On the Numbers and Local Distribution of Illinois Landbirds of the Open Country in Winter, Spring, and Fall


ST A TE OF ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
DIVISION OF THE 

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 
STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief 

Vol. XIV. BULLETIN Article X. 

On the Numbers and Local Distribution 
of Illinois Land Birds of the Open 

Country in Winter, Spring, 
and Fall 

BY 

STEPHEN A. FORBES 
and 

ALFRED 0. GROSS 

PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 

URBANA, ILLINOIS 
October. 1923 



ST A TE OF ILLINOIS 

DEPARTME T OF REGISTRATION AND EDC ATION 

A. M. S1m1: ro, , Director 

BOARD OF 

NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERV TION 

A. M. Sm,r:ro.·, Ohairman 

WJLl, f ,\M TIU,LEASE, Biology 
JOHN M. COULTER, Forestry 
Eo ON S. BA TI , :eology 
W11.1.1Al\.C A. NOYE. , Chemistry 

JoIIN W. AL,•ono, Engineerinr, 
K~;N ORJO C. BA.Btoi·K. Representing the 

President of t111 · [",1i1 er ily of llli· 
nois 

THE ATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISTO 

ST,~Pmrn A. Fo1mEs, Chi et 

SCHNEPP & BARNES, PRINT.QRS 

SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 
1922 

876-1200 



.\RTIC E X.-011 tlir N11111bas and Local Distrib11tio11 of llli11ois 
Land Birds of //,e Open Country in 1f'i11tcr, Spring. and Fall. BY 
STEPHEN .\. F RBE AND ALFRED 0. GRO s. 

Probably nothing can seem further removed from the sources of 
intere~t in ornithology which attract the general l>ircl lover to an ol> erva-
tion and tudy of birds than a ma s of stati tical data concerning the 
number_ of the different pecie in different ea on , region , and habi-
tat. ; but with a ufficient exercise of the imagination one may translate 
thi · dull array of figures into a captivating vision of the actual bird Ii f e 
of the broad area from which the data have l en drawn-a -vi ion which 
hould add immen ely to our conception of the ignilicance of bird in 

the life of the ,Yorld and of their intere t to the observer and the tudent 
of nature. ,ve commonly think of a robin as one of a small. scattered 
group on a little part of a lawn. earching. with captivating grace and 
individuality of attitude and action, for the earthworm and in ·ect of 
it breakfast menu; or of a single meadowlark a piping it lovely lay 
with generous abandon in th dewy morning from a fence post be i<le 
the meadow; but ,ve may multiply our pleasure in the recollt::ction a 
thou.and fold if \\e can think at once of hundred of thou and f each, 
spread over a va t area, their numher thickening here. dilnt cl there. 
according to ituation an<l circumstance. like a delicately shaded pig-
ment u ed to paint a robin picture or a meadowlark picture of the State 
of Illinoi .. The read r of our paper ' mu t upply the color:, it i true, 
but that will he ea. y if he i a well-equipped colorit,t. It i our to 
. how where and how and in what depth of tint they must be laid on to 
make the picture as true as po . ihle to the life of field and forest, thicket 
and swamp. summer ancl winter, north and south. 

It ha· been our general plan to work al fir t with broad trokes of 
the full bru h. refining upon our neutral backaroun<l by degrees an<l 
·nding, as we hope to do in a paper following the pr senl one. with the 
final details for ea.ch speci taken up eparat ly and f <Jllnwcd all over 
the tale and around th• year. Thi . one ltme more. howev r. w must 
re ume our method of hlncking in the keletal outline· and the basal 
features of the local ornithology. as intelligently a. w can with some-
what inaclcquale material,,;, leaving it lo others to give life and finish to 
the ketch. 

T1rn ~'1 TER Brnns 
In planning the pre cntation of the product of a partial ·urvcy of 

the Janel bird of Tllinoi made in HJOG, ln01', l!JO~. and 190D, it eemc l 
be t thal we hould lirsl di~ct1 the species r •. id ·nt in the late in um-
mer anri in winter. re p ·tively. following with th• much more difficult 



3!) 

treatment of the bird· of the tran 1t1on period covering the ~pring and 
fall migration . ur reporl on the ummer residents ha already been 
published*, and ·we have next to r I ort on the winter re ident of the 
. tate. o far as they were observ d in a ingle sea. on travel. 

Th \\ inter ·ea on i . of cour e, in trong c ntrn t to ummer jn 
r pect t th d minant pecie of bird and their numb r.. ancl in the 
ar ater freed 111 f their mo em nt ·, inc they hav only their ,,·n 
plea ure and wclfar t eek, quite fre fr m re.--pon ibility f r a follow-
ing generation \Yhich in ummer indi\'idualize th ir int re. t , chain 
them to ne locality, and dominates 1110. t f their activities. ln \Yint r 
th ir gregariou. t nd ncie can a crt them. elve · unch keel, and they 
move mu h mor generally in fl cl · . w eping wicl ly fr m place to 
rlace, a the weath r change . in a free earch for helt r an<l a com-
parativ ly . canty food uppl). The .·treme f the tat are als much 
more unlike at this time than in ummer, the ~outhern I llinoi hird 
Jiving under nditicm appr aching tho. e of the p rpetual t1111111 r of 
the tropic , while the n rthern Illin i • bird pa th ir winter not far 
out icle the lge f a fri_gid zone. How the e differ nc s are cxpre . ed 
in the number of pecies as ·well a the population d n itie of northern 
and outhern Illinoi re pectivcly, ,Yill J re ently be shown. 

The winter dates of our lllinoi !Ji rel urvev extend f ram November 
· ;t HJO<-i. to F bruary · 1, 1!10 , the n rlhern Ilfino1s olrcrvalion ha ,·ina 
b en made from Nov mher •J3 to · 0 and January · L lli. tho e for 
c ntral Illin i from Dec mber ;, to 1.' and January 16 to F I ruary l, 
and tho e f r uthern lllinoi. f ro111 Februar U to "l. Thev how et-
tled winter · ndition: in each ection f the tale xcept tha't three fall 
migrant. th anada goo e, \Vil on nipe, and pipit. were een in 
1101ihern Illinoi - in oveml er in v ry mall numb r - · , 1. and re-
pectively. The distance travel d on the e wint r trip , th acreage 

covered by th urvey, the number of bird identified an<l counted, and 
the average numliers per quare mile are hown in the follo\\"ing tabl 

REAGID F Snt\'lsY J\ '-D t.tirnER r,' Brno. 
Wr;-.TE:H 01.- 1906 A . · o 1907 

Section Miles creage Ratio umbers per 
traveled covered square mile 

Southern 88.9 1422.40 1 185 36 
entral 147.6 2638.76 1.86 1815 440 
orlhern 130.1 2317.21 1.63 1520 420 

State :366.6 637 .37 5193 520 

• The Numb r and Local Dis tribulion in ummer of Illinois Land Birds of 
tl, p n ount1·y. By Stephen A. Forbes and Alfr d ,ro s. ul. 111. late 
, a l . Hist. Surv., ol. XIV, Art. 6, p. 1 7-21 , Pl. 35-70. 



3~)!) 

Comparin° \\"inter and -ummer bird of our record for th three 
section of the . tate in the year 1 !106-0,, we fin<l that the \\'inter bird 
per qua re mile were fewer 1.Jy 3~' than those of the '-Ul1llller time for 
central and northern lllinoi (-!:30 and 630 re!,,pectively), Intl that the 
southern lllinois bin.I · were '22.6o/o more numerou per quar mile in 
winter than in gummer ( 36 to 6 2). Thi southv urd concentration of 
the birds of the winter will. of cour e. vary areatly accordino- to the 
character of the ea:..m1, . evere fall and winter weather equalizing the 
lllinois Ji:..trihution hy driving the mor ensiti,·e pecte quite beyond 
the li undaries of the state. 

\\'1:\'TER A;\!) S '.:\l\lF.lt Brno. PEIi 
SQl ' .AHJ~ MILE, 1906- 07 

Winter ·ummer 
Soulhern 36 682 
C'en tral 440 650 
Northern 420 610 

tate 520 644 

The complete Ji-,t of the winter bird of our ·nrvey numb r fifty-
two . pecies. forty-t\\ o of which \\'ere in outhcrn. twenty-nine in central. 
and thirty-one in northern Illinoi . , or thirty- even in both the latter taken 
together ·orthern nncl central [llinoi· were clo~ely alike in the ·pecie 
of their winter bird·. differing mainly in the fact that the horned lark 
and rcdpoll came rlown in very mall number into the northern pan 
C1f the stat without reaching central Illinoi , that another northerner. 
the Lapland longspur. wa . v ry abundant in northern Illinoi Lut rare in 
central. and that the cardinal. mo_t abundant in the south in winter. 
wa:- :-een in central Illinoi but not in northern. 1n ·outhern l]linois. 
on the other hand .. ixtcen , pe ies were found \\'hich \\·ere not een fa1·-
ther north. Seim· of these doubtle occurre<l in central and nonhern 
Illinni., lrnt the fact that they were not ·e n th re in · i c' mile· of travel 
but \\ere found in outhern ·111i11oi-. in le •.- than n third of that di ·tance, 
i:-. an indication that, if not \\'anting- in the north, they were at any rate 
much morl alnmd~rnt ~outhwar<l. Furthermore, th«:: number. of winter 
uird p ·r :-.quarc mile were virtual!) equal in the two nrinhern1110 t -;e ·-
ti11tb. I 00 l1ird 111 northern I llino1 corre ponding to 11,;; in central. l,ut 
in :outhern I llinoi · the number \\ a~ Yirtuall, t\, ice as great a. that of 
the other -,eel 1011 . united. 1110 of the latt •r eorre ponding to I!)!) of the 
former. Th· fullo\\ ing thirteen of our Ji fty -two winter s)'c:cie. are 
requir d to make up ,·;, per cent. of the tntal numb ·r of l11rd · ·en and 
counted in the stat~. and the c tal· n together av~ragecl -l l.i to the qnarc 
mile. or a])(Jut l\\O bird . lo every three acre . leaving eventy-live l,irds· 
to th, . 11uare mile for the n:mainmg thirty-nine pee it'.!>, or more th11.n 
eight acre to the bird. 



400 

:VQER OF TllF. MORE ABUND .T Wr. TEB Bran OF ILLl-
XOI , 1906 AKD 1907 {85 PER EiST, Ll. T) 

Names 

Crow 
Lapland longspur 
Junco 
Prairie horned lark 
English sparrow 
Goldfinch 
Tree sparrow 
l\feadowlark 
Quail 
Blu jay 
Cardinal 

Iourning dove 
Chickadee 

Totals 

Nos. seen 
and counted 

768 
677 
567 
476 
414 
336 
303 
269 
234 
114 

93 
8 

87 

4426 

Nos. per 
sq . mile 

77 
6 
57 
4 
42 
34 
30 
27 
24 
11 

9 
9 
9 

445 

THE DATA BY ... ECTIONS OF THE TATE 

Turning now to the tion of th tate. we nnd li'.- bird recorded 
from outhern Illinoi. -an average of :JG to he quare mile. Fourteen 
of the forty-one pecie are needed to make up , .- per cent. of the whole 
numb r. The. e m re abundant spe ie total d i 0G to the qua re mile, 
and the twenty- even le abundant _pecie . 130 to the mile. Otherwi e 
stated. the fourteen promin nt pecie averaged J 19 bir<l each and the 
tw nty- eYen le · abundant pecie averaCTed fourteen each. The numeri-
cal data for the more abw,dant birds are as foil ow - : 

, lBERS OF TITE MORE ABUN"D.\~T W1 TER BIRDS OF 
S HERN lLLI:\ IS, 1906 A~O 1907 

( 4.5 PER F.XT. LL T) 

Numbers umbers per Species seen and square mHe counted 

Junco . 416 1 7 
Meadowlark 268 121 
Quail 180 81 
Bluebird 82 37 
Mourning dove 81 36 
Blue jay 79 36 
Turlcey vulture 70 31 
Prairie horned lark 63 29 
Tufted titmouse 62 28 
Carolina chickadee 60 27 
Purple finch 58 26 
Tree sparrow 53 24 
Cardinal 51 23 
Song sparrow 44 20 

Totals 1567 706 



401 

~ixty-nine per cent. of the bird belong to 31 permanent re5ident 
pecie . and :3 I% to • species of winter reside11ts, the latter mainly 

junco , purple linche , tree sparrow. , and white-throated sparr ws. 
entral and northern Illinoi re embled each other and differed from 

_outhern Illinoi - in the £act that although they are \\'idely unlike in the 
. tati.-tical particular of our survey. the winter fields of both were swept 
hy ranging flock· of virtually the ame gregarious pecie , which made by 
iar the greater part of the bird population of both sections. . ix species 
out of thirty recorded composed, in the. e northern sections, 7 and 88 
per c nt. of the whole number seen. The two following list of species 
of principal winter birds differ only in the substitution of the junco in 
central l llinoi :- for the Lapland long pur in northern; and their combina-
tion into one improves our picture of the winter bird life of these parts 
of the . tate . 

• ·i·. J B1:.H~ Of THE PRIN IP,\ L VlT~TEB Bmos OP' E'\"TRAL 
lr,l . l'.\!llS, 1906 AND 1907, (88.5 PER CENT. LT "T) 

Species umbers Numbers per 
seen square mile 

Crow 526 128 
Prairie horned lark 338 82 
English sparrow 332 81 
Goldfinch 153 37 
Junco 141 34 
Tree sparrow 113 27 

Total 1603 389 

'L\lJJEI(, OF TilE PrtHiCil'AL WI :-nm Bmos OF rORTITERN 
l I l, 1 'i'Ol , , 1906 AND 1907, ( 87 PER EN"r LI. 1') 

Species 

Lapland longspur 
Crow 
Goldfinch 
Tree 8parrow 
Prairie horned lark 
English sparrow 

Tota l 

----- --
Numbers 

een 

675 
207 
179 
137 
75 
50 

1323 

umbers per 
square mile 

1 6 
57 
49 
38 
21 
H 

365 



40' 

OJ\'!BJNRI> lo. 'I.' AB ,'DA T LIST. 1906 AND 1907. ENTlUL 
A, ' O OltTliER:. !LJ.I:\'OTS. 3.3 PER E.'T. Ll T) 

Species umbers Per square 
counted mile 

row 733 95 
Lapland longspur 675 7 
Prairie horned lark 413 53 
Engli b pa,row 3 2 49 
Goldfinch 332 43 
Tree sparrow 250 '>? •~w 

Junco 141 19 
-- -- -

Total 2926 378 

·omparina the foregoing ratio wilh tho e of .outhern Illinoi., we 
see in the wint r oird o ( th omhern ection a difference fr rn the 
northern ection in the number of the more dominant peci like that 
to which attenti n was called in ur di cu sion of the um mer bi rd of 
the tat . To make 5 per cent. of the t tal number of winter bird we 
mu t take f r outh rn lllinoi 111 re than :3G per cent. f th pecie , and 
for central and northern lllinoi nly 19 per cent.-nfte n .pecie. in 
southern lllin )1 a compar d with seven in n rthern-c ntral. The rela-
tively <Yr at r e logical complexity of the oulhern part of the tate i 
thus reflected, in \\"inter a well a in . ummer. in the <Yr ater number of 
peci f bi rd . \\'ith number large enotwh to make them important a 

members of the rnithological omrnunity. 
The winter bird f central and north rn Tllin i 

w r f wer per quar mil by :l2 r nt. than th of the ... ummer-
tim (-!:rn to 630), but th ulhern Illinoi bird were 22.6 p r cent. 
more numerous p r qua re mile in winter than in • ummer (, :,Ci to G, · ) . 

ur general average per quar mile for the tat a::- a whol were ;·>o 
for th wint rand fil i for lhe . ummer- the winter numb r nc:irly ''{ 
per cent. maller than the ttmmer. 

RESIDE CE CLAS E .'\ND THEIR EA O .\L l\JO\'E IE tT 

From this point nward. w shall make much u. e of table .how-
ina the r idence cla. ification of th pecie d alt with. and a f w word 
of general information s em n cessary. 

!though the llird. of a locality r f an ar a f moderate iz 
fairly uniform ecological condition, ar . omewhat lefinitely clivi. ibl 
the four da. f perman nt re ·idenL, winter r • id nt . . ummer r i-
tlent . and migrants ( the la ·t term b ing used for tho e whi h pa . en-
tirely throuo-h th ar a in migrati n), a trid la _ ilicati n on thi ba i 
i · impracticable . ince the northward and outhward range of a peci s 



+03 

may vary conjderably in different year if lhe critical sea. ons are much 
unlike, and the numbers of a specie.:; dimini h o gradually as the boun-
daric of it.:; range are approached. that it i u ually impos ·ilJI to draw 
them di tinctly. \Ve have made as <l finite a rcsid nee classification of 
the bird. oi our li~t5 for each ection of the tate as our data will permit, 
u ing not only our O\nl ob ervation but all available information hoth 
publi ·hed and unpublished, ignoring, however, merely occasional occur-
rences and . canty number . since the e are ecologically in . ignificant; 
and we h;n elm\\ n upon our statistical data to determine as accurately 
a po. siblc the 1110\ ments and numerical relation oi the different 
cla se. in the four annual seasons and the three sections of the tate. 

It is an imcrc ·Ling fact that only l t.1 per cent. of the -:bl mid,,intcr 
.pccic. nf our ]i:,t were \\'inter resident in outhern Illinois, the remain-
ing "2.tJ per cent. being permanent re idents in that region. In centn.1 
lllinoi . on the other hand .permanent resident specie. were 6-1:.3%, and in 
northern lllinoi" 5, .2~<' of the whole number. the ratios thus dimin-
i hina rapidly northward. vVhile th wint r residence ratios remained 
fairly uniform (1, .1. 1, .9. and 10.0, outh to north), the summer species 
pre ent in winter increa ed in numbers northward (0.01 14.3, and LD.O), 
ancl the migrant . pecies were either absent. or present in only in ·ignifi-
cant numl>er. 

CO)IP.UU.O. ' OF RE lllEN E R,\TlO J. SE<TIO.•,· OF 'l'llE S •t'A1E. WlNTER OF 1907 

Svecies 

orthern 
Central 
Southern 

All Birds 

'orthern 
Central 
Southern 

Nflfivcs 

Northern 
Central 
Southern 

Permanent 

57.2 
64.3 
82.9 

62.9 
84.3 
69.4 

61.4 
80.8 
68.9 

Winter 

19.0 
17.9 
17.1 

35.5 
15.0 
30.6 

37.0 
18.4 
31.1 

Summer 

19.0 
14.3 

o.o 

1.3 
0.6 
0.0 

1.3 
0.7 
0.0 

Migrant 

4.8 
3.5 
0.0 

0.3 
0.1 
0.0 

0.3 
0.1 
0.0 

Thi · i all. of cour e, what ,,e . hould expect, more species of hirds 
remaining throughout the year in the more equable . outhern climate, 
ancl the number driYcn outhward in winter increa ing a we pas to 
area. of greater cold. The agn·emcnt of our c;tatisti with this ohviou 
inf rence tend-; to giYe us confidence in their sufficienc), although the 
validity of th e.·acl numher of our tables is n v rthclcss left in doubt. 

It may seem . t range at first that pecies properly clas ed as . urn mer 
rc ·ident throughout the late hould b more largely repre ente<l in 



401 

winter in n rthern Illinoi than in c ntral, and more ~O in central than in 
outhern, but evid ntly th larg r the numb r of ummer pecies re-

tiring outhward in winter the lar r will be the numl>er that \\'il l leave 
a few repr"scntativ . in especially favorabl haum . The umm r resi-
dent wbi h eemin ly linger into winter are very lik ly migranL from 
th north rn edO'e of the umm r ar a o( th pecie . . accu L m d to a 
lower temperature throughout the year than their f llows. lt eem 
po ~ilJle, if not probable, that the n-h I ma u f a pecie mo Ye in 
migration. not a a 111 b. but a a 111 re or less fixed array. those n rthem-
mo l at the bcginnin o( the m v ment b ing al north rnm . t at it 

nd. acb part of the array eekin the kind of limate t l \\'hich it ha 
uecom accu tamed. If thi i th ca the ummer birds of n rthern 
Illinois whose area of urnmer r sidence extends farthest northward 
will be mo t lik 1 ' t leave a r ognizable number i r ' I r ntative in 
north rn Illin i~ in winter, and thi . will be especially lik ly if th pecies 
contain a large number o( bird . ther thing being equal. member 
of the migrating p cie represented by the larg . t number will Le mo t 
likely to be found in winter farth ·t north. 

ur tables of residence cla ification for the three .cction o[ the 
tate and the four sea ons of Lhe year how the cff ct of chang of ea.· n 

on the ge O'raphical di trihutl n f the species tabulat d, and the lir·t 
division of each table i thus th e senlial part f it: in this the ·rccics 
is the unit and 11ot th hird. TIP 111111tber of birds helono-ing to a 
. pec1c 1 · a econdary matt r in letermining it geocrraphical di . triuu-
tion, antl a the . econd an I third ction of our tab! d al with such 
numlJer they have r latively little iO'nili ance in a r . icl n e cla . ifi a-
tion. 

WINTER BYRD IN II BITAT 

The acr ag of om o( the veO' talion area: cm·er d by the "·inter 
operation of our bird urvey-namely, . wamp, ~-? acr s. nrchard:, :3" 
acr s yards and ard n . 26 acre ... - ar so small a t he of doubtful 
valu · f r ur purpo. s, but th I e of c real and forag rop , wood . . 
. hrubberv. and wa. te and fall w land , ranging fr m 2.)0 t 1 j fl 
acre ea-ch, may be u ed t fair advantao- . There i . of cour. e, 
much le to differentiate them a bird resorts wh n , . g tati n is d acl 
over all o( th m and the round i often cov red with now than ther 
i in the varied and fruith.1I ummer . eason. The greg-ariot1l- habit of 
mo ·t wint r l,ird a1ls for a laro- r number of ob. erYati n as ential 
to dep ·ndable average. :.th hara ter f th : a. on ha much to d with 
the abun<lan ·e an<l ~outhward rnnge of several of our typical "·inter 
re id nt ; and it is nly by rare chance that the data of a . ingl ,,·i• Ler 
can approximate an averng for th wint rs of a clecad . 1 ,, rthele: ' 
our r c rd d numbers from diff rent habitat eem worthy f report 
a a mean of depicting lh contra t in the bird population f the state 



405 

111 the sea onal extremes of th year, a view of which is necessary to 
an under_ tanc.ling of the tran it ion period · of pring and fall. 

Acm;;.\OES OF WINTER BmD 

Habitats 

Corn 

und 

fallow 
Gardens 

Wheat 
Stubble 
Plowed gro 
Pasture 
l\Ieadow 
Swamp 
Woods 
Orchard 
Shrubs 
Waste and 
Yards and 
Miscellanea us 

Tot.al 

Southern 
Tllinoi 

229.75 
289.29 
161.99 

18.30 
184.34 
114.34 

22.27 
209.55 

19.02 
33.09 

116.41 
8.18 

15.87 

1422.40 

RVEY 011' 1906 ANO 1907 

Central 
Illinois 

876.12 
259.42 
342.26 
325.31 
501.58 
198.48 
....... 

4 .99 
16.36 
11.66 
35.40 

5.47 
17.72 

263 .76 

orthern 
Illinois 

683.93 
76.83 

305.62 
223.41 
498.4:i 
305.00 

. ...... 
58.64 

2.44 
17.95 
97.86 
12.30 
34..80 

2:117.21 

State 

1789. 0 
625.54 
809. 6 
567.02 

1184.35 
617.82 

22.27 
317.1S 

37.82 
62.70 

249.67 
25.95 
68.39 

6378.37 

1 n the ean:h f r food and protection, the winter bird of the tate 
( mainly c;eed eater:) were found in the large. t number in corn field . 
pa ture .... and ,voodlanc.l -about a fourth of all in the fir ·t, a sixth in the 
econd, and an ei rhth in the la t of the ~e ituation . 1n numb rs per 
quare mile. the ratio. \\Cre of cour. e very Jifferent, corn field , wh at. 

. tnbl1le, and pa ture having about equal a erao-e. , meadow ancl ti 11 
of plowed o-rotmd con ·iderauly maller, anti the tree and shrub associa-
tion (orchard ·. \YOod • and hrubbery). nearly five times as many to 
the unit of area a the open country. Indcccl, from our number per 
qua re mil for th· whole . tate i would . eem that there ar in "inter 

l111t three la se: of bird habitat, th op n field , th woocl . wast . and 
orchanL. anti yard~. aarden . and hrubb ry. reprec;;ent cl in our .,urv y 
by the very unequal area of ,j,'.i!Hi, 1;0.-. and , !1 acre , re..,pectivcly: the 
fir t \\"ith -12:~ bird. lo the . quare mile, the second with 115~, an<l the 
thinl \\"ith Gi G. 

To \\ hat extent the: hig-hcr clcn ities are related inversely to the 
. malll'r area of the da, e of hauitat · in which they occur, the bird: 
characteri ·ti· of the le s e.·ten ivc habitat being found merely to con-
centrate th "r . it i-.. impo iblc for u lo ay. Th . am o-en rat r la-
t ion!- a..; to d .n ity rat in hold in th ' section of the slat lak ·n pa-
mt ly. although cliffen:nce or winter ·Ii mate aml the occasi nal occur-
rence oi Hocks nf junco . tree parrow , and Lnpl;111d long pur so o,· r-
"" ~igh th a\'erage 111 many a · . that th· cl ·tailed figur' have little 
significance. 

Thi . clisturhing eITect oi the gregarious hahit of wint r bir<ls is 
ill11 tr,1tecl by the 11or11111u . numl r per -cp1nr · mil f1111nd in lhc :- ; 



406 

acre of yard and garden urveyed 111 central 1llinoi -an O\'erplu · 
wholly due to English sparrows-and by the large northern Illinoi 
average in wheat and meadow , due to flock of Lapland lona~pttr 

ncountered in thes fields. 

N _ (BER, SEEX ND O ' ' TEil OF A.1.L WL-TER Bum .. IX TIIE E\ERAL HA-BITAT 

orn 
Wheat 
Stubble 

HabHats 

Plow d ground 
Pa ture 
Meadow 

wamp 
Woods 
Orchards 
Shrubs 
·waste and fallow 
Yards and Gardens 
Miscellaneous 

Total 
All English sparrows. 

Southern 
Illinois 

497 
59 

134 
3 

164 
99 
42 

621 
65 

104 
158 

10 
2 

1858 

t irainly Lapland longspurs . 

Central 
Illinois 

660 
28 

135 
160 
390 

23 

52 
14 
80 

110 
150* 
13 

1815 

Northern 
Illinois 

225 
326t 
258t 

30 
272 

193t 

41 
1 

25 
127 

2 
20 

1520 

State 

13 2 
413 
527 
1sa 
826 
315 
42 

614 
80 

209 
395 
162 

35 

5193 

• I6ER PEI~ SQ ARE MILE OF .ALL INTER Brrm le\' THE KVETU.L HABIT.\T 

Corn 
Wheat 
Stubble 

Habitats 

Plowed ground 
Pasture 
Meadow 
Swamp 
Orchard 
Woods 
Shrubs 
Wast and fallow 
Yards and Gardens 
'1isce1laneous 

• Mainly tree sparrows. 

Southern 
Illinois 

1384 
131 
529 
105 
569 
554 

1207 
2187 
1591 
2011 
555 
782 
81 

t English parro,vs only. 

Central 
Illinois 

482 
69 

252 
315 
498 
74 

fi48 
679 

4391 
19 !)• 

17550t 
469 

ortllern 
Illinoi 

211 
271 
540 

86 
349 
405 

447 
891 
831 

1041 
36 

State 

494 
423 
417 
218 
446 
319 

1354 
1239 
2133 
]013 
3995 
328 



-to; 

WIXTt'R Brau. PF.R Ql .\RI': MTLE IX GROUP Ok' HMIIT.\TS 

Southern Central Northern State 

Open fields 626 357 402 423 
Woods, waste and or-

chard 1380 1112 680 1153 
Shrubbery, yards and 

gardens 1768 8593 7849 2676 

The ror11 field in winter evidently presents a le s drea1·y aspect to 
bird than to man. a is hown by our tate average of nearly 300 bi1·d. 
to the square mile in that itualion. To a winler bird what \Ye call a 
corn field may often seem to be rather a field of weeds, mainly seed-
bearing gra ~e:. of the kind which are likely to take po se ion, e pe-
cially in a wet :e:i on. after the corn i 'laid by." Comparing the corn-
field ratio of bird with the winter averages for all habitat we find 
them only half a large in northern Illinois {211 in corn to .J.20 for 
the whole area), a little larger in central Illinois (4 2 to -!-10 and 6-
per cent. larger in outhern Illinoi · ( 13 -! to X36). The high ratio iu 
southern Illi11ois corn field wa mainly due to flock of junco . ranging 
in number of bird from 3 to 24. only -l of the 133 corn-field junco 
recorded haying been ingle bird. ; to equally large flocks of meadow-
lark in corn fields ( 3 to 36 in number , only 2 of J:3-1: of the e bird· 
haYing been seen singly). and to one flock of ,4 mourning dove. re.·t 
to the-,e d mmant ~pecie · came quail. in two covie of 1 and 27 each, 
crow. . olitary or only 2 to 5 together, red-headed woodpecker . . ino-le 
of cour e. and Lree parrows in one flock c but otherwi e cattered. 

In ceutral Illinois the crow wa the d minant specie in our corn 
field record -, mainly howeyer. by r a on of t,Yo large flocks, one of -U 
ancl another with an e-.timated number of 400.* The next in order of 
prominence wa · the English sparrow. but with a number per -qua re 
,mile only half the general winter average of the specie. for the tare 
( 41 to ,_ l). . n intere ting minor item j.., the occurrence of twenty 
cardinal· in corn. a much larger number than in any other central 
Jllinoi · ituation. and nearly l wice a large as wa found in the corn 
lidd of CJuthern 1llinoi . 

In the 11urt/1crn part of the late the leading . pecies were the Lap-
land long. pur. main! · <l lo I in a place but with one flock of : ' . and a 
flo k of .;:; gr,ldfinche .. 

• Th :,;,• w r !:',-en Dec ml>er l !n fl hl:s \\ hlch w re prubalilr not r.-t husl ed. 
and the C'ruw~ ~'.••re V.!rr lik<'l)' hr>Jpin~ tlwrns J\ ·~ 10 corn kern•·l.· from the tills of 
tht e;,r-:. ·ro th• Ian; •r grain-eating bird·. hu ·le •cl and unhu:<l,cd r1>rll fl •hl~ :tn' 
of cour:<,• H:IT 11if11t1 ent lt:ibltats. but unfortunately our field notl'S Pont11111 110 

rec1,n l_ of this distmctlon. 



40 

{':\HJF.llS l'li:R SQJ; RE M1.1 I,, cw •r1rn PRIX 1r. L W1~ ElR Bmo I'> COR.:i 

Species outhern entral orthern State 

Quail 75 13 16 
Prairie chick n 0 0 1 7 
Mourning dove 220 * 6 31 
I• licker 50 0 6 
Crow 39 341 2 1 3 
Meadowlarl{ 373 0 0 4 
English sparrow 41 12 25 
Goldfin b 0 54 22 
Lapland longspur 0 61 23 
Tree sparrow 33 24 17 23 
Junco 370 29 0 61 

'l'otal 116 448 196 445 
• Pre ent, hul in ll'ivial number. 

ur e ti nal data f r r, •lie(// ar (}'really li toned by flock of Lap-
land lonu pur in n rlh rn fllinoi , bringing th o- neral averag in wheat 
Jiel<l there to twice that for the southern and four tim . that for the 
central section. Th " bird were in thr e fl k. f .. 1 ~. and H 5. re-
. pecliv ly. The prairie horned lark ,ms the nly other . p cie e pccially 
abnnclant in northern Illinoi wh at field . "here it averao-ed 317 to the 
"ttuarc mile. a rati mainly clue. howe, r. t a , ingle flock. The "·heat 
Ji 11 · of c ntral lllinoi, were n ~arly <le litute of hir<l . the leadino- peci 
there bcinu junco , found hut thre time • . in number from 1 to n. and 
th tr e . parrow , I und but nee. in a flr ck uf -1. In s uthern Illinois. 
on nearly half a .ecti n of wh at . only.-,!, IJir<L were to he found. jun~os 
in thl'. large L numb r (31 to the quare mile) ancl next the, e the prairie 
h rned lark . m adowlarks, and bluebi,d . each in alJout l\ ·a-third the 
above average. 

In the tabl ne..\".t following, gro. irregularitie f th ectional 
li s t are . moolh cl clown ome\\·hat in the column of averaae for the 
tale as a whol , but they ar till too large t have mu h if an, value 

a . Lati . tics. They how what wa · actually found by a limited number 
of ob. en·ations in one winter, but warrant n in ferenc that they would 
h duplical d in any imilar ar a in anoth r. 

N l'7\r BERl'l rr,m TN WHF,,\T 

Species oulhern orlhern State 

Prairie horned lark 24 5 317 52 
row 0 7 33 7 
leado,; lark 24 * 0 11 

Lapland longspur 0 0 2366 291 
Tree parrow 0 12 0 5 
Slate-colored junco 31 32 0 28 
Cardinal 0 5 0 2 
Blu bird 22 0 0 10 

Total 101 61 2716 '106 



409 

The record f r fields of sf ubble is quite a irregular a~ that for 
wheat. quail and meadowlarks d minating in . outhern Illinoi , prairi 
horned lnrk in central, crows and Lapland longspur. in northern, and 
the last of thes · in the state as a whole, with prairi horned lark and 
crow next in order. . n intere. ting item is the occurrence in ~outhern 
Illinoi of ufficient number of ong ~parrow and bluebird · to bring 
these pecie int the "mor abundant" Ji ·t. 

t·)tnEn PER BBT.,E 

Species outhern Central tate Illinois Illinois 

Quail 142 19 8 40 
Prairie horned lark 79 131 31 83 
Crow 8 52 119 69 
l\Ieadowlark 158 * 0 33 
English sparrow 0 34 * 15 
Lapland Iongspur 0 0 335 127 
Tree sparrow 36 6 1:-1 14 
Song parrow 24 0 0 5 
Bluebird 24 0 0 5 

Total 471 242 506 391 
• Pre ·ent in onl y ll'h ia l numbe>rs. 

On ploivrd c1ro1111d. the 1110. t triking feature wa the dominance 
of the prairie horned lark in central Illinoi - 211 to the l1uarc mile n 
the :l·?5 acri.:. uf that hahitat. ver four-fifth of th s bird were in 
two flocks of :1, and 18 respeclively, the remainder icrurrin~ in . cat-
tercel ·mall number . The olher important a vcrages " re ."' .') j unro . and 
3:l En?"li:-.h parr " to the quare mile in entral Illinoi . Only three 
LinL ,, re f und on ighteen acre. of southern Illinoi. plowed land, 
while on ·2· :1 at.:re in n rthern Illinoi ther were approximately qua! 
numuer of prairie horneu larks and Lapland lono-~pur . with auout half 
a many Encrli · h parrows. Th leading pecie-; for the tate a :-; a whole 
( r •ally only central anu northern Tllin i , • ince the outhern acreag , of 
pl wed ground \\ a. very small), w re the prairie horned lark with 1;30 
to the ·<1uare mile, junco with 32, and Engli h parrow with •JI . 

PF.ii SQr\n1-· ;\[11 •: OF 1'HF Pn1xc1r\r, ¥lr'i 'rJm Ilt1m.!- ox Pu:,wi-.;o 

pecies I Southern I enlral Northern 
Illinoi Illinois Illinois 

Prairie horn rl lark 0 211 23 
row 0 0 * 

English sparrow 0 33 11 
La11lan<1 longspur 0 * 20 

late- olorecl junco 0 55 0 
rnu terminecl 0 0 20 

-~-Total 0 29!) 74 
Tri\ ial numh r ~ only. 

tate 

130 
* 24 

10 
32 
8 

204 



410 

The winter data of our pasture area of nearly 500 acre are e. pe-
cially interesting and much more sati factory than tho e ju. t di cu ed 
the only 1mportant irregularity being excessive number of prairie horned 
larks ( J 6 to the square mile in central Illinoi as compared with north-
ern and outhern, which are 14 and 80 re pectively). It i true that the 
tree sparrows were more abundant to the northward and junc to the 
outhward, but thi i consi tent with the ,vinter distribution of the 

species, the junco going as far to the outh as the Gulf tates and the 
tree parrows tending to linger in the lalitud of Kentucky and the 

arol1nas. Otherwi e the numbers o( the more abundant pecies are 
fairly imilar in central and northern Illinois, only the chickadee being 
notal>ly commoner in the northern section. That quails, flickers, meadow-
lark , purple finches cardinal , and bluebirds should be much the mo t 
numerou in outhern Illinoi pa ture wa to be xpected for variou 
rea ons-the greater abundance of birds in general to the outhwarcl. 
the u ·trnl avoidance of rigorou winter wealher by 111 adowlark . cardi-
nals, and bluebirds. the much larger area in forest in southern Illinois, 
and the more abundant ground-cover of kind ought by the quail. 

For the state as a whole we found birds of the winter pasture 
pi·ominent in about the following order: goldfinch, prairie horned lark. 
Engli h parrow, junco, crow tree sparrow, purple finch, chickadee, 
meadowlark, quail, and bluebird, in averages ranging from 13: to the 
quare mile for the fir t to for the la t of this series. 

,H11ER PER S ARE MtLE OF THE Pm ' IPAL WINTER Brao 1x PA 'TURES 

Species 

Quail 
Turkey vulture 
Flicker 
Prairie horned lark 
Crow 
Meadowlark 
Purple finch 
English sparrow 
Goldfinch 
Tree sparrow 
Slate-colored junco 
Cardinal 
Chickadee 

Jue bird 

Total 
• Only trivial numbers. 

Southern 
Illinois 

56 
21 
21 
80 
14 
59 

108 
0 
0 
7 

87 
14 

0 
45 

512 

. 

Central 
Illinois 

0 
0 
7 

186 
22 
0 
0 

45 
167 

5 
41 
10 

6 
0 

489 

Northern 
Illinois 

0 
0 
0 

14 
36 
0 
0 

40 
149 

55 
0 
0 

21 
• 

315 

State 

9 
3 
6 

97 
27 
9 

16 
36 

133 
27 
31 

7 
11 
s 

420 

-

l\tf eadows differ from pastures 111 our winter record in the smaller 
number f birds per quare mile 319 a compared with JJ6) ; in the 
mall r numb r aL ( th mor al unclant pecie ( G and 1 respectively) 



411 

nece ary to make up the 85 per cent. Ii ·t; and in the much greater 
irregularity of numbers per quare mile in the different sections and 
habitats. l\Ieadows seem. in hcrt, from our data to be a much le • 
attracti\' situation for birds than pa ture in winter a \rell a in urn 
mer, most of tho5e found there being wan<lei:ing flock or gregarious 
specie~. The contra t wa especially lrong in southern Illinois, where 
the more abundant list contained three pccies in meadows and eleven 
in pa. ture.. The inadequacy of our data for meadows is e. pecially 
hown. howe,·er, by the numbers in central lllinois. where, with a meadow 

acreage t"·o-thirds thal of northern lllinoi ·. the number o( birds pe1· 
square mile was le s than a fifth a large. a fact of which we can offer 
no plau ible explanation exc ·pl that the data of our record are too few 
to give u .. fair average where the bird are . o largely gn:gariou .* 

Tu,rnr,;ns rrut Squ.lllE l\ln.E m TIIE PnrxcrrAL WrNl'E'.R Brnns IN MEADOWS 

---

Species Southern Central Northern State Tllinois Illinois Illinois 
- --

Quail 122 0 0 19• 
Prairie horned lark 14 23 6 13• 
Blue jay 0 10 0 3 
Crow 0 6 40 23* 
Meadowlark 340 0 0 54• 
Lapland longspur 0 0 332 169* 
Tree sparrow 0 10 6 6* 
Slate-colored junco 0 10 0 3 

l - --
Total 476 59 384 290 

• The Ogures starred malce up 6 per cent o! the tolal number of winter binl ri 
Ln Illinois m eadows. 

'1 he southern Illinois area of 22 :1 acres of s1.vamp brought under 
ob·ervation yielded ,J'> birds of eleven species, uf , hich three, howeYer, 
were hawk and one a turkey vulture. The others, e.·cepling a ~inule 
l,luebird, were all di ·tinctively woodland pecies. The acreage is so 
mall that the frequency figure. have but little value. 

ur 'l~1oodlaHd area of 317 acres. two-thirds of which is in southern 
"Illinoi . wa · well stocked with bird for the winter ca on-1;!)1 of 
them tn the qua re mile in oulhern, G ,!J in central, and ,j,t in northern 
Illinoi .. The ~cncral .talc average per sriuare mile was 12:J~,. representing 
thirty-one ·pccies. twenty-nine of which arc in the oulhern lllinoi.., lis t, 
eleven in the central, and ten in the northern. The commone<;t spcci ' . 
wa the junco, the next the blue jay, the next the turkey vulture, and 
th n the tufted titmouse, all prominent un the state list because of Lhcir 
dominance in oulhern lllinoi.. ..·even nf the 87 per cent. woodland 
list were, in fact, sc n in outhern Illinois only, namely, the quail, turkey 

• Fnr- n rll<IC'U!<.,lun or e::r •e:arlous nn,l solitA1·y 1:,peci s, se , Arlt le G, olunw 
XI\T. already clled. 



412 

vulture, purple finch, junco song parrow, Carolina chickadee, and blue-
bird. The tufted titmouse, occurring there at an average of 131 to th 
·quare mile, wa noticed in woodlands elsewhere only once. The promi-
nence of the goldfinch in the central Illinois list, (2 7 to the square mile) 
with only one record additional, is deceptive, being due to a ingle flock. 
Indeed, the actual number. f bird. cen in the woods of central am! 
n rthern Illinois are so small ( 48 and 35 respectively) that the pecie 
ratios there have little meaning. 

NmtBF,US PER SQ AUE MlLE OF TIIE PRINCIP,\L Wn·TEB. Bmo TN Woon 

Species 

Quail 
Turkey vulture 
Downy woodpecker 
Blue jay 
Crow 
Purple finch 
Gold.finch 
Tree sparrow 
Slate-colored junco 
Song sparrow 
·ardina1 

White-breasted nut-
hatch 

Tufted titmouse 
Chickadee 
Carolina chickade 
Bluebird 

Total 
umber negllgibl . 

Southern 
Illinois 

70 
156 

27 
162 

37 
40 
* 

28 
431 
12 
61 

12 
131 

0 
110 
107 

1384 

Central 
Illinois 

0 
0 
* 

13 
118 

0 
2 7 

0 
0 
0 

52 

105 • :rn 
0 
0 

614 

Northern 
Illinois 

0 
0 

66 
11 

164 
0 
0 

-44 
0 
0 
0 

33 
0 

66 
0 
0 

384 

State 

47 
105 

29 
113 
74 
27 
47 
27 

289 
8 

4-9 

37 
90 
19 
74 
72 

1107 

The winter orchard area of thirty-eight acre was also too small 
for any but a few hints of general tendencies, that of northern Illinois 
be.inu, in fact, quite negligible. Eirrhty uirds of thirteen species were 
recorded from orchards, 65 of them (eleven species) being from south-
ern lllinois, and 14 (five peci ) from central. Only the outbern list 
ha any . pecial ignificance, and here juncos make up more than half 
the total number. Purple finches. field sparrow , and Carolina chicka-
dees, next in order, were all seen the same number of times, and English 
parrows and cardinals nearly as often. The general southern Illinois 

winter average was 2187 birds to the square mile of orchard ·, and of thi 
numb r 1245 were juncos. The species were essentially those of the 
woodlands, only the English sparrow heing reported from the orchard 
and not from the fore t. 

As is to be expected in winter when shelter is a prime necessity, our 
ixty-three acre of hrubbery contained more birds to the square mile 



413 

than any other habitat-2]:HJ for the tate at large and 2008 for oulh-
crn Illinoi . in which more than half of our shrubbery area wa found. 
The central Illinois data are comparatively worthless becau e lwo flock 
of Engli h parr w and chickadee· re pectively contained 3 o( the 80 
birds noted in the hrubbery of that ection. Engli h sparrows and 
1uail numbered near!) half of all the birds of the state Ii t in shrubbery. 
and the other more abundant speci s were chickadees. juncos, and blue 
jay , the e five taken together making 82 per cent of all the shrubbery 
bfrd·, leaving lmt 1 per cent for the other twelve specie of the com-
plete Ii t. The . pecial outhern Illinois Ii t-one made up that i , of 
bird not e ·n in hrubbery farther north-comprises the quail, red-
bellied woodp cl·er. purple finch. tree sparrow. junco, song parrow, 
fox parrow. tufted tit.mouse, arolina chickadee, and bluebird-JO 
pecie out of 1, for the whole tate. 

Nu !BERS PER SQUARE MILE OF LL WINTER BIRDS FOUND IN' SURUBBER.Y 

Species 

Quail 
Hairy woodpeclcer 
Downy woodpecker 
Red-bellied woodpecker 
Blue jay 
Purple finch 
English sparrow 
Tree sparrow 
Slate-colored junco 
Song sparrow 
Fox sparrow 
Cardinal 
White-breasted nut-

hatch 
Tufted titmouse 
Chickadee 
Carolina chickadee 
Bluebird 

Total 

Southern 
111inots 

715 
0 

19 
19 

0 
174 
271 
58 

464 
38 
58 
19 

19 
38 
0 

58 
58 

2008 

Central 
Illinois 

0 
0 

55 
0 

165 
0 

2744 
0 
0 
0 
0 

55 

109 
0 

1262 
0 
0 

4390 

Northern 
Illinois 

0 
71 
71 

0 
429 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

35 
0 

284 
0 
0 

890 

State 

377* 
20 
41 
10 

155* 
93* 

653* 
31 

248* 
20 
31 
20 

41 
20 

317* 
31 
31 

2139 
• The numb •ri- starred make up G p r t nt of the tolal numb,·1· of sh1·ubb ry 

birds in rlle s ta I e at large. 

On our 2.=rn acre of 1.va.ste and fal/01.~• land . ;395 birds, representing 
nineteen specie , were f ound,-equivalcnt to 1012 to the square mile. 
~luch the mo t numerous of these w re the gregariou I ree , parrows 
and juncos, the latter ahout two-third a abundant as the former, (2· 4 
and :1G l to the qua re mi le re. pectively), the two togeth r making 5 
per cent. of the whole number of bird. . All hut one of the nineteen 
pecie. were repr . ented in the outhern Illinoi li t a again t 7 and 8 



414 

in central and northern Illinoi or 10 in both ection together, leaving 
!) species een in south rn Illin i and not farther north. .:.I .·t of the e, 
how ver, are u. ually to be found in central and n rthern lllinoi. in 
winter, but no loubt in smaller numbers than in the s uthern part of 
the tate. u ual, the outhern lllin i bird fauna wa n t only more 
diver ified than the north rn, but th leading pccies were each repre-
ented by a smaller number of bird.. bile three n 1rthern Illinois 
peci were uffi ient to make up .s per cent of the whole number in 

that section and two central Illinoi pecie were mor than nouuh, 
eight were needed in outhern Illinoi -namely, the junco, quail, tree 
sparrow. ong sparrow, blue jay, and cardinal and either the prairie 
horn d ]ark, meado\\'larl· or bluebird. 

N MBER PER SQ , nE MILE OF ALT, Vl INTER Brno L~ WA TE A 'iP F \LWW L, ros 

Species 

Quail 
Red-tailed hawk 
Hairy woodpecker 
Downy woodpecker 
Red-bellied woodpecker 
Flicker 
Prairie horned lark 
Blue jay 
Crow 
Meadowlark 
Tree sparrow 

late-colored junco 
Song sparrow 
Swamp sparrow 
Cardinal 
White-breasted nut-

hatch 
Tufted titmouse 
Chickadee 
Bluebird 
Unr cogn ized 

Total 

Southern 
Illinois 

127 
5 
5 

17 
11 
11 
22 
88 
11 
22 
99 

225 
99 

5 
66 

5 
17 

0 
22 
0 

857 

entral 
Illinois 

199 
0 
0 

36 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1121 
470 

54 
0 

72 

0 
36 

0 
0 
0 

1988 

Northern 
Illinois 

72 
0 
0 
7 
0 
0 
0 

13 
216 

0 
405 

'iO 
13 

0 
0 

0 
0 

39 
0 
0 

835 

• The numbers stal'l'ed make up 5% of the entire numher. 

State 

115* 
3 
3 

15 
6 
6 

12 
46* 
90* 
12 

364* 
224* 

60* 
3 

48 

3 
13 
15 
10 

6 

1054 

ur data for yards and gardens in winter call for bare mention only. 
On five northern Illinoi patches o cla ed. amounting lo ,'i -1 acr s. the 
only l,ird v,,ere two chickadees and these \.,·ere in a hedg-e b ide a 
barnyard and not in the yard it elf. In 5 ¼ acre of central Illinois and 
, %.of outhern, Enali h sparrow , in nwnbers averaging about a dozen 
to the acre, were the only birds een. compari on of th . e numberi,; 
witl1 tho e of the parrow in oth r ,ituation indicate that ,. 'll in 
wint r Passer domesticus is alma l wholly a dome tic p cie -;~n;3 to 



,J.J5 

the ~quart? mile in the yard and garden of the whole tale in \\·inter 
a . ..::ompared "ith li,53 to the square mile in hrubbery and 4'2 to the 
·ame ar a for the ·tate a a whole. 

THE f'Rl G l\lit.R.:\TIOi PERIOD • 

TIIE Brno· OF M,\RCII, .\PRIL, AND ~Lw, mo, 
The . pring bird. of each section of the state are divi ible into 

permanent re iclent specie . representative of which remain in that 
ection the ,·ear r mnd: winter r . ident lingerin for a time in the lap 

of pring; umm r 1·e~ident gradually arriving from the onth: and 
miarant .pecies \Yhich pass beyond the section to their breeding grounds 
farther north. . \~ yerything is in a . tate of flux from the beginning 
to the end oi spring. and a the current of bird life flowing no1-rhward 
are :-trongly influenced by highly variable local and temporary c ndi-
tion . tho c of th..: weather especially, the product nf our ~ur\'ey i like 
a moving picture rather than a tationary scene, and we can have no 
a ·:u1 ance that any feature of it will be definitely reprodu ed in any other 
y ar. A ·ingle ea. on' record i , in it d tail , on ample only of many 
cour e of e\·ent which may run through the same ea. on of uccc -iye 
years: but enn a inale . ample i doul,tlcs to be preferred to none. 

The tate wa . incompl tely covered in the pring of I HO by four 
trips: one acru · · its northern end from \\'auk gan to cale .:\Iound 
(~larch ·i to I ,l) : two in c ntral Illinoi ..... from Bloomington to Cham-
paian ( \larch 111 to 21) and from Danville to \Varsaw and thence back 
by a more outh~rly route (April l!l to ~fay :n); and one along the 
ea t ·rn h rder from TT an ey in oak coun~y to Brown. ville in \\'hite 
county ( :\larch '.?Ii t \pril 11 . The whole di lance thus traveled wa~ 
4-1:2.8 mil "· and the IJircb were: recognized ancl counted on areas amount-
ing to 7 .)~ acres, of "·hich 1, , 5 were in northern Illinoi , .'3. i?:~ in 
central, and 2000 along the eastern border. The central Illinoi: area 
wa. thus about qual to the two others taken together. The total of 7~,6 
bird counted and Ii ·ted belonge<l to 11, ,pecie:. ·):'; of which were found 
on the fir t or northern trip, 10, on the two central lllinoi trip ·. and 
(i, on th(' trips along the ea tern border. l<i\' of the northern Illinoi · 
:-.pecie:. :i:i of the n:ntral ection. and '21 of the ea t rn, ontril,ut "d , .::; 
per cent. of the total number of birds from their respective part,; of 
the late. Th numhc:r-. per qua re mile w ·re 31 I for northern, .; I; for 
central. and . . ;!I ior a tern Illinoi , with ,l!l:l to th ~ quarc mile a an 
averag · fur the whole ar ,a. 

If \\'l' arrange Lh1: number: oi hircl:; per :c1uar' mile in th· order 
of th • ·u ·cc ·,in: dale of the four trip:-, we find them increasing- ra1 irll\' 
from larch ·? tn . \pril 5, but fallin off in the perio<.l from April 20 
tn :\Tay 1!1 to appro. ·imatcly th· -.allll' number a~ th:1t for larch I !l tu 
·> I. ·1 hi-; ma, he tak ·n a-; viderKl' of an mcrca. ing local ti n it v of the 
bird population a· the ,,n,e of the ..: pring migration pro•ndecl north-



416 

ward, bird · fr m the outh coming in more rapi ly than winter resi-
dent I ft for the north, unLil about the middl of 1 ril. at which time 
th ere t of the wave ha<l pa . ed on. to he followed by a downward lope 
in it rear as the winter re ident ha ten d their <lepa1ture and dwin-
dling number of the late t migrants and th . ummer r !-ident came in. 

B1w. PEn SQUL\R8 Mrr.E TN' Sucoms~rvE ORTII-
t::l<N A o ' 1 TRA.f, ILLt or TRtP , 

SPinNG OF 1907 

March 2 to 15, orthero I11inoi 394 
March 19 to 21, entral Illinois 543 
March 29 Lo April 5, ntral Illinois 790 
April 20 to May 29, entral Illinois 549 

The d tail of the migration movement can be t be h wn by taking 
up the eparat trip in order, and <lividino- the ea tern I11inoi trip from 
north to oulh into tine e tion . orr p n<ling l our u ual divi ions 
of the tale. So proceeding, we hal l have two s t:; of <lata for n rthern 
Illin i , three f r central, and one for outhern, the areas covered in 
these ections beino- resp ctively '15, !5055, and :-i acre . 

The m t al undant pe i in no1thcrn Jllinoi . at the tim of the 
trip f rnrn \Yaukegan in Lak county to Scale· l\I uncl in Jo Daviess 
county ( i\far h 2-J. ) were the Ena-Ji h parrow. Lapland Iona- pur, 
crow, prairie horned lark and prairie hen, the e togeth r making up 

5 per cent. of the whole number of bird . Thi i e entially a winter 
list to which . mall nnmbe1·s of tr parrow , j tnco , and both varietie 

f h rned lark - may be added, l gether with wood1 ecker , nnthalche , 
and an oc a ional hawk. The spring migratio11 wa r pr ented by a 
few meadowlark ru ty blackbird , br nzed gradcl s. red-headed wood-
peck r · bluebird , robin . and mourning dove and a ingle ong parrow. 

'I'm,: Mo T AnU:\'11A " I' BIRD (85 PER E 'T. LJST), W,!,. KEG.AN 
TO ScAI.E Mo xo, M.,n n: 2 TO 15, 1907 

Species 

Engli h sparrow 
Lapland longspur 

row 
Prairi horned lark 
Prairie hen 

All birds p r square mile, 394. 

o. of each I Ratio to total No. 

475 
188 
151 
131 

42 

41.2 
16.3 
13.1 
11.4 

3.6 

f th lJ O bird rec gniz I, , 46, or 7 per cent., b longed to 
species cla. eel a· permanent re·idents, 1 , or Hl. per cent. were winter 
re. ident , :J.:3 p r cent. were ummer re i<lent , recently arrived from 

. outh, and .- ( ru ty, blackbirds), r less than one-half per cent., 
w re migrant . The :;pring infi ltnti n thu am unt d t le . than f ur 



11 i 

per cent. of the \\'h le number idcntihccl. The Engli h . parrnws w re 
mud, the 1110,.,t , lnmdant. their number amounting to 11 •arl) J:~ per cent. 
of all the l,ird .• ccn u11 the trip a ros-. lhc northern encl of th ~late. Th 
prairie hen \\a!-- rcprescnl ll h} -ii 1,inl . ec1ual to ;l.(; per cent. of the 
whole numlier Ji tecl. 

Rt•::-.wi,::..cf Cl-\l"H1F11'.\Tl<1X. , ,t rm,.,-,. Tn SCAl, 1~. :\1Iouxo. 
l\L\Htll 2-15, 1907 

Number 
Per cent. 

rumber 
Per cent. 

Number 
Per ceut. 

T t . rnt-.lt .\ ~Tl rl'R l E 'i'.T OF SJ>J•;( IE 

Pcn11c111c11I 1,1 i,11 lcr .:' /I t/1 II/ /"'r 

11 4 
45. 16 . 7 •l ,, ., 

,_:,t').u 

l' .\CUL.R .\ . 0 Pim C l•:'i'.T OF ~LI Clllll, • 

Perman 'Ut TI inter , ' 1(111-1/1(' /' 

46 21 3 
16.4 19.7 ? ') V • .,, 

r ,rnrrii .\. · n Pr, n l T-:, J' or- :,;- .\ Tl\'E. · 

P,·r1111111cnt 1T'intrr '11m111cr 
371 21 3 

5 .7 34.5 6.0 

M i[Jrnnt 
1 
4.2 

MifJ/'(lllf 
5 
0.6 

Migrant 
5 
0.8 

, 1 ll 
24 

100 

. tll 
1107 

100 

.L77 
632 
100 

That th "I rino- migration movement wa. in procrre~ in extreme 
north rn Jllinoi during this lir t half of i\Iarch, I !10~, may uc c:cn by 
co111parison oi the species ratios o( the re i<lence cla. ·e. oi :\larch '2-15 
with tho c of January ·2-1 Ii a follow. : 

R,\TIO or, SrE< 11•:.-. Nom u1m x 11 u:-.or:-;. WT:-;TEn .\XD SJ.>ltlXO 
p 1'1/lft JI f'/1 I TI'inl e,· S1w1111cr Migrant 

January 2-16 57. 2 19.0 19.0 4.8 
l\farch 3-15 4~.8 lG. 7 33.3 4.2 

Th um uf th ratio: oi permanent and winter r id nt pecie_ 
for the :pring- period ii- Je..,. by 1 + than that ior the ,vint r period, and 
the . um mer resident specie· ratio i greater by the amc amount. , \ 
compari ·on of the 1111111bers of nati7.•c birds in the evera l clas e , giYes 
mu ·h the ame re ult. although the diff rence · are le-; _ con!:>picuous. 
The p rman nt anrl "int '1' total for January exceed that f r ;\!arch 
by -1.~, and the summer and migrant total falb . hort the ·ame number. 

R.\r10. 01• N,•u\L Dum ·. Nmn1rnr:;11 II.Lrxois, W1'i'. •r~;H AND 
SPRl:\l,. 1!)07 

Prn,,rrn, 11 t 
61.4 
58.7 

lri11tcr ,u.mmrr Mir,mnt 
January 2-16 
l\Iarcb 2-15 

37.0 1.3 0.3 
34.5 G.O 0. 

p Cle. From th for ·going ~tntem ·nt:, we ma) inf •r (hat c rtain 
of permanent and \\ inter rt' iclcnce hart lo t in the arly sprin ' O many 

,,. r not of their nnmhn· lo th· nnrtlt that n·1,n.:.entat1v· uf th·111 
found on th ).Jarell trip aero ·s the northl·rn end of the :tat , hut that 



41 

other . pecie f the c classe had received acce i n from the outh 
in larger numb r than their lo e by the northward movement. 

The bird li - t of the short trip from Bloomington to hampaign 
(.March Hl-21) gave further evjdence of the advent of .pring in the 
addition of the red-winaed blackbird to the Ii. t of ummer re ident , 
and the numb r of . pecie n ce. ary t make up the ,' .5 per cent. li-.L wa · 
al o increased from five to fourteen. The prairie horned lark, rn. ty 
blackbird junco, and meadowlark made up about half th total number, 
juncos and tree sparrows r mainincr to represent the ,,·inter re ident . 
Much more definite vidence of the increa ed effect o [ spring conditions 
is given by the ratios of the everal re idcnce eta e a compare<l with 
those ju t given. Again t :3.3 per cent of umm r r ·i<lents and les than 
1 per cent of migrant · for the first half of l\Iarch in norih rn Illinoi . 
, e now have 30.9 per cent. of ummer resident. and H.-1 per cent. of 
migrants during the econd half of the month in c ntral lllinoi . while 
the winter re id nt remaining were rn. per cent. northern and 1 G.6 
per cent. central. The ratio of pring arrival . ( "ummer re -id nt and 
migrants) on the c ntral Illinois Ii t wa thu. more than ten time that 
of the sljghtly earlier northern Illinoi Ii l, the ratio of winter re.ident 
being at the same time les than a . ixth smaller-another jJlu tration of 
the fa t pr viou. ly ref erred lo that birds from the south come up in 
the pring migration earlier and in much larger number than tho e of 
the northern bird which are leaving for their summer homes. with the 
result that a wave of conden. ation roll northward, t be followed 
pre ently. like any other wave, by a "trough" of dimini.:;h d number . 

RE, JOE, 1~ RA1'W • N .i\fm,:ns or~ Bnm. 

Northern Illinois, March 2- 15 
Ceutral Illinois, March 19-21 

1-'r>nnancnt U'inter 
76.4 19.7 
38 .1 l 6. 6 

'11 m mer ill ign, '11 t 
3.3 0.6 

30.9 14.4 

T~ Mo T Ari c DAN'r Bnm (86 PER F,, T. Lr TL Bt.00.i\r-
TNGTO , To CrrA.M.PA10. • . MARcu 19 To :n. 1907 

Species 

Prairie horned lark 
Rusty l)lackbird 
Junco 
l\Ieadowlark 
English sparrow 
Bron zed graclcle 
Crow 
Bluebird 
Tree sparrow 
Red-winged blackbird 
Song sparrow 
Flicker 
Robin 
Prairie hen 

A II birds per square mile, 543. 

I Of Ch iRatio to total 
No. ea No. 

82 
75 
67 
57 
32 
28 
26 
25 
24 
22 
19 
17 
14 
13 

14. 
12. 
11.5 

9. 
5.5 
4.8 
4.3 
4.3 
4.1 
3. 
3.3 
2.9 
2.4 
2.2 



41!) 

If we di ide the astern lllinoi. trip ( 11 ::3.-l miles) into three ~ec-
tion corre ·ponding to the divisions of the state, we find that in the 
northern lllinoi ection from l Iarvey to 1rant Park, ( i\Iarch 26 to 
28). three of the mo l abundant specie ( Lapland long . pur, Engli h 
·parrow, an<l prairie horned lark) were winter birds which together 
made up about 5-! per cent of the 550 bird seen, and that the Lapland 
long pur tand at the head of the list. Other winter species till 
lingering in small numbers were tht.: junco. mith's long pur, and tree 
sparrow. but a much larger number of the following specie . mentioned 
herein in a diminishing order of number , had already come up from the 
south, ,·iz., 111 a<lowlark, "\i\'il on's nipe ru ty blackbird, Canada goo e, 
bronzed grackle, robin, red-winged blackbird, ve. per parro,Y, migrant 
. hrike. killdeer, cowbird, pintail duck, and phoebe. 

It ha often Leen noticed that bird in mio-ration concentrate at the 
outhcrn end of Lake 'lichigan. pa sing thence northward along the 

w • tern :ahore as Ly a high rnad, and an wrn:,ual number of birds were 
.found in thi ~ northern section of eighteen mile .. The. e were mainly a 
flock of thirty-two Canada g e.e een in a muddy pond in a plowed field, 
e,·eral mall Aock f \Vil on· snipe, and large number of Lapland 

long pur still remaining. and of meadowlark ·. prairie horned lark , 
and ru. ty blackbirds, all of which taken together made up 31 of the 
1 or;1 bird tu the qua re mile recorded f ram this northern section of 
the trip. 

Of the 24- pecie recognized, H were summer re~idents, 2 were 
migrant~ .. i were permanent re ident . and only 3 were winter re idenl ; 
or, taking account of the actual number of birds . een, 32 per cent were 
ummer re ident . . 31 per cent were winter resident., 2, per cent were 

permanl'nt re idcnt , and , per cent were migrants. 

RE llllC E C'LA ~S IH ' 10. OF SPFCIE , NORTHERN" lLLI.:SOl,. 

H \R\f.\ TO GRANT PARK 

M.ARCJI 26 TO 28, 1907, E.\STE:RN lLLJNOI' TRil' 

• 1,ccics 
umbers 

Per cent. 

• 'umbers 
Per cent. 

Numbers 
Per cent. 

Pei··ma.nent 
5 

20.8 

·winter ,-'ummer Migra11ts ~11l 
3 14 2 24 

12.5 68.3 8.4 100 

Kl.';\CBERS ,~~D PER CENTS OF ALL BIR~ 

150 
26.8 

190 
34.0 

179 
32.0 

40 
7.2 

Nff!\rtJER A ·o PER EXT OF .'ATlVE BlRUS 

83 
16.9 

190 
38.6 

179 
36.4 

40 
8.1 

5il9 
100 

492 
100 



..j '20 

U)fDEll,' OF TTTE l\l llE nr,D.\XT SPEUE . H.\.ln'F;\" TO 
rH.\ ,T P,\JlK. L,n n 26 T 2 , 1907 

Lapland longspur 
F.,nglish sparrow 
:\lead wlarl< 
Prairie horned lark 
Wilson' nipe 

anada goose 
Rusty blackbird 
Bronzed gracl,le 
Prairie hen 

.\II birc1-, JIHi1 to tlw square mile. 

o. of each 

1 2 
67 
51 
46 
45 
·2 
32 
14 
13 

Ratio to total 
o. 

32'" 
12 

9 
9 
9 
6 
6 
2 
2 

In the c ntral Illinoi. clivi, ion. (:ifarch ·2 !1 tn , \pril .-) th number 
of birds to th quare mil (; l!l wa. nly iO p r cent that in the north-
ern divi. ion, although th number of pecic wa, more than twic a 
la rge ( .H for c ntrJI and · I for n rthern). f winter re...,idcnt. there 

till r mained the Lapland long pur. tree pa1-ro,Y. junc . an aol<len-
crowned kinnlet, "hich tal ·en tobe1her made le. s than 10 p r c nt nt 
the bird of the area. The ~ummer bird. had already com to pre lomi-
nate in this tran ition period, and the total number 11f hinL per . quare 
mile r core.I cl on thi central lllinoi trip (; l!I) \\"as much abm·e the 
average of thi r gion for th winter eason. ( -UO). an l greater ,·en 
than the July averacre ((i .-0 ) of th .am year. If. ho\\'1.:ver. we take 
into con ideration the permanent an l ::;ummer re ident only, \\ e ec 
that the ummer population had not y l arrived in f nil :-.t r ngth, th 
total number avern ing nly -1--Li to the quare mile. The ere t of the 
1n·111g ,,·ave already r ferred o \\ as thu mad up of all four o ( the 

r idence la . e in th• ratio of ~:1 °~ ,f pcrman nt re i lcnts. flt, of 
winter res1de11t . :W o/o of mio-ranl anti 38'; of urnmer re ident ·. 1 f 
we omil the Engli h parrow . th corre-por.dino- r ·idcnc ratios are 
permanent 1 'i % . winter ] 0~1 , umm r 11; , ancl migrant · ; ', . 

Rm'lTOF./\CE ,LMlSWl ,\ Tl OX, h ' TnAL lLLlXOI ~. SPRL'O, M \ RCH 

29- •Rn 5, W TREK TO FLAT Ro R, E,\, TER , 

JLLl .'OI, ( l~."TRAL) 

Numbers 
Per cent. 

umbers 
Per cent. 

U;".[BER .AND PER EXTS OF PEC'lE. 

P r1nri11r.11t 

19 
35.2 

TT'illff'r 
4 
7.4 

,.'1tm,11er 
20 
37.0 

1lligrnn I 
11 
20.4 

l ~rnr-:ns A-XO PEH c~~NTS OF ALL BTUO, 

2 9 
23.0 

115 
.9 

4 9 
37.8 

392 
30.3 

A 7l 
54 

100 

1294 
100 



umbers 
Per cent. 

-121 

l")IIJER ~D PEit EXT " OF ."ATIYE Ulllll 

207 
17. 2 

115 
9.6 

4 9 
40.6 

392 
32.6 

1203 
100 

Nt· .\lrtER OF Trrn MORF. Ant .'DANT Brno . W,\T, EK.A TO 
FUT ROC'K. M.\R H 29 TO APRIL 5, 1907 

0 _ of each I Ratio ti. total 

l\leadowlarlr 175 13.6 
Buff-breasted andpiper 170 13.2 

mith's longspur 96 7.4 
English parrow 91 7.0 
Pipit 82 6.3 
Field sparrow 78 
Bluebird 68 5.3 
Vesper sparrow 5 4.5 
Lapland longspur 55 4.3 
Junco 52 4.0 
Flicker 48 3.7 
Prairie horned lark 39 3.0 
l\lourning dove 28 2.2 
Robin 22 1.7 
Crow 21 1.6 
Cowbird 2 1.5 
Crow blackbird 15 1.2 
Savannah sparrow 15 1.2 

All birds per square wile 719 

Turning now to the . outhern lllinoL Jivi~ion (,\pril G to 11) of the 
ea. tern lllinois trip. we find that although the nnmber of pecie re-
1.:orcl "d was the ~ame a: for central Illinoic;, the ffe ct of a lower latitude 
and lightly later <late i ho\\'n in a n11m!Jc:r of 1 in!.·, I lUO-i lo the 
. quare mile), ;lj per cent larger than that of the central fllinoi li-.,t of 
the week hef re. and materially hrg r than th:i.i. ui lhe ummer ·a .on· 
of 1 !JO; and l !Hl!J ( !J2.- to the .-qua re mile). The principal winter pe-
cic~ r maining were the -a\'annah . parrow nnd 1unco .. an<l there wa-, 
al-.,u a sprinkling of lree parnrn -., golden-crowned kinglet . and fnur 
other -.pccie to he ch. c:-..cl a winter bird in -.,outhern lllinoi . the total 
number of Lhi cla · · amnuntinO' to 1 'l JKr cent of all the birds ·en. .:.. ; 
p<:r c..·cnt wen: of migrant pede. of \\hid1 th " pipit ,,a · 1m1eh the 1110-.,t 
almnciant, hut about four- fifth _ of the"~ \pril Ltinl ,H:re pe rmanent r 
ummcr rcsirltnb, fi,', .. j per cent of the fir. t an I I:", .~ per cent of the 
ccond. The ratio of permanent n.:sicl ,nts was nearly a . larue a . in 

the d ad of wint ·r ( ee p 10:1 and tit· :i I ptr cent oi \\'intc..•r re idenb 
of that .., ·a on \\' ·re no,, rq>r<:'-l'lll cl b) 11. per cent.. the rem 1i111.ler 
being r placed by migrnnts and ummtr re-- idtnts . 



-!22 

..H.E !DENCE CLA JFT A'J'lO~, SOUTHER .· lLLI~OJ,, LAWRF. ~cEU'LLE 
TO BROW~ VTLLE, Al'BTL 6- 11, 1907 

NU:M:flER ,\ ,u PER C£NT OF SPE ms 
Pennane11t Winter Summer Jlfigra11ts 

Numbers 28 8 10 8 
Per cent. 51. 9 14.8 18.5 14.8 

1 UMBET< ND PER CE -T, OF ALL BIRD 

umbers 601 109 140 52 
Per cent. 66.6 12.1 15.5 5.8 

lli\IREH :--o PEll ENT OF NATIVES 

umbers 571 109 140 52 
Per cent. 65.5 12.5 16.0 6.0 

N 11HER, OF 'l'IIE MORE ABUND.\NT BIRDS, LAWRE CEVJLLE 
TO BROWX VILLE, APRlL 6 TO 11, 1907 

Ieadowlark 
Bronzed grackle 
Field sparrow 
Quail 
Cowbird 
Savannah sparrow 
l\Iourning dove 
Vesper sparrow 
Pipit 
Junco 
English sparrow 
Robin 
Flicker 
Goldfinch 
Blue jay 
Bluebird 
Cardinal 
Towhee 

row 
Tufted titmouse 

All birds to tlrn square 
mile 

I No. of each !Ratio to total 
No. 

124 13.4 
7 9.4 

72 7.8 
65 7.0 
64 6.9 
63 6.8 
51 5.5 
37 4.0 
32 3.5 
31 3.4 
30 3.3 
26 2.8 
22 2.4 
20 2.2 
16 1.7 
15 1.6 
14 1.5 
12 1.3 
11 1.2 
10 1.1 

85 % = 785 

1007 

.d..ll 
54 

100.0 

902 
100.0 

72 
100.0 

The fourth and longe t trip of the s ring of J 907, made . pril 20 to 
i\fay 9, cro ed the . tate from Danville to \ ar aw by way of linton, 
JJavana, Burm,icle. and Hamilton, and dropped back thence by rail to 
J .incoln, \\-h nc it returned to Danville by linton and UrLana. with an 
excursion from this la t point outh to Tu cola. The di tance traYeletl 
was 1 .G mile. and the area covered wa 39 3; .1, acre . from which 
r co rd wa made of ' , , :3 Lird ( 54. to the qua re mil belonging to 
D, . peci Ei hty-three per cent. of the acreao-e wa~ in oaL ("?·2.G 
pr c nt.). lowed o-ronnd (21., per cent.), corn (20.6 per cent.). and 



.. 

pasture ( 1 . l per cent.), the remainder being in wheat, tuuble, meadow , 
wood , and wa t~ land, with very mall tract· of hrubbery, orchard , 
and farnward . 

Twe1ity-nine nf the :pecics of bird· o-ave u ~:- per cent. of the 
whole number. an a\'erage of 1 birds to the ·pecie . . the remaining G, 
gpecie averaging only (1 bird each. A third of all the bird belonged, 
in fact, to four pec1e , the Engl1 b . parrow, bronzed grackl , meadow-
lark. and prairi horned lark; and if to the ·e we add three mor . the 
golden plover. robin, and cowbird. we have nearly half the whole num-
ber. Eighteen Smith's Jongspurs and 23 junco , ere the only repre-
entative of tbe winter-re ident group found . till lingering in central 

Illinoi , the junco. een April 23 and 26 and lhe long. pur. :if ay 1. 
1 wenty of the D, species noted were migrants on their wa) to point 
beyond our area. leaving 75 species normal to the ummer season in 
central Illinoi . lated in number of bird , 0.9 per cent of tho e een 
on the e forty day of late April and 1Iay were winter re ident 14.5 
per cent. were migrants. and 84.6 per cent. were ummer birds includ-
ing permanent re. ident . 

RE~ lllt:X('E L,\. "ll-'I ,\TlON, SPRl'iG 1907, Arnn. 20-1\fay 29, 
CE 'TRAL ILLY NOTS 

• '['lJ HER. AND PER C'E:'\T. OJ' PECTE' 

P,>rmanent Winter S111nmer Migrant All 
umbers 16 1 54 25 96 

Per cent. 16.7 1.0 66.3 26.0 100 
Xt·~1tlER, ANU PEI. CEXT 01~ ALL BIRD 

Permcment 'Winter 11,nm.cr illiyrant ll 
Numbers 803 23 1464 3 9 2679 
Per cent. 30.1 0.9 54.5 14.5 100 

tJ.rm;n. OF XATIYE BIRD A."iD PF.It CEXTS 
Permanent 1-rinter 811 lnHLl'T Migrant All 

Numbers 537 23 1464 389 2413 
Per cent. 22.3 0 . 9 60.7 16.1 100 

That pring wa now nearly merged in summer is further huwn 
by a compari on of the pre ent 5 per cent. Ii t with the corre ponding 
central Illinoi Ii . t for July 1907, from which it appear. that all the 
twch·e bird: of the latter list are among the fir~t thirteen of the former. 
That the movement northward_ of the e charactt:ri . tic and <lominr\nl 
.:un,111(:r !>J)Cci1: wa. , ho,, ever. far from complet een pruuablc from 
th• fact that their total number a\·er~lgccl !553 to the . quan: mile for 
July. J !JO,, and only :l l !I to the mile for April anrl ~lay nf the . amc 
year. Bnt :1.' per cent. of what we may call the tin.ii umm •r number 
uf thl· bird , i the. <: pccie were on the ground bv the encl of ~!av. 
Ju t \\'hat this difforencc may mean. h1me\'er, it i: impo ~iii!• to . a)·, 
. inc th· . um111 ·r a \'erag- cover· . omc of the ynmir a f th • ycar, of 
the nm11ber of which we ha\'l' no n:cordJ. a· w II a· later acce::.sions 
from the . outh . 



42-1-

-PIUNG Bums I ' IL\nrT.\T 

The difficulty of determinin(T the habitat preference of a faunal 
group a. n. itiv to nvir nmental con ition , as :i.1 rt in readjut ment, 
and a a able of free and rapid locomotion a bird-;, i very o-reat 

Yen in th omparativ ly !>table umm r a on \\ hen their obligations 
to th ir young anchor them to th ir ·ho· n bre din plac - : and it i_ 
many time multiplied when the period of their migration convert,; th 
emi- tagnant po I of bird lif into a wirling tream who e v ry bank. 

chano- and hift from day t day a th a on advanc . )ur tabu-
lated data of numb r_ I er quare mil in lifferent habitat - durin the 
. pring mi ration give u:, ther for , littl that i. worthy of record. .\ 
few tentative p-eneralization may be nnde. how ver, from a comparison 
o{ number. in I h principal central Illinoi hauitab in pril and l\fay, 
mo,, with th :e of July of the ame year. ~l hat th number of mournino-
d ves in wheat houl<l be ' ' to th quare mil in pring and :31: in 
J nly, and that th number f th mo. t ahundant I irds p r ::-quar mile 
of \\'heat houd b :,GO in pring anrl ,•; , in "Umrncr, can be readily 
und r. too<l a. lu to th food r our es offer 1 to bird. in the ti Id. 
of hocked grain . 

C f th ev n ar a laro- en ugh to app1::ar in our ntral Illin i 
a, erage · f the late prinrr. pa tur and 111eado\\" "·ere much the 
mo t thickly populated ( I mJl and 10, ri to the qua re mile re p tively). 
and tubble field were next ( ~,, to the mile). \\'hil corn, wheat, oat . 
and p low d ground were curiou ·ly imilar in their a,· rao-e t th 
quare mile. ( :n · . :W:3. :309 • and 3:1· ) . These la~t fio-ures perhaps ex-

pr _ the numb r. altrihutahle t J a 111 r chance d i ·trihution c f hird. 
n t y t ettled for the ummer ea on. and the lar0 e number for pa. -
tur and m ado,,· may be tak n a: evid -nce uf a h ice [ habitat 
me t nearly like the rr inal prairie of c ntral Illinoi . Their prepon-
derance i f urth r shown by the iact that it wa~ tnte not only f nr bird 
in g n ral but al ·o f r 11 f th li' peci on our m t abundant li. t. 
)ur " odland ar a f only I :3 .½ acr i too • mall for . ati ·factory 

inf rcncc. specially a only eight of ur ts more abundant birds were 
fountl there; but the_e were numerou en ugh ln ive u . an a\' rag of 
1 l, ' per quar mile. Only three of them, however, w r ·haract ri ·-
ti all) \\Oodlancl p cie . . and thi averag and al:o the ev n le:s depcnd-
ab l one· f til l _mall r tract-, f rchards . hrubb ry. and var<l:- and 
garden had probably \Je~t Le ignored. · 

TILE FALL ::\l1 ,RATlON PERIOl1 

ur available lata of the fall mi ration peri d ,,,er btained in 
1 :' lHi in Cll1tral and southern Illinoi only. in the form r from . \ugu t 
'' .1 tn ctn lier 'W inclu ive, ancl in th latter from October :31 to No-
vember lG. In c ntral Illinoi · trips were mad fr 111 l"rbana past 
1 a n ville t the- Indiana line, J\ucru t 2!) t September J, fr m ··11:1111-



pa1gn to Down. in :\[cLean county. 'eptember -1 to •. from hampaign 
aero: th state hy way of Decatur and Jaclconville to Quine} on the 
:.:\li . i ·-ippi Ri,·er, eptember 11 to ctober 1,. and for hart di lance.; 
aliout Cruana, eptember 12 to 15 and ctober ·?3 to ·>G. In .outhern 
Illinoi .. a ingle trip \\"a. made from airo nnrtlrn ard t Pana. The ar a 
. uneyed in the~e period. wa 5,8Hll.5, acre .. of \\'hich , ll per cent. wa. 
in central Ill in is. On thi · entire area 9,:1 1 Lird. were recounized and 
counted ( 10·>0 to the '-Lluare mile) ... JO of them in Cl'ntrnl lllinoi. 
and :J,9;~) in .outhern. The number per quare mile in central lllinoi 
wa· only two-third of that in outhern n-v:1 to 1-1-Gi ). a differl'nc at 
lea ·t partially attrilmtabl , no doubt, to the later period of the ..:outhern 
oh·ervation:. and the concentration there of bird in the act of mio-ration. 

The percent of permanent an<l winter re ident species, taken to-
gether, wer in arly · ovemb r al.lout three time a. larg in ,;outhern Illi-
noi. a in central in epteml.J •rand OctoLer, and tho~e of th -,rnrnner and 
mi<Trant pecie \\"Cr ab(Jut three time a laro-e in central Illinoi · a . in 
outhern. In 1111111bcrs of ,wti·ue birds the permanent and "inter resident 

too-ether w re nearh· twice a . ahundant outh a. north, and the ..:ummer 
re.siclent and mig;·ant were about t wi e a · abundant n rth a ..;outh. 
The:: areal predormnance of Engli h parrow in central [llin i,, a 
t'ompared with outhern, ob cure the contra t in the number. of the 
tahl of all birds by it over-w(!i ht of perman nt r id nts in th cen-
tral ection . 

• 
Rr:. lllF'.\l I: CL,\. STFIC.\TIOX, FA! I., c~::-.11u1 h . r.I~OIS, An.c T 28 

TO O<.;-ronER 26, 1906 

Number 
Per cent. 

Tumber 
Per cent. 

·umbers 
P r cent. 

Permanent Wint Pr f;umm er ,lliyrants 
21 6 51 ~4 
20.6 5.9 50.0 2~.~ 

Nu:miEH. AXD T'EH CEXT. OF ALL nmo. 
Permanent ll'inter ,'11mm r ,'l,figr<w t. · 

3367 270 2161 553 
63.0 4.3 34.0 7 

• 1 l '\[llf;R .\ XI> rFR F\'.'l' Of' .'.'i 1\ TJ\'E BTRO. 

Penn anent Winier ,'um mer JJI,r,ranls 
1 263 270 2161 553 

~9.7 6.4 50 . 9 13.0 

.4.17 
102 
100 

. Ill 
6351 

100 

. Lll 
4'.?47 
100 

Rr.s11m~ E (,,\ . i-;If'I \1'10 ·• F.\f.l, Ol ' TIH'.H:-. I I.I.I. ·01. , ( ('TOl1F:IC 

Number 
Per cent. 

31 l'O 'm1,;:\JtU-:1t 16 
Nt·,rrwu.· \ '\II n :1t , ~::\'I._ 01· ,·l'i-:t IE:s 

Perm ,11,r II t 

:'7.2 

ffi11t, .r 
9 

1 .. 1 

, • 111n m Ir .lfiy rr111 ts 
7 

H . 2 12 . 5 

lll 
51j 

lUU 



Numbers 
Per cent. 

umbers 
Per cent. 

-4-2G 

T1.·::11llEI AXD PER E:-T OF ALL Rl.RD ' 

P rnwnent Winter 'u,1nnter Migrants 
2034 875 936 124 

51. 2 22.1 23 .6 3,1 

u:u,n:R ' A~D PEH ($NT Qt,• '.'<ATI\'E BIRD 

Perrna.nrnt Winter untm,er Migrants 
1961 875 936 124 

50.3 22.5 24.0 3.2 

All 
3969 

100 

All 
3 96 
100 

RE 1DEXCE LA In A 10. RATros. FALL PERIOD. CENTRAL A. o 
SOl''l'HKR.' IU,L'OIS Co~rrAI:ED 

SPECIE 
Pcnnanent Winter Smnmer Migrants 

Central Illinois 20.6 5.9 50.0 23.5 
Southern Illinois 57.2 16.1 14 . 2 12.5 

u .,JBF.'R Oli' A.LL 8lRDS 

entral Illinois 53.0 4 . 3 34.0 8.7 
Southern Illinois 51. 2 22.1 23.6 3.1 

Nl·Ml:lF.R OF N.\TI\IES 

Central Illinois 29.7 6.4 50.9 13.0 
Southern Illinois 50.3 22.5 24.0 3.2 

The lar e ratio of permanent re. id nt pecie and nat~ve bird· i11 
outhcrn Illinoi i: of cour e attributable to the fact that many pecie 

of gen ral um mer distribution are driven by the cold f rnm the northern 
ection into .. but not beyond, the outhern part of the tat ; and other 

difference are doubtle · due in part to an advancement of the ea on 
by about ix week when the southern Illinoi ob ervation ,vere made. 

The . outhward cone ntration already referred to i most dearly 
hown by a tabulation of ·1 ecie and numbers of the [all bird of cen-

tral Illinoi which ,ver found al o in , outhern Il1inois in fall. , uch a 
Ii t compri ed 18 native pecie ·, and the total number f bir<l ' of th ~e 
peci , een and counted in central Illinois was :unn, and in southern 

Illinois 3. -1-1.-equivalent to an average of 60 to the quare mile for 
c ntral and 1.J~2 for outhern Illinoi . That i ·, relatively lat fal l bird. 
of outhern Illin is were nearly 91 .i times a· abundant to th unit of area 
a · the :omewhat earlier bircb f the c ntral Illinoi fall. The gr ater 
abundance of birds in southern lllinois in "·inter than in ummer re-
f erred to on I age +·~l wa thu_ already well marked in the latter part of 
the migration . ea on. 

The tage of migration O\'ered hy the e nh, en·ation an be told 
by comparing the numbers of bird of d finit ly tran ient speci s ( that 
i-; urnmer re idcnt and migrant ·) on the fall Ii . ts f r entral and 
!>OU1hern Illinoi r p ctiYely, whirh were found in both section: of the 
late . . o d ing. \\'e find 11 .uch , pecie. in which central I llinoi num-

be1-- per . quare mil exceeded th for . outhern lllin i and Hl in 

• 



which southern Illinoi numbers exceeded the central lllinoi . In thl 
former group migration wa at be~t only beginning when the cen-
tral Illinois ob ervation were made, but in the latter it was at least 
well under way and may have pa. eel il:s climax at the time of the 
southern Illinois observations. 

ATlYE SPECJE, o,oro. 'fO CEXTRAL 'XD So TIU;R~ 
fr,Lt~OIS, FALL OF 1906 

Central Southern** 

Killdeer 
Quail 
Prairie chicken 
Mourning dove 
Turkey vulture 
Marsh hawk 
Red-tailed hawk 
Pigeon hawk 
Sparrow hawk 
Downy woodpecker 
Red-beaded woodpecker 
Flicker 
Prairie horned lark 
Blue jay 
Crow 
Cowbird 
Red-winged blackbird 
,Meadowlark 
Rusty blackbird 
Bronzed grackle 
Goldfinch 
Vesper sparrow 

avannah !'parrow 
Grasshopper sparrow 
Henslow's sparrow 
White-crowned sparrow 
White-throated sparrow 
Tree sparrow 
Chipping sm1rrow 
Field spnrrow 

late-colored junco 
Song sparrow 
Lincoln's sparrow 
Swamp sparrow 
Fox sparrow 
Towhee 

ardiual 
Migrant sh rike 
, Iyrlle warbler 
Pipit 
l\Iockinghlrd 

70 
72 
12 

207 
7 
3 
4 
1 
9 

11 
31 
86 

329 
71 

243 
366 
16 

377 
20 

677 
144 
82 

9 
67 

2 
8 

93 
10 

4 
84 

238 
30 

6 
157 

8 
15 

3 
6 

112 
4 
2 

•. ot tran~ie11t in ('1•ntral ant.I ~onrh,:rn Jlh11Qi!l, + 'l'rans1nll In central anrl :,;olllh, rn Tlliriot i,;. 

s+ 
365* 
19* 
ao• 
8+ 
1* 
5* 
1+ 
s+ 

26• 
4-+ 

41• 
104* 

3 
380* 

6+ 
2+ 

128+ 
s+ 

862+ 
97* 
3+ 13+ 
1+ 
1+ 
2+ 

156+ 
20+ 
s+ 

5 + 
624 -1-
85* 
1+ 

46+ 
14+ 
6+ 

42• 
4* 

ao+ 
6 + 
9+ 

•• To adju!<t Lhw,,• n11mb1•rs ltw co111parlson, 111ul1111ly thnl"' f,,r ~vutl\1!1·n 
llllnof:;i h)' 2''ll• 



ATl\T, Pl~ IE Co~rMON TO FXTIUL ND So THERN' 
T1.1. 1, 01 . , F .\LL OF 1906- onclude<l 

enlral 

Bewi k 's wren 1 
White-breasted nuthatch 2 
Tufted titmouse 10 
Carolina hickade 7 
Golden-crowned kinglet 12 
Robin 87 
Bluebit•d 61 

3919 
English Sparrow 2104 

• Not tra nsi nt 111 c·@ntr::il a ncl sc,ulh ... rn Illino1s. + Tra n · lent in en traJ a nd ou th.-rn 111 inoi s. 

Southern** 

1+ 
2* 

16* 
33* 
1+ 

393+ 
4+ 

3844 
73 

•• T o arljust th s number s for comp::i ri son. mulliply those for so1.1lhern 
Illinois l,y 2 1 ~. 

In the trip aero the central part of Illinoi~. rnad Augu t · , to 
_ ctol>er · !1, u:J, ·~ bird . were se n and ount cl, 31 of them not recoo-niz d 
an I the r main<l r bel ngino- to 10· p ci ~eventeen of the more 
abundant kin I made up ' ; per cent f th wh l numb r, with an av r-
age of :~· I bird t the peci , the remaining ~'':' speci averao-ing but 
11 bi rel. a h. . 11 normou abun lance cf E1io-li h parr w . am untino-
to ;~ , .G--/ of the whole number of bird _een and count d. reduce. the 
numb r of native uird to 427 , . · 1 p c1 of ,vhi h, ·with an average f 
?0-! bird . were on the -, : list, the r main111g 80 speci averaO'mg 
, ' bird~ ach. 

Amon the more bYi on viden e f migration shown by the 
following ta ule o f Lh more abundant c ntral lllinoi p ci i · the 
ocu1rr nc f ·onsiderable numh r. of junco -. mvrtl warbler , while-
throated ~parrnw , and pipit . but the gen ml · iti n of th Ii t 
j..., ·till that of th . ummcr b1rd . . 
Nt·1tm:1i, m • TIH: MORE Am r~u,\X'l' J 11m. fff l'..:~Tr: .,L ILJ. I.'\'Or.. F _\LL oi: 1906 

I Au : ."r 29 ro c·rom;11 26} 5' L1. ·r 

Englisl1 spa rrow 
I3ronzer1 gra kl 
Meadowlark 
Cowbird 
Prairie horned lark 

row 
Iate-colo1· d junco 
Tournin g dov 

• wamp sparrow 

21 1 
677 
377 

6, 
329 
243 
23 
207 
157 

Golclfin ·h 
1\lyrtle warbler 
\Yhil -throa ted sparrow 
R bin 
Flicker 
:F'ie](l sparrow 
V sp r ·parrow 
Quail 

ADDJTJO"\AL PEl'rn.·, II!' li:'11(,Ll:-lll J'.\IW w . ARE ELI1\n~ATED 

Blue jay 
Killd eer 

rasshopper sparrow 

71 luehird 
70 Pipit 
67 

144 
112 

93 
7 
6 
4 
2 

72 

61 
48 



On the much mailer area of south rn lllinoi ur,c, ·cl (JctolJer 
•>1 to '°'·ember Hi (acreage i ,r central IlJjnois :l:G'?:1.,. for . outh rn 
Illinoi _· li(i:i..Ji), l;ut ,31i . pecie · \\ere listed (:3!17fl IJ1rds) the fullowing 
J,1 of ,,hid1 \\ere needt::d to include , .,'J uf the whole number. 

r:o.mEtt. OF TUE 10111,; A,w~n\ . T Brnn.- <w Ol rJJlsRX Ir.1.1xo1R, F ,\LL m HIOG 
(OtTCJBP,1< 31 TO Xon:~tnf:H 16) 5rk L, T 

Bronzed grackle 862 Prairie horned lark 104 
late-colored junco 624 Goldfinch 9i 

Robin 393 Song sparrow 5 
rov.· 3 0 Bluebird J. 

Quail 365 English parrow 73 
Whit ·lhroaled parrow 156 Pipit 6 
Meadowlark 12' 

Engli~h . parrow:.;., it ,,·ill be een, contributed Je., - than 'l', to the 
tntal. The 1:~ mor abundant pec1e · an-ragecl ·rn;~ eac h. and the r' -
maining -1:~ pecie . 1 each. The aboYe li l diITer from that of central 
lllinoi. ior . ·eptembcr and October by the dropping of ·eyen :pecies 
and the addition f the song . parro". and in the orcl r of almnclancc of 
the numbers of bird - th• . e,·eral ::,peci ~. co111111011 t the Ii t . i cour c. 
differ w1d h·. The most notaLI • diff renc i. in the numb r of the 
Engli. h . pa;·TOw, which drop from the head of the li . t in central Tlli-
noi. l the next to the la t place on that for ·uuthern Illinois. The junco, 
robin, and quail w re e. pecially more abundant outl1ward, but the gc.11-
ernl compo ition of the two Ii . t. i fairly ~imilar. 

F.,LL Brnns 1 x l hurTATS 

The n:larion of bird to pecial feature: of thtir crwironment durinu 
the migration peri cl. characterized a . thi s i. by a breaking of th tie 
which have held the bird:, to their local hahitab during- summer or winter. 
i nece arily of relatively little moment except a . it may tend to ·ho"· 
a per i. t nee of feature of their habitat choice:; which ,·en the al,an-
clonment of their preYious homes in a arch for ne\\ ~ituation. can not 
wholly di -. olve. lt may he. al'-<1, that the e. ·i~encie of mio-ration in-
\'Oh·e di ffcrent r1 manrl. :ind hence different haliitat re.,ort · fro1n tho · 
of a . eLtl ,cJ and relaliveh olrtarv lif c. 

ertainly our tr1.lmlntio11 of .the numl1er-; of bird . p r . quar mile 
in th .. . rvcral hal,itat. of cl'ntral Illinoi in autumn g-i, t:':> color to thi 
latter _nppo. iti1111. ,\rnnng all the ituation otTcrerl by the open field . 
the pa ture contained more than twice a . many hird~ Lo th " rmlc 'LS any 
other, not with tanrlin~ lhc fact that ib total ar a wa next to the larg • t 
on th Ji..,t. >nly c rn urpa ·-.; ·d il in area. HtHI pasture. contain cl l\\'o 
and a half tim · · a~ nrn.ny 1 ircl · to the: mil a . corn. 



ALL BIRD 1. HABITATS, F.\.LL OF 1906, CENTRAL ILLINOIS 

orn 
Whe at 

ble 
ure 
ows 

tub 
Past 
Mead 
Plow 
Orch 
Wood 

ed ground 
ards 
s 

bbery 
sand gardens 

hru 
Yard 
Wast 
Iisc 

e and fallow 
ellaneous 

Open 
Wood 

fields 
s, etc. 

Acreage Nos. Birds IBirds per sq. mi. 

1745.17 1617 593 
163.68 46 180 
952.87 573 385 

119 .47 2787 1490 
216.23 212 628 
166.61 171 657 

51.54 212 2633 
11.48 22 1226 
10.6 63 3804 
37.60 155 263 
65.45 462 4518 
4.00 62 9920 -4443.03 5406 779 

180.67 976 3457 

n a fiitlr part of the area of pa ·tur , meadow had le than half 
a many Lirds to the quare mile, and plowed ground had nearly the 
a.me number per .quare mile as meadow . oung wheat after the 

plant bas started to arow, ha e id ntly very littl to offer the migrating 
bird. or to the fall re. ident, for that matter. but tubble Ii ld doubt) ss 
offer ome food. The e pecially ~triking f ature of the ituation is the 
very extraordinary number of bi rel f ouncl on all tracts cover d by 
tree. , hrubbery. and ther rank vegetation like that of wa te and 
fallow land . ur area f rchards. wood .. hrnbbery. yard ancl 
garden . and wastes and fallows. are everally too mall to have much 
111 anina. notwilh tanding a density of bird !if in all rangin from 129 6 
t ,n~• per quare mil · but if w throw the e tract together into one 
fairly adequate total of J, o.~' acr , we have an average density of 
:-{-!, , bird to the sqnare mile fo1· the whol area a compared with 1 1 0 
for the very attractive pa lur or , !) to the square mile for 4443 acres 
of open field . Fooc.l in the pa tures an<l both food and heltered re t-
ing plac s in the other ituations a ft r the fatigues of their migration 
flight per hap account for both th e choice . 

Our table of birds per quare mile in fall in southern Illinoi habitats 
i . so di:;torted by lbe occurren e of large flock of crow and black-
bird in corn, stul ble, and wood that the e must be eliminated to aive 
u number comparable with those of central Illinois. Thi being done 
we have in the two eclion the . ame di tinction etween number. of 
bird · in the 01 en field and those in tree and hmbbery-that i woods, 
orchards, hrubbery, wa le and fallow land . and yard and garcl ns; 
the former av raging 6 1 birds per square mile on an area of H39 
acre and the latter averaging ·>:rn;- per square mile on a total of 401.5 
acre". \ ' heat wa in both . ection. visited by the smalle ·t number of 
bird , but corn field surpa sed pa ture in outhern Illinois in the num-
bet .. re ortina lo them. 



-131 

In corn field . quail , crow blackbird . and robin , ere the mo t 
abundant .~pecie ·; in wheat, only prairie horned lark were common 
enough to call for special mention; in tubble. blackbirds and crow~ 
were in a large majority; in pa lures, only junco were notably above 
the ;n·erage: in meadow . meadowlark·. robin·. and quail were the 
principal species; and those on plowed ground were juncos and prairie 
horne<l larks· in orchards, the junco greatly ontnumberecl all other~; 
and in woods, robins. blackbird , white-throated parrows an<l junco· 
were the mo l abundant species-all data of ob ervation. correct for the 
time and place. but furnishing, o far as we can :see, no oLvious warrant 
for gen ralization or prediction. Our fall habitat h t of central and 
. outhern Illinoi .. ha,·e little re mblance, a was to be expected in view 
of the difference in climate, topography, and the date oi ob ·ervatiom, 
made in the two ection~. 

ALL Burns I.' li,tR1T.\T . FALL OF 1906, SOt'TSEK~ lLLL on;; 

Corn 

Wheat 
Stubble 

Pasture 
:\Ieadow 
Plowed ground 
Orchards 
Woods 

Shrubbery 
Yards and gardens 
Wa te and fallow 
:\Ii c llaneous 

Acres 

301.46 

177.70 
178.9 

301.23 
302.15 

87. 5 
131.94 
84.19 

18.54 
49.63 

117.22 
12.53 

Nos. of birds 

573 
(462) 

30 
1116 
(195) 
309 
213 
101 
322 
842 

(692) 
45 
42 

383 
3 

I 
!Birds per sq mi. 

1216 
(981) 
108 

4000 
(697) 

667 
451 
736 

1562 
6401 
(5266) 
1553 

542 
2091 
153 

• ·oTF.: I•'igures in oarenlhesis are r mainders after subtracling crows anrl 
hi-onz~•d grackles. 

GENERAr. UMMARY OF TUE MoRE n .rrn.\.. T Bam 

"·e have repeatedly • hown that relatively few pecie are repre-
. entcrl in a inglc region or hahital 1,y a ufficient number of hirrl . to 
ha\'c any important effect. ·cologi ·al or economi ·, and that more species 
con ·equ ·ntly signify litllc or nothing in the y-.tcm of life at the time 
and place; but in thi conn tion account mu"t be taken of the fact that 
. pecie in. ignificant in one envi ronm ·nt may he of primary importance 
in another and that a comp! ·te list of thn~ 1111portant in omc- ituation 
or r latinn hip is neeclecl to gi,·c ;in adequate idea of the ignificanc of 
hird, a a clas . As a cont rihution lo . uch a Ii l of Illinoi · bird:- pre,ent 



, om wher in really dominant number~, w have mad g neral tables 
or all the _pec ie wh ich are on the 'more abundant ' Ii ts f any ction 
of the tate in ummer or in winter and f th more abu 1Hhnl pec1e 
in any on of tu thirt en habitat in ith r of thes ea. ons. "\"\ have 
omitt d from thi tabulation the bird of pring and fall bccau c of Lhc 
brief period of re idence of ma ny . p cie and the extremely variable 
num b r of bird:. in any nvir nm nt durina the migration ca: ns. 

T akino- u1 firs t the ge graphi al diYi ion , "e finc.l that of the ~3 
p cie o f counted I ird on our outhe m Illinoi ummer Ii ·t, 2 were 

in our ··more abund, nt" group and of the 11 \1·inter p cie · of that 
i:. l.: tion, 1 l were r lati vcly abundant. The corre pond ing n umber of 
, peci for central lllinoi were Ci t\ and l ;3 re pectively in u m mer and 
·? ~ an I Ii r _ pectiv ly in winter. anc.l for northern Illin is th y wer 
!l,j and 1.- in ummcr and ;3• and 6 in winter. In our Ii t fo r the , talc 
a · a who I . we ha v 113 ummer µecic. on r cord f whi h · .' were 

la. eel as abunda nt, and I !J winL r p ci , l i of \Yhich wer abundant: 
tha t i . grouped g ographically and sea onally from lC:i to : ; per cent 
o f our pecie fell in me one or more• f ur R' per cent Ii ' t s tm er 
the ·e head . 

• Mo1 [,: Bl :'iDA."T l ' l ~I •R. ,' fl Wrn'l'gR 1311<11, BY SEt..:TlO:'i: , OP THE T.A'l'E 

II 111 frr 

l{illd r 
B b-whil . 
l\lourni ng dove X X X. 
Turk y vul tur 
Rcu-h· adecl woodpeck ,r X 
Fl ick r X X 
Ki ngbird 
Prai rie horn d la rk X X X 
Blue j . y X 
Amerira n ·ro,..- X X X 
Bobolink 
'owhircl X X 

l{pcl-wi11gecl blackbird - X -Icadow lark X X X X 
r ·hurd riolc X 

Bronzc,, rl grackl X X 
Purple fi1wh X 
Americ•:111 oldfinch 
• ngli h :a;pa rrow X X X 

La plancl long pur 
V e. per • pu.1Tow X 

Tl':lsshopper parr w X 
Lark pa rrow 
Tree parrow 
Fi kl . pnrrow X 
, ·tat.c-rolored junco X 
, 1 011g . pnrrow 



433 

lfoRE ABUNDANT H MME!t ANO .. \YJ:NTF.ll Brno 

ardiunl 
Indigo bunting 
Dickci el 
Barn wallow 
i\laryland yellow-throat 

Iockingbird 
Brown lhrasl1 r 
Tuft d titmou e 

arolina chickadee 
American rohin 
Bluebird 

X 

X 
-X 

Oil' ·rnE. 'l'ATE-('unl'l'd 

811m11nr ll'into· 

C C r 

X 

X 

X 

ur habitat table , on the other hand. show that of 113 . tunmer 
. pecies -V were found on the . per cent list of one or more habitat 
and that of the 4fJ winter species 29 were on at lea t one of the , :- per 
cent. li~t.-ratios of +2 per cent. and 60 per cent. re pectively. 

N 'i\lBERS A;,;o RATTOS OF' SPE m OF IORE 
Auu~UANT Bm1>s, BY SEc\ 0 ' S, SEC· 

TION' , ANl> HABTTAT 

SOUTBl-~RX lLr,l~Ol 

Total 85 per Ratios 
number cent. lisL per cent. 

Summer 83 22 27 
Winter 41 14 34 

CE .. l'RAL lLLL,OI 
Summer 68 13 18 
Winter 27 6 22 

NOWPl:IE({N !J.LlNOI~ 
ummer 95 15 16 

Winter 32 6 19 
WIIOLE STATE 

Summer 113 28 26 
Winter 49 17 35 

HABlTA'l' R TIO. 
Summer 113 18 42 
Winter 49 29 60 

The total numher of pec1e counted ancJ recorded on our two Ii l~ 
of ca. ans and ha hi lats i 12:- and the number on the corre-.pondi~1g 
two "more almn<lant" li ·Ls i · (i:3; that i . :,o per cent. of th s . p 1c. 
were f ottnd uffici mly nlrnnrlant in . 11n1e ctinnal ur hal11tat . ituation 
to l,rino- them into on or mor of our "rnore abundant" groups To tbi 
,-:ill per cent we would add. if we uuld. a variable and 11nkno\\ 11 nurnher 
of pring and fall migrant which rc111,lit1 in the . tat Iona nough to n-



-131 

Mom~ An ND ,T S i\1.MER Bnm , WHOLE STATE. HY HAHl'r,\T 

The figures at the heads of the columns on the habitat table have the fol-
lowing meanings: 

(1 Meadow; (2) pasture; (3) swamp; (4 waste and fallow; (5) wheat. 
rye, or barley; l 6) oats; (7) r:orn; ( ) stubble of small grain; (9) plowed 
ground; (10) woods; (11) orchard; (12) shrubbery; (l3) yards and gardens. 

201 
261 
273 
2 9 
316 
32,5 
300 
a93 
400 
,112 
141 
452 
4n6 
463 
474b 
477 
48, 
494 
-Hl5 
-19,' 
501 
:506 
,511b 
529 
. 
540 
,5-16 
5G3 
5 1 
5, 7 
,59; 
-o 
604 
612 
613 
6:30 
6 ' l 
6 3 
6, i 
iO:J 
70J 
70,5 
7lfl n,1 
725 
731 
755 
ilil 
7Ci(i 

·/ 1 I 2131 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 
X 

.x 

X :x 

X 

- .. 
X X 

X X 

X 

12 21 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
... 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

:x 
X: 

X 

X 
X .,,. 

X 

X 

9 

:x 
X 

X 

X 
X 

:x 

X 

X 

14 

X 

9 

I 9 i 10 r 11 I 12 I 1:J 

X 

.. 
X 

X 
X 

-X 

.; 

X 

X 

X 

X 

. 
:x 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

7 32 12 1, 

X 

X 

X 

5 



435 

title them to con. ideration as actual lhouO"h temporary re ·iclt:nt , hul 
a:- it is. we can only say thal in our judgment somewhere bet \\een 50 and 
; .; per cent. oi our 1 liCi recor led an<l count d pecie· were found in 
munhcr ufficient lo mal·e them worthy of note a cffecti\'e agents, for 
good or evil according to their habit , at some time and in omc part 
of the state. In this very general statement, however, we are making no 
application of the well establi:shed fact that bird in great variety of 
\Yidely different ordinary habit and habitat may concentrate locally and 
for a consiclernhlc time in a habitat which through ome exceptional 
deyeJopment offer them unu ual inducement . * 

n the whole it may be reasonai.Jly sai<l that the o-eneral outcome 
f our i-,ttney warrant the . 1at ment that few kind. of birds are really 

in ignifi ant evcry,d1ere and alway and that it i a rational economic 
policy to pre. ervc and protect all not known to be on the whole po ·i-
tiYely injurious and to decimate, and exterminate if pos ible. the few 
which can be definitely and positively so classed. 

Co "CER TXG TlIE 11ETHODS OF TIIE UR\'EY 

\\"e have fr quently remarked upon the di cretion to be u·ed in 
applying the re ults of our survey, and we hav • ourc;elves frequently 
rd mined from drawing crmingl) warranted conclu,;ion h.::cn us of 
the 11hviou-, d ficiencie. of nttr ,lata. -Unabl , of course, to mal·c a com-
plete ccn u of the Lircls of the tale at any time. we have re. orted to 
the method of random sampling; and unle. s this process i often re-
peated unclcr every yariety of circumstance ancl c inclit ion, the question 
may alway: be very properly rai ,ed wh ther the amph: ch s n ade-
qunt ly represent the whole. \\ ' ha\' rea on to regrt't the hortncss 
of the I 1eriod ovu· which the survey e':knded a11<l '"P ·ciall} the un-
et1nal distril1ution of our data o{ observation in hoth time aml space. 
largely due to our limitation to a ingle field party and the con ·e11u ·nt 
impo · ibility of making parall ·l oh ervation.., in different place-. al the 
ame time. . \ . the phenomena we were tu<lying \\·ci·e peruliarl) uh-

ject lo ._ as • ·11 change'-, Je._s rapid in summer and wimcr, but p rplc-:s:-
ingly :-.o in spring and fall, it was logically necr -..!'.ary that \Ye ..,J,onld 
li:ne had at lea t three partie · in th Ii ·lei ol once, one f, r each .·cclion 
of the .tale, all operating on "imilar program e pecially a· to time..; and 
area . Thi. being impracticable for u~. profitable compari on nf our 
clnta ha:-i hcP.n narrowly limited and con idcralile ing-enuity has 1, •n 
called for in the adaptation ancl a . imilation of data oi differ 111 oriJ,!i11 
in a way to make them fairly comparahle. Thr..,e difference · were at-
tributable to the condition under ,, hich our mc:thods of nbscn·atio11 
anti record were u:ed and not tn th method thems h-es. "hich sc:em to 
u, o well adapt ·d lo the end in view that ,,·c ·houlcl nnt know how 

• For nn lllustrativl' lnstnn,·•. s,-~ '"T'lw Regulallv, \rt1011 nl' nirll:,, 111,nn 
I ns..-<'t li-tt ill:i ti r,n. •• h\" S •• \ , l<'nrh,•s, Jiu!. 111. Stnll• I.n hnt·;1 ton· ot •nllll'fl.l JI l!!totT, 
\'ul. I. .\rt. ii. flll , 1-32. J\lay, 1 3 



436 

to impro\'e upon them if we were to continue or repeal the uryey. 
Their p cial valu wa in the sul titution of preci e data, re or<led in 
figur and h nc aYaiJable f r accurate compari on and ca able of 
b ing expanded by ·nbsequent addition, for the vague and variable ex-
pre ion of degre of abundance and scarcity now commonly n ed. 

The principal f atures of method to which we w uld all alten-
ti n are: 

l. car ful selection of the ample tract urveyed with a view 
to making them a · nearly a po·sible fairly representative of the whole 
ar a from which th y arc cho en.* 

~. The accurate recognition and complete enumeration by t., o 
ob~ rver of all the bird. pre ent n long trip or belt of uniform width. 
one ob rver r c o-nizing and c unting the birds seen on each kind of 
habital, and the other recording th di. tance traveled over each.t 

:{. The form of field notes "ritten on uniform slip day lJy day 
for each trip. the ·lip being numbered con ecutively for convenient 
reference. 

l. The meth f tabulation ( the observations in a way to make 
them available for con olidation in various way and for complete di~-
cu 1011. 

. pe 1e index of th numbered not 'UCh that all the data 
for each pecie may be readily a em bled. 

u. The groupin and tabulation of "re idence cla e ' . 
U ' e of the table thus formed in comparing the compo ition of 

the bird population in different ea ons and e pecially in different t:ige. 
of the fall and prin<Y migration . and the tracing in detail by thi mean 
of the ucce ivc tep of each migration. 

E ERAL PECIE LI T 

The followino- list of 19 pecies of which 166 have been stati tically 
treated, comr ri e all th bird een and recornized in the entire cour e 
of the lllinoi urv y. The letters in the fir t three column of the 
table indicate a re iden ·e cla ification of the species based primarily on 
our own observations but taking into account al o the publi hed and 
unpubli h d ob rvation of other available to u . our main ob-
ject i ecological. , e have attach d relati ly little importance to the 
xc plional occurr nee or comparatively insignificant number of a pe-
ies ou id it u ual range or ea on f re idence, but have cla sifie<l 

it only when and where it wa f und in numbers sufficient to give it 
some appreciable i2'nificance a a featur in the bird life of the time and 
place. 

• We ha,·e repeat di)· mad mention o( Lh fact that our m thod of enumera-
tion limit d us to l:>ird f mor or less open country, excluding us from aquatic 
ituatl ns and from <l nse for ts or lofty tre s. 

t To make sur thaL practically all Lhe birds were seen by these obs rver , 
se\·eral trial tl'ips w r mad with a third p r on walking between and some 
cli s lanc- b hind the two; with the result that the number of additional birds 
thus flushed was altogether negligibl . 



I• 

"' 

• 

n 

.. 

' 
437 

, The letters used have the following meanings: 
P. Permanent resident. 
\V. Winter resident. 
S. Summer resident. 
M. Migrant. 

In the other column of the table an X indicates the presence of 
the species on the 90-foot or 150-foot strip completely surveyed, and a 
J signifies a species noted by the observers but not seen on the urveyed 
. trip. 



' 
438 

LIST OF S1•1:r·m REC'OG. !ZEil WJTIT THElJ R1;; WE E Or.A,.StF1c Tlo.· 1-'0R EAOtJ 
SEl'TIOX OF TTlF 8'1 ATE, TOGETITF.R WTTJT DAT OF TREm Occu1mENCE 

o.· Ol~'l'llE Y1sAR 

Re idence , 'outhern ntral T orthern 
classification Illinoi Illinois Illinois 

C E '1J I'. :-. :-. @-!!3 _rn 
c;:' .... a.,·-

t:( a:i t:.C 
:.., 

bf :-. -5] bg ..G -::> § Ci a., 
..... j:j = .... C: - ;:l a ;:;· §~ :-. :=l .8 -~ 0 . 8 ..... .s ... :1 a o;:::1 OH J:,. :l ;::: 0. ;j t:: b: .z ('l :::: (fl z -:r.:. T.: F< -:r.. T.: r:,. -:r.:. P=.. 

G. Pied-hill d Trebe 
Podi)ymbu podiceps .J 

51. Ilrrri.ng TUil 
Larus argcntatus \Y \Y " .J 

77. Black Teru 
liydrochelidon nigra 

urinam n i [ l\ [ ~J 
120. Dou I ,le-crested or-

morant, PLalacrocorax 
a11ritus nurilus I\J l\l M J 

132. M::11lard, Anas platy-
rh ·nchos p p p .J 

1-10. Blue-winged Teal 
Q11 rqucd uln. <liscors :-l ' X ,. 

143. Pintail 
Dania acuta l\ I 1\1 p 

14.4. Wood Duc·k 
Aix spon a p p p J 

149. Le~ r 'caup Duck 
l\lnrila affinis ,v '\\r \Y J 

172. Canada oose, Branta 
canaden i canaden is "' l\ I ;\ l X :x 

190 Bittern, Botauru 
lentiwnosus X 

191. Lea: t iU rn 
lxohrvchus exilis ' .J ' · 194. Orea t Illu I Ieroo 
Arden h rodiu herodias :x 

201. Green Her n 
Butoricl virescens 

vi.resC'ens ·, ·x :x xx • 202. Black-crowned il!ht 
Heron, ry ticorn.· nyc-

ticorax naevius .J 
20 . King Hail 

Rallu .l gan :-; J 
212. Virginia Rail 

214. 
J:lallus virginio.nus 

'ora 
Porzana carolina , ' :x :x I .. 

219. Florida Gallinule 
'allinula galeata J 

221. Coot 
Fulica americana . X • 228. oodcock 
Philohela minor s 

230. Wil on's nipe 
Gallinago delicata M M X X X X 



13!J 

LI 'T OF WJ 'lll '.l'Jl E llt CL, i:-:Tc-C'ontinuec7 

R esidence 'outhern Central Northern 
clo. ificalioo lllino,s I111110 1. Illinois 

E tll -a ·~ e ... 
,u·- c:>-~ l:D 

Q; t t r-. ~i r-. 0 ..Cl 0 s I:[ e 0 _, s:::; ~s l:l - ;::: +> s:::; e ......, 
c :::1 '§. 8 ...... ... ·.: 6 =;l .:l ·;:: -< .9 8;::l ·- c:1 0 .... ::, <': C. ::, ;:a: 0. ::, ::> rn w (fJ I:;:;.. 00 'l:. ::.. [fl 'lJ 

231. Dowitcher 
l:\lacrorbampliusgri eu 

griscus l\I ~I M 
2~9. Pectoral ' nndpiper 

Pisobia maculata I M I X X 
25-!. Greater Yellow-legs 

Totanus melanoleucus M l\1 I J 
255. Yellow-legs 

Totanu flavipes l\I i\.1 I J 
256. "olitary Sandpiper 

Ilcloclromas solitarius 
olitarius I M M X 

261. rplancl Plover 
B:1rtramia. longicauda s X X 

262. Buff-breasted andpiper 
Tryngites subruficollis M M M 

263. , 'potted aodpipcr 
Actitis macuJuria . X X X ' 272. Golden Plover 
Charad.riu dominicus 

dominicus l\I 1\1 I\-1 X 
273. Killdc>er 

Oxyec:hus vociferus 
2'-t9. Bob..:white 

Colinu virgin.iunus 
virginianus p p p 

305. Prairie Chicken 
Tympunuchus america-

nus america nus p p p 
:3IG. i\louruing Dove 

Zcnaidura macroura 
carolinen i p p p 

3:Z5. Turkey \'ult ure 
Cathartc aura 

·eptentriouali: p . 
' 326. Black Vulture 

( 'r.ithnrista uruhu p 
33L. :\lar:ah Tlnwk 

irr:u hud oniu. p p p 
332. • 'hurp-~lunned Hawk 

.-\.cc·ip ter vclox p p p 
33:3. Cooper 's Hawk 

Accipe ler c1Joprri p p 
3:n. H111l-tailcd Hawk 

Buteo l,oreaH horen lis p p p 
3:j(). Hrcl-:,fa,ul<lcred Huwk 

B11teo linf'a.tus lineatu~ p p p 



0 

Lr T cw $l'8l'rn::. RECOG::',IZblD WTTIT TTIEilt ET ·.-Conti 11 ncri 

R idenc(' C ntr:i] i .,.orthern 
clns ification Illinoi. Jllinms 

i::::l ;., I,.. '"" H .~ Cl .... '"" ;., 

-5 s !:Jc e .s bD 8 Ci t:.O E .!: C -;: .5 ..... E C ~- E -o:::: a 6. a. ZH 53. ::l ... - Q > rJJ T:. w t:::: ';fl rJJ """ .... 
343. Broad-winged Hawk 

Buteo platypterus p X 
347a. Rough-legged Hawk 

ArchiliuLe lag pu 
sanctij hanni. \ w :x X 

34 .. , lclen Eagle 
Aquila c-hry aeto p p p X 

352. Bald Enofo 
Haliaetu leucoc pba-

lu I ucocephalus p p p J 
3.57. Pigeon Haw1, 

Falc co1um barius 
columbariu 1 1 I X 

360. ,.'parrow linwk 
~,le sparveriu 
. parveriu p 

364. sprcy 
Paudion halia tu 

·arolinensi s '· 36 Long-ear cl Owl 
. io wil onianu p p p :x X 

3G7. , 'hort- arc<l wl 
Ai fln.mmeus p p p X 

:rn~. Barred wl 
, 'lrix varia varia p p p X 

372. 'aw-wh t wl 
ryptoglaux ncadi ·a 
a ·adica p p p .T 

373. , ·er e b Owl 
0111s asio na vius p p p .T 

3oc7. Y -·11 w-bill d 'ucko 
ccvzu americanus 
an;ericauus ' X X X ' 3< Bla k-hilled 'uckoo 

ocryzus ery1hr ph-
thalmus ' X ,. 

390. Belted Kingfisher 
eryl alcyon p ,. 

393. Hairy ,y ood1 P kcr 
Drvobalc villo u. 

,rillnsu. p p p X X X X X X 
3D4c. Downy Woodpecker 

Dryohate pube cen 
mediunu' p p p 

402. · llo'l\•-hc-lliecl .~·n1~ ucker 
. 'phyrapicu. vonus 

variu I\J 1 l\1 X X X 



4-U 

LIST OF SPE TES nr-:coox lZED Wl'l'H TUEIR ET .-Con tin1iecl 

Re irlen e , outhern Central Xorth rn 
c:la. ification lllinoi. lllinui lllinoi 

E .,, s::: ... ... ... 
"'2 '6 ... a: .... -~ QJ •- t:.C .... be 

(.) :... 
.., 0 ..c 0 8 C> l:£ E C; 
-i::: l:ai::: = s::: .;3 - c :::l ..., 0 ..a> 
..... __ 

E c·- - - ;.5 ·;:: - s::: ·;:: ::: :,- C,;::: c~ c.. ei .... o- :, <'l ::l 0.. :, 
7. H z z. T. f:t, :r..: -r. :r..: i:.. ::,-: 

405n orthern Pileated 
Woodpecker 

Phloeolomus pileatu. 
ahieticob p p p 

4.0 R d-h :ulcd "'oodpccker 
l\I l:incrp s erythro-

cephnlus p X X X X X X 
409. R d-bE'llietl Woodpcck r 

enturu~ carolinu p r I 
412u. Northern Fllc·ker 

ob.pt<':;; aur:itus 
luteu p p p 

417. \\'hip-poor-will 
Antro, (omu-

vocifcru ' H .J I '· 
4:..0. i 'ighth, wk 

horde ii vi.rgrniunu 
virgininnu 

423. himncv , ',vift 
'htt tuni p lagica ' H I ,. 

42 Huhv-throal d 
i-I tm1mjnghir<l 

Ar hilorbu. coluhri ' ' X I I 

444-. Kingbird 
Tyrn.1111us tyrannus ' X X. X I,; 

152. re t cd Fh·ca t her 
:'.\Jyiarchi1,:; criuitu. X 

456. Pho be 
, 'ayornis 1 lio he :-; X r X X. X 

-161. \\'ood P wee 
1lyioch3n viren X 

4fi3. Yellow-b llil' I Fly-
r, l<'hn 

, rnpi<lonax naviv utri • M 1\1 ~I 
465. .\radian Flycatcher 

1 mpidonax vir cens ' X • 
4G lfl. Aldc-r Fly en I cher 

Empidnnax Lrailli 
alnonw1 ?\I :\ I ;\I X .x ). . 

4£i7. L n. t l•'IH·atchcr 
mp1tlon3. minin1u~ l\I X X 

471. UnT11 d Lark 
tncori. nip<'. tri 
nltp. Iris \Y " w X 

474-h. Pruirie Horn cl Lark 
Otoe rb alpc ·tri 

prnticol• p p p X xx X . 



4-!2 

LIST OF S.PE I le RECOGNIZED W"ITH THElR TfON, ETC.-Conti?mea 

Residence Central r rthern 
classification Illinois Illinoi 

E rn 
0 ... ... ... a;.~ cu (ll (ll ... :S:~ o;j 0 bl) ... b.o .a 0 J 8 2s Ql ,e.9 .9 .s 8 .... 

::,- o= ... ;::i A 'ii a :::l a ... :::l .s o - u~ P.. ::, <1 c.. ::, m 00 1-1 z ..., rn -.n en z. 

477. BluP Jay 
ranocitta cristata 
cri ·taLa p p p 

4 row 
orvus hrnchyrhyn-
cho brach)Thyncho. p p p 

-194. Bobolink 
Dolichonyx oryzivoru i\1 l\I 

495. Cowbird 
Molothrus at rat r . 

' 49 . Red-winged Blackbird 
Agelaius pho niceu 

phoeniceu s 
501. l\Ieadowlark 

lurnella magna, 
magna p 

506. Orchard ri I 
Iclerus pmiu 

507. Baltimore Oriole 
Ictcms galhula . • 

509. Ru ty Blackbird 
Euphagus caro}jnus ?d l\I M 

510. Brewer's Bla khird 
Euphagus cyanoceph-

alus M 1\1 I 
511h. Bronzed Grackle 

Quiscalus qui·culu 
aeneus •-

517. Purple F inch 
Ourpodacu purpureu 

w purpureu w p 
52 ' . Redpoll 

canthi linaria 
linaria w w ' X 

52 . olclfinch 
t ragal.iuus trist.is 
tristi p p p 

X. English 'parrow 
Pa er dome lieus p p p 

5~3. Pine 'i kin 
,'pinu pmu w ,, 

5. 4. , 'now Buntin.,. 
Pie tropbenax nivar 

nivali w \Y w 
536. Lapland Long puT 

Calcu.rius lapponicu 
Japp nfou w w '" X X 



443 

LT T OF SPE JES RE OGNJZED WITfl THEIR er.~, ETc.-Co,itin ued 
------

Rc·id nee , 'outhern ntral • Torthcrn 
cla ~ificnlion Illiuni Jllinois Illinoi~ 

e !7J 
::: h h f:' - rJ:J ... rn 

c:.,•- do v·- C; ... i:., 
E .... ,og ~c I;,£ 5 bl q ~· C "' .!; ...:, C: C - i::: 5 --=:.:: :::::..= ... -- } § - C "!:: ·c O;::; c:.;- o= c;l -1. ·- C. ::i ....... z ...... ;::. -E i;::::: e::: 00 'Z. -.r:, 

53i. tmith', Longspur 
'nlcarius pictu 1\1 l\1 M :x 

540. Y c.:p •r , 'parrow 
Pooeccte · ~ramineu 

"' gm.min u 1 :-{ . I 

542:1. :,;ayannah 8panow 
Pn e1·c·ulus . il.Ud-

wichensi • savauna M i\I 
546. Gra!;shopper , 'parrow 

Ammodramu s:lV:tll-
narum uustralis p ' · X X 

547. llenslow's pnrrow 
P11 erherhulus hen~ 

lowi hcnslo\\i s ' X . 
54 Leconte' , parrow 

Pa ·erherbulus lecontei l\I r.1 i\,{ 
549]. ::-.lei on' 'parrow 

Pa crherbulus 
nelsoui uelsoni i :M ~1 X 

552. Lark .:;parrow 
Chondest grammacus . X X X X gramnmcus I 

554. "·hite-crowncd , parrow 
Zouotrichia leucoplir)'S 

lt>u •ophry w ~I M r X X X 
558. White-throat d 

parrow 
Zonotrichia albicolti M ~l X X 

559. Tree • pnrrow 
Spizclla monticoln 

monticola \\T w "' 560. Chipping • parrow 
, pizella pn serina 

. , . pa rina ' L ,. 
563. Field , parrow 

, 'pizcllu pusilla pu ilb ' ' 567. , 'late-colored ,Junco 
Junco h:v malis 

hyemalis w VI' w X X X X X 
575n. BnC"hman '- , 'parrow 

Prucat>n ae. Ii val.i.i 
lnwhmnni . • ' ' 5 1. , 'ong , 'parrow 

~lclo. piza 111clodia . mf"loclia p p '· .5/3. Linc·oln' , 'p11.rrow 
l\Jelo piza liocolni 

X lincolni t-i " 



+±± 

L1.1· OF Wl1'Ll TUEllt E'rc.- ontintted 

Re idence entr:11 r orthern 
cl::v.·i 6cation Illin lllinoi 

C C: ... ... a ... ,n aii -~ ... ,n 
QI'- ,.c·o <l) t QI 1-, ... 
,... 0 ... 0 b.C 8 tC E C) b.O G) ~,., 

- C .._. C C ... C +' .s .... ..., - s .... § .E ::s=--= i:;= ;...~ ·;:::; C - - .s ... a o- >-I z;::::; ,._ ;j 0. C':I ::s i:: w......., r:n :n U1 r=. 7.. :n t::. 

5 4. , '\varup, 'parrow 
l\Ielo pizn gcorrriuna "' l\I X ·x 

5, :3. Fox, 'parr w 
Pa ere lla iliac:i iliaca \Y l\l .:\I 

.j 7. T wh e 
Pipilo 

rythr phthalmu 
ryt hrophthalrous p X 

593. :mlinnl 
'ardinali caTdinali 

cardinali.' p p p 
595. Ro e-bre:t tcd ,ro h ak 

Zam lodia. ludoviciana l'vI 
59 Indigo Bunting 

Pa erina cyant-a ' X I 

004. Dickci sel · 
,'pizn a!llcricana R ' X I . I 

GOL, , 'carlct T:inagcr 
Piranga olivncea I. X 

GLO. , 'ummer Tana{!; r 
Piran"'a rubra rnbra 

)11. Purple Mart in 
Progn . uli uhi. X X X 

Gl2. :Jiff t--wallm 
P troch lidon luulfron 

lunifr ns X X. X X 
G13. !3a r11 , 'wallow 

Hiruncl rylhroga tra ' X X ,_ 
611. Trc ,'wnllow 

Iri<loprocnc bicolor ' ' (H6. Bank ,'wallow 
RiJ arin riparia ' X '· 

617. ougl1-wingcd, 'wnllow 
, 'lclgi~opte1yx 

s H J rnpenm. 
(l1 Boh mian Waxwing 

Bo1ubycillo gnnub w "' p 
CH9. ,lar \\ axwi1w; 

Bornbr ·ilia cedrorum l' p I' X 
62:..e. ::\Iigrant , 'hrik 

L:111i1 ludovicianu. 
migrnn· p p -. 

' 62-+. Red- y<>cl Vireo 
Yireo vlva oliv:1 ·ca X X X X X 

CL6. Phila<l !phia Yir o 
\'ir o.·ylva philatl el-

phi ·a i\l ;\l t\f X 
6'r Warhling Vireo -1. 

Yir o ylva gilva gilv:1 f4 X X 



-l l,3 

Lt:ST OF WITH 'J'DEIR CLA,. H'JCJ\'l'IO~. ETc.-Contiuued 

R id nee , 'outhcru Korthern 
cla..;sification Illinoi Illiuoi 

c:: ,_ ... ,_ 
- •n ,_ lD ~·- c;•-

b.c E t !::.G 
C, ,_ 

b£ 
,:,; ... ~g - 0 E Cl E c., 

-=2 .s ,.. -- -~ ::: ..., - ·- .::i s ,:::: 8 ,:::: ,.. 
·= - ,-, o:::::i = ::; a = ::::J a,,-, C: ::, :§: C: i> ..... z ..... E rZ Ft -E T) -:.r:: (l 

6'l, 
w • Y •lluw-t broat d Vireo 

Lrnh·ireo fla vifron . J ' GW. Blue-hcadccl \'ireo 
Lumvll'co olitarius 

solituriu M I :\I 
G:H. ,'\7dtc--eyctl Yir o 

• 1 reo ~ris u · griseu X 
G:33. B II'· \ lft'O 

\'ireo hclli ltdli J 
636. Black nntl While 

n ·arlllCT 
l\ln10tiltu varia X X X 

G:{7. Prothonutan· \\'arhll•r 
Prot1111ot:11:m cit reu :-; J J 

1;:3 ~waiuson·s \\ arl,IN 
Ilclinaiu swr1111 Olli ,J 

c;:39 " 11rm-c:-n ting "' arhlt•r 
lll'l111ithero~ 

\'ermi\'oru · ' X I 

Ii-! 1. Blu -wingr•cl 'ffarl1lpr 
\" l'llH\'tJl':t plllUS ,J .J 

<H.i. . n ·lwillc Wurl•IN 
\-cr:ui,·vrn rulmrupilla 

ruliri(•apilla :\I l\I i\I X X 
b ~G. Ora llJa!:t''-rl'I ,wned 

\\'arl,lPI' 
V rrniYora cekttu 

C •l;1tu i.\I L\1 l\I X 
b-!7. T nn -~ \\·:,r!tler 

Yc>rmivora 1wrre:rina \I l\I l\ [ X 
IH a. ~orlhPrn P:1.rn!a \\ arhl r 

'0111 p~otlil;\1lil-l ~rn1c•ri-
c·, nn ll'-ll<'a , X 

h50. ':ipc ~Iuy \Yurblcr 
I )encl roi,·a I igrirm i\l j\f i\ [ 

,r·> ,)_, Yrllow \\'nrlilct· 
l emlmic:1 :w tiY:t 

.ll' ·f j \':l . X . 
l,11, Hlucl·-t lirnu h·cl Blue 

\\':irbh r 
D!•11droica l':1f'r11lP.'iCl'll 

•:t C'rll )i, 'C'P.11.' :\l j\l :\1 
(i5,-. ~J yrtl · \\url,I •r 

Dl'mlroicu rorun11t:i i\I )1 i\l _, 
t'i5i. :\[:tf!:1111li:i "·arl,lcr 

DP11droiea nrli!';lloli!1 i\I M :\ I 
G511. 'he!--lnnt-:.cidr1l l\'ar1Jlc•1· 

D nc.!,roira pe11. yl-
\':tlllCtl :\I l\J 



44G 

Ll~T OF PF: u;. RE OG'HZED W"ITH THEIR CLAS IFICATION", mc.-Contimted 

Rc~idence 011th rn Cent,ral 
cl assific:1 tion Illinois Illinois 

E:.!!.? a t t ... 1/J 
G,)·- ... cu 0 ~g ..0 0 b{I l>.c a E -E:3 ~-S C .._ C .... -C:.::l .... C ·a 8 - C 1 g - C ::,_ v~ :::,:::3 ... ";j ;; "qi :8e-1 z- a. ::, o:s ?i: 0 rn if:. r=. .- ::r., X r=. -:I) rn r=. 

Gfil. Black-poll War! I r 
Dem.lroic:1 striata M 1\I 1\1 

662. Blackburnian Warbler 
cn<lroica fu ca 1 l\[ I J 

6G3a. , 'vcumore i arbler 
·ocndroica domi.nica 

albilor:i. ·, J 
667. Bia k-tLtrna,ted ;recn 

Warl ler 
Dendroica viren M I 1\1 

671. Pi.11 Warbler 
Dendroica vigor i p • ' ' ' 672. Palm arbler 
Dend1·oica palm.arum 

pnlmarum M l\I { X X X 
674.. Ov n-bird 

, 'ciuru. a.urocapillus . J ' 675a. Gri11ncll's Waler-
Thru h 

._ciuru · noveboracen i: 
notahili M i M 

,. 

676. Loui iana Water-· 
'Ihxush 

eiurus motacilla s J 
677. r n Lucky Warbler 

Oporornis formosus s s J 
679. fourning Warbler 

porornis ph.i.ladelpbia { M l\I J 
6 ld . .Maryland Y How-throat 

Geotltlypi trichas 
tricba X 

6 3. Yell ow-breasted Chat 
Icteria vireos virens s :s: 

6 4. Hooded Warbler 
Wilsonia citrina J 

6 6. an:ida Warbl r 
Wilsonia cailadensis I 1 1: J 

6 7. Rcdstart 
'eLophaga ruticilla :x :x 

697. Pipit 
Ant.bu rul cens M M M X X 

703. Mockinghird 
Mimus polyglottos 

polyglotto p ' s X • 
704. at.bird 

Dumetella carolinen i X X 
705. Brown Thrasher 

Toxostoma. rufum X X :x X 



Ll."T OF l'IWU~. RECOG:\ IZF.I) WITH 'l'IIElll LA:'!. U,' ll'ATIOX, F.TC.-C'onti1111ed 

'il C:irolinn. Wren 
Thn·oUmrus lutl 1\'il·J• 

anus ludovicianu 
719. Bewi k' Wren 

ThrYom:rne hewicki 
1,c-wi ki 

i2la. \Ye tern House Wr IL 
Troglodyt nc<lon 

park-urn.ni 
722. Winter \Yr n 

~nnuiu. hiemali · 
hi mali 

i24. • 'horl-bill d i\Iar-h ,rren 
'istolhoru- st llnris 

725. Lon~-hilled l\far ·h Wreu 
T lmntocl,·tp,: pnlll'tri. 

palu ti{ 
726. Brown 'reepcr 

~.')-
' -1. 

-.-, 1 .... 1..., . 

74 

740. 

7.31. 

7,5:i. 

7,iG. 

Crrthia familintis 
nmcncann 

Wh1tr-l irenstccl 
:--;ruthnlrh 

, ' ilta rarohn .n ·1 
c:uulinc-n. is 

Hrd-hrcastla'd Nuthntch 
:--itta ran:1den. 1. 

Tuftrd Titmuu ·c 
R:1rolophu,- hirnlor 
lii1·kadec 
P 11!1w tr. ntric:api llu 

at rir·apillus 
'uroliua Chickadee 
P nthe •tp caroliuen i · 

c·arolinett. ill 
Gold,·1H"rownrd Kinglet 

H«'•..;ulus satr:qm 
,atrnp:1 

H 11' 1y-c•row11,_.c1 Ki11gl<>t 
Heg11l11s c:1lencl11la 

calc•111l11la 
Bluc>-J!l':LV (;wtlcatrlwr 

l'olinpt'ib c·m rul ,a 
r:il·nilra 

\Y,,,Jd Thru.-h 
Hvlociehh niu8h•linn. 

Yel;f\. 
f h :lru-i1•h.la f USC-f>:,,(•l•ns 

fll"" • 1• n. 

R . iclcncc 
cl:is -ificntion 

p 

. • 

w 

w 

p 

:\ I 

r 

p 

p 

'' 
'\I 

_, 
,-:, 

1\1 

H 0 
+" C ....... ......... u-H 

w 

l\l 

p 

)l 

p 

l' 

p 

" 

\J 

i\ r 
' ' 

M 

p 

1\[ 

p 

p 

:\ I 

i\ I 

Southern 
lllinni -

xx 

X 

X 

X 

lentrnl 
Ill11101s 

X X 

X X 

\. 

'l 
I 

Northern 
Illinoi · 

xx 

xx 



L1. T OF PE ' If;, RECOGNlZF:D WITll THEIR 

Residence 
classification 

Southern entral Northern 
Illinois Illinois Illinois 

757. Gray-cheeked Thru h 
Ilylocichla aUciae 

alicia 
75 a. live-hacked Thru h 

Ilyluciehla u;:.t.ula ta 
w:un nl 

7.59b. Hermit Thrush 
IIylocichla. guttatn 

761. 
pallnsi 

Robin 
Plan liC'u migraloriu .. 

migratoriu 
76G. Bluebird 

, 'i,1lia siali. iali 

1'I i\I 

1\.1 I 

w 1\1 

p 

p 

~I 

I\! 

M 

J 

X 

X 

.·XX 

xxxx 

l'..XA~I PLES F FIELD NOTES, I DEX C RD ' :\ND I'Rl~( II'AL TAULES 
}. f DE l' FR M TIIE1'I. 

FIELD "OTES 

The followin,.,. cop1e of four note lip · will ·uffic1ently illu~trate 
the method of recording the field data. The number foll wing the date 
at the head of the lip, is the erial number of the slip it elf. The figure 
opp site the name of habitat ("pa lure'', "' tubble", "corn talk~", 
etc.) . how the number of pace · taken in cro. ing a field. the ob erver 
counting the birds on a ro-yard . t r ip except where the habitat name i~ 
followed by the expre . ion "30 yards'. The number and kinds of birds 
een in each fiel I n the ~O-yard or · 0-yard trip are J1own by the 

figt1re under the habitat name, the li.r t the number of birds and the 
econd the A. 0. U. nnmber for the ·pecie_ name .* (, 3 , 9 means 

bob-white or quails een in cro ing a pa ture 310 pace wide.) 
Feb. 14, 1907 507 (Broken tr ees) 
Brownfield, Illinoi 13·567 
Fair, cold. wind E. Weeds 
Ground not frozen. 8: 00 A. M. 30 yd. 
Pasture 810 

-289 
tubble 

1-567 
Pasture 

80 

92 

Feb. 14, 1907 
Stalks 

8-501 
24--567 

• The symbol . • i • used for the English sparrow. 

34 

508 
270 



4-19 

3-766 
1-4746 

Timothy 42 
(Grasshopper, a butterfly, and small 

gnats found) 
Shrubbery 312 

30 yd. 
2-559 
7-567 
1-517 

19-289 
Timber 242 

30 yd. 
3-567 
1-718 
1-727 
2-731 
2-409 

Pasture 394 
(Some shrubbery) 

Stubble 670 
1-581 

C. Stalks 100 
10-501 

Feb. 14, 1907 509 
Pasture 66 
C. Stalks 116 
Pasture 120 
Stubble 220 
Waste Ld. 214 
Roacl-12:10 
Timber 2 8 

30 yd. 
1-559 
1-567 

. stalks 37 
·weeds 306 

(A few apple trees) 
30 yd. 

Orchard SO 
Stubble 294 
Orchard 94 

(Yg. wheat) 
Road 11: 00 A. 1\I. 

Pasture 
Timothy 

3-601 
Plowed Gd. 
C. Stalks 
Beans (garden) 
Shrubbery 

30 yd 
2-766 

Pasture (Weeds) 
C. Stalks 
C. Stubble (corn) 
Wild grass 
Wheat 

tubble 
Barnyard 

2-X 

Feb. 14, 1907 
Waste Gd. 
Timber 

30 yd. 
2-56:i 

18-567 
1-731 
1-593 

Wheal 
C ... tubble 
Pasture 
Shrubbery 

30 yd. 
1-394c 
.517• 

Wheat 
Timber 

30 yd. 
2-7:36 

Weed 
Pasture 

( Horses) 
Waste Gd. 
Golconda, Ill., 2:30 P. M. 

• 3 males, 5 fe111alt-s. 

INDEX CARDS 

The black-face figures on the following card indicate the 
name (;JO.,, prairie chicken, and J 11, kingLir<l) an<l the other 
refer to th erial numb ·r of the field not ·-slip on which tlu: 
i m ntione<l. The index card are lilccl in the orckr of their 
nurn!Jer·. 

305-
217. 
a24, 
588, 

48, 77, 
2 l. 2 5, 
32 . 330. 
5 9. :i92, 

9, 104, 
291, 309, 
336, 614, 
601, Gl1, 

121. 
316. 
570, 
616, 

332 
82 

294 
164 

88 
25 

64 
75 
97 
47 

134 
117 
152 

510 
372 
989 

218 
47 
60 

555 

104 
418 

156 
274 

103 

specie.: 
figm_-1! · 
• l)C\..'I • 

pcc1 



-,1.-0 

617, 631, 642, 648, 65. 651, 
687, 710. 735, 739, 806, 819, 
8.5, 831, 833, 34, 48, 49, 

1131. 1162, 1185, 1198, 1204. 1220, 
1295, 1343. 1488, 1490, 1555, 1570. 
l 5 0, 15 2, 179 . 1809, 1813, 18;:i6, 
192 , 2039 

444- 1440. 1443, 1447, 1448, 1454, 
1459, 1460, 1462. 1464, 1467, 1471. 
1472, 1475, 14 1, 1493, 1497, 1513. 
1514, 1520, 1530, 1545, 1554, 1565, 
1569, 1574. 15 0, 1583, 15 5, 1590, 
1591, 1597, 1601. 160 . 1612, 1614, 
1624, 1625, 1626, 162 , 1634, 1636, 
164 . 1641, 1642, 1643, 1645, 164 . 
1649, 1667, 1671, 1675. 1677, 1679, 
16 0, 1697, 1701, 1702. 1703, 1704, 
1714, 1719, 1734, 1742, 1747. 1751. 
1771, 1775, 17 1, 1785, 1 02, 1812, 
1 1 , l 19, 1 20, 1824, 1827, 182 . 
1829, 1 35, 1 42, 1 43, 1844, 1 45, 
1 53, 1 59, 1862, 1 68. 1872, l 76, 
l 4. 1888. 1890. 1895, 1896, 1904. 
1909, 191 , 1932, 19:3 ' 1934, 1944, 
1947, 196 , 1961, 1964, 1967, 19 0, 
1990, 1994. 2000, 2016. 2027. 

TABLl!l III 

OH'l'l!Ell\' fLLl:-101., EPTE~LBER 6-15, 1909 

l\lo t abundant pecies, amounting t,o 5% of 
whole numb 1' id ntifi ed ; with ratios of each number 
to tolal nnmber of birds. 

Species 

X 
511b 
494 
761 
498 
412 

Toi al 

Number 
of 

each 

1369 
]321 

42 
105 
100 

84 

3407 

Ratio to total 
number of birds 

Per cent. 

34.0 
33.0 
10.7 

2.6 
2.5 
2.1 

84.9 
Whole number = 4017 

85'1r = 3414 





TAOLJ,; IV 

' on·rni,;11x JLLJ:-,;01 • SEPTE:\IBER 6-15, 1909 

Showing distance traveled over each crop, acreage of each 
crop, and ratio of acreage of each crop to total acreage covered . 

Distance A reage Ratio to 
rops traveled total acreage 

in miles covered Per cent. 

Corn 28.23 513.22 29.3 
Pasture 23.76 431.96 24.6 
l\Ieaclow 12.61 229.25 13.1 
Stubble 19.68 357.78 20.4 
Orchard 1.29 9.38 0.5 
Timber 0.99 7.18 0.4 
Plowed ground 2.34 42.54 2.4 
Yard 2.75 50.00 2.8 
Gardens 2.90 52.72 3.0 
Wa te and fallow 1.64 29.82 1.7 
Swamp 0.75 13.64 0.8 
Wheat 0.22 4.00 0.2 
Oats 0.80 14.54 0.8 

Total 97.96 1756.03 100. 

TABLE V 

ORTHERN' lLLIXOI, , SEPTE1IllEH 6-15, 1909 

Showing the number of "All Bird " in each crop. per cent. in each crop, 
birds per acre, and birds per square mile. 

Number Ratio to total I Birds Ilirds per 
Crops of No. of birds per Square 

Birds Per cent. Acre Mile 

orn 1551 38.6 3.02 1937 
Pa ture 681 17.0 1.58 1010 
:'lteadow 321 8.0 1.40 95 

tubble 254 6.3 0.71 455 
Orchard 171 4.2 18.23 11712 
Timber 20 0.5 2.78 1786 
Plowed ground 28 0.7 0.65 420 
Yard I 891 22.2 I 17.82 11409 
Gardens I 63 1.6 

I 
1.19 765 

Waste and fallow 19 0.6 0.64 40 
wamp 14 0.3 1.03 657 

Wheat 4 0.1 _I 1.00 640 

Total 4017 100. 2.27 145.: 



452 

TAULE VI (a) 

NORTIIER. ' JLLIN'OIS, WI, TER. NOYEMBEl? 23-30, 1906 A D JANUARY 2-16, 1907 

Showing the number of l:c'ach principal species that was observed in each of 
the principal crops. 

,n (I.I a, p,'. 'C (1,1 ::5 ;;., 0 GO ;j 'd 
(1,1 

'C ·a A .0 ..., 
0 w ::, ,n ell 

ro w 0, +-' .... 
rn 0 en p.. p.. 

X 13 1 

I 
31 1 4 

305 19 9 4 
394c 3 2 I 6 
474b* 15 11 3 8 
477 3 7 1 
4 30 57 28 19 2 15 
529 58 4 116 1 
536t 65 160 1 168 7 
559 18 6 43 3 4 
ns 5 16 6 

11 bird 225 258 272 193 30 I 41 

• 3 ou t of 75 of the 474b w er found in wheat fi eld s . 
t 28-1 out of G'i5 of the 536 w ere found in wheat fi elds. 

T ilLE VI ( b) 

't:I 
i::i 
ell 
?-,f/) "O 
MC] 

a) Ill a, (1,1 A .o'd .... 0 .0. I-< 0 :3 ;;., 
;j cd 0 
_8 bO po'. .... .... 
en < 

50 
32 

2 1 15 
75 

12 2 25 
33 207 

179 
675 

62 137 
8 6 43 

--
25 127 1520 

BEL IT, Wr ON rN'. TO EABL\'ILLE, ILLINOt , No EUBER 23-30, 1906 

Showing number of principal birds in principal crops per square mile. 

Species Corn I Stubble Wheat Plowed Pasture Meadow 
ground crop 

27.1 16.5 3.4 6.0 
305 39.7 57.3 13.6 
474 6.3 27.2 6.0 
474b 12.7 8.3 13.6 18.1 
488 41.7 38.2 8.3 23.8 78.4 
529 6.3 68.1 
536 135.7 6035 .0 29.0 3.4 952.4 
559 25.0 47.7 12.1 



453 

TABLE VI (c) 

NORTHER~ lLLtNOT ' . V TXTEI?. No, e:u1mu 23-30, 1906, A. D J .\.. T ARY 2-16, 1907 

Showing the per cent. of each principal species that was ohserved in each 
of the principal crops. 

Shrub· I Fallow 
Species Corn tubble Pasture Meadow Plowed Woods bery and 

% % % % % % and Waste 
Gardens % 

% 

X 26.0 2.0 62.0 2.0 8.0 
305 59.4 28.1 12.5 
394c 20.0 13.3 40.0 13.3 6.7 
474.b 20.0 14.7 4.0 10.7 
477 12.0 28.0 4.0 48.0 8.0 
488 14.5 27.5 13.5 9.2 l.O 7.2 15.9 
529 32.4. 2.2 64.S 0.6 
536 9.6 23.7 0.1 23.4 1.0 
559 13.1 4.4 31.4 2.2 2.9 45.3 
i35 11.6 37.2 14.0 18 6 14.0