to the anterior

corner of the apex, with considerable varia-

tion as to the exact detail of this region.

Female.—Slightly shorter and a little

stouter than the male but similar to it in

color and general structure; the color pat-

tern is almost always reduced in contrast

as compared to that of males. Abdomen
bright green.

Holotype, male.—Havana, Illinois: June
29, 1936, Mohr & Burks.

Allotype, female.— Havana, Illinois:

June 27, 1936, Mohr & Burks (reared from
same lot as holotype).

Paratypes.

—

Illinois.—Same data as for

holotype, including June 24 to June 29,

3<5, 9 9. Algonquin: Sept. 16, 1904,

W. A. Nason, 1 $ ; July 2, 1905, W. A.

Nason, 1 ; same but June 28, 1 $ ; same
but July 26, 1 (? ; same but Aug. 14, 1 9 .

Aurora: July 17, 1927, at light, Frison &
Glasgow, 19. Richmond: June 24, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 1 (? , 6 9 ; same but June 28,

1 9 ; same but June 29, 2 ,3 , 19.
Indiana.—Crawfordsville, Honey

Creek: Aug. 10, 1938, Ross & Burks, 19.
Noblesville: Aug. 10, 1938, Ross & Burks,

2$.
Michigan.—Niles: July 13, 1914, at

light, 1 $ .

South Dakota.—Brookings: July 11,

1919, H. C. Severin, U, 19.
In characters of the genitalia this species

belongs to the albida group and is most
closely related to the intervena-texana com-
plex. It differs from this latter, however,
in lacking close, definite rows of brown
marks near the base of the wings, and in

having the V-marks on the dorsum (when
the wings are folded) or in having three

large V-marks separated by small dots.

Subsequent rearing of Texas material may
show that this species is just a variant of

texana, but in the material at hand there

seems to be a clear-cut line between the two.
In Illinois we have taken this species at

only scattered places. The larvae have al-

ways been found in fairly swift, cool streams
such as Quiver Creek and Nippersink
Creek. Larvae from both of these localities

were reared. Little data are available on
adult emergence, but the few records are

sufficiently scattered from June to Septem-
ber to indicate the possibility of two gen-

erations per year.

The larvae of this species have been taken

in company with Candida but quite evidently

are much rarer than Candida.

Available records are from Illinois, Indi-

ana, Michigan and South Dakota. So little

material has been seen, however, that these

records may give little indication of the true

range of diarina.

Illinois Larval Records.—East Peoria,

Farm Creek: Aug. 29, 1940, 5 larvae.

Havana, Quiver Creek: Aug. 7, 1895,

C. A. Hart, many larvae; June 11, 1896,

E. B. Forbes, 1 larva; May 28, 1936, Mohr
& Burks, many larvae; May 29, 1936,

Mohr & Burks, 6 larvae; June 5, 1936,

Mohr & Burks, many larvae; June 20,

1936, Mohr & Burks, 2 larvae, 1 <? , 29.
Spring Grove, Nippersink Creek: June 12,

1936, Ross & Burks, 1 larva; June 8, 1938,

Mohr & Burks, 5 larvae (reared); June

20, 1938, B. D. Burks, 2 larvae, 5 cases,

1 pupa (reared).

Leptocella spiloma new species

Larvae.—Unknown.
Male.—Length 12 mm. Head and body

straw colored, the legs whitish, all covered

with white hair; antennae banded white

and black; wings transparent, covered with

hair to form a white and brown pattern,

fig. 754. In this species the black shoulder



22C Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

mark is always present, and the spotting on

the anterior three-fourths of the wing is

aLways sparse, with heavy dorsal V-marks.

General structure typical for genus. Eyes

very large, occupying most of the lateral

aspect of the head and, as seen from ventral

view, as wide as the distance between them.

Male genitalia almost identical with the pre-

ceding species; claspers, fig. 753, wnth a very

wide basal flap and with the mesal ridge,

which continues from the base of the short

apical lobe, extending above the dorsal mar-

gin of the lateral lobe. There is consider-

able variation in the details of these parts.

Female.—Length 11 mm. Slightly more

robust than male and with the spots usually

a little smaller but just as contrasting as in

the male; abdomen bright green. The eyes

are much smaller than in the male but con-

siderably larger than the eyes of females

of diarina. Genitalia typical for genus.

Holotype, male.—Junction City, Kansas:

July 29, 1938, J. A. & H. H. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Douglas County,

Kansas: July, at light.

Paratypes.—Kansas.—Same data as for

allotype, 10 5, 22$.
Texas.—Brownsville: Feb. 3, George

Dorner, 2 $ ; Feb. 4, George Dorner, 1 5 .

This species is most closely related to

the preceding, differing from it slightly in

the pattern but chiefly in the large eyes

which, as seen from ventral view, are as

wide as the distance between them, fig. 761.

The only other described species with large

eyes is stigmatica, which is much darker

than this species.

In all the specimens we have seen, the

females of this species appear to have a

ground color of almost snowy white, with

the green of the abdomen showing through,

whereas the females of diarina have a

ground color which is closer to a straw

color or a very pale tawny shade, with the

green of the abdomen showing through.

' We have taken only one specimen of this

species in Illinois, a female collected at

Quincy, July 6, 1937, Mohr & Riegel.

Little is known regarding the habits of the

species, but it appears to have a range

centering around Texas and Kansas, ex-

tending northeastward with records in Mis-

souri and Illinois. As with the preceding

species, records are too few to give an ade-

quate picture of the range.

Leptocella albida (Walker)

Leptocerus albidus Walker (1852, p. 71); cf.

Setodes nivea Hagen (1861, p. 281); cf

^Mystacides uwarowii Kolenati (1859;^, p.

249).

Larva.—Fig. 744. Length 11 mm. Head,

thoracic sclerites and front legs brownish

yellow; the head with a V-shaped dark

brown mark along frons, and with ventral

portion dark brown; middle and hind legs

dark brown to black with lighter areas at

the joints, legs without swimming brushes.

Case.—Length 20 mm., slender and taper-

ing, constructed of sand grains and minute

fragments of clam shells, smooth in outline

and sometimes with a slender twig fastened

to one side. Before pupation the lower por-

tion is cut off, leaving a case about 15 mm.
long which is cylindrical and truncate at

both ends. The case for this species is illus-

trated in fig. 762.

Adults.—Length 16 mm. Head and tho-

rax almost black, covered with white hair.

Front wings nearly white with rows of

small gray marks beyond the cord; after

the adult has been flying for some time some

of the wing hairs come off, after which the

veins stand out fairly boldly as in fig. 758.

Male genitalia similar to those of diarina,

having the same type of clasper with a wide

basal flap.

Until the fauna of Alaska is better known,

it is impossible to place Kolenati's uwarowii

with certainty, but his illustration of the

insect seems to fit this species fairly well.

Fig. 762.—Leptocella albida, case.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 221

Vorhies (1909) described all stages of this

insect under the name uwarowii.

In Illinois the species centers around the

glacial lakes in the northeastern part of

the state. In these it is very abundant, being

found under stones and among weeds near

the shore. Our adult emergence records,

including those from other states, extend

from June to September, indicating more
than one generation per year.

The species ranges widely through the

North and Northeast; records are avail-

able from Illinois, Michigan, New Bruns-

wick, New York, Ontario, Pennsylvania,

Saskatchewan and Wisconsin. The range

may be more extensive southward, but I

have restricted identifications of this species

to specimens about which there seems no

doubt.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken May 18 to August 14,

and many larvae and cases, taken May 15

to June 11, are from Algonquin, Antioch,

Aurora, Channel Lake, Chicago, Fox Lake,

Grass Lake, Havana, Ottawa, Pistakee

Lake, Richmond, Round Lake, Sand Lake,

Spring Grove (Nippersink Creek), Volo,

Zion (Dead River).

Leptocella species a

Larva.—Length 12 mm. Head and pro-

notum with a mottling of brown and yellow

very similar to that in diarina. Mesonotum
yellow with brownish marks as in the same
species. Legs yellow, the middle and hind

pair with narrow black bands at apex. Hind
legs with swimming brush of long hairs.

This larva has not been reared, nor have

we any evidence which would link it with

species known only from the adults. We
have one larva from Illinois, from the Spoon

River near Havana, October 2, 1938, B. D.

Burks; in addition, material has been taken

in Wisconsin and Michigan.

Athripsodes Billberg

Athripsodes Billberg (1820, p. 94). Geno-
type, by subsequent designation ot Milne

(1934, p. 18): Phryganea albifrons Linnaeus.

The larva is short and builds either a

tapering, horn-shaped case, fig. 810, or one

with lateral flanges, figs. 808, 809; gills are

usually abundant and tufted, although diffi-

cult to distinguish and reduced in number in

some forms; the mouthparts are short, the

mandibles with a blunt, toothed apex. The
adults are brown or black, with wide hind

wings.

A large number of species have been de-

scribed from North America, of which 14

have been collected in Illinois. Eight species

are known from the larval stage, and three

additional unassociated forms have been rec-

ognized; characters have been found for

separating these to species and also for sep-

arating the females for all the Illinois spe-

cies in which this sex is known.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Mesonotum with man)- hairs, fig. 763;

paratrontal areas originating at apex
of frons mentieus, p. 232

Mesonotum with only two or three

pairs of scattered hairs, fig. 765;

parafrontal areas, if present, origi-

nating below apex of frons, fig. 764 2

2. Parafrontal areas absent, head pale

without distinct markings

sp. a, p. 235

Parafrontal areas outlined distinctly

at least somewhere along their

boundary, fig. 764 3

3. Head dark brown except tor distinct

pale lines on "false frons" and side,

fig. 766; case with extended lateral

margin, fig. 808 4

Head either yellowish, or brown with

many pale spots, fig. 764; case usu-

ally without extended lateral mar-

gin, fig. 810 5

4. Case twice as long as wide, fig. 808;

frons nearly black ancylus, p. 227

Case broader, only one and one-half

times as long as wide, fig. 809; frons

reddish brown Pfiavus, p. 228

5. Sclerotized bars of mesonotum wide,

with a mesal spur and a thickened

area down the center, fig. 769; pro-

notum chocolate brown
sp. c, p. 236

Sclerotized bars of mesonotum linear,

without a mesal spur or thickened

central area, fig. 764; pronotum
yellowish brown to colorless 6

6. Ninth segment with only weak, short

setae, variable in number, fig. 771. . 7

Ninth segment with two dorsal pairs

of long, black setae, fig. 770 8

7. Head with parafrontal areas nearly as

wide as frons, fig. 772 sp. b, p. 235

Head with parafrontal areas much nar-

rower than frons, fig. 773
dilutus, p. 231



222 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol 23, Art. 1

763

764

766 767

Larvae of Athripsodes

Fig. 763.

—

A. mentieus.

Fig. 764.

—

A. alagmus.
Fig. 765.

—

A. tarsi-punctatns.

Fig. 766.

—

A. ancylus.

Fig. 767.

—

A. transversus.

Fig. 768.

—

A. cancellatus.

8. Parafrontal area nearly as wide as

frons, tig. 768; dorso-lateral scle-

rotized area over anal leg long and
slender, rodlike 9

Parafrontal area only slightly wider
than half width of frons, fig. 765;
dorso-lateral sclerotized area over
anal leg short and platelike 10

9. Anterior margin of pronotum with
setae on central portion irregular in

length and close together, fig. 768. .

cancellatus, p. 233

765

768

Fig. 769.

—

Athripsodes species c, larva,

mesonotal bar.

Fig. 770.

—

Athripsodes cancellatus larva,

ninth tergite.

Fig. 771.—Athripsodes dilutus larva, ninth
tergite.

Fig. 772.—Athripsodes species b larva, head.

Fig. 773.—Athripsodes dilutus larva, head.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 223

10.

Anterior margin of pronotum with

well-separated hairs of nearly equal

length, fig. 767 transversus, p. 233

Color pattern and spots more con-

trasting, fig. 765

tarsi-punctatus, p. 229

Color pattern and spots less contrast-

ing, fig. 764 alagmus, p. 229

Adults

1. Genitalia with movable claspers, figs.

774-791 (males) 2

Genitalia without claspers, figs. 792-

807 (females) 19

2. Claspers with a basal projection nearly

as long as height of clasper, fig. 774 3

Claspers with either a short basal pro-

jection or none, figs. 780, 791 4

3. Basal projection of claspers evenly

rounded, fig. 774 ancylus, p. 227

Basal projection of claspers angled,

fig. 775 flavus, p. 228

4. Tenth tergite U-shaped, the base form-

ing the bottom of the U, the ventral

arm of the U divided into lateral

halves, each tipped with a cluster of

spines, fig. 776 saccus, p. 234

Tenth tergite not U-shaped, some-

times long and necklike, fig. 778. . . 5

5. Claspers with a serrate, mesal lobe;

tenth tergite divided by a narrow

fissure into dorsal and ventral parts,

the ventral lobe with a strong, long,

lateral blade, fig. 777. .erraticus, p. 235

Claspers without a serrate mesal lobe;

tenth tergite not divided into dorsal

and ventral parts 6

6. Basal segment of clasper with a long

spur almost as stout and long as

mesal process, fig. 778

erullus, p. 235

Basal segment of clasper without such

a spur, at most with a large seta on

the mesal lobe, fig. 784 7

7. Tenth tergite long, somewhat hooded,

and with a pair of long, sclerotized

arms arising at its base and reach-

ing almost midway to apex, fig. 779 8

Tenth tergite either no longer than

cerci, fig. 791, or without such a

pair of arms, fig. 785 9

8. Lateral arms of tenth tergite only half

length of tergite; spine of aedeagus

upturned at tip, fig. 779

nephus, p. 230

Lateral arms of tenth tergite more
than half length of tergite; spine of

aedeagus curved ventrad, figs. 780,

781 9

9. Tenth tergite very long, with a sharp.

hooded apex, fig. 780; aedeagus
slender tarsi-punctatus, p.

Tenth tergite shorter, as in fig. 781,

with a blunt and slightly enlarged

apex; aedeagus robust

alagmus, p.

10. Claspers with body long and slender,

with mesal process small, scarcely

longer than width of apical lobe, and
the body of the clasper with a mesal

lobe just under mesal process, figs.

782, 783

Claspers either with short body, fig.

790, longer mesal process, fig. 785,

or without a mesal lobe below mesal

process

11. Base of clasper not produced into a

spur, fig. 782, aedeagus small, with

the base narrow and with two in-

ternal spines dilutus, p.

Base of clasper produced into a spur,

fig. 783, aedeagus large, with a

single internal spine and with the

base greatly enlarged

annulicornis, p.

12. Claspers with apical segment bent at

right angles to basal segment, fig.

784
Claspers with apical segment at most

slightly angled from basal segment,

fig. 786

13. Mesal lobe of clasper with a fusiform,

pointed spine, ng. 784
angustus, p.

Mesal lobe of clasper without a spine,

fig. 785 resurgens, p.

14. Tenth tergite with a long neck and a

long, somewhat hood-shaped head,

fig. 786 ophioderus, p.

Tenth tergite without a definite, long

neck and head, fig. 787

15. Tenth tergite sickle shaped, the ven-

tral margin evenly concave, fig. 787

mentieus, p.

Tenth tergite not at all sickle shaped,

fig. 788

16. Sclerotized mesal process of clasper

stout, fig. 788; front wings dark

brown, almost black, with a scatter-

ing of white scales

-Sclerotized mesal process of clasper

slender, fig. 790; front wing medium
to light shades of brown without

scales

17. Tenth tergite with narrowed apical

portion nearly as long as base, cylin-

drical and rounded at apex, fig. 788

punctatus, p.

Tenth tergite with narrowed apical

portion short, tapering and truncate,

fig. 789 submacula, p.

229

229

11

12

231

232

13

14

231

230

232

15

232

16

17

234

235



224 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

TARSI-PUNCTATUS DILUTUS

Figs 774-782.—Jthripsodes, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; B and C, claspers, respec-

tively caudal and ventral aspects; D, aedeagus.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 225

RESURGENS OPHIODERUS

TRANSVERSU3 CANCELLATUS

Figs. 783-791.

—

Athripsodes, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B and C, claspers, respec-
tively caudal and ventral aspects; D, aedeagus.



226 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

807B

806A

Figs. 792-807.—Athripsodes, female genitalia. A, ventral aspect; B, bursa copulatrix;

C, lateral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 227

18. Base of claspers with ventral margin

produced into a lobe, fig. 790

transversus, p. 233

Base of claspers with ventral margin

rounded, fig. 791. . . cancellatus, p. 233

19. Ninth sternite with a pair of finger-

like, apico-mesal lobes, fig. 792. ... 20

Ninth sternite without digitate lobes,

at most with short points, fig. 794 21

20. Bursa copulatrix with lateral bands

curved ventrad and convoluted near

attachment; only a small, triangular

sclerite between bursa and dorsal

apodeme of tenth tergite, fig. 792

tarsi-punctatus, p. 229

Bursa copulatrix with lateral bands

flat to attachment; a large sclerite

almost filling space between bursa

and dorsal apodeme of tenth tergite,

fig. 793 alagmus, p. 229

21. Ninth sternite with plates deeply con-

cave, apico-mesal corners pointed,

lateral margin upturned and angu-

late near base, fig. 794 22

Ninth sternite not concave, not with

lateral margin upturned or angu-

late, figs. 796-807 23

22. Sclerotized halves of ninth sternite

sharply tapered to base, lateral

margin sharply angulate; bursa

copulatrix with sides appressed to

body, fig. 794 flavus, p. 228

Sclerotized halves of ninth sternite

almost truncate at base, lateral mar-
gin only rounded at projection;

bursa copulatrix with sides flaring

laterad, fig. 795 ancylus, p. 227

23. Tenth segment with lateral plates as

long as ninth sternite, fig. 796

dilutus, p. 231

Tenth segment with lateral plates

much shorter than ninth sternite,

fig. 797 24

24. Ninth sternite with lateral margins

angling more mesad than caudad
from base, the angled portion

marked by an internal shelf, fig. 797 25

Ninth sternite with lateral margins

not angling so sharply, either the

internal shelf absent or not angling

mesad more than in fig. 805 26

25. .Apical portion of ninth sternite wide,

fig. 797 transversus, p. 233

Apical portion of ninth sternite nar-

rower, fig. 798 cancellatus, p. 233

26. Bursa copulatrix situated on sclero-

tized ribbons which extend far past

the bursa to the seventh segment,

fig. 799 annulicornis, p. 232

Attachment ribbons of bursa copula-

trix not extending anterior of bursa 27

27. Bursa copulatrix with wide lateral ex-

pansions, fig. 800 28
Bursa copulatrix with lateral expan-

sions absent or small, fig. 806 29

28. Attachment of bursa copulatrix chiefly

membranous with a single pair of

flat sclerites just above bursa, fig.

800 resurgens, p. 230
Attachment of bursa copulatrix con-

sisting chiefly of a sclerotized ribbon,

fig. 801 angustus, p. 231

29. Ninth sternite with large lateral plates

and a narrow, mesal tongue, all

heavily sclerotized, as in fig. 802. , .

punctatus, p. 234
Ninth sternite with mesal area indis-

tinct or much wider, fig. 807 30

30. Bursa copulatrix triangular, fig. 803

submacula, p. 235
Bursa copulatrix U-shaped, figs. 804-

807 31

31. Bursa copulatrix attached at the end
of a long, vasitorm, sclerotized struc-

ture, fig. 804 eruUus, p. 235

Bursa copulatrix attached to short

membranous folds or to paired scle-

rotized ribbons 32

32. Bursa copulatrix oval, without latero-

ventral points, fig. 805

mentieus, p. 232

Bursa copulatrix U-shaped or some-
what vasiform, with sharp latero-

ventral points, figs. 806, 807 2)i

33. Points near top of bursa copulatrix;

ninth sternite composed chiefly of a

single, large sclerotized plate arcuate

across apex, fig. 806 saccus, p. 234

Points near middle of bursa; ninth

sternite composed of a pair of large,

lateral sclerotized plates and a

smaller, nearly square mesal plate,

fig. 807 erraticus, p. 235

Athripsodes ancylus (\ orhies)

Leptoceriis ancylus V'orhies (1909, p. 691);

d', 9.

Larva.—Fig. 766. Length 8 mm. Head
very dark brown with pale area around eyes

and subfrons, forming a pale U with a few

dark dots in upper portion; pronotum dark

brown with a lateral white spot; legs light

brown. The frontal areas more than half

width of Irons. Pronotum with only long

scattered hairs on anterior margin. Meso-

notum with a lateral tuft of about 10 hairs,

central area with only three or four scat-

tered pairs of hairs, sclerotized bars thin

and not at all sharply angled.



228 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin FoL 23, Art. 1

Case.—Fig. 808. Length 9 mm., 4.5-5.0

mm. wide, built solidly of sand grains, the

dorso-lateral margins produced into a wide

flange so that from above the case appears

shaped like a water-penny.

Adults.—Length 11 mm. Color medium

to dark shades of brown without conspicu-

ous markings on scales. Male genitalia, fig.

774: cerci short and tenth tergite long;

Fig. 808.

—

Athripsodes ancylus, case.

Fig. 809.

—

Athripsodes ?flavus, case.

Fig. 810.

—

Athripsodes mentieus, case.

claspers with a long prolongation of the

base, as seen from ventral view forming a

stout, curved, pencil-like pair of appendages,

the remainder of the clasper upright, long

and slender with a short mesal process and
apical segment only slightly longer than the

process. Female genitalia, fig. 795, with
the ninth sternite divided into a pair of

heavily sclerotized, markedly concave plates

which are produced into a sharp apico-mesal

point; bursa copulatrix as in fig. 7955.

We have only scattered records of this

species from Illinois, from some of our best

aquatic habitats in the northern, central and

southern parts of the state. All the material

we have, both in Illinois and in other states,

has a case conforming quite exactly to the

above description. Lloyd (1921, p. 96) re-

cords a case markedly different in shape,

but we have seen nothing that agrees with

his description. Our larvae were collected

in wide extremes of environment, including

weed beds in the northeastern glacial lakes,

and under stones in the rapid streams of the

Ozark Hills. Adult emergence apparently

is confined to May, June and July; this

indicates a single generation per year.

The species is distributed widely through

the northern and eastern states and also

occurs in the Kiamichi Mountains in Okla-

homa. Available records include Georgia,

Illinois, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,

Oklahoma and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Chicago: July 8,

1939, G. T. Riegel, 1 $ . Eddyville, Lusk
Creek: May 24, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 1

pupa. Fox Lake: May 15, 1936, from

weeds, Ross & Mohr, 2 larvae. Golconda:
May 30, 1928, at light, T. H. Frison, 1 $ .

JoHNSBURG, Fox River: May 10, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 2 cases. Momence: June 4,

1932, Frison & Mohr, 1^. Wilmington:
July 1, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 1^.

Athripsodes flavus (Banks)

Leptocerus flavus Banks (1904^, p. 212); cf,

9.

Larva.—We have no definite rearing of

this species but have taken several collec-

tions of a larva which is closely related to

ancylus, differing in the wider lateral exten-

sions of the case and the uniformly paler

color of the larval sclerites. Since this spe-

cies displays the proper taxonomic charac-

ters for such a placement and in addition is

slightly smaller than ancylus, I am regard-

ing this larva tentatively as flavus. The case

is 8 mm. long and 5.5-6.0 mm. wide, fig. 809.

Adults.—Length 9 mm. Color various

shades of light brown without conspicuous

markings or white scales. Male genitalia,

fig. 775, distinguished by the long basal pro-

jection of the clasper, which in this species

is sharply angled at the base. Female geni-

talia, fig. 794, with the sclerotized halves

of the ninth sternite sharply tapered to base,

the lateral margin sharply angulate; bursa

copulatrix with sides appressed to body so

that, from ventral view, they do not flare.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 229

This species has been taken in many scat-

tered localities in Illinois, almost all of them
along fairly large rivers such as the Ohio,

Illinois and Kankakee. Our adult emer-
gence records run from June 23 to July 14,

indicating a single generation per year. The
larvae which we are considering as of this

species have been taken mainly in large

rivers.

The species is known from adult collec-

tions from a limited number of eastern and
northcentral states, including Illinois, Ken-
tucky, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin; in addi-

tion, larvae considered as this species have

been taken from Indiana and Minnesota.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken June 23 to July 21, and many
larvae, taken May 4 to October 30, are from
Dixon, Elizabethtown (Ohio River), Fox
Lake, Hardin, Hoopeston, Kampsville, Kan-
kakee, iVIomence, Rockford, Rock Island,

Saline Mines (Saline River), Springfield,

Sterling, Wilmington.

Athripsodes tarsi-punctatus (Vorhies)

Leptocerus tarsi-putictatus \'orhies (1909, p.

694); cf

.

Larva.—Length 6 mm. Head brown
with indefinite pale spots, fig. 765. Pro-

notum and legs straw color to yellowish

brown. Parafrons scarcely wider than half

width of frons. Pronotum with long, well-

separated hairs on anterior margin. Meso-
notum with a lateral tuft of 6-8 hairs,

mesal portion of tergite with only a few
scattered hairs, sclerotized bars thin and

gently curved.

Case.—Length 7 mm., horn shaped, made
of vegetable fragments and sand grains, the

sand grains predominating in most situa-

tions.

Adults.—Length 11 mm. Color choco-

late brown, the base of the tarsi ringed with

white. Male genitalia, fig. 780: cerci long,

the apex slender; tenth tergite very long,

the extreme apex slightly downcurved, a

stout sclerotized spur arising from the base

and extending three-fourths distance to

apex; clasper with a very long basal projec-

tion, its apical segment curved, the mesal

projection stout and curved. Female geni-

talia, fig. 792: ninth sternite with a pair of

fingerlike apico-mesal fingers which converge

toward apex; bursa copulatrix with lateral

bands curved ventrad and convoluted near

attachment and with only a small triangular
sclerite between bursa and dorsal apodeme
of tenth tergite, this sclerite sometimes al-

most entirely membranous.
Allotype, female.—Council Hill, Illinois,

along Galena River: June 26, 1940, Mohr
& Riegel.

This species occurs throughout the entire

state, with a preponderance of records from
the northern fourth. The larvae live in

lakes and streams. They are abundant in

many of the glacial lakes in northeastern
Illinois; the streams they frequent are gen-

erally fairly clear, rapid and cool. There is

usually only one generation a year, the large

wave of adults occurring during May and
June.

The species is apparently widespread
through the eastern half of the continent,

with records available for Arkansas, Geor-
gia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New
Brunswick, New York, Ontario, Pennsyl-

vania, Saskatchewan, South Dakota and
Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 4 to August 19, and many
larvae, taken May 4 to June 27, are from
Amboy ((rreen River), Antioch, Carbon-
dale, Channel Lake, Charleston, Chicago,

Council Hill (Galena River), Dixon, East

Fox Lake, Elgin (Rainbow Springs), Fox
Lake, Grand Tower, Harrisburg, Havana
(Quiver Creek), Johnsburg (Fox River),

Kankakee, McHenry, Mineola (East Fox
Lake), Momence, Ottawa, Pistakee Lake,

Rock Island, Rosecrans (Des Plaines Riv-

er), Savanna, Serena (Indian Creek),

Shawneetown, Springfield, Spring Grove
(Nippersink Creek), Sterling, Urbana,

Wadsworth (Des Plaines River), West Fox
Lake, Wilmington, Zion (Dead River).

Athripsodes alagmus Ross

Athripsodes alagmus Ross (1938rt, p. 155);

Larva.—Fig. 764. Length 7 mm. Head
brown with definite pale spots which do not

contrast greatly with the background. Pro-

notum and legs straw color to yellowish

brown. Frons and other structural charac-

ters similar to those of tarsi-punctatus.

Case.—Length 8 mm., horn shaped, made
chiefly of vegetable fragments, very rarely

with some sand grains mixed with these.

Adults.—Length 12 mm. Color choco-



230 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

late hrown. the base of the tarsi ringed

with white. IVIale genitalia, fig. 781: cerci

short; tenth tergite fairly long, slightly

curved, fairly thick at apex, and with a pair

of stout, sclerotized lateral arms which

arise at the extreme base of the tergite and

nearly reach the tip; claspers with long,

pointed basal projection, curved apical seg-

ment and a stout, curved mesal projection.

Female genitalia, fig. 793: ninth sternite

with a pair of finger-like, apico-mesal lobes;

bursa copulatrix with lateral bands flat to

point of attachment; a large sclerite almost

fills the space between the bursa and the

dorsal apodeme of the tenth tergite.

Allotype, female.—Spring Grove, Illi-

nois, reared from hatchery ponds: June 14,

1938, B. D. Burks.

This species has been taken at only a

few localities in the northern part of the

state. It is apparently single brooded, our

emergence records being from June 14 to

July 20. We have taken the larvae only

in fish hatchery ponds at Spring Grove

where they were very abundant. It is

interesting to note that only a few miles

away the somewhat similar larvae of closely

related tarsi-punctatus were abundant in

Pox Lake, but we experienced no difficulty

in separating the two on comparative color-

ation and case construction, nor did the two

appear to mix in either habitat.

Records for this species are scattered but

restricted to the northeastern states, as fol-

lows: Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, New
York and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken June 14 to August 15, and

many larvae, taken June 9 to 14, are from

Antioch, Fox Lake, Fulton, Homer, Mc-
Henry, Momence, Richmond, Spring Grove,

Waukegan, Wadsworth (Des Plaines Riv-

er).

Athripsodes nephus new species

Larva.—Unknown.
Male.—Length 10 mm. Color various

shades of brown, the wings an almost uni-

form shade and without white scales, the

tarsi banded with light and dark. General
structure typical for genus. Male genitalia,

fig. 779: ninth segment fairly narrow and

cylindrical, the dorsal portion projecting

over the base of the tenth. Tenth tergite

long and narrow, the central portion nar-

rowed, the apex expanded into a definite

head; at the base of the tenth tergite arise

a pair of sclerotized rods which are sharply

curved at the middle and reach to the middle

of the tenth tergite. Claspers stocky; basal

segment short with a ventral pointed pro-

jection; apical segment stout and curved at

middle, membranous and bearing long scat-

tered setae; mesal process fairly slender and

about half the length of the apical segment.

Aedeagus ovate, the lateral sclerites deep,

the internal sclerotized pair of rods short,

wide at base, and sharply angled dorsad

at apex.

Holotype, male.— Rosecrans, Illinois,

along Des Plaines River: June 9, 1938, at

light, Ross & Burks.

Paratypes.

—

Illinois.—Same data as for

holotype, 1 $ .

Oklahoma.—Cloudy Creek near
Cloudy: May 4, 1940, Mrs. Roy Weddle,

\$.
The species differs from all the previously

described members of the tarsi-punctatus

group in the short, sclerotized rod which

arises from the base of the tenth tergite,

the angled internal rod of the aedeagus, and

also in the shape of the tenth tergite, notably

the constricted central portion and expanded

apex.

This is a very rare species in Illinois

known only from the male and with nothing

known regarding its biology. Probably

locally distributed over a wide range.

Athripsodes resurgens (Walker)

c^.

Leptocerus resurgens Walker (1852, p. 70);

Leptocerus variegatus Hagen (1861, p. 278);

Leptocerus aspinosus Betten (1934, p. 255);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 16 mm. Color grayish

brown, the wings and body with a scattering

of fairly large areas of white hair giving

it a variegated and somewhat hairy appear-

ance. Male genitalia, fig. 785: cerci short

and rounded; tenth tergite elongate and up-

turned; claspers with a short, dark basal

projection, very long basal segment, short

and curved apical segment, and a mesal

process which is straight and stout and

usually extends slightly above the level of

the apical segment. Female genitalia, fig.

800: ninth sternite only slightly sclerotized;

bursa copulatrix with wide lateral exten-



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 231

sions, the attachments fairly long, mem-
hranous except for a pair of plates which

do not touch the bursa.

Allotype, female.—Brevort, Michigan:

Aug. 8, 1936, C. Sabrosky.

Illinois records are confined entirely to

the shore of Lake Michigan. The type of

Hagen's variegatus was collected at Chi-

cago, the types of aspinosus are from Lake
Forest, and we have taken additional speci-

mens at Waukegan. The larva, which is

unknown, probably lives in Lake Michigan.

The range of the species extends through-

out the Northeast, with a single isolated

record from the Kiamichi Mountains in

Oklahoma. Records include Illinois, Michi-

gan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Okla-

homa, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan and

Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Chicago: June 11-

Aug. 27, W. J. Gerhard, 1$, 3$, fm.

Waukegan: July 7, 1937, at light, Frison

& Ross, 3 9 .

Athripsodes angustus (Banks)

I.eptocerus angustus Banks (1914, p. 263);

c^.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 13 mm. Color brown

with scarcely any markings. Male genitalia,

fig. 784, very similar to resurgens, differing

in the longer apical segment of the clasper,

more uniform tenth tergite, and the long,

fusiform spine on the inner lobe of the

clasper. Female genitalia, fig. 801, similar

in general structure to resurgens but with

supports of the bursa sclerotized for almost

their entire length.

Allotype, female.—Lake Erie, Put-in-

Bay, Ohio: Aug. 16, 1937, C. O. Mohr.
We have only a few scattered records of

this species from the northern half of Illi-

nois. Little is known about its habitat pref-

erence, and the larva is unknown.
The range of the species occupies a large

portion of the Northeast, with a south-

westward extension into the Kiamichi

Mountains of Oklahoma. Records are avail-

able from Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Min-
nesota, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, On-
tario, Pennsylvania, Quebec and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.— Danville, Middle

Fork River: Aug. 27, 1936, Ross & Burks,

3 5 . Three miles east of Momence: June

22, 1938, Ross & Burks, \ $, . Oregon:

July 18, 1927, at light, T. H. Frison & R.
D. Glasgow, 2$. Richmond: June 20,

1938, Burks & Boesel, U .

Athripsodes dilutus (Hagen)

Leptocerus dilutus Hagen (1861, p. 277); d^.

Larva.—Length 6 mm. Head, pronotum
and legs cream color to yellowish, the head
with scattered, indistinct, brownish spots on
upper portion. Parafrontal areas only about
half width of frons. Mesonotum with only

a few pairs of scattered hairs, the sclero-

tized bars narrow and not sharply angled.

Ninth segment with only one or two very
short and slender dorsal hairs.

Case.—Length 7 mm., horn shaped, near-
ly round in cross section, constructed of

sand grains cemented together to form a

fairly smooth exterior.

Adults.—Length 6-7 mm. Color dark
brown, the wings with a few patches of

light hair. Male genitalia, fig. 782: cerci

short, almost completely fused at base with

genital capsule; tenth tergite fairly long,

divided at apex into a pair of short, rounded
lobes; claspers with basal segment very long,

produced into a short ventral projection,

apical segment short and somewhat elliptic;

mesal process short, narrow at base and

widened into a spatulate apex ; aedeagus

with two long, black internal spines situated

one beyond the other. Female genitalia,

fig. 796, with ninth sternite short and only

slightly sclerotized, and tenth segment with

lateral plates long and slender.

This species, originally described by Hagen
from Chicago specimens, is apparently con-

fined in Illinois to the vicinity of Lake

Michigan and glacial lakes in the northeast-

ern corner of the state. Our records are

too incomplete to be sure of the number of

generations, but large flights have been

taken from May to mid August. It is possi-

ble that there is only a single generation

and that the late emergence records are

from cold water situations. Vorhies (1909,

p. 688) reared this species in the lakes

around Madison, Wisconsin, and described

the larvae and adults. We have taken

pupae commonly on stones in Channel Lake

near Antioch, Illinois.

The range of the species apparently in-

cludes most of the Northeast, extending

westward to Minnesota and south to

Georgia. We have records from Georgia,



232 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York,

Ohio, Ontario, Quebec and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Antioch : May 18,

1938, Ross & Burks, 3S, 1$ (reared in

cage at Spring Grove). Channel Lake:
May 27, 1936, H. H. Ross, 3 5,45. Chi'-

CAGO: July 13, 1931, roof of Stevens Hotel,

T. H. Prison. 8 <? , 9 9 ; July 8, 1939, G. T.

Riegel, 5 (? , 7 $ . Fox Lake: May 15, 1936,

Ross & Mohr, from stones, 7 pupae; May
28, 1936, H. H. Ross, 2$. Grayslake:
May 26. 1936, H. H. Ross. 1 $. North of

Wadsworth, Des Plaines River: July 7,

1937, Prison & Ross, 19. Waukegan :

Aug. 25, 1932, Ross & Mohr, 1 S ; July 16,

1935, Ross & DeLong, 6 S , 9 9; May 25,

1936, H. H. Ross, 1 9 ; July 7, 1937, at

light, Prison & Ross, $ S , 9 9; Aug. 15,

1938, Ross & Burks, 6 9 . Zion : Dead Riv-

er, July 7, 1937, Prison & Ross, 4(5, 9 9;
June 4, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1 9 ; Aug. 15,

1936, Ross & Burks, 1 9 .

Athripsodes annulicornis (Stephens)

Leptocerus annulicornis Stephens (1836, p.

199); d^, 9.

Leptocerus lugens Hagen (1861, p. 276); d^,

9.

Leptocerus recurvatus Banks (1908/^, p. 265);

Leptocerus Jutilis Banks (1914, p. 264); c^.

Athripsodes perplexus nordus Milne (1934,

p. 15); cf.

Not yet collected in Illinois, but a possible

addition with future collecting. The range

of the species covers the Holarctic region

with North American records from Alaska,

Colorado, New York, Ontario, Oregon,
Quebec and Wisconsin.

Athripsodes mentieus (Walker)

Leptocerus mentieus Walker (1852, p. 71);

Leptocerus vanus Betten (1934, p. 262); d^,

9.

Leptocerus mentiens auct., misspelling.

Larva.—Pig. 763. Length 6.5-7.0 mm.
Head, pronotum and legs brownish yellow,

the head with an irregular brown pattern.

Parafrontal areas as long as frons, the three
meeting at base of epicranial stem. Meso-
notum relatively hairy with at least 20 pairs

of hairs in addition to lateral tufts, and with
sclerotized bars fairly wide. Ninth segment
with two pairs of long black setae.

Case.—Pig. 810. Length 10 mm., horn
shaped and markedly curved; constructed of

flattened sand grains cemented together to

form an even and fenestrated exterior.

Adults.—Length 10 mm. Color dark

brown, the tarsi ringed with white. Male
genitalia, fig. 787: cerci short and ovate;

tenth tergite stout, the apical portion long

and expanded into a broad hood; claspers

with basal segment large, produced into a

mesal triangular lobe, the apical segment
short and curved, the mesal process wide
at base, fairly long and tapering to a sharp

point. Pemale genitalia, fig. 805 : ninth

sternite only indistinctly sclerotized; bursa

copulatrix oval and attached by a pair of

sclerotized ribbons.

Our collections of adults have resulted

in only a few scattered Illinois records of

this species distributed from the extreme

north to the extreme south end of the state.

Bottom fauna collections made by R. E.

Richardson show that in 1924-27 the larva

of this species was an abundant midstream

feature for almost the entire length of the

Rock River. These Rock River collections

have established the association of the larva

and adults. Collections of adults and pupae

indicate that emergence occurs from late

June through August.

The few records available from Illinois,

New York, Ontario and Wisconsin indicate

the species to be distributed through the

Northeast.

Illinois Records.—Many males, four fe-

males and many pupae, taken June 15 to

August 7, and many larvae and cases, taken

May 11 to August 29, are from Byron
(Rock River), Como (Rock River), Dixon
(Rock River), Erie (Rock River), Grand
Detour, Grand Tower, Hamilton, Harris-

burg, Keithsburg, Love's Park (Rock Riv-

er), Lyndon (Rock River), Nelson (Rock
River), Oregon (Rock River), Prophets-

town (Rock River), Rockton, Sterling

(Rock River).

Athripsodes ophioderus Ross

Athripsodes ophioderus Ross (1938rt, p. 157);

&.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 10 mm. Color reddish

brown, the wings with a few indistinct whit-

ish spots. Male genitalia," fig. 786: cerci

short but pointed at apex ; tenth tergite



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 233

elongate, with a small, round, basal portion

bearing a short cone of stout setae near

apex, the tergite beyond this prolonged into

a slender neck bearing a small hoodlike por-

tion at tip; claspers with basal segment

large, with an angular ventro-mesal elonga-

tion, the apical segment fairly long, the

mesal process slender and curved. Female
unknown.

This species was originally described from
two specimens collected at Elizabethtown,

Illinois, and since then only one other male

has been found, from Hoopeston in the east-

central part of the state. No generalizations

can be made about either its distribution or

habitat preference.

Illinois Records.—Elizabethtown:
June 22, 1927, at light, Frison & Glasgow,

23. Hoopeston: July 14, 1940, at light,

J. S. Ayars, 1 S .

Athripsodes transversus (Hagen)

Leptocerns transversus Hagen (1861, p. 279);

cf , 9.

Leptocerns maculatus Banks (1899, p. 214);

9.

Larva.—Fig. 767. Length 6 mm. Head
yellowish brown with indistinct lighter spots.

Mesonotum and legs straw colored. Para-

frontal areas nearly as wide as frons. Pro-

notum with evenly spaced hairs along an-

terior margin. Mesonotum with only two or

three pairs of hairs, the lateral tufts com-
posed of three to four hairs, the sclerotized

bars narrow but fairly sharply angled.

Ninth tergite with two pairs of long black

setae. Anal legs with a fairly long, sclero-

tized dorsal bar.

Case.—Length 8 mm., horn shaped and

constructed of sand grains, these generally

irregular in size and shape, giving a more
or less rough external appearance to the

case itself.

Adults.—Length 10 mm. Color varying

from bright reddish brown to lighter or

darker shades of brown. Male genitalia,

fig. 790: cerci fairly long, pointed at apex;

tenth tergite with somewhat bulbous base

and finger-like apex; claspers with basal seg-

ment short, provided with a short, stout

ventral projection, apical segment long and

straight, mesal process slender and much
shorter than apical segment. Female geni-

talia, fig. 797: ninth sternite sloping abrupt-

ly mesad from base, the mesal portion form-

ing a tonguelike rounded lobe, the sloping

portion marked by a distinct invagination;
bursa copulatrix somewhat elliptic.

This species has been taken throughout
the state, chiefly along the larger rivers and
streams. The larvae were reared from
Indian Creek and Nippersink Creek. The
span of adult emergence is wide, from May
to early September. The larvae are gen-
erally found under stones.

The range of the species is wide, extend-
ing from the eastern states southwestward
to Texas and northwestward to Minnesota,
with records from the following: Arkan-
sas, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois,

Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mis-
souri, New Brunswick, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas and Wis-
consin.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females
and pupae, taken May 17 to September
11, and many larvae and seven cases, taken

May 17 to August 12, are from Alton, Bar-
tonville (Kickapoo Creek), Cairo, Charles-

ton, Council Hill (Galena River), Dixon,
Elgin (Botanical Gardens), Erie (Rock
Creek), Hamilton, Hardin, Havana, Kamps-
ville, Kankakee (Kankakee River), Lyndon,
Mahomet (Sangamon River), Milan (Rock
River), Momence (Kankakee River), Mor-
ris, Mount Carmel, Ottawa, Pontiac,

Quincy, Rock Island, Savanna, Serena (In-

dian Creek), Spring Grove (Nippersink

Creek), Venedy Station (Kaskaskia River),

Wadsworth (Des Plaines River), Yorkville

(Fox River).

Athripsodes cancellatus (Betten)

Leptocerns cancellatus Betten (1934, p. 256);

d", 9.

Larva.—Length 6 mm. Head, pronotum
and legs creamy white, the head with an

indefinite light brownish pattern. Para-

frontal areas nearly as wide as frons. Pro-

notum with a thick line of setae along an-

terior margin, the setae including long and

short ones. Mesonotum with only three or

four pairs of setae in addition to lateral

tuft which consists of only two or three

hairs.

Case.—Length 8 mm., horn shaped, the

main structure composed of fairly regular

sand grains arranged in a somewhat fenes-

trate pattern, a few larger grains arranged

along the side, giving very slightly the ap-

pearance of a lateral extension.



234 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Adults.—Length 10-12 mm. Color dark

brown with very few markings. Male geni-

talia similar to those of transversus, differ-

ing chiefly in the basal segment of the

claspers, which lack the ventral projection,

fig. 791. Considerable variation occurs in

both tenth tergite and claspers, as shown

in the two drawings. Female genitalia, fig.

798, also very similar to those of trans-

versus, usually with the mesal lobe of the

ninth sternite narrower and the sloping

portion of the tergite longer.

This species has been collected commonly

in northern Illinois, and we have also one

or two scattered records from the central

and southern parts of the state. It frequents

medium to large streams and has an adult

emergence ranging from June through

August. We have reared the larvae from

Nippersink Creek.

The species is widely distributed through

the eastern states and westward through

the Ozarks to Oklahoma. We have records

from Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,

Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, New York,

Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Quebec,

Tennessee and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 17 to August 2, and many
larvae, taken May 17 to June 9, are from

Dixon, Elgin (Botanical Gardens), Fox
Lake, Freeport, Homer, Kankakee (Kanka-
kee River), Keithsburg, Mahomet (San-

gamon River), Milan (Rock River),

Momence (Kankakee River), Ottawa,

Richmond (Nippersink Creek), Rockford,

Rock Island, Savanna, Serena (Indian

Creek), Shawneetown, Spring Grove (Nip-

persink Creek), Wilmington, Yorkville

(Fox River).

Athripsodes punctatus (Banks)

Mystacides punctatus Banks (1894, p. 180);

9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 10 mm. Color black,

the wings with a scattering of flat white
scales. Male genitalia, fig. 788: cerci point-

ed; tenth tergite robust, with a digitate

apical prolongation; claspers with basal seg-

ment short, apical segment long and lanceo-

late, the mesal process long and stout. Fe-
male genitalia, fig. 802: ninth sternite divid-

ed into a pair of wide lateral plates and a

mesal tonguelike strip, these three areas

heavily sclerotized, and together making an

arcuate apical margin; bursa copulatrix

small and vasiform, the connectives chiefly

membranous.
The male illustrated for this species by

Betten (1934, p. 259) belongs to uvalo,

which is distinguished by the pointed tenth

tergite. The male which I am considering

true punctatus has been taken in company
with the female which agrees in structure

of genitalia with a series of females belong-

ing to the type lot, from Douglas County,

Kansas.

Allotype, male.— Harrisburg, Illinois:

June 15, 1934, at light, DeLong & Ross.

In Illinois we have taken this species at

only two points, both of these in the south-

ern part of the state. The nature of the

terrain at these two points is such that these

specimens could have flown to the lights

from either the Ohio River or smaller slug-

gish and muddy streams such as the Saline,

in the immediate vicinity.

The only definite records of this species

which we have are from Arkansas, Illinois,

Kansas and Maine.

Illinois Records.

—

Eldorado: Sept. 8,

1933, Ross & Mohr, 1$. Harrisburg:

June 15, 1934, DeLong & Ross, at light,

3^, 1$.

Athripsodes saccus Ross

Athripsodes saccus Ross (1938/^, p. 89); d^.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 13 mm. Color almost

entirely black, tarsi whitish, and front wings

with one or two white marks and with a

scattering of broad white scales over the

entire wing. Male genitalia, fig. 776: cerci

short and oval; tenth tergite large, U-
shaped, the ventral arm of the U divided

into large, lateral prolongations tipped with

a cluster of long, peglike setae; claspers

with basal segment broad, its apico-mesal

margin bearing a dense cone of peglike

setae, the apical segment long and lanceo-

late, the mesal process long and slender.

Female genitalia, fig. 806: ninth segment

with cerci well delineated; ninth tergite com-
posed chiefly of a single large, sclerotized

plate arcuate across the apex ; bursa copu-

latrix U-shaped, with a pair of sharp points

near the top, these points curving ventrad;

bursa attached to short but heavy mem-
branous folds, and with a rather thick ven-



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 235

tral membranous "curtain" hanging down
on the ventral side of the bursa.

Allotype, female.—Lake Erie, Put-in-

Bay, Ohio: 1937.

Our only definite records for this species

are two females collected at Chicago, Illi-

nois, one on July 8, 1937, along the lake

front, Prison & Ross, the other on June 24,

1925, A. C. Weed, fm. There is a third

female bearing the data "Northern Illinois,"

but without other information.

The species was originally described from

Lake Erie, where it is very abundant; other-

wise it is known only from Quebec and

Illinois.

Athripsodes erraticus Milne

Athripsodes erraticus Milne (1936, p. 58);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 12 mm. Color black

or nearly so, the anterior wings with a

scattering of white scales. Male genitalia,

fig. 777: tenth tergite divided into dorsal

and ventral portions, the ventral portion

with a lateral long curved blade; claspers

with a large mesal lobe which is serrate with

evenly spaced teeth on the mesal margin.

Female genitalia, fig. 807: ninth sternite

only slightly sclerotized; bursa copulatrix

U-shaped with a pair of lateral points at

middle and above these forming a slightly

narrower, vasiform part.

Our only Illinois record of this species is

a female bearing the data "Northern Illi-

nois." The species is present in Lake Erie

and has been taken in Quebec.

Athripsodes erullus Ross

Athripsodes erullus Ross (1938^, p. 90); cf.

This species has not yet been taken in Illi-

nois, but since it is common in company with

both saccus and erraticus in Lake Erie, we
might expect it in the northern part of the

state. The male genitalia, fig. 778, are read-

ily distinguished on the basis of characters

in the key. The females resemble the males

in black color and the white scales on the

wings. They are readily distinguished from

those of other species by the curious struc-

ture of the bursa copulatrix and the division

of the ninth sternite into three fairly large

areas, fig. 804.

Allotype, female.—Lake Erie, Put-in-

Bay, Ohio: 1937.

Athripsodes submacula (Walker)

Leptocerus submacula Walker (1852, p. 70):

This species, like errulus, has not yet been
taken in Illinois, although in Lake Erie it

occurs in company with erraticus and saccus.

As outlined by Betten & Mosely (1940, p.

70), only the male of the type series can
be definitely assigned. Study of much ma-
terial from Lake Erie shows that the female
has the black head and white-scaled wings
typical of the group, and small eyes, al-

though slightly larger than eyes of related

females; the ninth sternite is divided into

extensive lateral lobes which are only mod-
erately sclerotized, and the bursa copulatrix

is heavily sclerotized and triangular, fig.

803.

Allotype, female.—Lake Erie, Put-in-

Bay, Ohio: 1937.

Athripsodes species a, b and c

In addition to the larvae associated defi-

nitely with adults, there are three species

of larvae segregated in our collection which

have not been reared. Most likely these

belong to species here treated in the adult

stage only, which include angustus, ophio-

derus, resurgens and the entire complex of

species with white-scaled wings such as

punctatus and erraticus. These unreared

larvae have been included in the key as an

aid to the better recognition of the reared

species and a stimulus for additional rear-

ing work.

Species a.—Length 6 mm. Almost en-

tirely straw colored, the sclerites scarcely

darker than the body. Parafrontal areas

indistinguishable. Mesonotum with only a

few hairs in addition to lateral tufts of two

or three hairs. This species makes a short

horn case using fragments of fresh-water

sponges in its construction so that it appears

irregular, soft and fuzzy. We have taken

this species in Nippersink Creek at Spring

Grove, Illinois, in the Namekagon River

at Spooner, Wisconsin, and in Meramec
Springs at St. James, Missouri. This last

collection had cases made of irregular pieces

of stones and very little sponge material.

Species b.—Length 5 mm. Head, prono-



236 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

turn and legs very pale yellowish brown, not

much darker than the straw-colored body;

upper portion of head with scattered brown
spots; parafrontal areas nearly as wide as

frons. Mesonotum with only a few hairs in

addition to lateral tuft of two or three

hairs. Ninth segment with only one or two
pairs of very weak, short setae. Case with

lateral margins somewhat produced, al-

though not as much so as in ancylus; con-

structed of sand grains and fairly smooth.

We have a single collection from Apple

River in Apple River Canyon State Park,

Illinois, June 27, 1940, Mohr & Riegel.

Species c.—Length 8.5 mm. Head, pro-

notum and legs chocolate brown, the head

with many light dots and dashes. Para-

frontal areas only about half width of frons.

Mesonotum with only a few scattered hairs

in addition to lateral tufts composed of one

or two hairs; sclerotized bars wide, sharply

angled and almost L-shaped. Ninth seg-

ment with two pairs of long black hairs.

Anal legs with long, dorsal sclerotized bars.

Case made of flat stones, stout and almost

cylindrical. These larvae have been col-

lected in Lake Erie at Put-in-Bay, Ohio,

and may be either resurgens or one of the

punctatus group. They are conspicuous in

that the abdomen is large and cylindrical,

scarcely tapering toward apex. They were
collected in deep water.

Oecetis McLachlan

Oecetis McLachlan (1877, p. 329). Geno-
type, here designated: Leptocerus ochraceus

Curtis.

Setodina Banks (1907«, p. 130). Genotype,
by original designation: Setodina parva Banks.

Oecetina Banks (1899, p. 215). Genotype,
by original designation: Oecetis incerta of
American authors, nee Walker = inconspicua
(Walker).

Oecetodes Ulmer (1909, p. 144). Genotype,
by subsequent designation of Milne (1934, p.

19): Setodes avara Banks.
Friga Milne (1934, p. 16). Genotype, by

original designation: Setodes immobilis Hagen.
Quaria Milne (1934, p. 17). Genotype,

monobasic: Oecetis scala Milne.
Yrula Milne (1934, p. 17). Genotype, by

original designation: Oecetina fiimosa Banks.

This genus is of unusual interest because
of the predaceous habit of the larvae and
the elongate, grasping type of mouthparts
which have been developed in company with
this habit. The adults may readily be

distinguished by venation, the pupae by the

mandibles and anal appendages.

In this genus we have possibly the most

widely distributed caddis flies in North
America and species which become abundant

in very diverse situations. Only 15 species

have been described from North America;

of these we have taken 7 in Illinois. The
females and larvae have both exhibited

good key differences, but due to difficulties

in rearing only five larvae have been asso-

ciated with the adults.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Head brown with light spots and bars,

fig. 811; case of log cabin type, fig.

833 cinerascens, p. 241

Head straw color, sometimes with

brown spots or bars, fig. 812; case

of stone construction 2

2. Dorsal hump of first abdominal seg-

811

Fig. 811.

Fig. 812.

812

-Oecetis cinerascens, larva.

-Oecetis species a larva.

813

Fig. 813.—Oecetis avara larva, dorsal hump.
Fig. 814.—Oecetis eddlestoni larva, left

mandible, ventral aspect.

Fig. 815.—Oecetis species b larva, left man-
dible, ventral aspect.

I



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 237

ment with 4-6 rows of micro-hooks,

fig. 813 avara, p. 240

Dorsal hump ot first abdominal seg-

ment without micro-hooks 3

3. First abdominal sternite with a row of

hairs extending across the segment 4

First abdominal sternite with only one

, or two pairs of setae 6

4. Meso- and metanotum each with a

lateral tuft of 10-20 hairs; first ab-

dominal sternite with a row of about

50 hairs; ninth tergite with about

25 hairs; head spots very dark

ochracea, p. 244

Meso- and metanotum without dis-

tinct lateral tufts; first abdominal
sternite with a row of only 25 hairs;

ninth tergite with only 8-10 hairs;

head spots various 5

5. Head with three dark areas on and
near frons, fig. 812 species a, p. 244

Head without such dark areas, fig. 834

inconspicua, p. 242

6. Left mandible with ventral aspect

slightly convex but without creases,

fig. 814 eddlestoni, p. 240

\'entral aspect ot left mandible with a

deep crease running from apical

tooth, fig. 815 species b, p. 244

Adults

1. Apex of abdomen with movable clasp-

ers, figs. 816-824 (males) 2

Apex of abdomen without claspers,

figs. 825-832 (females) 10

2. Tenth tergite consisting of a pair of

long, slender, cylindrical, sclero-

tized rods, each bearing two stout,

peglike setae, fig. 816 3

Tenth tergite either very short, com-
posed of a single process, fig. 824,

or with rods bladelike and without

pegs, fig. 819 4

3. Claspers produced into a long, apical

finger, fig. 816 scala, p. 241

Claspers in general truncate at apex,

fig. 817 eddlestoni, p. 240

4. Claspers somewhat kidney shaped,

much higher than long, fig. 818. . . .

avara, p. 240
Claspers elongate, longer than high. . 5

5. Tenth tergite formed of a pair of

bladelike structures wide at base and
tapering to a downcurved, narrow
apex; claspers with basal portion

wide and apex with a very short

projection, fig. 819 osteni, p. 241

Tenth tergite formed ot either a single

mesal projection, fig. 821, or very

short, fig. 820 6

6. Claspers with mesal margin incised to

form a short mesal tooth, fig. 820. .

ochracea, p. 244
Claspers with mesal margin straight

or sinuate, not incised, figs. 821-
824 7

7. Abdomen with sixth and seventh or

seventh and eighth tergites finely

and distinctly reticulate; apical

finger of claspers long and converg-
ing at apex, fig. 822 8

.'\bdomen with none of tergites recticu-

late; apical finger of claspers diverg-

ing, fig. 824 9

8. Tenth tergite twice as long as cerci,

fig. 821; seventh and eighth tergites

reticulate persimilis, p. 243
Tenth tergite about as long as cerci,

fig. 822; sixth and seventh tergites

reticulate cinerascens, p. 241

9. Upper margin of claspers evenly sin-

uate, aedeagus elongate and with the

apical beak projecting straight, fig.

823 immobilis, p. 241

Upper margin of claspers deeply

emarginate to form a prominent
baso-dorsal lobe, aedeagus almost
circular, the beak directed ventrad,

fig. 824 inconspicua, p. 242

10. Bursa copulatrix attached to a large,

many-lobed, heavily sclerotized in-

ternal structure with a pair of long,

anteriorly directed, sclerotized rods,

fig. 825 persimilis, p. 243

Bursa copulatrix not attached to a

sclerotized, lobed internal structure,

fig. 826 11

11. Eighth sternite with a purse-shaped,

sclerotized area, fig. 826. . . osteni, p. 241

Eighth sternite without such an area,

at most with sclerotized lines, fig.

827 12

12. Ninth sternite produced into a pair of

short "ears" on each side of lobes

of tenth segment, fig. 827; subgenital

plate outlined by a more or less cir-

cular black line 13

Ninth sternite not produced into

"ears"; subgenital plate outlined as

a diamond-shaped or vasiform area,

figs. 830-832 15

13. Subgenital plate angled outward across

middle, the base membranous, the

apical declivity with a pair of scle-

rotized plates together forming a

shallow, concave basin, fig. 827. . . .

cinerascens, p. 241

Subgenital plate with sclerotized plates

weaker and occupying basal instead

of apical portion, fig. 828 14

14. Bursa copulatrix as in fig. 828, with

apex nearly truncate and basal por-



238 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

SCA

ERCUS

CLASPER,

8I6C
8I7A

ElODLESTONI

8I8A
AVARA

8I9A
OSTENI

820A
OCHRACEA

82IA
PERSIMILIS 822A

CINERASCENS

f 823A
IMMOBILIS

824B

INCONSPICUA

Figs. 816-824.—O^r^m, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect; C, aedeagus.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 239

f
825

PERSIMILIS
OSTENl

CINERASCENS 827

AVAR A
828

iilliii

m
'lill;ilMi

EDOLESTONI

IMMOBILIS

832
OCHRACEA

Figs. 825-832.—Oecetis, female genitalia. All figures showing ventral aspect; in fig. 825
the sternites partially cut away to show bursa copulatrix.



240 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

tion with sharp lateral extensions. .

avara, p. 240

Bursa copulatrix as in fig. 829, with

apex rounded and without sharp,

lateral extensions. . . .eddlestoni, p. 240

15. Subgenital plate diamond-shaped, the

posterior sides of the diamond
raised and fencelike, fig. 830

immobilis, p. 241

Subgenital plate more vasiform, the

posterior sides of the vase folded

* laterad and shelflike, fig. 831 16

16. Postero-lateral, shelflike margin ot

subgenital plate nearly straight, the

anterior portion angulate and al-

most membranous, fig. 831

inconspicua, p. 242

Postero-lateral, shelflike margin of

subgenital plate arcuate, the an-

terior portion of the sternite more
ovate and distinctly sclerotized, fig.

832 ochracea, p. 244

Oecetis avara (Banks)

Setodes avara Banks (1895, p. 316); cf.

Larva.—Length 6.5 mm. Head, prono-

tum and legs straw color, top of head with

short brown bars.

Case.—Length 7 mm., horn shaped, con-

structed of large sand grains cemented

together to form a fairly smooth exterior.

Adults.—Length 10-11 mm. Color straw

yellow to light brown, the forewings with

numerous dark brown spots in the mem-
brane. Male genitalia, fig. 818: tenth ter-

gite short, slender and curved, consisting

of only a single mesal piece ; cerci short and

ovate; claspers somewhat kidney shaped;

aedeagus short and tubular, the apex slight-

ly expanded ventrad. Female genitalia, fig.

828, with ninth sternite wide, delineated by

arcuate dark lines, bursa copulatrix with

apex nearly truncate and basal portion with

sharp lateral extensions.

Allotype, female.—Momence, Illinois:

Aug. 21, 1936, Ross & Burks.

This species has been taken commonly in

the northern and central portions of the

state where it frequents fairly rapid streams
of various sizes. Larvae have been collected

and associated with the adults in the Galena
River at Council Hill, Illinois. The adults

emerge throughout the summer months from
May until early September.

The range of the species covers most of

the United States, southern Canada and

Mexico. The spotting on the wings varies

to a considerable extent, and it is possible

that the species disjuncta known from Cali-

fornia may be simply a color variant of this

species. We have records of avara from

Alabama, British Columbia, Georgia, Idaho,

Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Mary-
land, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mon-
tana, New Mexico, New York, Nova Scotia,

Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Penn-

sylvania, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia,

Wisconsin and Wyoming.
Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and four pupae, taken June 5 to Sep-

tember 7, and many larvae, taken May 5 to

June 27, are from Apple River Canyon
State Park, Charleston, Council Hill (Ga-
lena River), Danville (Middle Fork River),

Homer, Kankakee (Kankakee River), Mo-
mence (Kankakee River), Oakwood (Mid-
dle Fork River), Oregon, Rock Island, St.

Charles, Serena (Indian Creek), Wilming-
ton, Yorkville (Fox River).

Oecetis eddlestoni Ross

Oecetis eddlestoni Ross (1938rt, p. 160); c?".

Larva.—Length 5 mm. Head, pronotum
and legs straw color, the head with brown
bars and dots over most of its surface.

Case.—Length 6 mm., constructed of sand

grains, with a fairly smooth exterior.

Adults.—Length 10 mm. Color various

shades of light brown, without conspicuous

markings. Male genitalia, fig. 817: tenth

tergite consisting of a pair of stout, cylindri-

cal rods curved ventrad at apex, each bear-

ing two stout spines and reaching almost

to the apex of the claspers; cerci slender

and lanceolate; claspers short and somewhat
rhomboidal, the lower margin sinuate; aede-

agus with a slender basal stalk and a foot-

like apex. Female genitalia, fig. 829, with

the ninth sternite round, delineated by

curved lines, bursa copulatrix rounded at

apex and without lateral expansions at base.

Allotype, female.—Serena, Illinois: June
16, 1939, along Indian Creek, B. D. Burks.

We have collected this species in Illinois

only along Indian Creek at Serena, from
which locality the larvae were reared. It

was originally described from Pennsylvania;

we have additional records of this species

only from Illinois, Ohio and Oklahoma, so

that little can be said regarding its general

habits and distribution.

Illinois Records.

—

Serena, Indian



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 241

Creek: May 12, 1938, Ross & Burks, 7

larvae; May 17, 1938, Ross & Burks, 2i,
2$, 1 larva (all reared in cage at Spring

Grove, Illinois) ; May 27. 1938. Ross &
Burks, 1 larva; June 16, 1939, B. D. Burks,

1?.

Oecetis scala Milne

Oecetis scala Milne (1934, p. 17); d".

Not yet taken in Illinois, but apparently

with a widespread though scattered range,

so that the species may be looked for in

the state with future collecting. To date

it has always been collected in small num-
bers, with records available from Maryland.

New Jersey, North Carolina and Pennsyl-

vania.

Oecetis osteni Milne

Oecetis osteni Milne (1934, p. 17); d^, 9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 9 mm. Color various

shades of brown without conspicuous mark-
ings. Male genitalia, fig. 819: tenth tergite

composed of a pair of fairly long, sclerotized

arms, wide at base, tapering to a curved

apical beak; aedeagus narrow and arcuate,

in repose fitting into the V of the beak of

the tenth tergite; claspers with the basal

portion somewhat rectangular, tapering to

a short, apical point. Female genitalia,

fig. 826, readily identified by the dark area

on the eighth sternite and the simple bursa

copulatrix.

In Illinois this species is restricted to the

extreme northern portion of the state and

has been taken most commonly around the

glacial lakes in the northeastern corner.

The adults have been taken from late June
to the latter part of August. In other states

the records are most frequently associated

with lakes, but the species undoubtedly

occurs also in rivers.

The range of the species includes a band
through the Northeast from Minnesota
eastward to New Brunswick. Records are

available from Illinois, Massachusetts,

Michigan, Minnesota, New Brunswick,

New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,

Ontario. Quebec, Virginia and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Antioch: July 7,

1932, at light, Prison & Metcalf, M , 1 $.

Fox Lake: June 30, 1935, DeLong & Ross,

$ $, 9 5 ; June 10, 1936, Ross & Burks,
1$. Fulton: July 20, 1927, Frison &
Glasgow, 1 $ . Grass Lake: July 14, 1926,

Frison & Hayes, 1$. Grayslake: Aug,
20, 1939, Mohr & Riegel, \$. Richmond:
June 25, 1938, Burks & Boesel, 1 $ . Spring
Grove: Aug. 12, 1937, at light, Ross &
Burks, 1 $ .

Oecetis immohilis (Hagen)

Setodes immobilis Hagen (1861, p. 283); d".

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 9 mm. Color various

shades of brown without conspicuous mark-
ings. Male genitalia, fig. 823: tenth tergite

composed of a single semimembranous, fair-

ly short process; cerci ovate; claspers fairly

short, the dorsal margin sinuate, the apical

process fairly short and the basal portion

appressed for a considerable distance on
meson; aedeagus stout at base, the apex

forming a definite beak. Female genitalia,

fig. 830, with ninth sternite diamond shaped,

the posterior sides of the diamond raised

and fencelike, bursa copulatrix almost circu-

lar.

In Illinois we have taken this species

only in the extreme northern portion and,

as with osteni, it has been taken abundantly

only around the glacial lakes of the north-

east corner of the state. All our records

for Illinois are in late May, June and early

July; records for other states, however, in-

dicate an emergence which continues into

August and September.

The range of the species includes most

of the Northeast; records are from Illinois,

Indiana, Michigan, New Brunswick, New
York, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Sas-

katchewan and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Fox Lake: July 1,

1931, Frison, Betten & Ross, $ $, 9 ? ;

June 30, 1935, DeLong & Ross, $ $, $ 9 ;

May 28, 1936. H. H. Ross, $ $ ,\$ pupa;

June 10, 1936, Ross & Burks, 9$. Johns-
burg, Fox River: May 28, 1936, H. H.

Ross, 2$, 29. Pistakee Lake: June 12,

1936, H. H. Ross, \$. Rock City: May
24, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1 $ . Spring

Grove: June 9, 1938, Mohr & Burks, 1 $.

Oecetis cinerascens (Hagen)

Setodes cinerascens Hagen (1861, p. 282); d^.

Oecetina fumosa Banks (1899, p. 216); 9.



242 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Larva.—Fig. 811. Length 7 mm. Head
brown with spots of a lighter shade scat-

tered over the entire surface. Pronotum

and legs straw color, the pronotum finely

speckled with light brown. Labrum with

Fig. 833.

—

Oecetis cinerascens, case.

hairs forming an irregular band across

apical third, first abdominal segment with
dorsal holding process large and without
setae.

Case.—Fig. 833. Length 8-10 mm., con-

structed of bits of stems and other debris

into a somewhat irregular log-cabin case.

Adults.—Length 11-13 mm. Color me-
dium shades of brown; in life somewhat
hoary due to the pale hair; the wing mem-
brane with several dark spots situated at

the vein forks. Male genitalia, fig. 822:

tenth tergite consisting of a single stylelike

projection; cerci fairly long and parallel

sided, apex rounded ; claspers with a wide
basal portion which tapers suddenly to a

long apical curved filament; aedeagus fairly

long, the apex produced into a projecting

beak. Female genitalia, fig. 827, with ninth

sternite large and almost circular, deline-

ated by very distinct arcuate lines, the apical

portion of the sternite composed of a pair

of concave sclerites; bursa copulatrix simple.

The common log-cabin case of this species

is one of the most abundant features of

many lakes and streams scattered through-
out the state. The species is frequently

taken in great numbers and occurs on the

wing from May to late September, with a

constant cycle of generations.

This species is widely distributed through

the Northeast, and occurs south to Georgia,

southwest through the Ozarks to Texas,

and northwest to Saskatchewan. We have

records from Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois,

Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne-
sota, Missouri, New Brunswick, New York,

Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario,

Pennsylvania, Quebec, Saskatchewan, South

Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and

Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males and 1 pupa, taken May 7 to Septem-

ber 25, and many larvae and nine cases,

taken April 15 to October 17, are from
Algonquin, Antioch, Beardstown (Mus-
cooten Bay), East Fox Lake, Elgin (Botan-

ical Gardens), Fox Lake, Grass Lake,

Havana (Quiver Lake, Thompson's Lake,

Illinois River), Henry, Herod, Homer,
Johnsburg (Fox River), Liverpool, Mc-
Henry, Meredosia, Milan, Momence,
Mount Zion (Fork Lake), New Memphis
(Kaskaskia River), Olive Branch (Horse

Shoe Lake), Peoria, Pistakee Lake, Put-

nam (Lake Senachwine), Quincy (Willow
Slough), Richmond, Rosecrans (Des Plaines

River), Round Prairie, Savanna (Missis-

sippi River), Springfield (Sangamon River),

Spring Grove, Stewart Lake, Urbana
(Crystal Lake), Wilmington, Wood River,

Zion (Dead River). •

Oecetis inconspicua (Walker)

Leptocerus inconspicuus Walker (1852, p.

71); cf.

Setodes sagitta Hagen (1861, p. 284); c?.

Setodes micans Hagen (1861, p. 283); cf, 9.

Setodes flaveolata Hagen (1861, p. 282); 9.

Oecetina parvula Banks (1899, p. 215); 9.

Oecetina flavida Banks (1899, p. 216); cf, 9.

Oecetina floridana Banks (1899, p. 216); d^.

Oecetina apicalis Banks (1907rt, p. 129); cf.

Oecetina inornata Banks (1907^, p. 128); 9.

Larva.—Fig. 834. Length 8 mm. Scle-

rotized parts straw color to pale yellowish

brown, the head varying from an almost

immaculate condition to a distinct dark

brown pattern as in fig. 834. First segment
of abdomen with dorsal hump large and

without setae.

Case.—Length 9 mm." Constructed of

stones and sand grains, frequently irregular



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 243

and not very rigid in construction; a few

larger stones are frequently attached at

the sides.

Adults.—Length 10-12 mm. Color brown
with a reddish cast, without distinct mark-

ings ; specimens in liquid showing a con-

Fig. 834.

—

Oecetis inconspicua larva.

spicuous dark bar across the cord. Position

of crossveins forming the cord extremely

variable, ranging from a condition in which

the three crossveins form an almost straight

line to one in which they are far removed

and steplike. Male genitalia, fig. 824: tenth

tergite forming a single, straight, fairly long

rod; cerci short and ovate; claspers with

dorsal margin incised to form a conspicuous

ventral lobe, their ventral margin somewhat

angulate at base; aedeagus almost circular,

with short beak. Female genitalia, fig. 831,

with ninth sternite membranous and not

bounded by dark lines, the apical shelf

straight and bursa copulatrix simple.

This species is one of the most common
caddis flies in Illinois and has been taken

throughout the state. It is one of the few

caddis flies abundant in artificial ponds.

The larvae live in both lakes and streams.

They are seldom encountered in field col-

lections but are frequently present, together

with those of cinerascens, in fish stomachs.

The adults emerge throughout the warmer
months, from May until early October, and

frequently occur in immense numbers.

The species is very widely distributed

throughout the North American continent

and appears to be fairly rare only in the

Northwest. We have records from Ala-

bama, Arkansas, British Columbia, Cali-

fornia, Cuba, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,

Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine,

Massachusetts, Mexico, Michigan, Minne-
sota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Brunswick,
New Hampshire, New York, Nova Scotia,

Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Penn-
sylvania, Quebec, Saskatchewan, South

Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vir-

ginia and Wisconsin. (See fig. 13.)

Illinois Records.—Many males, females

and pupae, taken May 6 to October 10, and

many larvae, taken May 20 to August 7,

are from Algonquin, Alton, Amboy (Green
River), Antioch, Apple River Canyon State

Park, Bartonville (Kickapoo Creek), Brus-

sels, Cairo, Carbondale, Champaign, Chan-
nel Lake, Charleston, Chicago (roof of

Stevens Hotel), Clinton, Council Hill, Dan-
ville, Des Plaines, Downs, East Dubuque,

East Fox Lake, Eldorado, Elgin, Elizabeth-

town, Fieldon, Fox Lake, Frankfort (Hick-

ory Creek), Freeport, Galena (Sinsinawa

River), Galesburg, Golconda, Grafton,

Grand Tower, Grass Lake, Grayslake,

Hamilton, Hardin (Illinois River), Harris-

burg, Havana (Chautauqua Lake), Henry,

Herod, Homer, Jackson Island (Mississippi

River opposite Hannibal, Missouri), Jersey-

ville, Kampsville, Kappa (Mackinaw Riv-

er), La Rue (McCann Spring), Le Roy,

Libertyville, Liverpool, Mahomet, Mere-

dosia, McHenry, Milan (Rock River), Mo-
mence (Kankakee River), Montezuma,

Mount Zion (Fork Lake), Muncie, New
Memphis (Kaskaskia River), Oakwood
(Salt Fork River, Middle Fork Vermilion

River), Olive Branch (Horse Shoe Lake),

Ottawa, Palos Park (Mud Lake), Peoria,

Pontiac, Putnam (Lake Senachwine),

Quincy (stream near Cave Spring, Burton

Creek), Richmond, Ripley (Lamoine Riv-

er), Rockford, Rochelle, Rosiclare, Rome,

Round Lake, Savanna, Serena (Indian

Creek), Springfield (Sangamon River),

Spring Grove (Nippersink Creek), Starved

Rock State Park, Sterling, Urbana, Utica,

Venedy Station (Kaskaskia River), Wads-

worth (Des Plaines River), Waukegan,

White Pines Forest State Park, Wilming-

ton, Yorkville, Ziegler, Zion (Dead River).

Oecetis persimilis (Banks)

Oecetina persimilis Banks (1907rt, p. 129);

cf , 9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 7-8 mm. Color light

brown, venter and legs straw color; wings



244 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

uniformly smoky, with long brown hair and

dark shading along the cord. Abdomen of

male with seventh and eighth tergites heavi-

ly sclerotized, and covered with minute

and lacelike fenestrations. Male genitalia,

fig. 821: tenth tergite consisting of a long

stylelike projection twice as long as cerci;

cerci ovate, wide and rounded at tip ; clasp-

ers with a wide, long basal portion suddenly

narrowed to an apical elongation; the apices

of the two claspers curve mesad very much

as in figure 8225, except that they curve

more sharply and usually touch or overlap

at the extreme tip; aedeagus large, with a

greatly expanded bulbous base which nar-

rows to a ventral beaklike spatula above

which extrude several membranous folds

which enclose three short hooks, a curved

sclerotized rod twice as long as these hooks

and another curved sclerotized rod stouter

and longer than the preceding. Female geni-

talia, fig. 825, with ninth sternite mostly

membranous but with the bursa copulatrix

developed into several pairs of ovate sclero-

tized folds and with a basal pair of long

sclerotized rods which project into the ab-

domen.

We have only a single record of this

species from Illinois, a male collected at

Principia College, Elsah, June 28, 1943,

at light, C. L. Remington. The range of

the species embraces many of the eastern

states, including Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky,

Maryland, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia and

Wisconsin. In spite of its wide distribution,

collections of this species are infrequent,

probably indicating a scattered type of dis-

tribution pattern.

Oecetis ochracea (Curtis)

Leptocerus ochraceus Curtis (1825, pi. 57).

Oecetis ochracea carri Milne (1934, p. 16);

cf , 9. New synonymy.

Not yet taken in the state, but of very

wide distribution to the north. This is a

Holarctic species with records in North
America from Alaska, Alberta, Manitoba,

Minnesota, Saskatchewan, South Dakota
and Wyoming.

Oecetis species a and b

We have segregated two distinctive larvae

which have not yet been reared.

Species a.—Fig. 812. Length 6 mm.
Head and body sclerites cream colored,

the head and pronotum with small dark

spots or bars, the head with three additional

dark areas on and near the frons. Case

tubular, slightly horn shaped, constructed

of sand grains and usually even in finish.

The great similarity between the structural

characters of this larva to inconspicua sug-

gests strongly that this is the larva of im-

mobilis ; immobilis is most closely related

on adult structures to inconspicua and occurs

in some numbers around Fox and Channel

lakes, in which this larva a has been found.

Illinois Records.— Channel Lake:
May 31, 2 larvae. Fox Lake: May 15,

1936, from stones, Ross & Mohr, 8 larvae.

Mineola, East Fox Lake: June 9, 1938,

Mohr & Burks, 4 larvae.

Species b.—Length 5.5 mm. Head, pro-

notum and legs cream colored with dark

spots on head and pronotum; mesonotum
with a pair of irregular dark areas on each

side of the meson. Case horn shaped, con-

structed of sand grains and with a very

smooth exterior. We have taken only one

specimen of this larva, in Channel Lake
near Antioch, Illinois, May 18, 1938, Ross

& Burks. Aside from immobilis, the only

species of adult taken in this region which

has not been reared is osteni, and it is possi-

ble that this species b is the larva of osteni.

Triaenodes McLachlan

Triaenodes McLachlan (1865, p. 110).

Genotype, by present designation: Leptocerus

bicolor Curtis.

Triaenodella Mosely (1932, p. 308). Geno-
type, by original designation: Triaenodella

chelijera Mosely.

Ylodes Milne (1934, p. 11). Genotype, by
original designation: Triaenodes grisea Banks.

Diagnostic characters for the genus in-

clude the long body and case of the larva,

its divided hind tibiae and lack of swimming
brush on hind legs; the curious mandibles

of the pupa, with their large base and slen-

der blades; and, in the adult, the venation

of the front wing, fig. 733, absence of epi-

cranial stem on the head, and katepisternum

truncate at apex. Most of the larvae make
cases of short, slender twigs built into a

spiral pattern, fig. 862.

The genus has been divided into Ylodes

and Triaenodella; it seems best at the pres-

ent time to consider these as subgenera.

The genus contains many North Ameri-

can species; a few are widespread, but many



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 245

are known from onh' a limited number of

localities. Eight species have been taken in

Illinois, of which one is represented by an

unidentified female. The specific characters

of the female sex have been worked out

sufficiently to show that this unidentified

eighth species is different from the other

seven taken in the state.

fuscous area to form lines, fig. 838. . 4

Lateral portion of head mostly pale;

pronotum with only small dark
areas marginata, p. 251

Lateral portion of head mostly dark
with pale lines between the dark
areas; pronotum almost entirely

dark, fig. 838 species b, p. 253

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Head with pale antennae and with a

pattern of spots, only a few anterior

ones somewhat coalesced to form

weak lines, fig. 835 tarda, p. 250

Head with definite lines reaching pos-

terior portion of head, fig. 836, or

antennae black 2

2. Head lines broken into spots at pos-

terior portion, fig. 836; pronotum
without extensive dark areas

injusta, p. 252

Head lines solid to posterior margin of

head, fig. 837; pronotum usually

with dark patches in addition to dark

spots on posterior portion 3

3. Lateral spots of head distinct and
separate, fig. 837 aba, p. 249

Lateral spots of head connected b)' a

Adults

L Genitalia with claspers and aedeagus,

figs. 839-850 (males) 2

Genitalia without these structures,

figs. 851-861 (females) 13

2. Claspers consisting chiefly of a thin,

vertical plate, incised on apical mar-

gin, fig. 839 3

Claspers consisting of a solid base the

mass of which is distributed hori-

zontally, and often bearing various

lateral or mesal lobes, figs. 841-850 4

3. Inner spur of clasper long, curved and
whiplike, fig. 839 frontalis, p. 249

Inner spur of clasper short, somewhat
angular and stocky, fig. 840

grisea, p. 249

4. Tenth tergite forming a long fork, with

a basafstalk, figs. 841, 842 5

Tenth tergite single or vestigial, fig.

843 6

''!w:«i'-|;l(llll;i:'"'

838
836

Fig. 835.-7. tarda.

Fig. 836.— T. injusta.

Larvae of Triaenodes

Fig. 837.— 7\ aba.

Fig. 838.— r. species b.



246 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

5. Arms of tenth tergite wide, short and

divergent, fig. 841 injusta, p. 252

Arms of tenth tergite narrow, long,

parallel and curved to left at tip,

fig. 842 ignita, p. 252

6. Dorsal apex of tenth tergite vestigial,

fig. 843 aba, p. 249

Dorsal apex of tenth tergite long, fig.

844 7

7. Clasper with no postero-lateral or

mesal projection, fig. 844. . perna, p. 250

Clasper with postero-lateral and mesal

projections, fig. 845 8

8. Aedeagus scarcely exserted, with an

ovate body and short beak, fig. 845

phalacris, p. 250

Aedeagus exserted to beyond base of

claspers, forming a long, curved

structure, fig. 846 9

9. Tenth tergite gradually tapering from

near base to apex, fig. 846

flavescens, p. 251

Tenth tergite clavate, fig. 847 10

10. Lateral lobe of clasper only slightly

longer than mesal lobe, fig. 847. . . .

Lateral lobe of clasper at least nearly

twice as long as mesal lobe, figs. 849,

850

11. Cerci as long as tenth tergite, fig. 847.

baris, p. 252

Cerci about half as long as tenth ter-

gite, fig. 848 dipsia, p. 252

11

12

845C
PHALACRIS

PERNA 845A

Figs. 839-845.— Triaenodes, male genitaha. A, lateral aspect; B, tenth tergite; C, claspers,
ventral aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 247

848C
849B

849A TARDA

850A MARGINATA 850B 850C

Figs. 846-850.— Triaenodes, male genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, tenth tergite; C, claspers.

12. Apex of claspers straight, tenth ter-

gite sharply pointed, fig. 849

tarda, p. 250
Apex ot claspers bent mesad at a con-

siderable angle, tenth tergite spatu-

late, fig. 850 marginata, p. 251

13. Cerci present as earlike lobes; ventral

margin of lateral plates of tenth

segment angled to form a flat shelf,

fig. 852. . . r 14

Cerci absent, fig. 861; ventral margin
of lateral plates of tenth tergite not

angled 15

14. Bursa copulatrix situated at the end
of a long, flat stalk, fig. 851

grisea, p. 249

Bursa copulatrix sessile, attachments
short, fig. 852 frontalis, p. 249

15. Plates of ninth sternite with ventral

aspect forming a V with swollen

arms, lateral aspect pointed at both

ends, fig. 853 aba, p. 249

Plates of ninth sternite not shaped like

the above, figs. 854-861 16

16. Apodeme of tenth segment long and

sinuate, reaching far past bursa

copulatrix almost to sixth segment,

fig. 854 perna, p. 250

.Apodeme of tenth segment not reach-

ing bevond apex of bursa copulatrix,

fig'. 855 17

17. .Apodeme above bursa copulatrix long,

ending in a swollen, emarginate, scle-

rotized plate, fig. 855. . .injusta, p. 252

.Apodeme not extending above bursa

copulatrix, fig. 856 18



248 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. J

86IB

anH vrnfil ^^^-^^^^•--^^^"''f
^> female genitalia. J, B and C, respectively lateral, dorsal

.fZTl^^ '^P''^'^' ^ ""'^ ^' ''"^^^ copulatrix, respectively lateral and ventral aspects; ., cerci;
cl, clasper.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 249

18. Apex of ninth sternite produced into a

pair of long, slender, pointed fingers,

fig. 856 ignita, p. 252

Apex of ninth sternite not produced

into long fingers, fig. 858 19

19. Bursa copulatrix with ventral folds

forming long, shelflike, sclerotized

bands, fig. 857, and base ot apical

hook heavily sclerotized around

edge species a, p. 253

Bursa copulatrix with ventral folds

either straplike and not shelflike

or membranous, fig. 858, and base

of apical hook uniformly sclerotized 20

20. Apical lobes of ninth sternite project-

ing more sharply posterad, fig. 858;

a sclerotized bar, platelike at each

end, is situated above base ot bursa

supports baris, p. 252

Apical lobes of ninth sternite not pro-

jecting so sharply, fig. 859; only an

arcuate lobe above base of bursa

supports 21

21. One internal told beyond base of

clasper sclerotized, fig. 859

flavescens, p. 251

.AH internal folds beyond base ot

clasper membranous, fig. 860 22

22. Ventro-lateral margins of ninth seg-

ment sclerotized, flared and con-

voluted, fig. 860 marginata, p. 251

Ventro-lateral margins of ninth seg-

ment not flared and almost entirely

membranous, fig. 861 tarda, p. 250

Triaenodes frontalis Banks

Triaenodes frontalis Banks (1907^, p. 127);

9.

Not yet taken in Illinois, but is known
from Colorado and Saskatchewan, where it

frequents ponds.

Triaenodes grisea Banks

Triaenodes grisea Banks (1899, p. 214); 9.

Not yet taken in Illinois. It is known
from Colorado, Manitoba and Saskatche-

wan; it frequents ponds. This and frontalis

might be looked for in some of the marsh
situations of northeastern Illinois.

Triaenodes aba Milne

Triaenodes sp. Milne (1934, p. 12); cf.

Triaenodes aba Milne (1935, p. 20); c^.

Larva.—Fig. 837. Length 10 mm. Head,
pronotum and legs cream color, the head

with a pair of dark stripes on the ventral

aspect, with another pair on the dorsum
and irregular small spots on the head and
pronotum; the spots on the frons forming
an interrupted pair of lines just inside the

large stripes.

Adults.—Length 8-9 mm. Color reddish

brown with a narrow dorsal stripe of pink-

ish brown when the wings are folded in

repose. Male genitalia, fig. 843: tenth ter-

gite with only a vestigial mesal process;

cerci long and slender, not quite as long as

aedeagus; claspers with large platelike

mesal lobe, short lateral spur; aedeagus

U-shaped. Female genitalia, fig. 853 : ninth

sternite forming a V with wide arms and

a narrow cleft, from side view appearing

shallow and pointed at both ends; abdomen
thin, short and flat.

Allotype, female.—Zion, Illinois, along

Dead River at Dunes Park: June 28, 1940,

Mohr & Riegel.

This species is abundant in two marsh

areas in northeastern Illinois, one the Des
Plaines River at Rosecrans, the other the

Dead River at Zion. It was reared from

both localities. The larvae were found in

weed beds, and their cases were very diffi-

cult to see in the mass of broken twigs which

had accumulated in these areas. Betten

(1934, p. 287) recorded the species from

Lake Forest, Illinois. Our adult records

are for June, July and August, indicating

a single generation per year.

The range of this species is poorly defined

but apparently includes most of the North-

east. Records are available from Illinois,

Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire,

Ontario and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Chicago: June 16,

W. J. Gerhard, 2$ , FM. Fox Lake: June

23, 1892, Hart & Shiga, 1 9 ; June 26, 1936,

Frison & DeLong, 1 $ . Northern Illi-

nois: 1 S . Rosecrans: June 14, 1938, Ross

& Burks, 2 6 ; Des Plaines River, May 23,

1938, Ross & Burks, many larvae, 6 3

,

9 9 (all reared) ; May 29, 1938, Mohr &
Burks, 1 larva (reared)

;
June 8, 1938, Ross

& Burks, many larvae, 1 6 ; June 9, 1938,

at light, Ross & Burks, 6 S ;
June 13,

1938, Ross & Burks, 4 c$ ; June 14, 1938,

Ross & Burks, many larvae; June 15,

1938, Ross & Burks, 6S ; June 21, 1938,

Ross & Burks, 19. Spring Grove: Aug.

12, 1937, at light, Ross & Burks, 1 6 . Ur-

bana: Aug. 25, 1892, McElfresh, 19.

Wadsworth, Des Plaines River: July 7,



250 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

1937, Prison & Ross, S $. ZiON, Dead

River: July 7, 1937. Prison & Ross, $ $ ;

May 23, 1938. Ross & Burks, 2 larvae and

cases; June 3, 1938, Mohr & Burks, $ $ ;

Tune 4, 1938, Ross & Burks, <? <? , 5 9 ; Aug.

"l5, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1 ? ; Aug. 19, 1939,

Mohr & Riegel, 1 9 ; May 20, 1940, Mohr
& Burks. 2 larvae; June 28, 1940, Mohr &
Riegel, 1 larva, 1 pupa, 1 9 ;

June 5, 1941,

Mohr & Burks, 4 5, 3 9.

females collected at Eichorn, June 13, 1934,

along Hicks Branch, DeLong & Ross. The
only records which have come to our atten-

tion since that time are a male from Prank-

lin County, Ohio, and a female from Broken

Bow, Oklahoma.

Triaenodes phalacris Ross

Triaenodes phalacris Ross (1938^, p. 88);

Triaenodes perna Ross

Triaenodes perna Ross (1938«, p. 159); cf,

Not yet taken in Illinois. It is known
from Athens, Ohio, and may ultimately be

taken in southern Illinois.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 9 mm. Color tawny,

front wing with a definite pattern of cream

color and brown; in repose the insect has a

dorsal light stripe, a large light area along

middle of front margin of wings, a dark

brown area across wing at stigma, and a

golden brown area beyond this along the api-

cal margin. Male genitalia, fig. 844: tenth

tergite long and hairlike with a slight thick-

ening at apex; beneath this there is a long,

membranous, curved process extending be-

yond the tenth tergite, claspers flat, the ven-

tral aspect somewhat triangular, and the

apico-mesal side with a row of black spines

;

basal whiplike processes of claspers very

long, the right one convoluted and bladelike,

the left one filamentous. Pemale genitalia,

fig. 854: apex of ninth sternite forming a

somewhat anvil-shaped projecting body with

flat apical plates; these plates, from ventral

aspect, appearing to form a sort of "hat"

at the end of the anvil; most conspicuous is

the very long internal apodeme of the tenth

segment; this apodeme extends almost to

the sixth segment, reaching far past the

bursa, and has a definite enlarged central

portion where it makes a sharp bend; bursa

copulatrix short and inconspicuous, its apex

terminating in indefinite membranous folds.

Our Illinois specimens of this species are

confined to the type series of a male and two

Triaenodes tarda Milne

Triaenodes marginata tarda Milne (1934, p.

12); cf.

Triaenodes vorhiesi Betten (1934, p. 286);

cf , 9. New synonymy.
Triaenodes mephita Milne (1936, p. 59);

cf , 9. New synonymy.

Larva.—Pig. 835. Length 10 mm. Scle-

rites straw color, the head with a definite

pattern of small spots; the spots along the

frons may be sharply coalesced to form an

interrupted line. Case as in fig. 862.

Adults.—Length 12-13 mm. Color taw-

ny with the same conspicuous cream and

brown pattern as in fig. 863 ; in most speci-

mens the dorsal stripe is divided into an

elongate anterior area and a posterior dia-

mond-shaped area. Male genitalia, fig. 849:

tenth tergite long and fusiform ; cerci fairly

short and lanceolate ; claspers with base

bulbous, lateral angle produced into a long,

sharp point, mesal portion produced into a

knobbed lobe set with short, stout setae;

aedeagus U-shaped and cleft at apex. Fe-

male genitalia, fig. 861, with apodemes

entirely membranous, ninth sternite some-

what anvil shaped, its apical flanges not

greatly produced on the meson.

This species is widely distributed in Illi-

nois, occurring in both lakes and streams.

We have taken it in abundance, however,

Fig. 862.— Triaenodes tarda, case.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 251

only in the glacial lakes in the northeast

part of the state. In these the larvae were

taken in large numbers from weed beds and

were reared from these collections. Our
adult collections extend from May to

late September, indicating that more than

one generation may be produced in a year.

Female genitalia, fig. 860, similar in general

structure to tarsia but differing in the scle-

rotized, flared and convoluted ventro-lateral

expansions of the ninth segment.

This species is a rarity in our Illinois

collections; our records to date consist of

only two males, from Chicago and Mo-

Fig. 863.— Triaenodes tar-da cf

This species is widely distributed through

the northeastern states and extends south-

westward through the Ozarks into Okla-

homa, with records from Arkansas, District

of Columbia, Illinois, Minnesota, New
Brunswick, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma,

Ontario, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. In

addition, Milne lists the species from Ari-

zona and British Columbia (paratypes of

tarda)

.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-

males, taken May 31 to September 25, and

many larvae, taken May 15 to August 13,

are from Algonquin, Antioch, Champaign,

Chicago, Elgin (Botanical Gardens), Fox
Lake, Havana (Quiver Lake), New Mem-
phis (Kaskaskia River), Richmond, Sand

Lake, Spring Grove (Nippersink Creek),

Urbana, Zion (Dunes Park).

Triaenodes tnarginata Sibley

Triaenodes marginata Siblev (1926rt, p. 80);

Larva (after Sibley, 1926^, p. 105).—

Head and pronotum yellow; head with two

pairs of dark lines and scattered spots;

pronotum with only small dark markings

on a pale background.

Adults.—Length 12-13 mm. Color taw-

ny with a black and cream pattern as shown

in fig. 863. Male genitalia, fig. 850, simi-

lar in general structure to tarda, differing

chiefly in the spatulate tenth tergite and

long lateral projections of the claspers, these

processes curved sharply mesad at apex.

mence, both in the northeastern portion of

the state.

The species has a wide range, including

Arkansas, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey,

New York, Nova Scotia and South Dakota.

Illinois Records.—Chicago: Roof of

Stevens Hotel, July 13, 1931, T. H. Frison,

1^. Momence: June 4, 1932, Frison &
Mohr, 1 $ .

Triaenodes flavescens Banks

Triaenodes flavescens Banks (1900^, p. 257);

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 12 mm. Color tawny

with the cream and brown wing pattern

shown in fig. 863. Male genitalia, fig. 846,

similar in general structure to tarda, differ-

ing in the long, bladelike tenth tergite and

the claspers with the shorter, pointed lateral

projection and the larger mesal lobe. Fe-

male genitalia, fig. 859, similar in general

structure to tarda, differing chiefly in having

one internal fold beyond the base of the

claspers sclerotized.

Allotype, female.—Wilmington, Illinois:

Aug. 20, 1934, DeLong & Ross.

In Illinois we have taken only one collec-

tion of this species; it bears the same data

as given for the allotype and contains two

males and four females. Little is known

regarding the habits of the species.

Its range includes the northeastern states,

with records from Illinois, New Jersey,

New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania.



252 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Triaenodes baris Ross

Triaenodes baris Ross (1938^, p. 88); &.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 11-12 mm. Color taw-

ny with the cream and brown pattern shown

in fig. 863. Male genitalia, fig. 847: tenth

tergite fairly long, simple and fusiform

;

cerci very long; claspers with lateral pro-

jection short, mesal lobe very large, the

basal, recurved rod fairly short, not reach-

ing base of aedeagus; aedeagus somewhat

U-shaped, apex deeply cleft. Female geni-

talia, fig. 858: similar in general appear-

ance to tarda but with the apical lobes of

ninth sternite projecting more sharply pos-

terad and with a sclerotized bar situated

above base of bursa supports, the bar en-

larged and platelike at each end.

This species was originally described from

Zion, Illinois, and has since been taken only

at that locality. We obtained a pupa in the

Dead River at Zion, living in a case typical

for the genus and indistinguishable from

cases of tarda and aba taken in company

with it.

Our collection of this species is so small

that there is some doubt as to the associa-

tion of male and female. Our assignment

of the above female must be considered

tentative; hence no allotype is designated.

Illinois Records.—Zion : June 10, 1933,

Mohr & Townsend, \ $ , 1 $ ; along Dead
River, June 6, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 1 $ .

Triaenodes ignita (Walker)

Leptocerus Ignitus Walker (1852, p. 72); d^

.

Triaenodes dentata Banks (1914, p. 261);

d^. New synonymy.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 11-12 mm. Color taw-

ny with the cream and brown pattern of

the wing shown in fig. 863. Male genitalia,

fig. 842: tenth tergite divided near base
into a pair of very long, slender filaments

which curve sharply to the left near apex;
cerci very long and slender; claspers with
the lateral projection slightly curved and
sharp, the mesal projection large and quad-
rate from lateral view, with small swellings

on its dorsal margin, the basal filament

ribbon-like at base, filamentous on the apical

portion; aedeagus U-shaped, slender in the

middle, and with a long, ventral portion.

Female genitalia, fig. 856, with no sclero-

tized apodemes, ninth sternite produced at

apex into a pair of long, slender fingers.

Our only Illinois record of this species

is a single male taken at Vandalia, June 22,

1940, along the Kaskaskia River, Mohr &
Riegel. The species has a scattered distri-

bution over most of the eastern states, occur-

ring west to Illinois and Oklahoma. Rec-

ords are available for Alabama, Georgia,

Illinois, New York, Nova Scotia, Oklahoma
and Tennessee.

Triaenodes dipsia Ross

Triaenodes dipsia Ross (1938^, p. 89); c?.

This species has not been taken in Illinois

but is known from Athens, Ohio, and may
possibly be taken in southern Illinois.

Triaenodes injusta (Hagen)

Setodes injusta Hagen (1861, p. 283); cf.

Larva.—Fig. 836. Length 10 mm. Head,

pronotum and legs straw color, the head

with two pairs of dorsal lines, the long pair

from base of antennae to vertex, and a

shorter, interrupted pair along inner margin

of frons; pronotum with some irregular

spots on posterior portion.

Adults.—Length 12 mm. Color tawny
with the cream and brown pattern shown
in fig. 863. Male genitalia, fig. 841 : tenth

tergite divided near base into a pair of

wide, fairly short, heavily sclerotized diver-

gent arms; cerci long and slender; claspers

with lateral projection very short, dorsal

projection large. Female genitalia, fig. 855,

similar to tarda in general outline but

distinct from all other species of the genus

by the fairly long apodeme of the tenth

segment, this apodeme produced at apex into

a series of knoblike folds.

Allotype, female.— Antioch, Illinois:

June 27, 1938, Ross & Burks.

We have taken this species very abun-

dantly in the glacial lakes of northeastern

Illinois; we have taken only scattered rec-

ords from other parts of the state. In the

lakes the larvae are found in weed beds.

We have reared them from Channel Lake,

near Antioch. Most of the adult emergence

occurs during June and July. A few speci-

mens have been collected in May and Au-
gust. Data are insufficient to tell how many
generations are produced per year.

Illinois Records.—Many males and fe-



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 253

males, taken May 18 to August 20, and

many larvae, taken May 16 to June 12,

are from Antioch, Channel Lake, Fox Lake,

Grass Lake, Grayslake, Pistakee Lake,

Richmond, Round Lake, Urbana, Wilming-
ton, Zion.

Triaenodes species a

Female.—Length 9 mm. Color tawny
with the brown and cream pattern typical

of the tarda group. Female genitalia, fig.

857: apex of ninth sternite not greatly

produced, typical in general form of the

tarda group; tenth tergite without conspicu-

ous apodemes; bursa copulatrix with its

ventral bands folded, long and shelflike and

heavily sclerotized; the hook set in the apex

of the bursa is very heavily sclerotized,

especially the margins of the base, giving

it a hollow appearance from ventral view.

We have taken only one female of this

species, from Herod, Illinois, May 29, 1935,

Ross & Mohr. We have taken no male

which could be positively associated with it,

but it is definitely none of the other species

of which we have record from the state.

There is a possibility that it may be the

female of phalacris or dipsia, both taken

from southern Ohio, or it may be an entirely

different species.

Triaenodes species b

Larva.— Fig. 838. Length 10 mm.
Ground pattern of sclerites straw color;

head with spots coalesced to form a pair

of long, broad lines down the central por-

tion and a pair of short, broad lines on the

lateral margin, the ventral aspect almost

all dark so that only narrow pale areas

appear between the ventral and lateral dark

markings; pronotum mostly brown with a

pale mesal line, a pale postero-mesal area

and a pair of pale lateral spots. Case typi-

cal for genus.

This is an unreared larva of which we
have taken only one specimen, from Herod,

Illinois, May 15, 1941, Mohr & Burks.

It probably belongs to one of the species

recorded from southern Illinois on the basis

of adults, including perna and species a.

Mystacides Berthold

Mystacides Berthold (1827, p. 437). Geno-
type, by present designation: Phryganea longi-

cornis Linnaeus, one of species first included in

the genus by Burmeister (1839, p. 918).

Species of this genus construct a long,

slender, parallel-sided case adorned with
irregular pieces of leaf, wood or shell frag-

ments; the case is not very rigid. The lar-

vae have a distinct, rectangular gula, man-
dibles which are blunt at apex and armed
with several teeth, and single abdominal
gills varying in number, usually inconspic-

uous.

Three species are known from North
America, of which we have two in Illinois,

both restricted to the northeastern corner

of the state.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

Head with a Y-shaped black mark
following epicranial stem and arms,
fig. 864 longicornis, p. 255

Head with spots or parallel black lines,

not forming a Y, fig. 865

sepulchralis, p. 254

Adults

1. Genitalia with a large ventral furca,

figs. 866, 867 (males) 2

Genitalia without a ventral furca, fig.

868 (females) 3

2. Apical process of ninth sternite forked,

the arms long and slender, fig. 866

sepulchralis, p. 254

864

Fig. 864.— Mystacides longicornis larva.

Fig. 865.— Mystacides sepulchralis larva.



254 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Apical process of ninth sternite single

and wide, fig. 867. . .longicornis, p. 255

3. Color shining blue-black. Lateral lobes

of ninth sternite not narrowed at ex-

867A
LONGICORNIS 867B

Figs. 866-867.

—

Mystacides, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; B, tongue of ninth sternite.

868

SEPULCHRALIS

869

LONGICORNIS

Figs. 868-869.

—

Mystacides, female genitalia.

treme base, fig. 868

sepulchralis, p. 254

Color dull gray-black or brownish-

black. Lateral lobes of ninth sternite

markedly narrow at extreme base,

fig. 869 longicornis, p. 255

Mystacides sepulchralis (Walker)

Leptocerus sepulchralis Walker (1852, p. 70);

cf , 9.

Larva.— Fig. 865. Length 10 mm.
Ground color of head straw color with a

pair of dark brown longitudinal lines (some-

times broken into spots) fading at the pos-

terior margin, and with numerous small

brown dots over most of the head area;

pronotum ranging from entirely dark brown
with a narrow mesal light area to brownish

yellow with lateral irregular brown spots;

legs straw color wtih narrow dark bands.

Adults.—Fig. 870. Length 9 mm. Color

blue-black, the wings and thorax with an

iridescent metallic sheen. Male genitalia,

fig. 866, with apical process of ninth sternite

divided at base into a pair of slender long

processes; claspers short and stocky; tenth

tergite subdivided into a group of intricate

sinuate blades. Female genitalia as in fig.

868.

In our collecting we have found this

species in Illinois only in the glacial lakes

of the northeastern part. Betten (1934,

p. 281) recorded the species both from this

locality and from Charleston, Illinois. In

other states, we have found, the species

occurs in both lakes and streams; so it may
do this in Illinois also.

We have found the larvae under and

around stones in Channel Lake, near An-
tioch, and reared them from this locality.

Adult emergence occurs from May into

September; our records from Illinois are

few, but abundant records from other states

indicate this long seasonal range.

This species occurs through the North-

east, south to Georgia, and southwest

through the Ozarks. Records are available

from Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois,

Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Bruns-

wick, New Hampshire, New York, Nova
Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Que-
bec, Saskatchewan and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Antioch : July 8,

1932, H. H. Ross, 3 5, 1 $ . Channel
Lake: May 27, 1936, H." H. Ross, 9$,
9? ; May 18, 1938, Ross & Burks, \$, \



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 255

larva. Chicago: July 30, 1904, 1^, fm
;

Aug. 4, 4$ , 1 9 , FM. Fox Lake: May 28,

1936, H. H. Ross, U, 29. Lake Villa:
July 21, 1916, 19.

SK:? Im
lill:

m
^:1

f.mo V\ f'

Fig. 870.—Mystacides sepulchralis cf, me-
tallic blue-black in color. This species is

common in eastern states.

Mystacides longicornis (Linnaeus)

Phryganea longicornis Linnaeus (1758, p.

548).

Phryganea qiiadrijasciata Fabricius (1775,

p. 308).

Oecetina interjecta Banks (1914, p. 262); 9.

Mystacides canadensis Banks (1924, p. 448);

&.

Larva.—Fig. 864. Length 10 mm. Head
yellowish with a few spots and a large black

Y following the epicranial stem and arms;

pronotum varying from yellowish with a

paired mesal black mark to almost entirely

black with a light area in the middle of each

lateral half; legs pale with narrow dark

bands.

Adults.—Length 9 mm. Color rusty

brown, the front wings frequently clothed

with golden hair arranged to form alternate

golden and brown bands; in rubbed speci-

mens this banding never shows. Male geni-

talia, fig. 867, with apical process of ninth

sternite long, narrow and only slightly in-

cised at apex. Female genitalia as in fig.

869.

In Illinois we have taken this species only

in company with the preceding species in

glacial lakes of the northeastern part of the

state (see p. 11). Betten's record (1934,

p. 279) from Diamond Lake, Illinois, May
30, is in the same region. Larvae were

collected and reared from Channel Lake.

We found larvae of both species side by

side making identical cases. Available rec-

ords indicate an adult emergence through-

out the warmer months of the year.

The range of the species is apparently

much wider from east to west through the

northern states than that of sepulchralis,

but it does not extend as far south. We
have records from Colorado, Illinois, Mich-

igan, New York, Ontario, Pennsylvania,

Quebec, Saskatchewan and Wisconsin; it is

recorded from many localities in Eurasia.

Illinois Records.—Antioch: July 7,

1932, at light in town, Frison & Metcalf,

2$ ; May 18, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1 larva,

\$ (reared). Channel Lake: May 27,

1936, H. H. Ross, 2 i pupae; June 11,

1936, Burks & Ross, 35. Fourth Lake:

Aug. 9, 1887, C. A. Hart, 1 $ . Fox Lake:



256 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

July 1, 1931, Frison, Betten & Ross, 1$ ;

June 30, 1935, DeLong & Ross, 1 9 ; May
15, 1936, Ross & Mohr, 1 larva; May 28,

1936, H. H. Ross, 1 <? , 2 $ .

Setodes Rambur

Setodes Rambur (1842, p. 515). Genotype,

by subsequent designation of Milne (1934, p.

18): Setodes punctella Rambur.

This genus contains six or seven species,

all of them rare, of which we have taken

only one in Illinois. An additional species,

incerta, will likely be found in the state

with subsequent collecting.

No Nearctic larvae of this genus have

been reared, but Miss Thelma Howell

collected a leptocerid larva in Swain County,

North Carolina, which may belong to this

genus. It is characterized by a rectangular

gula, mandibles with a broad dentate apex,

filamentous abdominal gills which are single

or double, and the curious anal plate shown

in fig. 719.

Setodes oligia (Ross)

Leptocerus oligius Ross (1938^, p. 160); cf,

9.

Larva.—Unknown.
Adults.—Length 8 mm. Color almost

//'—



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 257

CLASPER

Fig. 873.—Pseudogoera singularis, front

wing. (After Carpenter.)

Fig. 874.—Goerita semata, wings.

Fig. 875.—Goerita seniata cf, head.

Fig. 876.—Goera calcarata 9, head.

Front wings without marked reduc-

tion in venation, Rg not fused with

M; 2A and 3A present, fig. 874 2

2. Eyes small, the head forming a high

crown between them, fig. 875

Goerita, p. 258

Eyes much larger, with a smaller

crown, fig. 876 Goera, p. 257

Goera Curtis

Goera Curtis (1834, p. 215). Genotype,
monobasic: Phryganea pilosa Fabricius.

Not known from Illinois. The males of

this genus have complicated genitalia, as

illustrated by stylata, known from Michi-

gan, fig. 877.

A few pupae, presumably belonging to

this genus, have been received from scattered

localities in eastern states. All these pupae

were collected from clear, cold, rapid

streams. The stone cases were solid and

tightly built.

Fig. 877.

—

Goera sty/ata, male genitalia

/!, dorsal aspect; B, ventral aspect; C, latera'

aspect.

Fig. 878.

—

Goerita semata, male genitalia,

y/, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C, aedeagus.

Note ventral row of peglike teeth on apical

segment of clasper in ^7; one of these teeth

is illustrated separately below the clasper.



258 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin FoL 23, Art. 1

Goerita Ross

Goerita Ross (1938^, p. 171). Genotype, by

original designation: Goerita semata Ross.

Not known from Illinois. The only

known eastern species, semata, has not been

recorded east of the Allegheny ranges. The
male genitalia are distinctive, fig. 878.

Pseudogoera Carpenter

Pseiidogoera Carpenter (1933, p. 37). Geno-

type, by original description: Pseudogoera

singularis Carpenter.

This genus is known only from the type

series of the genotype, described from North

Fig. 879.—Pseudogoera singularis, male
genitalia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect.

Carolina. The distinctive male genitalia are

illustrated in fig. 879.

LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE

In this family the maxillary palpi of the

females are five segmented, and those of

the males vary from three to a curiously

modified structure which may appear only

one segmented. As here defined it includes

only two Nearctic genera, Lepidostoma and
Theliopsyche. The larvae are known for

many species of Lepidostoma; these bear a

striking superficial resemblance to many
genera of Limnephilidae but may be readily

separated by the antennae, which are close

to the eye, and by lacking a dorsal spacing

hump on the first abdominal segment. The
larvae and pupae of Theliopsyche are un-

known.

KEY TO GENERA

Adults

1. Head with posterior warts fairly wide,

triangular or curved, fig. 880

Lepidostoma, p. 258

880

Fig. 880.

—

Lepidostoma liba, head.

Fig. 881.— Theliopsyche sp., head.

Head with posterior warts long, nar-

row and straight, fig. 881

Theliopsyche, p. 260

Lepidostoma Rambur

Mormonia Curtis (1834, p. 215); preoccupied.

Genotype, monobasic: Phryganea hirta Fabri-

cius.

Lepidostoma Rambur (1842, p. 43). Geno-

type, by present designation: Lepidostoma

squamulosum Rambur = hirtum (Fabricius).

Nosopus McLachlan (1871, p. 114). Geno-
type, monobasic: Nosopus podager McLach-
lan.

Olemira Banks (1897, p. 29). Genotype,
monobasic: Olemira americana Banks.

Pristosilo Banks (1899, p. 212). Genotype,

monobasic: Pristosilo canadensis Banks =
togatum (Hagen). New synonymy.

Atomyia Banks (1905^, p. 11). Genotype,

by original designation: Atomyia modesta

Banks. New synonymy.
Notiopsyche Banks (1905i^, p. 11). Geno-

type, by original designation: Notiopsyche lati-

pennis Banks. New synonymy.
Mormomyia Banks (1907fl, p. 127). Geno-

type, by original designation: Mormonia ver-

nalis Banks. New synonymy.
Alepomyia Banks (1908^, p. 64). Genotype,

by original designation: Alepomyia bryanti

Banks. New synonymy.
Phanopsyche Banks (1911, p. 357). Geno-

type, by original description: Phanopsyche
grisea Banks. New synonymy.

Alepomyiodes Sibley (1926^^, p. 106). Geno-
type, by original designation: Lepidostoma

wisconsinensis \QT\v\ts,^ bryanti (Banks). New
synonymy.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 259

Arcadopsyche Banks (1930^, p. 129). Geno-

type, monobasic: Arcadopsyche prominens

Banks. New synonymy.
Oligopsyche Carpenter (1933, p. 36). Geno-

type, by original designation: Notiopsyche

Carolina Banks. New synonymy.
Neuropsyche Carpenter (1933, p. 38). Geno-

type, by original designation: Neuropsyche

tibialis Carpenter. New synonymy.
Jenortha Milne (1936, p. 119). Genotype,

monobasic: Jenortha cascadensis Milne. New
synonymy.

This genus is characterized in the adults

by the arrangement of warts as outlined in

the key. The females exhibit few characters

upon which to base their classification, and

to date I have been able to find no differ-

ences upon which to key most of them to

species. Comparative lengths of the antennal

segments, slight differences of venation, and

some fairly striking differences in the female

genitalia can be used to segregate the species

into groups containing two or more. It is

usually necessary, therefore, to rely upon

association with males for specific identifi-

cation of females.

An astonishing number of bizarre charac-

ters have been developed by the males. Some
have leaflike legs, others extremely wide

wings or folded-back portions which form

large pockets filled with black scales; still

others have the maxillary palpi variously

developed into spoon-shaped structures with

long extensile membranous organs. Organ-

izing and correlating the differences found

in both male and female genitalia give us

ample evidence that this entire complex is a

compact phylogenetic group. The secondary

sexual characters so strikingly developed in

the males appear to have no relation to the

phylogeny of the true species groups in

the genus. It seems necessary, therefore,

to consider this entire complex one genus.

There are about 25 well-recognized spe-

cies in the Nearctic region. Only one has

been found in Illinois, but at least a dozen

others have been taken in the eastern and

northeastern states. Their distribution,

however, is so local, especially west of the

Alleghenies, that it is impossible to predict

which ones might possibly be taken in Illi-

nois with additional collecting.

An interesting feature of the genus is the

local nature of many colonies. Only rarely

are many species found occurring together

in the same locality. Most species prefer

streams or springs to lakes.

Lepidostoma liba Ross

Lepidostoma liba Ross (1941/^, p. 120); d^,

9.

Larva.—Fig. 882. Length 7.5 mm. Head,
pronotum and metanotum dark chocolate

brown; legs yellowish brown; the head has

a pattern of small, lighter brown markings.

Frontal area of head nearly flat, frons of

only medium width; upper portion of head

without long setae. Pronotum with an

apical row of long setae and a few scattered

ones in the middle. Mesonotum with an

irregular group of setae around periphery.

Metanotum with two pairs of small central

dark spots, each bearing a long seta, and a

longer lateral sclerite bearing several setae.

Middle and hind legs slender anci of medium
length, front legs stout and short.

Case.—Length 8 mm. Two distinct types

are built, a square log-cabin type of wood
fragments and a round type of stones. Both

have a rough exterior, and frequently a

case will be part one and part the other.

Adults.—Length 8.5-9.0 mm. Color var-

ious shades of brown, the dorsum darker,

antennae, legs and venter much lighter,

often tawny; the wings have patches of light

hair which give the species an indistinctly

checkered appearance. Male genitalia, fig.

883 : ninth tergite with two large brushes

of long setae, tenth tergite with a pair of

lateral sclerotized irregular and short arms,

and a pair of mesal, membranous triangular

lobes; claspers with a long curved dorso-

basal hook; from ventral view they appear

slightly constricted just before apex, the

apex itself irregular and oblique. Female

Fig. 882.

—

Lepidostoma liba, larva.



260 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

genitalia as in fig. 884, with no prominent so that locally this species may have a highly

processes; bursa copulatrix as in fig. 8845. irregular emergence period, as was found

This species has been taken in consider- true in certain localities for Neophylax (see

able numbers in three spring-fed brooks in p. 202).

the state, one at Elgin (see p. 7), another

Fig. 883.

—

Lepidostoma liba, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; 5, dorsal aspect; C, clasper.

Fig, 884.

—

Lepidostoma liba^ female geni-

talia. A, ventral aspect; 5, bursa copulatrix.

at Cave Spring, Quincy, and the other at

a spring near McCann School at La Rue.
These are very widely scattered. In all

three places we have taken the larvae in

fairly good numbers, and at Quincy we col-

lected mature pupae, linking the larval and
adult forms. Our adults were taken in May,
June and September, indicating a possible

two-brooded cycle. Our observations at

Quincy, however, where a large flight of

adults was taken on September 15, indicates

that the spring brood may have been skipped,

This species has not been collected outside

of Illinois, so that nothing can be stated

regarding its general range.

Illinois Records.

—

Elgin, stream in Bo-

tanical Gardens: June 6, 1939, Burks &
Riegel, 15, 25; June 13, 1939, Prison

& Ross, 1$. La Rue, McCann Spring:

May 12, 1939, Burks & Riegel, 1 2

.

Quincy, Cave Spring: Sept. 15, 1939, Ross

& Riegel, 3 5, 52.

Theliopsyche Banks

Theliopsyche Banks (1911, p. 356). Geno-
type, monobasic: Theliopsyche parva Banks.

Subg. Aopsyche Ross (1938fl, p. 174). Geno-
type, by original designation: Theliopsyche

corona Ross.

No species of this genus has as yet been

found in Illinois. It is represented by four

species, all restricted to the eastern states.

Fig. 885.— Theliopsyche parva, male geni-

talia. A, ventral aspect; B, aedeagus; C,

eighth sternite.

The males are readily distinguished by the

wide, flaplike process on the eighth sternite,

fig. 885C. No larvae of this genus have been

reared.

BRAGHYGENTRIDAE

The maxillary palpi are three segmented

in the male, five segmented in the female.

The tibial spur count varies a great deal.

The larvae are readily distinguished by

having a sharp crease across the pronotum,

a divided mesonotum and only two pairs of

sclerites on the mesonotum; in addition, the



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 261

antennae are small, closer to the mandibles

than to the eyes, and situated under a carina.

The family contains two genera, repre-

sented over most of the continent.

KEY TO GENERA

Larvae

1. Middle and hind tibiae with an inner,

apical, seta-bearing spur, fig. 886;

hind coxae with a ventral, semicir-

cular lobe bearing a row of long

setae; mesonotum with sclerites

long and narrow, plates of metano-
tum heavily sclerotized, fig. 896. . . .

Brachycentrus, p. 263

Hook plates of fifth and sixth segments
/ith more and smaller hooks, fig.

Fig. 886.

—

Brachycentrus numerosus larva,

hind leg.

Fig. 887.

—

Micrasema rusticum larva, hind

leg.

Middle and hind tibiae without an
apical spur, fig. 887; hind coxae

without a ventral lobe; mesonotum
with sclerites short and very wide,

plates of metanotum only lightly

sclerotized but recognized chiefly by
their cluster of setae, fig. 892

Micrasema, p. 26

1

Pupae

1. Hook plates of fifth and sixth segments
with fewer, larger hooks, fig. 888. . .

Brachycentrus, p. 263

VyV Vi 5A

u^^m^'^'f^

^^^^

5P

I

^ ^"^ 889

Fig. 888.

—

Rrachycentrus numerosus pupa,
hook plates.

Fig. 889.

—

Micrasema rusticum pupa, hook
plates.

889. Micrasema, p. 261

Adults

1. Front wings with R, suddenly arched
and markedly sinuate at base of
stigmal region, fig. 890

Brachycentrus, p. 263

Fig. 890.

—

Brachycentrus numerosus, front
wing.

F'g. 891.

—

Micrasema rusticum, front wing.

Front wings with Ri only faintly sinu-

ate at base of stigmal region, fig. 891

Micrasema, p. 261

Micrasema McLachlan

Micrasema McLachlan (1876, p. 259j. Geno-
type, here designated: Oligoplectrum morosum
McLachlan.

This genus is very distinct from Brachy-

centrus on the basis of the larvae, but in the

adults and pupae it is more difficult to make
a separation. All the species of which we
have larvae make round cases. Six species

are known from North America; of these

four are known from the eastern states, but

only one has been found in Illinois.

Micrasema rusticum (Hagen)

Dasystoma rusticum Hagen (1868, p. 272);

d', 9.

MicrasemaJalcatum Banks (1914, p. 265); d^.

Larva.—Fig. 892. Length 6 mm. Head
yellow with brown spots, the lower part of

the frons entirely brown; thoracic sclerites

and legs yellowish. Frons with anterior

portion wide.

Case.—Length 6 mm., constructed of



262 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

sand grains, circular in cross section and

tapering fairly evenly. At pupation part of

the narrow end is cut off, and the case then

appears nearly cylindrical.

Adults.—Length 6-7 mm. Color uni-

form dark brown, appearing almost black in

life. Male genitalia, fig. 893: cerci some-

what triangular, well separated to base;

Fig. 892.—Micrasema rusticu?n larva.

tenth tergite forming a pair of lateral scle-

rotized processes enlarged at apex and bear-

ing a group of short setae ; at base of these

processes is a pair of low tubercles bearing

a seta; claspers long and straight, the pos-

terior margin of the apex forming a slight

tooth. Female genitalia simple, similar in

general structure to those for Brachy-

centrus.

This species is very similar to charonis

and wataga, both of which occur in the

eastern states; the diagnostic differences in

the genitalia are illustrated in figs. 894, 895 ;

charonis is characterized by the bent apex

of the clasper, wataga by the long style and
heavily sclerotized lateral plates of the tenth

tergite, rusticum by the short style, weaker
tenth tergite and almost straight clasper.

In Illinois we have taken this species only

in and along the Kankakee River at Mo-
mence and Kankakee. At Momence the

cases were found under stones in the river,

and mature pupae were obtained, thus link-

ing the larval and adult stages. In this

locality we have taken this species only in

spring, indicating a single-brooded condition

here. The species seems to follow the two
Brachycentrus species in seasonal succession

and has been taken in abundant swarms
during the middle of May.

The species is widely distributed through

the eastern states, extending southwestward

into Oklahoma. It appears to be fairly

scattered in distribution, since we do not

have a large number of locality records,

but is frequently taken in swarms. Records

are available for Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,

Michigan, New York, Oklahoma, Saskatch-

ewan, Virginia and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records.

—

Kankakee: May 31,

1938, Mohr & Burks, 1 $ ; Kankakee River,

May 21, 1940, Mohr & Burks, 8^, 69.
Momence: Kankakee River, May 26, 1936,

H. H. Ross, 1 5 ; May 17, 1937, Ross &

893 RUSTICUM

894 CHARONIS

MAVILLARY
PALPUS

^r' *^^sw4^

895 wataga

Figs. 893-895.

—

Micrasema, male genitalia.

J, clasper; B, spine of tenth tergite; C and D
tenth tergite, respectively dorsal and lateral

aspects. E, male head.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 263

Burks, S S, $9,7 pupae, many larvae;

Kankakee River, May 24, 1937, H. H. Ross,

$ S , 9 9; May 5, 1938, Ross & Burks,

S $, 9 9, many pupae; Aug. 19, 1939,

Ross & Burks, 1 larva; May 1, 1941, T. H.
Frison, 5 $ , 19.

Brachycentrus Curtis

Brachycentrus Curtis (1834, p. 216). Geno-
type, monobasic: Brachycentrus subnubilus

Curtis.

Sphinctogaster Provancher (1877, p. 262).

Genotype, monobasic: Sphinctogaster lutescens

Provancher.

Oligoplectnim McLachlan (1868, p. 297).

Genotype, by subsequent limitation of Mc-
Lachlan (1876, p. 258): Phryganea maculata

Fourcroy.

Subg. Amiocentrus Ross (1938a, p. 177).

Genotype, by original designation: Brachy-

centrus aspiliis Ross.

The larvae of this genus frequently con-

struct the well-known chimney case, fig.

904, although the case may be cylindrical.

Most of the diagnostic characters for the

genus are given in the key.

Nine species are known from North
America, two of which have been taken in

the state, and another has been taken nearby

in Wisconsin. To date characters have not

been found for the separation of all females.

Many of the larvae present characters use-

ful in their diagnosis.

Of especial interest in this genus are two
Say species, lateralis and numerosus. Both

of these were described from along the Ohio
River at Shippingsport, Kentucky (near

Louisville), and recorded as occurring in

vast numbers early in May, the wave of one

species appearing after the wave of the

other. We believe that in the Kankakee
River at Momence, Illinois, we have found

a duplication of this condition; in fact, so

closely do our observations correspond on

what are apparently these same two species

(belonging to the genus Brachycentrus) that

I am selecting neotypes from this Momence
material.

KEY TO SPECIES

Larvae

1. Head entirely black

light or bright yellow and having
narrow dark lines, fig. 897

lateralis, p. 265

americanus, p. 266

Head with light marks, figs. 896, 897 2

2. Head with pattern predominantly

897

Fig. 896.

—

Brachycentrus numerosus larva.

Fig. 897,— Brachycentrus lateralis larva.

Head with lower portion dark brown
and having a pair of cream marks,

fig. 896 numerosus, p. 264

Adults

1. Genitalia with claspers, figs. 898-900

(males) 2

Genitalia without claspers, fig. 901

(females) 4

2. Cerci fused on meson for at least basal

half; apex of clasper with a lower,

rounded platelike lobe, fig. 898. . .

americanus, p. 266

Cerci not fused on meson; apex of

clasper without a platelike lobe,

figs. 899,900 3

3. Tenth tergite divided at apex, each

lobe with a long macrochaeta at tip,

fig. 899 numerosus, p. 264

Tenth tergite without a pair of ma-
crochaetae, in outline shaped as in

fig. 900 lateralis, p. 265

4. Lateral aspect of apical tergite robust

and long, a crease setting off the

apical third as a distinct area round

at tip, fig. 903 lateralis, p. 265

Lateral aspect of apical tergite short

and truncate or with apical portion

as long as base, figs. 901, 902 5

5. Lateral aspect of apical tergite short,

apical portion truncate and deeper



264 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

portion lighter brown, frons with a pair of

cream-colored marks along lateral margin;

thoracic sclerites dark brown. Legs with

coxae brown, remainder of segments shad-

ing to a chestnut brown, the upper and

lower edges of the femora black. Lateral

fringe present on segments 3-7.

Case.—Fig. 904. Length 12 mm., almost

square in cross section and smooth in out-

line, constructed of wood fragments.

Adults.—Length 9-11 mm. Head, body,

antennae and most of legs dark brown to

black, tarsi whitish and abdomen with a

wide lateral line; wings tawny, frequently

almost white, with a series of pale spots

giving a somewhat checkered appearance.

Male genitalia, fig. 899: cerci ovate and

widely separated to base ; claspers curved,

the base narrow, the curve narrow and

necklike, the apical portion swollen, nar-

rowed to a sharp tip; tenth tergite divided

down meson into a pair of long apical proc-

esses, each bearing one or two long macro-

chaetae directed laterad. Female genitalia,

fig. 902, consisting of simple plates and a

small bursa copulatrix.

Neotype, male.— Momence, Illinois:

May 4, 1937, Ross & Mohr.

/'QoaB

900 C

Figs. 898-900.

—

Brachycentrus, male geni-

talia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C,

tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; D, apex of clasper,

ventro-caudal aspect.

than long; eighth sternite with apical

lobes wide and large, fig. 902

numerosus, p. 264
Lateral aspect of apical tergite long,

apical portion oblique and much
longer than deep; eighth sternite

with apical lobes narrower and
smaller, fig. 901 . . . . americanus, p. 266

Brachycentrus numerosus (Say)

Phryganea numerosa Say (1823, p. 160).
Figs. 901-903.

—

Brachycentrus^ female geni-

Larva.—Fig. 896. Length 12 mm. Head talia. A, ventral aspect; 5, "lateral aspect of

with ventral portion dark brown, dorsal ninth and tenth tergites.

902 A
NUMEROSUS

LATERALIS



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 265

Neoallotype, female.—Same data as for

neot)'pe.

In Illinois we have taken this species at

several widely scattered points. The larvae

are restricted to the rapid riffles of some of

our better streams such as the Kankakee

-<'f'

'!a*«^'

.•;#f

Fig. 904.

—

BrachycenlrHS numerosus, case.

River and Quiver Creek. There is only

one generation a year, adult emergence

taking place in late April and early May.
The season timing of the species seems to

be remarkably acute.

At Momence we have taken the adults

in great swarms, although not in the clouds

recorded by Say. Larval and adult associa-

tions have been made from pupae collected

from both Quiver Creek near Havana, Illi-

nois, and the Kankakee River at Momence.
This is the species recorded by Betten

(1934) as Brachycentrus nigrosoma. The
type of Banks' species is a female, and it

seems advisable at the present to consider

it of doubtful identity.

The range of the species is poorly known,
but it is widespread through many of the

northern and central states. We have rec-

ords from Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Mas-
sachusetts, New York, North Carolina,

Quebec and Wisconsin.

Illinois Records. — Duncans Mills,

Spoon River: Sept. 2, 1910, 1 larva. Gar-
den Prairie: Aug. 13, 1926, 1 larva. Ha-
vana, Quiver Creek: Aug. 7, 1895, C. A.

Hart, 9 larvae; June 11, 1896, E. B. Forbes,

1 larva; July 3, 1896, C. A. Hart, many
larvae; April 24, 1898, C. A. Hart, U,
2 9 ; Aug. 25, 1910. 1 larva; May 28, 1936,

Mohr & Burks, 1 larva; May 29, 1936,

Mohr & Burks, many larvae; June 5, 1936,

Mohr & Burks, \i (reared), 3 larvae, 2

pupae; June 20, 1936, Mohr & Burks, 6

larvae. Havana: White Oak Run, Oct.

5, 1910, rapid current, 2 larvae; June 20,

1936, Mohr & Burks, 6 larvae. Mahomet,
Sangamon River: June 6, 1940, Ross &
Riegel, 4 larvae. Momence: May 26, 1936,

H. H. Ross, 2 larvae; Aug. 15, 1937, Ross
& Burks, 6 larvae; Oct. 27, 1938, Ross &
Burks, many larvae; Nov. 3, 1938, Mohr
& Burks, many larvae; Dec. 21, 1938,

Mohr & Burks, 6 larvae; May 7, 1940, B.

D. Burks, $ $, 9 9; May 8,' 1940, Mohr
& Burks, 7 pupae, 5 9 ;

preceding Momence
records are from Kankakee River; July 14,

1936, B. D. Burks, many larvae; Aug. 21,

1936, Ross & Burks, 3 larvae; May 4,

1937, Ross & Mohr, $ $, 9 9,3 mating
pairs.

Brachycentrus lateralis (Say)

Phryganea lateralis Say (1823, p. 161).

Larva.—Fig. 897. Length 12 mm. Head,
thoracic sclerites and legs yellowish, head
with three black lines on dorsum, femora
with upper and lower edges black. Struc-

tures similar to those of numerosus.

Case.—Length 12 mm. Of typical log-

cabin construction as for numerosus.

Adults.—Length 9-1 1 mm. Color chiefly

black with tawny wings as with numerosus.

Male genitalia, fig. 900: cerci not fused on

meson but close enough to appear hoodlike;

claspers with narrow base, fairly long neck,

the apex widened, the posterior face con-

cave and with a short, sharp tooth; tenth

tergite short, emarginate at apex and

humped dorsally; aedeagus tubular. Female
genitalia simple, similar to those of numer-
osus in general proportions.

Neotype, male.— Momence, Illinois:

May 4, 1937, Ross & Mohr.
Neoallotype, female.—Momence, Illi-

nois: May 17, 1937, Ross k Burks.

In recent years this species has been found

in Illinois at Momence only, where it is

abundant in the Kankakee River. It has

a very definite place in the seasonal suc-

cession about 2 weeks after the peak of

numerosus.

We have not reared the larva of lateralis,

but there seems to be no doubt that the

larva described above belongs to this species.

It occurs abundantly in the Kankakee River

along with larvae of numerosus, differing

only in a tendency to prefer deeper and less

rapid points in this stream. We have made

many collections at Momence, where these

two species occur, and have taken only the



266 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

two species of Brachycentrus adults. At the

time of spring emergence, the river is always

in flood, so that we have been able to obtain

pupae of only nurnerosus, which frequents

shallower water than does lateralis.

Little is known regarding the range of

the species. Records are available for Illi-

nois, Kentucky and Michigan.

Illinois Records.—Chicago: \S, fm.

Momence: May 4, 1937, Ross & Mohr,

2 3; May 17, 1937, Ross & Burks, 3$,
9 9 ;

June 12, 1938, Ross & Burks, 1 larva;

Kankakee River, May 7, 1940, B. D. Burks,

5^,2$; May 1, 1941, T. H. Prison, 2 $ .

Brachycentrus americanus (Banks)

Oligoplectrum americanum Banks (1899, p.

210); c^.

Brachycentrus similis Banks (1907«, p. 124);

Not as yet taken in Illinois. The species

is extremely widespread through the north-

ern part of the continent from coast to coast,

with records from Alberta, California, Col-

orado, Michigan, Utah, Vermont, Wiscon-

sin and Wyoming. Collections from Wis-
consin are of peculiar interest because of

the case-building habits of the larvae. Here
we have found cases which were perfectly

round in cross section rather than square,

these round cases mingled with square ones,

and frequently with cases which were round

at the bottom and square at the top. Ap-
parently the larva is quite as well able to

make a circular case from its own secretion

as to build the square case considered typi-

cal for the genus.

not of generic value; therefore I am consid-

ering the two names just mentioned as

synonyms of Sericostoma.

HELICOPSYCHIDAE

The familiar snail case represents the

only genus in this family, Helicopsyche.

Various authors have commented upon the

distinct features of this group, and Betten

in particular (1934, p. 414) has given a very

clear summary of the oddity of its charac-

ters. On the basis of the curious structures

of both larvae and adults, it seems best to

consider this as a distinct family,

Helicopsyche Hagen

Helicopsyche Hagen (1866, p. 252). Geno-
type, monobasic: Notidobia horealis Hagen.

Distinctive of the larva are the following

characters: anal legs with a comb; head

with frons wide, running close to eyes, with

a ridge running from dorsal margin of eye

to above mandible, antennae short, situated

under this ridge and midway between eye

and mandible; legs of medium length; pro-

notum long, mesonotum forming a large

erect shield and divided into parts by pale

areas as in fig. 905. Pupae have the anal

appendages as in fig. 49. The adults are

readily distinguished by the short mesoscu-

tellum, with its narrow transverse wart,

and the hamuli on the hind wings.

Four species are known from the United

States, only one of which has been taken

in Illinois. A key which will separate it

from its allies is given on p. 288.

SERIGOSTOMATIDAE

In North America this family contains

only the genus Sericostoma. The Nearctic
species have generally been placed in Noti-
dobia by previous American authors. There
are no Illinois representatives of this fam-
ily, the species being restricted to the moun-
tainous regions of the East and West. No
Nearctic species have been reared.

As with the genus Lepidostoma, the genus
Sericostoma has been divided into several

genera, such as Notidobia and Schizopelex,

almost entirely on the basis of the secondary
sexual characters of the male. The uni-

formity of general characteristics in the fe-

males indicates that these differences are

Helicopsyche borealis Hagen

Notidobia borealis Hagen (1861, p. 271); d".

Helicopsyche californica Banks (1899, p.

210); cf. New synonymy.
Helicopsyche annulicornis Banks (1904^, p.

212); d^.

Larva.—Fig. 905. Length 8 mm. Head
and thoracic sclerites brown, legs straw

colored. Head, thoracic sclerites and legs

with abundant long hair.

Case.—Fig. 906. Built in the form of a

spiral coil, its diameter about 5 mm., shaped

like a snail shell, made of sand grains and

small stones.

Adults.—Length 5-7 liim. Head, body

and appendages straw colored, the body and



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 267

wings suffused with varying shades of Plains. Records are available for Arkansas,
brown. ^Vlale genitalia, fig. 961, p. 288, with California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illi-

hand-shaped claspers, narrow and beaklike nois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Minne-
tenth tergite and cylindrical, curved aedea- sota, Missouri, Montana, New Brunswick,
gus. An added diagnostic character is the New Hampshire, New York, Nova Scotia!

-.II,,,,,,'--:- -.- -';;,in ./

-.Bijiilliii"'-
""'»i||„',iii;

Fig. 905.—Helicopsyche
borealis, larva.

slightly clavate, sclerotized spur of the sixth

sternite. Female abdomen with very distinc-

tive pattern of sclerites, those of the basal

segments reticulate, as in fig. 907; bursa

copulatrix small and stalked. The male
abdomen has similar reticulation.

This species is widely distributed in Illi-

nois but is confined to relatively clear and

swift streams, such as the Kankakee and

Salt Fork Rivers and Split Rock Brook,

and is found also in the glacial lakes of the

northeastern corner of the state. The lar-

vae are found chiefly under stones. There
is apparently a continuous succession of

generations, our adult emergence ranging

from May 28 to September 7.

This insect is one of the best known caddis

flies and has received much attention. Vor-
hies (1909) has reared and described all

stages very completely.

Betten (1934) also has illustrated char-

acters of this species in considerable detail.

The curious snail-like case has attracted

the attention of many entomologists and col-

lectors of natural history objects. It is re-

markably constant in structure, varying little

in shape over the species range.

The continental range of the species is

very wide, stretching from Mexico north-

eastward to Nova Scotia and westward to

Montana and Oregon; the range embraces

most of the forested areas of the continent,

forming a complete circle around the Great

Fig. 906.— Helicopsyche borenlis, case.

Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Penn-
sylvania, Saskatchewan, South Dakota,
Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
and Wyoming.

Illinois Records.—Many males, females
and pupae, taken May 14 to September 7,

and many larvae, taken February 1 to Octo-
ber 30, are from Antioch, Apple River Can-
yon State Park, Baker (Indian Creek),
Cedar Lake, Channel Lake, Chemung
(Piscasaw Creek), Fox Lake, Herod (east

fork of Grand Pierre Creek), Homer, Kan-
kakee (Kankakee River), Leland, Martha
Iron Furnace (Hog Thief

Creek), McHenry, Mo-
mence (Kankakee River),

Muncie (Stony Creek),

Oakwood (Salt Fork
River), Richmond, Rock

Island, Serena (Indian

Creek), Spring Grove,
Sterling, Urbana (Salt

Fork River), Utica (Split

Rock Brook), Wilming-

ton (Kankakee River).

Fig. ^^1.— Helicopsyche

borealis, female abdomen,
ventral aspect.



268 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

EXTRALIMITAL TRICHOPTERA

During the course of the foregoing study

of the Illinois caddis flies it has been neces-

sary to examine a large amount of material

from other states. Detailed studies of some

of the species involved have been necessary

in order to establish the species limits of

some components of the Illinois fauna. De-

scriptions of some of the more pertinent new
forms are presented here, partly to supple-

ment identification of Illinois species and

partly to supplement the check list.

Rhyacophila banksi new species

This species is unique among North

American forms in the narrow, angled and

bifid dorso-mesal projection of the ninth

tergite. Superficially it appears closely re-

lated to invaria but differs from this species

not only in the projection of the ninth ter-

gite but in many characters of the claspers

and tenth tergite.

Male.—Length 10 mm. Color brown, the

wings without definite pattern except irreg-

ular spots of golden hair which occur over

most of the surface. General structure typi-

cal for genus. Genitalia as in fig. 908.

Ninth segment annular, narrowed ventrad,

and with a prominent dorso-mesal projec-

tion which angles sharply dorsad, is narrow

Fig. 908.

—

Rhyacophila banksi, genitalia.

Male: A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect. Fe-
male: C, lateral aspect; D, ventral aspect.

at base, and expanded and distinctly emar-
ginate at apex. Tenth tergite with a promi-

nent pair of dorsal lobes which are produced

into a posterior point; below these is a cen-

tral style with a rounded apex and narrow
sinuate internal rodlike base. Claspers with

basal segment short and stocky, as wide as

long; apical segment almost as long as basal

one, apical margin very deeply incised to

form a large, rounded, dorsal lobe and a

long, rounded, ventral lobe, the latter with

a brush of short black setae on the mesal

face. Aedeagus very similar to that of in-

varia, having a short, stocky membranous
base with a mesal sclerotized body having

a wide, "eared" dorsal portion and a ventral

portion produced into an upturned sharp

point, flanked by an extensile membranous
lobe which bears a sclerotized, pointed blade.

Female.—In size, color and general

structure similar to male. Eighth segment,

fig. 908, with ventral margin produced into

a tongue, divided at tip into a pair of nar-

row fingers; lateral margin sinuate and

dorsal margin deeply incised.

Holotype, male.—Warren, New Hamp-
shire: June 21, 1941, Prison & Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

New Hampshire.— Pemi-

gewasset River, near Woodstock: June 22,

1941, Prison & Ross, 1^, 1$. Mount
Washington: June 22, in Tuckerman's

Ravine, P. Darlington, 2 $ , Mcz.

Rhyacophila harmstoni new species

The general structure of the genitalia

indicates a close affinity between this species

and vofixa; harmstoni, however, may be dis-

tinguished by the convex rather than con-

cave tenth tergite and the short aedeagus

with its two curved clusters of spines, fig.

909.

Male.—Length 1 1 mm. Color various

shades of brown, the wings irrorate over

almost their entire surface. General struc-

ture typical for genus. Male genitalia as in

fig. 909. Ninth segment annular, slightly

narrowed ventrad. Tenth tergite short, the

apex divided into a pair of snoutlike reticu-

late lobes, the central and upper portion

convex, the dorsal angle produced into a

slight hump. Claspers wfth basal segment

stocky, longer than wide, its apical margin



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 269

almost truncate and having a scattering of

medium length setae ; apical segment short

and boot shaped, the dorsal heel small and

pointed, the ventral toe large and somewhat
triangular, with a brush of short setae on

Fig. 909.—Rhyacophila harmstoni, male

genitalia, ji, lateral aspect; B, tenth tergite;

C and D aedeagus, respectively lateral and
ventral aspects.

the inner margin at apex. Aedeagus with

dorsal portion very narrow, ventral portion

expanded and wider; armature consisting of

a mesal style which is widest at base and

tapers rather rapidly to a slender straight

apex, flanked on each side by a curved

cluster of three or four spines fused on

basal portion and sinuate at apex.

Holotype, male.— Strawberry Valley,

Utah: July 15, 1938, Knowlton & Harm-
ston.

A gapetus iridis new species

This species is most closely related to

pinatus, differing from it in the truncate

lateral aspect of the claspers and the con-

formation of the tenth tergite.

Male.—Length 5 mm. Color dark brown,

the legs beyond coxae whitish yellow with

black spurs. General structure typical for

genus. Genitalia as in fig. 910. Ninth seg-

ment cylindrical, its posterior margin trun-

cate laterad and incised almost to the base

on the dorsum. Cerci long and slender with

a dorsal brush of long setae. Tenth tergite

very long, the basal part robust, tapering

Fig. 910.—Agapetiis iridis, male genitalia.

Ay lateral aspect; B, tenth tergite; C, clasper.

to apex ; almost completely membranous
except for a pair of stout sharp dorsal spines

at apex and a pair of ventral sclerotized

ribbons which are expanded and flat at apex
and bearing on the lateral corner a fairly

long, sharp spine. Claspers long, lateral

aspect forming an elongate rectangle, the

apico-ventral corner slightly pointed; mesal

face with an apical and dorsal sclerotized

tooth and with the ventro-mesal margin pro-

duced near middle into a wide, triangular

lobe sclerotized at apex and evenly curved

to meet the slightly wider base. Aedeagus
semimembranous and tubular, typical for

the genus.

Female.—In size, color and general

structure similar to male. Eighth segment

bilaterally compressed, its apical margin

slightly incised on meson and with the dorsal

margin slightly shorter than the ventral one.

Holotype, male.—Small creek near Ta-
hawus, New York, Adirondack State Park:

June 20, 1941, Frison & Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

New York.—Same data as

for holotype, 1 $ . Cedar River near In-

dian Lake, Tune 20, 1941, Frison & Ross,

u.

Chimarra elia new species

This species is most closely related to

utahensis, differing from it in the large,

keel-like apical process of the ninth sternite,

in addition to other differences in the geni-

talia.



270 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

From other species with the ventral keel,

such as attrrima, this new species may be

distinguished readily by the situation of the

ventral keel immediately under the face of

the clasper and also by the heavily sclero-

tized, serrate, lateral process of the tenth

tergite.

Male.—Length 6 mm. Color very dark

brown, the legs whitish yellow except for

the tarsi and spurs, which are brown; wings

Fig. 911.—Chimarra elia, male genitalia.

without perceptible pattern ; in life the in-

sect looks almost black. General structure

typical for genus. Male genitalia as in fig.

911. Ninth and tenth tergites fused, the

anterior margin of the ninth with a short,

stout, somewhat hook-shaped apodeme, the

tenth tergite forming an irregular, almost

membranous hood over the apex of aedea-

gus; ventrad of this hood are situated the

small, round cerci and, beyond these, the lat-

eral margin of the segment is produced into

a sharp, minutely serrate point. Ninth
sternite triangular, the apico-mesal line

bearing a long, projecting, sharp keel which
is slightly serrulate, is situated directly be-

low the base of the claspers and occupies

most of the exposed ventral margin of the

sternite. Claspers somewhat triangular,

the dorsal corner rounded and bearing sev-

eral fairly long setae, the remainder of the

clasper with shorter setae, the dorsal sur-

face of the apico-mesal corner with a

slender but strong black spine. Aedeagus
typical in general proportions for the ater-

rima group, having the somewhat expanded
internal base, beyond which it is cylindrical,

the exserted apex membranous and narrow,
not sclerotized.

Holotype, male.—Spring-fed stream west
of Brackettville, Texas: April 17, 1939,
H. H. & J. A. Ross.

Chimarra florida new species

This species is a close relative of obscura,

differing from it, however, in the short

mesal process of the ninth sternite, the

longer claspers, which are wider at base

and more slender at apex, and the longer

and stouter lateral processes of the tenth

tergite. From species of the aterrinia group

which also have the short mesal process of

the ninth sternite, this new species may
be distinguished by the hooked aedeagus.

Male.—Length 7 mm. Color black, the

wings without pattern, the femora some-

times brownish. General structure typical

for genus. Male genitalia as in fig. 912.

Tenth tergite with central part membranous,
lateral area developed into strongly sclero-

tized curved processes rounded at apex; at

the base of these is a ridgelike area repre-

senting the cerci. Ninth sternite produced

dorsad to base of tenth tergite, narrow and

sinuate, with a short, meso-ventral keel

situated near base of segment. Claspers

with ventral portion flared and somewhat
saucer-like, its lateral margin appearing defi-

nitely crenulate due to the presence of fairly

evenly spaced small humps, each bearing a

large seta; dorsal portion of clasper elon-

gate and evenly curved. Aedeagus with

basal portion long and irregular, developed

at apex into a single stout sclerotized hook.

Female.—Size, color and general struc-

ture as for male. Genitalia very similar

to those of obscura; reliable characters to

separate the two have not been found.

Holotype, male.—Five miles southeast

of Roberta, Georgia: May 4, 1939, P. W.
Fattig.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

Florida.— Freeport, Wal-
ton County: April 3, 1938, L. Berner, 1 $.

Georgia.—Same data as for holotype,

45, 1$.

Fig. 912.—Chimarra florida, male genitalia.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 271

Hydropsyche solex new species

This is most closely related to calif orn'ua,

differing from it in the extremely constrict-

ed aedeagus. In this regard it approaches

delrio, but delrio is readily distinguished by

the short, apical segment of the clasper and

the mesal cavity of the aedeagus, which is

almost entirely closed.

Male.—Length 11 mm. Head and body

black; antennae very slender and yellowish,

with dorsal black V-marks on the first eight

Fig. 913.—Hydropsyche solex, aedeagus. A,
lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect.

segments of the flagellum; eyes red, legs

yellowish brown, the femora darker; front

wings tawny brown, irrorate, with abundant

fenestrate cream-colored marks. General

structure typical for genus. Male genitalia

in general typical for the scalaris group.

Ninth segment only slightly humped dorsad.

Tenth tergite somewhat hood shaped, with

a fairly wide mesal incision and with each

lateral lobe produced into a very small

point. Claspers slightly sinuate; apical seg-

ment nearly one-half as long as basal seg-

ment, the apex obliquely truncate. Aedea-

gus, fig. 913, with the base round, the stem

constricted to a narrow central portion and

greatly expanded at apex ; apical portion

definitely narrowed from stem, heavily scle-

rotized and almost black; mesal cavity al-

most entirely open; mesal plates small;

Fig. 914.— Hydropsyche solex, female geni-

talia. A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect.

lateral plates wide, from lateral view hiding

the meso-dorsal portion.

Female.—Length 13 mm. In color and
general structure similar to male. Ninth
tergite, fig. 914, with clasper groove large,

invaginated only slightly under dorsal cap.

from dorsal view appearing to extend deeply

beneath cap; lateral lobe large, with abun-

dant setae; postero-lateral flange well de-

veloped.

Holotype, male.— Balmorhea, Texas,

along stone irrigation flume: April 19, 1939,

H. H. & J. A. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype,

U , 3 9 .

Leucotrichia Mosely

(See also p. 120)

KEY TO MALES OF NEARCTIC
SPECIES

1. Ninth segment with a pair of long,

sclerotized spurs and long styles,

fig. 915 notosa n. sp.

Ninth segment without long, project-

ing spurs and styles, fig. 916 2

2. Eighth sternite with lateral margin

forming long, triangular lobes, fig.

917 sarita n. sp.

Eighth sternite without lateral lobes

but with a pair of pointed lobes

situated ventrad, figs. 916, 918. ... 3

3. Seventh sternite with an apico-mesal,

short process; aedeagus with a long,

dorsal loop extending over its base,

fig. 918 limpia n. sp.

Seventh sternite with no short process

but instead with an apico-mesal

brush of dark setae; aedeagus with

a pair of short, dorsal processes not

produced into a loop, fig. 916

pictipes (Banks)

Leucotrichia notosa new species

The long, lateral styles of the ninth seg-

ment distinguish this species from all others

in the genus, as pointed out in the preceding

key.

Male.—Length 4 mm. Color mottled

light and dark shades of gray, the legs con-

spicuously banded, essentially similar in this

characteristic to pictipes. General structure

typical for the genus. Seventh segment with-

out a mesal projection. Eighth segment with

the tergite reduced to a narrow triangular



272 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Figs. 915-918.—Leucutrichia, male genitalia. A, B and C, respectively lateral, ventral

and dorsal aspects; D, aedeagus.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 273

dorsal portion, the sternite large and some-

what scoop shaped, and with a broad dorso-

lateral corner and a narrow sharp, V-shaped
mesal incision.

Genital capsule as in fig. 915, retracted

so that the ventral portion is almost entirely

contained within the scoop-shaped eighth

sternite. Ninth segment with a large dorsal

tuft of long setae, not produced into an

internal lobe, the ventral portion almost

entirely cut away. Tenth tergite formed of

simple strap-shaped sclerites and possibly

including also the upturned sclerites at the

apex of the ninth segment. Near the junc-

tion of this sclerite and the ninth segment
are two long structures, a long, sinuate,

heavily sclerotized spine and a long, stout

seta on a long, filiform base, this seta as

long as the spine. Claspers fused on meson
to form a short, wide lobe. Aedeagus with

a small, cylindrical base, a convoluted semi-

membranous neck and with the apical por-

tion semimembranous at base, expanded into

a heavily sclerotized pear-shaped apical bulb

containing two internal sclerotized rods.

LIMPIA

Figs. 919-921.—Leucotrichia, female geni-

talia. J, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect;
C, bursa copuiatrix.

Female.—In size, color and general
structure similar to male. Eighth segment,
fig. 919, narrow and cylindrical with a

dorsal collar-like portion covered with short
setae, the ninth and tenth segments mem-
branous and simple.

Holotype, male.—Missouri River, Tos-
ton, Montana: June 22, 1940, H. H. &
J. A. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratype.—Same data as for holotype,

1 ?.

Leucotrichia limpia new species

This species is most closely related to

pictipes, differing from it in the gray-green
banding of the wings, the unmodified basal

antennal segments in the male and the

unique dorsal loop of the aedeagus.

Male.—Length 4.5 mm. Head and body
dark brown, antennae slightly paler and
legs below coxae paler yet. Pubescence of

head, thorax and legs chiefly gray-green

;

wings dark brown, the front wings with
two large patches of gray-green hair, the

basal one occupying most of the basal two-
fifths of the wing, the apical one separated

from the first by the narrow black area and

covering half of the remaining length of

the wing. Structure typical for genus.

Ocelli present and close to mesal margin
of eye. Antennae filiform. Legs with tibial

spur count of 1-3-4. Hind wings with an

accessory row of hamuli across the radial

cell.

Male genitalia as in fig. 918. Seventh

sternite with a small mesal point. Eighth

segment with tergite small, bearing a scat-

tering of long setae. Eighth sternite nar-

row above and widening to a broad ventral

sclerite incised on the middle, so that it

forms a pair of latero-apical subtriangular

lobes; the entire sclerite is clothed with a

scattering of fairly long setae. Ninth seg-

ment long and round dorsally and laterally

but almost completely open on the venter,

its apico-lateral margins bearing a row of

very long, stout setae. Tenth tergite com-

posed of a pair of sclerotized plates close

to the ninth and not projecting far posterad.

Claspers fused on meson, together forming

a spatulate projection and each bearing a

stout spine on the lateral margin. Aedeagus

very complex, consisting of a basal tube

articulating with the neck, which is expand-



274 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

ed into two lateral humps; from this neck

there extends anterad a sclerotized plate

which terminates in a loop encircled b\' a

thin sclerotized thread apparently support-

ing a connecting membrane; apical portion

of aedeagus short, with a pair of thumblike,

baso-lateral projections and with the pos-

terior margin merging into a group of mem-
branous folds embedded in which are a pair

of stout sclerotized teeth.

Female.—Similar in size, color and gen-

eral structure to male. Genitalia as in fig.

920. Eighth segment short and cylindrical,

sclerotized, the apex membranous and bear-

ing a crown of long setae, each set in a

conical membranous base. Ninth and tenth

segments more or less tubular, not distinct-

ly set off from each other, the tenth bearing

a pair of apical styles. Bursa copulatrix

complex, consisting of a series of mem-
branous folds and narrow sclerotized rods

at the attached end which culminate in a

highly ornamented, lantern-like structure to

which are attached two pairs of membra-
nous ribbons.

Holotype, male.—Fort Davis, Texas:

April 19, 1939, along Limpia Creek, H. H.

& J. A. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype,

26, 1$.

Leucotrichia sarita new species

This species may be distinguished from
the preceding by the longer claspers and

different shape of the eighth sternite.

Male.—Length 4 mm. In color similar

to preceding species but without any con-

spicuous gray-green patch of hair on front

wings. General structure typical for preced-

ing species. Seventh segment without a

mesal projection. Eighth segment with ter-

gite fairly wide but much narrower than

sternite; sternite with postero-dorsal corner

produced into a large triangular lobe, ven-

tral margin transverse and indistinct on the

meson. Genitalia as in fig. 917. Ninth seg-

ment long and round dorsally and laterally,

but with the ventral margin almost com-
pletely open; postero-lateral margin bears

a row of long, stout setae. Tenth tergite

consisting of a pair of widely separated

sclerotized lobes between which are mem-
branous folds. Claspers fused, projecting

beyond the tenth tergite, each one bearing

a long spine on its dorso-lateral margin.

Aedeagus consisting of a short base, a

heavily sclerotized neck which is thrown up

into a series of ridges and points, with a

pair of threads attached to base; apical por-

tion widening from base to apex, the tip

bearing a pair of sclerotized teeth embedded
in an expanse of membranous folds.

Holotype, male.— Balmorhea, Texas:

April 19, 1939, along stone irrigation flume,

H. H. & J. A. Ross.

Ochratrichia weddleae new species

This species is most closely related to the

genotype, insularis, described from Jamaica.

It differs from this species and all others in

the genus in the peculiar, short claspers with

their almost circular apical incision, fig. 922.

The simple type of tenth tergite indicates

a primitive condition similar to that found

in xena and unio. It is entirely possible that

this species is the most primitive yet discov-

ered in the genus.

Male.—Length 2.5 mm. Color very

dark, almost black, the wings with a few

indistinct light areas and with a slight indi-

cation of a whitish line across middle. Gen-

eral structure typical for genus.

Genitalia as in fig. 922. Ninth segment

short and stout, the lateral portion set of¥

from the ventral by a curved distinct fold,

dorsal portion with a wide, U-shaped in-

cision almost to base. Tenth tergite set in

Fig. 922.

—

Ochrotrichia w,eddleae, genitalia.

Male: A, lateral aspect; 5, dorsal aspect.

Female: C, ventral aspect.



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 275

this incision, somewhat fusiform and almost

entirely membranous, with a slight constric-

tion near base, the apex tapering to a sharp

barbed point. Claspers short and wide, di-

vided by an almost circular apical incision

into two lobes; the dorsal lobe has a trun-

cate apex, swollen dorsal margin, and a

thick cluster of long, dark spines on its

mesal face at apex ; the ventral lobe has

an oblique apex and a larger cluster of long,

dark spines on its mesal face at apex. Aede-
agus simple and filiform, typical for the

genus.

Female.—In size, color and general

structure similar to male. Eighth sternite,

hg. 922, set off distinctly from structures of

the ninth, the apex wide and divided by a

small U-shaped mesal incision into a pair

of fairly large lobes which are clothed with

long, scattered setae similar to those on the

rest of the segment. Bursa copulatrix very

long and shaped like a tuning fork, typical

for the genus.

Holotype, male.— Cloudy Creek near

Cloudy, Oklahoma: May 4, 1940, Mrs.
Roy Weddle.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype,

U, 19.

Ochrotrichia capitana new species

This is one of the more primitive mem-
bers of the genus, most closely related to

xi'iia. It may be separated from this, how-
ever, by the definitely marked sclerotized

bands of the tenth tergite and the much
different arrangement of the black spines

on the inner face of the claspers.

Male.—Length 2.5 mm. General color

and structure typical for genus. Genitalia

as in fig. 923. Ninth segment annular, with

a triangular apical incision on the dorsum
for the reception of the tenth tergite. Tenth
tergite long and narrow, the dorsal portion

mostly semisclerotized with some definite,

heavily sclerotized bands running along the

dorsum; these converge at the apex and

terminate in an upturned, spinelike process.

Claspers more or less boot shaped and sim-

ilar in shape; the outer face is covered with

scattered setae and the mesal face with a

dense brush of dark spines near the middle

and a linear area of long, stout spines from

above that point to the apex; seen from ven-

tral view, the claspers appear to taper even-

ly from base to the bladelike apex, the mesal
face concave. Aedeagus typical for genus.

Female.—Similar in size and general

structure to male. Genitalia simple, fig.

923, the eighth tergite forming a single

Fig. 923—Ochrotrichia capitana, genitalia.

Male: A, lateral aspect; fl, tenth tergite; C,

ventral aspect. Female: /), ventral aspect;

£, bursa copulatrix.

rounded sclerite clothed with a scattering of

long setae. Bursa copulatrix with the arms

of the fork slightly shorter than in other

species.

Holotype, male. — McKittrick Creek,

McKittrick Canyon (near Frijole) Texas:

April 26, 1939. J. A. & H. H. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Ochrotrichia felipe new species

The closest ally of this species is tenanga

Mosely, fig. 925, from southern Mexico.

The two may be distinguished by the differ-



276 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Fig. 924.—Ochrotrichiafelipe, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; 5, tenth tergite; C, ventral

aspect.

Fig. 925.—Ochrotrichia tenanga,

male tenth tergite. The small

capital letters in this figure and
that above have been used to

facilitate comparison with similar

parts in figs. 468-470.

ent arrangement of the sclerotized processes

making up the dorsal complex of the tenth

tergite.

Male.—Similar in size, color and general

structure to the male of capitana. Genitalia

as in fig. 924. Ninth segment annular, with

the dorsal portion incised on the meson to

accommodate the tenth tergite. Tenth ter-

gite composed of a large number of sclero-

tized blades and processes making up the

dorsal complex. These are arranged in

three main groups, a right group, a left

group and a dorsal, long, sinuate blade

which arises between them. Claspers almost

symmetrical, the lateral aspect boot shaped,

the mesal face with a sinuate row of short,

stout, rounded spines. From ventral view,

these appear in silhouette on the narrower

apical portion and continue under the mesal

angle where the clasper narrows abruptly.

Aedeagus simple, tubular and filamentous,

as in other species of the genus.

Holotype, male.—San Felipe Springs,

Del Rio, Texas: April 19, 1939, H. H. &
J. A. Ross.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype,

2$.

Hydroptila waskesia new species

This species is closely related to both

delineata and vala, differing from both of

them in the very long lateral projections of

the ninth sternite and in having the spur

on the membranous appendages arising be-

low the tenth tergite.

Male.—Length 3.7 mm. Color various

shades of dark gray and cream, the two
mixing to form a salt-and-pepper pattern

typical for the group. General structure

typical for genus.

Genitalia as in fig. 926. Ninth segment

produced into a long, triangular pair of

internal projections, the posterior margin

of the sides produced into a long, bladelike,

tapering and sharply pointed projection

which curves slightly mesad and turns slight-

ly dorsad at apex. Tenth tergite long, com-

posed of a pair of lateral sclerotized areas

Fig. 926.— Hydroptila was.kesia, male geni-

talia. J, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C,

claspers.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 277

separated by a high membranous fold. From
below the base of the tenth tergite arise

a pair of long, membranous filaments which

continue beneath the full length of the ter-

gite and then curve sharply dorsad around

its tip; just before the turn these processes

have a large, sharp lateral spur. Claspers

with a small, triangular base and a long,

slightly spatulate blade irregularly set with

setae, the two blades close together at base

and diverging slightly toward apex; lateral

aspect curved and slightly arcuate. Aedea-

gus almost exactly as for vala (see fig. 515),

having a long narrow neck, long stout spiral,

the apical portion long, cylindrical and

sharply angled at tip.

Female.—In size, color and general stuc-

ture similar to male. Genitalia apparently

identical with those of vala; eighth sternite

with a central Y-shaped plate, the apex with

an arcuate lobe bearing six long setae (see

fig. 530).

Holotype, male.—Lake Waskesieu,
Prince Albert National Park, Saskatche-

wan: Aug. 15, 1940, L. T., No. 8, Don
Milne.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype.

U, 19.

Neotrichia sonora new species

This species is most closely related to

okopa, but may be separated from it by the

slender and upturned apex of the claspers,

in addition to the different conformation of

the tenth tergite.

Male.—Length 2.25 mm. Color of body

and appendages a uniform light shade of

brown. General structure typical of the

subgenus Exitrichia.

Genitalia as in fig. 927. Ninth segment

annular, the invaginated basal portion short

and subtriangular, the dorsum covered with

a scattering of very short setae; the apical

margin of the dorsum appears to be pro-

duced into a somewhat irregular, membra-
nous hood covering the tenth tergite. Tenth
tergite pointed at apex, seen from above,

produced into a rounded mesal lobe from

the base of which arise a pair of long setae.

From the sides of this structure arise a

pair of heavily sclerotized, long points

curved slightly ventrad, and below these a

pair of heavily sclerotized, triangular bodies.

From the lateral margin of the ninth arise

a pair of cercus-like appendages which are

slightly enlarged toward apex, clothed with
a scattering of long setae and concave on
the mesal face. Claspers very heavily scle-

rotized and black, seen from lateral view;
thick at base, tapering to a fiat and slightly

upturned apical portion; somewhat rectan-

gular from ventral view but with irregular

margins and with apex triangular; mesal
margin bearing a pair of small toothlike

projections below apex, and below these

there arises a stylelike appendage from the

mesal face. Aedeagus practically identical

with that of okopa except that the spiracle

extends closer to the apex.

Female.—Size, color and general struc-

ture as for male. Genitalia, including orna-

mentation and coloration of eighth sternite

and bursa copulatrix, apparently identical

with those of okopa.

Holotype, male.—Neville Spring at foot

Fig. 927.—Neotrichia sonora, male genitalia.

A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C, ventral

aspect.



278 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

of Chisos Mountains, Texas: April 20,

19.^9, J. A. & H. H. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratype.—Same data as for holotype,

16.

Neotrichia osmena new species

This species belongs with certain Mexican

species of the subgenus Exitrichia, especially

digitata Mosely and eroga Mosely. From
the former, osmena differs in the curved and

spatulate lateral processes of the ninth seg-

ment, and from the latter in the shorter,

black claspers.

Male.—Length 2.2 mm. Color dark

brown. General structure, including wing

venation, spur count, and other characters

of head and thorax, identical with other

described members of the genus.

Fig. 928.

—

Neotrichia osmena, male geni-
talia. A, lateral aspect; 5, dorsal aspect; C,
ventral aspect; D, aedeagus.

Genitalia as in fig. 928. Ninth segment

with invaginated portion triangular, dorsum
covered with sparse short setae. Tenth ter-

gite blunt, the medium portion of its apex

produced into a rounded lobe from the

base of which arise a pair of long spines.

From beneath this structure arise a pair

of large, heavily sclerotized, blunt struc-

tures which appear slightly forceps-like from
dorsal view. From an incision on the lateral

margin of the ninth segment arises a cercus-

like flap which is expanded at apex, is

clothed with a scattering of long setae, and

is concave on the mesal face. Claspers black,

with a broad base that tapers more or less

regularly to the apex, and with a dorsal

hook which reaches two-thirds of the dis-

tance to the apex. Aedeagus with a wide

tubular base which constricts rapidly to a

long narrow neck; from the apex of the

neck arises a spiral process which encircles

the tube slightly more than once; the apex

is fairly evenly cylindrical, with the apex in-

cised.

Holotype, male.—Blacksmith Fork Can-

yon, Utah: Sept. 16, 1938, at light, Knowl-
ton.

Mayatrichia Mosely

(See also p. 160)

KEY TO SPECIES

Males

1. Aedeagus ending in a small, scle-

rotized three-pronged structure;

claspers each with about 6 setae on

mesal lobe, fig. 929 ayama Mosely
Aedeagus ending in a simple point,

usually only lightly sclerotized;

claspers each with 3 setae on mesal

lobe, figs. 930, 931 2

2. Claspers with mesal lobe nearly trun-

cate, the apical setae very long and
stout, fig. 930 ponta n. sp.

Claspers with mesal lobe oblique, each

apical seta situated much lower

than the one above, and all 3 short

and slender, fig. 931 acuna n. sp.

Mayatrichia ponta new species

This species is most closely related to the

Mexican rualda Mosely, from which it

differs in having three instead of two large

setae on each clasper and in shape of other

sclerites of the genital capsule.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies OF Illinois 279

Male.—Length 2.5 mm. Color brown
without any conspicuous or distinctive mark-
ings. General structure typical for genus.

Male genitalia as in fig. 930. Ninth seg-

ment short, its posterior angle slightly ob-

tuse, its posterior margin with a large,

triangular, dorsal lobe bearing a line of

setae near apex, and with a mitten-like

projection below the triangle; this projec-

tion with its main body oval, concave on

its mesal face, with a sclerotized point near

apex and with a more or less thumblike

postero-ventral process. Tenth tergite semi-

membranous and more or less hood shaped.

Claspers with a broad base, a somewhat
sinuate, digitate dorso-lateral lobe and a

truncate, ventro-mesal lobe which bears

at its apex three long, strong setae the bases

of which are almost contiguous. Above the

claspers is a long, sclerotized, beaklike struc-

ture which is wide at apex and bears a pair

of small setae. Aedeagus long and simple,

the extreme apex tapering to a very slender,

filiform style.

Holotype, male.—Turner Falls State

Park, Oklahoma, along Honey Creek: June

2, 1937, H. H. Ross.

Paratypes.

—

Oklahoma.—Same data as

for holotype, 5 <^ . Reagan, along Penning-
ton Creek: June 1, 1937, H. H. Ross, 4^.
Turner Falls State Park: June 7, 1938,

Carl F. Grubb, 1 ^ .

This species has always been taken in

company with ayama, and no female has
been differentiated in these collections which
could be associated definitely with ponta.

Mayatrichia acuna new species

This species is most closely related to

ponta but may be readily distinguished from
it by the very small dorso-lateral lobe of the

claspers and the undulate margin of the

meso-ventral lobe with its staggered and

well-separated short setae.

Male.—Length 2 mm. Color light

brown, without conspicuous markings. Gen-
eral structure typical for genus. Male geni-

talia as in fig. 931. Ninth segment with the

anterior projections of the lateral margin

acute, the dorsal portion of this segment

bearing an indefinite patch of setae, the

postero-lateral margin with a long, mitten-

like lobe which tapers gradually from the

930B

Figs. 929-931.

—

Mayatrichia, male genitalia. .1, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect; C, aedeagus.



280 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

base to the middle, the ventral margin with

a short apical projection and a longer digi-

tate subapical projection, the apico-dorsal

portion evenly rounded. Tenth tergite semi-

membranous, with a basal carina. Claspers

with a small and digitate dorso-lateral lobe

and with the ventro-mesal lobe subdivided

into three staggered tubercles, each bearing

a seta of medium length, the mesal one the

stoutest. Above the claspers is a beaklike

ventral projection, the central part wide

and bearing a pair of sharp setae. Aedeagus

similar to that of ponta, consisting of a small

conical base, a long, tubular central portion

and a threadlike apex, as in fig. 930C.

Holotype, male.—San Felipe Springs,

Del Rio, Texas: April 19, 1939, H. H. &
J. A. Ross.

Hesperophylax Banks

In this genus the ranking of various

described species and varieties has varied

considerably with different authors, at times

all of them being considered forms of a

single species. Detailed study of the geni-

talia of both males and females indicates

that, in the material at my disposal, five

species can be segregated definitely; the

differences are comparative structures of

the male genitalia and, where associated ma-
terial is available, in the genitalia of the

females, also. I have seen no material of

minutus nor definitely associated females

of magnus and consimilis. With the excep-

tion of these forms, the following key will

separate the North American species.

932 A
CONSIMILIS 933 A

MAGNUS

935 B
DESIGNATUS

935C 936 A
INCISUS

936 B

Figs. 932-936.—Hesperophylax, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; B and C, tenth tergite,
respectively lateral and caudal aspects; D, aedeagus.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 281

KEY TO SPECIES

1. Apex of abdomen with a complex set

of clasping organs, fig. 932 (males)

Apex of abdomen with a pair oi dorsal

plates, fig. 937 (females)

2. Apex of tenth tergite sharp and ap-

pearing pointed from both lateral

and caudal view, fig. 932

2

6

Figs. 937-939.

italia.

939
INCISUS

-Hesperophylax, female gen-

Apex of tenth tergite appearing round-

ed from either lateral or caudal view,

or both, figs. 934, 935 4

Cerci with apico-ventral corner pro-

duced into a long, narrow finger, fig.

933; silver streak ot front wings con-

spicuous and bright

magnus Banks
Cerci with apico-ventral corner much

less produced, fig. 932; silver, in-

conspicuous consimilis Banks

Ninth segment with lateral area short,

anterior angle wide, fig. 936
incisus Banks

Ninth segment with lateral area

longer, anterior angle less obtuse,

fig. 934 5

5. Caudal aspect of tenth tergite wide,

the lateral projections long and
angulate, the membranous caudal
area short, fig. 934

occidentalis Banks
Caudal aspect of tenth tergite nar-

rower, the lateral projections shorter

and trapezoidal, the membranous
caudal area longer, fig. 935

designatus, p. 183

6. Tenth segment with lateral projec-

tions scarcely developed, fig. 937. .

occidentalis Banks
Tenth segment with lateral projec-

tions forming definite wide flanges,

figs. 938, 939 7

7. Tenth tergite with lateral projections

occupying about a third of ventral

aspect, fig. 938 designatus, p. 183

Tenth tergite with lateral projections

occupying nearly two-thirds of ven-

tral aspect, fig. 939 incisus Banks

Limnephiliis nogus new species

Most closely related to pacificus, this spe-

cies is readily characterized by the long

tenth tergite and cerci, and the curious

pointed process of the claspers, fig. 940.

Male.—Length 15 mm. Color tawny,

with irregular darker brown markings on

antennae, body and legs ; wings tawny with

a dark stigmal spot, a dark line on cord, and

other irregular dark areas variable in na-

ture. Macrochaetae of head and thorax

Fig. 940.—Limnephilus nogus, genitalia.

Male: A, lateral aspect; B, aedeagus. Fe-

male: C, ventral aspect.



282 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

strong, tawny on head, dark brown on meso-

notum. Front tibiae with basitarsus longer

than succeeding segments. Eighth tergite

without patch of dark spines. Genitalia

as in fig. 940. Ninth segment very narrow

on dorsum and venter but wide laterally.

Tenth tergite forming a pair of long, curved,

somewhat flattened processes with a sclero-

tized ridge on meson at apex. Cerci also

very long, finger-like, with a heavily scle-

rotized bar across mesal face near apex.

Clasper short and rounded, somewhat flat-

tened, with a black, spurlike mesal projec-

tion. Aedeagus with lateral arms long, end-

ing in a sharp mesal process and a some-

what spatulate, hairy lateral process.

Female.—Similar in general color and

structure to male except for five-segmented

maxillary palpi. Genitalia as in fig. 940.

Ninth sternite wide, with a large apico-

mesal triangle and with lateral margins pro-

duced into somewhat angular apical corners.

Tenth segment forming a sclerotized paired

structure, appearing somewhat rectangular

from ventral view but with each lobe deeply

excavated from dorsal view.

Holotype, male.—Near McMinnville,

Oregon: Nov. 2, 1937, Kenneth Fender.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

British Columbia.—^Van-

couver: Sept. 16, 1932, H. H. Ross, 1 5 ;

April 15, 1932, H. H. Ross, 1?.

Oregon.—Brownsville: Aug. 19, 1907,

1 $ . Same data as for holotype, I S , 15;
same but Sept. 20-Oct. 2, 1938, 1 c? , 2 ? .

Washington.—Chehalis: Oct. 14—18,

1911, M. A. Yothers, 1 c?. Pullman: \S,
69; May 29, 1897, 19; May 14, 1898,

1 9 ; Aug. 6, 1898, 1 9 ; Aug. 10, 1898, 1 9 ;

Aug. 25, 1898, 1 9 ; Sept. 26, 1898, 1 9 ;

May 13, 1904, \S ; June 6, 1908, U.
Paratypes are deposited with the holo-

type and also in the collection of Washing-
ton State College.

Limnephilus frijole new species

This species is most closely related to

aretto, differing chiefly in the curious arcu-

ate apex of the tenth tergite.

Male.—Length 15 mm. Color tawny
brown, the body, legs and wings marked
with small dark brown lines and dots which
give the species a salt-and-pepper mottling.

Macrochaetae of head and thorax long and
stout, dark brown. Front basitarsus longer

than half length of succeeding segment,

front femur with a long inner patch of

minute black spines. Eighth tergite with a

produced area bearing a patch of dense short

spines. Genitalia as in fig. 941. Ninth seg-

ment straplike across dorsum, moderately

Fig. 941.

—

Limnephilus frijole, genitalia.

Male: A, lateral aspect; B, aedeagus. Fe-

male: C, ventral aspect; D, lateral aspect.

wide across lateral area. Tenth tergite

composed of a pair of sclerotized plates

with a flanged, arcuate apex. Cerci short

and triangular, with a short platelike pro-

jection on meson. Claspers simple, short,

wide and with apical margin concave. Aede-

agus with center style and lateral arms very

long, lateral arms bent sharply near apex

and bearing a brush of moderately short

spines.

Female.—Length 18 mm. General struc-

ture typical for male. Genitalia, fig. 941,

with very simple parts. Ninth segment

almost cylindrical, the sides somewhat flat-

tened. Tenth segment tubular, the dorsal

portion fairly evenly rounded, the ventral

portion produced into a narrow mesal keel.

Holotype, male.—Manzaneta Spring,

Frijole, Texas: April 26, 1939, J. A. &
H. H. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 283

Paratypes.

—

New Mexico.—Fort Win-
gate: Aug. 8, 1908, John Woodgate, 1 9 ;

Aug. 24, 1 9 ; Sept. 1,19; Sept. 21, 19.
Mexico.—Cerro Potosi, elevation 8,000

feet, Municipio de Galeana: July 8, 1938,

H. Hoogstraal, \ S , 19.
Texas.—Same data as for holotype: 1 S ,

1 9 . McKittrick Creek, McKittrick Can-
yon : April 26, 1939, J. A. & H. H. Ross,

U, 19.
Three of the paratypes from Fort Win-

gate are deposited with the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Chyranda new genus

Adults.—General structure typical for

family. Head without macrochaetae behind

ocelli. Maxillary palpi very long in both

Fig. 942. — Chyranda
centralis cT, head.

male, fig. 942, and female. Mesonotum with

warts elongate. Tibial spur count 1-3-4.

Apical segment of tarsi without black spines.

Wings very similar in general aspect to

those of Limnephilus, see fig. 636.

Genotype.

—

Asynarchus centralis Banks.

The very long palpi distinguish this genus

from Limnephilus and others to which it is

related. In the North American fauna this

character will separate it from all genera

which do not differ from it in wing vena-

tion.

Oligophlebodes Ulmer

Additional material secured from various

localities in the western mountains indicates

that there are at least five species in this

interesting genus. To a certain extent color

characters have been found of some use in

making identifications, but for the most part

reliable differences are confined to the geni-

talia.

¥ox the species so far differentiated, char-

acters have been found to separate the fe-

males to species as indicated in the key.

KEY TO SPECIES

1. Eighth and ninth sternites well sep-

arated, the ninth segment annular
and bearing a complicated set of

parts, fig. 943 (males) 2

Eighth and ninth sternites merged to-

gether, the ninth platelike, fig. 948
(females) 6

2. Claspers twisted so that their apex is

nearly in a vertical plane and pro-

jecting almost directly back, the

apex somewhat truncate in lateral

view, fig. 943 3

Claspers in a horizontal plane, fig. 946,

sometimes sinuate, the end narrow
in lateral view, fig. 945 4

3. Lateral projection of ninth segment
large, at least equal in area to lateral

aspect of claspers; below lateral pro-

jection the segment is incised less

than half its width to receive clasp-

ers; apex of ninth sternite forming
a wide angle, fig. 943 sierra n. sp.

Lateral projection of ninth segment
much smaller than lateral aspect of

claspers; below lateral projection

the segment is incised more than

half its width to receive claspers;

apex of ninth sternite acute, fig. 944
minutus Banks

4. Blade of claspers long, sometimes
sinuate, narrow at tip; apex of ninth

sternite long and sharp, fig. 945. . . .

ruthae n. sp.

Blade of claspers short, stocky at tip;

apex of ninth sternite shorter and
with a much broader apical angle,

fig. 946 5

5. Blade of claspers directed almost

straight back, robust, and with

mesal margin armed with short

teeth, fig. 946; body dark brown to

black ardis Ross

Blade of claspers angled obliquely

mesad, slender, with only the curved

tooth forming the apex, fig. 947;

body yellow sigma Milne

6. Lateral lobes of subgenital plate trun-

cate except for a slight emargina-

tion at middle, fig. 948. . . .ruthae n. sp.

Lateral lobes of subgenital plate

rounded, fig. 949, or oblique, fig.

951 7

7. Lateral lobes of subgenital plate

rounded and projecting markedly

beyond mesal lobe, fig. 949
minutus Banks

Lateral lobes of subgenital plate not

projecting beyond mesal lobe, fig.

950 8

8. Mesal lobe of subgenital plate scarcely



284 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

projecting above mesal portion of

lateral lobes; ventral structure of

bursa copulatrix very narrow, fig.

950 sierra n. sp.

Mesal lobe of subgenital plate pro-

jecting conspicuously beyond mesal

portion of lateral lobes; ventral

structure of bursa wider, fig. 951 .. .

ardis Ross

Oligophlebodes sierra new species

In color this species approaches most

closely sigrna but differs from it in the

twisted apex of the claspers, large lateral

lobe of the ninth segment and other char-

acters of the genitalia. The female may be

distinguished from other members of the

genus by the combination of the narrow

ventral lobe of the bursa copulatrix and

the low and evenly sloping lateral lobes

of the ninth sternite.

Male.—Length 8 mm. Color yellowish

brown, the wings without conspicuous

darker markings. General structure typical

for genus. Genitalia as in fig. 943. Ninth

segment reduced to a line dorsally, expanded

into a wide ventral portion which is pro-

duced on the meson into a short angular

process; the lateral margin bears a platelike

projection which is wide and high and equal

to the lateral aspect of the claspers in area.

Each clasper with a rounded base and a

short, apical blade which is twisted into an

almost vertical position and appears some-

what beaked in the lateral view. Tenth ter-

gite entirely membranous, consisting of con-

cave and inconspicuous membranous folds.

Cerci triangular, small and bearing long

setae. Aedeagus membranous and tubular

and containing a pair of sclerotized rods.

Female.—In size, color and general

structure similar to male. Subgenital plate,

fig. 950, with a low, narrow mesal lobe and

wide, sloping lateral lobes; bursa copulatrix

947
SIGMA Q

'^~-^_-'' 946C

Figs. 9^i-9^7.—Oligophlebodes, male genitalia. A, B and C, respectively lateral, ventral
and dorsal aspects.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 285

with dorsal portion only slightly flared at

apex, ventral portion fusiform, narrow and

pointed at apex.

Holotype, male.— Yosemite National

Park, California, along Dana Fork, Tou-
lumne River, elevation 8,500 feet: Aug. 15,

1935, H. J. Rayner.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.—Same data as for holotype,

6S.

Oligophlebodes rtithae new species

The horizontal claspers place this species

in the same group as s'tgma and ardis ; it

differs from both of these in the long apex

of the claspers and the long and narrow
mesal projection of the ninth sternite. The
female may be distinguished by the scalloped

lateral lobes of the ninth sternite.

Male.—Length 8 mm. Color mostly

m^m\m^:fm95

1

^
ARDIS

""

Figs. 948-951.

—

Oligophlebodes, female geni-

talia.

dark brown, the legs below coxae yellowish

and the wings pale brown without conspicu-

ous markings. In life the insect appears

black with brown wings. General structure

typical for genus. Genitalia as in fig. 945.

Ninth segment reduced to a linelike collar

on the dorsum, expanded into a broad lat-

eral portion and a long, tonguelike and
angular ventral projection; the lateral mar-
gin bears a platelike process which is large

and confluent at outer margin with the pos-

terior margin of the segment below it. Api-

cal blade of clasper long, sharp, sometimes

sinuate and with a slightly expanded base.

Tenth tergite consisting of indefinite mem-
branous folds. Cerci small with abundant,

long setae. Aedeagus cylindrical and tubu-

lar, with a pair of internal sclerotized rods

in addition to the central style.

Female.—Similar to male in size, color

and general structure. Subgenital plate,

fig. 948, with a low mesal process and with

lateral lobes which are nearly truncate but

which have a distinct emargination in the

middle of the posterior margin. Bursa copu-

latrix with dorsal lobe expanded at extreme

tip, ventral lobe fairly wide, scarcely nar-

rowed at base but tapering to a long, sharp

point at apex. Tenth tergite with lateral

lobes sclerotized dorsally.

Holotype, male.—Roe's Creek, Glacier

National Park, Montana: July 12, 1940,

H. H. & J. A. Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Paratypes.

—

Montana: Same data as

for holotype, 23(5, 10$; same data but

SuNRiFT Creek, 1 $ ; same data but east of

Summit, Logan Pass, 1 $ .

Psilotreta Banks

Accumulated material in this genus indi-

cates that there are five Nearctic species

readily separated by characters of the male

genitalia. After the discovery of these char-

acters I was very fortunate in being able to

restudy the Banks and Hagen types in the

Museum of Comparative Zoology; in addi-

tion, the redescription by Betten & Mosely

(1940) of Walker's indecisa has cleared up

the identity of that species. It is now possi-

ble to place all the names in literature

except for dissimilis and borealis. Insuf-

ficient material is available to tabulate the

females and immature stages. A complete

list of synonymy is given in the check list.



286 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. ]

KEY TO NEARGTIC SPECIES

Males

1. Tenthjtergite forming a pair of short,

broad, sclerotized plates, fig. 952. . .

rufa (Hagen)

Tenth tergite forming a pair of long,

bladelike plates well separated on

the meson, fig. 954 2

2. Apical processes of tenth tergite long

and sinuate, basal hook arcuate but

not curled, fig. 953 amera (Ross)

Apical processes of tenth tergite wide

and only slightly sinuate, basal hook
curled, fig. 954 3

3. .Apical segment of clasper with a very

long, stout mesal tooth, fig. 954. . .

labida n. sp.

Apical segment of clasper with several

short teeth but without a long mesal

one, fig. 955 4

4. Ninth segment with a long, slender

style running beneath cerci; apical

segment of clasper short, fig. 955. . .

frontalis Banks
Ninth segment without any process of

this kind; apical segment of clasper

long, armed with many teeth, fig.

956 indecisa (Walker)

Psilotreta rufa (Hagen)

This species has been placed in various

genera, but the genitalia clearly indicate its

affinity with other members of the genus

Psilotreta. The species connexa, described

Figs. 952-956.—Psilotreta, male genitalia. J, lateral aspect; B, clasper, caudal aspect;
C, tenth tergite.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 287

by Banks in Astoplectron Banks, also be-

longs here. I have studied cleared prepara-

tions of both Banks' and Hagen's types,

and they appear identical.

Psilotreta frontalis Banks

There is considerable variation in the

shape of the apical blades of the tenth ter-

gite, the holotype of gameta representing the

narrow extreme, fig. 955, and the holotype

of frontalis representing a wide extreme in

which these blades are nearly as wide as in

fig. 954. Intergrades in addition to both

extremes have been taken at nearby locali-

ties in New York.

Psilotreta labida new species

The shape of cerci and tenth tergite indi-

cates that this species is most closely re-

lated to indecisa but is readily separated

from that and other species of the genus

by characters given in the preceding key.

Male.—Length 12 mm. Color almost

entirely black, the legs and mouthparts with

lighter areas of grayish brown; wings gray-

ish brown, fairly dark, with very small and

irregularly scattered lighter dots. Maxil-

lary palpi with first two segments short,

the second with a long mesal brush which

usually extends the full length of, and is

usually appressed to, the third segment;

third segment as long as the first and

second combined, fourth half the length of

third, and fifth slightly longer than third;

the fifth also has a basal brush of long hair

which extends almost the full length of the

segment and gives it a bushy appearance.

Male genitalia as in fig. 954. Ninth seg-

ment deep, narrowed at the point of inser-

tion of the cerci, and forming a long, narrow
dorsal tongue which is fused with the tenth.

Tenth tergite with its apex divided into a

pair of long, curved, pointed wide sclerites;

at the base of each of these is a curled hook.

Cerci long and somewhat pointed, widest

near base. Claspers with basal segment

robust and fairly short, apical segment also

fairly short and small, with two or three

short, sclerotized lateral teeth and a long,

sharp mesal tooth. Aedeagus tubular and

curved, typical for genus.

Female.—In size, color and general

structure similar to male. Maxillary palpi

of approximately the same proportion as in

the male but without brushes. Genitalia

simple, without processes or conspicuous
characters.

Holotype, male.—Cedar River near In-

dian Lake, Adirondack State Park, New
York: June 20, 1941, Frison & Ross.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for

holotype.

Para types.

—

Maryland.—Garrett
County: June 6, 1931, J. H. Roberts, 1 $ ,

UM.
New Hampshire.—Whitcherville Brook

near Benton: June 21, 1941, Frison &
Ross, 2 $ .

New York.—Same data as for holotype,

2S , 1 9 . Small creek near Tahawus, Ad-
irondack State Park: June 20, 1941, Frison

& Ross, 1$. McLean, Seaver County:
June 13, 1935, M. E. Davis, 1 £ .

Pennsylvania.—Penn's Creek, Union
County: May 16, 1938, C. M. Wetzel,

\S. Monroe County, near Swiftwater:

1928, F. R. Nevin (Lot 258), 2$, 19.
Tennessee.—Elkmont, fork of Little

Pigeon River: May 27, 1934, T. H. Frison,

u.
Virginia.—Curles Neck Bridge: April

19, 1938, M. E. Davis & D. T. Ries, U.

Leptocella tavara new species

The claspers, fig. 957, which have a large,

truncate apical head and a moderate-sized

basal flap, readily distinguish this species

Fig. 957.—Leptocella tavara, claspers.

from all other Nearctic members of the

genus. The well-developed basal flap will

separate the species from exquisita and Can-

dida, these two having no flap; ail other

species of the genus have the flap much

larger, as in fig. 752.

Male.—Length 13.5 mm. Head and body

light brown to straw colored, the legs below

coxae almost white; head, body and legs

clothed with white hair. Wing membrane



288 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

transparent, the color pattern formed en-

tirely by hair; the entire front wing white

with small, yellowish linear spots situated

fairly closely along every vein and with the

apical fringe brownish; the contrast between

the white and yellowish-brown spots small,

so that the wing appears only indistinctly

speckled. General structure typical for

genus. Eyes small.

Male genitalia in general typical for the

genus, with ninth segment with long, some-
what hoodshaped dorso-mesal portion and

a long pair of finger-like processes below
this. Tenth tergite long and projected, apex

upturned and narrow. From near base of

tenth tergite arise a pair of curved, "swan's

neck" organs which are expanded at apex
into a reticulate plate. Claspers, fig. 957,

with the base expanded into a moderate-
sized flap, above this constricted into a fairly

wide neck, divided at apex into a spoonlike

subapical mesal lobe and an apical, lateral

urea which projects some distance above
subapical lobe and is fringed with very long
setae; between the bases of the clasper arise

a pair of medium length curved filaments,

each with two or three long setae at apex.

Aedeagus mostly membranous and with a

spoonlike ventral plate.

Female.—In size, color and general
structure similar to male. Abdomen bright
green. Genitalia typical for genus.

Holotype, male.—Chiefland, Florida:
July 17, 1938, W. Stehr.

Allotype, female.—Same data as for
holotype.

Paratypes.

—

Florida.—Same data as for
holotype, 6 (^ , 3 5 . Winter Park: March
25, E. M. Davis, 1 $ March 26, E. M.
Davis, Z$; April 9, E. M. Davis, \$.
Tavares, Lake County: March 23, 1936
F. N. Young, 3 $ .

Helicopsyche Hagen

Many collections of this genus, especially
from the southwestern states, have consider-
ably simplified the picture of the Nearctic
species. It is clear that borealis is very
widespread over most of the North Ameri-
can continent; Banks' species arizonensis
proves to be the female of mexicana; and a
third species common to both Mexico and
the United States appears to be undescribed.
I have examined the types of all available
Antillean species, and these seem to be quite
distinct from the continental species.

KEY TO NEARCTIC MALES

1. Claspers with apical corner produced
into a sharp, triangular point, fig.

958

Claspers with apical corner rounded,
figs. 960, 961

2. Sclerotized mesal projection of sixth

2

3

96IA

BOREALIS

Figs. 958-96L

—

Helicops^che, male geni-

talia. Ay lateral aspect; 5, tenth tergite; C,

claspers, caudal aspect.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 289

sternite black, as long as or longer

than the sternite; claspers with a

small, somewhat stalked cluster of

spicules upon mesal face at base,

fig. 958 limnella Ross

Sclerotized mesal projection ot sixth

sternite yellowish, only about halt

as long as the sternite; claspers with

a large, cushion-like pad of spicules

upon mesal face at base, fig. 959. . .

mexicana Banks

3. Claspers angled and shaped like a

boomerang, fig. 960 piroa n. sp.

Claspers only slightly curved, broad

and spatulate, fig. 961

borealis Hagen

Helicopsyche mexicana Banks

The type of mexicana agrees perfectly

with males taken from near the type locality

of arizonensis. The females of this species

have the first antennal segment longer than

in related forms, which further identifies

the type of arizonensis. This difference,

however, is quite relative, and its use should

be based on actual comparison of specimens.

In addition to various localities in Mex-
ico, this species is now known from springs

at Frijole, Texas, and from Oak Creek

Canyon, Arizona, as well as Nogales, Ari-

zona, the type locality of arizonensis. These

United States localities are all situated in

arid mountain country typical of large areas

in Mexico.

Helicopsyche piroa new species

This species appears most closely related

to borealis but may be readily separated

from it by the slender, L-shaped claspers.

Male.—Length 6.5 mm. Head, body and

appendages straw color to yellowish brown,

the wings with a few irregular, colorless

spots, and a short, colorless bar along the

cord
; rows of spines along middle legs,

black. General structure, including shape
of palps, wing venation, spur count, typical

for genus. Sixth sternite with a long, scle-

rotized black spur which is about as long
as the segment, slightly flattened and spatu-

late. Male genitalia as in fig. 960. Ninth
segment with ventral half reduced to a nar-

row band, the dorsal portion merging with
the tenth tergite. Tenth tergite about twice

as long as wide, fairly deep and with a

dorso-lateral ridge running its entire length

and bearing a regular row of medium
length setae. Claspers L-shaped, with a

short, narrow vertical base and a long, wide
horizontal apex which is rounded at tip ; at

the base of the mesal face is a short projec-

tion bearing a row of spicules along its api-

cal margin. Aedeagus cylindrical and slight-

ly curved, the apex subdivided into upper

and lower pairs of membranous folds.

Female.—Similar in size, color and gen-

eral structure to male. Third and fourth

sternites with a central reticulate area. Re-

mainder of abdomen typical for genus.

Holotype, male.—San Antonio, Texas,

along San Antonio River: Aug. 10, 1939,

Harold Alexander.

Allotype, female.—Hacienda Vista Her-
mosa. Villa Santiago, Nuevo Leon, Mexico,

Hoogstraal & Knight.

Paratypes.—Same data as for allotype,

6<5,29.
In addition to the above records are

larvae of this species taken by Mr. Hoog-
straal in a spring at Sabinas Hidalgo,

Nuevo Leon, Mexico. This species makes

a case which is exactly like that of other

species in the genus. The larva is very simi-

lar in appearance to that of borealis.





CHECK LIST OF NEARCTIC TRICHOPTERA

This list is presented chiefly as an aid in

placing to genera and families, as defined in

this report, those species which are not treated

specifically in the preceding pages. Following

is an explanation ot the form used in the list.

Each species line has these items in this order:

the species name, the describer, the place of

original description (indicated by date and
page reference); in some cases, the species has,

in addition, the genus in which it was original!}'

described (if different from that under which
it appears here). The item "P. 00" indicates

that the species is treated in this report on that

page. If not so treated, a brief summary of

range is indicated by key letters: if the species

is known from only one or two states, these
are listed, standard abbreviations being used;
if from more, the general section of the conti-
nent is indicated in which the species is known,
abbreviations of the cardinal directions and
their combinations being given; e.g., E for

East, W for West, NE for Northeast. Trans,
indicates transcontinental; N. Am. signifies

North America, but the exact location not
determined. Other abbreviations are unid.
for unidentified, emend, for emendation, ;V.j_>'«.

for new synonymy, unassoc. for unassociated.
Synonyms are listed in italics under genus

or species.

References are included in the bibliography.

RHYACOPHILIDAE

Rhyacophila Pictet 1834

atrata Banks 1911:351. E
valuma Milne 1936:100. B. C.

vobara Milne 1936:94. B. C.

pellisa Ross 1938^:118. W
doddsi Ling 1938:61. N. syn.

minora Banks 1924:444. E
manistee Ross 1938rf:104. Mich,

blarina Ross 1941.^:36. Oreg.

melita Ross 1938^:104. NE
acropedes Banks 1914:201. W, N
grandis Banks 1911:350. VV

vohrna Milne 1936:94. A^. syn.

vao Milne 1936:93. VV

vu Milne 1936:93. A^. syn.

brunnea Banks 1911:352. W
ledra Ross 1939^:65. P. 37

Carolina Banks 1911:353. E
gordoni Sibley 1926^:79

fenestra Ross 1938.nl02. P. 36

teddyi Ross 1939^:628. N. C, Tenn.
kiamichi Ross. P. 37

carpenteri Milne 1936:98. E
nigrita Banks 1907^:132. E
mycta Ross 194U:38. N. C.

montana Carpenter 1933:42. N. C, Tenn.
lobifera Betten 1934:131. P. 35

perda Ross 1938^:105. Wash,
nevadensis Banks 1924:443. Nev.
rotunda Banks 1924:443. W
norcuta Ross 1938^:117. W

novarotunda Ling 1938:61. A'^. syn.

vaccua Milne 1936:94. W
complicata Ling 1938:60. N. syn.

bruesi Milne & Milne 1940:154. A^. syn.

vagrita Milne 1936:91. Alta., B. C.

unimaculata Denning 1941^:198. B. C.

verrula Milne 1936:90. W
oregonensis Ling 1938:62. N. syn.

viquaea Milne 1936:92. Oreg.

visor Milne 1936:101. B. C.

vofixa Milne 1936:95. Alta.

harmstoni Ross. P. 268
iranda Ross 1938^:103. Wash,
alberta Banks 1918:21. NW
angelita Banks 1911:352. W

bipartita Banks 1914:201

basalis Banks 1911:352. W
oreta Ross 194U:39. Utah, Oreg.

glaberrima Ulmer 1907/^:85. P. 35

Jairchildi Banks 1930^:130

andrea Betten 1934:127

coloradensis Banks 1905i^:10. W
stigmatica Banks 1904«:108, preoccupied
anomala Banks 1924:444

bifila Banks 1914:201. W
fuscula (Walker) 1852:10; Neuronia. P. 36
hyalinata Banks 1905^:10. W
vocala Milne 1936:100. B. C.

invaria (Walker) 1852:101; Polycentropus.

E
luctuosa Banks 1911:351

banksi Ross. P. 268

ecosa Ross 1941^:37. Oreg.

torva Hagen 1861:296. E
terminata Banks 1907^:132.

vinura Milne 1936:100. A'', syn.

vaefes Milne 1936:96. B. C.

vedra Milne 1936:97. Oreg.

phryganea Ross 1941^:40. Calif., Oreg.

vemna Milne 1936:92. Wash,
vibox Milne 1936:101. P. 36

vepulsa Milne 1936:96. Oreg., B. C.

vetina Milne 1936:91. Wash,
vujuna Milne 1936:99. Oreg.

vuphipes Milne 1936:99. N. Y., Ont.

vuzana Milne 1936:97. Oreg.

gemona Ross 1938^:117. Wash,
betteni Ling 1938:59. Calif,

californica Ling 1938:60. CaHf.

formosa Banks 1911:353. Unid. 9; N. J.

mainensis Banks 1911:354. Unid. 9; Maine
pacifica Banks 1895:316. Unid. 9; Wash,
soror Provancher 1878:135. Unid.; Que.

[291]



292 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Atopsyche Banks 1905.^

tripunctata Banks 1905<^:17. Ariz.

Palaeagapetus Ulmer 1912

nearcticus Banks 1936^:265. Wash,

celsus (Ross) 1938rt:lll; Paragapetus. N. H.,

Tenn.

Glossosoma Curtis 1834

Mystrophora Klapalek 1892

alascense Banks 1900-^:472. W and NW
pyroxum Ross l94\iA2. Oreg.

parvulum Banks 1904rt:108. W
montana Ross 1941^:42. Mont.

penitum Banks 1914:202. W
idaho Ross 194U:41. Idaho

traviatum Banks 1936rt:266. W
ventrale Banks 1904^:109. W
velona Ross 1938^:109. W
excita Ross 1938^:109. Oreg.

oregonense Ling 1938:62. Oreg.

nigrior Banks 1911:355. E
unica (Denning) 1942:46; Eomystra. A'^.

syn.

lividum (Hagen) 1861:295; Tinodes. E
verdona Ross 1938^:110. W
intermedium (Klapalek) 1892:19; Mystro-

phora. P. 39

americanum Banks 1897:31. Unid. 9; N. H.

Anagapetus Ross 1938^

debilis Ross 1938«:108. W

Agapetus Curtis 1834

malleatus Banks 1914:202. Calif,

marlo Milne 1936:108. Calif,

minutus Sibley 1926^:79. N. Y.

boulderensis Milne 1936:108. Colo,

artesus Ross 1938^:106. P. 40

vireo Ross 1941.^:43. Ga., Tenn.
tomus Ross 1941i^:44. Ga.

pinatus Ross 1938^:107. Tenn.
celatus McLachlan 1871:139. Calif.

ilhni Ross 1938«:106. P. 40

medicus Ross 1938«:107. P. 40

rossi Denning 1941^:200. NE
crasmus Ross 1939^:66. P. 40
iridis Ross. P. 269.

walkeri (Betten & Mosely) 1940:8; Syna-
gapetus. Unid. 9; Ont.

Protoptila Banks 1904i
fClymene Chambers 1873, preoccupied

maculata (Hagen) 1861:296; Beraea? P. 43
lloydi Mosely 1934^:151

pahna Ross 194U:46. P. 43
lega Ross 194U:48. P. 43
alexanderi Ross 194U:48. Tex.
tenebrosa (Walker) 1852:134; Hydroptila.

P. 43

coloma Ross 194U:45. W
jeanae Ross 1938^:112. E
cantha Ross 1938«:113. NE to W

thoracica Ross 1938^:114. Wyo.
erotica Ross 1938a:113. P. 44
balmorhea Ross 1941^:45. Tex.

Paegerfasciella (Chambers) 1873:114; Cly-

mene. Unid.; Ky.
Pviridiventris (Say) 1823:160; Phryganea.

Unid.; Ohio

PHILOPOTAMIDAE

Trentonius Betten & Mosely 1940

distinctus (Walker) 1852:104; Philopotamus.

P. 47
americanus (Banks) 1895:316; Philopota-

mus
pallidipes (Banks) 1936a:267; Philopotamus.

W
aequahs (Banks) 1924:450; Philopotamus.
W

dorcus (Ross) 1938^:132; Philopotamus. W
oregonensis (Ling) 1938:63; Philopotamus

novusamericanus (Ling) 1938:63; Philopot-

amus. Calif.

Dolophilus McLachlan 1868

Paragapetus Banks 1914

Dolophiliella Banks 1930/^

moestus (Banks) 1914:202; Paragapetus.

P. 47
brematus Banks 1914:254

major Banks 1914:254. N. C, Tenn.

gabriella (Banks) 1930^:230; Dolophiliella.

W
occideus Ross 1938^:134. Oreg.

shawnee Ross 1938rt:133. P. 46

arizonensis Ling 1938:63. SW
cruzensis Ling 1938:64. Calif,

strotus Ross 1938^:118. Okla.

anillus Ross 194U:50. B. C.

Chimarra Stephens 1829

Chimarrha Burmeister et al., emend,
aterrima Hagen 1861:297. P. 50

elia Ross. P. 269

feria Ross 1941^:51. P. 50

angustipennis Banks 1903^:242. Tex., Ark.

socia Hagen 1861:297. P. 51

femoralis (Banks) 1911:358; Wormaldia
obscura (Walker) 1852:121; Beraea? P. 51

plutonis Banks 1911:358; Wormaldia
lucia Betten 1934:175

florida Ross. P. 270

argentella Ulmer 1906a:92. Tropical Am.
utahensis Ross 1938a:134. W

idahoensis Ling 1938:64

texana Banks 1920:360. Unid. ?; Tex.

PSYCHOMYIIDAE

Phylocentropus Banks 1907i3

Acrocentropus Betten 1934

lucidus (Hagen) 1861:294; Polycentropus.

P. 56



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 293

placidus (Banks) 1905^:15; Holocentropus.

P. 55

maximus V^orhies 1909:711

carolinus Carpenter 1933:43. N. C.

auriceps (Banks) 1905^:218; Plectrocnemia.

N. C.

rabilis Milne 1936:84. A'', syn.

Neureclipsis McLachlan 1864

bimaculatus (Linnaeus) 1758:548; Phryga-

nea. P. 57

crepuscularis (Walker) 1852:87; Brachycen-

trus. P. 57

parvulus Banks 1907^:163

validus (Walker) 1852:100; Polvcentropus.

P. 58

diibitans (Walker) 1852:113; Hydropsyche
signatus (Banks) 1897:30; Polycentropus

Polycentropus Curtis 1835^

cinereus Hagen 1861:293. P. 67

canadensis Banks 1897:31

flavicornis (Banks) 1907^:162; Holocen-

tropus

pallescens (Banks) 1930^:231; Plectroc-

nemia
lutea (Betten) 1934:219; Plectrocnemia

nascotius Ross 1941^:73. P. 68

remotus Banks 1911:359. P. 67

albipunctus (Banks) 1930rt:131; Plectroc-

nemia. NE
iculus Ross 1941/^:74. Que.

variegatus Banks 1900^:259. Wash., B.C.

colei Ross 1941^:76. Tenn.

crassicornis Walker 1852:101. P. 64

adironica (Banks) 1914:256; Plectrocnemia

australis (Banks) 1907^:131; Plectrocnemia

aureolus (Banks) 1930ir.l30; Plectrocnemia.

P. 64

clinei (Milne) 1936:87; Plectrocnemia. NE
charlesi Ross 1941^:74. Tex.

halidus Milne 1936:86. N. Mex.
arizonensis Banks 1905^:16. Ariz.

centralis Banks 1914:258. P. 64

elarus Ross. P. 65

carolinensis Banks 1905^:217. P. 66

pixi Ross. P. 66

maculatus Banks 1908rf:65. P. 65

pentus Ross 194U:71. P. 65

confusus Hagen 1861:293. P. 65

vigilatrix Navas 1933:111; Plectrocnemia.

Unid. 9; Mass.

interruptus (Banks) 1914:257; Holocentro-

pus. P. 69

orotus (Banks) 1914:257; Holocentropus
longus (Banks) 1914:258; Holocentropus

flavus (Banks) 1908^:66; Holocentropus.
P. 68

grellus (Milne) 1936:87; Holocentropus. NE
glacialis (Ross) 1938^:135; Holocentropus.

P. 68

melanae (Rossj 1938a:136; Holocentropus.

Mich.

Nyctiophylax Brauer 1865

vestitus (Hagen) 1861:293; Polvcentropus.
P. 70

affinis (Banks) 1897:30; Polycentropus
moestus Banks 1911:359

uncus Ross. P. 70

Cyrnellus Banks 1913

marginalis (Banks) 1930^:231; Nyctiophv-
lax. P. 71

zernyi Mosely 1934a: 142

Cernotina Ross 1938^

pallida (Banks) 1904^:214; Cyrnus. P. 73

calcea Ross 1938^:137. P. 72

Oklahoma Ross 1938rt:137. Okla.

spicata Ross 1938^:138. P. 73

ohio Ross 1939^:628. P. 73

astera Ross 1941^:76. Tex.

fraterna (Banks) 1905^:17; Cvrnus. Unid.

9; D. C.

Lype McLachlan 1879

diversa (Banks) 1914:253; Psychomyia.
P. 74

griselda Betten 1934:229. N. syn.

Tinodes Stephens 1829

consueta McLachlan 1871:138. Calif.

Psychomyia Pictet 1834

Quissa Milne 1936

flavida Hagen 1861:294. P. 75

pulchella Banks 1899:217

moesta Banks 1907^:131

nomada (Ross) 1938^:138; Psychomyiella.

P. 75

lumina (Ross) 1938^:139; Psychomyiella.

Oreg.

rparva (Walker) 1852:134; PHydroptiia.

Type lost. Ont.

HYDROPS YCHIDAE

Parapsyche Betten 1934

apicalis (Banks) 1908^:266; Arctopsyche.

P. 83

elsis Milne 1936:66. W
brevipennis (Ling) 1938:64; Arctopsyche.

A^. syn.

divergens Banks 1943:368. Calif,

cardis Ross 1938^:119. P. 83

almota Ross 1938^:119. W
oregonensis (Ling) 1938:65; .Arctopsyche

Arctopsyche McLachlan 1868

ladogensis (Kolenati) 1859^:201; Apheloche-

ira. Arctic Am.
grandis (Banks) 1900^:258; Hydropsyche. W

phryganoides Banks 1918:21

irrora'ta Banks 1905^:217. P. 83

californica Ling 1938:65. Calif,

inermis Banks 1943:368. Colo.



294 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Diplectrona Wcstwood 1840

modesta Banks 1908^:266. P. 84

californica Banks 1914:253. Calif.

doringa Milne 1936:68. Unid.; N. C.

Aphropsyche Ross 1941^

aprilis Ross 194U:78. P. 83

Oropsyche Ross 1941i^

howellae Ross 1941^:79. P. 83

Homoplectra Ross 1938^

nigripennis (Banks) 1911:358; Diplectrona.

Calif,

alseae Ross 1938^:120. Oreg.

oaklandensis (Ling) 1938:66; Diplectrona.

Calif.

Potamyia Banks 1900^

flava (Hagen) 1861:285; Macronema. P. 85

kansensis (Banks) \9QSb:\S\ Hydropsyche

Smicridea McLachlan 1871

fasciatella McLachlan 1871:136. P. 85

dispar (Banks) 1905^:16; Polycentropus

divisa (Banks) 1903^:244; Hydropsyche

Rhyacophylax Miiller 1879

Pellopsyche Banks \902>b

signatus (Banks) 1903^:243; Pellopsyche.

SW, Mexico

Hydropsyche Pictet 1834

slossonae Banks 1905^:14. P. 99

Ventura Ross \9A\b:91. Ont.

oslari Banks 1905^:13. W
partita Banks 1914:252

protis Ross 1938d':120. Utah
venada Ross 194U:91. SW
tana Ross 1938^:151. Mont,
amblis Ross 1938^:120. Oreg.

morosa Hagen 1861:287. P. 98

chlorotica Hagen 1861:290

walkeri Betten & Mosely 1940:23. P. 96

maculicornis Walker 1852:113, preoccupied

piatrix Ross 1938^:148. P. 97

vexa Ross 1938^:148. P. 97

recurvata Banks 1914:253. P. 99

codona Betten 1934:187

cockerelli Banks 1905/!-: 14. W
centra Ross 1938^:150. Wash,
bifida Banks 1905/5^:15. P. 97

cheilonis Ross 1938^:149. P. 98

bronta Ross 1938^:149. P. 98
sparna Ross 1938^:150. P. 97
alhedra Ross 1939^:67. N. C.

riola Denning 1942:49. Minn,
delrio Ross 194U:85. Tex., Mexico
occidentalis Banks 1900^:258. W

novamexicanus Banks 1904^:110
californica Banks 1899:217. W
solex Ross. P. 271

arinale Ross 1938^:143. P. 104

phalerata Hagen 1861:287. P. 102

aerata Ross 1938^:144. P. 101

venularis Banks 1914:252. E
scalaris Hagen 1861:286. P. 106

placoda Ross 1941/^:87. P. 103

fattigi Ross \9A\b-M. Ga.

simulans Ross 1938^:139. P. 104

bidens Ross 1938^:142. P. 107

orris Ross 1938^:121. P. 106

cormita Ross 1938^:141, preoccupied

frisoni Ross 1938^:142. P. 105

demora Ross 194U:86. Ga.

valanis Ross 1938^:144. P. 105

Catawba Ross 1939^:67. N. C.

hageni Banks 1905/^:14. P. 103

leonardi Ross 1938^:145. Mich.

incommoda Hagen 1861:290. P. 106

dicantha Ross 1938^:146. P. 102

philo Ross 194U:90. Calif.

cuanis Ross 1938^:147. P. 100

depravata Hagen 1861:290. P. 100

betteni Ross 1938«:146. P. 99

separata Banks 1936^:126. Trans.

Carolina Banks 1938:77. N. C.

alternans (Walker) 1852:104; Philopotamus.

Unid. 9; Ont.

indecisiis (Walker) 1852:104; Philopota-

mus
dubia Walker 1852:112. Unid. 9; N. Am. \

reciproca (Walker) 1852:104; Philopotamus.

Unid. 9; N. Am. ?

confusa (Walker) 1852:112; Philopotamus.

Unid. 9; Arctic Am.
marqueti Navas 1907:398. Unid.; Mont.

Cheumatopsyche Wallengren 1891

sordida (Hagen) 1861:290; Hydropsyche.
P. 110

minuscula (Banks) 1907^:130; Hydropsyche.
P. 110

enonis Ross 1938^:153. Wyo.
analis (Banks) 1903/^:243; Hydropsyche. P.

112

pettiti (Banks) 1908/^:265; Hydropsyche
gracilis (Banks) 1899:216; Hydropsyche. W

to NE
aphanta Ross 1938^:151. P. Ill

gyra Ross 1938^:154. N. C.

oxa Ross 1938^:155. P. 110

campyla Ross 1938^:152. P. 113

ela Denning 1942:50. N. C.

lasia Ross 1938^:154. P. 114

speciosa (Banks) 1904/;':214; Hydropsyche.
P. 114

arizonensis (Ling) 1938:66; Hydropsychodes.
Ariz., Tex.

helma Ross 1939fl:68. Ky., Tenn.
etrona Ross 194U:80. Ga.

mollala Ross 194U:81. Oreg.

pinaca Ross 194U:82. Ga., Va.

burksi Ross 194U:83. P. 113

mickeli Denning 1942:50. Calif.

pasella Ross 194U:84. P. 113



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 295

robusta (Walker) 1852:114; Hvdropsyche.
Unid. 9; N. Am. ?

Macronemum Burmelster 1839

Macronema Pictet 1836

zebratum (Hagen) 1861:285; Macronema.
P. 115

Carolina (Banks) 1909:342; Macronema.
P. 116

transversum (Walker) 1852:114; Hvdropsy-
che. P. 117

polygrammaturn (McLachlan) 1871:129;

Macronema.
polygrammaticum (Betten) 1934:204; Mac-

ronema. Misspelling

HYDROPTILIDAE

Leucotrichia Mosely 1934;^

pictipes (Banks) 1911:359; Orthotrichia.

P. 120

limpia Ross. P. 273

notosa Ross. P. 271

sarita Ross. P. 274

Metrichia Ross 1938c

nigritta (Banks) 1907^:163; Orthotrichia.

P. 121

Dibusa Ross 1939^

angata Ross 1939^:67. P. 121

Agraylea Curtis 1834

Hydrorchestria Kolenati 1848

multipunctata Curtis 1834:217. P. 122

signata (Banks) 1904^:215; AUotrichia

fraterna Banks \9Q1b:\6A

flavida (Banks) 1907^:164; AUotrichia. A^.

syn.

saltesea Ross 1938a:114. Mont,
costello Ross 1941^:15. Ont.

Ithytrichia Eaton 1873

clavata Morton 1905:67. P. 124

mazon Ross. P. 124

Tascobia Ross. P. 124

brustia (Ross) 1938^:115; Stactobia. W
delira (Ross) 1938^:115; Stactobia. N and E
palmata (Ross) 1938^:116; Stactobia. P.

125

Ochrotrichia Mosely 1934^

Polytrichia Sibley 1926^, preoccupied

weddleae Ross. P. 274

xena (Ross) 1938^:122; Polytrichia. P. 130

unio (Ross) 194U:56; Polytrichia. P. 129

capitana Ross. P. 275

felipe Ross. P. 275

tarsalis (Hagen) 1861:275; Hvdroptila. P.

130

shawnee (Ross) 1938^:120; Polytrichia. P.

131

anisca (Ross) 194U:58; Polytrichia. P. 131

contorta (Ross) 1941/^:60; Polytrichia. P.
131

stylata (Ross) 1938«:120; Polytrichia. W,
Okla.

oregona (Ross) 1938^:121; Polytrichia.

Oreg.

spinosa (Ross) 1938^:121; Polytrichia. P.
132

eliaga (Ross) 194U:57; Polytrichia. P. 132
arva (Ross) 194U:58; Polytrichia. P. 132

mono (Ross) 194U:55; Polytrichia. Calif,

logana (Ross) 1941^:54; Polytrichia. Utah
lometa(Ross) 1941/^:55; Polytrichia. N. Mex.,

Utah
confusa (Morton) 1905:69; Ithytrichia. P.

133

riesi Ross. P. 132

Oxyethira Eaton 1873

Loxotrichia Mosely 1937

Dampfitrichia Mosely 1937

pallida (Banks) 1904^:215; Orthotrichia. P.

137

viminalis Morton 1905:71

dualis Morton 1905:71. P. 139

forcipata Mosely 1934^:153. N. Y.

grisea Betten 1934:162. P. 138

novasota Ross. P. 138

michiganensis Mosely 1934*^:153. N. Y.

coercens Morton 1905:70. P. 137

serrata Ross 1938^:117. P. 136

araya Ross 1941^:15. N. B.

aeola Ross 1938^:117. W
verna Ross 1938^:118. P. 139

zeronia Ross 1941a:15. P. 139

ulmeri (Mosely) 1937:169; Dampfitrichia.

Tex., Mexico
aculea Ross 1941/^:53. Tex.

azteca (Mosely) 1937:165; Loxotrichia. SW
glasa (Ross) 1941^:70; Loxotrichia. Okla.

Orthotrichia Eaton 1873

americana Banks 1904/^:116. P. 140

dorsalis (Banks) 1904^:216; Oxyethira. A^.

syn.

brachiata Morton 1905:70. A^. syn.

cristata Morton 1905:75. P. 141

Hydroptila Dalman 1819

Phrixocoma Eaton 1873

spatulata Morton 1905:66. P
vala Ross 1938^:123. P. 148

armata Ross 1938^:123.

amoena Ross 1938^:124.

hamata Morton 1905:67.

ampoda Ross 1941^:16.

tortosa Ross 1938^:125.

virgata Ross 1938rt:125.

rono Ross 194U:66. W
dentata Ross 1938«:126.

xella Ross 194U:65. P. 148

grandiosa Ross 1938^:126. P
delineata Morton 1905:66. P

148

P. 147

P. 150

P. 142

N. S., Que.

Va.

P. 148

Va.

151

151



296 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23. Art. 1

waskesia Ross. P. 276

gunda Milne 1936:76. Va.

albicornis Hagen 1861:275. P. 151

aiax Ross 1938^:127. P. 153

scolops Ross 1938rt:128. P. 152

melia Ross 1938^:128. Okla.

berneri Ross 1941^:67. Fla.

strepha Ross 194U:68. Pa.

perdita Morton 1905:67. P. 153

pecos Ross 194U:64. N. Mex.

consimilis Morton 1905:65. P. 153

arctia Ross 1938^:129. Idaho

angusta Ross 1938^:130. P. 152

protera Ross 1938^:131. Okla.

argosa Ross 1938^:131. W
xera Ross 1938^:132. Idaho

xoncla Ross 1941^:16. N. S.

waubesiana Betten 1934:160. P. 150

nicoli Ross 194U:69. N. S.

acadia Ross 194U:63. N. S.

salmo Ross 194U:66. Wis.

maculata (Banks) 1904^:116; Allotrichia. E
transversus Banks 1907i^:163

icona Mosely 1937:161. Okla., Mexico

perplexa Mosely 1924: 293. Unid. cf

Neotrichia Morton 1905

Cyllene Chambers 1873, preoccupied

Exitrichia Mosely 1937

Dolotrichia Mosely 1937

Guerrotrichia Mosely 1937

Lorotrichia Mosely 1937 ,

collata Morton 1905:72. P. 159

minutisimella (Chambers) 1873:125; Cyl-

lene. P. 157

falca Ross 1938^:119. P. 159

vibrans Ross 1938^:119. P. 159

caxima (Mosely) 1937:179; Guerrotrichia.

Tex., Mexico
okopa Ross 1939^:629. P. 158

osmena Ross. P. 278

sonora Ross. P. 277

edalis Ross 194U:62. P. 158

riegeh Ross 194U:61. P. 159

kitae Ross 19413:60. P. 158

Mayatrichia Mosely 1937

ayama Mosely 1937:182. P. 279

ponta Ross. P. 278

acuna Ross. P. 279

PHRYGANEIDAE

Agrypnia Curtis 1835*^

Agrypnetes McLachlan 1876
Dasystegia Wallengren 1880
Phryganomyia Banks 1907^
Prophryganea Martynov 1924
Jyrvia Milne 1934

pagetana Curtis 1835a:540. Holarctic

subsp. nearctica Milne 1934:3

straminea Hagen 1873:425. P. 165
curvata (Banks) 1900a:252; Agrypnetes

obscura (Banks) 1907a:122; Phryganomyia
glacialis Hagen 1864:802. N and NW

alascensis (Banks) 19003:471; Asynarchus
dextra Ross 1938^:161. Utah
colorata Hagen 1873:424. NW and N

bradorata (Milne) 1931:230; Prophryganea
deflata (Milne) 1931:230; Prophryganea. N
improba (Hagen) 1873:417; Phryganea. W

and NE
var. sackeni Banks 1943:367

macdunnoughi (Milne) 1931:230; Prophry-
ganea. N

vestita (Walker) 1852:10; Neuronia. P. 166

commixta (Walker) 1852:10; Neuronia

Fabria Milne 1934

inornata (Banks) 1907^:117; Neuronia. P.

166

complicata (Banks) 1924:440; Ecclisomyia.

Ont.

Oligostomis Kolenati 1848

ocelligera (Walker) 1852:8; Neuronia. P. 167

stygipes (Hagen) 1873:388; Neuronia

Eubasilissa Martynov 1930

Regina Martynov 1924, preoccupied

pardaHs (Walker) 1852:7; Neuronia. P. 168

var. redmani (Betten & Mosely) 1940:96;

Neuronia

Banksiola Martynov 1924

concatenata (Walker) 1852:8; Neuronia.

Fla., Ga.

dossuaria (Say) 1828:44; Neuronia. NE
calva Banks 1943:366. Mass.
smithi (Banks) 1914:149; Neuronia. NE
canadensis (Banks) 1907^:118; Neuronia.

Ont.

childreni (Betten & Mosely) 1940:90; Neu-
ronia. Unid. 9; locality unknown but may
be N. Am.

selina Betten. P. 169

crotchi Banks 1944:80. B.C.

Ptilostomis Kolenati 18593

angustipennis (Hagen) 1873:400; Neuronia.

P. 174

postica (Walker) 1852:9; Neuronia. P. 173

ocellifera (Walker) 1852:8; Neuronia. P. 172

simulans (Betten & Mosely) 1940:107;

Neuronia. A'^. syn.

semifasciata (Say) 1828:44; Phryganea. P.

173

fusca (Walker) 1852:9; Neuronia
dubitans (Betten & Mosely) 1940:105;

Neuronia. A'^. syn.

kovalevskii Kolenati 18593:198. Unid.;

N. Am.

Oligotricha Rambur 1842

lapponica (Hagen) 1864:852; Neuronia.

Alaska



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 297

Phryganea Linnaeus 1758

cinerea Walker 1852:4. P. 175

sayi Milne 1931:228. P. 176

interrupta Say 1828:44, preoccupied
californica Banks 1907^:117. Calif".

LIMNEPHILIDAE

Radema Hagen 1864

Apatidea McLachlan 1874

Apatelia Wailengren 1886

incerta (Banks) 1897:28; Enoicyla. NE
stigmatella (Zetterstedt) 1840:1066; Phry

ganea. N
pallida (Hagen) 1861:270; Apatania
frigida (McLachlan) 1867:57; Apatania

shoshone (Banks) 1924:442; Apatania. W
sorex Ross 1941^:101. Oreg.

aenicta (Ross) 1938^:162; Apatelia. Man.
nigra (Walker) 1852:83; Potamaria. NE
pictula (Banks) 1943:355; Apatania. Ariz,

hirtipes (Curtis) 1835^^:64; Tinodes? Arctic

Am.
mongolica (Martynov) 1914:44; Apatania.

Alaska

arctica (Boheman) 1865:568; Goniotaulius.

Greenland

groenlandica (Kolbe) 1912:41; Apatania.

Greenland

Lepania Ross 1941^

cascada Ross 1941^:102. Oreg.

Dicosmoecus McLachlan 1875

atripes (Hagen) 1875:600; Platyphylax. W
jucundus Banks 1943:358. W
nigrescens Banks 1943:359. W
pallicornis Banks 1943:359. Calif,

gilvipes (Hagen) 1875:601; Stenophylax.

B. C.

grandis Ulmer 1905-^:62. Wash,
obscuripennis Banks 1938:76. Alaska
unicolor (Banks) 1897:27; Anabolia. Wash,
occidentalis Banks 1943:362. W
alascensis Banks 1943:363. Alaska
tristis (Banks) 1900^:254; Asynarchus. Colo,

quadrinotatus (Banks) 1908^:62; Anabolia.

Newf.
coloradensis Ulmer 1905i^:64. Colo.

atripennis (Banks) 1924:440. Anisogamus.
Unid. 9; Calif.

Allocosmoecus Banks 1943

partitus Banks 1943:365. Idaho

Allomyia Banks 1916

tripunctata (Banks) 1900^:472; Apatania.
Alaska

renoa (Milne) 1935:31; Algonquina. Nev.

Parachiona Thompson 1891

pilosa Banks 1907«:121. Wash.

Platycentropus Ulmer 1905a
Hylepsyche Banks 1916

plectrus Ross 1938^:169. NE
radiatus (Say) 1824:308; Phryganea. P. 181

indicans (Walker) 1852:23;~ Limnephilus.
N. syn.

ynaculipennis (Kolenati) 1859^^:176; Hale-
sus. A'^. syn.

hostis (Hagen) 1861:266; Hallesus. A^. syn.

amicus (Hagen) 1861:265; Halesus. Un-
assoc. 9; La.

fraternus (Banks) 1943:349; Hylepsyche.
Mass.

indistinctus (Walker) 1852:37; Limnephiius.
NE

Glyphotaelius Stephens 1837
Glyphidotaelius Kolenati 1848

hostilis Hagen 1864:814. P. 183

Astenophylax Ulmer 1907/^

argus (Harris) 1869:333; Phryganea. P. 183

Hesperophylax Banks 1916

designatus (Walker) 1852:24; Limnephiius.
P. 183

var. isolatus Banks 1943:347

magnus Banks 1918:20. Ariz.

occidentalis (Banks) 1908/^:265; Platyphylax.
W
alaskensis (Banks) 1908^:265; Platyphylax

consimilis (Banks) 1900^:253; Limnephiius.

W
minutus Ling 1938:67. Calif., Oreg.

incisus Banks 1943:348. W

Ironoquia Banks 1916

parvula (Banks) 1900^:256;

gopsis. P. 184

Chaetoptery-

Leptophylax Banks 1900^

gracilis Banks 1900.7:252. P. 184

Clistoronia Banks 1916

magnifica (Banks) 1899:209; Halesus. W
magnus Banks 1916:119; (misspelling)

formosa (Banks) 1900«:255; Halesus. W
maculata (Banks) 1904a:107; Dicosmoecus.

W

Grammotaulius Kolenati 1848

interrogationis (Zetterstedt) 1840:1063;

Phryganea. N
praecox Hagen 1873:451

lorettae Denning 1941^:233. Colo,

betteni Griffin 1912:18. W
sibiricus McLachlan 1874:40. Greenland

Limnephiius Leach 1815

Anabolina Banks 1903^

Apolopsyche Banks 1916

Algonquina Banks 1916

Rheophylax Sibley 1926^



298 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

gravidas Hagen 1861:257. W
rotundatus Banks 1918:19. Calif,

vastus Hagen 1861:257. Alaska

?intermedins Banks 1918:20 (9)

rillus Milne 1935:46. Nev.

oreus Milne 1935:46. Oreg.

keratus Ross 1938rt:165. NE
rho Milne 1935:45. W

iijidus (Ling) 1938:68; Clistoronia (also a

homonym)
taronus Ross 1941^:110. Alaska

pulchellus Banks 1908^:63. Newf.

sperryi (Banks) 1943:346; Rhadicoleptus.

Ariz,

flavicollis (Banks) 1900^:470; Asynarchus.

Alaska

fumosus (Banks) 1900-5':470; Asynarchus.

W
caroli (Denning) 1941^:196; Anabolia. B.C.

kennicotti Banks 1920:344. N
coloradensis (Banks) 1899:208; Goniotaul-

ius. W
miser McLachlan 1875:89. Greenland

crassus Banks 1920:343. Mass.

ornatus Banks 1897:27. P. 189

elegans Mosely 1929:504

morrisoni Banks 1920:343. Nev.

extractus Walker 1852:34. Ont.

hyalinus Hagen 1861:258. P. 191

sericeus (Say) 1824:309; Phryganea. P. 192

despectus Walker 1852:31. Holarctic

mnltifarius Walker 1852:32

perforattis Walker 1852:33

eminens Betten 1934:323

deceptus (Banks) 1899:208; Anabolia.

Wash,
fagus Ross 1941^:18. Oreg.

abbreviatus Banks 1908^:263. Colo,

arizona Ross 194U:108. Ariz., Wyo.
forcipatus Banks 1924:439. Aha.
modestus (Hagen) 1861:265; Anabolia. NE
nigriculus (Banks) 1908(^:262; Anabolia. W
emarginatus (Banks) 1919:4; Anabolia.

Alaska

montanus (Banks) 1907«:119; Anabolia.

NE
curtus (Banks) 1920:345; Anabolia. NE
simplex (Banks) 1900^:469; Anabolia.

Alaska

planifrons (Kolenati) 1848:56; Desmotaulius.
Labr., Greenland

aldinus Ross 1941rt:19. Alta.

nepus Ross 1938c:38. W
pacificus (Banks) 1900^:254; Stenophylax,

preoccupied

mutatus (Hagen) 1861:267; Hallesus. NE
bimaculatus Walker 1852:30. P. 189
sordidus (Hagen) 1861:264; Anabolia. P.

189

longicercus (Denning) 1941^:195; Ana-
bolia

ozburni (Milne) 1935:39; Arctoecia. NE
consocius Walker 1852:33. P. 190

media/is (Banks) 1905^:8; Colpotaulius

foslari (Ling) 1938:67; Anabolia (also a

homonym)
pacificus Banks 1899:207. W
harrimani Banks 1900-^:468. W

aequalis Banks 1914:150

moestus Banks 1908a:62. P. 191

hingstoni Mosely 1929:504

cockerelli Banks 1900^:124. W
nogus Ross. P. 281

brevipennis (Banks) 1899:209; Stenophylax.

W
minusculus (Banks) 1907^:120; Stenophy-

lax. W
thorus Ross 1938^:167. Utah
externus Hagen 1861:257. Holarctic

congener McLachlan 1875:56

Uslari Banks 1907^:121 (9)

flavostellus Banks 1918:20

luteolus Banks 1899:207

tersus Betten 1934:334. A'', syn.

argenteus Banks 1914:152. NE
occidentalis Banks 1908^:264. W
ectus Ross 1941^:105. Oreg.

internalis (Banks) 1914:154; Anisogamus.

NE
nebulosus Kirby 1837:253. N
Jemoralis Kirby 1837:253

stipatus Walker 1852:29

parvulus (Banks) 1905^:9; Stenophylax?

NE
pallidus (Banks) 1924:442; Apolopsyche
roberti Banks 1930^:226. A^. syn.

rohweri Banks 1908^:262. W
indivisus Walker 1852:34. P. 191

subguttatus Walker 1852:34

rhombicus (Linnaeus) 1758:548; Phryganea.
P. 190

combinatus Walker 1852:28

sublunatus Provancher 1877:243. NE
famericanus Banks 1900a :253 (9)

macgillivrayi Banks 1908i^:263

elongatus Banks 1920:344. N
hageni Banks 1930^:226. N
partitus Walker 1852:32. N

adustus Banks 1920:343. A'', syn.

sansoni Banks 1918:19. Alta.

sackeni Banks 1930-^:227. N
kincaidi Banks 1900-^:468. Trans.

clausus Banks 1924:440. A'', syn.

quaeris (Milne) 1935:41; Colpotaulius.

Trans,

perpusillus Walker 1852:35. N and NE
rhaeus Milne 1935:42; Colpotaulius

merinthus Ross 1938^:166

labus Ross 194U:105. W
lunonus Ross 1941^:107. Calif., Oreg.

acrocurvus Denning 1942:48. Minn,
acnestus Ross 1938^:164. Calif,

diversus (Banks) 1903<j:244; Anabolina.

SW
productus Banks 1914:150. Utah
lithus (Milne) 1935:40; Anabolina. SW

I



August. 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 299

\v

N.

W

secludens Banks 1914:152. Trans,

tarsalis (Banks) 1920:342; Colpotaulius

ademus Ross 1941^:18. N.B.
canadensis Banks 1908^:264. NE
frijole Ross. P. 282

aretto Ross 1938^/: 121. Wash.
tehamia (Ling) 1938:67; Colpotaulius.

syn.

spinatus Banks 1914:149. \V

assimilis (Banks) \90U:lbT, Anabolia.

janus Ross 1938^:37. W
miniiscnlus (Banks) 1924:439; Colpotaul

ius, preoccupied

taloga Ross 1938^:166. Okla., Utah
submonilifer Walker 1852:33. P. 192

pudicus Hagen 1861: 262

bifidus Banks 1908-^:263. Unassoc. 9; W
concolor Banks 1899:207.

lost; Wash,
perjurus Hagen 1861:258.

lost; Alaska

plaga Walker 1852:35

lost; Ont.

sitchensis Kolenati 1859^:17. Unid.; Alaska
trimaculatus Zetterstedt—a Eurasion spec-

ies reported from N. Am. in error—^Hagen

1861:261

subpunctulatus Zetterstedt—a Eurasion

species reported from N. Am. in error—

•

Hagen 1861:259

Chyranda Ross. P. 283

centralis (Banks) 1900rt:253; Asynarchus. W
pallidus (Banks) 1903/^:242; Asynarchus
signatus (Banks) 1907^:120; Parachiona

Abdomen of type

Abdomen ot type

Abdomen of type

Stenophylax Kolenati 1848

antennatus Banks 1900«:254. Wash.

Clostoeca Banks 1943

sperryae Banks 1943:352. Calif,

disjunctus (Banks) 1914:156; Anisogamus.
W

Philocasca Ross \9A\b

demita Ross 1941^:111. Oreg.

banksi (Denning) 1941«:199; Anisogamus.
Idaho

Halesochila Banks 1907a

taylori (Banks) 1904f:140; Halesus. B.C.

Zaporota Banks 1920

pallens Banks 1920:342. Alaska

Pycnopsyche Banks 1905^

Allegophylax Banks 1916

Eustenace Banks 1916

circularis (Provancher) 1877:260; Platyphy-
lax. NE

divergens (Walker) 1852:30; Limnephilus.

NE
dan (Sibley) 1926«:81; Halesus

flavata (Banks) 1914:154; Stenophylax.
N.C.

hespera (Banks) 1914:152; Stenophylax. W
needhami (Ling) 1938:66; Astenophylax

luculenta (Betten) 1934:345; Stenophvlax.
P. 1%

scabripennis (Rambur) 1842:488; Limnephil-
us. Mass.

antica (Walker) 1852:9; Neuronia. P. 196
minima Banks 1943:345. E
conspersa Banks 1943:345. NE
perplexa Betten & Mosely 1940:149. N. Am.
sonso (Milne) 1935:32; Stenophylax. N.C.
subfasciata (Say) 1828:44; Phrvganea. P.

194

Indiana (Ross) 1938^^:121; Stenophylax. P.

196

lepida (Hagen) 1861:269; Enoicyla. P. 195

limbata (McLachlan) 1871:108; Stenophy-
lax. NE

gentilis (McLachlan) 1871:108; Stenophy-

lax. NE
guttifer (Walker) 1852:16; Halesus. P. 196

similis Banks 1907^:122

aglona Ross 1941^:18. NE

Caborius Navas 1918

Allophylax Banks 1907rt, preoccupied

punctatissimus (Walker) 1852:17; Halesus.

P. 197

lyratus Ross 1938rt:163. P. 198

kaskaskia Ross. P. 198

Chilostigma McLachlan 1876

areolatum (Walker) 1852:35; Limnephilus.

Arctic Am.

Frenesia Betten & Mosely 1940

missa (Milne) 1935:35; Chilostigma. P. 199

difficihs (Walker) 1852:34; Limnephilus. NE
pallida (Banks) 1899:209; Chilostigma

Grensia Ross. P. 201

praeterita (Walker) 1852:32; Limnephilus. N

Glyphopsyche Banks 1904f

irrorata (Fabricius) 1781:389; Phryganea.

B.C., Ont.

intercisus (Walker) 1852:30; Limnephilus

bryanti Banks 1904^:141

missouri Ross. P. 200

Psychoglypha Ross. P. 201

subborealis (Banks) 1924:441; Chilostigma.

P. 202

ormiae (Ross) 1938«:163; Glyphopsyche. W
atlinensis (Ling) 1938:68; Chilostigma. A^.

syn.

bella '(Banks) 1903-i':241; Glyphotaelius.

B.C.

prita (Milne) 1935:25; Glyphopsyche. Alta.

ulla (Milne) 1935:24; Glyphopsyche. W
avigo (Ross) 1941^:113; Glyphopsyche. Oreg.



300 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

Phanocelia Banks 1943

canadensis (Banks) 1924:442; Apatania.

P. 201

Drusinus Betten 1934

uniformis Betten 1934:360. P. 202

virginicus (Banks) 1900rt:256; Potamorites.

NF.

sparsus (Banks) 1908^:63; Halesus. NE
calypso (Banks) 1911:350; Stenophylax

edwardsi (Banks) 1920:345; Anisogamus. W
frontalis Banks 1943:350. B.C.

Psychoronia Banks 1916

brevipennis (Banks) 1904^:108; Psilopteryx?

9; N. Mex.
costalis (Banks) 1901^:286; Asynarchus. W

Ecclisomyia Banks 1907^

conspersa Banks 1907^:123. Wash,
scylla Milne 1935:37. B.C.

simulata Banks 1920:346. Nev.

maculosa Banks 1907^:123. Colo.

Homophylax Banks 1900^

crotchi Banks 1920:345. B.C.

flavipennis Banks 1900^:255. Colo,

nevadensis Banks 1903^:242. Nev.
andax Ross 194U:112. B.C., Oreg.

Neophylax McLachlan 1871

Acronopsyche Banks 1930i^

autumnus Vorhies 1909:669. P. 203
fuscus Banks 1903-^:242. P. 205
mitchelli Carpenter 1933:32. N.C.
nacatus Denning 1941rt:198. NE
consimilis Betten 1934:376. N.Y.
ornatus Banks 1920:346. NE
rickeri Milne 1935:22. W

pulchellus Ling 1938:68

concinnus McLachlan 1871:111. Unid.; N.Y.
stolus Ross 1938^:169. E
ayanus Ross 1938«:168. P. 205
oligius Ross 1938fl:168. NE
sinuatus Navas 1917:10. Unid.; Mont,
occidentis Banks 1924:441. W

pilosus (Banks) 1930-^:228; Acronopsyche
slossonae Banks 1943:353. N.H.
delicatus Banks 1943:354. Pa.

Oligophlebodes Ulmer \90Sb
minutus (Banks) 1897:28; Halesus. W

coloradensis Ulmer 1905^:66
sigma Milne 1935:22.

ardis Ross 1941^:103.

sierra Ross. P. 284
ruthae Ross. P. 285

Utah, N. Mex.
Colo.

Neothremma Banks 1930^
alicia Banks 1930/^:229. W

Farula Milne 1936
rainieri Milne 1936:116. Wash.

MOLANNIDAE

Molanna Curtis 1834

Apatania Kolenati 1848

uniophila Vorhies 1909:705. P. 206

musetta Betten 1934:248. P. 207

tryphena Betten 1934:248. P. 207

flavicornis Banks 1914:261. P. 208

blenda Sibley 1926^:105. P. 208

cinerea Hagen 1861:276. Unid. 9; Ont.

BERAEIDAE

Beraea Stephens 1836

Thya Curtis 1834

nigritta Banks 1897:31.

gorteba Ross. P. 208
P. 208

ODONTOGERIDAE

Marilia Miiller 1878 (see also 1879)

flexuosa Ulmer 1905,^:70. SW
fusca (Banks) 1905^:19; Anisocentropus

nobsca Milne 1936:79. Tex.

Namamyia Banks 1905/^

plutonis Banks 1905/^:10. Calif.

Nerophilus Banks 1899

caHfornicus (Hagen) 1861:272; Silo. W
oregonensis Banks 1899:212

Psilotreta Banks 1899. P. 285

Astoplectron Banks 1914

rufa (Hagen) 1861:276; Molanna. NE
connexa (Banks) 1914:265; Astoplectron

indecisa (Walker) 1852:95; Goera. NE
frontalis Banks 1899:213. E
gameta Ross 1939^:69; Heteroplectron. N.

syn.

labida Ross. P. 287

amera (Ross) 1939«:68; Heteroplectron.

Tenn.
borealis (Provancher) 1877:263; Heteroplec-

tron. Unid; Que.

dissimilis (Banks) 1897:30; Heteroplectron?

Unid. 9; N.Y.

CALAMOCERATIDAE

Ganonema McLachlan 1866

americanum (Walker) 1852:85; Sericostoma.

E
nigrum Lloyd 1915(^:19

Anisocentropus McLachlan 1863«
pyraloides (Walker) 1852:90; Notidobia.

Ga.

latifascia (Walker) 1852:90; Notidobia. An
Australian species, probably recorded er-

roneously from N. Am.
elegans (Walker) 1852:95; Goera

i



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 301

Notiomyia Banks 1905i^

mexicana (Banks) 1900rt:257; Heteroplec-

tron. Ariz., Mexico

ornata Banks 1909:342. Tex.

Heteroplectron McLachlan 1871

californicum McLachlan 1871:125. Calif.

LEPTOCERIDAE
Leptocerus Leach 1815

Ymymia Milne 1934

americanus (Banks) 1899:215; Setodes. P.

212
grandis (Banks) 1907^:128; Setodes

Leptocella Banks 1899

pavida (Hagen) 1861:282; Setodes. P. 218

Candida (Hagen) 1861:280; Setodes. P. 217

exquisita (Walker) 1852:72; Leptocerus. P.

217

piffardii (McLachlan) 1863^:160; Setodes.

NE
tavara Ross. P. 287

albida (Walker) 1852:71; Leptocerus. P. 220

nivea (Hagen) 1861:281; Setodes

diarina Ross. P. 218

texana Banks 1905^:19. Tex.

intervena Banks 1914:262. Tex.

spiloma Ross. P. 219

exilis Banks 1905^:19. SW
gracilis Banks 1901i^:369, preoccupied

coloradensis Banks 1899:215. Colo,

minuta Banks 1900^:257. Wash,
stigmatica Banks \9\\:l(il. N.Mex.
uwarowii (Kolenati) 1859^:249; Mystacides.

Unid.; Alaska

Athripsodes Billberg 1820

tarsi-punctatus (Vorhies) 1909:694; Lepto-

cerus. P. 229

nephus Ross. P. 230

alagmus Ross 1938^:155. P. 229

resurgens (Walker) 1852:70; Leptocerus.

P. 230
variegatus (Hagen) 1861:278; Leptocerus

aspinosus (Betten) 1934:255; Leptocerus

angustus (Banks) 1914:263; Leptocerus. P.

231

alces Ross 194U:95. Ont., Wis.

annulicornis (Stephens) 1836:199; Lepto-

cerus. P. 232

lugens (Hagen) 1861:276; Leptocerus

recurvatus (Banks) 1908^:265; Leptocerus

Jutilis (Banks) 1914:264; Leptocerus

perplexus var. nordus Milne 1934:15. A^
syn.

dilutus (Hagen) 1861:277; Leptocerus. P.

231

miscus Ross 1941*^:93. Wis., Minn.
wetzeli Ross 194U:94. NE
arielles Denning 1942:48. Minn.
mentieus (Walker) 1852:71; Leptocerus. P.

232

vanus (Betten) 1934:262; Leptocerus
slossonae Banks 1938:77. Fla., Pa.

transversus (Hagen) 1861:279; Leptocerus.
P. 233

maculatus (Banks) 1899:214; Leptocerus
inornatus (Banks) 1914:263; Leptocerus.

Tex.

cancellatus (Betten) 1934:256; Leptocerus.

P. 233
ophioderus Ross 1938^:157. P. 232
punctatus (Banks) 1894:180; Mystacides.

P. 234
uvalo Ross 1938/^:89. Pa., N.Y.
submacula (Walker) 1852:70; Leptocerus.

P. 235

erraticus Milne 1936:58. P. 235
saccus Ross 1938/^:89. P. 234
eruUus Ross 1938/^:90. P. 235

cophus Ross 1938rt:156. W
ancylus (Vorhies) 1909:691; Leptocerus. P.

227

flavus (Banks) 1904^/:212; Leptocerus. P.

228

albostictus (Hagen) 1861:276; Leptocerus.

Unid. 9; N. Am.
floridanus (Banks) 1903^:242; Leptocerus.

Unid. 9; Fla.

retactus (Banks) 1914:263; Leptocerus.

Unid. 9; Ont.

stigmaticus (Navas) 1917:8; Leptocerus.

Unid.; N. Mex.

Oecetis McLachlan 1877

Oecetina Banks 1899

Setodina Banks 1907^

Oecetodes Ulmer 1909

Friga Milne 1934

Quaria Milne 1934

Yrula Milne 1934

avara (Banks) 1895:316; Setodes. P. 240

disjuncta (Banks) 1920:351; Oecetina. W
eddlestoni Ross 1938^:160. P. 240

scala Milne 1934:17. P. 241

sphyra Ross 194U:99. Ga.

ochracea (Curtis) 1825:57; Leptocerus. P.

244

ssp. carri Milne 1934:16. A'', syn.

persimiHs (Banks) 1907^:129; Oecetina. P.

243

georgia Ross 1941^:98. Ga.

immobilis (Hagen) 1861:283; Setodes. P.

241

cinerascens (Hagen) 1861:282; Setodes. P.

241

fumosa (Banks) 1899:216; Oecetina

osteni Milne 1934:17. P. 241

inconspicua (Walker) 1852:71; Leptocerus.

P. 242

sagitta (Hagen) 1861:284; Setodes

micans (Hagen) 1861:283; Setodes

flaveolata (Hagen) 1861:282; Setodes

parvula (Banks) 1899:215; Oecetina

flavida (Banks) 1899:216; Oecetina



302 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

floridana (Banks) 1899:216; Oecetlna

apicalis (Banks) 1907rt:129; Oecetina

inornata (Banks) 1907^:128; Oecetina

parva (Banks) 1907^:130; Setodina. Fla.

Triaenodes McLachlan 1865

Triaenodella Moselv 1932

Ylodes Milne 1934
'

helo Milne 1934:12. SE
perna Ross 1938^:159. P. 250

aba Milne 1935:20. P. 249

nox Ross 194U:96. Ont.

ochracea (Betten & Moselv) 1940:77; Tri-

aenodella. Ga.

tridonta Ross 1938^:158. Okla.

baris Ross 1938^:88. P. 252

phalacris Ross \93U-M. P. 250

dipsia Ross 1938-^:89. P. 252

flavescens Banks 1900^:257. P. 251

tarda Milne 1934:12. P. 250

vorhiesi Betten 1934:286. A^. syn.

mephita Milne 1936:59. A^. syn.

marginata Sibley 1926«:80. P'. 251

injusta (Hagen) 1861:283; Setodes. P. 252

ignita (Walker) 1852:72; Leptocerus. P. 252

dentata Banks 1914:261. A^. syn.

taenia Ross 1938^:157. Tenn.
florida Ross 1941-^:96. Fla.

frontalis Banks 1907^:127. P. 249
grisea Banks 1899:214. P. 249
borealis Banks 1900^:257. Unid. 9; Minn.

Mystacides Berthold 1827

sepulchralis (Walker) 1852:70; Leptocerus.

P. 254

alafimbriata Griffin 1912:19. W
longicornis (Linnaeus) 1758:548; Phryganea.

P. 255

quadrifasciata (Fabricius) 1775:308; Phry-
ganea

interjecta (Banks) 1914:262; Oecetina
canadensis Banks 1924:448

nigra (Linnaeus)—a Eurasian species re-

reported from N. Am. in error—Hagen
1861:277

Setodes Rambur 1842
incerta (Walker) 1852:71; Leptocerus. NE

and E
vernalis Banks 1907^:127

stehri (Ross) 1941^:99; Leptocerus. Ga.,
N.C.

oxapia (Ross) 1938^:88; Leptocerus. Okla.
guttatus (Banks) 1900^:257; Oecetina. NE

autumnalis Banks 1907«:128
oligia (Ross) 1938a:160; Leptocerus. P. 256
floridana Banks 1905*^:19. Unid. 9; Fla.

GOERIDAE

Goera Curtis 1834
calcarata Banks 1899:211. E

fuscula Banks 1905^:216. N.C.

stylata Ross 1938rt:172. P. 257

Goerita Ross 1938^

semata Ross 1938^:172. P. 258

genota Ross 1941i^:116. Oreg.

Pseudogoera Carpenter 1933

singularis Carpenter 1933:38. P. 258

LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE

Lepidostoma Rambur 1842

Nosopus McLachlan 1871

Olemira Banks 1897

Pristosilo Banks 1899

Atomyia Banks 1905^

Notiopsyche Banks 1905^

Mormomyia Banks 1907^

Alepomyia Banks 1908rt

Phanopsyche Banks 1911

Alepomyiodes Sibley 1926^

Arcadopsyche Banks 1930rt

Neuropsyche Carpenter 1933

Oligopsyche Carpenter 1933

Jenortha Milne 1936

togatum (Hagen) 1861:273; Mormonia. E,

NE
canadensis (Banks) 1899:212; Pristosilo

pallidum (Banks) 1897:29; Silo

knowltoni Ross 1938^:175. Utah
Carolina (Banks) 1911:356; Notiopsyche.

N.C.
tibialis (Carpenter) 1933:39; Neuropsyche.
N.C.

latipennis (Banks) 1905«:216; Notiopsyche.
N.C.

podager (McLachlan) 1871:116; Nosopus.
Calif,

quercina Ross 1938rt:176. Oreg.

strophis Ross 1938^:177. N, NW
frosti (Milne) 1936:119; Atomyia. E
unicolor (Banks) 1911:357; Mormomvia.
W, N

prominens (Banks) 1930^:129; Arcado-
psyche. E

bryanti (Banks) 1908^:65; Alepomyia. NE
wisconsinensis Vorhies 1909:685

griseum (Banks) 1911:357; Phanopsyche.
NE

roafi (Milne) 1936:120; Atomyia. W
sackeni (Banks) 1936^:267; Mormomyia.
NE

cascadensis (Milne) 1936:119; Jenortha.

Wash.
pleca Ross 1938^:175. N. syn.

americanum (Banks) 1897:29; Olemira. NE
pictilis (Banks) 1899:211; Mormonia

costalis (Banks) 1914:265; Olemira. NE
pluviale (Milne) 1936:117; Olemira. W
rayneri Ross 194U:117. Calif., Oreg.

Ontario Ross 194U:119. NE



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 303

cantha Ross 1941^:118. Calif.

modestum (Banks) 1905rt:217; Alepomyia. E
swannanoa Ross 1939rt:69. E
lydia Ross 1939«:70. E
vernalis (Banks) 1897:29; Mormonia. E
liba Ross 194U:120. P. 259
cinereum (Banks) 1899:210; Silo. Unid.

9; Calif,

deceptivum (Banks) 1907«:125; Thremma.
Unid. 9; N.Mex.

stigma Banks 1907^:125. Unid. 9; Colo.

Theliopsyche Banks 1911

subg. Aopsyche Ross 1938rt

parva Banks 1911:356. N.Y.
epilone Ross 1938rt:173. N.C.
corona Ross 1938^:174. N.C.
grisea (Hagen) 1861:273; Silo. N.Y.

BRACHYCENTRIDAE

Micrasema McLachlan 1876
rusticum (Hagen) 1868:272; Dasystoma.

P. 261

falcatum Banks 1914:265

charonis Banks 1914:266. P. 262
wataga Ross 1938^:178. P. 262
scissum McLachlan 1884:26. Alaska
bactro Ross 1938^:122. Oreg.

sprulesi Ross 1941/^:115. NE

Brachycentrus Curtis 1834
Sphinctogaster Provancher 1877

Oligoplectrum McLachlan 1868
subg. Amiocentrus Ross 1938^

notabulus Milne 1936:112. Va.
dimicki Milne 1936:113. Oreg.

americanus (Banks) 1899:210; Oligoplec-

trum. P. 266
similis Banks 1907^:124

lateralis (Say) 1823:161; Phryganea. P. 265
numerosus (Sav) 1823:160; Phryganea. P.
264

fuliginosus Walker 1852:88. Ont., Man.
occidentalis Banks 1911:355. W

incanus Hagen 1861:272. E
arizonicus (Ling) 1938:69; Oligoplectrum.

Ariz.

aspilus Ross 1938«:178. W
californicus (Ling) 1938:69; Oligoplec

trum. A'^. syn.

lutescens (Provancher) 1877:262; Sphincto-
gaster. Unid. 9; Que.

nigrisoma (Banks) 1905^:12; Sphinctogaster.
P. 265

SERICOSTOMATIDAE

Sericostoma Berthold 1827
Notidobia Stephens 1836
Schizopelex McLachlan 1876
Agarodes Banks 1899
Psiloneura Banks 1914

pele Ross 1938«:170. N.C.
crassicornis (Walker) 1852:113; Hydro-

psyche. Ga.

distinctum (Ulmer) 1905^:67; .'Agarodes. NE
lobata (Banks) 1911:356; Schizopelex
moesta (Banks) 1914:264; Psiloneura

griseolum McLachlan 1871:112. CaHf.
nigriculum McLachlan 1871:113. Calif,

arizonicum (Banks) 1943:369; Notidobia.
Ariz,

assimilis Banks 1907^:124. Calif,

griseum (Banks) 1899:218; Agarodes. NE
americana Banks 1900^:256

hesperum (Banks) 1914:266; Schizopelex.

Unid. 9; Utah

HELICOPSYCHIDAE

Helicopsyche Hagen 1866
boreaHs (Hagen) 1861:271; Notidobia. P.
266

calijornica Banks 1899:210. A^. syn.

annulicornis Banks 1904^:212

piroa Ross. P. 289
mexicana Banks 1901/^:368. SW

arhonensis Banks 1907^:125. A'^. syn.

limnella Ross 1938«:179. Ark.. Okla.





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1902. Trichopterologische Beobachtungen aus der Umgegend von Hamburg. Stettiner

Entomologische Zeitung 63:360-67, 384-7. 2 pis.

1905rt. Zur Kenntnis aussereuropaischer Trichopteren. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung

66:1-119.

1905^. Neue und wenig bekannte aussereuropaische Tricopteren, hauptsachlich aus dem
Wiener Museum. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien Annalen 20:59-98. 75 figs.

1906a. Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis aussereuropaischer Trichopteren. Leyden Museum
Notes 28:1-116. 114 figs.

1906i^. Uebersicht uber die bisher bekannten Larven europaischer Trichopteren. Zeitschrift

fiir Wissenschaftlichen Insekten-Biologie 2:111-7, 162-8, 209-14, 253-8, 288-96.

1907rt. Trichoptera. Catalogues de Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Long-

champs 6(1):1-102. 4 pis., 132 figs.

1907^. Trichoptera. Genera Insectorum 60. 259 pp., 41 pis.

1909. Trichoptera. Die Siisswasserfauna Deutschlands, 5-6. 326 pp., 467 figs.

1912. Die Trichopteren des baltischen Bernsteins. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Preussens,

Konigsberg 10. iv-|-380 pp. r

Vorhies, Charles T.
1909. Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin. Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans. 16:647-738, pis.

52-61.

Walker, Francis
1852. Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collections of the British

Museum. Pt. 1, 192 pp. London.



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 311

Wallengren, H. D. J.

1880. Om Skandinaviens arter af familjen Phryganeidae. Entomologisk Tidskrift 1:64-75.
1886. Skandinaviens arter af Trichopter-Familjen Apataniidae. Entomologisk Tidskrift

7:73-80.

1891. Skandinaviens Neuroptera. Andra afdelningen. Svenska Akademien Handiingar
24(10): 173 pp.

Westwood, John Obadiah
1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects. Generic synopsis, 2:49-51.

London.

Zetterstedt, Johann Wilhelm
1840. Insecta Lapponica; sectio quinta. Neuroptera, 1025-74. Leipzig.





INDEX
The page entries in boldface type refer to the principal treatment of the families, genera

and species in the text. Page numbers 291-303 refer to the check list. Names which are syno-

nyms, or of changed generic assignment, are indicated by italic type.

a, Athripsodes species, 221, 235

a, Leptocella species, 215, 221

a, Oecetis species, 237, 244

a, Polycentropus species, 63, 66

a, Triaenodes species, 249, 253

A, Hydropsychid Genus, 15, 77, 83

A, Phryganeid Genus, 162, 163, 167

A, Psychomviid Genus, 53, 69, 73, 74

aba, Triaenodes, 12, 245, 246, 247, 249, 252, 302

abbreviatus, Limnephilus, 298

acadia, Hydroptila, 296

acnestus, Limnephilus, 298

Acrocentropus, 55, 56, 292

acrocurvus, Limnephilus, 298

Acronopsyche, 202, 300

acropedes, Rhyacophila, 291

aculea, Oxyethira, 295

acuna, Mayatrichia, 278, 279, 296

ademus, Limnephilus, 299

adironica, Plectrocnemia, 64, 293

adustus, Limnephilus, 298

aegerfasciella, Clymene, 41, 292

aegerfasciella, Protoptila, 292

aenicta, Apatelia, 297

aenicta, Radema, 297

aeola, Oxyethira, 295

aequalis, Limnephilus, 298

aequalis, Philopotamus, 292

aequalis, Trentonius, 292

aerata, Hydropsyche, 6, 14, 87, 91, 93, 101, 102,

294

ajfinis, Polycentropus, 70, 293

Agapetus, 30, 31, 39, 292

Agarodes, 303

aglona, Pvcnopsvche, 299

Agraylea,'ll8, 120, 122,295

Agrypnetes, 165, 296

Agrvpnia, 164, 165, 296

ajax, Hydroptila, 14, 141, 145, 147, 153, 296

alafimbriata, Mystacides, 302

alagmus, Athripsodes, 223, 227, 229, 301

alascense, Glossosoma, 292

alascensis, Asynarchus, 165, 296

alascensis, Dicosmoecus, 297

a/dskeusis, Platyphylax, 297

alberta, Rhyacophila, 291

albicornis, Hydroptila, 6, 141, 145, 147, 151,

152, 296

albida, Leptocella, 11, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220,

301

a/iidus, Leptocerus, 220, 301

albifrons, Phryganea, 221

albipiinctus, Plectrocnemia, 293

albipunctus, Polycentropus, 293

albostictus, Athripsodes, 301

albostictus, Leptocerus, 301

alces, Athripsodes, 301

aldinus, Limnephilus, 298

Alepomyia, 258, 302

Alepomyiodes, 258, 302

alexanderi, Protoptila, 292

Algonqnina, 185, 297

alhedra, Hydropsyche, 294

alicia, Neothremma, 300

Allegophylax, 193, 299

AUocosmoecus, 297

Allomyia, 297

Allophylax, 196, 299

almota, Parapsyche, 293

alseae, Homoplectra, 294

alternans, Hydropsyche, 294

aUernans, Philopotamus, 294

amblis, Hydropsyche, 294

amera, Heteroplectron, 300

amera, Psilotreta, 286, 300

americana, Olemira, 258, 302

americana, Orthotrichia, 140, 141, 295

americana, Sericostoma, 303

americana, Setodes, 212, 301

americanum, Ganonema, 209, 300

americanum, Glossosoma, 292

americanum, Lepidostoma, 302

americanutn, Oligoplectrum, 266, 303

americanum, Sericostoma, 300

americanus, Brachycentrus, 263, 264, 266, 303

americanus, Leptocerus, 11, 212, 301

americanus, Limnephilus, 298

americanus, Philopotamus, 47, 292

amicus, Halesus, 297

amicus, Platycentropus, 297

Amiocentrus, 263, 303

amoena, Hydroptila, 7, 142, 145, 150, 295

ampoda, Hydroptila, 295

Anabolia, 185

Anabolina, 185, 297

Anagapetus, 292

anahua, Exitrichia, 154

analis, Cheumatopsyche, 6, 13, 108, 110, 112,

113, 294

analis, Hydropsyche, 112, 294

ancylus, Athripsodes, 221, 223, 227, 228, 236,

301

ancylus, Leptocerus, 227, 301

andax, Homophylax, 300

[313]



314 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

andrea, Rhyacophila, 35, 291

angata, Dibusa, 121, 295

angelita, Rhvacophila, 291

angusta, Hydroptila, 14, 141, 145, 147, 152,

296

angustata, Molanna, 205

angustella, Hydroptila, 139

angustipennis, Chimarra, 49, 50, 51, 292

angustipennis, Neuronia, 174, 296

angustipennis, Ptilostomis, 172, 174, 296

angustus, Athripsodes, 223, 227, 231, 235, 301

angustus, Leptocerus, 231, 301

anillus, Dolophilus, 292

anisca, Ochrotrichia, 7, 15, 126, 127, 129, 131,

132, 295

anisca, Polytrichia, 131, 295

Anisocentropus, 300

annulicornis, Athripsodes, 223, 227, 232, 301

annnlicornis, Helicopsyche, 266, 303

annulicornis, Leptocerus, 232, 301

annulicornis, Psychomyia, 75

anomala, Rhyacophila, 291

antennatus, Stenophylax, 299

antica, Neuronia, 196, 299

antica, Pycnopsyche, 194, 196, 299

Aopsyche, 260, 303

Apatania, 181, 205, 300

Apatelia, 181, 297

Apatidea, 181, 297

aphanta, Cheumatopsyche, 6, 108, 110, 111,

113, 294

Aphropsyche, 82, 83, 84, 294

apicalis, Arctopsyche, 83, 293

apicalis, Oecetina, 242, 302

apicalis, Parapsyche, 83, 293

Apolopsyche, 185, 297

aprilis, Aphropsyche, 83, 84, 294

araya, Oxyethira, 295

Arcadopsyche, 259, 302

arctia, Hydroptila, 296

arctica, Goniotaulius, 297

arctica, Radema, 297

Arctoecia, 185

Arctopsyche, 78, 80, 81, 83, 293

ardis, Oligophlebodes, 283, 284, 285, 300

areolatum, Chilostigma, 199, 299

areolatum, Limnephilus, 299

aretto, Limnephilus, 282, 299

arga, Phryganea, 183, 297

argentella, Chimarra, 292

argenteus, Limnephilus, 14, 298

argosa, Hydroptila, 296

argus, Astenophylax, 183, 297

arielles, Athripsodes, 301

arinale, Hydropsyche, 6, 87, 91, 93, 104, 294
arizona, Limnephilus, 298

arizonensis, Cheumatopsyche, 294
arizonensis, Dolophilus, 292
arizonensis, Helicopsyche, 288, 289, 303
arizonensis, Hydropsychodes, 294
arizonensis, Polycentropus, 293
arizonica, Notidobia, 303
arizonicum, Oligoplectrum, 303
arizonicum, Sericostoma, 303

arizonicus, Brachycentrus, 303

armata, Hydroptila, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149,

150, 151, 152, 153, 295

artesus, Agapetus, 40, 292

arva, Ochrotrichia, 128, 132, 295

arva, Polytrichia, 132, 295

aspilus, Brachycentrus, 263, 303

aspinosus, Leptocerus, 230, 231, 301

assimilis, Anabolia, 299

assimilis, Limnephilus, 299

assimilis, Sericostoma, 303

Astenophylax, 177, 178, 179, 183, 297

astera, Cernotina, 293

Astoplectron, 287, 300

aterrima, Chimarra, 8, 14, 49, 50, 270, 292

Athripsodes, 6, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 221,

301

atlinensis, Chilostigma, 299

Atomyia, 258, 302

Atopsyche, 30, 292

atrata, Rhyacophila, 291

atripennis, Anisogamus, 297

atripennis, Dicosmoecus, 297

atripes, Dicosmoecus, 297

atripes, Platyphylax, 297

aureolus, Plectrocnemia, 64, 293

aureolus, Polycentropus, 59, 64, 293

auriceps, Phylocentropus, 293

auriceps, Plectrocnemia, 293

australis, Plectrocnemia, 64, 293

atitumnalis, Setodes, 302

autumnus, Neophylax, 7, 8, 203, 300

avara, Oecetis, 5, 13, 237, 240, 301

avara, Setodes, 236, 240, 301

avigo, Glyphopsyche, 202, 299

avigo, Psychoglypha, 202, 299

ayama, Mayatrichia, 15, 160, 278, 279, 296

ayanus, Neophylax, 203, 205, 300

azteca, Loxotrichia, 133, 295

azteca, Oxyethira, 295

B

b, Athripsodes species, 221, 235

b, Oecetis species, 237, 244

b, Triaenodes species, 245, 253

B, Psychomyiid Genus, 53, 69, 74

bactro, Micrasema, 303

balmorhea, Protoptila, 292

banksi, Anisogamus, 299

banksi, Philocasa, 299

banksi, Rhyacophila, 268, 291

Banksiola, 163, 164, 165, 169, 296

baris, Triaenodes, 12, 246, 249, 252, 302

basalis, Rhyacophila, 291

bella, Psychoglypha, 299

bellus, Glyphotaelius, 299

Beraea, 205, 208, 300

Beraeidae, 19, 20, 24, 25, 29, 208, 300

berneri, Hydroptila, 296

betteni, Grammotaulius, 297

betteni, Hydropsyche, 86, 91, "93, 99, 100, 106,

294

betteni, Rhyacophila, 291



August, 1944 Ross : Caddis Flies of Illinois 315

biannulatus, Hemiteles, 5

bicolor, Leptocerus, 244

bidens, Hydropsyche, 5, 91, 95, 107, 294

bifida, Hydropsyche, 6, 87, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100, 294

bifidus, Clistoronia, 298

bifidus, Limnephilus, 299

bifila, Rhyacophila, 291

bimaculatus, Limnephilus, 186, 189, 298

bimaculatus, Neureclipsis, 14, 56, 57, 293

bimaculatus, Phryganea, 56, 57, 293

bipartita, Rhyacophila, 291

blarina, Rhyacophila, 291

blenda, Molanna, 206, 208, 300

boltoni, Glossosoma, 39

boreaHs, Helicopsyche, 10, 266, 288, 289, 303

borealis, Heteroplectron, 300

borealis, Notidobia, 266, 303

borealis, Psilotreta, 285, 300

borealis, Triaenodes, 302

boulderensis, Agapetus, 292

brachiata, Orthotrichia, 140, 295

Brachvcentridae, 2, 19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 30, 260,

303

Brachycentrus, 261, 262, 263, 303

bradorata, Prophryganea, 296

breviatiis, Dolophilus, 47, 292

brevipennis, Arctopsyche, 293

brevipennis, Limnephilus, 298

brevipennis, Psilopteryx, 300

brevipennis, Psychoronia, 300

brevipennis, Stenophylax, 298

bronta, Hydropsyche, 6, 9, 87, 91, 95, 98, 294

bruesi, Rhyacophila, 291

brunnea, Rhyacophila, 291

briistia, Stactobia, 124, 295

brustia, Tascobia, 124, 295

bryanti, Alepomyia, 258, 302

bryanti, Glyphopsyche, 200, 299

bryanti, Lepidostoma, 302

burksi, Cheumatopsvche, 15, 108, 112, 113,

294

c, Athripsodes species, 221, 235, 236

Caborius, 6, 178, 180, 196, 299

Calamoceratidae, 19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 209, 300

calcarata, Goera, 302

calcea, Cernotina, 72, 73, 293

californica, Arctopsyche, 293
californica, Diplectrona, 84, 294
californica, Helicopsyche, 266, 303

californica, Hydropsyche, 271, 294
californica, Phryganea, 297

cahtornica, Rhyacophila, 291

californicum, Heteroplectron, 301

californicus, Nerophilus, 300
caliJornicHS, Oligoplectrum, 303
californicus. Silo, 300
calva, Banksiola, 296
calypso, Stenophylax, 300
campyla, Cheumatopsyche, 5, 13, 108, 110,

112, 113, 114, 294

canadensis, Apatania, 201, 300
canadensis, Banksiola, 169, 296
canadensis, Limnephilus, 299
canadensis, Mystacides, 255, 302
canadensis, Neuronia, 296
canadensis, Phanocelia, 201, 300
canadensis, Polycentropus, 67, 293
canadensis, Pristosilo, 258, 302
cancellatus, Athripsodes, 5, 222, 227, 233, 301
cancellatus, Leptocerus, 233, 301

Candida, Leptocella, 5, 215, 216, 217, 219, 287,

301

Candida, Setodes, 217, 301

canixa, Dolotrichia, 154

cantha, Lepidostoma, 303

cantha, Protoptila, 292

capitana, Ochrotrichia, 275, 276, 295

Carborius, 196

cardis, Parapsyche, 83, 293

caroli, Anabolia, 298

caroli, Limnephilus, 298

Carolina, Hydropsyche, 294

Carolina, Lepidostoma, 302
Carolina, Macronema, 116, 295

Carolina, Macronemum, 115, 116, 117, 295

Carolina, Notiopsyche, 259, 302
Carolina, Rhyacophila, 291

carolinensis, Polycentropus, 59, 66, 293

carolinus, Phylocentropus, 293

carpenteri, Rhyacophila, 291

carri, Oecetis, 244, 301

cascada, Lepania, 297

cascadensis, Lepidostoma, 302

cascadensis, Jenortha, 259, 302

catawba, Hydropsyche, 294

caxima, Guerrotrichia, 154, 296

caxim.a, Neotrichia, 296

celatus, Agapetus, 292

celsus, Palaeagapetus, 38, 292

celsus, Paragapetus, 292

centra, Hydropsyche, 294

centralis, Asynarchus, 283, 299

centralis, Chyranda, 299

centralis, Polycentropus, 58, 61, 63, 64, 67, 293

Cernotina, 52, 54, 72, 74, 293

charlesi, Polycentropus, 293

charonis, Micrasema, 262, 303

cheilonis, Hydropsyche, 10, 87, 91, 96, 98, 106,

294
c/ieli/era, Triaenodella, 244

Cheumatopsyche, 7, 76, 77, 81, 82, 86, 98, 108,

294

childreni, Banksiola, 296

children!, Neuronia, 296

Chilostigma, 180, 199, 299

Chimarra, 44, 45, 48, 292

Chimarrha, 48, 292

Chironomidae, 4

clilorotica, Hydropsyche, 98, 294

Chyranda, 283, 299

cinerascens, Oecetis, 11, 236, 237, 241, 243, 301

cinerascens, Setodes, 241, 301

cinerea, Hydropsyche, 86

cinerea, Molanna, 205, 207, 300



316 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Fol. 23, Art. 1

cinerea, Phryganea, 11, 175, 176, 297

cinereum, Lepidostoma, 303

cinereum, Silo, 303

cinereus, Polycentropus, 6, 58, 61, 67, 293

circularis, Platyphylax, 299

circularis, Pycnopsyche, 299

clausus, Limnephilus, 298

clavata, Ithytrichia, 123, 124, 295

clinei, Plectrocneniia, 293

clinei, Polycentropus, 293

Clistoronia, 297

Clostoeca, 299

Clymene, 41, 292

cockerelii, Hydropsyche, 294

cockerelli, Limnephilus, 298

corona, Hydropsyche, 99, 294

coercens, Oxyethira, 133, 137, 295

colei, Polycentropus, 293

collata, Neotrichia, 7, 154, 157, 159, 296

coloma, Protoptila, 292

coloradensis, Dicosmoecus, 297

coloradensis, Goniotaulius, 298

coloradensis, Leptocella, 215, 301

coloradensis, Limnephilus, 298

coloradensis, Oligophlebodes, 300

coloradensis, Rhyacophila, 291

colorata, Agrypnia, 296

Colpotauliiis, 185

combinatus, Limnephilus, 190, 298

commixta, Neuronia, 166, 296

complicata, Ecclisomyia, 296

complicata, Fabria, 296

complicata, Rhyacophila, 291

concatenata, Banksiola, 170, 296

concatenala, Neuronia, 169, 296

concinnus, Neophylax, 202, 204, 300
concolor, Limnephilus, 299

confusa, Hydropsyche, 294

conftisa, Ithytrichia, 121, 125, 126, 133, 295

confusa, Ochrotrichia, 127, 129, 133, 295

confusa, Philopotamus, 294
confusa. Polytrichia, 130

confusus, Polycentropus, 59, 64, 65, 293
congener, Limnephilus, 298
connexa, Astoplectron, 286, 300
consimilis, Hesperophylax, 280, 281, 297
consimilis, Hydroptila, 141, 145, 147, 153, 296
consimilis, Limnephilus, 297

consimilis, Neophylax, 300
consocius, Limnephilus, 185, 186, 189, 190,

298

conspersa, Ecclisomyia, 300
conspersa, Pycnopsyche, 299
consueta, Tinodes, 293
contorta, Ochrotrichia, 127, 131, 295
contorta, Polytrichia, 131, 295
cophus, Athripsodes, 301
copiosa, Apatidea, 181

copiosus, Dolophilus, 45
cornuta, Hydropsyche, 106, 294
corona, Theliopsyche, 260, 303
costalis, Asynarchus, 300
costalis, Hydroptila, 133

costalis, Lepidostoma, 302

costalis, Olemira, 302

costalis, Psychoronia, 300

costello, Agraylea, 122, 295

crasmus, Agapetus, 40, 292

crassicornis, Agrypnetes, 165

crassicornis, Hydropsyche, 303

crassicornis, Polycentropus, 59, 61, 64, 293

crassicornis, Sericostoma, 303

crassus, Limnephilus, 298

crepuscularis, Brachycentrus, 57, 293

crepuscularis, Neureclipsis, 5, 56, 57, 293

cristata, Orthotrichia, 140, 141, 295

crotchi, Banksiola, 296

crotchi, Homophylax, 300

cruzensis, Dolophilus, 292

cuanis, Hydropsyche, 6, 87, 91, 93, 100, 294

curtus, Anabolia, 298

curtus, Limnephilus, 298

curvata, Agrypnetes, 165, 296

Cyllene, 154, 296

Cyrnellus, 52, 54, 71, 74, 293

D

Dampfitrichia, 133, 295

dan, Halesus, 299

Dasystegia, 165, 166, 296

debilis, Anagapetus, 292

deceptivum, Lepidostoma, 303

deceptivum, Thremma, 303

deceptus, Anabolia, 298

deceptus, Limnephilus, 298

deflata, Agrypnia, 296

deflata, Prophryganea, 296

delicatus, Neophylax, 300

delineata, Hydroptila, 142, 151, 276, 295

delira, Stactobia, 124, 295

delira, Tascobia, 124, 125, 295

delrio, Hydropsyche, 271, 294

demita, Philocasca, 299

demora, Hydropsyche, 294

dentata, Hydroptila, 295

dentata, Triaenodes, 252, 302

depravata, Hydropsyche, 15, 91, 93, 100, 294

designatus, Hesperophylax, 8, 183, 297

designatus, Limnephilus, 183, 297

despectus, Limnephilus, 192, 298

dextra, Agrypnia, 296

diarina, Leptocella, 5, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220,

221, 301

Dibusa, 119, 121, 295
dicantha, Hydropsyche, 91, 93, 102, 294

Dicosmoecus, 176, 178, 181, 297

difficilis, Frenesia, 199, 200, 299

difficilis, Limnephilus, 199, 299

digitata, Neotrichia, 278

dilutus, Athripsodes, 10, 11, 221, 223, 227, 231,

301

dilutus, Leptocerus, 231, 301

dimicki, Brachycentrus, 303

Diplectrona, 78, 79, 81, 84, 294
dipsia, Triaenodes, 246, 252, 253, 302

disjuncta, Oecetina, 301

disjuncta, Oecetis, 240, 301



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 317

disjunctiis, Anisogamus, 299
disjunctus, Clostoeca, 299

dispar, Polycentropus, 294
dissimilis, Heteroplectron, 300
dissimilis, Psilotreta, 285, 300
distincta, Agarodes, 303

distinctum, Sericostoma, 303

distinctus, Philopotamus, 47, 292
distinctus, Trentonius, 47, 292
divergens, Limnephilus, 299

divergens, Parapsyche, 293

divergens, Pycnopsyche, 299

diversa, Anabolina, 185, 298

diversa, Lype, 10, 74, 293

diversa, Psychomyia, 74, 293

diversus, Limnephilus, 298

divisa, Hydropsyche, 294

doddsi, Rhvacophila, 291

Dolophiliella, 45, 292
Dolophilus, 44, 45, 292
Dolotrichia, 154, 296

dorcns, Philopotamus, 292

dorcus, Trentonius, 292

doringa, Diplectrona, 84, 294
dorsalis, Oxyethira, 140, 295

dossuaria, Banksiola, 296
dossuaria, Neuronia, 170, 296
Drosophila, 48

Drusinus, 181,202, 300
duahs, Oxyethira, 136, 139, 295

dubia, Hydropsyche, 294
diibitans, Hydropsyche, 58, 293

dubitans, Neuronia, 173, 296

E

Ecclisomyia, 300

ecosa, Rhyacophila, 291

ectus, Limnephilus, 298

edalis, Neotrichia, 156, 158, 296

eddlestoni, Oecetis, 237, 240, 301

edwardsi, Anisogamus, 300

edwardsi, Drusinus, 300

ela, Cheumatopsyche, 294
elarus, Polycentropus, 59, 64, 65, 293
elegans, Goera, 300
elegans, Limnephilus, 189, 298
elia, Chimarra, 269, 292
eiiaga, Ochrotrichia, 7, 126, 127, 129, 132, 295
eliaga. Polytrichia, 132, 295

elongatus, Limnephilus, 298

elsis, Parapsyche, 293

emarginaius, Anabolia, 298

emarginatus, Limnephilus, 298

eminens, Limnephilus, 192, 298

enonis, Cheumatopsyche, 294
epilone, Theliopsyche, 303

eroga, Neotrichia, 278

erotica, Protoptila, 42, 43, 44, 292
erraticus, Athripsodes, 223, 227, 235, 301

erullus, Athripsodes, 10, 223, 227, 235, 301

etrona, Cheumatopsyche, 294
Eubasilissa, 162, 164, 168, 296
Eustenace, 193, 299

excita, Glossosoma, 292
exilis, Leptocella, 301

Exitrichia, 154, 277, 278, 296
exquisita, Leptocella, 5, 11, 215, 216, 217, 218,

287, 301

exquisita, Leptocerus, 217, 301
externus, Limnephilus, 298
extractus, Limnephilus, 298

Fabria, 164, 166, 167, 296
fagus, Limnephilus, 298

fairchildi, Rhyacophila, 35, 291

falca, Neotrichia, 14, 154, 156, 159, 296
falcatum, Micrasema, 261, 303
Farula, 176, 300
fasciatella, Smicridea, 85, 294
fattigi, Hydropsyche, 294
feHpe, Ochrotrichia, 275, 295

felix, Diplectrona, 84

Jemoralis, Wormaldia, 51, 292
Jemoralis, Limnephilus, 298

fenestra, Rhyacophila, 7, 32, 35, 36, 37, 291

feria, Chimarra, 7, 15, 47, 49, 50, 292
flava, Potamyia, 5, 85, 294
flavata, Pycnopsyche, 299

flavata, Stenophylax, 299

flaveolata, Setodes, 242, 301

flavescens, Triaenodes, 246, 249, 251, 302
flavicollis, Asynarchus, 298

flavicollis, Limnephilus, 298

flavicornis, Holocentropus, 67, 293

flavicornis, Molanna, 205, 208, 300

flavida, Allotrichia, 122, 295

flavida, Oecetina, 242, 301

flavida, Psychomyia, 9, 75, 293

flavipennis, Homophylax, 300

flavo-mactilata, Hydropsyche, 84

flavostellus, Limnephilus, 298

flavum, Macronema, 85, 294
flavus, Athripsodes, 7, 221, 223, 227, 228, 301

flavus, Holocentropus, 68, 293

flavus, Leptocerus, 228, 301

flavus, Polycentropus, 59, 61, 68, 293

flexuosa, Marilia, 300
florida, Chimarra, 270, 292

florida, Triaenodes, 302

floridana, Oecetina, 242, 302

floridana, Setodes, 302

floridanus, Athripsodes, 301

floridanus, Leptocerus, 301

forcipata, Oxyethira, 135, 139, 295

forcipatus, Limnephilus, 298

Formosa, Clistoronia, 297

Formosa, Rhyacophila, 291

Jormosus, Halesus, 297

fraterna, Agraylea, 122, 295

fraterna, Cernotina, 293

Jraternus, Cyrnus, 293

fraternus, Hylepsyche, 297

fraternus, Platycentropus, 297

Frenesia, 177, 178, 180, 199, 299

Friga, 236, 301



318 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

frigida, Apatania, 297

frijole, Limnephilus, 282, 299

frisoni, Hydropsyche, 10, 87, 91, 95, 105, 106,

294

frontalis, Drusinus, 300

frontalis, Psilotreta, 286, 287, 300

frontalis, Triaenodes, 245, 247, 249, 302

frosti, Atomyia, 302

frosti, Lepidostoma, 302

fuliginosus, Brachycentrus, 303

futnosa, Oecetina, 236, 241, 301

Jumosus, Asynarchus, 298

fumosus, Limnephilus, 298

jiisca, Anisocentropus, 300

fusca, Neuronia, 173, 296

fusca, Phryganea, 161

fuscipes, Agapetus, 39

fuscula, Goera, 302

Jitscula, Neuronia, 36, 291

fuscula, Rhyacophila, 32, 34, 35, 36, 291

fuscus, Neophylax, 203, 205, 300

futilis, Leptocerus, 232, 301

gabriella, Dolophiliella, 45, 292

gabriella, Dolophilus, 292

gameta, Heteroplectron, 287, 300

Ganonema, 209, 300

gemona, Rhyacophila, 291

genota, Goerita, 302

gentilis, Pycnopsyche, 299

gentilis, Stenophylax, 299

Genus A, Hydropsychid, 15, 77, 83

Genus A, Phryganeid, 162, 163, 167

Genus A, Psychomyiid, 53, 69, 73, 74

Genus B, Psychomyiid, 53, 69, 74

georgia, Oecetis, 301

gilvipes, Dicosmoecus, 297

gilvipes, Stenophylax, 297

glaberrima, Rhyacophila, 7, 32, 34, 35, 36,

291

glacialis, Agrypnia, 296

glacialis, Holocentropus, 68, 293

glacialis, Polycentropus, 59, 61, 63, 68, 293

glasa, Loxotrichia, 295

glasa, Oxyethira, 295

Glossosoma, 8, 30, 31, 39, 40, 292
Glossosomatinae, 30, 38
Glyphidotaelius, 183, 297

Glyphopsyche, 177, 180, 200, 202, 299
Glyphotaelius, 178, 179, 183, 297
Goera, 256, 257, 302
Goeridae, 2, 19, 20, 24, 26, 29, 256, 302
Goerita, 256, 257, 258, 302
gordoni, Rhyacophila, 291

gorteba, Beraea, 208, 300
gracilis, Cheumatopsyche, 294
gracilis, Hydropsyche, 294
gracilis, Leptocella, 301
gracilis, Leptophylax, 184, 297
Grammotaulius, 181, 185, 297
grandiosa, Hydroptila, 14, 141, 142, 147, 151,

295

grandis, Arctopsyche, 293

grandis, Dicosmoecus, 297

grandis, Hydropsyche, 293

grandis, Phryganea, 174

grandis, Rhyacophila, 291

grandis, Setodes, 212, 301

gravidus, Limnephilus, 298

grellus, Holocentropus, 293

grellus, Polycentropus, 293

Grensia, 180,201,299
grisea, Agarodes, 303

grisea, Oxyethira, 135, 138, 295

grisea, Phanopsyche, 258, 302

grisea, Silo, 303

grisea, Theliopsyche, 303

grisea, Triaenodes, 244, 245, 247, 249, 302

griselda, Lype, 74, 75, 293

griseolum, Sericostoma, 303

griseum, Lepidostoma, 302

griseum, Sericostoma, 303

groenlandica, Apatania, 297

groenlandica, Radema, 297

Guerrotrichia, 154, 296

gunda, Hydroptila, 296

guttatus, Oecetina, 302

guttatus, Setodes, 302

guttifer, Halesus, 196, 299

guttifer, Pycnopsyche, 194, 196, 299

gyra, Cheumatopsyche, 294

H

hageni, Hydropsyche, 87, 91, 93, 103, 294

hageni, Limnephilus, 298

Halesochila, 299

halidus, Polycentropus, 293

hamata, Hydroptila, 13, 141, 142, 145, 149,

152, 295

harmstoni, Rhyacophila, 268, 291

harrimani, Limnephilus, 298

Helicopsyche, 266, 288, 303

Helicopsychidae, 2, 19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 266, 303

helma, Cheumatopsyche, 294

helo, Triaenodes, 302
Hemiteles, 5

hespera, Pycnopsyche, 299

hespera, Schizopelex, 303

hespera, Stenophylax, 299

Hesperophylax, 8, 178, 179, 183, 28C, 297

hesperum, Sericostoma, 303

Heteroplectron, 301

hiaspa, Lorotrichia, 154

hingstoni, Limnephilus, 191, 298

hirta, Phryganea, 258

hirtipes, Radema, 297

hirtipes, Tinodes, 297

Holocentropus, 52, 58

Holocentropus species 1, 69

Homophylax, 300
Homoplectra, 294
hostilis, Glyphotaelius, 183, 297
hostis, Halesus, 181, 297
howellae, Oropsyche, 83, 294
hyalinata, Rhyacophila, 291



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 319

hyalinus, Limnephilus, 186, 189, 191, 298
Hydrobiosinae, 30

Hydropsyche, 3, 7, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86,

108, 294

Hydropsychidae, 2, 3, 4, 11, 19, 22, 25, 29, 51,

76, 293

Hydroptila, 119, 141,295
Hydroptilidae, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11. 14, 15, 18, 20,

22, 25, 26, 51, 117, 295

Hydrorchestria, 122, 295

Hylepsyche, 181, 297

icona, Hydroptila, 154, 296

iculus, Polycentropus, 293

Idaho, Glossosoma, 292

idahoensis, Chimarrha, 292
ignita, Triaenodes, 246, 249, 252, 302
Ignitus, Leptocerus, 252, 302

illini, Agapetus, 7, 14, 39, 40, 292

immobilis, Oecetis, 11, 237, 240, 241, 244, 301

immobilis, Setodes, 236, 241, 301

improba, Agrypnia, 296

improba, Phryganea, 296

incanus, Brachycentrus, 303

incerta, Enoicyla, 297

incerta, Leptocerus, 302
incerta, Oecetis, 236

incerta, Radema, 297

incerta, Setodes, 256, 302

incisus, Hesperophylax, 281, 297

incommoda, Hydropsyche, 15, 91, 95, 100, 105,

106, 107, 294

inconspicua, Oecetis, 5, 8, 11, 13, 236, 237, 240,

242, 244, 301

inconspicHHS, Leptocerus, 242, 301

indecisa, Goera, 300

indecisa, Psilotreta, 285, 286, 287, 300
indecisus, Philopotamus, 294

indiana, Pycnopsyche, 194, 196, 299

Indiana, Stenophylax, 196, 299

indicans, Limnephilus, 181, 297

indistinctus, Halesus, 181

indistinctus, Limnephilus, 297

indistinctus, Platycentropus, 297

indivisus, Limnephilus, 5, 185, 186, 189, 191,

298

inermis, Arctopsyche, 293

infernale, Radema, 181

injernalis, Anisogamus, 298

infernalis, Limnephilus, 298

injusta, Setodes, 252, 302
injusta, Triaenodes, 11, 245, 246, 247, 252, 302
inoj-nata, Apatania, 181

inornata, Fabria, 11, 12, 166, 167, 296
inornata, Neuronia, 166, 296
inornata, Oecetina, 242, 302
inornatus, Athripsodes, 301

inornatus, Leptocerus, 301

instabilis, Hydropsyche, 86

insularis, Ochrotrichia, 126, 274
intercisus, Limnephilus, 299

interjecta, Oecetina, 255, 302

intermedia, Mystrophora, 39, 292
intermedium, Glossosoma, 8, 39, 292
intermedins, Limnephilus, 298
interrogationis, Grammotaulius, 297
interrogationis, Phryganea, 185, 297
interrupta, Phryganea, 176, 212, 297 ^

interruptus, Holocentropus, 69, 293
interruptus, Polycentropus, 12, 59, 61, 62, 69,

293

intervena, Leptocella, 215, 219, 301
invaria, Polycentropus, 291

invaria, Rhyacophila, 268, 291

iranda, Rhyacophila, 291

iridis, Agapetus, 269, 292
Ironoquia, 180, 184, 297
irrorata, Arctopsyche, 83, 293
irrorata, Glyphopsyche, 200, 201, 299
irrorata, Phryganea, 299
irroratus, Polycentropus, 58

isolatus, Hesperophylax, 297

Ithytrichia, 118, 120, 123,295

janus, Limnephilus, 299

jeanae, Protoptila, 292
Jenortha, 259, 302
jucundus, Dicosmoecus, 297

Jyrvia, 165, 296

K

kansensis, Hydropsyche, 85, 294
kaskaskia, Caborius, 197, 198, 299
kennicotti, Limnephilus, 298

keratus, Limnephilus, 298

kiamichi, Rhyacophila, 35, 37, 291

kincaidi, Limnephilus, 298

kitae, Neotrichia, 154, 156, 158, 296

knowltoni, Lepidostoma, 302
kovalevskii, Ptilostomis, 171, 296

labida, Psilotreta, 286, 287, 300
labus, Limnephilus, 298

ladogensis, Aphelocheira, 83, 293

ladogensis, Arctopsyche, 83, 293

lamellaris, Ithytrichia, 123, 124

lapponica, Neuronia, 296

lapponica, Oligotricha, 296

lasia, Cheumatopsyche, 12, 15, 108, 110, 114,

294
lateralis, Brachycentrus, 6, 263, 265, 303

lateralis, Phryganea, 265, 303

latifascia, Anisocentropus, 300

latijascia, Notidobia, 300

latipennis, Lepidostoma, 302

latipennis, Notiopsyche, 258, 302

ledra, Rhyacophila, 32, 35, 37, 291

lega, Protoptila, 42, 43, 292

leonardi, Hydropsyche, 294

Lepania, 297

lepida, Enoicyla, 195, 299



320 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, An. 1

lepida, Hvdropsyche, 108

lepida, Pycnopsyche, 194, 195, 299

Lepidostoma, 258, 266, 302

Lcpidostomatidae, 2, 20, 24, 26, 30, 258, 302

Leptocella, 15, 17, 21, 210, 211, 212, 213, 301

Leptoceridae, 2, 5, 6, 11, 17, 20, 22, 26, 29, 209,

301

Leptocerus, 210, 212, 301

Leptophylax, 179, 184, 297

Lcucotrichia, 117, 120, 271, 295

liba, Lepidostoma, 8, 9, 259, 303

limbata, Pycnopsyche, 299

limbatus, Stenophylax, 193, 299

limnella, Helicopsyche, 289, 303

I.imnephilidae, 2, 4, 6, 11, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28,

176, 297

Limnephilus, 178, 181, 185, 283, 297

limpia, Lcucotrichia, 271, 273, 295

lineatum, Macronema, 114

liiha, Anabolina, 298

lithus, Limnephilus, 298

lividum, Glossosoma, 292
lividum, Tinodes, 292

lloydi, Protoptila, 43, 292

lobata, Schizopelex, 303

lobitera, Rhyacophila, 6, 32, 35, 291

logana, Ochrotrichia, 295

logana. Polytrichia, 295

lometa, Ochrotrichia, 295

lometa. Polytrichia, 295

longicercus, Anabolia, 189, 298

longicornis, Mystacides, 11, 14, 253, 254, 255,

302
longicornis, Phryganea, 253, 255, 302
longHs, Holocentropus, 69, 293
lorettae, Grammotaulius, 297
Lorotrichia, 154, 296
Loxotrichia, 133, 295

lucia, Chimarrha, 51, 292
lucidus, Phylocentropus, 55, 56, 292
lucidus, Polycentropus, 55, 56, 292
luctuosa, Rhyacophila, 291

luculenta, Pycnopsyche, 194, 196, 299
luculentus, Stenophylax, 196, 299
lugens, Leptocerus, 232, 301
lumina, Psychomyia, 75, 293
lumina, Psychomyiella, 293
lunonus, Limnephilus, 298
lutea, Piectrocnemia, 67, 293
luteolus, Limnephilus, 298
lutescens, Brachycentrus, 303
lutescens, Sphinctogaster, 263, 303
lydia, Lepidostoma, 303
Lype, 51, 54,74,293
lyratus, Caborius, 197, 198, 299
lyratus, Carborius, 198

M

macdunnoughi, Agrypnia, 296
macdunnoughi, Prophryganea, 296
macgillivrayi, Limnephilus, 298
Macronema, 114, 295
Macronemum, 4, 21, 77, 79, 81, 114, 295

maculata, Allotrichia, 296

maculata, Beraea, 41, 43, 292

maculata, Clistoronia, 297

maculata, Hydroptila, 296

maculata, Phryganea, 263

maculata, Protoptila, 41, 42, 43, 44, 292
macidatus, Dicosmoecus, 297

maculatus, Leptocerus, 233, 301

maculatus, Polycentropus, 59, 64, 65, 66, 293
maculicornis, Hydropsyche, 96, 294
maculipennis, Halesus, 181, 297

maculosa, Ecclisomyia, 300
magnifica, Clistoronia, 297

magnifica, Halesus, 297

magnus, Clistoronia, 297

magnus, Hesperophylax, 280, 281, 297

mainensis, Rhyacophila, 291

major, Dolophiius, 45, 292
malleatus, Agapetus, 292

manistee, Rhyacophila, 291

marginalis, Cyrnellus, 5, 71, 293

marginalis , Nyctiophylax, 71, 293

marginata, Phryganea, 48

marginata, Triaenodes, 245, 247, 249, 251, 302
marginata tarda, Triaenodes, 250
Mariha, 300

marlo, Agapetus, 292

marqueti, Hydropsyche, 294

marshamella, Beraea, 208

maximus, Phylocentropus, 55, 293

Mayatrichia, 117, 119, 120, 160, 278, 296

mazon, Ithytrichia, 123, 124, 295

medialis, Colpotaulius, 190, 298

medicus, Agapetus, 40, 292
melanae, Holocentropus, 293

melanae, Polycentropus, 293

melia, Hydroptila, 296

melita, Rhyacophila, 291

melleopicta, Lcucotrichia, 120

mentiens, Leptocerus, 232

mentieus, Athripsodes, 6, 221, 223, 227, 232,

301

mentieus, Leptocerus, 232, 301

mephita, Triaenodes, 250, 302
merinthus, Limnephilus, 298

Metrichia, 120, 121, 295

mexicana, Helicopsyche, 288, 289, 303
mexicana, Heteroplectron, 301

mexicana, Notiomyia, 301

micans, Setodes, 242, 301

michiganensis, Oxyethira, 295

mickeli, Cheumatopsyche, 294
Micrasema, 261, 303

minima, Pycnopsyche, 299
minimus, Cyrnellus, 71

minora, Rhyacophila, 291

minuscula, Cheumatopsyche, 108, 110, 294
minuscula, Hydropsyche, 110, 294
minusculus, Colpotaulius, 299
minusculus, Limnephilus, 298

minusculus, Stenophylax, 185, 298

minuta, Leptocella, 215, 301

minutisimella, Cyllene, 154, 157, 296
minutisimella, Neotrichia, 154, 156, 157, 296



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 321

minutus, Agapetus, 292
mi}iHttts, Halesus, 300
minutus, Hesperophylax, 280, 297
minutus, Oligophlebodes, 283, 300
miscus, Athripsodes, 301
miser, Limnephilus, 298
missa, Frenesia, 9, 199, 299
missouri, Glyphopsyche, 200, 299
missum, Chilostigma, 199, 299
mitchelli, Neophylax, 300
niodesta, Alepomyia, 303
modesta, Atomyia, 258

modesta, Diplectrona, 8, 84, 294
modestum, Lepidostoma, 303
modestHS, Anabolia, 298
modestus, Limnephilus, 298
tnoesla, Psiloneura, 303
moesta, Psychomyia, 75, 293

moestus, Dolophilus, 8, 45, 46, 47, 292
moestus, Limnephilus, 6, 14, 186, 189, 191, 298
moestus, Nyctiophylax, 70, 293
moestus, Paragapetus, 45, 47, 292
Molanna, 181,205,300
Molannidae, 2, 11, 20, 22, 26, 29, 205, 208, 300
mollala, Cheumatopsyche, 294
mongolica, Apatania, 297

mongolica, Radema, 297
mono, Ochrotrichia, 295
mono, Polytrichia, 295

montana, Glossosoma, 292
montana, Rhyacophila, 35, 291

montanus, Anabolia, 298
montanus, Limnephilus, 298
Mormomyia, 258, 302
Mormonia, 258

morosa, Hydropsyche, 91, 96, 98, 294
morosum, Oligoplectrum, 261

morrisoni, Limnephilus, 298
midtijarius, Limnephilus, 192, 298
multipunctata, Agraylea, 122, 295
musetta, Molanna, 206, 207, 300
miitatus, Hallesus, 298

mutatus, Limnephilus, 298
mycta, Rhyacophila, 291

Mystacides, 210, 211, 212, 253, 302
Mystrophora, 39, 292

N

nacatus, Neophylax, 300
Namamyia, 300
nascotius, Polycentropus, 61, 68, 293
nearctica, Agrypnia, 296
nearcticus, Palaeagapetus, 292
nebulosus, Limnephilus, 298
needhami, Astenophvlax, 299
Neophylax, 176, 178, 179, 202, 256, 260, 300
Neothremma, 176, 300
Neotrichia, 118, 120, 154, 160, 296
nephus, Athripsodes, 223, 230, 301
nepus, Limnephilus, 298
Nerophilus, 300
Neureclipsis, 52, 53, 54, 56, 293
Neuronia, 161

Neuropsyche, 259, 302
nevadensis, Homophylax, 300
nevadensis, Rhyacophila, 291
nicoli, Hydroptila, 296
nigra, Mystacides, 302
nigra, Potamaria, 297
nigra, Radema, 297
nigrescens, Dicosmoecus, 297
nigriculum, Sericostoma, 303
nigriculus, Anabolia, 298
nigriculus, Limnephilus, 298
nigrior, Glossosoma, 292
nigripennis, Diplectrona, 294
nigripennis, Homoplectra, 294
nigrisoma, Brachycentrus, 265, 303
nigrisoma, Sphinctogaster, 303
nigrita, Rhyacophila, 291

nigritta, Beraca, 208, 209, 300
nigritta, Metrichia, 121, 295
nigritta, Orthotrichia, 121, 295
nigrum, Ganonema, 300
nivea, Setodes, 220, 301

nobsca, Marilia, 300
nogus, Limnephilus, 281, 298
nomada, Psychomyia, 75, 76, 293
nomada, Psychomyiella, 293
norcuta, Rhyacophila, 291

nordus, Athripsodes, 232, 301

Nosopus, 258, 302
notabulus, Brachycentrus, 303
Notidobia, 266, 303
Notiomyia, 301

Notiopsyche, 258, 302
notosa, Leucotrichia, 271, 295
novamexicanus, Hydropsyche, 294
novarotunda, Rhyacophila, 291

novasota, Oxyethira, 135, 136, 138, 295
novusamericanus, Philopotamus, 292
novusamericanus, Trentonius, 292
nox, Triaenodes, 302
numerosa, Phryganea, 264, 303
numerosus, Brachycentrus, 6, 263, 264, 265,

266, 303

Nyctiophylax, 52, 54, 69, 71, 74, 293

O

oaklandensis, Diplectrona, 294
oaklandensis, Homoplectra, 294
obscura, Beraea, 51, 292
obscura, Chimarra, 6, 7, 14, 15, 48, 49, 50, 51,

270, 292

obscura, Phryganomyia, 165, 296

obscuripennis, Dicosmoecus, 297
obsoleta, Phryganea, 165

occidentalis, Brachycentrus, 303

occidentalis, Dicosmoecus, 297

occidentalis, Hesperophylax, 297

occidentalis, Hydropsyche, 294

occidentalis, Limnephilus, 298

occidentalis, Platyphylax, 183, 297

occidentis, Neophylax, 300
occideus, Dolophilus, 292

ocelli/era, Neuronia, 172, 296



322 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

ocellifera, Ptilostomis, 172, 173, 174, 296

ocelligera, Neuronia, 296

ocelligera, Oligostomis, 167, 168, 296

ochracea, Oecetis, 237, 240, 244, 301

ochracea, Triaenodella, 302

ochracea, Triaenodes, 302

ochraceus, Leptocerus, 236, 244, 301

Ochrotrichia, 117, 119, 120, 125, 147, 295

Odontoceridae, 19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 208, 209, 300

Oecetina, 236, 301

Oecetis, 4, 6, 209, 210, 211, 212, 236, 301

Oecetodes, 236, 301

ohio, Cernotina, 72, 73, 293

Oklahoma, Cernotina, 293

okopa, Neotrichia, 9, 154, 157, 158, 159, 277,

296

Olemira, 258, 302

oligia, Setodes, 256, 302

oljgius, Leptocerus, 256, 302

oligius, Neophylax, 300

Oligophlebodes, 283, 300
Oligoplectrum, 263, 303

Oligopsyche, 259, 302

Oligostomis, 162, 164, 165, 167, 169, 296

Oligotricha, 296

Ontario, Lepidostoma, 302
ophioderus, Athripsodes, 223, 232, 235, 301

oregona, Ochrotrichia, 295

oregona, Polytrichia, 295

oregonense, Glossosoma, 292
oregonensis, Arctopsyche, 293

oregonensis, Nerophilus, 300
oregonensis, Philopotamus, 292
oregonensis, Rhyacophila, 291

oreta, Rhyacophila, 291

oreus, Limnephilus, 298
ormiae, Glyphopsyche, 299
ormiae, Psychoglypha, 299
ornata, Notiomyia, 301

ornatus, Limnephilus, 186, 189, 298
ornatus, Neophylax, 300
Oropsyche, 82, 83, 294
orotus, Holocentropus, 69, 293
orris, Hydropsyche, 5, 13, 86, 93, 95, 105, 106,

107, 294

Orthotrichia, 11, 119, 139, 295
oslari, Anabolia, 298

oslari, Hydropsyche, 294
oslari, Limnephilus, 298
osmena, Neotrichia, 278, 296
osteni, Oecetis, 11, 14, 237, 241, 244, 301
oxa, Cheumatopsyche, 6, 108, 110, 113, 294
oxapia, Leptocerus, 302
oxapia, Setodes, 302
Oxyethira, 11, 118, 120, 123, 133, 295
ozburni, Arctoecia, 298
ozburni, Limnephilus, 298

pacifica, Rhyacophila, 291
pacificus, Limnephilus, 281, 298
pacificus, Stenophylax, 298
pagetana, Agrypnia, 165, 296

Palaeagapetus, 31, 38, 292

palatiis, Stenophylax, 181

palina, Protoptila, 42, 43, 292

pallens, Zaporota, 299
pallescens, Plectrocnemia, 67, 293

pallicornis, Dicosmoecus, 297
pallida, Apatania, 297

pallida, Cernotina, 72, 73, 293

pallida, Chilostigma, 299

pallida, Orthotrichia, 137, 295

pallida, Oxyethira, 133, 136, 137, 295

pallidipes, Philopotamus, 292
pallidipes, Trentonius, 292
pallidum. Silo, 302
pallidus, Apolopsyche, 298
pallidus, Asynarchus, 299
pallidus, Cyrnus, 73, 293

palmata, Stactobia, 124, 125, 295

palmata, Tascobia, 124, 125, 295

Parachiona, 297

Paragapetus, 45, 292

Parapsyche, 17, 78, 81, 83, 293

pardalis, Eubasilissa, 168, 296
pardalis, Neuronia, 168, 296
partita, Hydropsyche, 294
partitus, AUocosmoecus, 297

partitus, Limnephilus, 298

parva, Hydroptila, 293

parva, Oecetis, 302

parva, Psychomyia, 293

parva, Setodina, 236, 302
parva, Theliopsyche, 260, 303
parvula, Chaetopterygopsis, 184, 297

parvula, Ironoquia, 297

parvula, Oecetina, 242, 301

parvula, Stenophylax, 185, 298

parvulum, Glossosoma, 292

parvulus, Limnephilus, 298

parvulus, Neureclipsis, 57, 293

pasella, Cheumatopsyche, 108, 110, 113, 295

pavida, Leptocella, 215, 216, 218, 301

pavida, Setodes, 218, 301

pecos, Hydroptila, 296

pele, Notidobia, 303

pellisa, Rhyacophila, 291

Pellopsyche, 294
pellucidulus, Limnephilus, 183

pellucidus, Limnephilus, 183

penitum, Glossosoma, 292
pentus, Polycentropus, 8, 59, 64, 65, 293

perda, Rhyacophila, 291

perdita, Hydroptila, 145, 147, 153, 296

perforatus, Limnephilus, 192, 298

perjurus, Limnephilus, 299
perna, Triaenodes, 246, 247, 250, 253, 302
perplexa, Hydroptila, 296
perplexa, Pycnopsyche, 299
perplexus nordus, Athripsodes, 232, 301

perpusillus, Limnephilus, 298
persimilis, Oecetina, 243, 301

persimilis, Oecetis, 237, 243, 301

pettiti, Hydropsyche, 112, 294
phaeopa, Lype, 74
phalacris, Triaenodes, 246, 250, 253, 302



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 323

phalerata, Hvdropsyche, 15, 86, 91, 93, 102,

294

Phanocelia, 179, 201, 300

Phanopsyche, 258, 302

philo, Hydropsyche, 294

Philocasca, 299

Philopotamidae, 2, 3, 19, 22, 25, 27, 44, 292

Phrixoconia, 141, 295

Phryganea, 162, 164, 166, 174, 297

phrvijanea, Rhvacophila, 291

Phryganeidae, 2, 11, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 161, 296

phryganoides, Arctopsyche, 293

Phrvganomyia, 165, 296

Phylocentropus, 3, 51, 53, 54, 292

piatrix, Hydropsyche, 88, 96, 97, 294

pictilis, Mormonia, 302

pictipes, Leucotrichia, 9, 120, 133, 271, 273,

295

pictipes, Orthotrichia, 120, 295

pictiila, Apatania, 297

pictula, Radema, 297

pifFardii, Leptocella, 301
,

piffardii, Setodes, 301

pilosa, Acronopgyche, 202, 300

pilosa, Parachiona, 297

pilosa, Phryganea, 257

pinaca, Cheumatopsyche, 294

pinatus, Agapetus, 269, 292

piroa, Helicopsyche, 289, 303

pixi, Polycentropus, 59, 63, 66, 293

placidus, Holocentropus, 54, 55, 293

placidus, Phylocentropus, 12, 55, 56, 293

placoda, Hydropsyche, 91, 93, 103, 294

plaga, Limnephilus, 299

planijrons, Desmotaulius, 298

planifrons, Limnephilus, 298

Platycentropus, 178, 179,, 181, 297

pleca, Lepidostoma, 302

Plectrocnemia, 52, 58

plectrus, Platycentropus, 297

plutonis, Namamyia, 300

plutonis, Wormaldia, 51, 292

pluviale, Lepidostoma, 302

pluviale, Olemira, 302

podager, Lepidostoma, 302

podager, Nosopus, 258, 302

Polycentropidae, 51

Polycentropus, 52, 53, 54, 58, 293

polygra7nmaticum, Macronema, 117, 295

polygrammatum, Macronema, 117, 295

Polytrichia, 125, 126, 295

ponta, Mayatrichia, 278, 279, 280, 296

postica, Neuronia, 173, 296

postica, Ptilostomis, 171, 172, 173, 296

Potamyia, 3, 78, 80, 81, 82, 85, 294

praecox, Grammotaulius, 297

praeterita, Grensia, 201, 299

praeteritHS, Limnephilus, 201, 299

principalis, Prophryganea, 165

Pristosilo, 258, 302

prita, Psychoglypha, 299

pritHs, Glyphopsyche, 299
productus, Limnephilus, 298

prominens, Arcadopsyche, 259, 302

prominens, Lepidostoma, 302
Prophryganea, 165, 296

protera, Hydroptila, 296
protis, Hydropsyche, 294
Protoptila, 30, 31, 39, 41, 292
Pseudogoera, 256, 258, 302
Psilonenra, 303

Psilotreta, 209, 285, 300
Psychoglypha, 180, 201, 299
Psychomyia, 51, 52,53,54,75,293
Psychomyiidae, 2, 3, 11, 19, 22, 26, 29, 51, 292
Psychoronia, 300
Ptilostomis, 163, 164, 165, 171, 296
pudicus, Limnephilus, 192, 299
pulchella, Psychomyia, 75, 293
pulchellus, Limnephilus, 298

pnlchellus, Neophylax, 300
pullata, Beraea, 208

punctatissimus, Caborius, 197, 198, 299
punctatissimus, Halesus, 196, 197, 299

punctatus, Athripsodes, 223, 227, 234, 235,

236, 301

punctatus, Mystacides, 234, 301

punctella, Setodes, 256
Pycnopsyche, 6, 177, 178, 181, 193, 299

pyraloides, Anisocentropus, 209, 300

pyraloides, Notidobia, 300

pyroxum, Glossosoma, 292

quadrijasciata, Phryganea, 255, 302
quadrinotata, Anabolia, 297

quadrinotatus, Dicosmoecus, 181, 297

quaeris, Colpotaulius, 298

quaeris, Limnephilus, 298

kuaria, 236, 301

quercina, Lepidostoma, 302

kuissa, IS, 293

R

rabilis, Phylocentropus, 293

Radema, 179, 181, 297

radiata, Phryganea, 181, 297

radiatus, Platycentropus, 181, 297

rainieri, Farula, 300

rayneri, Lepidostoma, 302

reciproca, Hydropsyche, 294

reciproca, Philopotamus, 294

recurvata, Hydropsyche, 10, 14, 87, 91, 96, 99,

294

recurvatus, Leptocerus, 232, 301

redmani, Neuronia, 296

Regina, 168, 296

regina, Neuronia, 168

remotus, Polycentropus, 12, 59, 61, 64, 67,

293

renoa, Algonquina, 297

renoa, Allomyia, 297

resurgens, Athripsodes, 10, 223, 227, 230, 231,

235, 236, 301

resurgens, Leptocerus, 230, 301

retactus, Athripsodes, 301



324 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 23, Art. 1

retactus, Leptocerus, 301

reticulata, Phryganea, 167

rhaeus, Colpotaulius, 298

Rheophylax, 185,297

rho, Limnephilus, 298

rhombica, Phryganea, 190, 298

rhombicus, Limnephilus, 8, 14, 185, 186, 189,

190, 298

Rhyacophila, 2, 4, 19, 30, 31, 32, 38, 291

Rhyacophilidae, 2, 6, 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30,

291

Rhyacophilinae, 30, 31

Rhyacophylax, 294

rickeri, Neophylax, 300

riegeli, Neotrichia, 7, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160,

296

riesi, Ochrotrichia, 8, 126, 127, 129, 132, 295

rillus, Limnephilus, 298

riola, Hydropsyche, 294

roafi, Atomyia, 302

roafi, Lepidostoma, 302

robertiy Limnephilus, 298

robusta, Cheumatopsyche, 295

robusta, Hydropsyche, 295

rohweri, Limnephilus, 298

rono, Hydroptila, 295

rossi, Agapetus, 292

rotunda, Rhyacophila, 291

rotundatus, Limnephilus, 298

rotundatus, Palaeagapetus, 38

rualda, Mayatrichia, 278

riija, Molanna, 300

rufa, Psilotreta, 286, 300

rusticum, Dasystoma, 261, 303

rusticum, Micrasema, 261, 303

ruthae, Oligophlebodes, 283, 285, 300

saccus, Athripsodes, 223, 227, 234, 235, 301

sackeni, Agrypnia, 296

sackeni, Lepidostoma, 302

sackeni, Limnephilus, 298

sackeni, Mormomyia, 302
sagitta, Setodes, 242, 301

salmo, Hydroptila, 296

saltesea, Agraylea, 295

sansoni, Limnephilus, 298

sarita, Leucotrichia, 271, 274, 295

sayi, Phryganea, 11, 12, 174, 175, 176, 297
scabripennis, Limnephilus, 193, 196, 299
scabripennis, Pycnopsyche, 196, 299
scala, Oecetis, 236, 237, 241, 301

scalaris, Hydropsyche, 91, 95, 106, 294
Schizopelex, 266, 303
scissum, Micrasema, 303
scolops, Hydroptila, 145, 152, 296
scylla, Ecclisomyia, 300
secludens, Limnephilus, 299
selina, Banksiola, 11, 162, 165, 169, 170, 296
semata, Goerita, 258, 302
semijasciata, Phryganea, 173, 296
semifasciata, Ptilostomis, 171, 172, 173, 296
separata, Hydropsyche, 294

sepulchralis, Leptocerus, 254, 302

sepulchralis, Mystacides, 11, 253, 254, 255,

302

sericeus, Limnephilus, 186, 189, 192, 298

sericeus, Phryganea, 192, 298

Sericostoma, 266, 303

Sericostomatidae, 2, 19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 176,

266, 303

serrata, Oxyethira, 133, 136, 295

Setodes, 210, 212,256,302
Setodina, 236, 301

shawnee, Dolophilus, 7, 15, 45, 46, 47, 292

shawnee, Ochrotrichia, 7, 126, 129, 131, 295

shawnee. Polytrichia, 131, 295

shoshone, Apatania, 297

shoshone, Radema, 297

sibiricus, Grammotaulius, 297

sieboldi, Chilostigma, 199

sierra, Oligophlebodes, 283, 284, 300

Sigma, Oligophlebodes, 283, 284, 285, 300

signata, Allotrichia, 122, 295

signatus, Parachiona, 299

signatus, Pellopsyche, 294

signatus, Polycentropus, 58, 293

signatus, Rhyacophylax, 294

similis, Brachycentrus, 266, 303

similis, Pycnopsyche, 196, 299

simplex, Anabolia, 298

simplex, Limnephilus, 298

simulans, Hydropsyche, 5, 13, 87, 91, 95, 104,

105, 106, 107, 294

simulans, Neuronia, 172, 174, 296

simulata, Ecclisomyia, 300

sinensis, Nyctiophylax, 69

singularis, Pseudogoera, 258, 302

sinuatus, Neophylax, 300

sitchensis, Limnephilus, 299

slossonae, Athripsodes, 301

slossonae, Hydropsyche, 8, 14, 87, 88, 96, 99,

294
slossonae, Neophylax, 300

Smicridea, 78, 79, 81, 85, 294

smithi, Banksiola, 296

smithi, Neuronia, 296

socia, Chimarra, 49, 50, 51, 292

solex, Hydropsyche, 271, 294

sonora, Neotrichia, 277, 296

sonso, Pycnopsyche, 299

sonso, Stenophylax, 299

sordida, Anabolia, 189, 298

sordida, Cheumatopsyche, 14, 108, 110, 294

sordida, Hydropsyche, 110, 294

sordidus, Limnephilus, 186, 189, 298

sorex, Radema, 297

soror, Rhyacophila, 291

sparna, Hydropsyche, 88, 96, 97, 102, 294

sparsa, Hydroptila, 141

sparsus, Drusinus, 300
sparsus, Halesus, 300

spatulata, Hydroptila, 141, 142, 147, 148, 295

species 1, Holocentropus, 69

species 3, Hydropsyche, 102

species a, Athripsodes, 221, 235

species a, Leptocella, 215, 221



August, 1944 Ross: Caddis Flies of Illinois 325

species a, Oecetis, 237, 244

species a, Polycentropus, 63, 66

species a, Triaenodes, 249, 253

species b, Athripsodes, 221, 235

species b, Oecetis, 237, 244

species b, Triaenodes, 245, 253

species c, Athripsodes 221, 235, 236

speciosa, Cheumatopsyche, 108, 110, 114, 294

speciosa, Hydropsyche, 114, 294

sperryae, Clostoeca, 299

sperryi, Limnephilus, 298

sperryi, Rhadicoleptus, 298

Sphinctogaster, 263, 303

sphyra, Oecetis, 301

spicata, Cernotina, 72, 73, 293

spiloma, Leptocella, 216, 217, 219, 301

spinatus, Limnephilus, 299

spinosa, Ochrotrichia, 8, 126, 127, 129, 132,

133, 295

spinosa. Polytrichia, 132, 295

sprulesi, Micrasema, 303

squamulosum, Lepidostoma, 258

Stactobia, 124

stehri, Leptocerus, 302

stehri, Setodes, 302

Stenophylax, 299

stigma, Lepidostoma, 303

stigmatella, Phryganea, 297

stigmatella, Radema, 297

stigmatica, Leptocella, 220, 301

stigmatica, Rhyacophila, 291

stigmaticus, Athripsodes, 301

stigmaticus, Leptocerus, 301

stipatus, Limnephilus, 298

stolus, Neophylax, 205, 300

straminea, Agrypnia, 162, 165, 166, 296

strepha, Hydroptila, 296

strophis, Lepidostoma, 302

strotus, Dolophilus, 292

stygipes, Neuronia, 168, 296

stylata, Goera, 257, 302

stylata, Ochrotrichia, 131, 295

stylata, Polytrichia, 295

subborealis, Chilostigma, 299

subborealis, Psychoglypha, 202, 299

subfasciata, Phryganea, 193, 194, 299

subfasciata, Pycnopsyche, 194, 195, 196, 299

subguttatus, Limnephilus, 191, 298

sublunatus, Limnephilus, 298

submacula, Athripsodes, 223, 227, 235, 301

submaculus, Leptocerus, 235, 301

submonilifer, Limnephilus, 185, 186, 192, 299

subnubilus, Brachycentrus, 263

subpunctulatus, Limnephilus, 299

swannanoa, Lepidostoma, 303

taenia, Triaenodes, 302
taloga, Limnephilus, 299

tana, Hydropsyche, 294
tarda, Triaenodes, 11, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251,

252, 253, 302

taronus, Limnephilus, 298

tarsaUs, Colpotaulius, 299
tarsalis, Hydroptila, 130, 295
tarsalis, Limnephilus, 299
tarsalis, Ochrotrichia, 126, 128, 130, 131, 295
tarsi-punctatus, Athripsodes, 11, 223, 227,

229, 230, 301

tarsi-punctatus, Leptocerus, 229, 301

Tascobia, 119, 124, 295

tavara, Leptocella, 287, 301

taylori, Halesochila, 299
taylori, Halesus, 299

teddyi, Rhyacophila, 291

tehamia, Colpotaulius, 299
tenanga, Ochrotrichia, 275

tenebrosa, Hydroptila, 43, 292
tenebrosa, Protoptila, 42, 43, 292
terminata, Rhyacophila, 291

lersus, Limnephilus, 298

texana, Chimarra, 292

texana, Leptocella, 219, 301

Theliopsyche, 258, 260, 303

thoracica, Protoptila, 292

thorus, Limnephilus, 298

Thya, 208, 300

tibialis, Lepidostoma, 302
tibialis, Neuropsyche, 259, 302

tineoides, Hydroptila, 141

Ti nodes, 51, 293

togatum, Lepidostoma, 302

togatum, Mormonia, 258, 302

tomus, Agapetus, 292

tortosa, Hydroptila, 295

torva, Rhyacophila, 291

transversa, Hydropsyche, 117, 295

transversum, Macronemum, 15, 115, 117, 295

transversus, Athripsodes, 5, 223, 227, 233, 234,

301

transversus, Hydroptila, 296

transversus, Leptocerus, 233, 301

traviatum, Glossosoma, 292

Trentonius, 44, 45, 47, 292

Triaenodella, 244, 302

Triaenodes, 2, 6, 210, 211, 244, 302

tridonta, Triaenodes, 302

trimaculatus, Limnephilus, 299

tripunctata, Allomyia, 297

tripunctata, Apatania, 297

tripunctata, Atopsyche, 292

tristis, Asynarchus, 297

tristis, Dicosmoecus, 297

tryphena, Molanna, 8, 206, 207, 300

U

ulla, Psychoglypha, 299

ullus, Glyphopsyche, 299

ulmeri, Dampfitrichia, 133, 295

ulmeri, Oxyethira, 295

uncus, Nyctiophylax, 70, 293

unica, Eomystra, 292

unicolor, Anabolia, 297

unicolor, Dicosmoecus, 297

unicolor, Lepidostoma, 302

unicolor, Mormomyia, 302



326 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol 23, Art. 1

uniformis, Drusinus, 8, 202, 300

unimaculata, Rhvacophila, 291

unio, Ochrotrichia, 7, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131,

132, 133, 274, 295

unio, Polytrichia, 129, 295

uniophila, Molanna, 11, 206, 207, 208, 300

utahensis, Chiinarra, 269, 292

uvalo, Athripsodes, 234, 301

uwarowii, Leptocella, 221, 301

uwarowit, Mystacides, 213, 220, 301

vaccua, Rhyacophila, 291

vaefes, Rhyacophila, 291

vagrita, Rhvacophila, 291

vala, Hvdroptila, 7, 142, 147, 148, 276, 277,

295

valanis, Hydropsyche, 6, 91, 95, 105, 294

validus, Neureclipsis, 56, 57, 58, 293

validus, Polycentropus, 58, 293

valuma, Rhyacophila, 291

vanus, Leptocerus, 232, 301

vac, Rhyacophila, 291

variegatHS, Leptocerus, 230, 231, 301

variegatus, Polycentropus, 293

vastus, Limnephilus, 298

vedra, Rhyacophila, 291

velona, Glossosoma, 292

vemna, Rhyacophila, 291

venada, Hydropsyche, 294

ventrale, Glossosoma, 292

Ventura, Hydropsyche, 294

venularis, Hydropsyche, 294

vepulsa, Rhyacophila, 291

verdona, Glossosoma, 292

verna, Oxyethira, 135, 139, 295

vernalis, Lepidostoma, 303

vernalis, Mormonia, 258, 303

vernalis, Setodes, 302

verrula, Rhyacophila, 291

vestita, Agrypnia, 11, 162, 165, 166, 296

vestita, Neuronia, 165, 166, 296

vestita, Phryganea, 205

vestitus, Nyctiophylax, 6, 70, 293

vestitiis, Polycentropus, 70, 293

vetina, Rhyacophila, 291

vexa, Hydropsyche, 88, 96, 97, 294
vibox, Rhyacophila, 8, 32, 34, 35, 36, 291

vibrans, Neotrichia, 156, 157, 159, 296
vigilatrix, Polycentropus, 293
viminalis, Oxyethira, 137, 295
vinura, Rhyacophila, 291

viquaea, Rhyacophila, 291

vireo, Agapetus, 292

virgata, Hydroptila, 7, 142, 147, 148, 295

virginicus, Drusinus, 202, 300

virginicus, Potamorites, 300
viridiventris, Phryganea, 292
viridiventris, Protoptila, 292

visor, Rhyacophila, 291

vobara, Rhyacophila, 291

vocala, Rhyacophila, 291

vofixa, Rhyacophila, 268, 291

vohrna, Rhyacophila, 291

vorhiesi, Triaenodes, 250, 302

vu, Rhyacophila, 291

vujuna, Rhyacophila, 291

vulgaris, Rhyacophila, 32

vulgata, Rhyacophila, 32

vuphipes, Rhyacophila, 291

vuzana, Rhyacophila, 291

W
walkeri, Hydropsyche, 87, 93, 96, 97, 294

walkeri, Agapetus, 292

walkeri, Synagapetus, 292

waskesia, Hydroptila, 276, 296

wataga, Micrasema, 262, 303

waubesiana, Hydroptila, 142, 147, 150, 296

weddleae, Ochrotrichia, 274, 295

wetzeli, Athripsodes, 301

wisconsinensis, Lepidostoma, 258, 302

xella, Hydroptila, 142, 145, 148, 295

xena, Ochrotrichia, 126, 128, 130, 274, 275,

295

xena. Polytrichia, 130, 295

xera, Hydroptila, 296

xoncia, Hydroptila, 296

Ylodes, 244, 302

Ymymia, 1X1, 301

Yrula, 236, 301

Zaporota, 299

zebratum, Macronema, 115, 295

zebratum, Macronemum, 115, 116, 295

zernyi, Cyrnellus, 71, 293

zeronia, Oxyethira, 135, 139, 295









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