Bull 14 no VII


ST A TE OF ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 

DIVISION OF THE 
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 

STEPHEN A . FORBES, Chief 

Vol. XIV. BULLETIN Article VII. 

• 

CODLING-MOTH INVESTIGATIONS OF THE 
ST A TE ENTOMOLOGIST'S OFFICE 

• 

I 9 I 5, 19 1 6, 19 I 7 

BY 
PRESSLEY A. GLENN 

PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE ST A TE OF ILLINOIS 

URBANAt ILLINOIS 
August. 1922 

• 



• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

ST A TE OF ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 

W. H. H. MILLER, Director 

• 

BOARD OF 

NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION 

W. H. H. MILLER, Chairman 

JOI-IN w. ALVORD, Engi·neering 

• 

WILLIAM TR.ELEASE, Biology 
JORN M. COULTER, Fo1 .. est1·y 
ROLLIN D. SALISBURY, Geology 
WILLIAIVI A. NOYES, Chemist1~y 

KENDRIC C. BABCOCK, Representing the 
P1·esicl ent of tlie U1iiversity of Ill-i-
n oi s 

• 

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION 

STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief 

( 64922- 1200-ti-2.2 I 

-

• 



• 

• -
• -

• 

CONTENTS • 

PAGE 
Introductory statement ......................................... : . . . . . . 219 
Definition of terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 
General conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 
Equipment and method of wo1·k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 

Large-cage series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 
Life-history series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 
Band-record se1~ies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 

Inflt1ence of climatic conditions on the egg, larva, and pupa of the codling-
moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 

Zones of temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 
Gene1·al p1·oced t1re in the study of temperature relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 
Relation of temperature to ·development of the egg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 
Relation of temperature to development of the larva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 
Relation of temperature to development of the pupa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 
Conclusions from the foregoing discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 

Observations on the life history of the codling-moth in 1915, 1916, and 1917. 253 
Incubation period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 
Larval l)eriod: 

T1~ansf or ming la vre ... .. ..... .. ... . ..... ... .. .. ... .. . ... ..... .. . 
Hibe1,nating la1--vre ............................................ . 

Pupal period .............. ....... .... .. ... ... ... .. . . .. .... . ....... . . 
Combined egg·, larval, and pupal periods .. . . .. .. .......... . ..... . .. . 
Adult period ... .. ....... ......... .. ... . ........ . ..... ......... .. . . 
Total life-period .. . .. ... . ... .. ... ... ...... . ....................... . 
0 . ·t· v1pos1 10n .......... ........ . . .... ..... .... ..... . ......... ... .. . . . 
Relation of tempe1'ature to length of development period ....... .. .... . 

Seasonal histoI·y of the codling-moth, 1915 .. . . ....... . ....... .. .. . ..... . 
Large-cage se1.,..ies . .. .....•.. ... . . .. .......... .. ...........•..•.. ... 

Fi1•st generation, 1915 .. ........... .... ...... ... ............... . 
Second generation, 1915 . ........ . .... ....... ..... .... .......... . 
Third generation, 1915 ........................................ . 

Band collections: 
Hiberna ting generation, 1914-1915 .. ...... .... ................. . . 
Collections made in 1915 ... .................................... . 
Hibernation, 1915 ... .. .... .................................... . 

Sun1n1,11·y of the seasonal history, 1915 . ............................ . 
Recot'ds fo1· othet· points than Olney ................................ . 
General 1·e n1a 1·l<s 011 the season ..................................... . 

• 
• 

254 
2·55 
256 
256 
257 
257 
258 
258 
259 
259 
260 
261 
261 

262 
262 
263 
263 
264 
264 



-

• 

-

• 

• 

-

-
IV 

• 

P ..:\OE 
Seaso11al histo1·y of the codling-n1oth, 1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 

Large-cage series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 
Hibe1·nating gene1·ation, 1915-1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 
First generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 
Second generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 
Third gene1·ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 

Band-collections: 
Hibe1·nating gene1·ation, 1915-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 
Collections made in 1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 

• 
Hibe1·nation, 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 

St1mmar y of the seasonal history, 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 
Records fo1· several localities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 

Seasonal histo1'y of the codling-moth, 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . 272 
Large-cage series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 

Fi1·st gene1·atiotl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 
Second gener·ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 
Tl1ird gene1·atio11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 

Band collections: 
Hibe1'nati11g generation, 1916-1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 
Collections made in 1917 ( see Table 37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 

St1n1mary of the seasonal history, 1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 
Relation of temperature to the seasona l history of the codling-motl1. . . . . . 275 
Method of forecasting dates when t he different stages of the seve1·a1 gene1·-

ations may be expected to appea1· at an y given place in a norn1al season. 281 
How to compt1te effective day-deg1·ees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 
Relation of tempe1·ature to time when la1·vre hiberna te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 
R elation of ht1midit3, and eva1)01,ation to the development of the codli11g-

motl1 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 
Spray program f 01· the codling-moth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 
Figures (8), Graphs (7) , Tables (51), Cha1·ts (3). 

• 

• 

.. 

• -
• 



• 

• 

AMTICLE \ 1II.-Codli11 .(-111ot/1 /1ic. 1est1g·atio 11s of tlz e State E11to11i-olo-
gist's ORice, 1915, 1916, and 1917. BY P.A. GLENN, Chief Inspector of 
the Division of Plant Industr)', State Department of Agriculture . 

• 

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 

To secure accurate data in regard to the life history and the seasonal 
history of the codling-moth in Illinois, a11d the relation of climatic condi-
tions to the rate of developn1ent and the time of appearance of the various 
stages of tl1e insect, an investigation was begun in the spring of 1915 
under the direction of Doctor S. A. Forbes, then State Entomologist. 
The principal station was established at Olne)' in charge of the writer, at 
that time and during the ,vhole period of this investigation on the staff 
of the Entomologist.* Other stations were at Ozark, about 80 miles south 
and 45 miles east of Olne}', in charge of 1\11·. L . 1\1. Smith; and at Plain-
view, 40 miles north and 100 miles west of Olney, and at Springfield, 70 
miles north and 90 miles ,vest of Olney, in charge of l\llr. W . P. Flint. 

The station at Olney ,,,as equipped ,,rith large, scree11-wire cages 
covering entire trees. a field laboratory and all necessar}~ small cages for 
the observation of individual i11sects in all their stages, a self-recording 
thermograph. a self-reco1·ding l1)1grog1·apl1, a Livingston porous cup 
atmo111eter £01· 111easuring evaporation and a rain gage (Fig. 8, p. 230), 
stancla rrl 111axi11111111 and 111ini1nut11 tl1ermon1eters, and a sling psycl1ron1eter 
£01· checking dail)r the records of tl1e self-recorcl111g i11strt1111ents. TI,e 
otl1er stations \\1ere provided ,vith i11str11111ents for keeping a record of 
cl i 111a tic conditions. 

At Olney a contin11ous daily reco1·d was kept of the history of all the 
stages of the insect. At the other stations band records and other data 
,vere recorded such as wot1ld enable us to follo,v tl1e 1nai11 featt1res of 
the seasonal history of the insect. 

D EFINITION OF TER I\I S 

To avoid confusion resulting £1·on1 a misunderstandi11g of terms, 
the follo\ving defi11itions a1·e given: 

The ter111 ''stages of the codling-motl1' ' r·efers to tl1e fottr distinct 
periods in the life of tl1e insect: tl1e eggJ tl, e la1·va, the pupa, and the 
adult . 

• As a consequence of tl1 e passage of the Civil .Adr11inistra ti v~ Code in 1017, the writer 
. was tra nsfer1·ed t o the State J)e11a rtn1en t of Agrirul tt1t·c, and tl1e n1 uJ1 >r pa r t of this r eport 
has been written since be heca1ne a member of this fle1lnrtme11t , t he St o.te Entomologlet'e 
office ha,·tng l>ccn l>.v the sa 111c lu,\' 111crgt:<l in tl1e Na t,1rnl Jlls t o rJ· s,1r,1 e)' of the Sta te. wlth 
Dr. Forbes a s It~ r.l1iet . Tb Is doullle relation bas 11o t, llo ,vc:v~r . a trccted t hP cl1aracter of 
tbls report, wb1cb bas t,een 1>re1l n red unde1· tl1e s u1>cr,·is io r1 of [>r. Ii•<, r bes, a nd " ' i t h a vlew 
to Its pubJt cntion as ,1 s ur,·ey b11lle tin . 



-

' 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

220 

The term ''generation'' is used to designate a group of insects in all 
the four stages from egg to adult, all equally removed by descent from a 
given insect or group of insects, except that the term ''hibernating genera-
tion'' is used for all the insects which hibernate, regardless of the 
generations to which they belonged the preceding year. 

The term ''brood'' is used to designate all the individuals of one of 
the stages of a generation, as, brood of eggs, brood of larvce, etc. The 
terms ''first brood'', ''second brood'', and ''third brood'' are used to desig-
nate the eggs, larvce, pupce, or adults of successive generations. 

The ''theoretical zero of development'' is the temperature at which 
development begins when the temperature is rising and at which it ceases 
when the temperature is falling. 

The ''degree of maximum rate of development'' is the temperature 
at which development proceeds most rapidly. 

The ''day-degree'' is the unit used for measuring accumulations of 
te111peratt1re, and is eqt1ivalent to a te111peratt1re of one degree 111ai11tai11ed 
for 24 hours. 

''Effective day.-degrees'' are day-deg1-ees above the zero of develop-
ment, after necessary corrections have been n1ade for retardation dtte to 
temperatures above tl1e degree of maximun1 rate of development. This 
correction is made by subtracting twice the day-degrees above the 
degree of maximum rate from the total da)r-degrees above the zero of 
development. 

The codling-moth passes the \vinter in the larval stage. The over-
wintering larvce belong principally to the second and third gene1·ations of 
the preceding year, bttt for conve11ience in discussing the seasonal history 
we designate the1n as the hibernating generation. The generatio11s vvhich 
descend f ram the hibernating gene1·atio11 are designated as the ''first 
generatio11'', the ' 'second generation'', etc. In accordance with the fore-
going definitions we have the following relations of generations and 
broods: 

The hibernati11g generation, con-
sisting of 

the hiberna ti11g larvce, 
the first brood of pupce, and 
the first brood of adults. 

The first generation, consisting of 
the first brood of eggs, 
the first brood of larvce, 
the second brood of pupce, and 
the second brood of adults. 

The second generation, consist-
i11g of 

the . second brood of eggs, 
the second brood of larvre, 
the third brood of pupc.e, and 
the third brood of adults. 

Tl1e third generatio11, consisting of 
the third brood of eggs, 
the thir·d brood of larvre, etc. 

In the case of insects wl1ich pass tl1e winter as adults, the nun1ber 
of the broods will agree with tl1e nt11nber of tl1e generations to wl1ich they 
belong, but in the case of those that pass the winter in the egg, larval, or 
pupal stage, these nun1bers will not agree in all the broods. 

\ 



I 
I 

' 

• 

• 

221 

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 

The following conclusions have been reached as the results of this 
• • • 1nvest1gat1on : 

There are normally in the southern half of the state one complete 
generation, a nearly complete second generation, and a partial third 
generation of the codling-moth each )'ear. In the northern part of the 
state there a1·e but two generations. 

In the latitt1de of Olney, larvre of the first generation normally begin 
to enter the fruit about J\1a),. 19; larvre of the second generation, July 4; 
and larv~ of the third generation, August 12. 

The data at hand are r1ot sttfficient to enable tts to say definitely just 
ho,v much allowance must be made in tl1e ti1ne of appearance of the 
broods for differences of latitude, but in general, the first pupre, moths, 
eggs, and young larvre appear two or th1·ee days earlier at Ozark and two 
or three da)TS later at Springfield than at Olney; and second and third 
broods of larvre appear abottt a \\reel< earlie1· at Ozark and a vveek later 
at Sp1·ingfield than at Olne)' · 

The pupal period varies fron1 8 to 46 days, depending mainly upon 
the tetnperature. The period of the fi1·st brood is mucl1 longer than that 
of the second and third broods. The first brood period averages 30 days, 
the second 10.2 days, and tl1e third 11.4 days. 

The life of tl1e male adttlt in confine111e11t varies from 3 days to 24 
days, tl1e average being 10.S days; the life of the fe1nale adult in confine-
ment va1·ies f ro111 2 da)' S to 27 da1·s, the average being 13.4 da}'S. 

The fe1nale moth begins to lay eggs in from one to five days after 
emergence, the majority of the eggs being laid between the second and the 
fifth da)·s, and oviposition is usual!)' completed within ten da)1S. 

The egg period varies from 4 to 15 da)'S, depending mainly upon the 
temperature. The ave1·age ,,·as 8.1 da)·s for the 4956 eggs under 
observation. 

The larval period varies fron1 18 to 47 da)' S for transforming larvre 
and from 244 to 302 for hibernating larvre, the former averaging 26.4 
days and the latter 264.8 da)'S. The feeding period varies from 14 to 43 
days for trans£ arming larvre and f ro111 16 to 54 for hibernating larvre, the 
average for the for111er being 24.7 a11d for the latter 29.3. The larval 
period in the cocoon varies for t1·a11s f 01·mi11g larvre from one to eleven 
days, and for l1ibernating larvre fron1 206 to 275 days, the average for 
tra11sfor111ing larvre 1)eing 4.2 a11cl for l1il)e r11ating· lar,,~ 2(J6. l da)rS. 

The total life-periocl varies fron1 41 to 70 days for individuals whose 
lar,,re transfor1n, tl1e average bei11g 54.2, ,t11cl f 1·om 287 to 332 days for 
indivicluals ,vl1ose 1a·1·,·re hibe1-nate, t11 e ave1-age bei11g 313 da)·s. 
- Larvre l)egin to gc> into hiber11atio11 alJot1t August 1, and during the 
month the pe1·centage of 111att1ri11g la1·,,,e ,,·11icl1 l1ibe1·11,1te increases mo1·e 
or less rapicll}', clependi11g t1po11 te1nper;1tt11·es. t111til Septembe1· 1, after 
\\·hich practicall)r all la r\1re )1 ibe1·nate. 



222 • 

Temperature is the predomi11ating facto1·, so far as weather condi-
tions are concerned, in dete1-mining the rate of develop1nent and the time 
of the appearance of the various stages. 

Development begins in tl1e spring as s0011 as the temperature in the 
warmer parts of the day rises above 52 deg1·ees F ., and the rate of devel-
opment increases as the temperature rises,* until the degree of the 
maximum rate of develop111ent is reached, \iVhich £01· the egg is about 88, 
for the larva 85, and for the pupa 87 degrees F. The pupa \vill not 
develop at tempe1·atures below 52 degrees, but tl1e egg and larva \\'ill 
develop at temperatu1·es above SO. 

Temperatures above the degree of maximum rate of developn1ent 
retard development, and the retardation appears to be proportional to the 
number of degrees above the degree of the maxin1un1 1-ate, so that the 
rate of development at one, two, three, etc., degrees above tl1e degree of 
the maximum rate is the san1e as one, two, three, etc., deg1·ees below 
that degree. 

There is a fairly constant relation between the acctunt1lation of 
effective day-degrees and the time of appearance of the different broods. 
For practical purposes, 50 degrees F. 1nay be used as the zero of develop-
ment and 86 degrees as the degree of maximum rate of development, 
and the effective day-degrees for an)' day may be determined b)' finding 
the average te111peratt1re abo,1e SO degrees ancl s11btracti11g fro111 it tvvice 
the average temperature above 86 degrees. 

It requi1·es an averag·e of 163, 673, and 265 effective day-degrees to 
complete the development of the egg, la1·val, and p11pal stages, respectivel)l, 
and an average of 1101 for the develop111ent of an individual through the 
tl1ree stag·es when 50 is tal<en as the zero of clevelop111ent and 88, 85, a11d 
87 as the degrees of n1aximum rate of develop1ne11t for the egg, larva, and 
pupa, respectively. The nt1mber of effective da)1-deg1·ees ,,,hich accumu-
late f ro111 a certain stage in the developrnent of one generation to the same 
stage in the development of the succeeding gene1·atio11 va1·ies in 1·ound 
numbe1·s f 1·0111 about 1000 to 1600, the ave1·age being about 1195, ,vhen 
SO is take11 as the zero and 86 as tl1e degree of maxi111um 1·ate. 

The first larvre of the first, second, and third generatio11s ente1· tl1e 
fruit when the accumulations of effective day-degrees have reached 
about S50, 1550, and 2550 day-degrees, respectivel),.t I 

The seasonal histor)' of the codling-moth £01· a no1·111al )'ear may be 
determined approxi1nately in any locality by ascertaining the normal total 
accumulation of effective day-degrees for eacl1 day in tl1e season in tl1at 
locali t,,. -

• Thie statement is not strictly true, for with each unit of change in temperature, the 
rate or development is affected more at temperatures near the zero of development, and 
l~s at temperatures near the degree of maximum r·ate of development than at intermediate 
temperatures, but these variations from the rule are so slight that they may be disregarded 
tor the purposes of this paper. . 

t The staten1ents witb regard to te111peratu1·e relations n1a)· pO!;Sil)l)• not apply to 
places differing widely in latitude or altitude fron1 Olne)' , Illinois. 



I 

I 
I 
1, 

I 

-

223 

The actual acct1111ulation for any date during different seasons may 
vary widely fro1n tl1e normal acct1mulatio11. 

By comparing the actual accumulation at any date during a given 
season with tl1e nor111al accumulation for tl1at date, tl1e app1·oxin1ate 
number of days vvl1ich developn1ent l1as been retarded or hastened on 
that date may be dete1·mined; and, b)' l<eeping track of tl1e nu111ber of 
effective day-degrees that acct1mulate as the seaso11 advances, 011e may 
foretell, approxi1natel:)1 , several da)TS in aclvance, the dates ,,,l1en the 
larvre of the different generations "'' ill begin to enter tl1e fruit. 

EQU IP~IENT AND l\IETI-IODS OF vVoRK 

Aside £1·0111 tl1e large cages and tl1e ,,reatl1e1· i11stru111e11ts p1·e,Tiously 
mentioned, cages ,,-ere devised £01- observi11g pttpation of la1·vce, e111er-
gence of motl1s, oviposition1 and le11gth of life of adt1lts. 

For observi11g pt1pation, cages st1ch as tl1ose illustrated in Fig111·es 
1 and 2, \\7e1·e fot1nd to be 111ost satisfacto1·1,. They consisted of tvvo 
blocks of v\1ood a11d a strip of cellt1loid, eacl1 4¾ inches long and 2 ¼ 
inches ,vide. On tl1e face of one of tl1e blocks, st1·ips of ,vood 01· heavy 
paper about }/s inch thicl< ,vere t~cked alo11g tl1e e11d and longitudinally 
througl1 the middle of the block, to l1old tl1e blocl(s far e11ough apa1·t to 
permit the larvre to crawl in bet,vee11 tl1e111. A st1·ip of corrugated st1·aw-
board split tl1rougl1 tl1e 1niddle so as to leave half of tl1e corrt1gations on 
each face was placed, ,~rith the split sttrface ttp, on the blocl( 011 eacl1 side 
of the cente1- strip so as to cover tl1e ren1ai11i11g face of the blocl( . The 
other })lock ,v·as placecl on tl1e top of this ,vitl1 a strip of celluloid bet,\·een, 
and the blocl(s \\1 e1·e helcl togetl1er l))T s111all l1ooks a11d e)·es faste11ed to 
the edges of tl1e block, 01· b)· 1·t1bber ba11ds-the latter proving the 111ore 
satisfactot·)' . The1·e ,,·as 1·oom in eacl1 cage for abot1t SO larva!. S1naller 
cages for s i11gle lar,1re 01· a sn1all 11t1111be1· of la1·vre \\·e1·e 1nade on the _ 
san1e pri11ciple ,vithout blocl(s of ,,,ood. . 

\~111e11 it ,vas clesired to determine tl1e elates of J)t1patio11 of la1·vce 
collected f ro111 bands, the}' ,ve1·e confi11ecl i11 a la11te1·11 globe ,,·ith one or 
11101·e of tl1e larger p111)a-cages. Tl1t1s e11closecl. tl1e lar,1re cra,,·led into 
the little cells and spun tl1ei r cocoons, a11cl ,,·e1·e tl1t1s arranged i11 ve1·y 
convenie11t 01·der for ft11·tl1er obse1·vatio11. B)' tl1e u se of sandpaper, the 
celluloid ,vas rot1gl1e11ed longitt1dinall)' tl11·011gh tl1e ce11ter of the block, 
and after the larvre \Ve1·e settled the n11n1l1er of each ,vas e11terecl on the 
celluloid beside it. ( Fig. 2.) 

Usttally. tra11sfor111i11g larv~ s1)t111 so tl1111 a \\'el) 011 tl1e ex1)osed side 
of t11e cocoon tl1at pt1pation cottld be observed ,vitl1011t cli stttrbing them, 
l)ttt l1il)ern·ating larv~ spt111 a tl1icker ,,·el), a11cl to ol)ser\'e tl1e111 it \,·as 
necessa1·)' to tear a\\'a)r a part of tl1 e ,,·eb 11ext to tl1e cellt1loi<l ever)' time 
an observatio11 ,,,as 111ade. Tl1e n1ost co11ve11ient i11st1·11111e11t for doing 
this \Vas a steel crochet-needle ,,·itl1 tl1e 11001, g1·ou11cl a ,,,a)' so as to leave 
onl)' a sn1all pa1·t o f the ba1·b. Tl1e cages al)O\'e clesc1·ibe<l ,,rill be ref e1·red 
to as pupa cages. 

• .. 

• 



224 

• 
• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

... -... 
(l) ..... -0 

• .._, 

·-

-

• • 
t/2 
(l) 
bO .... ... -.... 

• 
• 



• 

• 

• 

ff 1. :ii. 
I/ 2..:J...3 

IJ2 '-'f 
• 

~2..1.s-..2., 
• 

J.f2.l 7 
l/1 ':l.'6 

---'· .. ~# 7,l2f -1.2., () 
4231 
4 :l3'-
4t.2.. 3 3 

1/'). '1 
1/230 
9:,._3·{,, 

. 'i ?-37 
't '-~ 
Lf~ 3 f- f() 

l/2 Lf I 

'f:l-4 
'i ').."I~ 
Lf ':J.. lf '-( 

• 

'I I 71.. 
4/'! 7 
'f l ff 7 

if/! 1 
rt:i..~o-f 

lf .2. 0 l.,:· 3 
f?.. 4 f 
'f;J.05 
'f .2P (, 
1/)..o.7 

4 L'!'r 
• 'f 2.11 o/ --· 

'f-)./0 /I 

J./2/1-
~2/ 3 
'f21 £f 

L/)..I J 
1/2.I (. 

'-/ 2_L/ 5 4':l./ 7 
o/2-1/,-7 1/211 

. 4 .2 '+ y. . 'fl./ 'f . ,., 

f , 

--=~~~ 1 2 'i 9 L 'r .J. o-:ll~::r · -=--
...,.,:;....:;__...- 1 - Jft 577 -•~TWP E• t:::X,Ci; ;P-';"'"'CA m z - -,, ----. .... 

• 

• -- • - • ---=--~--
• -• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

FIG. 2. Pupa cage open, showing ar1·angemen t of larv~ 
and method of numbering. 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 



• 

-

226 

v\ll1en it \Vas clesired to ob~e1·,,e 0111)· t11e e111e1·ge11ce of n1oths, larv~ 
were placed in a 4-oz. co11di111ent jar co11tai11i11g a bt1nclle of strips of 
strawboarcl. ( Fig. 3.) These cages ,,·ill be clesignated as eme1·gence 
cages. 

) 

) 

• 

• .. 

... 

Frc. 3. Emergence cages. Strips of strawboaI'd remo,,ed 
fron1 j a 11 s to show a1·1·a11gen1ent of coro')ns and }Jt11Ja 

cases. 

f 

( 

1'o sect1re egg·s ancl 11ote le11gtl1 of life of atlt1lts, 11ai1·s of 111otl1s ,,1e1·c 
confined in cages co11sisti11g of a C)1lincle1· of screen-,,,,ire closecl at one 
end with screen-w ire ancl at tl1 e othe1· e11cl "'ritl1 an ap1·on of cl1eese-cloth 
which permitted the cage to be fa stened ove1· tl1e top of a bra11ch of a 
tree. ( Fig. 4.) These will be called oviposition cages. 

• 



-

• , • 

227 
• 

The experin1ents ,vere ca1·1·ied 011 i11 tl11·ee series, l~ept as nearly 
independent as possible so tl1at eacl1 v,·ot1lcl se1·ve as a check on the others. 
I shall designate the1n as tl1e large-cage series, tl1e life-histo,,.y series} 
a11cl tl1e ba,zd-recoJ·d se,,.ies. 

-

• 

Frr.. 4. T"'O o,·iposition cages in place on tree. 

LARGE-CA(;E SERIES 

Cages used in tl1is series ,vet·e la1·ge enot1gh to cover entire trees, 
tl1e largest cages being 18 feet sqt1a1·e and 18 feet l1igl1. ( Fig. 5, 6, and 7.) 
The plan ,,,as to t1se t,,·o cages eacl1 for the fi1·st and the second genera-

. tions and 011e cage for tl1e thi1·cl g·e11e1·atin11-if a tl1i1·d generatio11 appea1·ed. 
The frame,,101-l\'.: of tl1e cages, co11sisting of 2 4 scantli11g, ,,vas 

erected over tl1e trees l)efore tl1ey were in 1)1001n, and wire cloth, 12 wires 
to tl1e inch, \\·as tackecl ove1· the f1·a111e as s0011 <1s tl1e time of full bloom 
,,,as past. Each of tl,e cages l1r1cl a tigl1t-fitti11g sc1·een-doo1· provided 
,\1ith hasp and pacllocl{. 

The trees tl1t1s screen eel in \\•e1·e exa111i11ecl ver,, ca1·ef ttll,, for lat·vre - . 
a11cl t,,,o i11cl1es of tl1e soil 111 c:;ac11 cage ,,·as re111cJvee.l. 

The first motl1s to e111e1·ge f 1·r,111 tl1e l1ibe1·nati11g la1·vre \\'ere placed 
in cage No. 1, a11cl the last 111cJtl1s to e111e1·ge 111 cage No. 2, to rear the 
first and the last i11cliviclt1als of tl1e fi1-st ge11e1-atio11; tl1e first 111otl1s reared 

• 



I 

-

, 

228 

in cage No. 1 were libe1·ated in cage No. 3 and the last moths reared in 
cage No. 2 were liberated in cage No. 4, to rear the first and the last 
individuals of the second generation; and the moths reared in cage No. 
3 were liberated in cage No. 5, to rear the third generation. In this way 
it was possible to ascertain approximately the dates when each genera-
tion began and ended. -

• 

- . 
• 1·1/ 

Fro. 5. Large screen-ca·ge in cot1rse of constrt1ction. 

LI FE-JI I ST ORY SERI ES 

In tl1e life-history series, pairs of adt1lts of each of the b1-oods were 
enclosed in oviposition cages ( Fig. 4 ), and the nu1nber of eggs laid daily 
b,, each female and the dates of the death of the adults were noted. -

The eggs obtained were nu1nbe1·ed and allowed to remain on the 
trees until the blacl( spot appeared. Tl1ey were then re111oved to small 
vials on the bits of leaf or ba1·k on which they had been laid, and, as 
they hatched, the larvce were tra11sferred to apples "'' ith a ca111el-hair 
brush, some to apples on the trees and otl1ers to picl<ed f r11it. The apples 
we1·e tagged and each was given a nt1111ber co1·respo11ding to that of the 
egg, and when they showed conspi ct1ous signs of worminess they were 
transferred to jars, i11 wl1ich were placed st1·ips of corr11gated strawboard 
0 1· small pt1pal cages in \ l\7}1icl1 tl1e larvce n1ight spi11 up. The dates ,vere 
noted when the larv~ left the apple, when they pt1pated, and when the 
adults emerged. , 



• 

• • 

. ,-.. .. , ~ 
• '\ .. • 

" 

t 
' 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

.. 

• 

' 

229 

-

I 

• 
·" 

• 

,; 
• 

, 

' • ~,. .,, 
11 # ... 

" .. • '!4 
' 

View of orcha1·c1 s ho,\'ing sct'eened trees . 

-• 

• 

• 

• 



.. 

• • 

• 

• 

230 

Fro. 7. Large cage complete cl. Rain-gage and atmometer in foreground . 

t 

• 
... 

• • 

.I 
• 

.... 

F10. 8. Rain-gage (left) , and atmometer (right) for dete1'mining 
rate of evaporation . 

• 

• 

• 



' 

231 

13A ND-RECORD SERIES 

A number of trees \Vere banded each )1ear at each of the places 
where observations ,vere made, botl1 spra)'ed and unsprayed trees being 
usually included. Tl1e bands ttsed were n1ostly t\VO or three-pl)' burlap, 
about 4 inches ,,,ide. Tl1e)' ,vere placecl on the trees about June 1 and 
examined eve1·1, day u11til the first larv~ \\re1·e fottnd; and after that 
every third day. A record was kept of the 11u1nber of male ancl female 
larv~ collected. All tl1e larv~ collected \\1ere placed eitl1er in pupal cages 
or emergence cages for further observation, and a partial reco1·d of pupa-
tion and a con1plete 1·ecorcl of the emergence of 1notl1s v\rere kept at 
Olney~. In cases ,,rl1e1·e botl1 pupatio11 ancl e1ne1·gence were noted the 
pupal pe1·iods of tl1ose unde1· observatio11 ,ve1·e dete1·n1ined, and tl1e data 
thus ol)tained ,,rere t1secl i11 con11ection ,,\Pith studies on the influence of 
climatic conditio11s on tl1e de,relopn1e11t of tl1e pt1pa. 

No atte111pt ,,·ill he 111ade to 1·ecord all tl1e details of each of these 
series, bttt tl1e co111bi11ecl rest1lts of all of then1 have been used in our 
studies on clin1atic reiatio11s, life l1isto1·1r, and seasonal histo1·)'· Since 
a l~nov,Tledge of the infl11ence of cli111atic relatio11s ,vill assist in interpret-
ing our life-histor)· a11d seasonal-l1istor)1 data, a disct1ssion of the clin1atic 
influence ,,,ill be taken up fi1·st. 

IxFT.,l TENCE OF Cr~Iii.\TIC CoNDITI<)NS ON TI-IE EGG., L \R\7. \, 

.. \Xl) Pu1•.\ OF TIIE ConrJING-1\-IO'"l"'H 

\"!\l e asce1·taine<l b)' obse1·vations du1·i11g 1915, 1916, and 1917, tl1at tl1e 
incubation pe1·iod varied f rorh 4 to 1 S da)1S, the pupal period fro111 7 to 
46 da)·s, and tl1e la1·val period fro111 18 to 45 cla)'S, and that tl1e ti1ne of 
the appearance of tl1e fi1·st b1·ood of larvce 111a)r vat·)· as 11111cl1 as 19 
da)1S, and of tl1e seco11cl brood 7 01· 8 da}rs in diff e1·ent seaso11s in the 
sa111e localit);, and that the ,,ariatio11 i11 the ti111e of the sa111e eve11ts in 
variotts parts of tl1e state in tl1e same season n1ay be as 1nt1cl1 as 20 01· 
2S <la)'S. Tl1ese variations in length of tl1e pe1·iods and elates of appear-
ance of tl1e b1·oods are due principallJr to clin1atic conclitio11s, and 
especiall)r to te111pe1·att1re. It is tl1e pt11·pose of tl1e p1·ese11t stt1dy to 
ascertain tl:ie 1·elation of cli111atic co11ditio11s to the 1·ate of <le\,.elopment 
and to the ti111e of tl1e appearance of the l)1·oods ancl, as fat· as possible, 
to st1ggest 111ethocls b)r ,,rhich tl1ese 1·elations 1nay 1Je t111·11ed to practical 
accot1nt. 

U11de1· ot1t-of-doo1· conclitio11s, te111pe1-at111·e is tl1e preclo111i11ating 
facto1· i11 cletern1ini11g rate of develop111e11t of tl1e codli11g-111otl1. Evapora-
tio11· and 11t1111idit,1 l1a\'C so little inflt1encc tl1at tl1e)1 111a)' l)e clis1·~ga1·ded, ., 
except, perl1aps, in seaso11s ,,·11e11 tl1e1·e a1·e p:i·olo11gecl pe1·iods of ext1·e1nely 
l1igh or lo,,, 11 t1111icl it)'. 

Tl1e influence of te111pe1·,ltt11·e \\rill l)c co11sicle1·e,l fi1·st. 



.. 

• 

232 

The fact that a ce1·tain deg1·ee of ,va1·tn tl1 is necessa1·y f 01· develop-
111ent of animal and vegetable life and tl1at tl1e rate of developn1ent is 
haste11ed by war1n weatl1e1· and 1·etarded 1Jy cool weatl1er has apparently 
aiways bee11. l<novv11, but it is onl)' witl1in recent )' ears tl1at efforts 11.ave 
been made to ascertain tl1e 1·elative effects of diffe1·ent degrees of 
te1npera ture. 

ZONES OF TEMPERATURE 

The e11ti1·e 1·a11g·e of temperatu1·e 1nay be divided i11to six zones vvith 
1·espect to life a11cl developn1ent, as sho,v11 belO\i\T: 

Zone 6 

Minimum high fatal degree 

Zo11e S 
Zer o of estivatio11 

Zo11e 4 
D egree of maxi1n1.1111 1·ate 

of develop111e11t 

Zone 3 

Zero of developn1e11t 
Zo11e 2 

1\l!a xi1n1.1111 low fatal deg1·ee 

Zone 1 

-
• 

.... 

-
-
'-

-

• 

'--
-

'-

-
... 

.... 
,,. 

... 

.... 

Fatal ten1peratt1res; f atalit)· due to heat . 

E sti,,atio11 te111pe1·at1.11·es ; 11ot fatal, but 
i111 favorable f 01· develop111e11t. 

Te111pe1·at111·es stin11.1lati11g develop1ne11t, 
tl1e 1·ate of develop111e11t dec1·easi11g as 
the ten1perature 1·ises . 

T e1npera tu1·es sti111ula ting 
tl1e rate of develop111e11t 
the ten1perature 1·ises. 

developn1e11t, 
• • 1ncreas1ng as 

Hiber11ati11g te1npe1·at1.1res ; 11ot fatal, b11t 
1.111£ a ,101·able £01· develop111ent. 

Fatal t e111peratu1·es : 
of l1 eat . 

fatalit,,. cl11 e to lacl( -

The liinits of these zones differ for diffe1·ent species, for different 
stages of tl1e san1e species, and for different phases of the sa1ne stage of 
the same species. 

Tl1e li111its of the zo11es of ten1perature of a species will be affected 
by the la titude to ,i\rl1icl1 it is acclin1ated, a11d it is possible that they will 
vary for i11dividuals of the same species which are acclin1ated to diff ere11t 
latitt1des . Generally speaking, the limiting te111perat11res of the zo11es of 
species in low latitt1des 1nay be expected to be higl1er than of species in 
hig~l1e1· latitt1des. Tl1e te111pe1·atu1·e at v.rhicl1 a11 insect co111es 01.1t of hiber-
nation is i11 1nany1 cases quite diff ere11t f ro1n tl1at at wl1ich it becon1es . 
do1·111ant in tl1e latter pa1-t of the season, beca1.1se l1e1·edity l1as an in1po1·-
t a11t influe11ce in dete1·mining tl1e ti1ne \l\The11 insects begin the dorn1a11t 
period wl1ich lasts through the winter. 

The temperatttres 011 whicl1 these stttdies a1·e based fall within zo11es 
2, 3, and 4, the purpose being to dete1·111ine for tl1e codli11g-111oth tl1e zero 
of development, or the point at which develop111e11t begins in spring as 

• 

• 



I 

• 233 

tl1e te111peratt11·e 1·ises; tl1e degree at wl1icl1 deve1op111e11t p1·oceeds 111ost 
rapidly; and to fi11d a te111perat11re co11stant £01· eacl1 of tl1e stages a11cl £01· 
the whole period of_ develop111ent ,vl1icl1 will apply to all ten1peratures, 
and a 111etl1od b,, \vl11cl1 tl1at co11sta11t can be detern1i11ed. -

Before proceedi11g very fa1· it was discovered that the character of 
the climatic data obtained under field conditions ,;vas 11ot vvell suited to 
stttdies of tl1is l<ind, becattse tl1e te111pe1·at11re varied constant!)' tl1roughout 
the day, a11d co11seqt1entl)' tl1e deductions had to be made £1·0111 averages 
of ,videly varying deg1·ees of te1nperatt1re. Early in the seaso11 the ten1-
perat111·e dt1ring pa1·t of tl1e day was in the zone of hibe1·nating temper·a-
tures and during tl1e 1·en1ai11i11g ti111e i11 tl1e zo11e of te111pe1·at11res ,vl1icl1 
stimulated develop111ent, and late1· in tl1e season tl1e te111perat11res dt1ring 
part of the da)· ,ve1·e i11 tl1e zo11e i11 vvl1ich the 1·ate of developn1ent 
inc1·eased as tl1e te111peratu1·e rises and du1·ing the 1·e111ainder of tl1e day 
in tl1e zone i11 wl1icl1 the rate of develop1nent decreased as tl1e te111perat111·e 
rises. For scientific accttracy it is of interest to deter111ine the relative 
effects of each deg1·ee of te111peratu1·e, bttt f ro1n data of tl1e kind here 
used tl1is cottld 11ot l)e 1111de1·take11. 

It l1as al1·eacly' been p1·etty well established that the rate of develop-
111e11t inc1·eases, app1·oxi111ately at least, as tl1e te111pe1·att11·e rises above tl1e 
zero of develop111e11t, ttntil tl1e tempe1·att1re at '"' l1icl1 tl1e rate of develop-
ment is at its 1naxi11111m is reached; and ottr studies l1ave led tts to con-
cl11de tl1at as tl1e te111pe1·att11-e rises above the degree of t11e 1n(txi111111n rate 
of developn1ent tl1e 1·ate of develop1ne11t dec1·eases directly as tl1e tem-
perature rises. 

The da)' l1as bee11 used as tl1e ttnit of ti111e, and tl1e day- <leg1·ee as the 
unit of acc11111t1lated te1npe1-att11·es; a11d it l1as been ass11n1ed that, within 
certain li111its of te111pe1-ature, the pe1·iod exp1·essecl i11 da)' S 1nt1ltiplied 
by the average clail)· day-deg1-ees above tl1e zero of clevelop111e11t will 
approxi111ate a co11sta11t, 01· at least that tl1e ave1·age proclttcts of a large 
1111111ber of observatio11s \\'ill approxin1ate a constant. 

GENERAL PROCEDURE TN TIIE STUD'r" OF TE~fPERATUliE Rf~I ... ATIONS 

The first step taken was to p1·epare ten1pe1·at111·e tal)les f 1·0111 tl1e 
tl1e1·111og1·apl1ic records, sl1owing the 111ean daily te111pe1·att11·es. I11 co111-
puting tl1e 111ean dail)' te1npe1·a tu res, tl1e clay ,vas regG11·c.led as begin11ing 
a11cl endi11g at S o'cloc1< p. 111i., tl1at being tl1e l1our wl1e11 obse1·vatio11s £01· 
the day ttsuall}r e11decl. All 111ea11 clail)' te111per,1tu1-es \ve1·e asce1·t~1i11ecl by 
divicling the su111s of tl1e te111peratu1·e 1·eadi11gs £01· tl1e even l1o t11·s of tl1e 
<la)' b)' 12. l\1I ea11 te111perat11res al)O\'e 50, 52, 85, 86, 87, c111cl 88 deg1·ees 
\Vere co111pt1tecl i11 tl1e sa1ne V\Ta)r. 

,.fl1e second step ,vas to tabt1late i11 detail all tl, e (lata 1·clative to tl1e 
le11gtl1 of tl1e egg, pttpal, a11cl la1·val pe1·iocls tabt1lati11g tl~e cl ~tl~t for e~cl1 
generation ,111cl )rear separately ancl <11·1·a11gi11g· tl1e clata 111 cl11·011olog1cal 
order ,vitl1 1·espect to dates ,vl1en the pe1·iocls 1Jegan a11cl e 11 lt:<1. 



• 

• 

• 

-
234 

• 

Tl1e ave1·age 111ean claily te1nperatures a11d tl1e le11g·tl1 of the pe1·iods 
were dete1·mi11ed for eacl1 obser,ratio11. In all tl1e g·ro11ps of eggs, la1·vre, 
and pupce ,vl1ich bega11 thei1· periods on tl1e sa111e date tl1e1·e vvas a con--
side1·able variation in tl1e reco1·ded lengtl1 of tl1e pe1·iod of individt1als, 
due, 110 dot1bt, pa1·tl)' to tl1e fact that individuals diffe1· s0111evvhat in 
respect to tl1e amot1nt of ti111e required for the1n to develop eve11 u11der 
identical co11ditions as to heat, ligl1t, 1noisture, and e11viro11n1e11t; a11d 
pa1·tly to er1·01·s of obser·vation dt1e for the 111ost pa1·t, especial!)' in case 
of eggs a11d pup~, to the t1se of tl1e rlay as the u11it of ti1ne, on account 
of wl1icl1 tl1e 1·ecorded pe1·iod 111ay, if tl1e obse1·vatio11s a1·e 1na<le at tl1e 
san1e hot1r eacl1 day, be al111ost a da)' lo11ger 01· sl101·te1· than tl1e true 
period, a11d, if tl1e obse1·vations are not 111ade at the sa111e hour, the 
reco1·ded period 111a y be 111ore tha11 a <la)' longer· or sl1orte1· than t11e true 
period. 

To avoid tl1ese variations the observations begi1111i11g on the sarne 
dates were tl1rown into grot1ps, a11d the ave1·age period and average n1ean 
daily tern perature "\¥e1·e deter111i11ed f 01· eacl1 group. These sn1aller grottps 
were tl1en tl11·0,~t11 into larger groups, 11si11g the 1nean daily te1npe1·ature 
as the basis, all tl1ose passi11g through the period at an average n1ean dail)' 
temperatttre of 60 and 61 deg1·ees or fraction thereof forn1i11g one group, 
and those passing· tl1ro11gh the period at te1npe1·att1 res of 62 and 63 
degrees or fraction tl1e1·eof fo1·mi11g a11otl1er g1·ot1p, etc. Tl1e 111ean daily 
temperatures and the ave1·age le11gtl1 of the pe1-iods of these groups were 
then co1npt1ted. All ave1·ages are vveighted a11d all periods vve1·e averaged 
harmonically. 

Tl1e detailed tables vvl1icl1 it ,,,as necessar)' to prepa1·e for the pt111)ose 
of mal<ing the co111p11tations are volu1ni11ot1s a11d \¥Ottld 11ot be of special 
interest. Only st11111naries n1ade as above indicated V\rill be given. 

Tl1e reciprocal curve ,vas ttsed, with the n1ean dail)' te1npe1-att1re for 
the horizontal axis and tl1e 1·ecip1·ocals of tl1e periods f 01· tl1e ve1·tical axis, 
to l1elp locate approxin1atel)' tl1e ze1·0 of develop111e11t and tl1e degree of 
maximun1 rate of develop1nent; but tl1is had to be st1pple1ne11ted by other 
1netl1o<ls on accou11t of the displace1ne11t of poi11ts at tl1e ttpper and lo,,rer 
ends of the line because of te111peratu1·es above tl1e deg1-ee of tl1e 111axi-
1nt11n 1·ate of develop111ent and te111perat111·es belo,v tl1e tl1eoretical zero. 

RELATION OF 'fElvf PERATURE TO DEVELOPMENT OF TlIE EGG 

The eggs used fo1· observatio11 V\rere obtained fro111 pai1·s of 111oths 
isolated on bra11cl1es of trees in sn1all wi1·e cages. These cages were 
exami11ecl 111orning and eve11ing. The day was used as the ttnit of ti111e. 
Eggs f ou11d i11 tl1e cages i11 tl1e m 01·11ing vvere 1·ecorded as l1a ving been 
laid tl1e preceding day and tl1ose fot1nd in tl1e afternoon ,vere reco1·ded 
as having been laid the same day. It is possible, therefo1·e, that in some 
cases the recorded leng·th of tl1e period n1ay be either al1nost a day longer 
or shorter than tl1e actual period, but tl1e ave1·ages of a la1·ge nu111ber of 
observations sl1ould approximate tl1e trtte period vet·)' closely . 

• 



T.ABT£ 1-1'.NOUilATlON PE.ftJ(>J) ,\.'£ OLNEY, 11:.I .. INOIS. Sunr ~l.tlli)r Oil' .0 .A'r~\ ON H.ELATION OF TEl\ll'F..R,\TURE T0 
DEVEL01'.A-IEN1' OF EGG 

·-

Temp. 
1·a,ngeJ 

cleg. Fah. 

Number 
of 

obser·va-
tions 

Harmonic 
average 

of periods 
'in days 

Recipro-
cals of 
periods 

Mean 
daily 

tempe1~a--
ture 

Average daily day-degrees Total day-degrees 

60- 61 

62-63 

64- 65 

66-67 

6S- 69 

·70- 71 

72- 73 

74- 75 

76-77 

78-79 

80- 81 

82- 83 

I 

I 
I 

I 

I 

46 

229 

622 

"05 tJ - • 

r:: 9 r: .) . .) 
515 
-"'T? b , ..1 

335 
?•.>? wVw 

249 

~88 

141 ' ' 

I 

I 
I 

I 

I 

I 

1.4.00 

1.2.67 

10.66 

9.35 

8.67 

7.72 

7.00 

6.60 

6.02 

5 .95 

5.71 

5.52 

I 

I 
I 

I 

I 

.0714 

.Oi88 

.0938 

.1069 

.1154 

.1295 

.1425 

.1513 

.1663 

.1679 

.1750 

.1813 

S4- S5 4 6 5.53 .1807 

I 

I 
I 

I 
,. 

6.1 .. 60 

63.11 

64.94 

67.48 

69.01 

71.33 

73.12 

74.86 

77.43 

78.71 

80.14 

82.86 

~4.00 

I 

I 
I 
I 

I • 

I 

(50+) 

12.30 

13.31 

1.5.13 

17.47 

19.01 
' 

21.33 

23.12 

24.86 

27.43 

28.71 

30.14 

32.86 

34.00 

• 

• 

---- ----- ----------1----1 --- -
60- 85 I 41.75 ! 7.67 I .1304 21.70 

• 

I 

I 

I 
' 

I 

2(88+) 

• 

' 
.01 

.45 

.96 

.96 

1.93 . 

3.74 

4.66 

I 

I 

I 
' 

I 

• 

(50+)-
3(88+) 

12.30 

13.31 

15.13 

17.47 

19.01 

21.33 

•)') 11 ... , _..,. 
24.41 

26.47 

'"',... '> -
' • - .J 

28.~1 

29.12 

29.34 

I 

I 

I 
' 

I 

50+ 

172 

170 

161 

163 

165 

165 

162 

164 

165 

171 

172 

181 

188 

I 

I 
' 

I 

• 

I 

(50+)-
2 (S8+) 

172 

170 

I 161 

163 

165 

165 

162 

161 

159 

165 

161 

161 

162 -----1 ---- ----
21.33 166 

I 
I 163 

• 

N 
vJ 
(.J'\ 

' 



• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

236 

Table 1 is a fi.11al st1111Unary of tl1e data 011 the relatio11 of te111pe1·ature 
to development of tl1e egg·. Fo1· the present ,ve are co11ce1·11ed onl)' ,vith 
colu1nns 4 and S- tl1e 1-eciprocals of tl1e pe1·iods a11d tl1e ave1·age 111ean 
daily ten1peratures. 

111 prepari11g Grapl1 1, con,1e11ie11t fraction·al parts ,vere laid off 011 
the vertical axis corresponding to tl1e reciprocals of tl1e pe1·iods and divi-
sions vve1·e made on the horizontal axis co1·responding to tl1e 111ean daily 
ten1peratt11·es, and tl1e one ,1vas plotted against the other· . 

. 20 . 

. It 

./ t 

.0 t 
• 

l 

GRAPII 1. Incubation pet' iod. Reciprocals of the l)eriods IJlotted 
against average mean daily tempe1'att1res . 

Tl1e points below 76 deg1·ees fall approxi111atel)' i11 a st1·aigl1t line, 
those above 76 are displaced to tl1e rigl1t becat1se £01· pa1·t of tl1e ti111e 
during tl1e periods the te1nperatt11·e V\ras above tl1e degree o,f ma.xi111t1111 
rate of develop111ent. The reciprocal cu1·ve deter111ined b.)' tl1e points 
below 76 degrees crosses the te111peratu1·e axis at 49.32 deg1·ees. Si11ce 
it is p1·obable that s0111e of these points used a1·e s0111e,vl1at displaced, the 
upper ones somewl1at to tl1e rigl1t on accot1nt of ten1.pe1·att1res l1ig·he1· tl1a11 
the degree of n1axi1nu111 1·ate of developn1ent, tl1e lov,te1· 011es to tl1e left 
on accottnt of ten1pe1-atu1·es belo,,T tl1e ze1·0 of develop111ent, tl1is line is 
probably a little too flat a11d the true line ,,,ill cross tl1e te111peratu1·e axis 
above 49.32 ° ratl1er tl1an belo,v it. Fifty degrees ,vas tal(en as tl1e 
app1·oxi1nate ze1·0 and vvas f ou11d to l)e neai-111 co1·rect. 

Tl1e ave1·age dail)r da)r-degrees above SO degrees ,\'e1·e computed for 
the different grot1ps, a11d the results are recorded in colu111n 6 of Table 1. 
Next, tl1e averages in coll1n1n 6 V\,ere 1nultiplied by the length of the 

• 



I 
' 
I 

• 

• 

237 

vario11s pe1·iods ( col11m11 3) in 01·de14 to get the total acct11n11latio11 of day-
degrees. Tl1ese are recorded in colt11nn 9. If, in colt1111n 9, we dis1·egard 
the acct1111ulations £01- the fi1·st t,,,o groups at the top of the table, the 
accumttlations are fairly constant till the 78-79 grottp is 1·eached. Below 
this the accum11lations 1·apidly increase, o,ving to tl1e fact that the aver-
ages i11 colttmn 6 contain son1e ten1perat11res tl1at a1·e above the degree 
of the 1naxi1nun1 1·ate of developme11t and so retard development. It 
,vas necessai·)r, tl1e1·efo1·e, to asce1·tain tl1e cleg1·ee of n1axim urn rate of 
develop111ent, and to n1ake tl1e necessa1·y co1·1·ections i11 tl1e daily da)'-
deg1·ees colt1n1n, so as to get 0111)' the effective da)1-degrees. In deter-
mini11g tl1is poi11t a11d 1naking tl1e co1·1·ection, it ,,1as asst1111ed that the 
p1·odt1cts obtai11ed b)~ 111t1ltipl),ing the a,,e1·age dail)' effective da}·-degrees 
b)' tl1e periods ,,·011lcl be nearl}r tl1e same for all ten-iperat11res. It ,vill 
not be necessar)· to give the details of the p1·ocess by ,,1 hich tl1e degree 
of maxi111u111 rate of developn1ent and tl1e effects of tempe1·atu1·es above 
this point ~Te1·e dete1·1nined. Sttffice it to sa)' tl1at tl1e}r \¥e1·e found by 
making gt1esses a11d testing the gttesses 011t. It ,,1as fot111d in this ,,·ay 
that if 88 degrees ,,·e1·e tal~en as the degree of 111axi111um 1·ate of develop-
ment and t,vice* tl1e 11un1ber of da)·-deg1·ees above tl1is point ( colu1nn 7) 
,vere st1bt1·acted fro111 the average da)·-degrees above SO degree, values 
for tl1e daily effective da ),-degrees ( col 111n11 8) ,ve1·e secttred wl1icl1 when 
mttltiplied by the pe1·iods gave p1·odt1cts that ver)' 11early filled tl1e condi-
tions, giving abottt the same acc111nt1lation of effective day-degrees for 
the higl1 te111peratt11·es as for tl1e lo,v. 

By plotti11g tl1e a,re1·age daily da11-deg1·ees obtained in colu1nn 8 
agai11st tl1e reciprocals of tl1e periods, tl1e poi11ts all fall s0111ewhere near 
tl1e establisl1ecl line ( Graph 2). Tl1e average acct111111l·ation of effecti,1e 
da)r-deg1·ees fo1· tl1e incttbation period is, the1-efo1·e, abo11t 163. 

No good reason can be assigned vvl1y the accttmulations for the 60-61 
and the 62-63 grot1ps should be l1igl1er than tl1e average unless it may 
have been that in assuming in 1915 that eggs fou11d in the forenoon of 
one day were laid tl1e p1·evious e,,e11ing, too 1011g a period ,vas assigned 
to many of tl1e1n. Tl1e weather dttring the early part of 1915 was very 
cloudy and a larger per cent. of tl1e eggs \Vere laid duri11g the daytime 
than in the other seasons. 

• 'l',,·ice the numbet· of day-degrees above the degree of n1nxi111um rate of development 
is sul1tracted from the total day-degrees above tbe zero of de,1elopment because one degree 
rise in t em 11ern t11rc a lJo,· c t11 e degree of 111axi111 un1 ro tc l>f cle,·e l op1UPD t reta1·ds tb e 1·a te 
of dP\'Plopm011t nt api1r,>xin1ntely the sa 111e rat e :ts <.1oes t)111• <lrgr1•(' fa ll in te1u1Jerature 
l)el ,1)\\' tl,is point. 

"' 

• 



• 

• 

• 

.20 

. 1r 

·'' 

. 10 

.01, 

• 01/, 

00 
0 

• 

• 

2 

238 

• 

1 '-I -

' . 
. . .,. 

• 
Uf!.,111 11 ,~ - ' '1 .. .... ._. ' I 

10 ti 

2. Incubation period. Reciprocals 
against ave1·age dai ly effective 

~o 

of the periods 
day-degrees. 

<10 

plotted 

TABLE 2-DISTRIBUTIO~ OF THE E 'GGS AS TO NUl\IBER OF THE TOTAT, EFFECTIVE DAY-
DE{{REES ACCUMULATED DURING THE 0BSER,'ED PERIOD 

Nt1m ber of eggs Range of effective day-degrees 

35 119-128 

29 129-138 

1030 149-158 

2163 159-168 

745 169-178 

171 179-188 

2 189-198 

• 

• 

• 



• 

239 

The variations in the total of effective day-degrees in the cases of 
individuals sho,vn in the above table arises from several causes. Some 
of the extre1ne variations resulted, no doubt, f ron1 inaccuracies in obser-
vations; but for tl1e most part they resulted fron1 the ttse of the day as 
the unit, from which cause the recorded period may exceed or fall short 
of the true period b)' aln1ost a da)' . Since in midsun1n1er the daily accu-
mulations may reach 27 effective da)1-deg1·ees, the variations from this 
cause alone n1a)r be fron1 136 to 190. The variations from this source 
are so large that they overshadow all tl1e lesser ones and n1ake it impos-
sible to esti1nate tl1e e1·rors ,vhich probably arise from the111. This source 
of error n1ight l1ave been avoided b)' t1sing a s1naller ttnit of ti1ne. There 
is also a difference in eg·gs as to tl1e length of tin1e requi1·ed for the 
incubation period. Moisture, evaporation, and light also ma)' have a 
slight influence on the rate of development. 

It is probably true that variations arising fron1 individual differences 
are comparatively slight and that the ,~ide variations shown in the tables 
are due to the first tvvo causes above mentioned. The extre111e variations 
may therefore be regarded as of little significance and the average of the 
large number of observations n1a)1 be relied t1pon as being approximately 
the true heat factor. 

RELATION OF TEMPERATURE TO DEVELOPMENT OF TI-IE LARVA 

The conclusions ar1·ived at are based upon observations made on 
344 larvre reared in apples on the tree and 214 larvre reared in picked 
apples. It \\·as fot111d that larv~ rea1·ed i11 picked apples had a shorter 
period relative to tl1e ten1perature than those 1·eared in apples on the tree. 

These data were first tabulated in detail and the pe1·iods and mean 
daily temperatures averaged for each of the obse:vations, then for groups 
of larvre wl1icl1 bega11 the pe1-iod on the sa1ne day, and lastly for groups 
arranged according to average mean dail)' temperat11res. A summary of 
the resttlts thus obtained f ron1 tl1e obse1·vations on larvre reared in apples 
on the tree is given in Table 3. 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 



' 

• 

Temp. 
range, 

deg. Fah. 

68-69 

70-71 

72-73 

74-75 

76-77 

78--79 

80-81 

68-81 

• 

• 

• 

TABLE 3 LA.RVAJ, PERIOD. SU.MMAJlY OF DATA ON RELATION OF TEMPERATURE 
TO DEVELOPMENT. IJARVAE REARED IN APPLES ON TREE. 

Number 
of observa-

tions 

32 

122 
• 

46 

33 

14 

20 

78 

344 

Harmonic 
average 

of periods 
in days 

36.57 

32.29 

29.20 

28.62 

27.14 

25.93 

26.33 

29.07 

Recipro-
cals of 
periods 

.028531 

.03091 

.03424 

.0349'5 

.03684 

.03'855 

.03798 

.0338 

Mean 
daily tem-
perature 

69.45 

70.88 

73.48 

74.53 

76.74 

79.39 

80.30 

74.31 

5·0+ 

19.45 

20.88 

23.48 

24.53 

26.74 

29.39 

30.30 

24.31 

Daily day-degrees 

2(85+) 

.34 

:3'0 

.72 

.74 

1.40 

3.62 

4.36 

1.56 

(5'0+ )-
2 (85+) 

19.11 

20.58 

22.76 

23.79 

25.34 

25.77 

25.94 

22.75 

• 

I 

• 

Total day-degrees 

5·0+ 

692 

674 

686 

702 

726 

762 

798 

719 

(5'0+ )-
2 (85+) 

680 

665 

665 

681 

688 

668 

683 

673 

• 

N ..p.. 
0 

• 



l 

• 

241 · 

I11 Grapl1 3, fractio11c1l parts corre~1)011di11g t<) tl1e reci1)rocals of tl1e 
periods (Table 3) were laid off on the vertical axis, and divisions were 
marked on the horizontal axis corresponding to tl1e mea11 daily tempera-
tures. Points ,vere then plotted, usi11g tl1e reciprocals of tl1e periods and 
tl1e 1nean daily ten1perat11res as tl1e courdi11ates. 

.O'IO 

. II.JS 

. , . ,- .... 
' . -..• ' . 

T -- • -,,..-.4i~ <t----..... 
----·• '' ... --•i.-----,.-

• • 

' . 

-
-

• 
• • • T 

• ' - -

---- ...... '.:;; !:1· -.,._.. ........ t:i '-,.. . · -.; .. ......, ...... - .... -•- --t•'Eiii' "{ I 
. ___ .._ -- -- ~· ..... ... ......... ,..... ~ ,: • ·t· t .. -- . ............. -· I - - -.. •-f • ..f ~--t----:1 ,. r• I - ...... • y-, - j f 

- -·-·-•. :::r::~ •- •·-·- _ .... _, ____ i-.- µJ_,-i--:1 , ..•. _n, ;•t Hi -. -~E=-~--~ - -·- - . ___. ...... _i.__ ·--- . ;·•~' 

•• 
' .. ·- -. • • 

-• 
. r !..a., ' ---r' -. ~ f • ,;, 

•- -:--•- • ' •--.. - -~,...,_ .......... .....,... . - · r - • .. ··--r::::=- __ _.... --~-...-., - w , ....... , - . 
- -- ---• ·••-- ..,_,_,_ __ -- • •• • ,..... · 1 ..- . -._~f•r · I 

- -- • _..., ' ... --""!;- -· ·-- •-- ·...-- - • f .. -f 
-=- . - ...., ____ - •• , 1-, ---:-0 -- ' ... , r4,..i.:..!..l ,~ .... - .. ,.... I --, ,.- • 11 .. ~t' I. l 'I 

.._ • • - -:- _,.. .. , - L-- •• •••- - _.,.. ........ .u •• -, • -,. l I ; 'r -9 I"' . .,__ • .,.. - __ _,__. ---~ .. •• - •-- _.J __ .... --~- -~1 ~I t .t · T 

; · ·····---- .. __ ,. ~•---'•• 1---...,.. ..... .,_. -~·--·- .-;.L , , .i 1 . ... ··- ~· . ., ... 1 . , f. . , ' 
4J. ----•-- ·-:---l~-,,--.- ·-•··"""' 1•1•--· ~ -, - --, -- __ ......,_ ......... .__,.,.,_ •• ____ .._~ _.__ft tL~- I ,. .. ,. - .. 

T -~ _ •----- .. ~- ·•-- • --. -- .. -·--.: =~' :;.:-...:.. -;:---:-•,i .:=.:~~ ... .:.... , .. ,.t1': •• rtA·· .. 1~;'! 
. .... - .. - -- ....... __. . T---- I . -,j - -- • _j_ ~- --· ..... • - .. ,r. ... r:::;t ' •tM -t .. ;.+, • i I .. ;t:;J.l'. .. 

~-.... ----- • _ _..._ __ ----· -........... -----~ ·-- .. -::!.... .... --· - _....... ·- - . ,•1·rut -- - _ ___,_....,.__.~--• _..._ -••·•+- , ~.-•..-... .. -A••t"> I+ ......... •- .. '··• '!• --- -- -- -... - -·-- . ..... rJTIW -n--. ·- ... - ...,.....T", ., ~.._-~ -- , ._ ..... , __ 'I .... L,... 

. ----~- _ __. •-,,., ... ·--__ ....,.----1 r• • ,--.~--.... •• -- .. ·-·'-. ~ -· .... £. ~--· __ , _. ••1•1•·1 · I , ·- -- --·-----· ----·-.. ...._ j-· I.......,.,. ___ , .. --~· .... --~ --· -tt1 ...... .--.... .. ----r·• ...... ,. I '""' , 
.... -, -- -~•• -•I f '-••-••• .. _ _, .... -~. • •tt• • ,i- .... •-••-•T • ~-- ,. ... ___ , ,, •! fill~ 
,,--..-- ----_ .. · - --•--'..--.T-• .. -•; :_: -•- .... •- ~-.,., .. 4..,.,. ·- ._,.. r-' _ _,...._;111 t-;.&.I._.. ,. ,.,...,. t-•• ·•tJt•it -

.,, 1 I -- -·• ----- - ' ' • .,....,. ---.,-• -<I·• .1.. 4 o __ _, ......,_ .. ,..__.. .. r-· ... •••?" ~ - :t • -~t-4:J_~..... p'4 r:•1' ..,,J.&,,_6 --•-' t• f" •,o; ' 

0.170 • :____,. -~,--r•-· _ .,.... - I -• ·r• - ~.,. __ ,4'••--• .._ __ .. _r ,_ ...... ,.,_ • - ..... ,_......__ u~ .,, -- _. 
• '.,;;} · -- ••--- __ ..,. _ __.. ___ • •~ •. l...,------•--- - .......... ___ . · . •--' .... rT ...... _,._....__ •- .. ..__.,._-. ••--!•4-· r-' __,~ __ .;..,.._ .. --:-.1t'"*" ____ .. __ .. __ .. _ ... -~·••i_ .. _ ··-· - .. ~~~-tt-- .1,--,- ..... _....._,..,. 1' 

-•-•-· ·-•••-·-~ •-•• ...._ .. _., - . ..J... __ , __ ••--- -•---•h •' - .. - .. -- ..... ~ ----• 1-- .......,..,. ., . "•-?' .. J .. •f""!'+4-t-•n •• . ....I ~------ ·---·1 -.. ··- ··~ -•-• • -~J. • .,.._, __ ... __ ...._ --•---···l,.I... ... .. .... --·-· .. .:. --- ... _lT .. -.,1---J. ... -, ........ -;..,..,,. ·,1 _.... -..--J.- •,-•---+-- - •r:--- -----· ·--,--..-.- •-- .. ---l.- _ ......... ,"-. .....,.t .... ~-• _,......_ -·---· __ ..._, •f I ' . .....,__ ·- • .L...----.. •• ..,__._.......-4-_ - •--- ····1--·· ..... _ ..... ___ -- ... , ..... -- ••=1-7-!..- C!' .... -•+-< ·--- ·-.. •--'--- .,..-.;. ... l ' ' 4-t.1"!:!::: •--•·-,-- -··:-i•~ ~----- ·--~·r..._ __ .,.._ ... ~--·· ·------··- -~---- · · ···•·~ -· .. ~·-· i:2:! .. ... _ .. r---6-.. - - ·• .. --·•· .---. · -• - .. i ~·- - .---- ._.,,. ... ·- ··-····-• ----· •• -..--·- ___ .... .. - ~ .. -•-· •-- •- ·l--.,-• ··--·-· - ·- ·-• • ... 1_.,.. ~--· I . 
0'"5 ~-.....--r--·· ~..,_.. ___ .,. _.....,_ __ 4 1',..--•----•·-•- -•• , . ., ...... --- • - -11 - • • ... ----·- .._.... • ,··-• ,._,.. ____ -- -•-~- .,....._ .,. .• _ -• ·I " . . : .. 

·-,:::::.,: -..--... - ••••-- .. . _ ... ,.._ , •-•--~ 1---- •-•-- .-- .. _......._ •-•·--•· .. ____ .,__. ..... a._ •• ul!. Jt ·•-•+-'<I'..,. ••-• " - ....... .. , .•-1 _,. ~-'t ....... ~--- --·:-i.-=..r .,._ .. ....... ___ ~- ----· t....,_,_, .. ....-------· ._______ t•1-- l,..-"' •·1- ., ·-- ........ ~• ... •1-,-- .. -,..- .. .,.._ ,: .. -,...,_·· · -r-=1"' - • •"T, 
-.,. i.-. ... ---- --- ----'--r'"'•- __ ....... ~·-·•-•!!!' I--•-,••-·•-·- , .•• ..,. ...... ._J,,~---=--1· ..... ,_.,, _,!l .... ....i.. _ ...... .. _ •• .........-.,...,.... ,.... ..... ...,..._ !"" 

.... -· ··~ ....... ·---·,··· ·-·- ·-·-~:. ·--•-+--· ·--.. ~- ~--~"""! .... ·•--··- ··-·a; .... ..___.,__ .... .. . .,. . _ __. ___ ":"" ,- r---•--1 -· - ·---~-' - ............. ··------- .. _,. __ • ·------..... ,. • ..,. ____ .. . .. • ... --~ ...... .... •·•-·-· , ..... - 1 , ... - .... , ...... i,.. ............. __ ·•"·•'~· _,__.......,_ .... ,, • 

~-......_.._._._ ·•--• ... - .. +•¥· ·-- .,._,.,.__ ·---•• i,.....--- - - J• I--~•"'- •--~~• - •• ._ ,_. _..., --•- t-<r __.._, ........ ......,. ______ ..,. __ • .,.. ~-• ·-ht-, 

• _.____ ....... , ··--•- ----· ... ---···•-• .. ,-• ....,. •• = ., ••. -· -- .. -1..., 1~r•fl ..... ~ -' •l-•µ1•·---- --·-· .. ..J---,•· · "· 
................. .._ ••-"'--•-• - • -+-••:-1... -•-.--r•• , •••• •, .. -, •--•· -•-t~J ... _ _..._ •• 1• •-4 • • t--,;....,4 .- t--. 1• .. '-•••·• • '°T' ;.J-t•• • f ••1•·-• • • -i •-· -••"•1· ••tL ()20 1-- .. ....,...a._,._ ...... -.,--...... _...__ .... _ ........ ....., __ _,._ ·•~ --- - - . .. .. '--· .. ,--1• •-t .. ....... . , -y• • ~~1· · : t r-~ •·"7" .... 1• •1-·•- -····-·-L,'---..1--• ,ti 

• . ~ . • I - ' l , • T. < ' ' ....... .,"P -..-----::i"'- ·--~ ,-·· ·t··---L.. .·• - ....... ..... .. _.. . ·· -- I ,_ ........ , ........ ... , ... _ ... _ , .................. ...,....~~- , ... - ..... =--• ~'1'-·T- , ,....... .... ·11" 
•• h~+- ................ ····--· •-···· ~- ··----•..- - ...,. · ··-···· 1••-l-· t ..... , . , -, .. ,~~,· ,.-tf:, ...... .---•·-· ,. , .... , , --p•' . • i-~ •-~•L- ~--•+--....... -r ... ... ...,___ ....... __ _._ .. •--U,,C.,•·"---- ··--·"-- .. . ...: ..., · • 1,-,t,..~ ... , .,,., .. .,__.l • ._. ............ ~r•---f•• . • L .• 1·-""'"6. _.._.. ..... 11..,~ • I 

--- ..... ·-;- ·~-.. ··- ........... ~-"• ·--· .. ,.,..,, .. ···-··- .., .... ....... , ......... .. . _ ... _ -·•- .. ·• -F.··1--· ..... , ... .., ___ ·1 ... :.J"'"lt••· ~ l ,. 
! - • t-t---1-••·. -rr:l-•-•-----.. - -···--, .. •-•1t-•~·,. ......... , • .,;.-.. .. _ •. ·,•·-•1· 1 -'-- ••• -.- • • ·- ,_ • ....,....-- • - ,·+•-r· 

.. • · .. ~ - ........... ~-.--- ----·- _ .......... _ ,,.., --, ... ,.,. .... ·-·• ·- .......... •-•·• - •· --• --J ... ••·+-~ ....... ..... . , -•• t-r •-----·, 
___ ............... .. ........ __.,.! -·-,•- · · .... .. .. 1-1, ••• ,.. ---- ~ ~~ .. _.,_ ............... ·--·-·' ·• ··-~-· ................. - ..... ... 1,. 1 .... ..... ,- .... , • ... .a.,., .............. . ·r1 

, .. oJI t--+•::t•-_.. -• '9~,1•1,.....-•,• _+,. • • ,.. .... ., •• ,..,. - - -=,•••••- t,t•••• .. t ~, ........ • •• "' ••••r•- •-..... t-M • t- t-+~•-1 .. - '"-•--· . .. 1,...---,-.• , .. .._..,_•r• • ' Ole- --:-,- '°' .... _. •• •--,-+- -,.---•·· .,,..,. .. _.... ·'" 4 "" _ _ ., .. 'I!•·• ...... ·-- ...... i: l r"""···- .......... .-... ...... ,~J.j,.,4 - .-.w .... --,.-. ,...J,.... ...... , .. , ,.;. .... 11, ~ , 

• .,,"1 IJ. .. _ •--. _._,.-! .. -, ..... :-;::::;:;;; ... ,...., ... \tf"- ..... w.4. t &--1••·- ._, .... .... _ 1.! ..... , ••• • _ _... m·•f •• ••• ... -~-- ...... t i,. .... .,.._,.- ... ,-II 

. 0/r 

• ····T· ·-••·- --·-·--·-·-· · ·-·--·1" .... , J•-- .. - ....... •• "'•1• ··-~· ..,. ,-..... ......... . ,.,.. ·• ·""-- -~•--1--1· .... , •• - .... ·-1·•-·••l-·rt , ......,.._~ • .. • . .;:: ... _......,I •1--.,........ .... .. •• , ,• r•• • •·1••· , .. .. ••··• 1• .... 1,,. _..,1 ,,. • • _,1 •• ,, .. , ,, ,._...,_-4., •• =-11 . ...... ,,. f 't •• .. •- .. • "'f-1•1' I "' ....,__,.,tt-T •~-•,.,. t•.,.•••- 11 _..,._. •1 _,._I- •1••~ ,,., ••t•i.:•t• •~-,,. "-' 1·i•1>f••r ..,; ----•~~ t t•• •• -1frr-•.J. •-·'4•·• •M"--.-t 1 ""1 .. .. ....... --t1~11•··- ._,..____ -·- - 1 ""t• .... - ... -·'·· .., . ... t ...... .... , .. ' ,. 11•1 ,-.T•;:t l'~·•··•• 1•• . •+-+' ,. • .-.,J, .... .. ,-.;, ....... ... 

_, ··-..; i · .•.• "•·•- •·~-· · ~• .,_ .. ,..,. ·-·Ht- ... --·•· ' J1 r···•- .. .. - t .. 1- , 1·••~·•• • ·· r., .• , ....... .. •t ., 1•1··• 'I· 
~'T"'!"' -·•·r:ti 1 ......... , ·•··· ... ..... - .............. ·r1·- . , ... ..___. .. . ·t -~- ..... t1•··--· ···-·· --1·-· .,. ........ .L..;,.. ···1• ... -+- .. , ... •1 - . • , •. " • . .. -,· - i . .. . .. " : . .. .. . • • .... I. ' • .. • . .,. .... '. '!.. • • l - .;. -- +- ' 1 - ••• 1 I t . • • .J .. l • • • i ' .. t • i:, ,t-1, ....... - .... .. - - ..... - -. • .:.. ' r-• • • • • ' • . 1 ' . 

•-......-- --. ...... --. • 't •-· -w- •- •••••••• .. I-• .... • •--• ••-~'T!~·• •~••• ., _,. _.,_ I t• f -1 .. •• ,_.... .. ....... .... ..... ••·•~~ t•• -~ •·•-~ j -1 
, .,. .. _ -·~·r•r- ~ ··-··· ..... ··,- ........ . . ··•·····~ ·•·u··· /If:-·· ;.-;-r:-=--• 1 •.••• 'I ~H· ···-h-1'1,- •. , .......... r1-r1·· ji .~ J1._l1tl .,.._ 1 ill""""" ;,, .•• . J t•,·-·•·· . .._ .. ,r-- t• •-.•• ..... •t, . t't , - .,._ ... •'• -1"' • 1, _.,.. .. ,. • ,, t• .. 1-.-•• 1m''-- .. , tJ ·• lli _t,..~ ····•··t -t•-1~- •.• ,_.,.., • • ·•·1•~1 • •-l , }· ·•~1·- ... •• · . :1.,. ....... 1 .r .. .... •• ••· •·+, ... . ,·11'L 1 ~t· ,-..., ..... , .. "' · ...... , ... , ............ ..... , ,+.11 ... · - .. • •r•~ ·· •-'······ ...... :..i-• :Ii-.......... ~r· •'•·• ,, .. T' .--:..; ... . • f +-6- _, .. ,•-r,-. •l,t-•••- • •--.,.-• - ..,T*'1 1 -• ,,_,il......., .-- - ••\••,- ••--f,••--·• • .......... .. .. , ..... - -,. . , ... - - • 1, •-,,-T 1 -•-1 • ,,.__.~I · L,.--

t1 ttt!jtttti" , .... ~• • I' ··~~1~ ............. •--·· ·r•• ... , .. ., ...... .. ~" , .... ., .....,.,., ..... ........ , ............... ••"'-1•· h•'u, .. ,., .. .;..,.., -,-·-·· .. _., .... •·••H , ... "' ........ -.. , J.t.1 r .... •1•• · 1 .. •·--·~··. , ........ , ....... 1t! - .. .... ... i ....... . .. 1 •• , .. .... ...... , r·· ,. ... .. -- -~-i-1._,,..•t- . J"t .. ___ i .. ... ~.,..~i ~ 
• ,... ............. .,4 ·•·· ' '" • .-........ • .... , ... :------~~ __,. _ .... . J . .. . ... .. ,_ 1·~ .. .. 1 •• • ._.j~·r· 1 r ....... •T·• · • r4•'"' ()r1, •• - ~•· ill" ........ ;-,-•--....-• ••~J .. -4--••••'ft•--• fft-,1.-• --••·••&-r ,•• +- •,•ttT~ l..j.t 1¼ ~•f -.-l,t•••t• .. .,..i.~- ...;. 

• - rt; - l ' ·• - I ! ?I T ' • ... -~ .I.~ H I . -~ .. 1 • • 1 ""mr' l' ' ;.. 11 11 • • . • . r. • . . ... • • f I '-M '. I ......... I. - LI.•-, i..;..: f• " ! I - .... ' I. I ' • .• l'!r ,. I .. l•!,;+ j,i: !j••:1t~ Tl._.i t :••• I '' I• •~r ";-, ·•1 •J .,. •• ,. 1:•·•+-!i •-k+ty •t •!..ii• ••• .,._.,_ 1• ·11!•1· .. •• ·• 
~. .:' 1 :1.;.,,- :.:i •, • 1.:•1::-::· .;111.:.r ~; :~1:; .;.: 1· -t!~ '· . w.::~1H ~~i:i' ;;;•!...1{1 i!.1::rtjl ._:1• t'J:.. ~1-! ... r1i : ·1 :-1 ·•, TT :!+i' ' -i: T ; ' .- I ·t;.;l!°t-:-:t Tu : 't --:i:i! !: r. +f>' •.. • rt ..... ,: ·;• 11 :F fi{t : ! 

I:,'/ 7() 7i' Yd 

G&...\.PH 3. Larval period. Reciprocals of the periods plotted against mean 
daily temperatures. Larvoo rea1·ed in apples on tree . 

• 
These points clo not lie -i11 a straight li11e, and he11ce can not lJe usecl 

for the purpose of establishing the reciprocal curve accurately. The points 
do not lie in a st1·aigl1t li11e because in 111aking tl1e 1nea11 daily averages 
temperatures ,vere used ,,,hich are not effective or which retard develop-
ment. The lower points are less affected by this cat1se than the other 
points because they represent ten1pe1·at11res that are intermediate between 
the zero of develop111e11t and tl1e degree of the 111axi1nun1 1·ate of develop-
ment. A straigl1t line determined by the two lowest points c1·osses the 
temperature axis at 52+ degrees, a li11e determined by the three lowest 
points c1·osses tl1e axis at 47 +. All points betvveen 47 a11d 52 were tried 
out as to whicl1 best f 11lfilled the co11clition as the ze1·0 of development and 
SO was selected as tl1e one whicl1 did so most nea1·ly. 

The · clai1y da)1-degrees above 50 clegrees we1·e con1pt1ted and tl1e 
results ,vere entered i11 colttmn 6 of Table 3. The figu1·es i11 tl1is colttmn 
multiplied by the number· of clays in the periods gave the total acct1111ula-
tions of day-degrees above SO degrees, s110\vn in colu111n 9 of Table 3. 
An exa111i11atior1 of tl1ese res11lts as ,,rell as the positio11 of tl1e upper poi11ts 
in Graph 3 leacls tts to conclttcle tl1at tl1e gradttal inc1·easc i11 the accu1nu-
lations anc1 the dc,,iation to tl1e rigl1t of tl1e poi11ts from tl1e li11e at tl1e 

-



• 

.. 

... 

• 

242 

higher te1nperatures were due to retardi11g te1npe1·att11·es 01· ten1r,eratt11·es 
above the degree of maxin1t1n1 rate of developn1ent. To find this point 
guesses were made and t1·ied out to test their co1·1·ectness. It v\ras found 
tl1at by using 85 as the degree of the n1aximu111 rate of developn1ent, a11d 
subtracting twice the average day-degrees above 85 ( colu111n 7) fror11 the 
day-degrees above SO, we got a temperatt1re factor ( colu1n11 8) fo1· each 
of the ten1perature groups vvl1icl1 ~,hen n1ultiplied by tl1e period expressed 
in days gave tl1e 1nost nearly constant products ( colu11111 10) for the dif-
ferent groups, the ave1·age for all groups being 673. 

This average n1a)' be taken as tl1e approxi1nate average of accu1nula-
tions of effective day-degrees £01· tl1e la1·val pe1·iod of larvce rea1·ed in 
apples on the tree. 

In Grapl1 4, the a,Terage· daily effective da)r- degrees as recorded in 
colt1111n 8 of Table 3 ,vere plotted ag·ai11st tl1e reciprocals of tl1e periods, 
v\,itl1 the 1·esult that the poi11ts in the ttpper part of tl1e graph vvere b1·011gl1t 
nearly in to li11e ,,1itl1 the otl1er poi11ts. 

. • 

.0'15 • I • • • • l • I , • I I .l __. .. 4 I • • 

, 015 

.010 • 

. .........._ . ' . ' • C . ' ....... T • 
' . ' I- . 

• • . • • 
' - T 

• 
• C • • .... . ' @ . . . . . 

• • • 
. •• • .... -I"" T ...si,. •• , . . . ... 

I I• I, ~f ; 

. • -· . -
()05 . • .. -

. , ' 
• • 

• -. • fl • I 

' . • • • . . • 
I • . - • T • ' 

0 /0 12 /~ 

GRi\PII 4. Lar·val period. R eciprocals of the periods plotted against mean 
daily effective day-degrees. La1·vre reared in apples on t1·ee. 

Tl1e data secttred fron1 observations 111ade 011 214 la1·vre rea1·ed in 
picked apples were treated in the san1e n~anner as the data for larvre 
reared in apples 011 tl1e tree. A sum111ar)r of the rest1lts is sho,vn in 
Table 4. 



=a'"-" .., __ __t _ _: a . _ ,_. =- __ _ -~-- - - ----

Tem 
rtlll 

deg. 

p. 
:e, 
,lh. 

-
6G-67 

68-69 

70-71 

72-73 

74-75 

76-77 

78-7 9 

80-81 

66-81 

• 

• 

• 

-
TABLE 4·-LA.R\TAI, PERIOD. S1UMMARY OF DATA ON RELATION OF TEMPERATURE TO 

DEVET,OPMENT. LARVAE BEARED IN PICKED APPLES 
- - - --- - -~·· · ~ 

Nt1mber Harmonic Recipro- Average Average daily day-degrees Total day-degrees 
of observa-

tions 

1 

15 

63 

43 

.27 

25 

lG 

24 

214 

' average 
of periods 

in days 

~.00 

33.11 

28.94 

26.68 

22.84 

23.86 

22.01 

21.54 

25.69 

cals of 
periods 

.02941 

.03020 

.03456 

.03748 

.04378 

.04107 

.04543 
-

.04643 • 

.03892 

mean 
•daily tern-
perature 

67.90 

68.38 

71.25' 

72.47 

74.82 

77.25 

79.08 

80.75 

74.0·8 

50+ 

17.90 

18.38 

21.25 

22.47 

24.82 

27.25 

29.08 

3'0.75 

24.08 

2 (85+) 

.20 

.26 

.46 

.50 

.84 

1.72 

3.00 

3.90 

.1.22 

(50+) 
2 ( 85+) 

17.70 

18.12 

20.79 

21.97 

23.98 

25.53 

26.08 

26.85 

22.86 

. -
. 

50 + 

608 

609 

615 

599 

567 

65'0 

640 

662 

619 

(50+) 
2 (85+) 

601 

600 

602 

586 

548 

609 

573 

578 

587 

N 
v,) 

., 

• 

• 
• 



• 

244 

In computatio11s fo1- Table 4, SO vvas taken as the zero of develop-
ment and 85 as tl1e deg1-ee of maxi1ntun rate of develop1nent. The 1-esults 
indicate that 52 deg1-ees ,i\Tould have more nea1-Iy satisfied the conditions; 
but as the main inte1·est in this table is that it gives an opportunity for 
comparing the 1-ate of develop1ne11t of la1-vce in apples on the tree and in 
picked apples, in order to have tl1e san1e units of accumulation in both 
cases SO was used as the zero. The average accumt1lation of effective 
day-degrees reqt1ired to develop larvce in picked apples was 587, or 86 
day-degrees less than for larvre in apples on the t1·ee (Table 3). 

The variations in tl1e length of tl1~ larval pe1·iod are very g1·eat for 
individuals even when subjected to tl1e same co11ditions. The following 
example will illustrate the extent of tl1e variatio11s. Of 19 larvre hatched 
July 20, 1916, 011e pt1pated in 20 days, tv-.ro i11 23 days, three in 25 days, 
one in 27 days, three in 28 days, four in 29 days, three in 30 days, one 
in 31 days, and one in 34 days, giving a variation of 14 days in the length 
of the period. Individual variations a1·e also shown by tl1e varyi11g num-
ber of effective day-degrees which accumt1lated during the larval period. 

Tables S and 6 sho\i\T tl1e distribtttion of larvre as to accu1nulated 
effective day-degrees. 

TABLE 5-DISTRIBUTION OF T,,ARVA.E REAR.ED IN APPLES ON TI-TE TREE WITH REFER~ 
ENCE TO ACCUM1.TLA'rED EFFECTIVE DAY-DEGREES DORJNG THE PERIOD 

-
Number of larvre Range of effective day-degrees 

--------------- •------------------
8 

18 

39 

65 

64 

58 

29 

26 

16 

6 

1 

, 456-499 

5'00-549 

550-599 

600-649 

650-699 

700-749 

750-799 

800-849 

850-899 

900-949 

950-969 

The variations above 900 a11d below 500 a1·e possibly due to errors in 
observations. The smalle1· variations are due in part to the use of the 
day as the period unit, and in part, 110 doubt, to the various temperatures 

• 

I 

• 

I 



245 

to ,vl1icl1 la1·vre i11 different parts of tl1e tree are si111ultaneously subjected, 
to variations i11 tl1e character of food, and to individual differences. How 
much of the variations are attributable to each of these causes can not be 
accurately determined from tl1e data at hand. 

The use of the day as the ttnit will tal<e accottnt of a variation of 27 
day-degrees each vvay f1-01n tl1e average. If we assu1ne that variations 
below 500 and above 900 are due to errors of observation and make a 
correction of 27 on account of the use of tl1e day as the unit, it still 
leaves a variation of f ro1n 527 to 873 to be att1·ibuted to other causes. 
Since there is no vvay of eliminating these causes i11 practical operations, 
,ve must expect u11der natural conditions tl1at some la1·vre will complete 
their period ,,,hen tl1e effective da)"-degrees have reached 527 and that 
otl1ers ,vill not co111plete it u11til 873 effective day-deg1·ees have accumu-
lated, the average accumulation being 673. 

Table 6 sho,vs the distribution of larvre 1·eared in picked apples as 
to total effective da)'-degrees requi1·ed for their develop1nent. 

TABLE 6·-DISTRIBlJTION OF l,ABVAE REARED IN PICKED APPLES WITH REFF.B.ENCE TO 
ACCUMULATIONS OF EiFFECTIVE DAY-DEGREES DURING THE PERIOD 

Numbe1~ of la1·vre 

3 

16 

41 

59 

40 

22 

12 

5 

1 

• Range of effective day-degrees 

4'00-449 

450-499 

5'00-549 

550-599 

600-649 

650-699 

700-749 

750-799 

800-849 

Following tl1e sa111e cou1·se of rec1s011i11g witl1 these data as with the 
p1·ececling, tl1e va1·iations a1·ising f ro1n facto1-s wl1icl1 can 11ot be eliminated 
under field condjtio11s, range from 477 to 722, tl1e ave1·age being 587. 

Tl1ese rest1lts a1·e not very satisfactory f 01· p1·ctcticctl ttse. The aver-
ages are, no clo11bt~ app1·oxi111ately cor1·ect; l) ttt tl1e ,,a1·iations from the 
average are too g1·eat ancl tl1c li111its of tl1e va1·i;;ttio11s c111 e to ttnprevent-
able cat1ses a1·e ~1 little too 1111ce1·tai,1 to 1·e11<1 e1· tl1e dctt~t e11ti1-ely satisfac-
tory' for tl1e p111·pose of fo1·ecLtsti11g Ii f e-]1isto1·~ eve11ts. I-Io,vever, thes~ 
are the 11ea1·est app1·oxin1atio11 tc> tl1e c1ctt1,1l acct1111t1lation of effective 

• 



• 

• 

.. 
246 

day-degrees for the larva and the variations there£ rom that we have at 
the present time, and with similar data for the egg and pupa they will 
serve as a fairly satisfactory basis for forecasting events in the seasonal 
history of the codling-moth. 

RELATION OF TEMPERATURE TO DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUPA 

Observatio11s ,vere made 011 a total of 4348 pupre of tl1e codling-
rnoth. The data were tabulated, grouped, and averaged in the same 
manner as those for the other stages. A summary of the results is given 
in Table 7. 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 



-

• 

T ABIAE 7-PUPAI, PERIOD, OLNEY, lIJJWOIS. SUMMARY 0]' DATA ON RELA 'l 'lON Ole' TE:tviflJ~RA1'U Rlc: TO D1.;v~1.01,~1.11: .N 'f 
-- -

ti) 
CJ 1\ verage dn.i ly day-degrees Total day-degrees ;,, s.. 

~ en . ,.. 
·~ (/) - ;.., • CJ 'O d"O ·--~ .Q O• c;S~ d ,,... CV 0 c., 0 -~ t~ Q bJ)-4 ti) o·~ • CV"O S.. 

:,~ 0 _, b.O = C, • ,,-:, blJ • f-1 en C Q>~ <1) OIS 0. 2(87 (50+ )- (52+ )- (50+ )- (52+) ,- <1> A E c, 0.-0 "'"' r-, ~ds 50+ 52+ 50+ 52+ .-=>bO I Q rn o ......... +) 2 (87 +) 2 (87 +) :?(87 +) 2(87 +) c:: <1) 
.s.. .. g~ (1.) 8 CV ::,.0- . ,'(M Q 

CJ ,:.. ,'CJ a, . c;.. .µ Z O+,:, t!l(.10- ~o 8 
I 

I 
52.53 2 45.50 .0220 52.60 6.19 5.19 6.19 5'.19 281.6 ' 236.0 281.6 236.0 I 

54-55 348 35.20 .0284 ' 55.70 7.85 6.80 7.85 6.80 276.3 237.9 276.3 237.9 
56-57 976 34.01 .0294 56.15 8.24 7.08 8.24 7.08 280.2 240.8 280.2 240.8 
58-59 I 243 27.77 .0360 5'8.50 9.92 8.69 9.92 8.69 275.5 241.3 275.5' 241.3 
60-61 ! 72 24.08 .0416 61.13 11.75 10.39 11.75 10.39 282.9 250.2 · 282. 7 250.2 
62-63 148 22.21 .0450 62.75 t 13'.12 tl.56 13.12 11.56 291.4 256.7 291.4 256.7 
64-65 212 19.57 I .0511 65.02 15.46, 13.66 15.46 13.66 302.6 267.3 302.6 267.3 
66-67 99 .17,41 I .0574 66.59 16.90 15·_15 16.90 15.15 294.2 263.8 294.2 263.8 
68-69 218 13.80 .0724 69.28 19.27 17.31 19.27 17.31 265.9 238.9 265'.9 238.9 

175 12.70 70.79 20.79 18.79 .'04 20.75 18.75 264.0 ' 2S18.6 70-71 .0787 263.5 238.1 
72-73 221 11.51 .0868 73.11 23.11 I 21.11 .24 22.87 20.87 266.0 242.8 263.2 240.2 
74-75 247 10.73 .0932 74.92 ' 22.92 .42 24.50 22.50 267.4 246.9 262.9 241.4 24.92 ' 

76-77 517 10.02 .0997 76.77 26.77 24.77 .88 25.89 23.89 268.2 248.2 259.4 239.4 
78-79 ' 481 9.44 .1059 79.14 29.13 27.13 1.63 27.50 25.50 275.0 25'6.1 259.6 240.7 
80-81 133 9.43 .1062 80.88 30.88 28.88 3.52 27.36 25.36 291.1 272.2 257.9 239.0 
82-83 256 9.24 .1082 82.68 32.68 l 30.68 4.12 28.56 26.56 302.0 283.5 263.9 245.4 

- -- [ ' . 

52-83' ,I 3817 l 14.49 .0690 19.03 I 17.38 .77 18.26 I 16.61 275.6 251.8 264.6 240.7 
I I 

j 
- ----------

N. B.-The totals and ave1·ages of this table do no·t inclt1de the data given for 60°-67° inclusive. The pupre noted at 
those temperatures being a part of the hibernating generation which pupa.ted late. were disturbed by daily examina-
tions which resulted in a prolongation of the normal pupa.I period. 

N 
'-l 



• 

• 

248 

Grapl1 5 ,vas p1-epared by plotti11g tl1e recip1-ocals of tl1e periocls 
ag-ai11st tl1e n1ean daily te1nperatures ( colu111ns 4 a11d 5, Table 7). 

No tl1ree of tl1e points i11 this graph appe·ar to lie in a straight li11e. 
1"'he points at the lower end of tl1e li11e a1-e too far to the left because i11 
computing· tl1e 1nean daily ten1peratures te111peratt11-es belo,v the zero of 
development were i11cludedJ wl1icl1 p1·olongs tl1e te111peratt1re axis too far· 
to the left. Points at the upper end of tl1e line are too far to tl1e right 
becat1se in co1nputi11g tl1e mea11 dail) te111peratt11·es te111pe1·att1res were 
included V\1hich we1·e above the deg·ree of the 111aximu1n rate of develop-
1nent and \~1hicl1, tl1erefo1·e, reta1·ded develop1nent. Tl1e use of the mea11 
Jail)' deg·1-ees i11 tl1i s part of tl1e g·1-apl1 prolo11gecJ tl1e te1111)e1~at11re axis 
too far to the right. 

I 
• •·Hu;,. •--~---sr-ll: ·IT·'· ··~•H~l; . 1··-•··•... ..... ·•4••:i~'r'• ,~.:.:,u.1 • •. ~~·,· 11--r::;· J,I J. I .J .:,. ....... 1•1--.-r:• -J" .,. •1~• .. • 1+ .. • '"@._....,. t ............... , ...... r .. ::n '·"';r1·· ~.1 •..J ., ......... t--t_J ltl'-'"•1 I • tl IJ :l ,. 1J~.::•t 1.z.:•.!.; .:.!.:·: •::,1•r 1;. r..,.--, ... •~ ... .:--· ... :;-;1j ;tr11 :.1 i#i'l 1! 11 ~I'n L:! \~'11 •it't· ':'.t ·" -, l I ... ~11 ·~--j,,, t1••1•·r. l, ..... J ·•i t:.:r • .t: ,1:b r'-!.IJ•, •·· l .... , . • "I.:' - 11 • '.f, ,. ·J·r .ill, t~r I• .:-,!t;~ ~!:~l--r":-i : :r~ l :t' .. f;?~.r:.;rTc .. !1! i~!..!H~J ~!: .. ;r!; 1-!., I 1:~~~l~t 1, ; :,f~ ~r, ,; rJ •·!1•11:-!,. i;! .~!: . ' 

.I I ·r• u'j"llf iii~:~! !-:j!1:7~j t~r·r .... 1::1 r'It~t:1 1r2111:l 1i!1Hjlt ;±::fil:, P.·n·~11 ij.: ~r1·1!1t·1 U.1 !l:f 1:-t ,, ~,~~1111· 111 , 1'~ . 
' 

- P.i ·"-..... , •.• ,.J.t ·1•+ •t· ·1t!-i·t:· .... , •• i,-r11 t' ·-· .• lrt , t-r t ii •• 1 'I' ·ll li - r --li.fLU ., I 
l.:t:11, 1~!Lrt!1-1 ,,11;1:t B ;..,.;.1r1, -,r.;1.;: l•1!!:-,:.1· j1 : 11• 11;;11 I I •• t H: 1-:1 I • • 1 ,., I f tr.,1 ., i 1· • t I· 1 
l•·~·•r •''Hffi ·•····• ·.J•·•· 1-1 ,........ ·r.· ·1 •l' tjl • it·•• 1· r l' · r, 1 •- 1 r 1• t ........... ., ''"I I ····••4 , ... , . .. , • .1.• I ., ... ,1 .. -'T .. I ~f • I ••t I' I l. I " i I I 

, • /() ~r • t" - H · • , t t n t t .. i t t' , • , .. ..., "'""' • ,. ! t .. • ,. t , 1 • ' .. "' ., r • • t t • t , t.. 1 •· t ' , I t • · 4 ' • +H+l+tttt+ttlHtttttttl+lttl 

Wt 
... · ,-·•j'·' -···· 4j ···r••·t: • 'T:-··.=1 ··~····· •111•• - • :1-r 'LIi :!• ~" J· •• I I ·"'I • I , 1 

l:tl ti'tiii=~ ~i;;:;:~~ !U 1•1;.:.· ti1·~1ftl ~l•1f.1r;I:! l:iilr:11 ~li~lfl1 'ri11f l tfr1t~!!l 111~;1 tlrl:1•t1 I ll . I 11 ··I . 4L:~t •:~ ~ :•~•: :::!-!~~= :::1 'dJ 1! .. t~!lJ: .. 1::•!~:; r.t;t~!• l4 t:i~J!- ~t1,~ t ~11:-:11= ~:11S _. ·[ t i 11 ~ I . 
. 11.,.,. •·-··"' ,,1. .1 ., 1 • • t1,,,- l·•-1.i-,. •.• 1., 1 ••• rt,11 .1 , 1 H , ·•l·i .. I••· . .i ti,.,i+.1 J 1 1 , t-r O'f .\.,,l... 1 ... .,,._ -:•wt•• 1,1•· ,M _ ... ,.....-!-• ·r•t-+t • ! • Pq-d ,., ft---, ti · • •• ·-i-Hr:-' ,-, i !t· Hn-~'4+4+-f-'~•j'f-H'-4' +H+H+H·Htttfl-H+H~Hitlfii 

• . t!lfl ;:~;-1t111 ; :;tl~]j•··1• ic!:'r:-:1i. t- L!.t:::!:; ,:~~~!:!.l'tU · ~:1 1•·11 r;t1 , 1•: ,!:!lll:-i: ·111.!!.;!:J ~71. ' M"".r· .. l t i I 11' ·'1!J1 · 
•• • • • . , &o ···• 1•11• 1••1• •• r•o,•• ••••!- I •t•Jj r•JJ•u ' O• • j-.l:!• 1••rn' 1• ~,. ... ,, .• ',,. .. •• , .... --,-~r-r1 ... t -.. ..... ..... _ ...... t r t .--, . 1•· ~:J I I • .t. l I• ·•• ,,.-~, .. . , l ·1•t•• , ...- _...... 1.1 ..... • 1.1 .. ..1.- .\.. -• • .. •lt--• , + t ,,. .,, • · I· 

, ·1•·1 ·-,· .... , ... , n,, Lt l 11· .~ .. ll••·•~j • "l-- , ... -.-• • :-n-!"1• •I c-r1·r•'" 1L, .url: • J I . 1 I 
Of _.,.,, . .,, __ .i ••..•• ,,1-1-- t•- ,j ,-·, .• , .... , .-.:.rt~r. Tl~ i .•1••··~ ,,L, ... .-- 11 .1 ~ ·i,J.,' ~· ..... 11-'-h+1, ~ ,, ++++++. µ++,1-++++1 ++++1r++++++++1H+++tttt-HttH 

• - r'1'' 'tti;-:1:;; -,.'..~LI: 1·,1IJ::-:.r ::!n, ... ,.-; '-'r.1;;':-:J 1~,_m;-::r:r,.rt,1•+--11 .. i;-!,L'' ;-; .:J··:1·t·. ·!•·,T :!•, ;..1~'!i(L! r•11• 'r ·1 l . t.d~ 'Ll'-·t• ·1·•···· 1 t!""1' 1 1 ..... !ti_, ... , . .:r:-:ttt-• ,.w,.,;,. .. 1-l ..... rl I.ri, Li ...... ·J t .... _ ... J t ,., .,, r.- Jl1t1 . u·, ,. . t . ...+H 1,i ·lJ1;:,1i j-1 iP1:: , .. j1,.:. 'tJ7!l.,)JJ "t'~-=~!ii.1 :1;;; ·4· ~1....::i;-1:; 1-,.r1·u,:... j,,;;,w., ,11~,;i±~ 1J"'n1·1·1 ,i' [11 . 
lt•, f-711.,,1 .. ~, ....... :.....1...!...l1 ;...!1,j,J !!n!;: • . -:1._! __ •1 J!~L1;•· ri1· ;!:-1·1 Jt1':r1 :: .. . .;..µi ,t.. t.! :1 ,t ... I I I I I 

t+tt ,, ..... · 0·•~•-1•···· ..., ••. -·· .... ,.,. 1:,1 ............. .0••·1 ....... ,1r1 ]' . I ... 1· 1•-'-•• rr.:;-::•-t 1 ·~-,1 ''I ' -· I' ~I ,,..1,1 •• 1 ., ,,., •• , .,,., -1, >1••1•· • ·· j;. ,-.., 1T"•'1t>I 1-.1 'I •·-'-• • ~• _. , • 1 ,.. "4....;.• •~11• I ti ·1 l tr 

.()? ·rn .i·t'·· ... 1•--•l•t.J ·•1··•-'- 't•··Jhl •H--+,--. ••-'••·t·t '--.., ... ·11 r·''l'' ~· ----~••1-r~!• IJ·r1·1·1• ·•·1"'!' t·' I ti·· I • • 
I .,. •1·1•· ~· ·•·1·;1 .• ··"·r 1 ::ti-- .. ·-~•·• •• ,, • I 1n.l;-1 ,_. r,·~.Jr.! ,~t•• J IL~ ... ·1•. ••J i I I 

• i! 1~{~:·! -~ 1: 1 jtli~: ti-;-1!:l;• :1.T!'t: . =i.!-i!E: r±!i~ 11i~~.;.; it.ti ,1 , ~;I~E!1 t i .;~i!=:· ~iti1f .1lit-:!'t' r I t' 1 t ; •, rll 1,,1.1,-- ;!t: 1 •. r.-, t1••1 'l1·n1~1- ·-•·11•1 ·:;:-;:i,~ + 6.ttt-; i1 -. !J :t,nt?·• t t-1 -•1··1 ·rt1 ~ ~,l •tt· 11 II • I it ~:!;1~~!:~ i1TT!!f!! ·!~~1::t1, :::;,,::~ ~J.;it;:::: ~~:;~-; :7i~1L1i "t(i~~-=1~·.W-l' t,~11l
1! ! ;~l:, rr f ·1 • , 1 , 

.o, ~t ... !- !t:•rl!JH ! ·1'J!J .. jj1' ,b1'l1~;!! ·:;~i.1r7! :r:i-i:r.1;.1: 1:~;..·1:ri. ;~;:;:;!! iffi·-,_Tt 7 t tJ;ilJ ,- tt!L1 :, !ll11
: 1 :r'rll-1! r 1~111 l.. l r ,,, t 

1 J • "'It I 'rl• ..... 1-,, ·1-•i1 ..... ff.,q-...,.. l' ·• f, ..... JJ ••• _I __ !'-to! 1·~ I .i: .. 111 'ti' ·I •· - IT . ti I I l1fl 
t •1••·• • E :I Ilti • j '• ·r•· ' '1::-:!' • • ·- •• · ·•· ... •~ ··-·• 'I 11•r• 1 

1 ~- r •· '111J·1" •'t• • • 1 .... , ... ! .. ..., .. .. ,~ f' ... ,1-r ,_ ...... . ..,. - -...1. - ··• ·.mt·t •··1·: . .... iJ~ .• , • - JJ" • ..... ., i I 
l •••• j • "l ,,, •\•, •' • l'";l' J f•..+-•o • 11·•• ·• -·•• • 11... ·-•1 •• • •11··,•• 'l''l ~} 1-1 i+-- 'I . 1•- . ,, •• • I. .. - • .., Jl.... ., - ...,. ' I ' •• ~· L M • • • • - r ,,1. 4 ,. • I • r,-• 1 • ' .... • - • I ' - - ' - - .• t • .... I •. t I 

~t • 11' " .I • I -,- "'"-4 •- •~-•, t i .. 11-':'...L• --: .. 1 , • 1 ! a, .. ~t'4•i•· •~-~•-"' -, l-!!I~ l111-11•. f tf~ ": ++ • • ' 
. 05 I ; ·tt ., . •·t1··••1:,1 ........ - ..• t11 • ··-1· :·i-:-•11 t:..r:t ... •· l' .. tl•. ·- 'II ~,~, •• - ~J11••t• t t· 1 t1 l • j, l I . 

I• ·ttr r "i! -~ - ! i:t:•1·-;; ;~~rr~}f: J}i[~i:: ir-t-=· -. r::½ID·~:l: r~h=- rH·i:in~i .ifPM:;~~ r1r.1::1l ·t~l'ii:' -~m 1J 1111·1 11t1 
!,.. ~. ti ti ... lfl r.·.1 .: rt· 1!.:1,, L .._..n.~;!1.lf.. lt.~1 .·• 1 1-:11: l ~,,;~i •+r' ·tl, jIT!.J· 1:,1 II 'r:· I It 1·11 ·I 11 ••• ... .1 .~ I • ~+•1-l--·f! .~A,, ... rt!! ...... I ••. , ·-· • :r •·H• I • -H tt ., ,, t •• 1··1 1 . t·• . ..-f .,_ ·t • 1••' ,,.\. .... -•t-...._ ..__,. s ti_..._., t•-..-.,"1-- , -•r~H..-f ,:t•,- 1-• • ...,, __ .. , - 11 11 1 t I -

p I' . • t * 11-- ' • .. 1 , ._ ,-t"1' I t ' -- .... ... .. ...... " .• ., _..,. ~- ....... 'M,... ' .., .. . ..I .. • • ! .... , t • • .... '1 • ' • I t • '1 -i .. , , t • • I I 

.of ,_~,'1+H+~ . ' j. . f . :·--.r;. 1., 1-r-:it TT:: ·m·· . ,•:HJ 1u-r~!J I ·~1tr11J:!:. ;f:,-,-:. -1r ~L: ~! ... f 11•1=1ut fj . ~r !I tl11 I ri·i I • ' ~· tt:., -g~r!i-1:.- .r. .,.. -~,-f,..,t!rfTl l,~r.:: - .-.:--'1• .,.it.•..,. I ' I +-t ... r' ·•t r, ·t ,_ ... ,-. . i ,... ,. 1 · • !~1. f--1-,,-j,,.... . ...;. i-,.J·! T. t·. ·1 rt • • ·•-•' u . lfi . --•, I~· L 71 • ~. I •I . • I I , !+ ~1 . H -: -:. • ..: .. 1,:'·±..--:1., •H 1·i.!.i::ui ,J . iJ .1 _.;:i 'j; BJ:tit1i- ,.11 ~~t!J :.:1 rt., , ! 

t 

, 
, -- .n . i t.!.-L. ... rr:- 4 t · .... · r:- 1' ., • . rr •·• • -- • I. - . 1 . ,. - , • - ' , lt 1· ---- ;1 .... ~i;.- t=r.J. .... - · • li=G t ~1 •,~i • !l ct • . t~'"'n r-•: .. ", +: -tJ , h - , 

.0:J. · • -~h~ · ~~.;;::- rF.•J 1, t: J!rit;'!, f ~1 , l ~1 - t ·~•!i n i::t -tt J • , • i - 14ttt·• • 
• ;..., • . .., • . 1 • • :l ~, o- , • 4t -'+H , .,. n , , e: LI 1, _...,._ ,.. l.. • T · i I J-,;.. 1 j :t.!. 

.1 i~ ·t~r ,,:-f.:.t:: 1·:,...,;!. •~ , .• t.;.r ; ~- · 1 ct ... t. ·++•~•·. r ·• ' . . ... f-1 I . .:; 
J l. :1r: Wf~ -r-t-1:i, ::1·:1 ~:·... ...:·. :::uti: -t - it'"! ·ilT1'L ... ,t:!:. • i e• l·. ·: ; i-;.,r•t~.·: r;.-,:. ...-t~.'. t:1:tt. t . !•..;. 1 :rq_µ ... 1., ., ! . . ,_ .t • 

• o1 m,j#fm:l+tm$l!tit.nJb:;., ·t:t,!·tr,il!j1., .. :t .. .,_,-., ~.- .. :tt~ ~.t •.• !· . 1• _ 1 l . i' .. ' 'p, " ...... r t- .,. • . J t . . ; i-f . --1 ' r . UD' l" l ' '; . -.. 1 I • •• - r ~~t- . . tri-1-ttt+ . . ~ ;. , r . .. r .. l . • t ·t . 

i ,R9 - ~' .rr'r :.. t • · 1 .• 1 1 I j ! + ·r 8 , .00 ......................... 
50 52. 5'1- 51, 58 ,o 62. 6'+ 

• 
'- 6 t f 70 72- 7'f 7/; 78' 

GR,\.PH 5. Pupal pe1•iod. 
against avera ge 

Reciprocals of the periods plotted 
1nean daily t emperatt11·es. 

,o 

The points f ram 60 to 68 degrees are lo,ver tl1an they should be 
normally because these represent the portion of the hibernating genera-
tion "''hich did not pttpate ttntil fro1n tvvo to six weeks after pupation 
began in the spring, and "''ere consequently disturbed daily ttntil the)' 
pupated by having their cocoons torn open to make observations possibte. 
The energy expended in repairing their cocoons daily seems to have 
devitalized them son1ewhat, on accottnt of wl1icl1 a relatively longer 
period V\7as required. Those which pupated last and l1ence were dis-
tt1rbed. the most had the longest periods relative to the temperature. 
These points sl1ould, the ref ore, be disregarded . 

-

• 



• 

249 

Because all tl1e points seem to be displaced 111ore or less on account 
of using ineffective and 1·etarding temperatu1·es in the te111perature axis, 
they afford no means of determining the true reciprocal curve. The two 
poi11ts that are least affected are tl1e 1niddle points from 68 to 72 degrees. 
The line determined by these two points cuts the temperature axis at 
51.92 degrees. By usi11g 50, 51, 52, and 53 degrees in turn as the possib]e 
zero of develop111ent it ,vas found that 52 degrees more nea1·ly satisfied 
the conditions than any other of the points. · 

To ascertain the degree of the maximum rate of development 86, 
87, 88, and 89 degrees were t1·ied in turn. 87 most nearly satisfied the 
conditions. 

The average daily day-degrees above 52 we1·e computed and the results 
recorded in column 7 of Table 7. Twice the average daily day-degrees 
above 87 degrees were computed and the results placed in column 8. B)r 
subtracting t,vice the average day-degrees above 87 degrees from the aver-
age daily day-deg1·ees above 52 degrees we got the average daily effective 
day-degrees in column 10. By multiplying the daily effective day-degrees 
by the periods, we obtained the total accu1nulated effective day-degrees 
recorded in colun1n 14. It will be noted that with the exception of that 
po1·tion of the hibernating generation which pupated late, between 60 
and 67 degrees inclusive, the total effective day-degrees are quite uniforn1 
for all temperatures. The retardation of the late portion of the hiber-
11ating ge11eration due to tl1e daily disturbance to whicl1 they were sub-
jected is sho,vn by the increased accumulation which was 11ecessary to 
bring them throttgh the stage. We concluded, therefo1·e, tl1at the effective 
da)r-degrees for the pupa 1night be computed by subt1·acting from the 
sum of the average daily day-degrees above 52 deg1·ees, twice the average 
daily day-degrees above 87 deg1·ees. The average of the effective day-
degrees as thus determined is 240.7. 

Grapl1 6 \\ras prepared by plotti11g tl1e reciprocals of tl1e periods 
against the average daily effective day-degrees given in columns 4 and 
10 respectively of Table 7. It will be noted tl1at all tl1e points with the 
exception of those which 1·epresent the late portion of tl1e hibernating 
generation (10-16) lie nearly in a straight line, which shows that there 
is a quite constant relation between the average daily effective day-de-
grees as above determined, and tl1e rate of development. 

Observations on the pupal period were made at sucl1 a wide range 
of te111peratures that the data exemplify very nicely tl1e hyperbolic form 
of the curve of development fo1med by plotting the pe1·iods against the 
a ve1~ag·e daily effective <lay-degr·ees. Grapl1 7 l1as been preJ)ared to s110,;\,r 
the different positions of tl1e points occasioned by the use of different 
factors as coordinates and also the cu1·ve of development. 

• 



• 

.. 

• 

250 

the curve 
when 

G1·aph 7 combines G1·aphs 5 and 6, and also shows 
de,,elop1nent. The circles show tl1e position of the points 

of 
the 

reciprocals of the periods (Table 7, column 4) are plotted against the 
average mean dail)' temperatt1re ( column 5) ; the dots sho,v the position 
of the points "''l1en the reciprocals of tl1e periods are plotted against 
the average day-degrees above 52° ( column 7) ; the dots ,vith crosses 
show the positio11 of the same poi11ts when the average daily effective 

• I I 

.JO 

·"' 

.o7 

.• (J{, 

.05 

. o'f 

~OJ 

.02. 

• 

•• 

+ • .. 

~ · 

·~ 
.. . J .. ·• 

11 ~,. • • · + L ., : :~::n ·.t1l,.;: ;14,. I~'- t ~J,-ft .. Ef i iil' .. f. 
,~ LL t't-r-r .. ' 1-1+ ...., __ , • '"11" T•••• ! 1~· • ffi. 

<L, ._......._, ,. 1._t+J-t ~·""" .., -t:1:tttt"!~+• ~µ,..~-• • ~. i,.., \.1--L~ r+r l, L ,.. - • .. •..,.-- ., 
L._ . ~r•' • -•r•."1-t~.- ·-tti1-:-I" ..._. o '"'inf:' •+ f +-t-l~l-. ,- --•-r-1-• -I• ••• • • ! t- I • 

L !fi··f r---,• 1-, .H t++"• , ·1·-" •t· .. -;--•· ··n· .. ·1•·····•~ .• L . ..... , .. .. I • t-, , t- 1· f:' - •• t·~ '"'1 +r- I..J.i-1 1 ,-.1•• ,. .... ... • ....... .,..,., ...... ' l ,·-~· •• • rr,1 
-H~ I •·'""! , . . 1 . i,.• 11 -r"{ 111:-'1-~~~ !' 1 11 ... l 1 ..... •t--•1f• •1-; 1,++, ..... _. +~ ... .,..,......_~ .. --r-··"•·••• . ...,. _,, •• :• •1, 

-.l.,. ... , - L l "LI•~~ , .. •r·~ ··1 ,, ~f-•1"· ... ,11H~ - ... t..-1•· ·1··:t,..;•-• t-t • •·•i• . •··•=-· . - ......... 1• 1,.,,..... ,, 11i . i• '-- ,,~. •f·t-,,. f- t--1•,1 t - ..- •- t .._ T-,. ttio.., .. t"t° .. +•,. '"•'• • t',. •1• 1 r-1• I it,,,~• I .l&t t' 
..... ,. •I• t I .~ ,,. -1- t-' •• '~ •o f 1+r •rs I •• • · '~ · ·-, •1·••··" '••T -•P•r·•1 ·• •• I • t l .. .. • + f ..... , " .. • •" t t-i • -j--i • f t '"'1 f l, t .... O • •' f f• - t I • o • ;. f I f '°" :..J: t .. -t t • l, t t • 

.. , ,. J' UJI ,1-• .,,. .. ,. •,-;-l t•~·Lrl.E-1 .. ~• t·• ·•·r:; .... _ • ....,_ ····~···· ······-· •-· ·•·- r••e-1 . , ,_ .. ..,......,......, :. . f 1 - . ...,.. ~ - •· ,. h'T"i__..t--!--+-,• 'tr· ••• t -.ft-• • ,.i---~1-t- 1*• .. , •• ..... r,.,,., ~ t ••:.• ,•-f•+•• :· •t:1.:t.tm:ttt'"t:1 ..... , ,. .,11 • ... ... .. + •. ,,, 4~ - ... .. 1-11-,•1"Ti . , ''••·1 t-•-1••·~·1 •••• , •.• . ·•1·· , ., .... ,,,, ._ H.., - .• ,.~J, l-1 1 ·r ,,.,...,i ,-, ,T~+t-. .. •:rt"T .. r-t~ --••t-r-, _.,.,. -•--- , .... ,,, • ·· ., · •• • ••.t'!•tr•tH 

'. " I· 1'1 -~ flr.1r;,'r:1·1; ·t• i!l11li{ -Ll·1"'rt•ll:·r---,_!~-lr1r-;!:1 L:.i: ... 111't .. -:zi:1.r•;~ :i? -~ri • ~ r';_;..tl·1·;t"' r;;.;• • ;·, . •. L; 'r;,,:J'li;i • ' ' I t"'' 1 1•t•+•• l ,, -~,I 11·• •r.• .µ ... 't , .•. , • .. ,-··,~-· ... ·• _,,. · • ·-···•1 ••• • 
I ' I" J 'r '· io- t"' r ,- ._ f • 1 • • • ..,...,.. ,_ -' • I • • ,_, ;_. , t-4.... • - t l-4 • ' T" • , t • O - f •-. &. • o f f f -;.i - j • .. f t • .,... • • • t I • ' • [ t f I I f f • - _. ' o I ' 1 t I • I 

i 
~-

114:i:i:''n~ I f .. l - .. t.1~if~',rt'~!l ~.r1·1:.ri1I~ •rit :• r~+ lZ!"[j-;-:-1 ... .!'Jj ; ;:.;: :.:~;1;~:i i;.t·r::--·. 1...:::;::-·1 ;' ~:.:~; ;_::::1;• •:i··:-1:Jl .. 
H h •+ • 1 l · r> l .,,,. ., .. .:.., •• ,,,E l~•+,• 11· ·····•-,·1 , •.. •·J• • 'T · ··t~f •r11••·· ... , IT,·••t·· ,;•,-1:·, ...... tt..i:mn, .. t; ' H; • -l~t1 r .. ,.,.L. ... ,. .... +, ,.... lt-•• 4j ., • • l! . . ,,., .. 1•·• T""-t' 1' t--t.,... ....... ...,. tr- r ,--,. ••t • •·•r .... !"""" • • , H , .. , ·-rh~ ~·. . ·-+- •1•T"--1 -• t-•i1f ... : "'T ttr•• 1!"•. 'f"T~,-• •-t~ .. - ... ..,. _._._ .. ,, '- .... ~!'-"'· 1 ,.,.,_. :, ••a-r• ,-tJ 1••~ •-· • ~-t•i r1·1~ i i:t }'l!i ~i-r:rrt !'!! 4:1 -~ .!tll"1t:u•it,;itlt':1..·~ ~ -1:J,.:-i tr ~[ ;i!:1;.r ~J•.;.,~~;·; . :;. :::.t:;.:.· -1;: 1:1: :; l:;.1!111·1 I 

, . I ' 1·1 I. ·tJ I • ... "t'f i+• J ,. ',,, ...... ,.,, . ·- , ... ,. ··•~··1~- ·- .... , . . .. , .. ,,, .. . , {l'L''" I. J ' "tt-+tt · '· · 1 • · ..,_ 1 r·· ,._, i•r1 ·• 1 •· ' 11 ••tt-•r1•1•··• 1~ •·•'···1 • .. -- r · ,, ..... , ... ,,,,. 1 .... ·•ir• I t-1-lti+i ii l- . I 'f'1 fl[1 tt•'"t- I • "'"f"r"T ~•--'t··.,. .. -.: ••+rt ···••-'i• ....... ,r , ........ , .. -·· , .. ,.,..,h ....... , . 
I· JI l ... I I- I r Hr ·- ·u•,..t1 , .. • r f• 1~·•· r, , ........ ,.,. t~ • -n • ·-····· ······l·· • • ·• L ·-·11t-t t 1- ... ,,. I " , r ,. , 1 ... t- r- -+- ..... , .. r -, , . , .. ,. ..,_ -' • f 1 t- r J.. v • ..- • • t 4 ) ' l " • · • ..... • ..,.-• , , • ""!' • ._ .. • - • """ .. • • • .... , --,: M :- 1 • ' • 11 i I t t • t: 

1 , a-t• -- ..,,.~,....- 4 rt"•~•,•••- . .,.., ••r~· -1 -1-•--~, ·t • .... • rT'-•• --~.a ....... '-••·t" 1 r.,-, .:.-'-•·• ·.. ! h 
.,._t'·t•1• I"" H-i-1-it- r -ft· i-- -i -1,i.;!~i-- ,,_;f .... 1••r-t~ ,-.T ' J_._••rf·•+ ••t . • t--•....,. r---, ... ... ·t·• - 1.; ,-1 : .... , ... '••'!"'i-rt-• •t-"rf;ft-~4 · •·t • •"'" 

r ~I++~ .. " .1.:r~ .. I i. 1-1:i~;r!~~~ t ~-i·1~~1 !ltL:i1:t ;"fl~j-:~!.~tf:l~i1"tl·' ;-__;.::~~· .... F:-~~: ~;::: .·~ :?f:i~.:u ~il.;Jttl: iU:.lr L <•· 
.... ,.:f ·~·, · f'I- t1r1t11·:t .lT1~l· ,. ,!.:-,·J-- :J 'r7i= [l~~h-t,:! ~:l~'lr: ·• .~.~ --1.:::,·:~,.~:;:;L:r._ ;.,;::.,t:-:t· T~, il 

,. ~:,,. · ~1 t,1i 1
·. ,r ti-- 1.T _,..~ --t t! ·.:·,. !:. Jlt.tt h·ti 4J :~: ~tT~r!j trt.:.-• ~ r:icr .. :.~ ~-!!!~,r; :!.1.:-;~:-;": ?t-.r1r-r: .. pt ... , ......... • 1 r,.i ,. 1llf!1J " "l~J.tJ.1 .1r , .. i H t--f+•• • r u··•··~- ... ,-~ . .. 1, , .. ,. T ....... ,, ··L·• ··f. ..-4rtll, . ... ..rft1• .J.1,- :, 

' -1 > } r1 r• Iii ti •tt••• •111 It- ... ,t••-' ~•t'f"' t•• • I'- ••r•••• • •••-••· -·••••• ·J••1 ••-• .,..... "~ 
• ·" 1 ,I,~ ii , ii,., ·;t•:1 tr! 1tr1·t~~f1•rl!t-t~t ·t-11·1• .. _ -"41 •t ·i ·•• ···•····1 •• _, ....... ·•~t:•-.• •1i -' ~" L 

•• l ~-l'J11t •ltrr·'I•• ,.111+,•1·· '1fi•··I.; r·l-1,-,-,, 1; ..... a.,.... ; ... 1 r-••r-r••· 1• 1'-••-· · ... ;.,.,; ....... • -+1 ~'"li·t-.. .. ..., ... ;I't-t ...... ''r•t• 1f~ t ,- •<t-J.. ..-..- • - t"t -, .. r-• .. • ··~·· , .... ,L.-., .... ··----... ,,. ...... , •• 1t ~; .... r·t 11 •· - ~.u·i '''f Ill 1•·1 ,, .. , ,,. •··· r'"•. -·1•·1 l., .. l .. ... ... 1· ~ , , ,~,,. -. ,., ....... ,_,... (·•·~·1 . I -l- •~-· ,. ,. 
I • • t • • I . I • ' I r I t ff Ir'., ... rtL '"4f.1 ' I;- B ' ' •. f • t-• ... , ... . - ••.• ' I -.- I • • • • • • •• I •• ' • • •• , • • r-< t . ·I+_,, ... ,- t' •,i .,i,, f-t~4 r '-1•••1 t"' t r "-• ... , j• f.. •i --•+•---t• 1-•1 1• - ••i• ,,.::t••!- -•-t•t·_.,.,.. •- ••4 .. • - • • 1' 

I t t••r ... •l•,1·· r•·~r 1, • 'I 'ijrf.ffiL - ~T· l:f . ··· ,-y·-•· .• 1·· ,.~ .... .. , •• • • , ~, ~-. ·1····-· •· ' 
• I'" I. •~,-•·r. t'.j. •.• L-fll't,. 1 ... • -. ·~rt •· ·-•,...---, .. ._., , .. '•• 1···---· ...... , ..... . •; .~.,. -~ ... , •• , .. t + 1 •.• ,:i. , .• r ... , i .. • ... • .. ~ . H ,.... , - , • • ..,., ... ~, "'; • , • • 1 , • - • 1•• . • • .. . • • 1 1 •• , • . , .... 1, f • " ,. 

++-'Ht- ·1 ·ii •1·l• 1,· .... !J !~rt- ,,,.,·t"t• '"1 • t-rtil"' , . .. t -, T '°'?'"' .. .r1 ·f .. --.·t,r.-• .. ..,-. .,. ....,_ ... :-, ' 1 .. • '"·•· ·r-., ... , .: •:- .. ~-,--· .,~+-t •,•t • 

.. 

, ... 
I . 

I I 
• 

f ., .. . ,. ,.;.,F .. 1..,.1 l-- ••1t·1· ,,-l•rtt·H· ,,..,~1, .. ...,.~•+-·,.~ . -,-,. , .. 1~·r: ! ' -·1 •· , .......... , .. , . . t ,,··+·· ·-,i•4~1"'. .. ,. f •·· • 1 . • • . , , r . Pf ! . ttE ...... - ....... .... .. ....-i ·- ~1 • .• -I.~. ... : . • • , .. . • • . • • ~. • • '.. . • • • l " ,.p ,.. 1·.1 ,, ,., 1 1 _, ... ITf ••1-P ,.....1--1 • •-~ ~· . •I•~-·-·· .. , ... ~: ..•.. • - ····•ti ·•· ,.,., ·t ··tt 1·· 
. •· 

:- .,. •. ,,. • ·• • t.,• • 'l..,'fii!f~- .. ,. : r-+• ! ,,,.,.,...,."'I ..,.,-•t·-• .. ~r- - •••••~ • ..., .. _ .. .,. ... ! 11•• '- •• • •• •••!•r.t•1· • •t• f. •· .............. t .. ,,1+-·tr ... , ..... r ... ~.,;+ .. .. .,.~ ~,t- .. . ,~•-1·~ , .... :,J- ... , • .,. .. ... ...... . , ., ......... -• •II ••···,--·--·· ... t ... .. 
1... I • ~TT~ rl-r,t i r-1"' l 1 ... 1 .. ,---~~._.J..__ • ..,.. __ ....... 1-, ... - .... .i ·•11-r-• • ... -•--··-··, • 1•• --1.Jt , ... - ... , .... - · - ~-, ,.. 

,. to t- t- •· - M --- I , t t-r ., f.. +- .... .. r •-• •""?" -"•••--1 _,. - .... , , ,. ~-- ... --, • •••• • - · , - • . L. •· t. •- • , • .... , ..... ti • 
• I L I. ... It 'i'l 'l "'· l[•- f-• ,-, .............. .. ,, . .••• I ·••·· •• ··- ·•:- ......... r.:· •-· .• Ur::-:• t t· • .- . .. •rH·t~·i-i ·, r • ! .. ,. c • ~"' 1--.,_ • .._.. r ,--•· --. ~••'" · • ·--~, ..... • 1•- • - ' y .. ...&.·••: ... - , --· ........ , •r-N 

... 
... .. . 

·I "H_! , t), • ...,.L .. ~, • .. .. "'l'..,..,... - .... ......, ..... 1:"T ll . ..... -•··- -"!••- ·- ... ... •··r·· ·- ...... ,. ... _ , .. , ... __ .:-~ • • -1.;l ~t • l,. • 6,. L.1 .,.~ • .. i... .. .._~.,.. .... ., ·~- ..... , . .......... - , .... .,.. , . . ,. ·••~ ., .. ··-·,.·-· .. ....... __ 1'•· • ·lt"f:t:t~.!=I~ ~+ - j,, • l,,it-t,. ~"'it' ·LJ-t,-;..!.. ... •,,...... ~ --t- ...,_._,...,...,..,. · '•+.L..t•1 --'',.t""-•• _.. ... . - ... l ._ .. r,• , .... i ,.__•-•-- .. ---,,·t---r• ••~••-tt, j...·,--
... •· 1. I,.& tt-t "f l~--1°1• fl!tH·••••...,1-.M ~-.., ••-• •-, .. -,., .,.. ••••:•-•! -•-:-•.,.•• •l-1•~•-, . .... - ........ , .. •,•1t.., ~r "1 . m·1 ...... -.... ,-+ri t- ..... r ~~•• _ .. u •. - ·• •t..-•·- .. •-·-,·-· ._ .. _. ___ t., ___ .,. •• ..,_ .......... -, ._,,, ........ ... • 1· • •f .., • ... • a. -t- i + TJt°+ .... --tH • _ ,.. -4-t..,.,_,.;,..; ~-••- · .- •• • ,. ... ,...,1 ;-,,;. ... __ -•z••-'."' ~-._.._&, ... _ • t-. •'-•·•• •·•1....-...:. • r-. ...... ,.... .,._ j I 1-· + ... t.,...,..r--.. t'f ...,._ ...... l •.,.--- .. 1 4 . ··•-r .. • __._, ~----. t-•• .. -: .... f ... ......... I ......... , .• t... .. ·- 't:r.., I •• •1t t-t -. 

.. 
t · r-•· I . I ...... \---:.tl!r I~ l~·t-t .. , ., .... J. • +---) ... ,__...,,.. ... ... ··• : r•••1 -i~•-•-1•'1 1· ·=·•---- ,ha . ........ r~r-- ...,;:1 1•" 

,+- ....... -t-·• t--,-- ;. I r,..... • ; ......... ,-. ... lL-••-•• - •~~,.j• ·1--••••• • - ••- -• ~, .......... .., •-•--••"f't - • -•••• ·+- ·i· 
i-+-1--t+IHli ·_r .. ,.. li +;.. .. t ... t'••d ·L~ ... ~.! _l 111 ' .. ,... lit '"i....,__ _..._ ,. .. _._ ..... - ....... ...,; . r,,-- • • , ... - ... , --~-- ... ___ .. __ .... --~-. .. .. ,,_ .. -1 . ,.,.. ·t ,. 

• 
I• 

·•~H t" .,_Lo. · f .. t J t1-t-•~ : t~ "" .. ,..,..1--~;.J , - .,.. ,, .. ..Lf,-r-,· t ,•-•t·"•• ..a .. .._..,"t·" ,. ..... ,.,. ' . ..,_ ...... _ -• ·•••·• -'; . .. • • 
' ""' -"" f' r' f.... "'....,.. - ''"t!:!:,14 .. 1:tt,·1~T I~ t - ,.... 1 ........ t h - '""'. • .. . .. - - • • .. ... .. to- •• - .. • • • - ...... t ' • .. • • t r .. ... • • t • • i ! 
f- i,.., 1~ f t-!f•I" l - ..-, 1 ' .... J .,_,.... ~'---~....,·- ,......,..,_,;..L-_.,...._ ...... - ,.,,r,_... .............. -••••-•-• •1~• •---:- -- .... ~-•--~• +1-1w~t1.L·~+t-. rT ,. • If! __ ._ __ ......., .._ ........ ., - ...... rl::4 -1 ... •• - ..... -· - • , --: • - -- ., -- .... 1 • , 11· .. ·- ,. ...... ., • --:. . .. . 4,....,.- ~H:t:tffi(! ,. i,.,,..,_ -t r---..,..--• •;51 -,. r-r,:;r-• .,.l ........ -•-• •••••• +--• ,_.,_.. ___ _._.,.,._,.,.,. 

•I"' i I H- -r rr.,_ i .~__. ' ' ..,..;...,-::,1-- -i r,. :...J -! • 44.,, ' •' .. i...,+4--. -· ... ' ". ' . •: ..... .... , "'f'-: ... ..,..., , • • 1. T~' • ..,.. "'" .... - .i.dt:!±~Jtt::-t~ ..... --~ ,,~ ~- .. _._,,.. _. ......,._ , __ _..,_,,. ·--·1,. .... ... _.,_, •-· _., .. ... r•• .. ·-·-,• I 
r 

I . • ... 
·~ ,-. d·t-

. ti ' .. 
• r 
'"r I ' .. 

I 'T .. . , 
I ~- t r t o- ~ •· ll"'t 

• 

......, .. , L..,-1 i... .;...~ : •: t.+-~ • -,..rT-' ' r .... _ t-,.,....,.-.. -1 µ . __ - · • · "' .. _. - • l · • .. · ,.. ... ,f .. • .. 

. - ;t!f • · ... , .. • •.,.. . •·•-... 1-~-J~~ l •• ;lii~~-1----~.1:· .~ ....... , •· •··· ~·•rPt:1. ~• ... ~±~;; I • .L. ..... Li .. --- -~ : I • • ~t-r- • ........ ___ ......_........ . -•- I ......... ' .,..J I ' ·- --~ 
I •t-- .,. --' ,..,-t"f" -~ T'" ,,~ f - ~ •~.,r-,-t-...... •• <I • • _.,.,_., ,..,. _,,_ 

i .. i,.. i • I ~ I ..; t • 1 •_ --:r:~~ ,. I,.. ...... r::m•- ._ .,...,_,. ~ .. ., I • •• .,. .... ,. "'!' - - •-y•-• ,._,___ ..,. 
~ 1 I '~ 'f" :Li:: "It ' rs=:r.•'"' ill I ,. ... ..... .._ .. Ii. ,.,. ..... ...... . , r~., s.-•-•- ••--. w,:;:rttJ 

+, I - ~....-r, _. t "4 f'°'r1' __ ,, ·--·•-•r1- 1- ... .,.••-•- 1- •--- .. ,~ • h.-.. .....; ... • .., ... 'l' .. -;• ..-t-~-- ·•---. , .. ,_ ... ·"'"'t•,- - ... ,.s.-. .. J 

• ! 
•• i 

r l,. - - -•- I :-- .,... TI f ~.... • . ..J,. - • -I ,......,_ •• • - - ,..__. * T' .. • ;. .,..._'"' M..+......,_.. 1- • -•- •• - •--•+-• r·• --•- --,....,• .._.L..... 1 1 I 1 ! , I -' ll • " •• •· -...... 
..... 

t ' 

• .... "-4• ~ · '" • I, ' I f ' - ... ~·i--"-- ...... • • -.,..• o ,..,4,._ • 1 • • - I - - ~- • ... ~_,., lo : ... 4 I 11· ---~ + 1 -t+-H._, .,_.._ ~1,..,_, . .,._..,_ . .. --~ ·- ·--~• - .,.. 

r 
• • 
• 

. ' 

. 
..... - ' . ' 

, 
• • 

+ • -,- rT--• t -•-• • O •-r::: •-•-- • ~ I 
ir .. - ----• ., ._. .... _ -r-- -- • ._.. ____ .., · ·- · . ---,J.' '3 . 

I I I • I O f t -~ ,- .... - ... t' 

I • • I I I • • • Ti-'~ f ~:-r.7- ~=:L. • • 
7 

l I ·1 : fo --+ - . - -
" ' . I I • • - 11: 

. ... H.... - .... _ ... I ~ : •• 1 • ...... ·~H ... L-,. 
f· --iT. I .-'-T, I f I • .. - • --'--1- 1--- J . • • L ... 

l ' ' ' 
I - ..... 

,.. 1l I • " ~T 
1 I • I 

.~ T 

..;~ti ' . • I t + : ' . ' . . ' . 
' 
' 

I • • ' 

I I. • I , 

. . 
• ' • 

0 'f ' /0 I~ l'f 16 IT 2.0 22. 
GR...\Pl{ 6. P t1pal period. 

against aver age 
Recip1'ocals of 

daily effe-cti ve 
the periods 
day-degrees. 

plotted 

<lay-degrees after correctio11s n1ade f 01· retardi11g temperatures we1~e 
are substituted ( colu111n for the average n1ean daily tem-

pe1~atures in the te1nperatu1·e axis ; and the co11centric circles show the 
position of tl1e same points ,,rhen the periods in days are plotted against 
the average daily effective day-degrees. 

above 87° 10) 

The latter gives an hyperbola of ,¥hich the equation is EP==241, in 
which E=average daily effective day-degrees and P==period in days . 

• 



'Q 
,,., fft ;t 
0~ 0 

C> 0 "' .... "' 
-

-!2--~-0 

-ff -55 
. 

' 1-0--50 

-:(}'t-'/--: 

-D! ',-(.) 

.o=/-Jj 

:~ -JO 

... 
,,_ ..J 

,,., -- ~ 
VI ~I.J 

-(}3--f5 

--:{)2-f{f 

-0' 1 

AV. DAILY TEM~ 50 
AV. T£r1~(5~·2f17~J 

§-

.52 
0 

n 
l 

I 

• 
I 

. 

17 

• 

54 
2 

-

• 

PUPAL /FR/OD OF CawocaJ:Jsa.. pomonetla. 

' ; 

I 
I 

I 
I 

-
I 

I 
1 

' I 7 7 

' / . , 

I .-'ff 
I V €- I 

r, 
L 

3 I/ .5 ' 
I . 

r 
• / 

• 

i I 
" , 

~, 
/ 

' 

0 
4 ,/ 

4 

0 D 3 ~ 3 2 
0 RfCIPROCAl~ ANO MfAN DAIL)' T(M P. 

fl 
,/ 

V 1 

56 
4 

58 
6 

RfC/PROCAlS ANO AV. DAILY TEMP.ABOV[ 52° • 
+ RECIPROCALS ANO AV. ffMP. (52t)-2(j7+) 
® PERIODS ANO AV. TEMP. C52t )-2(i7t) 

60 
8 

• 

62 
10 

6t 
.12 

66 
J.4 

. 

6'i{ 
16 

70 
lt 

6 

72 
20 

-/ 

.... • ., 8' 16 / 

74-
22 

i 

9 

I 

I 
I 

q 

76 
24 

/ /+ 
ll. .. 12@ 

IO 10 
(!) 
q 

. 

1110 12 

71 
26 

. 

io 
2<1> 

G) 
11 

• 

• 
' 

@ 
J.2 

3'2 
30 

GRAPH 7. The time-temperature curve. reciprocal curve and different positions of points rest1lting fron1 the use of 
different facto1~s as coordinates, as indicated by 'the numerals under l)Oints. 





• 

• .. 

• 

251 

There \Vas a considerable variation in the observed length of periods 
of individual pupre. Table 8 gives the distribt1tion of pupce with respect 
to the average acct1n1t1lation of effective day-degrees of groups beginning 
the period on the same date. 

TABLE 8-DISTRIBUTION OF PUPAE WITH RESPECT TO Tl-IE AVERAGE ACCUMULATED 
EFFECTIVE DAY-DEGREES OF GROUPS BEGINNING THE PERIOD ON TffE SA.ME DATE 

Number of pupre 

1 

1 

4 

3 

110 

602 

2238 

18 

7 

7 

2 • 

Day-degrees 

166 

185-194 

195-204 

205-214 

215-224 

225-234 

235-244 

245-254 

255-264 

265-274 

275-284 

285-294 

295-304 

Recorded accun1lations of less tl1an 205 a11d 111ore tl1an 274 day-
degrees a1·e probably due to errors in observation. The lesse1· variations 
are p1·obably dtte to incli vi dual diffe1-e11ces, diff e1·ences i11 11u111idity, and to 
the fact that the day was used as the t1nit in 111east1ri11g time. The last 
factor 111entioned 1nay cause a variatio11 of 27 fro111 the average and is 
sufficient to account £01· nea1·ly all of tl1e va1·iations. If ,,.,e make a cor-
rectio11 in the va1·iation dt1e to the ttse of tl1e day as tl1e ttnit, we still 
l1ave left a variation of f1·om 232 to 247 cl11e to otl1er cat1ses, or a maxi-
mum differe11ce of 9 fro111 tl1e average, wl1icl1 is 241. 

In Tal)]e 7, I l1ave also recorded tl1e 1·est1lts obtainecl by using SO as 
t11e zero of cJeveloptnent. Tl1is was do11e i11 orcler tl1at ,,,e migl1t have 
as nearly as possible tl1e san1e ur1its f 01· all tl1ree stages, ,vl1,en it ,vas 
necessary to apply tl,e <lata to tl,e ,,rl1ole life 1,eriocl., a11cl to tl1e seasonal 
history. The a,,erage acct1111t1lation of effective clay-cleg1·ees t1sing SO as 

• 

• 



• 

• 

• 

252 
• 

the zero of development is 265, and the variation due to causes other 
tl1an the use of tl1e <la)' as the unit gives 256 as the n1i11irnum and 274 as 
the maximun1. 

• 

CONCLUSIONS FROM THE FOREGOING DISCUSSION 

1. rfhere is a fairly constant relation between temperature and the 
rate of develop1nent of different stages of the codling-moth. 

2. Only temperatures above the zero of development are effective. 
3. The Tate of development increases as the temperature rises 

above the zero of development until a temperatt1re is reacl1ed at vvl1ich 
the maximum rate of development takes place. 

4. For the first few degrees, at least, above the degree of the maxi-
mum rate of develop1nent the rate of development decreases approxi·• 
mately as the ten1perature rises above this point. 

5. '"'fhe average daily effective day-degrees are found by subtract-
ing from the average daily day-degrees above the zero of development 
twice the average daily day-degrees above tl1e degree of 1n:aximum rate 
of development. 

6. The product obtained by multiplying the average daily effective 
day-deg·rees by the period, expressed in days, or other convenient unit, is 
fairly constant for all tempe1 .. atures. 

7. Variations in the total accumulation of day-degrees recorded for 
individttals fro111 the average acc11n111latio11, 111·ay result from the follow-
ing cat1ses :- 1. Use of too large a unit of tin1e. 2. Diffe1·ences in hu-
1nidity. 3. Individ11al diffe1-ences. 4. E1·1-ors i11 obse1·vation. 5. Sligl1t 
differe11ces of te111peratu1·e betv,,ee11 the individual unde1· obse1·vation and 
tl1e recordi11g inst1·t1111e11t, dtte to difference of localit)' · 6. Abnormal 
environment a11d t1·eat111ent of tl1e individ11al. 

8. The zero of development for the egg stage is about SO degrees 
F. a11d the degree of the maxi1num rate of development is about 88. The 
eq11atio11 of tl1e cur,,e of develop111e11t is PE - · 163, in wl1icl1 P = period 
i11 cla)'S, a11d E = average daily effective day-degrees. 

9. The zero of develop111ent £or the larva is about 50 degrees an(i 
the degree of the n1aximum rate of development is about 85 degrees. 
The eq11atio11 of tl1e ct1rve of develop111ent for larv~ reared in ·apples on 
tl1e tree is PE == 673 _: tl1at fo1· larva! reared i11 picl<ed applies is PE = 587. 

10. The zero of development for the pupa is about 52 and the de-
g1·ee of maximum rate of develop1nent is about 87 degrees. The equation 
of the rt11·ve of develop111e11t is PE = 241. For practical pttrposes 
it will be more convenient to use 50 as the zero of development for the 
pupa when applyi11g the data to tl1e whole life cycle, and the error that 
will result from so doing will amount to only a fraction of a day in the 
length of the period. The equation when SO degrees is used, is 
PE = 265. 

• 



TABLE 9-LITE-lUSTOl!Y DATA ON FmsT GENEll. .. TION, OLNe Y, 1915. LARVAE ll&.-\RED lN APPLES ON TREE 

Lile periods in days. '.l.'ota.l elfecUve day-degrees. 

Larva I "' " . 1- 1- 1- '""' I Adult t Q -Sex. Egg Larva left Larva I :;,i _g -;v -+ -+ -+ ::,-+ bntcbed. pupntcd_ e merged. .. Q ->~ " . +oo .. + ... +.:. es aS latd, apple, 0 ' 
al> a Sc.+.., >::> ... " ....... ., 

>ooo " ooo ·t Q -'0000 .. ... Q, ... 0 - .. Q) "' .... ::, 
rt :l .. :! "' g.- Q, ::, C. ..... - .... " btRIQ-

p.. ~"<'I -N p.. ~Q, ,3• -n 

Ii', May 21 June 3 J une 29 June 30 July 13 13 26 l 27 13 53 174 559 266 988 989 M. .. 21 •• 3 . ' 29 July 1 " 14. 13 26 I 2 28 13 54 174 580 264 1018 1017 
F. .. 21 " 3 .. 14 13 54 174 1018 1017 M. •• 21 .. 3 .. 3 .. 16 13 30 13 56 174 621 284 1079 1078 
F . " 21 .. 3 •• 29 • • 4 .. 16 13 26 5 31 12 66 174 636 269 1079 1078 

"'I. •• 21 " 3' .. 30 .. 5 .. 16 13 27 5 32 11 66 174 648 268 1080 1078 
F. .. 21 " ' 3 July 1 .. 7 .. 18 13 28 6 34 11 58 174 682 284 1140 1138 
F. .. 21 ' ' 2 .. 5 • • 10 ' . 18 12 33 - 38 8 58 157 759 226 ,, 1141 1138 
F. .. 21 . ' 3 " 9 •• 19 13 36 10 59 174 719 274 I 1167 1166 
F. . ' 21 • • :; June 30 .. 9 .. 19 13 27 9 aG l'O 59 174 719 274 1167 1166 
F. .. 21 " 3 .J uJy 6 . ' 12 . ' 22 ]3 3·• 6 39 10 f9 17·1 787 211 I 1232 122.9 •• ·-1\,1. .. 22 " 3 June 30 .. 4 .. 17 12 27 4 31 13 !iG 159 63G I 299 1094 1093 
F. •• 22 " 3 July " 12 .. 21 12 a4 5 39 9 GO 159 1s1 I 262 1198 1196 I 

M. .. 23 .. 4 .. 9 " 19 12 35 10 57 169 G98 274 1 1141 1139 
l\l. .. 23 . ' 4 .. 4 ' . 10 •• 20 12 3'() 6 36 I 10 68 169 720 279 1168 1166 
F. .. 23 I .. 4 " 10 .. 14 •• 25 12 36 4 40 11 63 169 821 277 1267 1267 
F. " 31 .. 9 1 .June 30 " 4 .. 15 9 21 4 25 11 45 159 r,25 238 922 921 
l'lf. •• 31 ' ' 10 .. 7 .. 17 10 27 10 47 174 566 263 983 982 
l'll . " 31 " 

1~ I ' . 8 " 18 10 28 10 48 174 676 265 1014 1011 
l\.l. " 31 " " 10 •• 19 8 32 9 49 148 641 252 1041 1034 
F. .. 31 .. 7 Ju ly 7 " 12 " 20 7 30 5 35 8 50 139 695 233 1067 1066 
M. .. 31 .. 8 JO ' . 20 8 32 10 60 148 641 279 1068 1065 
F. •• 31 .. 9 •• 10 " 20 !l 31 10 50 159 630 279 1068 1066 
M " 31 " 7 ' . 6 .. 11 .. 21 7 29 5 34 10 51 189 671 276 1086 1084 

l\1. .. 31 " 9 .. ij •• 11 .. 21 9 27 5 32 10 51 169 652 276 1087 1084 
F. " 31 .. 9 .. 7 .. 12 .. 22 9 28 5 33 10 52 159 676 271 1106 1103 
"'L .. 31 1 " 9 .. 13 .. 23 9 I 34 10 53 159 703 264 1126 1123 
}I .... I • 31 .. 9 .. 13' .. 23 9 I 34 10 53 169 703 264 1126 1123 
M. .. 31 " 9 .. 13 .. 16 .. 27 9 34 3 37 11 57 169 789 269 1217 1220 
F. " 31 " 8 .. 12 " 16 ' . 28 8 34 4 88 12 58 149 1 801 296 1246 1244 
J\l. .. 31 " 9 .. 14 .. 18 . ' 29 9 35 4 39 11 59 15'9 848 264 1271 1276 

"'· June 1 .. 11 J une 29 .. 3 .. 15 10 18 4 22 12 44 182 472 264 908 906 
fi'. ,. 1 .. 10 July 3 .. 8 •• 18 9 23 5 28 10 37 159 575 265 999 996 
NL I .. 1 .. 11 " 3 " 8 " 18 10 22 5 27 10 47 182 552 265 999 996 
M. " 1 .. 11 .. 11 .. 21 10 3'0 10 50 182 614 276 1072 1069 
F. .. 1 " 11 " 14 " 25 10 33 11 54 182 693 278 1153 1152 
F. " 1 " 11 .. 14 " 25 10 33 11 54 182 693 278 1153 1152 

17 1 F. .. 1 '. 10 " .. 21 Aug. 1 9 37 4 41 12 62 159 906 280 1345 1346 
M. J une 2 June 11 I J uly 4. July 16 9 23 12 44 166 488 269 923 921 
M. ' ' 2 .. 11 " G ' ' 12 .. 22 9 25 6 31 10 50 166 638 271 1075 1072 
F. ' . 2 '' 11 .. 12 ., 22 9 31 10 50 166 638 271 1075 1072 

M, .. 2 .. 11 •• 8 .. 13 .. 23 9 27 5 3'2 10 61 166 665 262 1093 1093 
Ii'. .. 2 .. 11 ., 12 " 14 .. 25 9 31 2 33 11 53 166 693 278 1137 1136 
I<'. .. 2 " ll .. 14 .. 16 " 29 9 33 2 35 13 57 166 762 325 1243 1244 
F. .. 2 ,. 11 .. 14 I " 18 .. 29 9 3'3 4 I a1 ll 57 166 I 810 I 264 1240 1244 
fl'. " 2 . ' 11 " 14 .. 19 .. 30 9 33 5 3S 11 68 16G 838 266 1270 1273 
F. •• 2 .. 11 " 2'0 .. 31 9 39 11 59 166 864 270 1300 1303 
M. .. 

2 1 
.. 111 .. 24 .. 28 Aag. 8 9 43 ·I 47 11 67 166 1043 264 1473 1475 

!'if. " 3 1 .. 12 .Tune 30 July 13 9 18 13 40 174 386 I 266 815 814 
F. .. 3 .. 12 .. 2 July 7 " 17 9 20 6 26 10 44 174 509 l 253 936 934 
M. " 3 .. 12 " 9 .. 19 9 26 10 44 174 546 274 994 991 
l\f. .. 3 .. 1.2 .. 5 " 10 .. 20 9 23 5 28 10 47 174 568 279 1021 1017 
F, " 3 .. 12 " 11 .. 14 " 24 9 I 29 3 32 1 10 51 174 669 256 1099 1097 
F. •• 3 " 11 .. 8 " 14 ' ' 25 8 27 6 33 11 52 149 693 278 1120 1119 
F. . ' 3 .. 12 " 10 " 14 ,, 26 9 28 4 32 11 5'2 174 669 278 1121 1119 
f?. .. 3 .. 12 " 12 .. 16 .. 26 9 30 3 33 10 52 174 698 247 1119 1119 
F. .. 3 .. 11 " 12 " 15 •• 26 8 3'l 3 34 10 62 149 722 247 1118 1119 
F. .. 3 .. 12 .. 16 .. 27 9 34 11 54 174 727 269 1170 1172 
F. .. 3 .. 12 .. 16 .. 28 9 34 12 55 174 727 296 1197 1198 
F. " 3 .. 12 .. 16 " 19 .. 29 9 34 3' 37 10 56 174 813 237 1224 1227 

M . ,. 3 .. 11 .. 14 .. 18 " 30 8 35 4 39 12 59 149 810 293 1262 1256 

"'· 
.. 3 .. 13 •• 19 " 31 10 I 31, 1 12 58 201 78G I 297 1284 1286 

F. .. 3 .. 12 .. 18 .. 22 Aug. 1 9 36 •I 40 9 58 174 877 260 1311 1313 
F. .. 3 .. 12 .. 1n •• 23 .. 2 9 37 4 41 9 59 174 897 266 1337 1340 
F . .. 3 .. 12 " 23 •• 2 9 41 9 59 174 897 266 1337 1341 . 
F . .. a .. 12 .. 26 " 4 9 43 10 62 174 941 263 1378 1381 
F. .. 3' .. 12 .. 21 .. 26 " 6 9 39 5 44 11 64 174 967 272 1413 1415' 
F. " 4 .. 12 July 18 8 44 153 942 941 
l\f. " 4 .. 12 .. 8 " 12 " 21 8 26 4 3'0 9 47 163 613 252 1018 1013 
F. .. 6 .. 13 " 8 " 12 .. 22 8 25 4 29 10 47 167 586 271 1016 1008 
M. " 6 ' ' 13 " 14 " 24 8 31 10 49 167 642 256 1054 1049 

" 6 .. 13 .. 16 .. 26 8 33 10 61 167 700 242 1099 1092 F. 
6 .. 14 .. 12 .. 18 .. 27 9 28 6 34 9 62 179 737 208 1124 1119 F. " 
5 1 

.. 14 I .. 26 .. 28 Aug. !I 9 42 2 4<l 12 55 179 970 290 1439 1433 M. .. 
' 

S UAtl\tAJU' OF 'l'ABLE 9 
Jl)gg . Lnrvfl ln f r u it. Lar-vn lo cocoon , Lnrvo.. Pupn. Egg, lorvn, 110d p upa. 

Total ell'.ectlve 
l:l~x. Period Period Pertod Period Per iod Per iod day-d egree~. 

No. In No. lo No. I n No. l o No. In No. In 
daya. cloys. duya, doys. dnys. dnys. Sum tor (60t~-@tng es. .!(S . ) . 

I I I I I ' 
M:, Z8 u.c 1-6 28.3 I G •L 3 2s l a 1.n !=R I 0 . 7 2,Cf 51.0 t Ofl t- 10!>6 
\t'. 46 0 .7 36 28.0 3 1 ••• • •I 84.C I I •I I I 0 .G • n G-t .:l 1164 t , s .. 

... ,. • t i" ... .. ... '"' 28.7 •• .. ··• 7!! n:• 11. 71.! I d. G 7 • IS:J .f ' ':u, , -, . .,, 
\ 

-



M 
M 

]\: 
-r, 

' I 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. I 

. 

. . 
• 

M 
-r, 

. 

. 
M 
M. 
F 
M 
j\! 
F 
F. 
F. 
M 
F 
F . 

N 
F. 
F . 
M 
M 
]\' 

• 

. 

Egg 
la id. 

1\fay 19 
" 20 
" 20 
; . 20 .. 20 .. 20 .. 20 .. 20 .. 20 ,. 20 
" 20 .. 21 .. 21 .. 21 .. 21 .. 23 
" 23 .. 23 
•• 23 
•• 23 ., ia .. 23 .. 23 . ' 23 .. 23 
• • 23 .. 23 .. 24 
" 24 
" 24 .. 24 
" 24 .. 24 
" 24 
" 24 
•• 24 .. 24 .. 24 .. 24 .. 24 
" 24 .. 24 
" 24 
" 24 
" 25 .. 26 
" 25 
" 25 .. 25 
" 25 
H 26 

F 
1\1 
F 
F . 
F . 

M 
F. 
F 
F 

1\f 
F 
F. 

1vl. 
F. 
F . 
F. 
F 
F . 
M 
1\f 
1\1. 
F 
M 
M 
F 
M. 
F . 
F . 
M 
F . 
M 
1\'E. 
F . 
F 
l\'I 
M 

June 7 
" 7 
" 7 .. 7 .. 8 .. 8 .. 12 I 
" 12 1 
" 12 .. 12 
" 12 
" 12 
" 12 .. 12 

TABLE 10-LUuHIS'l'OJ\Y- DATA ON FmsT GENERATION, OLNEY, 1916. L.\.R,·., s JlE.\lllill u, APr'LFS OK Tnri;E 

Le.ogtb of life periods. Tot .1 1 <'IIetth1e ,hly•deg-r~es. 

L<u-va 
,_ I~ 1- .... .; " I Larva left Larve Adult Adult " " . . . .. "' .. "' -- . -c _,,, 

'O 'O 'O -+ -+ -+ ... :, :;i "":'+ ho.tehed. apple. pupated. emerged. died. ..~ .. 0 -== 0 -o ei c,; .,o 
- 0 +oo .. +.., +,:. ~c. -<>+.; .. "' .. 0 .. ,- "'t: _ .. Q. -- d e>'i: eisoco .. .. " ... ~t c.., tc'- :, ::, ... .,,o«> 5000 .. ..,, tll--"0000 - ... C. j3 "' "' ~- .. .,.,_ ':!-io~ .. ..,~ .s., ~-o. ::, C. ~Q, -<l C. o-c. ..e~ .J_,.. "-...c-1 .... .. __, p., ... - "" p., 1:1 " . -

I ~ 

I ' 10 I 1214 1 May 27 July 3
1 
July 7 July 16 July 26 {s 371 4 41 9 58 68 174 I 795 246 1211 " 27 " 9 7 50 160 1014 1007 " 27 June 26 June 29 " 10 " 16 7 30 3 33 11 51 6 57 160 591 289 1040 1033 

" 27 .. 27 " 29 " 10 . ' 20 7 31 ? 33 11 51 lU (it 160 591 289 104.0 1033 -.. 27 .. 29 July 1 , .. 10 .. 16 7 33 2 ··5 9 51 I i -~ lGO 644 2·· 4 103S 10~ .. ., ;1 I •> ~-· " 27 .. 29 .. 2 .. 10 7 33 3 36 8 51 1 b"1'1 670 207 1037 1033 .. 27 1 .. 30 .. 3 .. 12 .. 16 7 34 ., 37 9 53 57 !Gil 698 232 1090 1087 " .. 27 .. 28 .. 1 .. 13 7 32 3 35 12 54 lGO 644 314. 1118 1112 .. 27 July 1 .. 3 .. 13 7 3'5 2 37 10 54 160 698 257 1116 1112 .. 27 ,. 1 , .. 4 .. 1-l •• 19 7 36 3 38 10 55 ii 60 160 723 260 1143 1140 .. 27 " 4 " 10 .. 20 .. 23 7 38 6 4-l 10 61 ., 
" 1,4 160 870 281 1311 1308 .. 28 June 27 June 30 .. 10 7 30 0 ., 33 10 5Q 165 697 263 1026 1019 .. 27 .. 29 July 2 .. 1:i . . 17 6 33 3 :i G 10 52 5 57 146 670 261 1077 1073 

" 27 .. 28 •• 1 •• 12 6 32 3 >5 11 52 146 644 289 1079 1073 " .. 28 " 12 .. 18 7 52 G 58 165 1079 1073 .. 30 .. 28 .. 1 • • 11 . . 18 7 29 3 32 10 -19 7 - 6 169 589 262 1010 10Q6 .. 30 .. 29 .. 1 " 12 .. 15 7 30 2 32 11 50 3 :\3 159 589 289 1037 1031 .. 31 .. 29 .. 3 • • 14 8 29 4 33 11 52 173 629 285 1087 1084 .. 30 .. 29 " 3 .. 14 .. 23 7 30 4 34 11 52 9 61 159 643 345 1087 1084 .. 30 .. 30 .. 4 .. 14 .. 16 7 31 4 35 10 52 2 54 159 668 260 1087 1084 .. 30 July 4 • • 7 " 17 .. 23 7 35 3 38 10 55 6 61 159 1-1.0 I 21-l 1173 ]169 .. 30 " 4 " 8 .. 17 .. 26 7 35 •I 39 9 55 9 64 L59 7G4 247 1170 1169 
" 30 I .. 7 .. 18 '. 26 7 38 11 56 8 64 159 740 303 1202 1197 .. 30 .. 5 .. 

1~ I 
.. 18 .. 23 7 36 39 10 56 5 01 159 764 276 1199 1197 v .. 30 " 7 .. .. 20 ;; 27 7 38 4 42 9 58 7 65 169 140 253 1252 1253 

" 30 .. 7 .. 11 .. 20 . . 27 7 38 •I 42 9 58 7 65 159 440 253 1262 1253 
" 31 .. 8 " 11 " 21 , . 30 8 38 41 10 59 9 68 173 827 279 1 1279 1279 .. 31 June 25 June 28 .. 8 . ; 11 7 25 3 28 10 45 3 48 151 498 2G3 912 905 .. 31 .. 10 .. 16 ;I 47 6 53 151 963 956 

112 I .. 31 " 29 July 2 " 12 29 3 10 49 151 601 261 1013 1010 
" 31 " 29 .. 

: 1 
.. 14 .. 18 7 29 4. 33 11 51 4 55 161 629 285 )065 1062 

June 1 July 2 .. . ' 15 " 23 ~I 31 -l 35 9 52 8 60 168 684 241 I 1093 1091 
May 31 " 4 . ' 6 .. 16 .. 23 34 2 36 10 53 7 60 151 701 272 1124 1120 
J une 1 " 16 .. 23 8 53 7 60 168 1124 1120 
May :n .. 3 .. 7 " 17 7 33 •1 37 10 54 151 726 274 1151 1147 
June 1 .. 5 .. 8 .. 17 .. 25 8 34 3 37 9 54 8 62 168 734 247 1149 1147 
May 31 .. 3 .. 8 ' . 18 7 33 5 38 10 55 151 75:L 276 1178 117G 

" 31 " 3 " 8 .. 18 " 26 7 33 5 38 10 55 8 63 151 751 276 1178 1176 
'. 31 " 7 •• ll .. 21 •• 27 7 37 4 41 10 58 6 64 161 827 279 1257 1258 
" 31 .. 11 .. 21 .. 29 7 41 10 GS 8 66 151 827 279 1267 1268 ., 31 .. 8 .. 12 .. 21 " 27 7 38 4 42 9 58 6 64 151 I 853 253 1257 1258 ., 31 " 8 .. 13 " 23 •• 28 7 38 5 43 10 60 5 65 15] 878 278 1 1307 1307 
" 31 " 12 .. 15 .. 24 .. 3'0 7 42 3 4:, 9 61 6 67 151 933 247 1331 1 1332 
" 31 " 9 " 15 .. 25 Ang. 2 7 39 r, 45 10 62 8 70 151 933 273 1357/ 1357 

June 2 June 24 June 28 j " 8 July 17 8 22 4 26 10 44 n 53 166 I 457 I 263 I 886 880 
" 2 July 2 July 5 " 15 .. 23 8 30 a 33 10 51 ~I 59 166 G37 I 265 1 1068 1066 
.. 2 " 8 .. 9 I .. 18 .. 26 8 36 1 1 31 9 54 I 62 166 734 I 250 1150 1151 
" 2 ., 8 " 11 " 21 .. 27 8 36 3 39 10 57 6 63 166 786 279 1231 1233 
" 2 " 9 •• 13 .. 24 .. 28 8 37 4 41 11 60 4 1 64 166 837 303 1306 1307 
" 2 .. 10 " 13 " 24 .. 30 8 38 3 41 11 so I 6 66 166 837 J 3'03 1306 1307 
H 4 .. 3 " 6 .. 15 " 16 9 29 3 32 9 50 1 51 167 630 241 1038 1038 
" 17 •• 9 " 13 " 23 H 27 10 22 .j 26 10 46 4 50 163 601 278 1042 1044 .. 17 .. 9 " 13 .. 23 .. 27 10 22 4 26 lO 46 4 50 163 601 278 1042 1044 
" 17 •• 11 " 14 .. 23 " 28 10 24 3 27 9 46 5 51 163 627 251 104.1 1044 .. 17 " 14 " 17 1 . ' 27 .. 30 10 27 :1 30 10 51) 3 53 163 710 271 1144 1148 
. ' 18 .. 10 .. 14 ' ' 23 " 30 10 I 22 4 2G 9 ~5 7 52 169 Gll 26 1 1031 1033 
" 18 •• 13 •• 16 " 26 " 30 10 26 . ' 28 10 48 4 !'i? I 69 667 270 110(\ 1110 . ' 1103 " 22 " 13 " 28 Aug. 2 10 21 46 !i 51 177 1098 1 
" 22 .. 14 .. 18 " 28 " 2 10 22 -! 26 10 46 5 51 177 G52 269 1098 1103 .. 22 .. 15 I " 18 ,. 28 " 1 10 23 3 26 10 •16 4 50 177 652 269 I 1098 1103 
" 22 " 1s I " 18 .. 28 " 6 10 24 2 26 , 10 46 9 5"6 ]77 652 269 1 1098 j 1103 
" 22 .. 13 " 19 .. 29 .. 5 10 21 6 27 10 17 7 54 111 I oso 269 1126 1130 .. 22 " 14 I " 19 1 

.. 29 10 22 51 27 10 17 177 G80 269 1 1126 1 1130 
" 22 " 15 1 " 19 " 30 10 23 4 27 11 4~ 1 177 I 680 300 1167 1169 
" 22 1 " 24 Aug. 3 " 8 10 32 10 I 521 5 57 177 803 287 1267 1270 

I I 
SUM~LlltY 01' 'J'-~BT.f.: 10 

'l'otal lire 
)!lgg. r, arva io rrult, La.rva in cocoon. Larva. l?upn. Egg. lnr,,a, and pupo. Athlll. period. 

1'otn I eR'ecti ve 

Se:r. Pe riod Per1od Period Period Pertn,l Period day•deg1·ces. Period Per. 
No. lo No. In No. in No. in NtJ. lo No. in Rutn l~tl 

No. lo No. Jn 
days. days. dnys. do yEJc. days. dnys. for 

clnys. doys. 
stnges. (86-1-) 

I I I I 2s I I 
• I 

M:, 31 7.8 28 31.2 27 3.3 28 I 34.G 10.1 31 62.l I 1127 1125 24 

' 
6.1 I 24 67.4 

F. 
34 I 7.8 ~o 31.0 30 3.G 32 36.1 32 9.8 34 52.7 1132 1131 39 6.9 29 69.S 

M .& 1,,, 65 7.8 68 31.1 67 I 3.5 60 3.1, !) t.O 9.9 6n 62.4 11~9 11 28 63 6.1 63 6S. 7 

' ----
• 



• 

TABLE 11-LIFl, lllSTOn\' DATA ON FIRST G&?<£JIA1~0N, Ou,~r. J9'J7, LARVAE 8£ARCO '" A.PPL&$ O:< Tlu;c 

Lane ~- La.rva Se:r. Jett batched. apple. 

F, j May 24 1 June 4 June 30 
.~. .. 24 " 4. July I 

··2• " 4 
F. .. 24 1 .. 4 June 30 .. 24 .. 4 July 6 
F. . ' 24 I .. 4 .. 6 .. 24 .. 4 .. 6 
II. .. 31 .. 9 June30 
II. " .. 9 " 30 
F'. I .. 31 1 

31 .. 9 July 1 

,, 

J\I 

J\: 
b~ 
J\1 

F . 
~; 

F 
F . 

J\I 
F 
F 

J\..! 
.M 

]\ 
\\ 
~! 

F 
M 
]\ 
]\ 
F 
F 
F 
F 
M. 
F 
M 
F 

F 
F 

F 
M 
1,f 
F . 
M 
M 
F. 
F 
F. 
J\f 
M 
M. 
M 
F. 
Ii' 
F 
F. 
fl' 

1:I. ,r. 
1L 
,(. I r. 
~r. 
,f. ~-~-~- I '· i"'. 

' . 
' . I. 

'· '· I. 

:· l 
I. 
I. 
:- I . . . 
. 
' 
' . . 
I 

. . 

. . 
' 

l 

" 31 
" ~1 
" 31 .. :n . ' 31 .. 31 
" a1 I 
" 31 
" 31 .. 31 .. 31 " 31 1 .. 31 

Juae l 
" 3 .. 3 
" 3 .. 3 .. 3 .. 4 .. 4 .. 4 .. 4 .. 4 
" 4 .. 4 
" 4 I 
" ; , " 
" 4 .. 7 
" 7 .. 7 
" 7 
" 7 
" 7 .. 7 
" 7 
" 7 
" 7 .. ~I " 
" 7 .. 7 .. 7 
" 7 .. 7 
" 7 .. 7 .. 7 
" 7 .. 7 .. j .. 7 .. 7 .. 7 .. 7 
" 7 .. 7 .. 7 .. 7 1 .. 7 .. 7 .. 7 .. 7 
" 7 
" 7 
" 7 
" I .. 7 
" 7 .. 8 
" 8 .. 8 .. 8 .. 10 .. 10 
" 10 .. II 
" ll 
" 11 
" II 
" 1 l 
" Jl 
" 11 
H ]I .. 11 .. 11 .. I J 
" l I 
" JI 
" 11 .. I I 
" II 

.. 9 .. 1 
" 9 .. l .. 9 .. l .. 9 " 2 
" 9 .. 5 
" 9 " 6 
" 9 .. 6 .. 9 " 5 
" 9 " 6 
" 9 .. 7 .. 9 .. i 
" 9 " 6 .. 9 " 11 .. 10 .. 6 .. 11 .. 6 
" u .. 5 1 .. l l. " 

6 1 " 11 •• 
'. 11 .. 7 . . 12 .. :! .. 12 " 4 .. 12 " S' ,. 12 .. s .. 12 .. s ,, 12 .. 9 
" 12 " 10 .. 12 " 11 .. 12 " 11 
" 12 " 12 
" 12 " 1i I " 16 .. .. 16 .. ii .. 16 " 
" 16 ,, .. 17 " 7 
" 17 .. 8 1 
" 16 .. 7 
" 16 1 " 9 
" lG " 9 .. 16 " 9 .. 16 " 9 
" 17 " 8 .. 17 .. 9 
" 17 " 10 .. 17 .. 17 " 10 I .. 17 .. 11 
" 16 .. 9 .. 16 .. 10 
" 16 .. 11 .. 16 " 11 .. 16 .. 11 
" lG " 13 
" 17 .. 1.1 .. 17 " 12 
" 11 " 13 
" 16 .. 14 .. 16 " 12 1 .. 17 .. 10 .. 16 " 14 
" 16 " 14 .. 17 .. 14 .. 16 .. 16 " 17 .. 17 " 10 
" 10 .. 16 .. 17 " 18 
" 16 " 21 .. 17 .. 21 .. 16 " 22 
" 17 .. 21 
" 19 .. t2 .. l9 " IG .. 19 .. 14 .. 19 .. 16 .. 21 
" 21 .. I :! .. 21 
" 20 " 10 
" 20 " L2 .. 20 .. 13 
" 20 " 11' .. 20 .. 14 .. 21 .. 16 .. 20 .. JG 
" 20 .. 15 .. 20 .. 16 .. 20 " 19 .. 20 .. 19 ,, 21 " 19 
" 21 I .. 17 .. 

20 I " 21 .. 20 .. 22 .. 21 .. 22 

Leogt.h or life 1•e.rlod.M:. Total f• ITectlvc. dts•degr-~s. 

' 1- 1- 1- ••! l,arva Adult • • • -+ -+ • 0. 
";,!: -· .. 0d -+ •·-Jl\lptt.ted. emerged. "o - --;o + .. .+.,. +.:. •e So.+ >C. t8 •• 1: • •• 0. ~e >0,o . .... •• 0. .. • o. - .. .. ... " .;.,iO- ~- ... _ ........ .. :J• j8 ~-Cl • UIII Q ~-,. ... - ..... 

Ii> .. oi- oi""" .. - .,- .. ..,•-
July 3 July 15 11 26 3 I 2s l2 l 62 163 600 276 1029 lOl . ' 7 .. 17 11 27 6 33 10 54 163 684 227 1064 101 .. 7 .. 18 11 11 I 65 153 684 249 1086 10! .. 7 .. 19 11 26 7 33 12 66 163 684 274 1111 111 " 9 .. 

i½ 11 31 4 35 12 58 163 735 275 1163 11~ .. 9 .. 11 31 4 36 13 69 163 735 303 1191 121 .. 11 " 24 11 31 6 37 13 61 163 778 316 1246 12! .. 4 .. 16 9 21 4 26 12 46 164 510 278 952 9! " 6 .. 16 ,9 2) 6 26 11 46 164 631 267 962 91 .. 6 .. 16 9 22 4 26 11 46 164 531 267 962 I 9! " 6 .. 17 9 22 4 26 12 47 164 631 276 971 91 .. 5 .. 18 9 22 4 26 13 48 164 631 298 993 9! .. 7 .. 18 9 22 6 28 11 48 164 679 249 992 9! 
" 7 " 17 9 23 5 28 10 47 16<! 579 227 970 9~ .. 8 " 19 9 26 3 29 11 4.9 164 605 247 1016 1m 
" 9 1 .. 22 9 26 4 30 13 62 164 629 303 1096 11! " 10 .. 22 9 27 4 31 12 1,2 164 662 I 279 1096 11( 
" JO " 23 9 2C 6 31 13 63 164 662 308 1124 11: .. 11 " 24 9 27 6 32 13 54 164 672 316 1161 111 
" 11 .. 24 9 28 4 32 1i 64 164 672 316 1161 11• .. 12 " 24 9 28 5 33 12 64 16{ 697 I 290 1151 111 .. 12 .. 26 9 27 6 33 14 66 164 G97 344 1205 12, 

" 26 9 32 66 164 12116 121 .. 9 .. 21 9 25 4 29 12 50 167 611 275 1066 101 .. s " 20 8 25 2 27 12 47 159 567 273 1001 101 .. 8 " 21 8 24 3 27 13 48 169 567 299 1026 10: 
" 9 " 21 8 25 3 28 12 48 159 591 276 1027 10: 
" 10 " 23 8 22 7 29 13 50 169 614 308 1081 JO! .. 10 " 23 8 26 3 29 13 50 159 614 308 1081 10! .. 7 .. 18 8 21 4 25 11 44 167 617 249 93'3 9: .. 8 .. 21) 8 22 ( 26 12 46 167 644 273 984 9! 
" 12 " 23 8 26 4 30 11 49 167 635 263 ·1065 10: 
; ' 12 .. 24 s 26 4 30 12 60 167 636 290 1092 111 .. 12 " ~4 8 26 t 30 12 so 167 635 290 1092 111 
" 14 .. 26 s 27 6 32 ll 51 167 679 271 1117 11: .. 13 " 26 8 28 3 31 13 62 167 666 323 1145 lll .. 13 " 28 8 29 2 31 15 54 167 666 380 1202 1 12] " 17 " 28 8 29 6 3;; u 54 167 739 296 1202 12] .. 29 8 30 55 167 1232 12< .. 20 " 30 8 33 " 38 10 56 167 812 279 1258 12~ .. 9 ., 20 9 19 4 23 11 43 J.50 922 248 920 I 9~ 
" 

1~ I " 21 9 19 3 22 13 4,1 160 498 299 9S 9~7 I " .. 22 9 21 3 24 12 45 160 546 279 98 974 '' 11 " 22 9 22 3 26 11 -i.5 160 5G5 259 974 9! 
" 10 .. 22 10 20 3 23 12 45 160 535 279 974 91 
" 10 " 22 10 21 2 23 12 45 lGO 535 I 279 974. 91 •• 11 " 23 9 21 4 26 12 4G 150 566 288 1003 101 
" 12 .. 24 9 23 3 26 12 47 150 590 290 1080 10, 
" 12 " 24 9 23 3 26 12 47 160 590 290 1030 1 10• .. 13 " 24 s I 23 4 27 11 l7 150 610 270 1030 10• .. 13 " 24 9 23 4 27 11 47 150 610 270 1030 10, 
" 13 .. 24 JO 21 6 26 11 47 160 GOO 270 1030 10, .. 13 " 24 10 22 l 26 11 47 160 600 270 1030 10, .. I~ .. 24 10 23 3 26 11 47 160 600 270 1030 10• 

" 24 10 47 160 1030 10, .. 14 .. 24 10 23 4 27 10 47 160 624 245 1029 10-
" 16 " 25 10 24 6 29 9 48 160 666 230 1055' 101 .. 14 " 26 9 23 6 28 12 49 150 634 299 1083 10! .. 16 " 26 9 24 5 29 11 49 160 657 276 1083 10! .. 16 " 26 9 26 5 30 10 49 150 676 268 1083 10! ., 17 " 26 9 25 6 31 9 49 160 694 239 1083 10! 
" l 6 .. 27 9 25 6 30 11 51) 160 670 287 1112 11: 
" 17 .. 27 9 27 4 :n 10 50 150 694 268 1112 n: 
" 17 .. 27 10 24 6 30 10 50 160 684 268 1112 11: 
" 17 " 27 10 25 5 30 10 50 160 684 268 1112 11: .. 18 .. 28 9 27 6 32 10 61 160 716 274 1140 11: .. 19 " 28 9 28 6 33 9 61 160 741 248 1139 111 
" 16 " 29 9 26 4 30 13 62 150 675 343 1168 11: 
" 16 " 29 10 23 G 29 13 62 160 665 343 ll68 J l ! .. 19 " 29 9 28 5 33 JO 52 160 741 276 1167 11: .. 19 .. 29 9 28 6 33 10 62 160 741 276 1167 11: 
" 19 " 29 10 27 5 32 111 52 160 731 276 1167 11: .. 20 " 29 9 9 52 150 767 250 1167 11: 
" 21 " 29 9 31 4 3'5 s 52 160 791 223 1164 11: 
" 20 " 30 1,0 23 10 33 10 63 160 756 279 1196 12, 
; ; 21 " 30 9 30 6 35 9 53 160 791 252 1193 12, 
" 22 A.ug. l 10 31 4 35 10 55 160 S07 284 1261 12, 
" 24 " 1 9 36 3 38 8 66 150 873 228 1251 121 
" 26 .. 2 JO 3{ 4 38 8 56 160 S89 230 1219 I 121 . ' 25 " 2 9 86 3 39 8 56 150 900 230 1280 12! 
" 25 .. 4 10 8~ 4 38 10 68 1co I 889 278 1327 I 13• 
" 16 July 27 11 23 4 27 11 49 175 62G 287 1os8 I 1tc .. 20 .. 29 11 27 4 ?l 9 51 175 718 250 1143 lH 
" 21 ,, 30 11 26 7 32 9 52 175 I 742 I 262 1169 111 
" 21 .. 30 Jl 26 C 32 9 62 I 7li 742 262 1169 111 

" 26 t i 46 ISO 1021 10: .. 18 " 27 J I •• i; 27 9 47 180 626 245 1060 10• •" 110•1 11 .. 29 11 49 .lSO .. ]4 1 " 20 9 20 ,t 24 I 12 46 137 566 299 1002 10 .. .. 28 0 22 4 26 12 47 137 607 315 1069 10 l C I 24S 1068 10 " 19 '' 28 9 23 G 29 9 47 187 673 .. 19 .. 28 9 23 G 29 9 47 1~7 078 248 1058 10 .. 19 " 20 9 24 6 29 LO 48 l37 673 276 1086 10 .. 20 .. 29 10 24 r, 29 9 48 160 676 260 1086 10 .. 21 .. 29 9 26 6 31 8 48 137 723 223 1083 10 
187 723 262 1112 11 .. 21 " ao 9 25 G 31 9 49 
137 74 !l 224 1110 L1 .. 22 " 30 9 26 7 32 8 49 

•• 23 .. 31 9 29 4 33 8 60 137 777 226 1139 I 11 
" :11 9 29 60 137 1139 11 

7M 26• l LOS 11 .. 2~ A 11g. I 10 28 •I gz 9 61 100 
r,2 160 700 340 1200 12 .. 21 " 2 JO 26 4 30 12 

" s n 31 r,3 187 1224 l! 
1246 ll " 20 .. 4 9 32 I 1)0 9 G4 L87 S68 2GL 

IGO 889 t~G 1296 \! .. 28 .. 6 10 82 o I~ 9 r.G 
I . 

ffUMMAl\Y Oli' 'l'AP.UC J t -
nww, IJ..i• rv1, hi (rule , I Lotvu lu (.•Qc•111iu T 1,,,rv11, r ·r-fl111•n • l!isur, l11r'1(1, nnd 1iu1m. 

- 'l'otal ti«tt-ttl•o 

...... I I '''l""' I f I '"rind I I l'Mlo41 I I i 'Mlf)(I I I t'f!thHI 1 ••,or1n,1 
-(IA.t l lf'SN"it • • 

Nu o No. l u ~o, I n No. I n N,, In No, I n 
S11n1 for fij,o .\'! Cl• 'f• (11•)111 1111 )' .. , dn'flll, d11)'•• dny,. •rn1~~. 2(S ) -

,"1 . 1 I ti ~ ·~ 2ru I II ,, 7 20,11 I I IOOG 
I 11~7 

I ' td .. di 
Ill O / H I 40.R I i , .. 11 l• i •• 2il, I Ill I •I I ,i{I UO.G •7 I O. ll n, fi0.6 I I Oil I l llG " ,, . • !Ul A I M _. ' "'· 111• i, a H · l :I I N !11), 0 II ti 0 ll 6 t ti IOOG 110n u1• I un 'I t•O • •• ,10 :10 I ,n 111, ll IO I (HUI 1100 / I I I I I 

-

4 
5 
5 
6 
l 
1 
9 
1 
7 
5 
5 
1 
8 
6 
6' 
3 
l 
8 

5 
6 
4 • -~ 
2 
.2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
8 
6 
6 
6 
6 
4 
4 
4 
4 
2 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 .o 
;O 
:o 
,8 
•8 
;6 
I 
4 
4 
3 
•1 
6 
4 
:4 
5 
,3 
9 
5 
l 
l 
1 
8 
8 
8 

2G 
26 
66 
6G 
86 
IS 
37 
:02 
~12 



TABLE 12- Lu ... msTOKY D.i.T A 0:-1 FIBST GENE.11.ATI0N, OLNEY, 1915. LAB\AE REIARED IN PlCKED APPLES 

Length or !He periods. Total eltectlve day-degrees. 

Ef,g Larva Larva " ". 1- 1- 1- rl-Sn . Jett J..a rva Adult _., --o -0 .; ci -o-+ c~+;t -~+;!: .; .; _; &.+! I• d. battbed. apple. pupal~d. , merged. cs.=; .,o -;; t-C - o o+oo 
.. Q. .,o .,_ -t. Q. ~"5:g~ t1i~~ a, •-og:i ~sg- e.o~~~ CG 38 c:. .. ~-:, g,~h.~-.. 0. w ... :, .. CG j• ~-0. I).. C, ~-0. ~Q.-~ jc.-~• 0...0.-:-1 ~- 0. {S=o -c• r.l 

M. .Tune 5 I June 13 July 8 I July 18 8 25 10 43 157 501 266 923 I 919 
M. 5 " 13 " 8 " 18 8 26 10 43 167 501 266 923 919 
F . 5 " 13 .July 3 s " 18 8 '>O I 5 26 10 43 167 501 \ 266 

1 

923 I 919 
M. 5 .. 13 3 .. 10 " 20 s 20 7 m 

1 
10 45 157 541 219 977 973 

M. 6 " 13 ·• 11 " 21 8 28 10 46 167 663 276 996 991 
M. 5 " 13 12 " 22 8 29 10 -l8 157 586 l 271 1014 1010 
F. .. 6 .. 13 8 " 12 " 22 8 26 4 29 10 47 167 586 271 1014 1010 
F . ,, 5 .. 13 8 .. 13 " 23 8 I 26 6 30 I 10 I 48 157 I 613 264 I 1034 I 1030 
M. 5 " 13 " 11 " 14 " 24 8 28 3 31 10 49 157 642 266 1055 1052 
M. 5 " 13 " 10 ·· 14

1 
" 26 8 27 4 31 12 61 157 642 304 1103 1100 

F. I '• 5 " 13 18 " 28 8 36 10 63 157 769 235 1161 1153 
M. 7 " 16 " 10 " 13 " 23 8 25 3 28 10 46 151 572 264 987 984 
F. " 13 " 22 " 13 " 16 " 29 9 21 3 24 13 46 195 505 325 1026 1026 
1\f. 1 " 13 " 21 " 18 " 29 8 27 11 I 46 173 586 264 1023 1026 
F . " 13 " 20 " l'l " 29 7 I 28 11 46 148 610 264 1022 1026 
F. " 13 " 21 " 16 " 18 " 29 8 24 3 27 11 46 173 586 264 1023 1026 
F. .. 13 1 " 21 19 I .. 30 8 I 28 11 H 173 613 266 1052 1065 
M. 14 " 22 " 14 ' " 24 8 22 10 40 173 447 266 876 874 
F. " 14 " 21 " 16 ·• 27 7 25 11 43 151 527 269 947 949 
F. " H " 22 I " 17 " 28 8 25 11 44 173 647 265 986 975 
M. .. 14 " 22 16 " 18 1 " 30 8 24 2 26 12 I 46 173 676 I 293 1042 1033 
F . " 14 " 23 18 " 30 9 26 12 46 191 658 29:r 1042 1033 
F. .. 14 .. 22 .. 16 .. 19 " 30 8 I 24 :: 27 11 46 i73 591 266 1 1030 1033 

M. " 16 " 23 " 15 ' " 18 " 29 8 22 3 I 26 11 44 172 568 264 984 985 
F. , " 16 " 23 " 13 " 16 " 26 8 20 :l 23 10 41 172 488 242 902 903 

F. " 16 " 24 " 13 " 16 " 26 9 19 3 22 10 40 170 470 242 882 884 
F. I .. 16 .. 23 .. 18 1 .. 28 7 25 10 42 153 558 236 946 937 
M . '' 16 " 23 18 " 29 7 26 11 43 153 558 264 976 966 
M. " 16 " 24 ·• 22 26 Aug. 6 8 28 4 32 11 63 170 710 272 1162 1164 
F . " 16 1 " 23 " 16 1 " 19 1 July 30 7 I 23 3 I 26 I 11 44 163 67:r I 266 I 992 996 
F . I " 16 " 23 30 Aug. 10 7 37 11 li6 163 837 269 1249 1248 

S UMMARY OF 1'ABLE 12 

Egg I Larva lo Crult jr.arva lo cocoon. I Larva I Pupa . I Egg, larva, and pupa. 

Total effective 
day-degrees. 8e1 I j Pnlod I Pcriotl I rerlotl Period Period Period 

No lo No In l\o. In No lo No. lo No. lo I 
I days I dny" I d1ty1. dllya. dnya. dnya. Sum tor (60+ )-1 · stages. 2(86+). 

M. 14 8 .0 7 24.9 7 3.7 14 27.2 i 14 10.6 H 45.9 1002 999 
F . 17 7.8 9 22.4 9 3.6 17 27.1 17 I 10.8 17 46.7 1013 1012 

M .• F . 31 7 9 16 23.5 16 3.6 31 27 l :ll I 10.7 31 41i.8 1008 1006 



-···-

I ,I h, l)l"l'l(Hl" lo dn)'a. 'l'oto.l el'ft'etlvo any~IJOQl'e .... 

,\,lull I .3 , .9 d \ 
I I - I- 1- 1:-'"" - t I-I ' I ,,.... I I sr'-. I l:lff ,nC'\'n. l(l(t l.o1l rHl ,\,lult '& 111 , , hutflh'll, nupll'. 1moia11•1I t·111ergNI Oh~,1 a:.!! ! g 'di . I .• -+ -+1 -+ l!. . C. 

M 

'ii"" 
·I· .+ + i · :i .-+ 

,!i 1 §: .~s ljii .e ~lg, - 0~ eo~ ~f.;1 -•ll. -~t • .., o:l~ 10- 11)-- . .... :, --.. E< .. ~"' I .:1--01 ,!!-•• IP"' f::.e., I -
M. May 21 l\la)' 28 J nn~ 2•1 .hrne 28 ,I 11 Ly 8 ,luly 12 7 27 4 3 l JO I -18 •I 52 105 648 263 97C 9ij8 
F. " 21 " 28 .. 24 " 2S •• s .. 1\1 7 27 31 10 4 •18 !\6 105 648 263 976 968 
~'. .. 21 .. 28 .. :?it .. 29 .. 9 7 27 r, 32 10 l !l 166 678 203 1001 993 
M. .. :n .. 28 .. 30 .. 10 7 :i3 10 60 166 597 283 1026 1019 
M. .. 21 .. 28 .. 11 .. 16 7 51 5 66 166 
F. .. 21 .. 28 .. 21 J July 1 .. 12 .. 18 7 30 ,l 34 11 52 G 

1050 1047 
58 165 625 289 1079 1078 

hl. .. ~s June 7 .. 2~ .. 3 " 13 .. 18 10 22 10 I 26 lG 6 51 164 615 267 936 937 
l-'. .. 28 .. 7 July I ,, 

6 . ' 15 " 23 10 2•1 I 28 10 48 s 56 164 5G4 268 996 992 
M. " 28 .. 7 .. • .. G .. 15 " 19 10 26 -1 29 9 1 48 4 52 104 5S7 " 241 992 992 
1~. .. 28 7 .. 3 .. 7 " 17 .. :13 10 26 ' 30 111 6(1 I) 5G lG•I 612 274 1050 1049 
M. .. 2S .. 7 .. 2 .. 7 .. 18 .. 25 10 26 30 11 5L • 7 58 164 612 303 1079 1077 
M. " 28 " 7 .. 3 .. 8 " 18 .. 19 10 26 31 5 1'0 r, l 1 52 ]64 637 276 1077 1077 
M. .. 28 .. 7 .. $ .. s .. 18 .. 2G 10 26 31 5 10 51 8 59 164 637 276 1077 1077 
F. .. 28 .. 7 .. 6 .. 18 .. 23 10 28 51 5 56 164 1077 1077 
li'. .. so " 10 June 30 " 3 .. 12 .. 19 11 io 3 28 0 43 7 50 166 477 230 872 875 
!". .. 30 .. 10 July I ' ' 4 .. l-1 11 21 3 24 JO 45 165 602 200 927 927 
M. .. 30 " 9 .. l " l .. 15 .. lC IQ 22 3 26 11 46 1 47 150 518 289 957 95G 
F. .. 30 .. 10 June :lo .. 4 .. 15 11 20 4 21 11 16 165 1 !i02 269 !J5G 950 
M. .. :rn .. 10 .full' . , 4 15 .. ~3 Jl ,,,) 2 2·l 11 <tG 8 54 166 602 289 956 96fJ - "" F. .. 30 .. 10 .. l .. 5 .. 16 " 19 11 21 4 25 10 46 6 52 166 526 265 966 956 
1''. .. 30 " 10 .. t .. 6 .. 1~ .. 27 11 1 22 ' 26 10 .17 ll 58 165 1 649 272 986 986 
~1. .. 30 .. 10 " 2 .. 6 " lo .. 23 11 22 4 26 10 47 7 6~ 165 549 272 98G 985 
F. .. 30 .. 10 .. 3 .. 7 .. 17 .. 26 11 23 4 27 10 •JS 9 57 1G5 I 57•1 274 1013 1012 
~L .. 30 .. 10 .. •I .. 8 .. 18 , . 22 11 24 4 28 10 49 j 63 165 1 599 276 1040 1041 
F. .. 30 .. 10 .. .. .. 9 .. 20 .. 27 11 24 • 29 11 51 7 58 165 624 307 1096 I 1095 
F. .. 31) .. 9 .. 3 .. 11 " 21 " so 10 24 8 32 10 52 9 61 160 690 281 1121 1123 
M. " 31 .. 10 JuneSO " 5 .. 16 .. 21 10 20 5 25 1.1 46 5 51 152 526 296 1 974 972 
M. .. 31 .. 10 July 2 .. ti " 17 .. 23 10 22 4 2ti 11 47 6 53 162 649 298 999 999 
M. .. 31 .. 10 .. .. .. - 17 1 10 22 5 27 10 47 152 5'7'1 27'1 1000 999 " ' t"". .. 31 .. 10 .. 3 .. 7 .. 18 " 25 10 23 { 27 ll 48 7 65 )52 1 674 81l3 1029 1027 
b'. .lune 1 .. 12 June 30 .. 3 .. 1~ 11 18 :1 21 10 42 169 443 267 860 870 
M. .. 1 .. 12 Ju ly 3 " 6 .. 16 .. 19 11 21 3 24 Hl 45 3 48 109 615 274 1 958 965 
F. .. ] .. 12 .. 2 .. ti .. 16 .. 21 11 '.lO 4 24 10 45 ;; 60 169 616 274 958 955 
F. .. l .. 12 " 3 .. 6 .. 16 .. 23 11 21 3 2,1 10 4ii 7 52 169 515 274 958 955 
M. " 1 .. 12 .. 8 ., 9 .. 17 .. 26 11 26 l 27 8 16 9 65 169 589 222 980 982 
F. .. 1 .. 12 .. 2 7 .. 18 " 22 11 20 25 11 47 I 51 169 fitO 303 1012 1010 0 

F. .. 1 .. i2 .. 4 .. 8 .. 18 .. 19 11 22 I 26 10 ;7 I 4S 169 665 276 1010 1010 
F. .. 1 .. 12 .. 3 .. 9 .. 20 .. 23 11 21 G 27 11 49 ;l 62 1~9 689 307 1065 1006 
M. .. 1 .. 12 " l .. 9 " 20 .. 27 11 22 27 11 49 7 56 169 589 307 1065 1066 0 

M. .. 1 .. 12 " { " 9 .. 20 11 22 5 27 ll 49 169 &89 307 1065 1066 
k'. .. l .. 12 .. 3 .. 11 .. 21 11 21 8 29 10 50 169 641 279 1089 1092 
M. 1 .. 12 .. 23 " 25 11 52 2 5,1 169 1140 1141 
l\L 2 .. 11 .. 1 .. 5 .. 17 .. 20 9 20 4 24 12 46 3 48 127 510 324 961 958 
M " 2 " 14 .. 18 " 26 12 46 7 63 186 991 986 
M. .. 2 .. 12 " 3 " 8 .. 19 .. 28 10 21 6 26 11 47 9 56 145 565 306 1015 1015 
M. .. 7 .. 15 .. G .. 9 .. 18 .. 20 8 21 .. 24 9 41 2 43 134 528 1 251 913' 912 ,, 
F. .. 11 .. 1.9 .. 6 .. 10 .. 20 .. 2ti 8 17 1 21 10 39 6 46 1-12 490 281 913 915 
F. .. 11 .. 20 .. 7 .. 11 .. 20 " 23 9 17 I 21 9 39 3 -12 161 498 253 912 916 
M. .. 11 .. 20 .. 6 .. 11 .. 21 9 16 21 10 '10 161 498 279 938 941 n 
M. .. 11 .. 20 .. 8 .. 11 " 21 .. 28 9 18 :1 21 10 40 7 -l7 161 498 279 938 941 
M. .. 11 .. 20 .. 8 " 12 .. 21 .. 25 9 18 • 22 9 -10 4 44 161 62.1 263 937 941 
F. •• 11 .. 20 .. 8 .. 12 .. 2.l .. 28 18 4 22 9 40 7 -17 161 523 253 937 941 
F. .. ll " 20 .. 8 .. 12 .. 21 .. 30 9 18 4 22 9 40 9 49 lGl 523 i 25:t 937 9<11 
~'- " 11 " 20 .. 6 .. 12 .. 22 Aug. 1 9 16 6 22 lO 41 10 61 161 623 279 963 965 
F. " 11 " 19 .. 1 .. 12 .. 22 July 29 8 18 5 23 10 41 7 48 143 642 279 964 965 
F. .. 11 ., 19 .. 9 " 13 " 22 .. 29 8 , 18 .. 22 9 11 7 48 143 667 252 962 965 
M. .. 11 , .. 20 .. 9 .. 13 .. 23 " 29 9 19 4 24 10 42 6 48 161 549 278 988 990 
F. .. 11 " 20 .. 9 .. 13 " 23 " 30 9 19 J 2:l 10 42 7 49 161 549 278 988 990 
F. . ' 11 .. 20 .. 9 .. 13 .. 23 .. 29 9 19 .[ 23 10 42 6 -LS 161 549 278 988 , 990 
F. .. 11 .. 20 .. 9 .. 13 .. 23 " 28 9 19 4 23 10 42 5 17 161 549 278 988 990 
F. .. 11 .. 20 .. 10 .. 14 .. 24 .. 28 9 20 4 24 10 13 4 47 161 I 575 276 1012 1016 
aL .. 11 .. 20 .. 6 .. 15 .. 25 9 16 9 25 10 4<1 161 603 273 1037 1040 
F. 11 .. 19 .. 10 .. 16 " 27 1 Aug. 4 8 21 5 26 12 •IG 8 54 142 622 328 1092 1094 
M. .. 11 .. 20 " 8 .. 17 .. 27 July 31 9 18 9 27 10 46 4 50 161 658 278 1097 109<1 
F. 12 .. 22 .. 12 .. 14 23 " 29 10 20 2 22 9 4] 6 47 177 541 261 969 , 972 
F. .. lJ .. 22 .. 9 .. 12 " 21 .. 27 9 17 3 20 9 38 6 H 158 489 263 900 903 
F. " 13 .. 22 " 15 .. 16 .. 24 .. 30 9 23 I 24 8 41 6 -1.7 158 697 217 972 977 
M. " 13' .. 24 .. 12 " 16 " 24 " 30 11 18 4 ~2 8 41 r, 47 20,1 66:f 217 974 977 
F .. 13 .. 22 .. 9 .. 15 .. 25 .. 30 9 17 6 23 lO 42 5 47 158 669 275 1 1002 1002 
F. .. 18 .. 23 .. 13 .. 17 .. 26 Aug. 1 10 20 4 24 9 43 6 •19 181 601 24'1 1026 1029 
},'. .. 13 .. 22 .. 12 .. 16 .. 27 .. 4 9 20 4 24 l1 44 8 52 168 697 304 1059 1050 
M. ·• 18 .. 24 .. 16 .. 24 Aug. 3 " 11 11 1 22 8 30 10 51 s 59 204 1 769 281 124·1 1260 
M. .. 13 .. 24 " 12 .. 17 July 27 11 18 6 23 10 44 204 679 271 1054 1055 
F. .. 13 .. 24 .. 13 " 17 .. 27 July 30 11 19 4 23 10 44 3 17 204 I 679 271 1054 1056 
F. .. 14 '' 24 .. 12 . ' 17 .. 28 , Aug. 1 10 18 5 23 11 ¼4 4 48 183 579 299 1061 1061 
F .. 18 " 26 1 .. 

12 1 
.. 16 .. 26 July 30 8 16 4 20 10 38 •I 42 166 612 275 943 941 

J1' 18 " 26 " 12 .. 16 " 27 1 Aug. 6 8 16 4 20 11 a, 10 49 156 612 297 965 968 
F. .. 18 " 26 .. 12 .. .1.9 " 29 " 6 8 1 16 7 23 10 41 8 49 156 596 270 1021 1022 
M. .. 18 .. 26 " 29 , July 30 8 41 1 42 166 1021 1022 
M. .. 18 I .. 27 1 " 16 1 " 21 l .. 30 aug. 3 9 19 6 2•J 9 42 4 4G 183 620 246 1049 1051 
~". .. 18 .. 26 " 13 .. 21 Aug. 1 .. 6 8 17 8 25 11 44 5 49 156 647 309 1112 110S 
F. .. 18 .. 26 .. 13 .. 24 .. 2 i1 17 11 2$ 9 45 156 718 267 1131 1136 
Ji\ .. 18 .. 26 .. lG .. 24 " .. 8 20 8 28 10 ,t G fi 51 lfi6 718 286 1169 1163 
F'. 18 I .. 26 .. 21 .. 24 .. 4 1 .. 8 8 26 :} 2R ll 47 I fil 156 718 314 1 1188 1191 

bf. " 18 .. 26 I " 17 .. 25 " 6 " 17 s I 21 8 29 11 48 12 60 166 742 318 1216 1219 
n. .. 20 " 28 " 14 .. 18 I July 28 8 16 4 20 10 38 171 517 269 957 969 
:F. " 20 .. 28 .. l4 .. 18 .. ~8 .. 6 8 16 4 20 10 38 9 47 171 517 269 957 959 

I . 
SUMMABY Olt TABLE 12A 

l!lgg. l.ttrva lo tru.lt. 1J.b..NO. hi f!()('00ll. La n· 11. I PuPtl ERK, l(lf'Vtl, lUld pupu. Arlult, 
·--·-

'l'(l uu II re 
I '1'of.ll I erf~ctt v~ per-lod 

S.x, ....... \ \"•'""' \ P"d•,<I \ l'och>d I Period .:J l •crln,1 
day-degr<!c1'!. 

l'•rlod I 
N•, 1 1'1- \ No. 5n Nv, •• I No l.u No. In No. Ju 

,:;ul)) f um+l- Nv. 10 P('r 
da--y11 , dQy1.4, I •IR,)'111 dnt~• tlll)'~. 1lny•. (IOJ'#, .No. , 10 

I ll t~':;~--~ !!(86l • ' ' . dfLY4• 

"M. '1 ., 32 t!l.2 32 1.G aa zs.o \ as J.0 . J. •• IC.+V J.01~ JUl.8 , 31) o.a 3'() GLG ... •• ••• , . ~•.('I " ., ' ,; •tt z,c ,Q ,nl tO.f) 6<1 I I . ,s I (l0(i JQl)O .. t: ... •Iii Gc."1 .6 
M,.tl.; \ I"._ •• Q,. az ~O.{l' ., ' . -~ L 2t\," H2 J..0 • .L •• .. ' I 011 I •l1 ·J 7" r. u 7' r.o " 



1'ABl.,E l:t--0,•IPOSITION Al'IO LIF£ P>:&100 OF ADULTS OE FUIS'r GCN£BA'l'ION, Our~v. 1915, 
AN'D W&ATJ.tEB DUIU~O t~IB9'1' TU DAYS AfTER E M.E'llGENCE OF FEMA.L£ 

Eme.rged. D1ed. Oa71 lhed. Numbe.r or egK@ li,id daily 1 to 9 dart :1ftC"r ewergence. 

Malo. ~ .male. Ma.le. Ft.male-. MaJe. Fem. 1 2 3 4 6 6 I 7 8 9 Total 

I --
Jul y 1 June is Joly 8 .July 7 7 9 I ..... > • • • • • 65 . . . ' 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 .. 2 " 3 " 16 " 15 13 43 43 12 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . ·• . . .. 4 " 4 " 14 10 7 27 " 37 . . . . ... .... . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . .... . . .. ' . . . 

" I " 5 " 9 " 14 5 9 35 35 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . ' . -. 
" -, .. 7 " l 3 " 16 6 8 5 ' 9 . . . . . • . . . .. . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... .. 9 " 

i~ I " 12 1 ....... 3 24 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . ' . . ' ••.~·, ... . 
" 1 1 " " 16 .. JG 6 5 17 77 . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . • • • , I • • • • 
• • 11 " II " 21 10 21 24 45 . . . . . . - . . . . . . . .. . . . . .- . ' . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 13 .. 13 .. 17 " 18 4 6 I l . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .. 15 .. 16 " 20 .. 20 5 5 87 4 91 . . . . . . .. . . . . . • • • w . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l1 .. 17 .. 21 " 22 ,t 6 25 25 . . . . . .. . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . ' .. . .. l& " 18 .. 23 6 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. .. 
" 18 .. 18 .. 26 .. 28 8 10 9 9 . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. .. 20 .. 20 .. 26 " 26 6 6 48 <I.'! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 
" 20 " 20 .. 30 " 26 10 16 l l . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 " 22 .. 26 .. 26 4 4 100 100 . . . . . .... . ... . ... . ... . . . . . . .. 
" 2] .. 23 Aug. 3 Aug,. 3 11 11 32 . 32 . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 
" 21 " 27 " 3 .. l 7 6 78 78 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
" 28 " 2s I .. 3 " 3 6 6 11 ......... 1 .... 1 .. .. 1 ....... . . . .. 11 .. 29 " 29 .. 4 .. 2 6 4 93 7 • 167 •• , • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • 

Aug. 6 Aug. 5 " 9 " 13 4 8 J 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . 
" 5 .. 5 " 12 .. 14 7 9 40 4 1 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 
" 7 .. 7 " 18 " 17 11 10 I l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... · 1 · .. . .. 7 " 7 " 14 " 10 7 3 4 4 . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 9 .. 9 " 23 .. 14 1• 6 2 • • • • I • • • • 2 . . . . . • • • • I • • • • . . . . . . .. 
" I I " I) " 23 .. 23 12 12 2 I 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • I • • • • 

,;, 
Cl~ "~ w,._ -· ·-~';l "'.!! •• . .., ·-< ., 

G8.8 .291 
68.9 .{0 
70.2 .346 
12.3 ,346 
76.4 .3H 
77.6 .285 
78,2 . 181 
78,2 .181 
77.0 .106 
75.2 .106 
73.9 .043 
73.6 .062 
73.5 .o~ 
73.8 .059 
73.8 .059 
75.9 .116 
76.7 .1.20 
75.S .130 
74.2 .110 
73.8 .110 
70.9 .164 
70.9 .164 
72.4 .3.~ 1 
72.4 .321 
71,0 .362 
69.6 .599 .. 11 .. 11 " 17 .. '18 6 7 · .,.. 42 ...... L' I . .. . .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 69.6 .699 .. 13 " 13 " 22 .. 22 9 9 . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 69.t .699 .. I• " 13 24 :: ~: " 1' 

15 1..... . .. .. . • .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . Sl 84 69.4 .599 .. 21 .. 21 7 42 18 I 7 .... I .. .. .. . . .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. J Gi 64 .5 .016 

I ' .... I 280 I 447 166 120 -I 47 I~ I 84 11)70 I 1-'I'otats.. .. .. 

SUMMARY or 'rABI..E 19 

Item!!. Mas. I Mio. A•. 

l,eogtb o r life ot male molb lo days . .. .... . , ................ • . .... ···•··· .. ........ · .... · •· · 
L,engt'b. ot llfe ot Cemale moth lo days .. .... . ... .......... , .. •••• ,· •···· · .... • ...... • .. • ·· .. • 
Number ot dayo rrom emergence tlll egg-lay log began ........ ,• .. •, • .. •···· .. •· .. ·•· .. • .... • .. 
Number ot <lay& from emergence till egg-laylog ceased ........... • • • • .. · · · , • · · .... · • · · • · · · .. .. 
Egg-layJng perloi..l In daye .. ... . . . ............... . • • • .. • • •· • · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · 
Number or egge laltl by ooe fe1n0Je • . • • . • • . • • • . . . • .•... • .. • • • • • • • • • · • • • • • · • · · · · · · · · · · • · • · • 
Average m.eno <lol ly temperature ...... , . . , ..•• • ....•....... •• • •• • • • • • • · • · • · · · · · · · • · · • · · · · · · · 
Average 'Clall y ra1ntall lo Joches ...... ... .. ........•.... . .. •················•·" ··• ... .. .. . 

) 4 3 7.2 i: I 0 7.6 • 
1 2.3 

10 2 3.8 
4 1 1.6 

167 1 39 
73 

.24 



-

Motb.8 emer,red, 

Mal&. ~enuale. 

. 
July 4 J uly • .. 8 .. 8 

" 10 .. 10 
" 12 .. 12 .. 12 " 12 .. 15 .. 14 .. l A " H .. 16 " 16 .. 16 .. 16 .. 16 " 16 . . 17 .. 16 .. l7 " 16 
" 17 .. 17 .. l7 .. 17 
" 18 .. 18 
" IS .. 1S .. 20 .. 20 .. 21 " 20 .. 21 " ·21 . .. 21 .. 2-1 .. 21 .. 2l .. 21 " 21 
" 21 .. 21 

22 I .. .. 22 .. 24 . . 2a .. 24 .. 23 

TAlll,E 14-0V:O-OStTtO:< Al'ID LIFE ~ OD OJ' ADOL~'9 oir F!Bti"r Olll'fEl!.ATIOll, Oum•. 1 916, 
A.ND W&TH&R IHJ'BJNO Ji"l'BST D AYS .U"I'&R lD.M.EBOb"N'O'l:i OF FElt.tAl.£ 

~dul t Number o C eggs ltlld da.1111 t<> 9 daya frocn. d&.t(' of e me rge.DC(>, )fotbS d.le-4. p~rlod ga Ul dtl.J'I, 
:!B 
s~ 

2 8 • • (I 7 s 9 Tota l. 
.Mole. 6'eme.le . Mo.lA. Fem. 1 .-

> " .. .,, 
Ju ly 12 I ' J u ly 9 5 7 . . . . . 11 . . . . . ····I···· . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 11 77. 

., 12 " 16 4 8 ' ' . . . 26 .. ' .. . . ' . . . . . . ' . ' ' . . . . . .. . .. · I ·. 2s 78.6 

" 16 " 20 6 10 ' . . ' . . . . . ' . . . .. . . . . 82 . ' . . ' . . . 26 . . . • 108 79.2 .. 17 - 1 l. 78.9 . ' ' ' . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . .. ' .. . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ... . . . 
" 16 " 18 • 6 . ' . ' . 67 18 21 . . ' . . . . . . . ' ' . . . .... 10 6 78.9 

" .. 19 " 19 4 . 2 , • , • I • • • • • . • I • • • • 2 7 8.9 , . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 " 23 •I 7 ' ... . s . .. ' . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • I • • • 8 78.9 . . . . . ,. 19 .. 19 4 4 31 8 . . . . , . . . I . . -. . . . . . . . 39 78.8 
' . ' . . . . . ' .. 21 " 23 G 7 1 2 . .. . . . .. . ... .... 3 77.6 . . . . . . .. . .. 23 .. 23 7 7 73 .. .. ' . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ... 73 78.8 . ' . . . . . . . .. 23 " 26 G 10 ' . . . 9 • • • • I • • • • . . . . ' . . . 9 78.8 . .... . . . . . . . . . . 

•• 20 " 23 3 7 33 34 . . . . 29 ... . . . . 96 78.8 

' 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

.. .. , .. 23 6 6 G I 6 79.1 
"" . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ' . . . .. 23 .. 26 6 9 42 . . ... . . . . J 2 79,1 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . , .. .. 23 . ' 23 5 31 3 . . . . . • • • • I • • , • 34 79.3 . . . . . . . . . . . 

" 26 .. 26 7 s 38 52 33 :rn 162 79.3 .. ... •••• . . . . . . . . ,, .. .. 27 . ' 27 7 7 19 • 8 80.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27 .. 27 6 7 ti 2 & 81.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ' ... . . . . .. 27 .. 27 6 6 8 8 81.6 . . . .. .. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . ... 
• • 27 .. 30 6 9 12 12 81.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . 30 " 30 9 9 17 1 66 8'1 81,5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. 
" es " 28 7 7 ~s 48 81.5 . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ' . ... .. 27 .. 29 I) 8 l l 1.1 81.5 . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. 27 .. 28 r. 6 ?O 23 81.7 
' 

. . . . . -· . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . ... .. 29 .. 29 5 4 29 .,. 52 81.7 . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . • • • • I • • • • . .. .. 28 , .. 28 4 5 53 53 81. 7 . . . . ' . . . . . . . I . • . . . . . .. . . . . 
.. 27 .. 27 •. . ..•. Aug. 4 8 40 ... . . . . . 40 83.1 . . . .. ' . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .... 

62 83.1 .. 28 " 28 AlUgJ 1 .. 1 j 4 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 
.. 2S .. :!S .. 2 .. 2 6 I 5 51 51 83.l 

Aug. 9 I Aug. 9 
. . . . . . . . . . . • • ·• I • ·• • • . . . . .... . . . . .. 1 7 .. /17 8 8 66 2l • • • • I • • • • 87 77.1 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 '" 9 " 15 " 17 6 s 59 59 77,1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • I o • • . . . . . . . . . .. 8 " s .. 19 " 19 11 ] J 74 18 4 12 108 76.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. 9 " 9 .. 17 .. 17 s s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. 3 77.1 

•• 9 .. 9 . ' 17 .. 17 8 8 39 I :t 76 28 .. 17 . . . . . . . . . . 172 77.1 .. 
l O j " 10 .. 19 .. 19 1 9 9 49 22 . . . . . . • .. • • • .. .. .. . · . . 11 I 11.3 

" 10 .. 10, ······· .. .. .... ·····I····· ,. . .. . . ... . . . . .. . • . . . . 4 77.3 

Tot~ls. ~ , -:-:-- 248 \ 713 I 321 -;;;-1237 J 62 i~ 301 12 1702 t \ 
s,r ,.n u.RY o,;· 1'A.JlL.E 14 

l t~ms Mu.. 

Length or !He ot male adul t l o days ... .. ....... . ............ · ..... • ........ · · · • • · · •· • 11 
Length or Jlfe ot female adul t In 'days. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ •·· • • • • • • • · • • • • • •. 
Number or days from emergence to laying of ttrs t egg... .. .. .. . •.. . ......... . . • .. . • • • • • • • . • · 
Number of days from emergence to laying ot last egg. . . . • .. . .. .... . .......... , ..... • • • .. . . .. 
Egg.Jayjog period. to days . .. .. . .. .... .. . . ... . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • .. . . . . . . . • . . . . , 
Numbe·r of eggs laid by one female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . • • , , • • • • • • , , • • 
Average mea.n da1Jy temperatu.re. ... . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . ..... . ............ . 
Average dal ly humidity .. . . ..... ... . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .. .•... 
Average dall)" evaporaUoo In c.c .. . . . . . . . , . , ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Average dally rainfall In Inches....... . . ,.. . ...... , ...... , ......... , ......•....•........... 

11 
6 
9 
8 

172 
83.l 
83 
27.1 

.353 

::, >, 

~. " . "'a """ ... 
,,: " >~ .,. ,,: .. 
74 1 16.3 
77 16.1 
79 15.6 
78 17.2 
78 17.2 
77 21.3 
77 21.3 
76 23.3 
77 23.9 
75 23.9 
75 23.9 
75 23.9 
75 24.7 
75 24.Z 
74 25.4 
1! 25.4 
73 26.4 
73 26.4 
72 26.9 
72 26.9 
72 26.9 
72 26.9 
72 26.9 
73 26,7 
73 26.4 
73 26.4 
73 26.7 
73 27.1 
73 27.l 
82 13.7 
S2 13.7 
83 14.2 
82 13.7 
82 13.7 
82 12.2 
82 12.2 

I 

:ldln. 

s 
4 
1 
I 
I 
1 

16.6 
73 
12.:? 

0 

"1: -. "~ 'O . 
>f .. 
.11 " .11 3 
.11 
.-04 
.04 
.01 
.OJ 
.01 

3 
8 
8 
5 
5 
5 

.Ol 

.Ol 
.01 
,01 
.OJ 
.OJ 
.OJ 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.o 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.o: .o· 
.o: 
.o 
.0 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 .. •• 
.3 

A T, 

• 6 
ii 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
l 
l 
3 
1 
1 
l 
1 

5.88 
7.~ 
2.6 
3.6 
!.l 

47.3 
19.5 
75.9 
!1.8 

.OS'Z 

. 



• 

TABl;fil 15-LIJtE·HISTORY DATA ON PORTION OF SECOND GENERATION WHOSE LA.RVAE TRANSFORMED, OL~~Y, 1915. 
LAR,TAE BEARE•> IN APPLES ON T REE 

Se:t. 

F . . 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M . 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
F. 
F. 

Egg 
laid. 

July 
'' 
'' 
'. 
'' 
'' 
'' 
'' 
'' 
CI 

'' 
' ' ,, 
'' 

Sex. 

2 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
8 
8 

10 

Larva 
batched. 

July 11 . ' 14 ,. 14 
Cl 13 ,. 14 
' ' 14 . ' 14 ,. 14 
'' 14 
'' 14 ,, 14 ,, 14 . ' 14 
(( 17 

Egg. 

Period 
No. in 

days. 

M. 5 6.8 
F. 8 6.5' 

Und. 1 9.0 
M.&F. 14 6.8 

Length of llf& periods. 
- . 

Larva 
left I Larva I Adult 

apple. pupatecl emerged. 

~= 
d d . C>O. 

• ::, . -~ d -ro 
crS~ aS 0 cd 0 • ~o. 

• t; 0. ;a. 0 - t·s:: aS ~ro 
t:IO s..~ :i crS ci> C. bC c:, 
t:IO cd 0. cdo :::, b.O as 

• 

~oS c,) ~-°' 
July 31 Aug. 5 9 20 5 25 
Aug. 3 ., 8 Aug. 19 7 20 5 25' 11 43 

'' 7 '' l U ., 24 7 24 3 27 14 48 
'' 9 ,, 13 '' 27 6 27 4 31 14 51 

'' 21 7 45 ,, 5 '' 10 ,, 23 7 22 5 27 1.3 47 
' ' 4 ' ' 10 I l 24 7 21 6 27 14 48 
'' 9 '' 13 '' 27 7 26 4 30 14 51 ,, 14 ,, 17 Sept. 4 7 31 3' 34 18 59 
'' 2 '' 3 Aug. 16 6 19 1 20 13 39 

'' 22 6 45 
'' 9 '' 16 ,, 27 6 26 7 33 11 50 
,, 13 ,, 17 Sept. 2 6 30 4 I 34 16 56 ,, 14 ,, 17 Sept. 3 7 28 3 31 17 55 

SUMMARY OF TABLE 15 

Larva in fruit. I Larva in cocoon. Larva. Pupa. 

Period Period Period Period 
No. in No. • No. • No. in lD lD 

days.. days. days. days. 

3 25.3 3 4.0 3 29.3 3 .15.3 
8 24.8 8 4.1 8 29.0 8 13.6 
1 20.0 1 5.0 1 25.0 0 

12 24.5 12 4.2 12 28.7 11 14.1 

- -- ---~ 

• 
Total effective day-degrees. 

1~ I ...:. I .-:, ... d I ., aS = Po. • 
f> 0. f> --+ -+ -+ ""'::, ""':)-+ =sO.+ +oo =s+tn +t- aS c::i,. - .... co 

Oex> j>,000 dOoo •"O t:11--0000 
tl)lr.)- ""'u:,- 0.10- ti«>s= c:s.o-
be-~ =-~ =-~ tleo., tile,-~ 

'1,i 

161 628 
162 616 231 1009 1009 
162 664 273 1099 1099 
132 750 257 1139 1140 
162 1041 1041 
162 664 250 1076 1076 
162 664 273 1099 1099 
162 721 267 .1140 1140 
162 815 277 1254 1253 
144 5·20 270 934 934 
144 1039 1039 
144 791 188 1123 1122 
144 815 238 1197 1197 
196 727 255 1178 1176 

Egg, la1•la, and pupa. 

Total effective 
,Period 

daJ~-degreee. 
. 

No. • 10 
days. Sum for (50+) 

stages. 2(86+) 

5 49 1106 1106 
8 49 1100 1099 
0 

13 49 1102 1102 



TABLE 16-Ln'f:•HJS'l'OnY DATA ON PORT I ON OF SEcorn> GENEIBATION Wl;[OSE ,LAR\ AV. 'l'kA:-bli0Jl~1.BD. OL'S&Y, 1916 
LARVAE JlEABED IN AJ'rLJ<S ON' TR£~ 

Leo~itb or Ute prer.lods~ 'l'otnl elfe-ctlve d&Y•de&--reeit. 

14= I I •= I --' ! -- I .,.; ••I • =· ... ... -s, •. , .~f8. El G Jert L8M'8 Moth Adu~r I _ ,; ·= -+ - + -+ Joo~..-.+ I hnt~td. I 8 pp-le. puput"tl Pmrrged -;!? -· .!! .. .., 
fl~ dled :i -"o - - 0 + .. =:i+v::- +,;. .!: Q.-h.:. ,. t~ =t't :l. .. = - s~-C tO(Y; °'0"' +;. Q:; !:.i,-.:,ou. !€ -.. ... = -~ 1J. ~- 9,;;- ... , . .,_ .. :l = ~-c. = ... o•- ~- ~_,, ie-~, ~e - :c-('1 ,, .. ~· " "'- - lil- -. ' 

6 j July 12 July 31. A.ug. 3 I Aug. 12 I Sept. 

--

!>!. July 6 19 3 22 9 :n 20 57 160 575 263 99$ 1009 
M. " 6 .. 12 · " 31 " 4 " 13 " 5 6 19 4 I 23 9 38 23 61 160 602 257 1019 1032 
M. " 6 " 12 " 14 Aug 27 6 39 13 52 16fl 1033 1046 
~{. " G " 12 Aug. l " 5 " 15 " 31 6 2n 4 24 10 40 16 66 160 630 263 1053 1 1066 
F . " 7 " 13 " 5 .. 9 .. 20 Sept, 1 6 23 4 27 11 44 12 6G 159 718 287 1164 1183 

" 7 " 14 " ¼ " 7 " 18 7 21 3 Z·i 11 '12 186 633 2S4 l103 1124 
F . " 7 " 14 " 8 " 12 " 23 .. 2 7 26 4 29 11 47 10 57 186 7N 27:1 1233 1255 
F. " 1,1 .. 19 " 10 I Aug. H " 25 " 10 5 22 4 26 11 42 JG 66 ]49 G72 278 I 1099 1113 
F . .. 14 " 19 .. 11 " 14 " 25 " 4 5 23 3 26 11 -12 10 52 149 672 278 1099 1113 
F. " 14 " 19 .. 11 .. 16 .. 26 5 23 5 28 10 43 149 7211 251 1120 1134 
F. .. l,t " 19 .. 16 " 18 I " 26 " 5 6 27 3 30 8 43 JO 53 149 77:l 195 1116 1 113•1 
F. " 14 " 19 /, 15 " 18 " 29 . , 5 5 27 3 30 11 46 7 53 149 77:: 239 1160 1177 .. 14 "eO " 9 .. 12 t " •)O 6 20 ! I ~: 10 89 176 60~1 253 1038 1051 •• 
M. I " 14 " 20 .. 13 " 17 .. ~9 " 4 G 24 12 46 6 52 176 7111 268 1162 1177 
F. " 14 " 20 " 16 " 18 " 31 " 5 6 26 3 29 13 4S 5 53 176 74[, 27:: 1195 • 1212 
F. " l •I " 20 Seot. t " 10 6 49 9 58 176 1214 I 1231 
F . " 16 .. 20 ,i.ug. 20 Aug, 27 6 36 7 ·13 146 

646 236
1 

954 I 97] 
M. " 16 " 20 I " ~::! 5 38 1.46 1008 1023 
F. " 16 " 20 .. 9 .. 14 " 23 Sept 3 5 20 6 26 9 39 11 50 HG 1028 1043 
M . " 15 " 21 " 10 .. l4 " 23 " 2 C 20 4 24 9 39 10 49 173 620 I 236 102s I 1043 
ir.

1 

J 6 .. 21 " 10' " 14 " 23 " 5 6 20 4 24 9 a9 13 62 173 620 I 236 1029 1043 
M. " 15 .. 20 .. 10 " 1-1 " 24 " 2 6 21 4 25 10 40 9 49 146 646 255 1047 1062 
F. .. 15 " 20 .. 10 " 14 " 24 " 7 5 21 4 25 10 40 14 54 146 64G 265 1047 1062 
F . .. 15 " 2l " 10 " 14 " ~4 Aug. ~7 6 20 4 24 10 40 a 43 173 620 255 1048 1062 
ll'. " 15 " 21 " 11 " 16 " 2,1 Sept. 6 6 21 •I 25 9 40 13 53 173 641 235 1049 1062 
F . " 15 .. 20 •• 12 •• 16 " ~6 " 6 - 23 4 27 10 42 11) 62 146 693 201 1091 ll05 0 
~r. " 16 " 21 " 12 " 16 " 26 " 4 G 22 4 26 JO 42 9 51 173 668 1 251 1092 UOo 
F. " 16 " ~l " 13 " 17 " 27 " 5 6 28 4 27 10 43 9 52 173' 692 241 1106 1122 
F. ., 16 .. ~o " 13 .. 17 " 28 " 21 5 24 l 28 11 4A 24 68 146 718 255 1119 U36 
M. " 15 " 2-2 " 13 " 17 " 28 " • 7 22 •I 26 11 44 s 52 198 679 265 1122 1JS6 
:M. " 15 .. 20 " 13 .. LS .. it(> " 3 6 24 5 29 12 46 4 50 146 746 . 254 1146 1164 
F . " 16 " 20 .. 13 .. 18 .. 30 6 24 5 29 12 46 146 74 6 1 2M 1146 I 1164 
F . " 15 " 20 " 12 " 1S .. 30 " 10 6 23 6 29 12 46 ll 67 JAG 746 254 1146 1164 
F. " 15 " 21 " ]4 " 18 .. 30 " 9 6 24 4 28 12 46 10 56 173 720 254. 111)7 1164 

.i\I. .. 15 " 20 .. 12 Sept. l " 10 5 25 48 9 57 146 1185 120:! 
M. .. 16 .. 20 " 131 " 19 .. 2 5 2-l ,; 30 14 49 146 774 283 1203 1223 
F. " 16' " 21 I " J S .. ]6 " 2 " 14 6 23 3 26 ]7 49 12 61 173 668 369 l210 1223 
;\'[. " 15 " 20 " 17 " 23 " 5 5 28 ii 34 13 52 146 874 263 1273 1295 
F. " 16 .. 21 " 9 " 12 au g, ~3 " 10 6 19 3 22 11 38 18 56 142 583' 273 998 lOH 
M. " 16 " 21 " ] () " l-1 " 24 Aug. 27 5 20 4 24 10 39 3 42 142 621 25-4 1017 1032 
j\f. " 161 

. ' 21 .. 12 " 16 " 25 " 30 5 2::! 4 26 9 40 6 45 142 669 230 I 1041 1055 
1-I. " 18 " 24 " 14 1 " 24 Sept. 5 6 21 I Q 37 12 49 161 549 265 965 977 
M. .. 18 .. 24 " JO " 14 ., 26 " 5 6 17 4 21 11 38 11 49 161 549 277 987 998 
M. " 18 .. 23 " 10 .. 15 .. 25 " 5 6' 18 ii 23 JO 38 11 49 136 593 257 985 998 
F . .. 18 " 24 .. 11 .. 15 " 26 6 18 .. 22 11 39 161 569 ' 278 1008 1020 
:I.!. .. 1S .. 24 " 12 " lG u 26 " 13 6 19 4 ~3 10 39 JS I 57 161 596 251 1008 1020 
F . " 18 " 24 .. 12 .. 17 " 28 " 1 (I 6 19 6 24 ]1 41 13 54 161 621 ••• -•• 1037 1061 
F . .. 18 " 2•1 " 15 " 18 " 29 6 22 3 2i5 11 •l2 161 I 649 239 10,19 1064 
i\f., .. 18 " 24 " 13 " 18 " 30 " 3 6 20 26 12 43 4 ,17 254. 1064 1078 0 161 619 
F . " 18 " 24 .. 15 " 19 .. :n " 7 6 22 4 26 12 44 7 51 lGl 677 243 1081 109S 
JI{. " 18 " ~3 " 15 " 19 Sept, 2 5 23 4 27 I 14 46 135 701 283 1119 1138 
) f. " 18 " 24 .. H .. 20 .. • 6 21 6 27 13 46 161 705 253 1119 1138 
P. " 18 " 24 .. 17 " 20 " 3 " 10 6 2-1 3 :!7 14 47 7 54 161 705 27, I 1141 1160 
1r. " 18 " 24 " 17 " 20 " 4 6 24 3 27 15 4S 161 705 297 1163 1182 
F. " 18 " 24 " 26 ,. 31 " 13 6 33 6 I 38 I 13 57 161 917 291 1369 1388 
F. " 19 " 25 " 11 " l·I Aug. 23 6 17 a 20 9 35 168 6• - 236 919 929 .a 
F . " 19 " 25 " 13 .. 17 " 27 .. 5 6 19 4 2:1 10 39 9 48 168 597 241 996 1009 

11r. " 19 " 26 " lii " 18 " is " 6 6 21 3' 24 11 •11 7 48 168 625 239 1022 1035 
F. .. 19 " ·--· " 13 " lS .. 31 " 10 6 19 5 24 13 43 10 53 168 625 274 1057 1070 
.i\f. " 19 " 25 .. H " 1S " 31 " 5 6 20 4 24 13 43 5 •18 15S 625 274 1057 1070 
F . " 19 " 25 " Hi .. 10 " 31 ! " 9 22 3 25 12 43 9 52 158 11;;3 243 1054 1070 
M. 19 " 25 " 16 " 19 Sept. 1 " 4 6 22 ., •• 13 44 3 47 158 653 :!62 1073 1089 " -· :F. " 19 " :!5 .. 18 " 21 " 4 " 19 6 24 3 27 l •l 47 15 62 158 708 268 U34 1154 
M. " 19 " 25 .. 17 " 22 " 5 " 11 6 23 5 2S 1·1 48 6 54 158 733 273 1164 11$2 
F . .. 19 " 25 .. ] 7 " 22 6 6 23 5 2S 11 48 158 733 273 116! 1182 

M . " 19 " 26 " 19 ,. 23 " 7 6 25 ! 29 16 50 158 753 309 1220 1237 
AL .. 19 .. 25 " 20 " 2•1 " 7 6 26 ·I 30 14 60 I 158 'i72 ~90 1220 1237 
F. " 19 " 25 .. 2l " 26 " 8 6 27 6 32 13 51 15S 815 1 268 12\11 1258 
F, " 19 .. 26 " ~l " 27 " ll 6 27 6 33 15 54 15S 831 310 1299 1317 
F . .. 20 " 20 .. 16 " 19 ,. l 6 21 3 24 13 4~ 159 628 ~62 1049 1062 .,r. " 20 .. 26 " 16 " ~o " 2 " 11 6 21 4 25 13 44 -· 169 656 253 1~70 10S3 •• F. " 20 " 27 " .1 8 " 21 " 5 7 22 3' 25 15 •17 187 660 ~98 1145 1159 
M. .. 20 " 27 " 19 " 23 " I) " '16 7 2:1 4 27 14 48 67 187 705 "S" 1174 1182 • • 

'"· " 20 " :!.7 " 19 " :!6 " G " 14 7 23 7 30 ll 4S s 56 187 767 219 1173 1182 
F. .. 20 , . 2G " 20 .. :!.7 " 9 " 20 G 25 7 32 13 51 ll 62 159 S07 ~69 1~36 1249 
F. " 2C) " 27 " 20 .. :u " 13 " 21 7 30 5 35 13 66 s I s2 187 845 1 291 ! ]3~3 133~ 
F. 21 " 27 " 16 " 18 Aug. 29 6 19 3 22 ll 39 161 677 239 ~77 982 

,\1.. " 21 " 27 " ] fi " 18 " 30 C' 19 3 22 12 40 
4 I ~G 

161 577 25! (19~ !'19 7 
F. " 21 .. 28 " 16 " 19 Sept. 1 " 6 7 19 s 22 13 4-~ l90 579 2li2 1031 1036 
F. .. :.!1 " 27 :1 G -H 161 1074 1079 
F. " 21 " 27 .. 1$ .. :12 .. 4 . ' 11 6 22 l 2t 13 45 I 7 ;;2 lGl 680 241l 1090 1100 
M. " 21 " 27 1 " ]7 .. 22 .. 5 6 21 5 26 14 {G 161 685 ~73 1119 1129 

'"· " 21 .. 2~ " 22 " 2c: .. 8 8 24 ·I 28 J3 49 220 714 26$ 120~ 1205 
F " 21 .. 27 " 23 Sepl. I .. 13 

., 
2il 0 27 9 36 12 64 II I GS 161 SG•I ~72 )297 1306 

164 5')"' ••• 91~ 9H ll'. .. 22 " 2$ . , 14 A.ui:. 17 Aui,:. 26 G .L7 3 2tl 9 3ii -• --· Li'. " •)•) " 28 " 15 " 1!) " :n " r, G 18 4 22 12 40 ,10 164 679 243 1 9Sr. 992 
•• ~75 1047 1054 j\f. " 22 " 28 " JG " 20 Sept. 6 lfl 4 23 H 43 111-1 608 

F' " i2 " 28 .. 19 " 22 " ij • 20 G 22 3 26 J,I 46 lfi 60 11i4 669 :!73 I 091. 1104 

r•' " 22 " 28 " 20 " 26 " u 6 23 (j 29 14 49 16·1 741 2S6 1191 1198 
11'. .. 22 " 29 " 21 " 2fi " 0 " 19 7 23 r, 28 1 1 49 10 59 19& 711l 28G 1195 119S 
I" " 22 " 28 " 20 " 27 I " IL " 21 G 23 - 3'(J I a I 61 JC) ~2 164 75S 310 123!! 1239 

I 1313 1320 P. " 22 " 28 " 27
1 

Se))l 3 " n " 25 G 30 7 :n 14 67 s ti~ 1 ti,t SSl 268 

~UMAl:\U\ Ol' l'.\.lll,M lti -- ---- \tlllh . 
l·~Kll- I Lun•11 IU f1• 1Jll, !t.rir,·11 ht cocuoul Ll\l'\'I•. I _____ J-'111,11. I M~s. hu•,•1,. tUld fl\lflR -1 'l'ut11I llft.• - -

'l'c>tll l <•lf1,cth1t• 111•rlod. 

Pnrloll I 1 ••,•rlod 
t11u th•~r,'f'" t',•rlod 

t4,·s., I I l'N1u,tl l".-r1utl l'nlocl I l't•rlo,1 l -'---- N,1. 111 N<, In No. I n No In ~o. 111 No. tu Nu. In . 
11\1.)'8. r,•rl1,1I 

t,lftftl, dli}'tt dllYM, duYK, illl,>11, dnys. :suuis , l"tn : - No In (t)l" ~(80 I 111\_\ II. ~tlli4~JI. 

M iHi r, 8 !J3 :,: I , I: :·12 I I) as 2G O 33 11.8 :rn 13,ll I 08•l l 100$ !!(i 9 7 26 6L,S 
•• IU~ I I ~:I 3~ 10 2 3~ 56 1 F' G4 6 , 0 r, I 22 0 61 j • :~ 61 :!7 i r, I 12 . (l r.J I 14 . ll j 

Uod .. v,r, " 20.fi 2 :J ·" •• 2n r, 2 IO . r, 10 .6 1071 1()~~ • . " IO. 0 Gs 63 G M &I', ti:! 1). " Hfi ii .a k(, •1 • :.: Sci .t.!O •• ~G 11 . :t I 1)2 I •I I 110~ 1118 trn 



• 

TABI..E 17-0VIPOSITION AND lilF'E Pfi:RI()D OF ADULTS O:F' SECOND GENERATION, OLNEY, 1915, 
A.ND WEATHER DUB.ING FIRST TSN DAYS AF'TER EMERGENCE OF MOTH 

-

Emerged. Died. Days lived. Number of eggs laid daily 1 to 8 days after emergence. 

Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Fe- 1 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total. male. 
~ --- -

A Aug. 16 Aug. 23 Aug. 25 6 9 I 
8 86 ug. 17 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. I • • • • • 

l( 21 ,, 20 ,, 30 Sept. 3 9 14 10 62 65 6 143 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

'' 23 '' 23 '' 30 Aug. 30 7 7 56 9 65 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • . . . . ' . ., 27 '' 27 Sept. 2 Sept. 3 6 7 4 - 9 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• . . ' . . .. ., 27 ,, 27 '' 3 '' 8 7 12 . . . .. . ,. . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,, 27 ,, 27 * '' 12 16 50 I 31 35 II • • • • • 2·3 139 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

ept. 5 • • • • • • • Sept.12 • • • • • • • 7 • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • 
' 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 
ept. 2 Sept. 2 '' 8 ,. 8 6 6 • • • • • . . . ., • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

CJ 7 ,, 7 t re 15 8 32 26 68 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 
'' 9 '' 9 Sept.14 '' 14 5 5 30 30 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . .. . . . • • • • • • • • • • 

'' 12 '' 12 ,, 15 '' 25 3 13 1 1 : • • • • j ••..• . . . . .. - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. ..... 
Total 60 36 19 112 128 139 14 23 531 

• Killed Sept. 5, by larva of lacewing fly. t Escaped. 

SUMMABY OF TABT,E 17 

Items. Max. 

Length of life of male moth in days ............................ • .. • .. • • . • • • • • • • · · · • • • • · · · · · · 
Length of life of female moth in days .................................. • . • • • · • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · 
Number of ·days from emergence till egg-laying begins ....................................... . 
Number ot days from emergence till egg-laying ceases ................................. • ..... . 
Egg-layi.ng perioo in days .......................................................... · , ... · · · · 

9 
16 

7 
9 
5 

Number of eggs laid by one· female ...................................................... • . • • 143 

• 
t:l. 

Cl 8 
i~ a ca-, -.-= 
~"O 

66.7 
64.6 
63.5 
'65.6 
65.6 
65.6 
• • • • • 
74.1 
78.0 
76.8 
70.3 

~fin. 

3 
5 
2 
3 
1 
1 

>,...; --- CIS c~ 
'0 c:i ·-> d ... 

. 5375 

.. 347 

.0105 

.008 

.008 

.008 

.038 

.0067 

.0367 

.0727 

I 
Av . 

6.1 
9.9 
3.7 
5.4 
2.6 

66.3 
• 



. 

'!'ABLE 18-0vl'.POS!TION AND LIFE PlJBJOO OF ADULTS OF S.00"0 G£NEBAT10N, OLNEY, 191 "• 
A.ND W !E.,VrHER O'OnlNO J!'lBST ,-EN DA Y8 AF'Tl:a ~[&,HOE.NOE o·E' FntA..LlE 

Died 
Adult Number ot eggs laid dolly .l to 12 da)'S troin dfl ce ot emergence. Emerged, period. 

M&lf' f'f!ma1e, M lllo, Female. Al Ir. I 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 I u 12 

I . 
73 . • ... I .... I 

Aug. IG Aug. 16 1 Aug. 20 1 Aug. 26 4 10 • • . • • ' I ' • . . . . . . I . . • . . . .. . . .. 
,, 22 ,. 22 •. 31 ,, 31 9 9 . . . . ' '. ' . . ' . . . . . . . . .. . •) ·1 ... . . ' . . ... .. . ' . 
•• 24 .. 24 j Sept. 2 Sept. 6 9 13 C4 .. .. I 28 ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. 2,1 .. 24 " 6 " 7 12 l•I .... 16 46 12 5 5 17 10 10 . . . . . .. ... .. 25 .. 26 " 5 " 4 11 10 32 . . . . . . .. . ' . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... .. 26 .. 26 .. 4 .. 5 9 10 6 9 I • • • . . . ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. ~7 ., 27 Aug. 31 .. 5 4 9 20 . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 28 " 28 ' Sept. 5 .. 21 I 24 24 . . . . • • e • . . . . ' . . . ... . . . ... ... ... ... . . . . .. 29 " 29 .. 5 .. 0 7 56 zo ' . . ' . . . . . . . .. . ... . .. ... . .. . . .. .. 30 .. 30 .. 3 " 10 4 11 5 I 10 . . . . .... . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .... 
" 30 .. 30 .. 3 " 9 4 10 19 . . . . ... . . ' ' .. . ... .. .. . ... . . . . .. 31 " 31 " 5 .. 5 i\ 5 •.. . 54 ... . . . .. . ... . .. ... . . . . . . . .. 31 .. 31 27 . . . . .. I ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . 

SeJ)l.11 Sept. 20 6 15 . ' . . ' . . . . . . ' . . . . . 5 . . 16 J 1 .. . . . . . .. SeJJL 5 S~t. 5 .. 6 .. 6 .. 15 .. 1'I 9 8 57 ··I ··· ············ . . . . . . . . . . ' . ... . . . . . . .. 9 .. 9 .. 12 .. 19 3 10 I 6 41 ...... 1 •• 1 •••• ' . . . .. ' ' ' . . ' ... . .. .. 11 .. 10 .. 21 11 37 ··I··--. . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . ,. 11 .. 11 .. 22 12 53 . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. 
" 1s I .. 

17 Sept. 24 1 ~~ta~: 17~1 . 9·; • j 1 ~: . 
. . . . . . ' . . . . . . 

' --·~ -
29 I 261 so 10 I 17 10 10 

smnu.ar or TA.BL£ 18 

It~ms. 

Length of life of ma.Je moth . ..... .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...... . 
Length of life of female motb .. ... .. . .. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . • . . . • . • .. . . . . . . . . .... 
N'umber of da)'s !rom emergence t, Ja.ylng llrst egg. ..... . . . . . . .. . . • . . . . . . .. .. ... ...• • 
Number or days !rom emergence to laylng last egg ...... • , . ... ................. ..... . ... . 
Egg-laying per iO<l, i n days .. . , ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . ... ·. • • . . . . . . . . • . . •.. 
Number ol eggs !aid by one female. . ...... .... .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . • . .... . . . 
Avera.ge mean dally temoerature ... ... .....• .... ......•... ........ •............ •.. . . 
Average dally humidity.. . ... ....... . . . . . , . . . . ...... , ................... • ... , . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . 
Average dally eva!)otatlon. In c.c .... ..... , ... . .......... , ................ .. : .... ... . 
Average dally rainfall, in inches .. , ... , ... , ... , ....... , . . ...... , ....... , ....... , .. 

. . . . . . . 

-
., >, 
=i;.:O, - . \ii,. - --• >, c-

Tolul -- ~s . ->• •' <-'I: -,:-" 

73 76.;; 80 
2 68.0 79 

92 68.3 81 
120 68.3 81 

32 68.3 81 
15 69.1 81 
20 70.2 80 
24 71,6 I 81 
75 72.5 82 
15 72.7 83 
19 72.7 83 
51 72.5 83 
27 72.5 8-3 
23 70.2 79 
57 67.4 78 
48 62.2 74 
37 61.0 71 
53 60.4 71 
19 61.5 70 -

805 

'Afax .. llln. 

12 3 
2~ 3 
8 1 

12 l 
10 1 

120 0 -72.7 60.4 
83 iO 
20.1 10.7 

.283 .0 

>, .. . 
-0"' ... •• "'" 
14.8 
13.2 
11.1 
11.1 
10.7 
11.8 
13.6 
13.1 
12.3 
12.2 
12.2 
11.8 
11.8 
13.6 
13.5 
15.2 
16.0 
17.5 
20.1 

I 

. 

..... =e "'~ "• 
«~ 

2 
5 
5 
5 
4 
1 

41 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 

00 
0 
0 
0 

,- A:,. 

6.13 
11.00 
4.1 
5.2 

42.3 
68.7 
i9.0 
l~.9 
17.4 



TABLE 19--Ltr&TUST011Y DATA. ON HlnEBNATINO CENP.kA'rJof--, Or..~SY. Ul15-IG 

Adult I Adult 

Length ot Ute periods, 
Loon• Larva •• :t'I. Larva left 8eL bate.bed, ·er-- pu,a.ted. ,emerg4.'.d. cJJ&CJ. .!I. :Id -d s~ 191G. 1915. 1 5. l 16, 1916. 1916. a.! •8 •to -" .; a t" • o !. .... -.s~ ~ll -.I ,~ • ~- " .., ., .. < 

F. June 3 JuneU. July 18 Apr. 19 Me.y 15 9 36 276 312 26 847 
J&. July 2 JUiy 11 Aug. 9 " 13 ., 11 May 21 9 29 248 277 28 314 9 
F. .. 2 .., 11 0 11 " 13 .. u II 2, 9 31 246 2.77 28 314 18 
M. .. 2 .. 11 .. 2 " lS .. 12 9 22 256 277 29 316" 
M. " 2 " 11 .. 7 .. 15 .. 18 9 27 252 279 28 316 
F . .. 2 " 11 .. 6 .. 16 " 14 9 25 255 280 28 817 
M. .. 2 .. 11 .. 9 .. 16 " 14 9 29 251 280 28 317 
M. .. 2 .. u " 10 .. 17 .. 14 9 30 261 281 27 317 
F. .. 2 .. 11 .. u .. 17 " 15 9 31 250 281 28 318 
M. .. 2 .. 11 .. 2 .. 17 " 16 9 22 269 281 28 318 
M. .. 2 .. 11 .. 11 .. 19 " 16 9 31 262 283 26 31.8 
F. .. 2 .. 11 " 7 .. 19 " 18 .. 21 9 27 256 283 29 :r21 7 
F . " 2 .. 11 .. 11 .. 24 " 20 9 31 267 288 26 323 
F . .. 2 .. 11 .. 9 .. 28 .. 21 '. 2' 9 29 263 292 23 324 6 .. 3 .. 13 .. 12 .. 28 " 21 10 30 260 290 23 323 .. 4 .. 18 .. 3 .. 19 9 21 260 281 

" 13 May 10 9 302 .. 7 .. 14 .. 17 Apr. 20 !\lay 17 7 84 247 281 27 315 
F . .. 8 " 15 .. 16 " 19 .. 15 7 32 247 279 26 3'12 
F. .. 8 .. 14 .. 9 .. 19 .. 21 6 26 316 7 
F . .. 8 .. 14 .. 14 .. 28 " 20 June 6 31 258 289 22 317 12 
F. .. 9 .. lo .. 18 .. 15 May2 6 278 27 311 10 
F . .. 9 .. 16 .. 18 May 7 " 26 June 7 as 263 296 19 322 11 
F . " 11 " 17 " 12 .. 7 .. 26 " 6 26 269 295 19 320 7 

M. " 13 " l?i " 18 Apr. 17 .. 14 6 30 2,IS 273 27 3'06 
F . " 13 " 21) .. 20 .. 18 " 14 May 21 7 31 242 273 26 806 6 
M. " 13 .. 1\ I Sept 3 .. 17 .. 14 " 2: 6 46 227 273 27 306 11 
M. .. l S " 19 Aug. 23 " 19 " 16 6 35 240 275 26 307 
F . .. 18 .. 19 ,, 21 .. 28 .. 21 6 33 251 284 23 313 
F . .. 14 .. 20 .. 26 " 23 .. 21 .. 21 6 36 242 278 28 312 7 
M . " 17 .. 24 " 27 " 17 .. 13 7 34 234 268 26 301 
M. " 17 . ' 24 SepL 3 " 14 .. 14 7 41 224 266 30 802 
M. .. 17 " 24 Aug.16 " 14 7 23 302 
M. ,, 17 .. 24 " 29 .. 18 " 14 7 36 233 269 26 302 
M. " 17 .. 25 .. 13 .. 19 •• 16 8 19 260 269 26 303 
M. " 17 " 24 " 29 .. 18 .. 16 7 36 233 269 27 308 
F. .. 17 " 24 .. 29 .. 19 .. 16 " 26 7 36 234 270 26 303 11 F . .. 1.7 " 25 .. 20 " 16 " 2 - 8 26 304 9 
M. " 17 .. 26 .. 18 .. 18 " 17 8 24 244 268 29 306 
M . " 17 " 26 .. 14 " 20 " 17 8 20 250 270 27 305 
F. .. 17 " 26 .. 16 " 24 " 18 .. 2, 8 22 252 274 24 306 8 
F . .. 17 .. 24 " 25 .. 20 .. 19 " 2• 7 32 239 271 29 3'07 7 
F. .. 17 .. 26 .. 14 .. 22 " 20 .. 2, 9 19 252 271 28 308 6 F. " 17 . ; 25 .. 18 " 25 . ' 21 8 24 251 276 26 309 .. 20 .. 28 Sept. 9 .. 22 .. 20 8 43 226 269 28 305 
F. " 20 " 28 " 9 .. 22 .. 20 .. 26 8 43 226 269 28 305 6 
?.t " 22 .. 29 .. 9 .. 17 .. 14 7 42 I 221 263 27 297 
ir. " 23' .. 29 .. 8 .. 19 .. 16 6 41 224 265 26 297 
F. ,, 23 .. 29 " G .. 20 .. 19 .. 28 6 39 227 266 29 301 9 
l\f. .. 23 .. 29 Aug .18 " 21 " 20 6 20 247 267 29 302 

M. " 23 " 29 Sept. 8 " 24 .. 20 6 41 229 270 26 302 
F . .. 23 .. 29 Aug. 27 .. 26 .. 22 6 29 242 211 27 304 
F . .. 23 .. 29 Sept. 13 " 29 .. 22 .. 24 6 46 229 276 23 304 2 .. 28 .. 29 .. 12 .. 20 6 45 221 266 
M. .. 24 ., 30 " 1 .. 13 . ' 11 6 33 226 258 28 292 
?,i, .. 24 .. 30 Aug. 28 •• 13 .. 13 6 29 229 25"8 30 294 
M. " 24 " 30 Serit. 1 .. 16 .. 14 6 as 228 261 28 295 
F. .. 24 .. 30 .. 7 .. 19 .. 16 .. 29 6 39 226 264 26 296 14 
F. .. 24 .. 29 Aug. 29 .. 20 .. 19 June 2 6 30 236 265 29 300 14 

M . .. 24 " 30 Sept. 16 .. 21 .. 19 6 48 218 266 28 300 
F . .. 24 .. 30 .. s .. 28 .. 20 May 26 6 35 238 273 22 301 6 .. 24 .. 30 .. 1 .. 24 6 33 236 269 
M. " 25 " 31 .. 9 .. 18 .. 15 6 40 222 262 27 295 
F. .. 25 .. 31 .. 23 .. 18 .. 15 .. 26 6 •• 208 262 27 295 10 
F. ,, 26 .. 31 .. 11 .. 20 6 42 300 
F . " 25 .. 31 " 19 May 10 .. 27 June 2 6 50 234 284 17 307 6 
:i.t .. 28 Aug. 3 .. 13 Apr. 16 .. 14 6 41 216 257 28 291 
F . .. 28 .. 2 .. 7 .. 18 .. 15 May 2 s 36 224 260 27 292 10 
F. .. 28 .. 3 .. 11 .. 19 .. 17 .. 21 6 39 I 221 260 28 294 8 
F . .. 28 .. 3 .. 8 .. 20 " 19 .. 21 6 36 226 261 29 296 7 .. 28 .. 2 .. 11 .. 21 5 40 223 263 

.M. .. 28 .. 2 .. 18 . ' 24 .. 20 .. 21 5 47 219 266 26 297 G 
" 28 .. 3 •• 9 .. 25' 6 37 229 266 

.M. .. 28 .. 3 May 4 .. 23 6 19 soo 
Jt. .. 28 .. 3 .. 12 .. 5 .. 23 6 40 236 276 18 300 
F . .. 28 .. 2 " 12 Apr. 28 .. 24 5 41 229 270 26 301 
F. .. 28 .. 3 .. 14 May 7 .. 26 Junell 6 42 236 278 19 303 16 

M. .. 28 .. 3 .. 14 . ' 7 .. 26 6 42 236 278 19 303 
M. .. 28 .. 2 " 16 .. 10 .. 27 1'lay 3( 6 45 237 282 17 304 ii 
M. .. 30 .. 6 .. 8 Apr. 14 .. 13 7 33 219 252 29 288 
F. .. 30 .. C " 15 " 14 .. 14 .. 2·5 7 40 212 252 30 289 11 
M. .. 3'0 .. 6 .. 8 " 16 .. 14 7 33 221 264 28 2$9 
M . .. 30 .. 6 .. 8 " 19 .. 15 .. 25 7 33 22'1 267 26 290 10 
F . .. 30 .. 6 " 19 ,, 16 '' 2 7 26 290 11 .. 30 .. 6 " 11 .. 17 " 16 7 36 219 205 29 291 
F. " 30 " 6 .. 15 .. 18 .. 16 .. 21 7 40 216 266 28 291 9 

?.! . " 80 " 6 .. 7 .. 19 .. 17 7 32 225 257 28 292 
F. .. 31 .. 7 .. 13 .. 19 " 16 '' 26 7 37 219 256 27 290 9 
F. Aug. 8 .. 16 " 12 .. 19 " 16 .. 25 8 27 220 247 26 281 10 
M. " 8 .. 16 .. 16 .. 19 .. 16 8 30 217 247 27 282 
l>J. " 8 

,, 16 " 18 " 20 " 19 8 33 215 248 29 2$6 
?,{, .. 8 .. 16 .. 13 " 23 .. 19 8 2S 22~ 251 26 286' 
F. .. 8 .. 16 .. 17 " 18 .. 20 .. 28 7 as 214 247 32 286 s 
lit " 8 " 15 .. JI " 30 " 21 7 27 232 259 21 287 
F, .. 8 " 16 .. 19 May 8 " 26 s 34 232 266 18 292 

" 13 .. 21 .. 17 Apr. 16 8 27 211 238 .. 13 . , 21 . ' 17 I .. 17 8 27 213 240 
F. .. 18 " 2] .. 19 .. 20 " 18 . ' 26 8 29 214 243 28 279 8 
M. .. 13 " 22 .. 15 .. 19 .. 19 .. 26 9 24 217 241 30 280 6 
Ii'. " 22 Se1>t. t " 28 .. 21 " 19 June 5 11 26 206 232 28 271 17 

" 22 .. 2 " 20 ~I ILY 1 ll 18 224 242 .. 22 .. 2 " 27 .. 6 11 26 226 261 
" 22 .. l .. 28 •• 9 10 27 224 261 

M. " 22 Aug. 29 .. 24 Apr. 17 " 14 7 ~6 206 232 27 266 .. 22 " 31) .. 26 .. 13 .. L4 8 26 20J 227 :n 266 .. 22 Sepl. Z " 2~ .. 21 11 27 206 232 .. 2• " r, .. 1.9 " 16 12 2~7 27 266 .. 24 .. G .. 20 .. 19 12 228 29 269 .. 2• .. 5 May 4 .. 23 12 242 19 :!7S 
" Z• .. u .. 10 12 218 I SepL, • " 10 " 0 6 

' . . 
ft\J~MAJl\" fllt" T .AOU 10 

I I I l .IDl<V ''"••• I"'"' l..ilU"\'A lu l,-(11'\' IJ In roftrYa, r1up11 un:.C J)UP•· ':,.f(. rrult f'Oc.!OO U, 

I - - ·1· i~- - . - a, J d 1-,••rl(td .... ' I r•~,r•l 9(J P t,rl<ld P 4'1 rJod 't>< r10t1 . er O N(J Ill 
"No lo N o In r,tc,. In N o. h1 No, O d•J'• 

_ . 0•7 • • flA.J'•· •;IA)'• lllJ'•• d•.f• • _ ' 

M . \ •• \.,,, I .,, o•.• •, •••·• / ., I ~•6·• 1 •• 1 •O.G I ,,. ••o.s I 11"* -410 ?. 1 • tt au o ", 237 11 ,1:: 211.a .... .26.8 •o :-ro4,3 
U .1«1* ~!I H,8 H l a I . J LI'! !120 0 :.l# SIGG~O 8 i:fl,l t '-4 38tUf 

M .. ir. 11 1 ., d JOI o:u) 0 8 :;w:, o I OIJ 1:W0:.'1 0 .f .:.I ii 2 IJ? :1oo s 

4du1t'. / 

/ ''•"···1··· No. Ju 
d11.r•. ---- -· I ··· I 85 9.1 

4 I 8.tt 

.s. .. ... 
.,; ~! 

"~": - 0 l!.!l: o-~ f<-c. 

8211 
827 

328 

330 

323 
329 
322 
3:r2 
827 

312 
317 

:119 

3H 
313 

314 
314 
314 

311 

310 

306 

310 
314 

307 

305 

313 

302 
302 
303 

302 

319 

307 

300 

800 
301 

300 

299 
291 

294 

287 
286 
288 

- . 

'l'ot• I ll(u 
period. 

!'-

,0 

6 
3 
5 

7 
1 
7 
5 
5 
2-
7 
5 

1 
5 
1 
5 
;2 
1 
3 
6 
8 
,2 
8 
9 
9 
7 
5 
3 ,. ·• 6 
8 
3 
3 
6 
5 
0 
5 
3 
5 
5 
6 
,1 

61 

6 
0 
1 
5 
3 
5 
6 
8 
6 :s 
5 
7 
7 
6 
5 
5 
0 
5 
5 
7 
,1 
,5 
6 
5 
6 
6 
2 
l 
6 
9 
:9 
7 
3 
,6 
:5 
7 
3 
s 
7 
6 
6 

66 
83 
:t6 
5'6 
3 

.No Ju I rertod 
J•J• . . -,, I 800.t) :u; s10.:1 

•r I 6 1,1. 1 



!: .... ,. ' 
• ••-'"'- • • ....... !,f ·-•-

i . -: .e. -:~ • l • 
:::?! !".i , 

-:·- ! ' I . ;,.t:t. 
, r 

' 
!':ii ,f•l

1 
l ' • ' = .... , 
! ! ........ ........ i•i • t!IH; • : 

i • .:,: • • . ' 
'!::;;:: Ml• ........ ,1 
=-~~ ' I; 

Uli {,! u • 
= •= • 

•• ,-•• ~1 
• .. _:_ it! .. 
! •• iii Jj ·= 

.. :,;. ... a; .. :( .. 
t '"•,: ' 'i. ' ' ' ' ' ' : ' 'Z 'i ' ' ' : ' '·' ' • • ' •' ' ' • ' ' ' ·! i ' ' 

,.,.;.~:: ...... :!SVt8U~"!!~~~$-, .. ,1:iU!?t.t.t<~~S'i!~~U~:#t.tt: :.: :t;~~;_; .. >t·:!;:i~;:~~;;;i=::::'1tl!:n!~~ 

t::: •• 

.. 
• 

;. '--i••:; =~ti ... 

" 

...... ::;;;: 

... • 

iiii! 

•·•·•• •·•••·• .. ••11••••••••• .. ••••r•••••·,.••••• i:;; ;;: :z:S .. ::u;S'-8:ra :: .... -c .. i:. ..... i ... =t::i·:i. .. .. :cn. ~& .... ;;;.,:i: 

•• •• ..... . . ; 

,f 
!JfJ !:1 !t :::.: it l!:H'i" i ~:.;:; 

=~ • • 

. : : . 
:;.; oat= :;:;;. 

........ ---

• 'li 
:;;;:;;:;:It;::!:.~:;;;.,.-.~ .. :;:ta~ .. PIIU: ;a:~ 

• ·~ lt. :.t~iJ !! l:!Jt;; e t )A :t tt!n_t; ;,; ;J;: 

.... .... ., 

........ 
z;c::;: 

,.,. .... 
~;!;;~ 

••• ... 
-=::~Hti:S§•• ......... ii; ....... 

=· 

-·• ·--;:ts 

t.o ... 1 • ·-· ....... , .. ... , , ... .. 
, ... 

• • : • 
f 
! 
! 
I 
[ 
• 

11 
- Ii ! ! 
' i • i; t • > ; 
I • • ! ., 



• 

TABLE 21-0v1.rosmo.N ru.w Lol'E P&LUO.O OF A»u1.T$ 011' TB.E H.m&BNATING GENEJ~TION, 191:;,. 
\VJTlcl CLt»U.TJO DATA roJ.t FIJIST TEN DA Y6 AP'l"P=n E~rnnGEN"OE OF FEl,tAJ,E -~--

• .. .2 Ltte ·ontc emeraed. Date of death. Nnmber ot cggfl la.tel dB11Y" l to 1.5 tlarts a.ttcr emnrgence. 
perh>d. " ., -.;; ...., >,< :;:;; ---- .,_ . 

~r... -o . .,_ 
""' -j ·= -::a ... ., ' -. " .. ' . 

MaJc.. 1' .... tmo le. Male. Female, M, E'. l 2 s • 161Bl7 8 U I 1~ I 13 I H I 1'1 9 10 ? .... ,<-= >e .. < < . 

1\.-(.ay ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
" .. 
" .. .. .. .. 
" " 
" " .. .. .. .. 
" " .. .. 
" " ., . , 
" " .. .. .. " .. .. .. .. .. .. 
" " 
" " 
" " 
" " 
" " 
" " .. .. .. . ' .. 
.. 

--

31 May 3 r,,ray 13 . . . . . .. 10 ... , 
3 .. 3 " 13 ~fay 14 10 11 
6 " 5 . ' 14 9 . ' . . . .. .. 
5 .. . . . . ' . ' . . . . . ' . .. . ' . . 

17 .. 17 .. ~6 .. 31 9 14 
17 .. 17 June l 15 . . . . . . . .. 
17 .. 17 .. 10 .. 24 24 .. 
17 .. 17 ~ray 29 Jun& 5 12 19 
17 • • 17 .. i .. 10 18 24 
17 .. 17 ....... . . . . . . . .. .. 
17 " 17 Jone i ~fay 27 21 10 
17 .. ) 7 ' .. ' ... .. 28 .. 11 
17 .. 17 ....... June 9 .. 23 
17 • 17 Mil)' 2R JI-fay 26 9 9 
17 .. 17 I .. 20 June.:? 12 16 
17 , .. 17 .Tune •I 18 . . . . . . . .. 
18 .. 18 1 May 24 l\fay 28 6 10 
18 .. JS .. 29 June 7 11 20 
18 .. 18 1,June 7 ....... 20 .. 
18 . .. 18 "1May28 14 10 
18 .. 18 " 5 . ' .. ' . . 18 .. 
18 .. 18 .. 7 20 . . . . . . . " 

18 .. JS c May 31 June 17 13 30 
18 .. 18 I ....... . . . . . . . .. .. 

17 • 17 Mar Zli May iH> :, 1 
17 .. 17 j " 20 June 2 12 16 
17 , .. 17 .Tune •I ....... 18 .. 
18 .. 18 1 May 24 l\fay 28 6 10 
18 .. JS .. 29 June 7 11 20 
18 .. 18 1,June 7 ....... 20 .. 
18 . .. 18 " 1 May 28 14 10 
18 .. 18 " 5 . ' .. ' . . 18 .. 
18 .. 18 .. 7 20 . . . . . . . " 

18 .. JS c May 31 June 17 13 30 
18 .. 18 I ....... . . . . . . . .. .. 
18 .. 18 .. - .... . . . . . . .. .. 
21 .. 21 June 4 Jun& 7 14 17 
21 .. 21 .. 4 14 . . . . . . . .. 
18 .. 18 ....... . . . . . . .. .. 
21 .. 21 June 4 Jun& 7 14 17 
21 .. 21 .. 4 14 . . . . . . . .. 
26 .. 20 .. 10 15 ' . . . . . . . ' . 
28 .. 28 " 10 13 . . . . . . . .. 26 .. 20 .. 10 15 ' . . . . . . . ' . 
28 .. 28 " 10 13 . . . . . . . .. 
28 .. 28 .. 10 " 15 13 18 
30 " 30 " 7 " 7 8 8 
30 " 30 " 7 " 26 8 27 
30 " 30 " 7 .. 9 8 10 
30 •• 30 .. 9 .. 10 10 12 

28 .. 28 .. 10 " 15 13 18 
30 " 30 .. 7 " 7 8 8 
30 " 30 " 7 " 26 8 27 
30 " 30 " 7 .. 9 8 10 
30 •• 30 " 9 " 10 10 12 
31 " 31 " JO .. 9 11 9 31 " 31 " JO .. 9 11 9 
31 .. 31 .. 9 .. 8 9 s 
31 " 31 . ; 11 " 11 11 11 
9 .. 9 .. 22 .. 22 13 13 

10 .. 10 " 21 .. 26 11 16 
11 .. u .. 21 .. 22 10 11 .. 11 ... ... . .. 28 17 .. .. .. 19 .. 21 7 12 

' ·1 1 I s 41 1 . . . 9 , 20 . . . 15 7 ... . . . ... . • • I .... ... 
.. . 26 1. .. 2 l 9 16 2 1 ... . .. ... ... .. . . . ... 

.. .. .. : : : : : : . . . . . . ... ... ... . .. .. . ... ... 
. , . . . . 30 .. . ... .. . .. . ... .. . 

.. . ... .. . 14 1 ... . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . • • • I • • • ... . .. 
I 

I I ' ... I ... 34 3 . ' . .. . .. .. . . .. ... .. . .. . .. . ... ... 
I 

... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 22 4 
3 .. I 6 ... .. , .. , ... ... ... 

I 
I 39 25 8 h 23 ... 1 ... 1• " 1"" • ' I ' • . . . ... . .. ... .. ' 

: : 
". " . .. . .. . 5 28 6 . . 17 11 .. . . . . ... ... .. . . . . 

... ... ... 5& 5 26 16 .. . • • • I • • • .. .. . ... ' • • I • • • ... 
I 

.. . .. . .. . .. . . .. 22 ... .. . ... . .. . .. .. . • • • I • • • • • • .... 
' • .. . ". .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . 73 .. . ... .. . . .. ... .. . .. . ... 

.. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 1 ... .. . .. . .. . .. . 
' . . . ' . . . .. . .. . . .. 58 " . ... ... .. . . .. ". . . . . . . . . - . . .. 

l 46 7 .• ' 26 • . . . . .. " . . .. . .. • • • I • • • ... ... 
13 .. . ... .. . .. . " . . " .. . .. . ... .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . ... .. . .. . . " 88 .. . ... .. . . " ... ... .. . ... ... . .. ... 

.. . ... 1 5 31 25 ... . .. .. . " . .. . ......... -- ·1 --· 32 3 56 9 ... .. . 13 .. · 1... . .. 
3 47 ... .. . 48 3 2 ... ::: I::: I::: l ::: '::: ... . .. I 
1 ... 

32 .. . 
1 .. . .. . .. . .. . 

.. . . . . .. 

.. . 
32 1 21 

l 12 .. .. . 
12 ... 
9 .. . 

. .. .. . 

.. . 48 .. . .. . . . . ... . .. ... • • 2 

.. . . .. ... ... . . . . . .. . ' . ' . . . ... .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . ... . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 

. . 13 3 30 .. . : : : I · 4 ::: 1 .. ·I 2
1 

6 -~I--~ 3 7 . . . . . . . . ' 

25. 3 I : 64 69.6 , 62.6 
&5 59.6 62.5 25. 3 . 
23 62.0 161.5 24. 2 • 
30 62.0 51.6 24.2 l. 

60.8 81.l 24. 2 • 
15 60.8 . 81.1 10.9 . I so.8 I 81.1 10.9, . 

60.8 81.l 10.9 . . 
37 60.8 81. 1 10.9 

60.8 81.l 10.9

1

. 
60.8 81.1 10. 9 . as , eo.8 181.1 I 10.s 
60.8 81.1 10.9 
60.8 81.1 10.9 

LOO 60.8 81.1 10.9 
60.8 81.l 10.9 
61. 7 81.3 10.9 

67 61.7 81.3 6.5 
61.7 81.3 6 . 5 
61.7 81.3 6.5 

100 61.7 81.3 6.5 
61.7 81.3 6.5 
61.7 81.3 6 . 5 

22 l s1.1 81.3 I 6.5 
161.7 81.3 6.5 

73 63.0 83.6 &. 7 
l 63.0 83.6 6.7 

58 64.1 85.2 6. 4 
80 67.l O,t.., • • 
13 67 .1 
88 66.9 
62 66.9 

ll2 166.9 

5 
5 

5 
5 
5 

153 66 . 9 - - -· ____ 5 
l 

113 
13 
85 
14. 
18 

12 12 I 
•• 12 . ...... .. 24 .. 12 •. , ... , .. !?4 

.. 12 · .. 12 
47 

67.0 81.1 111.6 .204 
67 .0 81.l 11.6 .204 
67 .0 81.l ..... 204 
71.3 77 .o 14.9 .085 
72.4 77.1 15.2 . 155 
72.6 79.0 14.2 .282 
72.6 179.0 1L2 .282 
72.6 79.0 14.2 1 .282 

46 1 14 1 25 . .. 3 ... 3, .. · J_j· .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . 138 :2.6 79.0 113.1 -~82 
, I 12.6 79.0 14..2 . • 82 r,;;;-- c:-:------ ----

Totals 91 1 - -- I 186 I 366 249 128 205 I 100 I 79 1 8 I 30 I 2 I 6 1 I 5 I 1570 ' 
. I 

SO'M:MAB'i OF TABLE 2 1 

Hems. 

Length ot lite of male In days .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. 
Length or lite ol female In days . . . . . . . . . 
Number of days from emergence till laying ol first eggs. 
Number or days from emergence till laying or last eggs . . 

. . . . . ... .. . . . 
. . ' . . .. . 

Egg-laying pert<><I, ln days. . ... ... . ..... , . . .. .. .. • .. . ............ . .... .. 
Number or eggs laid by one female. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Max. ' M.to 

~4 6 . 24 8 . 12 l 
15 3 
s 1 

153 1 

I .-\.\'", 

12.S 
14.3 
4.3 
7.5 
4 .2 

35.7 



TABLE> 22-0Hl'0811'TON -'-''<D Ln,'& PEBIOD OF HWEal'IATlNO 0Ct<&J<ATION, OLNEY, 1916, 
WlTB. CI..J'MA1tl0 DAT.A FOR YlRS-'.1' TEN DAYS At"Tfilt EMEl'.I.GENOE OF FmtALE 

- -
Elmerged. .OJtd. Adult Nun1ber ot ('ggtl IA.Id daU.v 1 to 11 auylii after e.u,ergence. i 

period. = 0 !:J • !l !l: . I ,.~ _., - .... I G.> ~ :,.. .0- • ,,: Cl._ _ a- ~s ~-
.\lftlP, fl"emnle. °Mtlle. F't-mBle. ij t 2 3 4 Ii O 7 8 :> 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tl"lht. ,;,.-~ t.: ,E :.::£ ,;~ 

.... /f ~ •..,~ ~; ... .. - - _. _ _..,,._.:.____,.__ 
I ' I I I May ll May 11 May 20 lifay 24 9 13 .............. j . .. .. . 2 ........ . I... .. . .. . .. . ... .. . 2 61.2 68 19.0 

" 13 " 13 " 19 June 9 6 27 .. . , .. . ..... , .. . .. . .. .. • 1 ... [. .. . .. .. . 3 .. . 3• 7 63.6 69 19.3 
" 13 " 13 " 23 ,, May 27 10 l4 33 .......... , l .. , .. ... , • , ..... , ... , • . ... .. .. . 34 63.6 69 19.3 
.. 14 " 14 " 20 " 20 6 6 .. • I • .. .. • 2 . . . .. . . .. .. ·, . .. .. • 1 .. • .. • .. • .. • • • .. • 2 63. 2 69 l 7. 6 , 
" 14 " Joi " 26 " 25 11 11 .. . 1 ..... . 3 S 10 .... 1 , ...... , ... .. ... ... ... ... 21 63.2 69 17.6 , 
.. 15 .. 15 ' .. 26 .. 21 11 12 ............. 

1 
...... 2 ......... , ................. 263.9 6s20.2 • 

"15 "15 "25 "25 10 10 ....... 63 9 _ 17 40 7 ...... , .. , .. :, , .. , .. ,1 .. , ... 13663.9 6820.2 
"15 "16 "25 "25 10 10 ........... 11 43 6 .......... ... , .............. . 6063.9 6820.2 1 
.. 15 .. J5 .. 25 " 26 10 tl 1 · .. . . 1 4 .. . 11 .......... , .. . . .• .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . 16 63.9 68 20.2-
.. 16 " 15 " 25 " 29 10 10 . .. . .. . 8 .. . 6 2 . .............. , .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . 15 63.9 68 20.2 
" 15 " 15 " 2.6 " 26 10 10 .. .. . .. . .. . 4 29 2 4 .. , . .. . .. .. . . .. .. • . .. .. . . .. 39 63 .9 68 20. 2 
.. 16 " 16 " 26 ' " 25 10 10 .. .. . .. . 10 34 9 .. . .. .. . .. . .. , . .. .. • .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 53 63. 9 68 20. 2 
" 14 " 15 " 25 1 ,. 25 11 JO ........ 61 16 16 ... 3 ...... '" I"· '··· ... ... ... ... 3 63.9 68 20.2 
" 15 " LS " 26 " 26 11 11 ........ 51 16 . 16 ... ~2 17 ... , ...... : ........... . .. 122 63.9 68 20.2 1 
"17 " 17 "25 "25 8 S 19 6 6 3 ....... '" I "• ..... , ..... . ...... 33 68.1 69 21.5 
" 19 " 18 " 26 " 26 7 8 .. .. . . .. ... 3 . .. .. .. .. ... . .. . .. ... .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 3 69.6 72 20 . 5 
" 19 " 19 " 26 j " 26 6 7 .. ... 2 ............... ....... • ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 2 71.l 74 18.4 
" 2• " 1° " •• 6 S S .. " ··· 1 ·· ... . ....... ' .... . .. ... ... ... . . .. . ... ... ... .. '71 . 1 '74 18.4 
.. 19 .. 19 12 13 . . . . . . . . ._.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . .. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1s.4 
.. 19 .. 19 6 6 . 1 21 17 .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .

1
... .. . 89 18.4 

•. 19 " 19 I 6 7 . .. . 42 46 19 .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. • 1 .. .. • I .. . .. . .. . 107 18, 4 
•. 19 .. 19 I 6 6 , . . . . . 32 30 5 . . . ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 1 18 4 
" 20 .. 20 11 8 . . . . . . . . . . 42 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. 3 
.. 20 I .. 20 ., 6 5 . 37 1 23 . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . ., . .. . .. . .. ' I". I 17. 3 I .. •o " •o 5 13 1 • ., .. . l . .. ···I·•· ... ....... j •.• ••• •••• •.••• , " 21 1 " 21 I •• uue 

" 29 M:ay 28 
" 26 June 2 

s J ... ... ,:. 1 71.5 1 76 11'1.3 
54 11. 4 I 1s 118. a 
12 71.4 76 18.3 

.. 21 .. 21 .. 23 .. 23 
" 26 .. 26 

June 2 .. 7 .. 5 " 2 .. 26 .. 26 .. 3 .. 6 .. 27 .. 26 .. 8 . .. 9 . ' 28 " 28 .. 28 .. 28 
.. 14 " 14 .. 2 .. 9 

" 29 .. 29 " 11 .. 22 .. 31 .. ~1 .. 9 .. 14 
Jnne 3 .Tun e 3. ' . . . . . . ' . . . . ' ' .. ¼ .. 4 .. 13 .. 27 

" 6 .. 6 '. 7 7 
.. 19 .. 19 .. 23 1 .. 22 

" 8 .. 8 " 22 .. 22 .. 10 .. 10 .. 15 .. 16 
.. l.6 " 28 .. 21 . . . . . .. .. 15 .. 14 .. 16 " 11 
.. 29 " 23 I .. 20 .. 24 

• :1 e~gs let() June G. 

Jteml[I 

1 .. 1 ... 1 
54 ... 

5 12 . . . . . . . . . . · 1 ·.. 5 
10 15 . . . . 4 . . . . .. I ... 
10 7 .. 37 
8 11 .. 10 ... ... .. 

12 14 .. ... 4 33 ... 6 
17 17 .. .. 15 23 .. , 
5 12 .. ... . . . .. 7 

13 24 .. .. . 3 ' .. .. . 
9 14 .. ... . .. ... .. . ... ... 12 
9 23 .. • ' • f • • • ... 

13 14 .. • • • I • • ' ... .. . 
16 16 .. ···J··· ... 5 
14 14 .. ... ... 37 12 

6 18 ..... ... .. . .. . .. . 
9 .. ... ···1··· ... l HI 9 .. .. 27 ... ... 3 

4 13 -2.L I . . . . , • . . 
Totals 34 86 I 255 I 300 201 , 159 

• • • I• • • • 
• . • I• . • • 7 
• • • 1• • 

• • • I• • • • ... 
• • • I• • .. 
• • • ! • • • • 

• • • I• • • • 

5 11 65 
• • • I• • • • .. . .. ... 
• • • I• • • • 

10 21 I .. . ... ... ' . . 
• • • I• • • • 
151 11 

• • • I• • • • ... 
•••I•••• ... I 

... 
·I 

. . . .. .. I • 
• 

• 

I 

. . 

. .. 
2 

.. 
' . 

. . 

. 
1 

4 71.4 1 75 17 .9 
37 68.3 77 14.1 
10 68.3 1 77 14.1 
,12 68.3 77 14.1 
38 66 . 4 77 15.1 

7 66.4 ' 77 15. l 
47 65.6 1 74 17.3 
71 65. 2 I 75 18 , 0 
12 6-1.9 75 17 .;; 

... ,.... ••• ••• , 1, - , ••••.••• 

2 66.6 76 17 .o 
12 66.0 76 17.4 

5 66.3 74 16.8 
75 66.9 76 15.7 

l 67. 7 77 13 . 9 
1 67,1 7.g 13 .5 

30 67 .3 79 13.4 
2 67 .8 78 14.2 ·-- _ ,. __ -~I~ -~~I~~.~,::: 1 1 .. 1343 

SU)t"MA.RY OF TABLE 22 

7 
7 • 
7 
7 • 
7 
7 • 
7 
7 
7 
7 
8 
0 
8 
8 
8 
g 
g 
8 
2 
2 

.332 

. 30, 

.307 

.326 

.329 

.329 

.329 

.558 

.558 

.350 
,347 
.293 
.293 
.305 
.085 
.097 
.168 
.358 
.373 
.294 

Max. }tl11. ... 
IA,ngtb of Ute of male moth in days . . 
Length of life or female moth ln days, .. 
Number ot days from emergence to laying of first e-ggs. 
Number o[ days from emergence to laying ol last eggs, 
Egg-laying period, In days. . . . . . . . . . . 
Number of eggs la ld by one female .. 
Average mean dally temperature. 
A.verage <!ally bumlc.lty . ................. ... . ........ .. 
Average dally evaporation In e. c.. .. .. . . • .. . .. .. .. . .. 
Average ~lally r ainfall. In Inches. , . . . . , . 

. . . . ' . . . 
. . . . 

' ' . . . . . . . 
. . . . ' ..... ...... . 

' ..... ' ... . ' . . ' ' . . . . . ' 

... 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 

.. ' . ' .... . ' . . . . . . . . ' . ' 

17 4 9 .2 
!?7 5 11.9 
17 l 5, 
23 2 6.9 

• 

. . . . . 

14 1 2.9 
136 1 30.6 
71.6 61. Z 67.1 
79 68 73.2 
13.4 I 21.5 17.74 

.658 .067 23 l 

191 -



Motba e.wcrged. Motb8 died , 

TABLE 23-0vu•OSJTION AND Len PE:11.IOD oo, HroEB,NA'l'INO Gmn,taTION, OUOOY, 1917, 
6.t'-'°D 0LD(AT10 DATA l'OR Ji'J:BST TF..N DAYS Al"l'EB Elafl!:RGENOO OF F'&MALE 

Adult pe.rlod, Number of egg$ lnld daily 1 to 16 days from dt1.te ot emergcocr 

--
c:i, 

=a ... ::, ><:: :i:l :=,o =-: - ~ ..: .... . I ii - a~ 
.!i • 16 'l'ou.l. "'s -;1 ,;- .., .!! , 3 4 7 s 9 10 u 12 rn 1'I lfi t.:~ ••• . > .~ 

.,{" , " >Q ... Male, fl'cn,ale, Male. Fr>male -,, E • :.. 
I .. ., 

. 
M11Y 19 May 19 .... ... , .June 3 I. .... 15 24 32 . . , . . . 31 .. ...•. 1 9 1- : •···1 . . . • .. . :: : I::: I::: s6 s 2.1 l 12.3 11.3 . 20s 

" 20 " 20 : June 5 •· 5 16 16 ... 25 . . . '" .. ······ .. 6 . :'l "' ··· · ·· ··· 35 61.4 173 . 3 9.9 .210 

" 21 " 21 May 30 " 9 9 I l ! .. . ' .. . .. .. . . . . 11 , , · I · ·, · · J J •, , .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. 14 61.4 73.9 11.4 .27~ 

"21 " 21 "29 .. 4 8 H ' .. ... .. . ... 10 . .. . . 2 ..• · .• .. .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . 12 61.•1 173 .9 11. 4 .278 

" 21 " 21 . ..... . " 9 ' . . .. 19 41 7 • • • • I 1 4.9 61 . 4 73,9 11.4 1 .278 .. . . .. ... ... . . . . " ... . .. ... ... ... .. . 
" 20 " 21 M.ay 30 ~fa)' 30 10 n 26 11 37 61.4 73.9 11.4 .278 

' . ' . .. ... ... . . . . ... . . ... ' .. .. . .. . ... " . . . . 
.. 20 .. 21 ,June 3 Jun-e 12 14 22 33 1 I 7 54 61.4 73.9 11.4 .278 

' .. .. . .. . .. ' .. . ' . . " ' .. . " ... . . . ' .. . . . 
.. 24 .. 24 .. 1 " s 8 15 2 .... 2 63.8 177.3 11.s l .457 .. " . . . . .. . . .. ... ... . " . " .. . ... .. . ... .. . 
" 24 .. 24 .. 5 " 5 12 12 32 32 63.8 77 .3 11.8 457 

". . " .. . .. . .. . .. ... . . .. . .. . .. . . . . • • • I • • • " . .. 24 " 24 .. 4 " 8 11 15 1 . . . 1 63.8 77 .3 11.8 . 457 .. . .. . ... . .. ... ". . .. I ... . .. .. . ... '"j'" .. . 
" 24 " 24 " 5 " s 12 15 11 11 63. 8 77.3 11.8 .467 . " . . .. . ... .. ' ... • . " . ... .. ' . " .. . ... . . . . . . . . . .. 26 " 25 " 3 .. 5 9 ll 38 21 . .. 16 • • • I • • • 75 64. 2 78,6 11.8 .457 ... .. . .. . ' . ' . .. ... . .. .. . ... .. . I .. 25 .. 25 " 8 .. 5 14 11 48 ... 48 64.2 78.5 11.8 . 457 

• • I • • • ... " ' .. ". .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. 
.. 26 " 25 18 . .. 18 64.2 78.5 11.8 .457 

' . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . .. . . ' . . • • • I • • ' .. ". . . . ., ... . . . ... . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. 25 .. 25 
J'."'." .. I "~-~ . 8 13 7 41 9 2} .. 1 78 64. 2 78 . 5 11.8 .457 ... .. . .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... . .. ... ... .. 25 .. 25 6 6 64.2 78.5 11.8 .457 .. .. . ... .. . ... ... ' .. .. . ' .. .. .. . .. . ... , ... .. . . .. . .. ... .. 29 " 29 June l June 9 3 11 6 .... 9 .. . .. . 16 67.8 76.2 12.2 ... ... . . . ' . ' ... . ' . . . .. . . .. .. . ... .528 .. 28 .. 29 .. 8 .. 11. 11 13 43 27 70 67.8 76.2 12.2 .52S .. . ... . .. ... ' . ' . . . . ... . . . . . ' . . . ... .. . .. . .. . .. 4 ... 4 67 .8 76 .2 .. . " . . .. .. . ... 12.2 .528 

" 28 " 29 13 16 . . . . ... .. . ' ' " . .. ' ... .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . 
June 8 J une 6 ,Ju.ne 13 1 •· 13 5 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ... ' • • • I • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • .. . , .. ... ... 9 68.5 75.4 14.8 .188 

" 5 " 6 i. 13 " 15 8 10 . . . 69 28 . . . . . . 55 . . . "' . .... . 156 68.5 75. 4 1.4.8 .188 
.. 6 " 6 •. j 21 " 14 . " .. .. . . . 39 .. . . . . 56 . . . . . . .. . .. . ... ... 95 66.2 75 .4 14.7 .17 

.. . .. . . " 22 64.8 75.1 16.0 1 .17 ... ,o 9 " 9 " 17 H 23 •, , , , •, , , , , , , , , , , • , , , , , , , . , .. . 16 .. • 6 .. . .. . 
" 7 " 7 " 14 7 .... . .. 1 . .. 60 13 1 4 .. . 79 65 . 2 76.0 14.3 .17 ' . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . 1 ... ... 

Totals 63 126 ~150 2601~ -; 64 37 1 60 13 
- 1 j~7l 1018 I ... 

I ' 

SUiilM.~RY OF TAD,Lf; 23 

I t,erus. 

Lengtb of life of roale motb in days..... .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . ., .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .......... . ... . 
L,ength of lite of female. tnot!b. In dars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... , . . . . . . . • ... •. • - • • • •. • • 
Number of days from emergenoo to laying of first eggs . .. • .. .. .. . . • .. . . .. .. . ............... .. 
Number or days from emergence to laying o! last eggs . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. • .. .. .. . .. • ... , .. 
Egg.Jaying period In 'days ...... . , .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Number ot eggs laid by one female ... . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. • .. ..... 
Average mean dally temperature........... ... . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ... 
Average daily humid.tty, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . • . . . . . . •. .. 
Avera,i:e dally evaporation, In c.c. . . . .. . • .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . • . 
Average dally rat.nfalJ, In Inches, . . . ..• . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , .. , . . . . . . ..... . 

~\las. 

16 
22 
10 
16 
12 

166 
68. 5 
78.5 
16.0 

.528 

MID. 

3 
8 
1 • I 
l 

61.4 
72.3 

9.9 
. 17 

... .. 
9 . ! 

13.!\ 
4 .8 
7.S 
LO 

4:? . '4 
s• . 3 
76 . 0 
12 .3 

. 33 



'rA11LID 24-SmuuJti- o,· Ln-&msrosr DATA. LAB•= )l&AJIEO m APPIAl>l ON T•E& 

- -- Egg, .Larva .lo trolt. Ltlrva tu cocoon. t..o.rva, Pupa. Egg, larva, and pupa, Adolt. Tot~}_~if;-•••-T otal etrectl"Vf!I 
do.r·degrepi,. 

Vear. Sex. Period Period • PtrloO • Period Per1od Pertoa 1- ...:.:..:c..c.;.::___ N Pe.1~o4 Pe,r.lo,t 
No In No. 1n No. Sn lli o. In No. In No. ln Sum o. ui. N 1 · days. dnya, du71. days. d117a. days. tor !GO+ )- days. o. ~4.. 

stages. -C86+ ). 

Male 28 9.6 16 28.3 16 4.3 28 :n.9 28 10.7 28 51.9 1096 1096 I d 
1915 n•emale 46 9 .7 36 28,9 31 4 .4 44 34.6 44 10.6 46 54.3 1154 1154 , __ 

1 
: &faleandfemale 74 9.7 62 28 . 7 4.4 72 33.6 72 10.6 74 53.4 1132 1131 - I ,--

Male 31 7.8 2S 31.2 27 3.3 28 34.6 28 10.l 31 52.l 1127 1126 241 5.1 24'.-6-7-.4-
!'. 1916 Female 34 7.8 30 Sl.O 30 3.6 32 36.1 32 9.8 34 52.7 1132 1131 29 6.9 29 59 .8 

.f ~fale and female 65 7.8 I 68 31.l 57 3.5 60 34.9 60 10.0 65 62.4 I 1129 l 1128 53 6.1 53 58.7 
"° Male 4~ 9. 2 43 25.l 41 4.7 41 29.6 4-1 10.9 44 49.8 1095 1 1107 

Female 51 9.3 48 26. l 46 4.4 46 30.5 47 10.9 61 50.5 1104 1116 I I 
1917 Undetermined 9 9.8 8 26. 4 8 4.8 8 30.6 9 11.0 9 51.G 1095 1-105 

11ra1e aud female 104 9.3 99 25'. 7 95 4.6 95 30.1 97 10.9 104 50.3 1100 I 1111 _ I -.:1. _ _ 
lllAle 103 8.9 87 27.6 84 4.2 97 31.7 97 10.6 103 51, l ll04. 1109 24 5'. l 24 57 .4 

1916 •'emale 131 9.0 114 28.3 107 4.2 122 33 . 2 123 10.6 131 62.4 1128 1133 29 6.9 29 59.8 
1916; Undetermined 9 9.8 8 26. 4 S 4.5 8 30.6 9 11.0 9 61.6 1095 1105 
1917 . 7 - --! Male and temale 243 9.0 209 27.9 199 L2 227 32.5 229 10.6 243 51.8 1118 1122 .~ 6.1 ~ . 58.7 

M:ale 6 6.8 3 26.3 3 4.0 3 29. 3 3 15.3 5 49 .0 1106 1106 
F emale 8 6.5 8 24. 8 8 4.l 8 29.0 8 13 . 6 8 49 .0 UOO 1099 

1915 Undetermined l 9.0 l 20 .0 1 5.0 1 25.0 0 I O 1 
l---i=i .:.1a_1.:.e:..:a.:.n.:.d:..:f.:.e=.::.:.1:..:e_

1 
_ _:_14_

1
_:..:6_.s:_

1 
_ _ 1_2_

1 
_ _ 24_._5_

1 
__ 1_2_

1 
_ _ 4_._2_

1 
_ _ 1_2_

11 
_ _ 28_._1_

1 
_ _ 1_1_

1
_ 1_4_._1_

1 
__ 1.:.~- l-4-9_._o_

1 
_ _ 1_1_0_2-! __ 11_0_2_

1
_ ! '=--

"'~ 1
1
Male 36 5'.8 33 21.6 32 4.2 33 26.0 33 11.8 36 43.0 1084 1099 25 9.7 25 51.3 
Female 54 6.0 51 22.9 61 4.3 61 27. 2 61 12.0 54 44.9 1119 1133 38 10.2 38 55.l a~ 1916 !Undetermined 2 6.5 2 20.5 2 :t. O 2 23.5 2 10.6 2 40.6 1071 1088 

·~ I -jg , _ _ _ Male and female 92 6.0 S6 22 .3 S6 4.2 86 26.4 86 11.9 92 44 .1 1106 1118 63 10.0 53.6 

$;! ,Male 41 6.9 36 21.9 35 4.2 ]] 26.3 36 12.1 41 43.7 1087 1100 25 ~-7 25 1 61. 3 
". 1915, Female 62 6.1 69 23.1 59 4.3 9 27 . 4 69 12.2 62 45.4 1117 1129 38 10.2 38 55 .1 

• 1916 1undetermlned 3 7 .3 3 20.3 3 3.7 • 24 .0 2 10.5 2 40. 5 1071 1088 

1},J:ale and female 106 C.o 98 22 .6 97 4.2 98 I 26.8 97 I 12.1 106 44 .7 1104 I 1119 6310.0 163 53 6 

Male 43 7 .1 42 32.7 1 41- 233 41 266 42 26.5 43 299 6 7.6 6306 
Female 46 7.1 43 33.9 41 237 42 272 44 ~5.S 46 304 35 9.1 35 .31l 

0 1q t6-l6 Undetermined 12 8 . 8 JG i1.1 16 227 22 256 8 26.6 8 289 
" ~i 

O 
Male and femAle 111 7 .4 101 33 .0 98 j 234 105 266 94 26.2 97 301 j j j 41 I 8.9 il 310 

~":3 Male 67 6.1 56 26.4 64 236 55 262 52 35.0 64 303 18 8.7 IS 314 
<>;:; Female r.s 5.9 62 26.3 64 240 56 266 52 35.0 61 306 25 1~ -8 25 318 ;E~ 1916-17 Undetermined S 6.1 6 26.4 6 244 7 267 2 34 .6 3 307 ___ 

1 
_ __ 

1 
_ _ , 

1 ___ Ma.le a.nd female 131 6.0 123 26.3 113 23S 118 264 106 34.8 118 805 43 11.1 43 317 w"~ I• I J ____ , 
e,,;; 

1 
.. ia • 100 6.5 98 29 . l 95' 236 96 264 94 31.2 97 301 04 s 4 24 311 

:a~ 1916-16 F emale 112 G.4 105 29.4 96' 239 98 269 96 30.S 107 305 iio 10:6 60 3U i:fi171Undetermlned 30 8.1 21 29 .7 _ 21 231 29 258 10 28 . 2 11 294 ' 

r1a1e and female 242 6.7 224 29 . 3 211 I 236-- 223 265 200 30.9 215 303 '---l---174 10.0 St 313 



TABLE 25-SU~IMABY OF LJ FFrHISTOBY DATA, FJBST GF.N•'!RATI0::-1 LARVAE BEAR•:O I N PJCKED Al'l'LES 

I 
Egg, larva, and pupa. 

F:gg, La.rva in f ruit Lu rva in cocoon Larva. Pupa. Total ~ectlve Adult Tou\ Ii!• period 
day-deKTeeB. 

Year. Ser . PPrlod 
Sum 11+ IPPrlod IPe[i!od IPnlod I Period I Perlo<I No lo I PPrlod I l'erlod No. lo No No lo No. lo No In days. tor += No. lo No lo 

Jays I days. days. days days. stages days days 
.;;.c'I 

Male 14 8 . 0 7 24 . 9 7 3 . 7 1 14 27. 2 14 10 .G 14 1 46.9 1002 999 
1915 Female 17 7 . 8 9 22 . 4 9 3 . 6 17 27 . 1 17 10 .8 ~~~~-- ---------------------

Male and female 31 7 . 9 16 23 . 5 G 3.G I 31 27 .1 31 10.7 31 45.8 1008 1006 ---- -- -• .GI~ 267133 ------ --------
Male 37 9. 7 21.2 32 10 .1 I 37 46 .0 1018 1018 30 6.3 30 61. .6 

1916 Female 60 9 . 4 50 20.4 49 4.6 49 24.8 49 10.0 50 44 . 4 1005 1006 44 6.4 44 60.6 ---- """"is sz 25.3182 10.118745.1 Male and female 87 9 . 5 82 20. 7 81 1011 1011 74 6.9 74 50 . 9 ---- -..-.--47,26.447 ------
• Male 51 9 . 2 39 21. 9 39 10 . 2 I 61 45.9 1014 1013 30 6 . 3 30 61 . 6 191:i Female 67 9 . 0 69 20 . 7 58 4 . 4 66 25. 4 66 10.2 67 44.7 1007 1008 44 6.4 44 60 . 5 and ---- ~ ,113126.8113 ------

1916 P.fale and femalej 118 9 . 1 98 21. 2 97 10 . 2 I 118 -t5 . 2 1010 1010 74 6.9 74 60 .9 



I 

• 

• 

• 

253 

11. Taki11g· SO as the zero of develop1ne11t for all three stages and 
disregardi11g the slight diff e1-ences in the ttnits due to the use of 88, 85, 
and 87 as the degree of the maxi1num rate of developn1ent of the egg, 
larva, and pupa, respectively, we have for the equation of development 

· of tl1e tl1ree stages PE = 1101. 
Since the larval perio·d is about ec1t1al to the egg and pupal periods 

combined, the use of 86 degrees as the degree of 1naximum rate of de-
velopn1ent for all three stages will give about the same results and will 
give units of the sa1ne value for all three stages. 

• 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CoDLING-1IOTH 
IN 1915, 1916, AND 1917 

Continuous observations were made on tl1e life l1isto1·y of i11dividua1s 
throughout the seasons of 1915, 1916, and 1917. The methods employed 
in making these observations are described 011 page 228 of this article. 

The following tables give tl1e pri11cipal facts as to le11gth of the 
periods, ovipositio11, and nt11nber of effective day-degrees which accumu-
lated during tl1e enti1·e pe1·iod of develop111ent. In con1puting the effective 
day-deg1·ees fo1· the stages, SO degr·ees F. ,,,as take11 as the zero of develop-
n1ent an(l 88, 85, and 87 as the degree of 111axi111t1111 rate of development 
of the egg, larva, and pupa, 1·espectively. By reason of the slightly dif-
ferent degrees of the maximum rate of develop1nent used for the dif-
ferent stages, the effective day-degrees of the different stages are units of 
not quite the same size and strictly speal{ing can not be added, but they 
differ so slightly that their sums, wl1icl1 are reco1·ded in next to the last 
column in the tal)les, ,vill serve as a basis for comparison. 

In order that we might have a common unit in terms of which to 
express the accumttlated effective day-degrees of the whole period f rorr1 
the deposition of the eggs to the emergence of the adult, it was necessar.v 
to use as tl1e degr·ee of the n1axin1un1 rate of development a single point 
instead of 85, 87, and 88, and 86 was selected as tl1e nearest integral 
degree to the ,veighted average of tl1e three. Using SO as the zero of 
developn1ent and 86 as the degree of 1naximu1n 1·ate of develop1nent, 
the effective da)·-degrees \vl1ich accu1nulated during the combined egg, 
larval, and pupal pe1·iods were co1npt1ted and recorded in the last column 
in the tables. All of the tables bearing on the life history of the insect 
( Tables 9-25) follow. 

P. 253, last line, for ,.,follow'' read ''pracade tliis page." 



• 

• 

254 
• 

INCUBATION PERIOD 

Eggs of tl1e fi1·st ge11eratio11 l1atch during May and J u11e. The · 
period varied from 13 days during tl1e cooler period early i11 May to 6 
days during· the warme1· pa1·ts of J ttne, the average being 9 days for the 
243 eggs 11sed i11 t11e life l1istory series. I 11 a larger series of ol)serva-
tions consisting of 2664 eggs the period va1·ied f ro111 1 S days to 6 da)'S 
a11d the average was 9.3 days. 

Eggs of the second ge11e1·ation l1atcl1ed d11ri11g Jul)', August, and the 
ea1·l)' part of Septe1nbe1· and tl1e i11cubatio11 pe1·iod va1·ied fro111 S to 9 
days, depending upon the temperature, the ave1·age £01· 106 eggs from 
which transforming larvce hatched being 6 days. The eggs of the trans-
forming larv~ l1atch prior to the tniddle of August, duri11g the warmest 
part of the season. Thei1· incubatio11 period is shorter tha11 the period 
of those from which the hibe1·nating larva! hatch later in the season. The 
average period for 1748 second-gene1·ation eggs was 6.6 days. 

Eggs of the third generation hatched cluring tl1e latter half of August 
and du1·i11g September. The period varied from 6 to 15 days, the average 
for 302 eggs observed being 8.2 da)1 S. 

Eggs of the hibe1·nating generatio11, which consists of a very small 
per cent. of the first generation, a larger per cent. of the second, and all 
of the third generatio11, hatched duri11g J t1l)1 , Attgust, and September. 
The incubation period varied from S to 15 days, the average for the 242 
eggs used i11 tl1e life-history series being 6.7 days. 

Tl1ere was practically no difference bet,;yeen the i11cubation pe1·iod 
of 111ale and of female eggs; tl1e average period of 340 of the former 
belonging to all generations was 7.9 days and of 395 of the latter 7.8 days. 

Earl)' in May and late in September the incubation period is com-· 
paratively long, vat-ying from 12 to 15 days. It decreases in length till 
midsu1n111er, when it is only S days, and then increases in length till the 
end of the season. The relation of ten1perature to the length of the in-
ct1bat1fl11 period is ~l1ovvn i11 '"I'al)le 1, page 235 . 

• LARVAL PERIOD 

Tra11,sfo1'11ii11g lar·vae.-T11e la1·val period of tl1e fi1·st ge11e1·ation of 
larvre reare<l i11 apples on the tree varied fro111 a 111axim11111 of 42 days in 
the f1·uit and <) days i11 the cocoon to a 1nini11111111 of 18 days in the fruit 
and 1 day i11 the cocoon, the average period in the f rttit being for 1nales 
27.6 days, for fe111ales 28.3 days, a11d for hotl1 males a11d females 27.9 
days, a11d in t11e cocoo11 4.2 days for both 111ales ancl fe1nales. 

Tl1e la1·val pe1·iod of larvre reared in picked apples averaged 21.2 
days in the fruit a11d 4.4 da)'S in tl1e cocoon. The average total larval 
period of 227 first-ge11e1·ation larvre 1·eared in apples on the t1·ee was 
32.S da)'S a11d of 113 lanrc:e reared i11 picl<ed f1·11it 25.8 days, the differ-
ence bei11g 6.7 days. Tt was sl1own i11 Tables 3 a11d 4 tl1at the accu111ula-



• 

• • 

. 255 
• 

tio11 of effective cla)·-deg1·ees ,,·as 86 greater during tl1e period of la rv~ 
reared in apples on the tree than during the period of la14 vre reared in 
picked fruit. Since the average daily accumlation of day-degrees sl1own 
in these tables is approximately 22.75, the difference in day-dgrees 1·epre-
sents a diffe1·ence of about 4 days in the period. That is, larvre of the 
first generation may be expected to mature, on an average, about 4 da)1S 

earlier i11 picl(ed f 1·11it than in fruit on the tree. The difference of 6.7 
cla)rs s110,,·11 ·a1)o,re is, tl1erefore, partly ·dtte to differe11ces in temperatt1re 
as \Vell as to difference in the conditio11 of the fruit in which the la1·v,ll, 
fed. 

The period of transfor1ning larvre of the seco11d ge11eration ,,arierl 
f ron1 a maximutn of 33 days in the fruit and 7 days in the cocoon to a 
111i11in1t1111 of 17 days in the fruit and 1 day i11 the cocoon, the average 
period in tl1e fruit being 22.6 days and in the cocoon 4.2 days. The 
average total period for 36 males was 26.3 and for 59 females 27.4, the 
average for both being 26.8 days. Tl1e larval period of the f e1nale was 
about 011e da}r longer than that of the 1nale. 

Hiber11ati11g la,,vae.-111 treating the lar·vre of tl1e l1ibernating ge11era- . 
tion no disti11ction has bee11 1nade between larvre of the different genera-
tions of the season which compose it. The period of the larvre varied 
f1·om a 111aximum of 46 days in the fruit and 269 days in the cocoon to 
a minimu111 of 16 days in the fruit and 209 days in the cocoon, the ave1·age 
pe1·iod in tl1e fruit being 29.0 da)'S and in the cocoon 236. The ave1·agt 
total period of l1ibernating larvce ,,,as 264 for the 1nales, 269 for tl1e fe111ale!:> 
and 265 for both males and f e1nales. 

The le11gth of the larval period is affected by temperature and the 
character of food. It also va1-ies in lengtl1 in different individttals, even 
,,·l1e11 tl1e~· are t111cler the sa111e condi!io11s as to te111peratt1re and food. 
Tl1e indiviclual va1·iatio11s are V\,ell illust1·ated by tl1e following examples 
The periods of 16 la1·vce which l1atched on May 31, 1917, va1·ied fro1n 
25 to· 33 days ancl tl1e periods of 16 otl1ers ,vl1ich hatcl1ed Jttne 11, 1917, 
varied from 24 to 38 days, though tl1e environ1nent of the individuals of · 
each lot ,,ras as nearly the same as it was possible to have it. It is not 
inf 1·equent that in lots of individttals kept under tl1e sa1ne conditions as 
10 light, food, heat, ar1d n1oistt1re the variation in the period f ron1 the 
average £01· the group eqt1als 30 per cent. of the ave1·age period. 

The relation of te111pe1·atures to the lengtl1 of the larval period is 
sl1<) \\111 i11 T·ables 3 a11d 4~ J)p. 240, 243. A co111pariso11 of tl1ese tv,10 tal)les 
also sl10,,,s tl1at clevelop111er1t is 11101·e rapicl i11 J)icl<ed apples tl1a11 in apples 
011 tl1e t1·ee.. Accot·ding to Table 3, at a11 average 111ea11 daily tempe1·at111·e 
of 74.31 ° F., the a·verage period is 29.07 clays in apples on tl1e t1·ee; an<l 
according to Table 4, at a11 ave1·age 1nean daily te111pe1·att11·e of 74.08° F., 
the period is 25.69 cla)rs in picl\'.ed f1·uit, or 3.4 days less t1,an tl1e pe·riocl 
in ,aJ)ples on tl1e tree. 

• 



• 

256 
• 

PUPAL PERIOD 

Pu pre of the fi1·st g·eneration ,vere p1·esent f ro111 about the 111iddle of 
June to the middle of At1gust and the pe1·iod varied from 8 to 14 days, 
the average being 10.6 days. Pupce of the second ge11eration were pres-
ent dt1ri11g A11gust a11d tl1e first part of Septe1nber. Tl1e period varied 
fro1n 9 to 18 days, tl1e ave1·age being 12.1 da)1S. N 011e of the third-genera-
tio11 lar,~ce pt1pated. 'fl1e l)upal period of tl1is ger1eration is tl1erefore dis-
cussed in connection with the hibe1·nating g·eneration. 

Pupre of the hibernating gene1·ation ,vere prese11t duri11g April, Nla.)r, 
and the first part of June. The period va1·ied from 39 da)rs to 18 days, 
the average being 30.9 days. Tl1e average pttpal pe1·iod of the 1nales 
and the f en1ales is practically the sa111e. Tl1e pe1·iod of tl1e hiben1ating 
g·eneration is n1t1cl1 lo11ger than tl1at of tl1e otl1er ge11e1·atio11s l)ecause 
pttpre are present during early spring when tl1e weather is cool. 

COMBINED EGG, LARVAL, AND PUPAL PERIODS 

The whole period of developme11t is of the greatest in1portance since 
it is an index to the ti1ne which elapses from the deposition of the egg 
to the en1erge11ce of tl1e aclult. Since t11e depositio11 of egg·s freqt1e11tly 
begins within one day after tl1e emerge11ce of the female, the addition of 
one day to the period of develop1ne11t ¥.rill give the ti111e whicl1 elapses 
from the depositio11 of the egg of one ge11eration to tl1e deposition of 
the first egg of the following generatio11. For 103 males of tl1e first 
generation the period varied fron1 40 to 59 days, the average being 51. l 
days; for 131 females, the period varied from 43 to 62 da)·s, tl1e average 
being 52.4 days. For both 1nales and fe1nales tl1e average ,,,as S 1.8 days. 

Tl1e period of develop111ent for tl1e individt1als ,,rhich l1atcl1 first in 
tl1e spring· is 1nuch longer tha11 £01· tl1ose "''l1ich hatch late1·, tl1e 111i11i111t1m 
period for those hatching· earliest bei11g 50 da)rs. \1/ e 111a)' expect, there-
£ ore, the deposition of the first eggs of the second generation to follovv 
the deposition of the first eggs of the first gene1·ation in an ave1·age of 
alJout 51 days, though the ave1·ag·e for this same periocl £ or the entire 
generatio11 is 011ly abot1t 53 da)·s. Tl1e above applies to individuals 
vvhose la1·val period \vas passed i11 apples on the tree. The period would 
be about 4 or 5 days shorter for those ,vhose la1·vre fed 011 picked apples. 

The development period of 41 tra11sforn1i11g 1nales of the second 
generation varied fron1 38 to SO days, the average bei11g 43.7 da)'S, and 
of 62 females from 33 to 56 days, tl1e average bei11g 45.4 da)' S, tl1e ave1·-
age for males and females being· 44.7 days. The 111inimum period fo1· 
tl1e first indivicluals of tl1e seconcl generatio11 ,,·as 37 cla)'S. We 1111ay, 
il1erefore, expect tl1e deposition of eggs of tl1e third ge11e1·atio11 to begin 
abot1t 38 da}1 S after tl1e deposition of tl1e first eggs of tl1e second 

• generation. · 
The period fro111 the first eggs of one gene1-atio11 to tl1e first eggs of 

tl1e next will var)' v\rith tl1e seaso11. The tin1e ,vhicl1 elapsed between 

• 

• 



• 

• 257 

the deposition of tl1e first eggs of the first and second generations was 
59 days in 1915, in 1916 it ,vas 53 days, and in 1917, 43 days. The time 
\\'l1ich elapsed bet,veen the deposition of the first eggs of the second and · 
the first of the third generation in 1915 was 46 days, and in 1916, 39 days. 

The total developme11t period for 97 males of the hibernating genera-
tio11 varied fro1n 266 to 318 days, the average being 301 days, and for 
103 females fro1n 271 to 324 days, the average being 305 days, and the 
a,perage for both males and f e1nales being 303 days. 

ADULT PERIOD 

.~s s110,,·11 i11 1"'1ables 13 a11cl 14,* 60 1nale ad11lts of tl1e first ge11eratio11 
lived a maxin1t1m of 14 days, a minimum of 3 days, and an average of 
6.4 da)1 S and 63 fe111ale adt1lts a 111axi111t1111 of 15 da)·s and a11 average 
of 7.4 da)'S-an average of 6.9 da)'S for both 1nale and female adults. 
'fhe averages given in Table 24 are for a smaller group and the averages 
are some,~hat s1naller. 

T,,·ent)r-five male adults of the second generation lived a maxi1nu1n 
of 12 da)rs, a 1ninimum of 3 days, and an average of 6.1 days; and 28 
fen1ale adt1lts lived a 111axi111u1n of 24 da)'S, a mi11i1111u111 of ·5 days, and an 
a, .. erage of 10.3 da)·s (Tables 17, 18) . Tl1e averages for a differe11t a11cl 
son1e,,·l1at larger grottp s110 ,,,n in Table 24 are 9.7 clays for tl1e 111ales, 
I 0.2 da )'S for tl1e fe111ales, a11d 10 <lays for botl1 n1ales and f e111ales. 

Ninet)r-one males of the hibernating generation, according to Tables 
21. 22, and 23, lived a maximt1m of 24 days, a minimum of 3 days, ancl 
an average of 10.5 days, and 95 females lived a maxi1nt1m of 27 days, a 
1nini1num of 5 days, and an average of 13.05 days. The averages of a 
smaller g1-ot1p, shown in Table 24, are s:11aller, being 10 days for botl1 
rr1ales and females. 

TOTAL LIFE PERIOD 

The total Ii f e period of 24 males of tl1e first ge11e1·ation, the larvre 
of \\1hich were reared in apples on the t1·ee, va1·ied from 40 days to 68 
da)~s, tl1e average being 57.4 days; and that of 29 females varied from 
43 days to 68 days, the average being 59.8, and the average for both males 
ancl fe1nales being 58.7. 

The total life period of 30 males of the first generatio11, the larvre 
of ,,,hich ,vere reared in picked apples, varied from 42 to 60 da)'S, the 
average being 51.6 days, and that of 44 females varied from 42 to 58 
da)'S, the average being 50.5 da)·s, ancl the average for both males and 
fem ales being 50.9 da1·s. . 

Of the second ge11erat1011 the total life period of 25 n1ales ,vhose 
Jar,,c"e transfo1·111ecl. ' 'ctri erl frc,111 42 to 61 clays, tl1e a, ,er·age bei11g 51 .3 
clays, and that of 38 females ,,aried f 1·0111 45 to 65 c1a)1 S, the average being 
53 .. 6 da)rs . 

• See g ,·oup of tal)les fc,llc,,\'ing p. 253. 

• 

• 

• 



• 

258 

The 1·emaining po1·tio11s of the second g·eneration a11d all of tl1e third 
generation belong to the hibernating generation. 

Of the hibernating generation, the total life period of 24 males 
varied from 286 days to 329 days, the average being 312 days, and that 
of 60 fe1nales varied fro111 288 to 330 days, tl1e average being 314 days, 
and the average of both males a11d fe111ales being 313 days. 

The 111aximum periods are for individuals \\rhose la1·vre left the fruit 
early in August, and the minimum periods for those vvl1ose larv~ left 
the fruit late in the fall. La1-vce ,~rhich left the frt1it late in the fall 
pupated and developed into n1oths at the same time as those which left 
the fr11it earlier in the season as ,,,ill be sho,,rn later 011. 

OVIPOSITION 

Most of the first-ge11eration f e1nales began to deposit eggs on the 
fi1• st or second day after e1nerging. Tl1e maximun1 number of eggs were 
laid on the second day. Oviposition ceased after the 11inth day. The 
average number of egg·s laid by each female v\7as 39 in 1915 and 47.3 in 
1916. 

Oviposition by females of the second generation bega11 later, but a 
majority of the moths l1ad begt1n to oviposit by the tl1ird day. The 
1naximum nttmber of eggs in 1915 was laid on tl1.e sixth day and in 1916 
on tl1e second day after the e111ergence of tl1e adt1lts. Tl1is difference 
was no dot1bt due to the lower te111peratu1·es ,vl1ich prevailed in 1915. 
'fl1e average number of eggs ]aid by each female in 1915 ,vas 66.3 and in 
1916 it ,,Tas 68.7. 

Oviposition by fe111ales of tl1e l1ibernating generation takes place in 
the sp1·ing \i\·l1en tl1e \\·ea tl1er is cool. \ T et-)'" f ev,,. f e111ales begi11 to ovi-
posit on the first day after e111e1·ging, and a majorit)7 do not begin to 
oviposit till the fottrth da)'• Tl1e 111axi111t1n1 nt1n1be1· of eggs ,vas laid 
on the fourth day after tl1e e1nerge11ce of the female in 1915 and 1916 
ancl on tl1e fifth day in 1917. Oviposition practically ceased after tl1e 
te11tl1 cla)' bt1t a fe,v eggs were laicl as late 'as the sixtee11tl1 clay. Tl1e 
ave1·ag·e number of eggs laid b)' each fe111ale varied £1·0111 30.S in 1916 to 
42.4 in 1917. Lo\i\r te1nperatu1·es and l1eavy precipitation delay oviposi-
tion. 

Adt1lts ,;vhen confined i11 s111all cag·es do 11ot act 11or111ally. They 
attempt to escape fron1 the cage and soon become disabled. Dottbtless 
in the open the fen1ales live longer and deposit a larger 11t1111be1· of eggs 
than the averages above given. The maxi1nun1 number of eggs laid by 
a single female \i\ras 172, tl1e next l1igl1est nttmbers ,,,e1·e 167, 156, 143, 
136 and 120 . 

• 
RELA"fIO N OF '"fE l\rIPERATURE 1"'0 LENGTI-I OF 

DEVELOPl\IENT PERIOD 

Tl1e total effecti,,e day-degrees which accumulated du1·i11g the three 
develop111ent pe1·iods v\1ere dete1·111i11ed in tv,,o ,vays: fi1·st, by adding to-
get11 er tl1e total efferti,,e tlay-degrees of tl1e egg, lar,ral, and ptt{)al periods 

• 

• 



• 

259 

as detern1ined by the use of SO degrees F. as the zero of develop111e11t a11d 
88, 85, a11d 87 degrees F. as tl1e degrees of tl1e maxi1nt11n rate of clevelo1)-
1nent of the egg, la1·va, and pupa respectively; and, seconcl, by using SO 
as the zero of develop111ent and 86 as the degree of the maximum rate of 
development for tl1e entire period. The results are recorded in the next 
to the last and the last column, respective!)', in the tables. The averag·e 
total for the first generation, as sho\vn in Table 24, co1nputed by the 
latter method, ,vas 1122, or 4 n101·e than the total computed by the for1ner 
m~thod, and for the second generation it was 1119, or 15 mo1·e computed 
by the latter n1ethod than by tl1e for111er method. The maximum differ-
ence amounts to less than half a day in the development pe1·iod and 
hence tl1e latter method may be used £01· practical purposes, and the fol-
Io,,;i11g discussio11 ,vill l1ave reference to results obtai11ed 1Jy it. 

The ave1·age total day-degrees £01· the female is about 20 greate1· 
tl1a11 for the male and 10 gre·ater tl1a11 tl1e average for tl1e 111ale ancl t11e 
female, which indicates that the female has a slightly longer period than 
the male. 

There is a large variation in individuals as to the le11gtl1 of the de-
velop111ent period and hence in the total effective day-degrees ,vhich ac-
cumulate during tl1e period. In individual cases these totals varied fron1 
814 to 1475, but less tl1an 4 per cent. of the111 ,ve1-e below 9S0, and less tha11 
2 per cent above 1350. Since so111e of the extremely high and extren1el~=-
lo,v totals reco1·ded ,vere probably due to errors in observations, 950 an(l 
1350 may be regarded as tl1e approximate extremes, 1120 being the 
average. · 

The total day-degrees which accu1nulated during tl1e development 
period of individuals whose larvre ¥.rere reare(l in picl<e<l f 1·11it~ as show11 
i11 ,.!"'able 25, \\·ere 1010, or 109 less tl1a11 the average for indi,riclt1als 
,vhose lar,,re '\"e1·e rea1-ed in apples on the tree, showing that Iarvce de-
,relop more rapidly' in picked f 1·11it than in fruit 011 the tree. 

SEASONAL H1sTORY OF TI-IE CoDLINl~-iroTII, 1915* 

The seasonal l1istor)r of tl1e codling-111otl1 ,vas determi11ed at Olne)' 
b)· large-cage experiments, supplen1ented by clata secured from ba11d col-
lections and the life histor)·· studies. 

LARGE-CAGE SERIES 

The cages (Fig. 5, 6, 7) used in these expe1·in1ents vvere large enough 
to cover entire trees and ·\;vere used for tl1e purpose of l{eeping the genera-
tions under observation separate, so that tl1e nt11nbe1· of generations, the 
time of beginning, and the time of ending could be definitely determined. 
The events especially noted were dates ,vhen the first and the last motl1s 

• A preliminary r~port on the ob~er,·n tions n nrl cxp~rln1,.n ts of the year 1915 was pub-
lished In the 29th report of tl1'-! Stntc T1J11ton1r,logi:t of Illinois, issued i1l .January, 1f)16, 
and also in the annual r.eport of tl1c , tate Horticulttirtll Society fo1· 1915. That paper ( •·on tl1e Life Ilistory of tllc Cod Ji ng-n1otl1," bJ• Stephen ,\ . Forbes n11d Pressley A. Glenn) 
contains some data ann cliscus 1011s not .repeated in the prcsant article. 



260 

were liberated in their respective cages, dates when the first and the last 
larvre left the fruit, when they pupated, and when the moths emerged. 

First ge11.eratio1i, 1915.-The first moths which emerged fro111 hiber-
nating larvre were liberated in cage No. 1, as follows : 

Date Males Females 
May 1 4 1 

'' 2 2 0 ,, 3 8 4 
• '' 4 0 1 

' ' 5 4 2 
'' 6 12 6 

The first eggs '"rere found in the cage on the 1norning of May 6. 
1'11ey had probably been laid during the evening of the preceding day. 
These eggs hatched May 17. There was a l1eavy June drop of apples 
all over the orchard and the drop was especially heavy from some of 
tl1e trees caged. In cage No. 1, 275 apples were picked up May 20 ancl 
placed in battery jars. They averaged only about one-half inch in diame-
ter. Jt1ne 4, 800 were picl<ed up, June 9, 700, June 12, 300, and June 19, 
150. At this time 011ly a few apples 1·en1ained on the tree. Larvre began 
to leave the £1·uit in this cage J t1ne 22. 

In another cage; jn whicl1 1noths l1ad been liberated on May 12, or 12 
days later than in cage No. 1, larvre began to leave the fruit June 22. 
Judging fron1 this, had normal conditions prevailed in cage No. 1, larvre 
sl1ould have begun to leave the frttit 11 da)rs earlier tl1an they did-that 
is, on June 11. This date cor1-espo11ds very well with the date when the 
fi1-st la1·vre were tal<en t111d er bands, v.rhicl1 ,vas June 12. 

The last n1oths of the hiber11ating generation were liberated in cage 
No. 2, as follows: 

Date Males Females -
May 31 11 9 
June 1 4 5· ,, 2 3 4 ., 3 5 8 • 

' . 8 6 12 
' . 9 2 3 ., 1. 0 1 1 ,, 11 1 3 
'' 12 2 3 
'' 13 1 4 
'' 15 1 1 

L arva: began to leave tl1e frttit in cage No. 2 on July 6 and contintted 
to leave the fruit till August 1. Pttpation continued till August 4, and 
moths co11tinued to e1nerge till Attgttst 17. Two larvce which left the 
frt1it July 17 and 19 1·espectively, hibernated. All other larva: kept under 
observation trans£ ormed or died. 

• 



• 

261 
• 

)Cl~o,1d ye1Leratio1z, 1915.-Tl1e fi1·st n1otl1s fron1 cage No. 1 were 
liberated in cage No. 3, to rea1· the first of tl1e second generation, as fol-
10\\7S : 

Date lVIales Females 
July 1 2 3 ,, 3 1 1 

l l 5 11 11 
•• 6 5 10 

The first eggs were laid J ul}r 3, the first ]arvre hatched July 11, the 
first larvre left the fruit August 2 ( these larvre were lost), the first pupre 
,,,.ere founcl Attgust 7, and the first moths emerged August 17. 

Tl1e first l·arvc£ to l1il)ernate, left tl1e ft·uit At1g·11st 9. All larv~ which 
left the fruit after August 15, hiber11ated. Tl1e last pupa was obtained 
August 19 and the last motl1 Septe1nber 2. 

Tl1e last adults of tl1e first generation to e111erge f 1·om materials 
1·eared in cage No. 2 ,ve1-e liberated in cage No. 4, to rear the last of the 
second generation, as f ollo,vs : 

Date 
Aug. 2 

• ' . 3 ,. 4 ,, 5 
'' 6 ,, 7 
'' 8 
'' 12 
cc 13 
'' 14 
'' 17 

Sept. 6 

Males 
4 
6 

5 
4 
2 
5 
1 
1 
1 

Females 
2 
3 
3 
8 
4 

6 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

The last eggs were laid September 12. The last of these eggs hatched 
Septe111ber 17. Larvre began to leave tl1e f1-t1it in this cage September 
12 and continued to leave the fruit till November 1, the date of the last 
observation. All of the lar,,re reared in tl1is cage l1ibernated. 

Tl1i1'd ge,ieratiori, 1915.-To 1·ea1· tl1e tl1ird generation, n1oths wl1icl1 
,,,e1·e 1·ea1·e<l in cage No. 3 ,ve1-e liberatecl i11 cage No. 5, as follows: 

Date Males Females 
Attg. 22 2 2 

'' 23 4 4 
'' 24 7 4 
'' 25 2 1 ,, 27 2 1 
'' • 29 1 1 

Sept. 3 2 ,, 5 1 

The first eggs ,vere observed Augt1st 26 and the first larvre left the 
fruit September 28. The last egg observed was laicl September 1 and 
hatched September 9.. Since adults of the second g-ene1·ation continued 

• 

-

• 



• 

• 

• 

• 

262 • 

to emerge till Septen1ber 5, oviposition 110 dot1bt co11tinued till about Sep-
tember 15 and hatching till about Septe111ber 25. Larvce co11tint1ed to 
leave the fruit till N ovemher 1, the date of tl1e last observation. All tl1e 
larvce reared in cag·e No. 5 l1ibemated . 

BAND COLLECTIONS 

Hiber1iating ge1ieration, 1914-1915.-Hibernati11g la1-vc£ ,ve1·e col-
lected at Centralia and Olney Ap1·il 12, 13, a11d 14. About 1400 ,ve1·e 
kept at Olne)' a11d tl1e remaining 600 we1·e kept under observatio11 at 
Ozark. From 5 to 10 per cent. of the larvre collected on tl1e above dates 
had pupated. Judging from tl1e time the first 1noths eme1·ged, pupatio11 
bega11 about April 9. Pupation was very irregular owing to variable 
weatl1er conditio11s. It was at its 1naxi111un1 at Ol11e)' from .L.\1)ril 22 to 
April 29, and continued till June 2. La1·vce kept unde1· obse1·vation at 
Urbana, Illinois, 100 n1iles north of Olne)T, l)egan to pt1pate April 20 and 
conti11ued to pupate till 1\1ay 24. 

The first 1noths e1nerged at Olney .L'\p1·il 27, the 111axi1nu111 e111erger1ce 
occur1·ed May 14 and 15, and 111otl1s continued to emerge till .T t111e 26. A 
reco1·d of pupation a11d e111e1·gence of adttlts at Ol11ey ,,,ill be fot1nd in 
Table 26. 

Collections ,,zade i1'i 1915.-The bands used at Olney we1·e t,vo-ply 
burlap bands about 4 inches vvide. They were placed on the t1·ees abottt 
June 1 a11d exa111ined daily t1ntil the fi1·st larv~ were fot1nd. After that 
they ,vere exan1ined e,re11r tl1i1·d da)'. When collected tl1e 11t1111be1- of 
1nales a11d fen1ales ,,,ere r ecorded, and, at Olney, they \i\1e1-e preserved fc)1· 
tl1e purpose of obser,,i11g pt1patio11 a11cl e111erg·ence ( Table 26) . 

Larv~ of the fi1·st generation bega11 to leave tl1e fruit J ttne 12. The 
n1aximu111 nt11nber were leaving tl1e fruit abot1t J t1ne 25. Tl1e larvce of 
the first and second gene1·ations ove1·lappecl dt11·ing tl1e last ,veel{ i11 J ul:,r 
a11d tl1e first ,,,eek in At1g·t1st. Develop111ent ,,,as g1·eatly1 retarclecl dt1ri11g· 
Attgust on accot111t of unt1st1all~T cool ~,eathe1·, and was greatl)' accele1·ate<l 
during· the second a11d tl1i1·d \i\1eel<s of Septen1ber on account of t1nt1suall}1 

~,arm weather. Tl1ese ,veather influe11ces are indicated in the bancl 
1·eco1·ds by the relatively small nu1nber of larvre collected du1·ing August 
and tl1e large number during September. The falli11g off in band collec-
tio11s after Septe1nber 21 \\ras due largely to tl1e fact that apple-picking 
began at abot1t that date. 

A daily record of the band collectio11s, life-history observations, and 
cli111atic conditions at Olney in 1915 have been brought togetl1er i11 Table 
26 for ready reference. 



TABIAE 28 SEASONAL HISTORY OF ffig CODLING-MOTH AT OLNEY IN 1915 

• 
• -. TABLE 26 DA'fa OB'fAINEO Jt'RO~[ BAND COLLECTI01' S ..L~ LI.l~HIS TOli Y 0sSER\'ATIONS. 

WJTII ACCO l\lP ,\ N YIN C.~ CLIMATIC DA1'A, 
, 

OLNEY, 1915 

• -

From From lar,·~ I,ife history datn. 
billernating collected Climtlti<; rlntn. 

lnrvre. 19.15. First gen<>rn tit1n. Second genern tion. Third 
gcnerntio11. 

DRte. '"' I • cu 
Cl) • I ....:: "O -i::: .::~~+ -::, el.a I bt) i..d • I • • = lQ..= 

, • • • ~..., 93 -4,j er:, bl:) '0 o'2 ..... rJl S--4 • • ,. 
Q~ ...,tt:+ ,._ • • = a:s .dt. ·-rt: t> (.) • t> 0.. • .Q o.> • t> (J • t> C. . (I) t> tJ • (,J • . c:> e~ -- t i::: - 0.IJ J., +-> b.O ~o fS c:.> ~000 ::, 0. M . ti.() ..., a b.O M...,b,I) -+-> 8 bl) J-4 .µ b.O ;:..., ·-Q. :::, ,_. ::, bO = ::, -0 ~<':S ::, "O e.o cd crJ cd ;::; '2 i ~.s :! d i:J crJ i:J o Cl b.O ld «j,.. cjtO- ::, .,: >crJ f;i:1 Cl.I ...... H ..o -~ --t: ;i1 H.d ..... c...,.. .d .... c. .... <L>- ;:::1 ,.;J .d.:: ~.., ~-0-c-1 """' ,.:, r... -• ,-. 

-
-• ! 

! I l• I I ' 
Apr . l 34.5 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. 

I ,, 2 . . I ·38.0 i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I 

' ' 3 1 38.0 ,1 
' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

'' 4 I ' 44.8 1.6 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . ,. . • • • • • • • • 
C I 5 I I I 66.8 8.5 I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • . . , . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,, 

61 64.0 14.l, ' I :1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • . " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . , . • • • • • ' • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' 

'' 62.0 12·.1 I 

~I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I 
I! • • • • • • • • • . " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I 

' ' • • J 64.3 14.3 I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ., I : 66.7 16.7 ! 9 • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

: : t 
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ! '' 10 11 60.0 10.1 • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ! • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

-'' 11 54.5 5.1 ii • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I '' 12 45.3 .6 j 
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . ,. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,, 

.13 1 46.0 1.6 53 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I 

' ' 14 ' 50.3 4.7 45 11 
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

'' 15 52.4 5.8 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 ,, ] ,6 3 60.8 11.3 72 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,. . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

'' 17 4 '69.6 l ,0.0 51 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 
'' 18 1 ' 58.2 9.5 62 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

'' 19 6 63.6 14.2 '59 I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 
'' 20 8 65.7 16.8 61 • • • • • • • • • • ,. • • • ,. • • • . . ,. • . . ,. • I • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • 
'' 21 9 63.2 14.9 80 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' 

'' 22 10 64.1 14.1 80 ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,, 23 13 68.8 1.9.0 62 • • • • • • • • • • . ,. . • , . • • • ' • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,. . • • • ' • • • • • • • • ., 24 13 72.7 22.7 65 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . , . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' • 71.4 21.4 69 '' 25 8 t . ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . ,. ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • I 

'' 26 22 • l 72.3 22.4 69 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • . , . • • • • • • • . ,. ,. . • • .. ,. • • • • • • • • 
'' 27 9 ] . I '73.8 23.7 67 I I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,. • • • • • • • • . . , . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • ., 28 6 2 72.8 22.8 54 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . , . • • • • • • • • . " • • • • • • • • • • • • . , . • • • . . ,. ·• • • • • . . . ,. 

'z%:i ·¾-,, !)(} 1A. 2. .. -:-~~- . ·1 . . . ,. -·~%:, - l."I ~ = - - -- - -. -- - -- ------·-- -. . -_.,___ - .. .. --;": - . ,s· ,._ 
8 - :,'l.-- - -lj~- - -- ,, . 16 - . 

' - . 

29 6 . , .. • • • • • • • • • ,. , ... • . ,. . .. • • • . ,. , . • ... ... -,.,. - n - - ,ft -. .... ..,.. • . ,. . ' 1'R_7 , l ~2 - I • • I !I~ • I • • • • ,. • l .... -, • • • • 1 .... ,. . . . . ' I f • .. • • I I ·:I 7 ,; . 
•• - I I I ••••• J • . , .. ii • •. • • • • • - .. - .. - - - -. . - -



; 

.. 

-• 

•• • 
----- - --• .,.~ - =--""• - ,;.=---

- - : - .:,,-,=. ... ~O!!' a:,~ 

• • 

= ~: .• 

,. 
w 

•• , 

--

w ~. 

- - ~c-:•~ ..,_ u - • 

.. - .. 
,a 

-• •• • , . " - -• • • 

-

-•~·-·•-;..<>-

, 

,~-~-e;~-,~~~;~µ~=~;=~~~=~:~~=~~g;~~~=~~=;~~;;_u,,.~ ·-

--- _,,, __ ... :.0 ._ ... - ... , .. .,,_ 

" 

••W-<:'>"I I-

,:,-~-~~~-.,..~~~--.1~-~~---~~~a ... ~~•->-4U 

- - - - -~ - ----wu-- -u-- - - - .:'>:, c:,co- •::, c,,. ~-.:. ... •a,_.,,:,~,:, I--.. ... -.:._.,._•..,...,,,,,,;~ .. - .,._ H -• ,,u -

_,,,._._, -~ -
-

,.-c, •w '"'i',;:,u -~ ,:t;Jl}e-1 ":>~ __ u,,::, <>- U 

- ~ ·• "'-

" 

:; 

-,.,Q,,.,;,uw--w -~-,,.._.,~_..,_, "'<=>""co - -• 1->= ... ~•• 

t.;.- ,: 

---•->W • >-.1•->= .-) .. lWO..,....,at-<4 

-t. -,.--,eie - .:- - w-

0 -
--w--~• --~---~-------- - -~wo~ ~•*- ~~~~~-•-..,.•~~~•a ... -.. - •~ N ~C'>w~ 

w • !.\, • •• 

--

........... (r\ ,o,) ~-••»C'> 

• • • 
-

""" 
\!I Ito 

r.,. .... .,,,. .. ..., . 
.. 
\dult. 

... , 
,,..,,. 
IIM.<• _!!_._, ___ 

... -cup.or-... 
Mlh 
~-Cl'I,• ... -laid. 

... -hAlcb• . ,. , . .,.. 
f,9Mh .. 

.ll<>tbl 
~MHI,• 

'" 
t:~ 

, ....... "' 
f:.l t b 

' 
;\I N.II 
1•.oin I l111.'CU1'e •-i~r. IO+-
2(~9 I ) 

lh,llll ld 

'" 
Co-r•tt.u1, 

t lb.U1lall 

• 

• :;f.., 
;.;; .. • • 

2i " ·-, " "'· ,. •.. ,, N .. 6 • 
II 

I 
" • -• , . 

.; : =~ 
• • 

• g9 , •i • '- --•• , 
i ' "' , . 

• • • 
C n., 

Co ; !I • r i • 0 ~ • • • • • ; . • • , • • ll':. ' • !$ • • ' . --
' 

~i -' ' .;, i .. 
il • > 

' • 
! 
" ?: • 



• 

' l'ABLE 27-NuirJllllll or LAl\VA_& OOJ, l, P.:UTl£1J ON VA.BlUUB UA'l'UIS I N l!H ;;. 
Nm1aas 1'MNE< l"ORM.LNG ANO N•rMDER JlJBJ!;RNA1,N!l . 

-
I Number or l Nuwbcr Per c.eut. Number 

' ot adult& lnrvro colf•ctecl. "' I rnnfifonning. tra n~toi:.m Ing. Onre of .. ••merglog. .. ., tea,·1111< l, ta ·-- -
•PJ!l• • · l 'l'ota I average Number 

uumbcr ... of each 11116. I 916. 1016. l 016. 1915 . 1016. I number. per duy. "' BC!X. Z" rn 

!If. 10 2 8 I 100. 7 ,lune 11-16 18 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
F. 8 2 6 . . ' . . ' . . . 100 . . ........ 4 .. 17-19 4R 16 i\1. 26 I 25 . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . 21 
F. 22 7 15 ... ..... 100. . . . . . . . . . 14 .. 20-22 96 32 r-r. 50 6 44 . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . ' . . . . . 41 
F . 46 16 30 . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . 24 

" 23-25 21) 70 jl,f. 77 1 •I 63 . . . . . . . . , 100 . . . . . . . . . 63 
F. 13•1 34 100 ... ...... 100 . . . . . . . . . . 99 

" 26-28 189 63 M. 86 26 60 . . . . . . . . . 100. 50 . . . . . . . . . 
F. 103 35 68 . . . . . . . . . 100. ......... 66 .. 29-July 1 113 38 i\·I. •t6 I 6 10 100 . 40 . . . . 1::: :::::: ]?. 67 15 52 . . . . 100. 52 

July 2. 3 101 51 M. 48 8 40 . . . . . . . . 100. ' ' . . . . . . . . 40 
F . 53 6 47 . . . . ' . ' ' 100 . . . . . . . . . . 47 .. 4. 7 . i\I. !'j7 5 •19 3 94 •) 5. lj ,19 3 133 :lll . 
F . 7fi 15 59 2 95. J 3.3 59 2 

A 

s 

.. 8·10 66 23 i\{, 29 15 14 100. 14 ' . . . ' . ' . . . . . . . ' . ' . 
F. 37 8 29 . . . . . . . ' l 00. 26 . . . . . . . . . .. 11-13 37 12 ~f. ,n 7 12 100. 11 . . . . . ' . . ' . . . . . . . ' 
F. 18 6 12 . . . . . . . . 100. 

j • • • • • ' • • 12 .. 14-16 46 15 l\I. ''3 3 20 100. 20 ~- . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' F~. ?') 6 17 100. 17 ~" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17-19 39 13 j\.f. 18 3 15 100. J2 I • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . 
F. 21 11 10 100. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . .. 20-22 40 13 i\L 20 4 16 100. 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. zo 1 19 100. 19 ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23-24 31 16 :M. I •I 0 14. 100. 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
F. 17 4 13 100. 13 

13 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

" 25-28 40 10 i\l. 19 6 100. 13 . . . . . . . . . . ....... F. 21 6 1 1 t 93.:i 6.7 14 l .. 29-31 19 6 ;\[. 9 5 l 00. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F . 10 I fr 100 . 8 . . ' . . . . . '. . . . . . . . 
ug. 1- S 21 7 1\1. 6 0 6 100 . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 

F. 15 6 n 100. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4. 6 65 .,., i\1. 32 4 2G 2 92.9 7.1 22 2 -- F. "., 17 15 l 93.8 6.2 1] 1 ,) •> .. 7- 9 1no 3S l\I. 4G 8 3·l 4 89.6 10.5 31 4 
F. I !l 4.5 100. 45 . . . . . . ' . . ....... ' . 10-12 82 :VJ. 40 12 17 11 60.7 ?9., 17 11 .,- u, , V -' F . 43 113 20 77 . 1 G ~2. 9 20 6 

' 13-14 54 :VI. 26 7 13 i; 68.4 31. 6 13 6 27 F. 28 1~ I:l " 81 .3 18. 7 13 3 " .. 15-18 145 1\I. 7;) 31 7 34 17 .1 St.9 6 31 36 l'?. 70 •r I ll 29. •1 20 ., ' 21 70.6 4 .. 19-21 136 l\I. 7 l I S ., . ., 5.-1 04. (i 3 63 45 D,) 

F. fi2 19 r. .... 7 14 .U 86.0 6 ~7 I 
,, .. 22-2! 174 j\•f. 89 10 1 48 2.0 98.0 1 48 58 t F. 85 3!) ? 4..1 4 . 4 2 44 - 95.G 

" 25•27 161 7'f. 75 8 2 65 3. 97. 2 51 5-1 F. 86 18 n 68 . . . . . . . . 100. 0 45 .. 28-30 139 ~I. 71 25 0 46 100. 0 22 4G . . . . . . . . . 
I F . 68 23 0 45 . . . . . . . . . 100 . 0 3(' .. 31-Sepl 2 143 1\1. 69 18 0 51 100 . 0 20 48 : . ' .. . 

F. 74 10 0 G4 . . . . . . . . ' 100 . 0 28 
,pt. 3. 1 176 l '"' l\f 83 18 0 65 . . . . . . . . . 100 , 0 34 

F. 93 34 0 5g I • • • • • • • • ' 100 . 0 22 .. :;. 8 43 1 :\I. 193 111 ] 14 r, I .7 !l9.:l l 124 I O!l f . 241 s:1 ') 
150 1.3 ,, 127 - !IS . 7 -• !). I I 31;!1 1\1 J48 :il I) 11 7 100. 0 89 I 2:1 . . . 

},' 22 J !Hi 0 155 100 . 0 107 . . . . . . . . ' .. J 2-11 ~3 ~I. I fill 4 I u 122 100. 0 94 1 :n . . . . . . . . ' 
'fl'. 227 5!l 0 lf.8 100 . 0 139 . . . . ' ,. l 5-17 •n. l\1, 176 ·~ n 123 100 . I) 62 •J. .-1 I:\ 2 ,) ' . . . . . . . ' . 
'fl' 21 !l 8X II J3l JOO . 0 61 . . . . . . . . 

J 8-2ft 232 77 l\1 I f'l!f 3 I II 69 JOO . 0 57 . . . . . . . ' ~·. I 2!1 •I 7 n 82 100 . 0 57 . . . . . . 21-23 118 r., fll 7 0 ~4 100 . 0 40 3!J . . . ' . . . 
F. 7,7 Ii II 51 100 . 0 37 . . . . 

' '.!4-25 1 I 1 ~1. 52 :i (1 4!l 100 . 0 43 37 -······. F". li!l !) 0 50 . . . . . . . JOO . 0 10 

Q 

' 26-2:i 205 M. 111:1 'I!) I I 71 100 , 0 18 "1 .. , • • o o o O I 

F 102 17 11 Sfi 100 . 0 3~ 
" I 

. . . . . . . . 
' ~(j Or·t I l;!l M. ~!I 17 I I 7:! 0 60 . , 28 100 . j •••••• -

11' kfl r, " 71\ • • • • • • 100 • 0 64 
l 1;. I I fJ7 11 M. :J7 :t II 3,1 100 . 0 ~9 .. .. .. 

I•' !lO I II 2~ . . . . . . . 100 . (\ ~Ii 
• 12-18 1211 M. r,,1 I ll n 38 100 . 0 S!l l II . . . . . ' . I,, 7 I 1 :? II 62 •• 100 , 0 1\3 ' . Ht•ifi 7 !, I J M. :t!l !) n 24 100 . 0 ~4 . . . . . . . . w. I fj ll (I 32 • • • • • • • JOO . 0 S!l .. iC-Nov. 1 411 7 M 2R :! n 2G ]00 , 0 ••> . . . . -~ 

P' :tO . . () 20 100 . (I l6 ' . . . . . . . . 
M ' 

"f'f1tat..la r.a7 1 2 4 R!I li!J n 0 1 R 1:JS(l :?9.0!l 6 t Ii P' 2R!l l 82ti ti llll 1t1 1e,, 30 , (M li89 M &1•" r.a7 1 I 11 2 f I 170 27R O 20.r.,, 1104 - -· I j 



TABLE 28-SEASONAX, llISTOBY OF THE CODLING-MOTH AT OLNEY IN 1915 

Generation 

, 

H ibernating I• 

... 

., 

F irst I • 

' ... 

• 

s ~cond 1. 

' 
·[ 

Third 

Period 

) , 

.J s 

You 1.1~vre 

Mat1 a1·vre 
) ., 

1 s 

' 

You 1rvre 

l\Iat1 ar,l're 

:> 
J 

j B 

• 
Eggs 

Young Iarvre 

Mature la.rvm 

I 
I 

I 

• The last eggs observed were laid June 26. 

Earliest Relatively 
numerous 

AI Apr. 19 
' l\tiay 10 

i\1~ 
,, 16 

'' 26 

Ju June 19 I 

., 25 

July 10 :, l 

Jtl 
,, 13 
,, 13 

At Aug. 18 

'' C)? tiJIJ 

'' 29 

Sept. 22 

t The latest hatcbtng-date record le June 27, the egg having been laid June 18. 
' t Larvae were collectecl Nov. 1, the date ot the last observation. 

Maximum Relatively 
numerous 

Apr. 26 Ma,· • 4 

Ma)~ 15 ,, 22 

'' 31 

June 12 

June 25 July M 
4 

'' 29 II 10 

Jul)" J.2 '' ?,?. --
., 28 

Aug. 3 

Sept. 17 '' 2-0 

.t\llg. 10 

I 

Latest 

Jtine 2 
j • 24 

., 
30* 

JuJ,r • 9,· 
Aug. 9 

., 17 

Sept. 6 

,. 12 

'' 17 
• •• I 

V 

.t\.t1g. 18§ 

Sept. 5~ 

IC 13 

'' 19 

-i 

I These date& are trom materials collected from cages but larva, from the mucb larger band-collections contlnu,.id to pupate tlll 
.~ ug. 30, and moths to emerge till Sept. 16. No doubt egg-laying continued till about Sept. 26 and batching of lar,·ic till about Oct. '7. 



• 

• 

263 

Data based 011 the band collectio11s give in a ge11eral way the dis-
tributio11 as to relative nu1nbers of individuals of each stage tl1roughout 
the season; the life l1istory data indicate only app1·oxi111ately the general 
periods du1·ing ,vhich the diff e1·ent stages of each gene1·ation occurred. 
Since onl}1 a small nt1111ber of individuals ,vere used in the life-histor}· 
observations as con1pared with the number of individuals in the wl1ole 
orcl1ard. acti,,.ities i11 tl1e orcl1ard, 110 dot1bt, beg·an s0111ew l1at earlier 
a11d continued so1newhat later than tl1e life history data indicate. This 
is especiall)r t1·11e in regard to the date of tl1e deposition of the last eggs, 
tl1e hatching of the last larvre, etc., of each generatio11, because usually 
tl1e last individt1als ,vere ,,er)' few i11 11t1111ber and vvere mostly fe111ales, 
111a11y of \\'l1icl1 died without o,1ipositio11 or laid infertile eggs. 

Hiber1zatio1i, 1915.-TI1e first larv~ to hibernate left the fruit be-
tvveen ~Tuly 3 and ~T uly 7. There was a period of three cool days, includ-
ing July 4, S, and 6, ,,,hen the mea11 dail)' te111peratures we1·e 65.2, 61.1 
and 65.S degrees F. respectively. For tl1e remainder of Jt1ly the tem-
pe1·atu1·e "''as 111uch higher. The cool da)'S no doubt account for the earl)r 
l1iber11ation of so111e of tl1e larvre ,vl1icl1 left tl1e fruit from J 11ly 3 to J t1ly 
7. Hibernation proper began with larvre wl1ich left the fruit between 
Augttst 3 ancl August 6, after wl1ich the per cent. that hibernated in-
creased 1·apidly until August 20. Practically all larv~ maturing after this 
date hibernated. The ,veather during the second week in Septen1ber was 
t1nus11allJ1 ,,,arn1 and it ,,,as expected tl1·at larv~ would again begin to 
transform, but only tl1ree ot1t of about 1000 which were tinder observa-
tion responded to this increased temperature. 

0£ the total nttmber of larv~ collected, 46.2 per cent. were males 
and 53.8 per cent. were females; 29.1 per cent. of the males and 30.1 per 
cent. of the fen1ales collected, transformed; and 70.9 per cent. of the 
males and 69.9 pe1· cent. of the females hibe1·nated. 

suir:rvfARY OF THE SEASONAL HISTORY, 1915 
From the f oregoi11g data the seasonal history of the codling-moth at 

Olne>' in 191 S 1na}· be constructed c1t1ite acct11·ately (Table 28, precedi11g 
this page) . 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 



• 

• • 

-

264 

In Chart 1, these sa111e details of the seasonal history are show11. A11 
attempt is made l1ere to show i11 grapl1ic for111 tl1e relative numbers of 
pupre, adults, eggs, young· larv2e, and 1natt1re larv~ that appea1·ed frorr1 
day to day, all of wl1icl1 l1ave been averaged for three-da)' periods. The 
chart is divided vertically into columns for the montl1s f1·01n April to 
October and longitudi11ally by lines representing elevatio11s above ce1·tain 
base lines, tl1e deg1·ee of elevation being represented by the figu1·es in •the 
column to the left of the chart. The average nu1nbers of pupre, adults, 
eggs, young larvre and mature larvre wl1ich appeared daily during each of 
the th1·ee-day periods are represented by the black vertical colunms. At 
the top of the chart the three broods of pupre are rep1·esented, next comes 
the tl11·ee broods of motl1s, tl1e11 tl1e eg·g·s, tl1en 3·011ng lar,,ce . a11d la'" tlyr, tl1e 
larvre leaving the fruit. The three broods are indicated very disti11ctl)1 in 
tl1e parts of tl1e chart rep1·esenti11g different stages. 111 tl1e lo,ver part of 
the chart the mean ·daily temperatures above 50° are rep1·esentecl. also 
averaged for three-day periods. 

RECORDS FOR OTI-IER POINTS THAN OLNEY 

Thus fa1· the discussio11 has been confined aln1ost entirely to the 
Ol11ey records. A few words additional will suffice for tl1e less co111plete 
1·ecords at Ozark, Plainview, and Princeton. The codli11g-1noth was so 
scarce at the last-n1entionecl place as to 1·ender tl1e records of little ,,alt1e. 
A distinct third generation was detected at Ozark the sa111e as at Olne>r· 
Since only band records were kept at Plainview no evide11ce of the thir<l 
g ene1·ation ,,,as noticed there, tho11gl1 it dot1btless occur1·ed a11d ,,·ot1ld 
l1ave been detected if a dail}' , or even a weekly, reco1·d of tl1e e111ergence of 
tnoths from the larvre collected under bands had been kept. 

Tl1e first moths observecl at Ozark e111erged .,.A.pril 28, or 011e <.l-ay 
later than at Olney. The first larva! of the first generation were tal<en 
uncler bands at Ozark June 2, at Olney .. Tune 12, a11d at Plainvie,v .. T 11ne 
25. The first of the seco11d-brood 111oths en1erged at Oza1·k June 20, 01· 
8 days before the first n1oths of tl1is brood emerged at Olney, and the 
first of the second-brood la1·vce hatcl1ed at Oza1~k J t1ly 2, 01· 9 da}7S befo1·e 
they hatcl1ed at Ol11ey. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SE.ASON 

l\tlarch and April, 1915, vvere d1·y 111onths and 1nt1cl1 vvar111er than 
normal, causing the pupation of tl1e hibe1·nating larv~ to begin earl)~, but 
during Ma3,, June, July, and August the temperature averaged fro1n 4 to 
7.5 cleg·rees cooler tl1an 11or111al. a11d tl1e rainfall for tl1ese 111011ths ,,·as 
1nucl1 above normal. These n1onths vvere characterized by many cool, 
cloudy, rainy days, all of which te11ded to retard the develop1nent of the 
codling-moth, and to reduce tl1e numbers of each generation that sur-
, ,ived. This thre\i\7 the begi1111ing of the pupation of the first tl1ird-broo<_l 
pttp~ as late as Attgust 7, whicl1 ,vas only t,vo \i\7eeks before pupatio11 
encled for the season. For tl1is reaso11 tl1e third ge11eration was very 
s1nall . 

• 



• 

• 

• 

• • 

APRIL 

60.._ _____ _ 

40 --------
20 ..,__------== 

1201--- ---------1----
/0() ____ ..;..• ----+----
ao ---------+----
G01---------f----

201----------+---

MAY 

60~-------+------

~o----------+----
20..---------+-------

GOa--------~ 
,0-------
20---------

GO~---~~ 
40..------ -

JUN2 

• 

...,. _______ _ 

20·--------- - ....,_ __ ------~~-----
:i 'I ·1, 

80---------t----------+--------4-~ 
7S r---------+---------'--
"IO--------
G41---

G01---

SIJ1---

? R .,., • M I 7 'I N • a 
I J(J 16 D ,,. f. JI r1 a H a .f M 

• 

Chart 1. Seasonal histc 



' 

JULY AUGUST atf'IIN• lll OCTOa• tt 

-------l----------lf---------t--------, 

.11.87 
~• S • a JI H _ 40 ,f, 

1• • •J-' ~MM n ta 
or codling-moth at Olney, 1916. 

• 
IJ8 .87 

64 

I 

• 



• 

• 

• 

, 

f 

265 

SEASONAL HISTORY OF TI-IE CODLING-MOTH, 1916 
The plan of work pursued in the 1915 studies was continued in 1916. 

An effort was made to mal~e the records at Ozark and Plainview a little 
more complete! and another statio11 was established at Springfield. The 
observations at Princeton were discontinued. 

. The spring months were cold a11d the season bacl<ward. April was 
about 3 deg1·ees below nor111al and about 9 degrees below what it was i11 
1~)15. Tl1e te111perat11re for 1'Iay vvas al)ot1t norn1·al, for June about 5 
degrees below normal, July and August one deg1·ee above normal. Rain 
was fairly well distributed th1·ougho11t the season. The pupation of the 
hiber11ating larvre began rathe1- late. Development v.ras normal du1·ing 
Ma)7, slo,ver· than normal during June, a11d proceeded at the maxin1um 
rate throughout July and August. On the whole, development was not 
quite so rapid as it would be i11 a no1·111al year, the total accumulation of 
monthly degrees above SO degrees, l)ased upo11 mean monthly tempera-
tures for April, May, June, July, and August, l1aving been 89 while the 
normal accu1nulation fo1· the sa1ne period is 93.3. As co111pared with 
1915 tl1e year 1916 was more favorable for development, the accumula-· 
tio11 of monthly temperat11res above SO degrees f1·om Apt·il to August in-
clusive in 1915 having been only 85.5. 

• 

LARGE-CAGE SERIES 

Hiber1zati11<~ g·e11eratio11, 1915-1916.-Tiie hibernating larva! began to 
pupate April 16 and contintted to pupate till June 2. Moths began to 
e1nerge l\1Iay 10 and continued to emeree till June 23. 

Fi-r st ge1ieratio1i.-The first eggs obse1·ved were laid J\1:a;' 14. These 
eggs hatched 1\1:ay 25. It was not necessary to use a large cage in order 
to sec11re the first pt1pre and adults of the first gene1-ation, since they 
could be obtained from the first larvre collected f ro1n the bands. Larvre 
of this generation began to leave the fruit Jttne 20, to pupate June 24, 
and n1otl1s began to en1erge J t1ly 3. 

To sect1re the last inrlividtt·als of tl1e first generation, tl1e last adt1lts 
vvhich en1erged from the hibernating material were liberated in cage No. 
1, as fallows : 

Date Males Femiales 
June 1 12 0 

' ' 3 9 8 
' I 6 1 3 
'' 8 6 3 ,, 10 5 4 
• I 12 11 11 
I I 13 1 3 
'' 15 1 ,, 17 ') .... 
'' 20 a 
'' 23 6 

• 

• 



• 

266 

Larvre began to matttre and leave the fruit July 11 and continued to 
leave the fruit till August 9. The last pupation occurred August 14, and 
tl1e last e111erg·ence 0 11 At1gt1st 20. All tl1e larvre of this g·e11e1·ation trans-
formed. 

S eco1id generation.-For the purpose of getting the earliest individ-
uals of the second generation, the first moths of the first generation were 
liberated in large-cage No. 2, as follows : · 

Date Males Females 
July 6 3 3 . ' 7 1 1 

' ' ·8 1 3 
' ' 9 2 1 
'' 10 3 2 
I C 12 5 7 
'C 14 13 8 
(I 16 2 12 

July 20, many apples in the cage were showing signs of vvorminess. 
Larvre began to leave tl1e fruit August 3, to pupate August 7, and n1oths 
began to emerge August 16. 

To rear the last individuals of tl1e second generation, moths wl1ich 
· e111erged from cage No. 1 on or after August 10 were liberated in cage 

No. 3 as fallows : 
Date Males Fem1ales 

Aug. 10 4 4 
I ( 11 8 3 
'' 12 4 3 
'' 13' 1 1 
'' 15 1 1 
'' 17 1 
'' 18 2 

• 

'' 20 1 

Larvre began to leave the fruit September 20 and continued to lea\1e 
it until observations closed, October 12. All the larvre reared in tl1is 
cage hibernated. 

Tliird _generation.-To 1·ea1· the third generation, moths which 
emerged from cage No. 2 vvere liberated in cage No. 4 as follows: 

• 

Date 
Aug. 16 

,, 18 
' ' 20 
,, 23 
'' 24 
Ct 25 
'' 26 
'' 27 
,, 30 

Sept. 2 
CI 8 

Males 
1 
2 
1 
5 
1 

1 
1 
2 

Females 
1 

1 
1 
3 
4 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 

• 

-

The adults liberated Septe1nbe1~ 8 were £1·0111 the second generation 
of the life-history series. 

• 

• 

• 

• 



& .. , ... 
• • 
4 -.:•l,;. 
1; -1~ 
. 11-!! 
!l--!l 

' !!LS} 
~l 

J.. :-
1-

. 
J. • 

l· 
3-z. 

., 
• 
• 

.,. & 
:,- g 
S-11 
~11 

1!-14 
l!-1~ 
1~1; 
1;.1; 
18-. 
1 
!1-.3 
!!-!Z 
!l-!" 

.. 
&-11 
&-11 

1!-JE 
1!-lf 
Jj.'>" 
i,.._· 
%' : 1 

J 

F 

F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F . 
lI 
F. 
ll. 
F. 
)I 
F. 
lr 
F. 
)I 
F. 
~I 
F. 
ll. 
F. 
~L 
F. 
l1. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F 
~1. .. . . 
Y. 
F . 
Y. 
F. 
ll. 
F. ,. .. ,. 
} ', 
l\1. 
F. 
:l.l 
F. 
:l.L 
F. 
M.. 
F. 
}[. 
P. 
1.I 
F 
)L 
F 
M 
P' 

11 

l 

.. 
• 

1 
• • 

• • • 
• 

• 
• 
• 

• • 
• • • 
• 

• • 
• 

• • 

] 

• • 

., -
• 

1 .• 

. . 

.. 
• 

• • 

• • 

• 

1 
• • 

• 

4 
1 

2 

• • 
• 
• 
• • 

• 
• • 

• • 
• • 
• • 
• • • 
• • • 

1 . . .. . 
• • • 
• • • 

1' \ lll,t-: 

1 I 

. . 

• 

l 
. . . ., 

• 
1 

I 
1 

I 
l 

3 
. . 
11 
13 
30 
,; 

22 
7 

" 
1 
l 
4 
1 . , ., 
1 
2 

4 
1 
1 
• 
2 

•• ,, ., 
1 
2 

. . . 

, .. 

. . 

• 

• 

l 

] 

• 

6 
4 

11 ., -6 
3 
9 
s 
3 • -1 
4 ... ., 
. ' 

22 
10 
14 
14 

. . 

. . 

2 
8 
., ., 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
2 

3 

6 
1 

. . 

• • 

,, ., 

Id 

. . 

• 

• 

.. 

• 

• 
l 
1 

1 

1 
l 
• 
1 

• 
• 

1 
2 

3 

I 
1 

• V 

:; 

• 

• 

1 

l 

1 

1 
1 
l 

• • 
• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

3 
1 
I 
1 

.. 
•) 

. . 
•• 
1 

4 
5 
1 ., 
•) 

;:, 
1 
• 

2 

2 

1 

• 

• 

• 

. . . 

• 
• 

• • 

• 

I 

1 
I 
1 

1 

• 

• 

.. 

1 

1 

2 
1 ... 
V .. 
? . , 
2 
1 
2 

1 

1 
1 

• 
2 

l 
l 
1 

2 
1 

• 
• 

. .. 

J 
• •• 

• 
1 
• 
1 
l 

" 1 
9 

1 

9 
-l . , 

4 

19 
] 9 
11 -r 
17 
19 
G 
5 ., ., 
2 
5 

1 
2 
G 
2 
6 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
3 
? . , 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

1 

l 
• 

I ,. -
9 
8 
5 
6 
-l 
:, 

2 
2 
2 ,, 
1 

13 
'} . _., 
8 

19 
7 

21 
4 
2 
7 
9 
3 
3 
? ., 
4 
? . , 
2 
4 
2 
2 
7 
4 
2 -;) 

l ,~; \I U\ll 'I'll I 

~· 
• • 

• 
• 

• 

• 

• 

.. 
1 .. 
i ., .. -
1 
5 ., -
l 
3 
2 
l 

17 
11 
5 

15 
9 

22 
1 
G 
6 
6 
4 
3 
4 
2 
2 
3 

" 5 
3 
j 
4 
2 ., ., 

• 
• • 

. . . 

• 

• 

• 

• 

., ., 

2 
1 
4 
5 
3 
a 

I 
4 
1 ., -l 
2 
1 
6 
6 
5 

13 
6 

21 
l 

• • 
7 
G 
3 
3 
•) -4 
3 

• • 
9 
7 
2 
2 
6 
a 
1 

G 'l 
2 6 

' . 

. . 

• 

• 

1 

• 
1 

I 
" -n • 
I ., 

I 
-I 
I 
? 

1 

7 

•• 
10 

4 
;) 

4 
1 
4 
4 
3 
1 
l I 
4 
8 
1 
3 
2 
(j 

n I 

• • 

• .. 
. . . . . ... 

• • .. 
1 ,, 

• • ,, 

I 
1 

• • • • 
I 

I 
I 
•• v 

•• 
10 

2 
11 

l 
6 
:i 
Ii 
:! 
:l 
l . ,, 
1 
1 
3 
Ii 
l 
2 
1 
8 
• • 
1 
0 -2 4 ____________ _. _________ ·-----------1 

4 
3 

3 
4 
!i 
3 .... , 

• z 4 ., -
' ] I) 182 

122 
r,g 

18 
1!? 
21 

21) 
1~ 

20 
14 

120 
88 

91 
12C 
217 

79 
1)3 

71) 
92 

GO 
77 --------

192 171 127 

26 
77 

102 

:?I\ 

• 

• • 

1 

., 
1 
I 
" 

1 

I 
l 
l ., -., 
! 
l .. u 

1 
•l 
" '' ., 

2 
• 
:t 
2 
;J 
2 
3 
2 

11 
1 

5 
l 
1 

•• 

• 

• 

•• 
•) 

I 
l 

I 

I 

I 
j 
., 
3 

·l 
l 
1 
•) -2 
1 
2 
• •• " ·• -., ., 
2 
5 
5 
4 

• • 
!j 

.,-
- r 

• 

•• ., 

1 

• 

• . ' . ' 

• 
• 
1 
• ., 
I ., 

1 ., -., ., 
•) -., ., 
7 
8 
6 
6 

1 ., . , 
I 
2 

3 
4 

2 
l 
8 

1 

.. 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 
• 
• 
• 

• 

3 

1 

l 
• 

• • 
1 ., 

•• 

3 

J 

l 
1 

• 

• 

• 
• 

I 
• 
2 

• 
1 

• • 
• 

• 

1 

., 

1 

l ., •• 

l 

' I -I 
1 
3 

• • .. -
1 
1 
3 
l 
2 

] 

• 

. . 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 

I 
l 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

• ., 
1 

., 

1 

• 
l 

1 
3 

2 

2 
3 

1 

1 

2 

• 

:11 I 

• • 

1 

• 

• 

• 
1 

•• 

•• 
l 
• 
1 
1 

• • 

• 
I ,, 

2 
• • 
1 ,, -1 
3 

2 
' ' 

• 
• 

:1 
2 
1 
2 

2 
1 

• 

• 

• 
• 

1 

• 
• 

• 

• 

l 
J 

• • 

• 

1 

1 
2 

• 

l 
1 
I 
1 
I 

1 

(H-

n 111 1 

2 

. . 

• 

1 

• 

• •• -

1 
• • 

• 

• 

• 

1 

• 
• 
• 
• 

I 

2 
3 

l 
l 
I 

1 
2 
1 

] 

nnmhrr 

: l 1 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

• 
• 
• 

• 

• ., 

1 
I 

• 
1 

I 
1 
2 
3 
l 

2 

2 

1 
2 
l 
l 

1 

• 

• 
J 
• 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

1 

• 
• 

• 
I 

1 

l 

• 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

.. 

• 
• 

• 

• 

• 

• 
• 
•• 

• 

1 

1 
l 

• 

l 

1 
t 
1 
l 
t 
I 
• 
l 

1 
• 

• 
• 

• • 
• 

I 11 Ii. 

• 

• 
• 

• 
• 

• 
• 
• 

• • 
1 

• 

• 

•• 
• • 
• • 

I 
• 

• 

• 

• 
• 

j 

. . 

. . 

• • 

l 

• • 

,) -
l 

' ' 
1 

• 

• 
•l 

• • 

1 
l 

1 
• 

1 
l 
1 

l 

• 

• 

• 

• 

1 

• 
• 

1 
l 

l 

• 
• • 

• 

j 

• 

1 

• 

1 
1 
1 
1 
. ' 
1 
1 

9 

1 

• 
• 

• • 
• 

• 
• 
• 

• 

• 

1 

• 
1 
t 
1 
l 

l 

1 

• 
• 

• 

• 

• 

• 
I 

•• 

• 
• 

J 
J 
• 

• 
" -

" -2 
•• 
3 

3 

• 

•• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•• 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

I 

1 
1 

n u 

1 
3 
l 

J 

l 
l 

I 

,,i, 1!115-16, 01,. J.1' , 

,J UlJf!. 

1 .. ., 

• 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 
1 
1 

1 ., -1 
1 
1 

• • 
l 

• 

• 

• 

• 
• 

• 
l 

• 

l 
• 

• • 

• 
• 

• 

• • • 

• 
• • 

. . • 

• 

• 
• • 

• 
• 

• 
• 

• • 
1 

• 

• 
1 • 

• • 
1 

• • 

• 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 

• 
• 

1 • 

• 

• 
1 l 

• 
• 

1 

• 

1 
• 
1 

J!l 

• • 

• 

• 
• 

• 
• • 

• 

1 
l 

• 
2 

•• 
• 
• 

l 

• 

• 
• 

• 

lfl 

• 
• 

• 

• 

• • 
• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

1 

• 

• • 

• • 

l 

• 

-
21 23 21 

• • • • • • • • 
• • • • • 

• • . . 

• • 
• 

• 

• 
• • • • 

• • 
• • • 

•• • 
• l • • • 

• • • • 
• • 

• • • • 
1 • • 

• • • 
• 

• 
• • 1 

• • 
• 

1 • 1 
• • 

• 

• • 
• 

• • 
• • • 

• • • 
• • • 

• • • • 
• • • 

• • • 
• • • • 

• • • • • • 
• • • • • • • 
• • • • 
• • •• • • • • 

• 
• • • • 

• • • 
• • • • • • • 

• • • • • • 

\I y 

3 
• • 2 

+ ••• 1 

1 
4 . ... 

11 
• 6 
6 . ... 

3 
:ll ... 

20 ... 
37 

48 

51 .. 

.. 30 

.. .. 28 
34 

124 ... .. 127 
S9 

10; 
94 .... 
... 139 .. 

61 

" ... .. 
40 ... 

. . . 
43 ... 

40 
48 •• 

JS 

. ... 
5S 

.\la~ • 

)Ia • 
June , 
11art 

• 

.. 
• 

M .. 

• 

.. 

" 
•• 

• .. .. 
.. .. 
' ' 

• .. 
• 

! I 
• 
z: 
}!, 
~: 
19 
!J. 
1~ 
~-l 
l i; 
~o 
!-J • • . i 
3, •• -~ ~-• • 
• • 

• • .. . -~ 
•• ., 
_, 
•• . ) •• • • .. • 

•• .. •• .> 
• 
!I 
19 

• • • • • • M •• •• 
• • • • • • .. !1 

• • • • • • • • • .. . . la ... 
• • . . . . . . . . .. . ~-:.:·:.:·:.:·~""--:;:..~--:-::-:: 

---------~-------·•------ !I 
I 1 ... ,. 1 I 3 l lll\19 ., s 

7 

16 !l !l I 6 ... - 4 

• lOll "" ___ i\ __ 1 ___ 1 __ 2.,,__1 -~_,.._::: _ _! __ _ _.:.1 ___ .:.:.:.:.---::_:--:"~ 

6 !l.'40 



• 

267 

Tl1e fi1·st eggs \ve1·e obse1·ved A11gt1st 19. Tl1ese l1atcl1ed August 23. 
The first mature larvre left tl1e f1·uit between Septen1ber 26 and October 
3, and larv~ continued to leave tl1e fruit till October 23--tl1e date of the 
last observation. 

Thus the pr·esence of a pa1·tial third broocl \\ras again demonstrated 
this year at Olney. Larvce of the first generation were entering the 
£1-uit fron1 1\/fay 25 to about .July 4, a11d la1-vre of the second generation 
from about .. July 13 to Septen1ber 1, and larvre of the third generation 
from .. .t\..ugt1st 23 to about Septe1nber 15. 

BAND COLLECTIONS 

Hiber1iati11g generatioti, 1915-1916.-Pupation of the hibernating 
larvre collected fron1 ban·ds in 1915 beg·an at Oza1·k April 10, at Olney, 
Plainview, and Springfield April 13, and closed at Ozark May 31, at 
Olney June 17, and at Springfield May 26. 

Moths bega11 to e111erge at Ozark and at Olney l\1ay 11 and at Spri11g-
field l\1ay 10. Tl1ey continued to emerge at Ozark till June 19, at Olne)r 
till J t1ne 30 ( Table 29, foot-note), a11d at Springfield till June 28. Pupa-
tio11 was ve1·y irreg·t1lar 011 accou11t of chang·es in the weatl1er conditio11s. 

The dates ,vhen the larvre left the f rttit had no appreciable influence 
on the tin1e of pupation and e1nergence tl1e following spring. The aver-
age date of tl1e emergence of n1ales was May 21, and of the fen1ales 
i\·1a1, 23. \i\Te sl1ould naturally expect that hibernating larvre n1aturi11g 
in July would develop into moths earlier in the spring than those matur-
i11g· later i11 tl1e seaso11, l)ut tl1is is 11ot tl1e case. Tl1e n1ale 111otl1s in 
three collections eme1·ged an ave1-age of f ro1n one to five days later tl1a11 
the f e1nales; i11 two collections tl1e ave1·age dates of emergence of both 
sexes ,,,e1·e tl1e sa111e; and in tl1e othe1· eigl1tee11 collections tl1e 11,jales 
en1erg·ed a11 a,,e1·age of £1·0111 one to seven da)7S earlier than the females 
For the ,,r11ole se1·ies the average date of e1nerge11ce of the 1nales was 
2.6 days earlier tl1an tl1at of tl1e fe111ales. 

C ollec t·io11 s 11iade i,,1. 1916.-Ba11<l collectio11s were 111a<le at Oza 1·k, 
Olney, a11d Springfield. Tl1e results a1·e s110,vn i11 Table 30. 

Tl1e fi1·st eggs ,ve1·e obse1·vecl A11g·11st 19. These hatched August 23. 
\Vhile the first motl1s of the hibernating ge11e1·ation observed at tl1e 

th1·ee places e1nerged at abottt the sa111e tin1e, tl1e fi1·st la1\Tre of the first 
ge11eration 111at111·ecl 10 clays later at Olney tl1an at Ozarl{ a11d 9 days 
late1- at Spri11gfielcl tl1a11 at Olney. The fi1·st pupce were obset\Ted at 
Olney J u11e 24, a11d at Springfield July 2; tl1e fi-rst adult at Olney 
eme1·ged J11ly 3, and at Sp1·ingfield July 11 (Table 31). Tl1e seco11cl a11d 
tl1irrl })1·00(1s of J)tlp~e ·ancl 111otl1s are very clea1·ly i11(lic,lted 111 tl1ese J) tt}),l-
tion and einergence records. Tl1e pupatio11 of tl1e second brood at Olne~•' 
began June 24 ar1d contintted till tl1e fi.1·st 01· second weel< in Augt1st, at 
,,rl1icl1 time tl1e beginning of the pupation of tl1e third brood is i11dicated 
by tl1e i11crease i11 tl1e 11t11nlJcr of J)t1p,e. Tl1e scro11cl l)t·ood of 111otl1s 
bega11 to e1ne1·ge Jt1l)' 3 a.nd rontint1ed to eme1·ge until about tl1e seco11d 

• 

• 

• 



... 

• 

• 
• 

268 

V\,eek in Augi1st. The beginning of the emergence of the third brood is 
indicated by the increase in the number of moths emerging daily after 
the 16th of August. Judging f ram the above data the third brood was 
about equal in number to the second brood. 

TABLE 30-REco&o OF LARVAE ooLLECTED UNDER BANDS AT OZARK, OLNEY, AND 
SPRINGFTEI.D IN 1916 

Date Ozark Olney Spring- Date Ozark Olney Spring-
field field 

June 10 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Aug. 16 24 344 28 
12 7 . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . 19 16 315 
14 6 22 31 350 42 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

17 8 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 22 490 44 
20 15 7 • • • • • • • • 28 30 412 46 
23 50 11 • • • • • • • • 31 37 516 
26 31 29 • • • • • • • • Sept. 2 43 354 45 

- 29 53 47 5 6 24 797 55 
July 1 56 65 27 9 28 515 91 

5 46 213 20 12 45 551 79 
55 228 17 15 • 37 566 8 

11 48 225 32 18 22 399 • 

14 30 110 33 21 15 388 
17 56 121 33 23 31 276 
20 73 138 30 25 28 217 132 
24 36 ' 76 41 28 21 
26 22 197 22 Oct. 3 37 136 
29 28 72 15 6 8 

Aug. 1 61 43 • • • • • • • • 10 8 142 
4 52 70 36 13 5 
7 4'0 125 59 16 5 

10 53 221 67 19 1 
12 53 230 86 24 92 

Totals 14'07 9086 1085 
' 

Hibe1'11atio1i, 1916.- Table 32 sho\\'S the dates bet,;yee11 which the 
transition was made from trans£ orming to hibernating larvre. 

Hibernation began ,vith larvre which left tl1e fruit bet,veen At1gttst 
4 and August 7, but hibernation in considerable numbers began with 
larvre collected between August 16 and August 19. Practically all larvre 
collected after August 28 hibernated. This was fully a week later than 
the date on which active hibernation began in 1915. It will be seen, 
then, that a large per cent. of tl1e larv~ whicl1 left the fruit during the 
first three weeks in August tr·ansformed; it will also be seen by refer-
ring to Table 30 that la1·vce of the seco11d generation were leaving the 
fruit in large numbers dttring this period. This accot1nts for tl1e 1·ela-
tively large size of tl1e third generation in 1916. 

Of the 9088 larvre collected at Olney, 4100, or about 45 per cent., 
were males, and 4988, or abottt 55 per cent., were females . 

• 

• 

-



• 

• 

T,\BLE: 31- &:icono llTlO\VINO 'l'lJ!J NU'Ml)IJ:R Olf L A.IIVAI£ P O!'ATI NO A.NO M OTIIS 
•;Mli)RCHNO DAILY A'J' 0 1,?<El" J\NI) S .PRlNUFr>1LO J'R01't B ANI) Col.LEO'l"IONB I N' 1 91 6 

Date. 

June 20 
" 21 
" 
' . .. 
" 

" 
" 
" 
" 

J uly 
" 
" 

" .. 
.. .. 
" 
•• .. 
" 
•• 
" .. .. 
" 
" 
" .. 
" .. 
• • 
" •• 
. ' .. .. .. .. 

22 
23 
24 
26 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
lli 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
2(1 
27 
28 
29 
30 
3J 

Aug. 1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

" .. 
. ' '. .. .. .. 
• • ., 
.. .. 
.. 
•• .. .. .. .. 
•• .. .. .. . ' .. 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
30 
~L 
22 
2~ 
24 
25 
2G 

" 27 
" 28 
" 29 
" 30 
" 31 

Sepl. 1 ,, 2 
., a 
" 4 
.. 6 
" G 
.. 7 
.. 8 
.. 9 
" HI 
.. -, 1 
' ' I 2 .. 1a 
II 1 '1 
.. J6 
" l tl 
•• l 7 
" 18 
.. J fi 
" 20 
" 2 t .. .. ii 

26 

. 

No. of larvae 

-

. . . 

Olney. 

2 
5 
2 
6 
3 
6 
2 

9 
11 
42 
22 
7 

16 
19 
46 
40 
47 
54 
44 
32 
82 
63 
47 
62 
26 
36 
36 
15 
26 
19 
39 
50 
35 
26 
38 
32 
30 
3'3 
23 
11 
18 

6 
17 
23 
lG 

8 
46 
28 
5 

46 
39 
27 
79 
92 
38 
93 
39 
37 
2:l 
21 

9 
14. 
3l 

8 
4 
6 

13 
7 
8 

lJ 
3 
1 

. . . . . . . 

pupatin g. 
-

Springfield. 

l 
5 
2 

4 
1 
7 
2 
6 
8 
2 
2 
4 

. . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . ' . . . . ' . . . . 
. . . ......... . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

o • • • I • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 
'· . . . . . . ' . . . . .. 
. . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 

. . . . . .. ' . 
. . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . ' . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . ..... 
. . . . ... ' .. . . . . .... 

. . . ..... . 
' .. . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . ' . . . . 
. . . . . . . . ' 

. . . . . . ' . . . . 

........... . . . . . . . . . ' 
I • , • • . . . . . . . . ' . . ' . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . 

o O o O O > > 0 0 I O O O o o • o O O • ...... , ... 
.. . ..... ···•1····· ...... . 
·•··••· ••1••···· ···•••• 

········ ··•1•···· ... . . . . . . . ···!••····· . . 
.... ····••1••········· .... ···••!••····· ..... 

• 

. . . . . ' . -. . . 

' 

No. of moths 

Olney. 

• 

1 
1 
4 
5 
3 
4 
3 
5 
5 

14 
7 

23 
22 
6 

11 
34 
23 
34 
37 
32 
31 
39 
37 
47 
34 
33 
26 
37 
20 
14 
18 
26 
24 
2n 
10 
33 
29 
28 
28 
17 
11 

7 
8 
4 

16 
20 
19 
lti 
23 
17 
14 
15 
l7 
31 
Gl 
10 
44 
16 
10 
34 
26 
29 
10 
2n 
l7 
27 
2 1 
11 s 
11 
13 
JS 

ll 
7 

:t 

!l 
I 

emerging. 

Springfield. 

5 
1 

10 
9 
6 
7 

14 
14 
13 
17 

37 

li 
7 
7 
6 
7 
9 
8 

14 
8 

23 

15 
5 

13 
2 
2 
3 
1 
3 

12 
7 
9 
1 

21 
LO 
10 
22 s 

9 
8 
3 
9 
G 
9 

24 
1 

1 
l 

I 
1 



Datea or 
leav lag 
apples. 

June 16-20 

" 21-23 

" 24-26 

" 27-29 

" 30-July l 

July 2- 5 

6- 8 " 

" 9-11 

" 12-14 

.• 15-17 

" 18-20 

" 21-22 

" 23-26 

.• 27-29 

" 30-Aug. 1 

Aug. 2- 4 

.. 
.. 

5- 7 

8-10 

" 11-12 

" 13-16 

" 17-19 

" 20-22 

" 23'-25 

" 26-28 

" 29-3] 

Sept. l · 6 .. 
.. 

• 

1- G 

7. 9 

" 10-12 

" 1:1-15 

" 16-18 

" 19-21 

" 22~23 

" 24-2fi 

" 26-0c·I . 2 

0<'l, :J-10 

" 11 -:!4 

'l'ola l B 

'!'ABLE 32- NUMBEB OF L,\JtVAJ£ l.:OLl,ltC'l'EO ON V,!JllOUS DATES IN 1916, 
NlJ'\\IBER TRA NSFORMINO AND N, ' M Bl!ll< UJllEI!.N ATINO 

.. 
-"' !: a 0" E-,A 

7 

11 

29 

47 

66 

213 

228 

225 

110 

121 

138 

76 

197 

72 

43 

70 

125 

221 

230 

344 

315 

350 

~90 

412 

516 

354 

7!)7 

;, I 6 

551 

56G 

399 

3RR 

27A 

2 17 

1 '.JII 

142 

92 

90813 

Number of larvm 
collected. 

4) ... I>!, 
"""''" j:!'°'O ., a:;, 
!i~o. 

1.4 

4 

10 

16 

38 

53 

76 

75 

37 

40 

49 

38 

49 

24 

1 ·l 

23 

4~ 

70 

115 

88 

105 

117 

163 

104 

172 

177 

l 09 

172 

184 

189 

l33 

129 

138 

109 

1 IJ 

12 

7 

.. f 

(I} 

M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 

M. 
F. 
rvr. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
llf. 
F. 
j\,{. 
l<~. 
J\,(, 
F. 
l\of. 
F, 
j\,f. 
F. 
r.r. 
F. 
llf. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
l',f. 
F. 
r.r. 
F. 
111. 
F. 
]If 
F. 
1\11. 
F. 
J\,J. 
ft'. 
M. 
F. 
llf. 
F. 
j\l[. 
F. 
]\{, 
F. 
t.-I. 
F. 
JIit 
F. 
M. 
1•,. 

1\1. 
F. 

M. 
F. 

l\l. 
F'. 
l\l. 
F. 
M. 
Ii'. 

M. 
Jl'. 

M. 
F, 

JI.{. 
lf'. 

M. 
It'. 

M 
Ii"', 

!VJ. 
1~. 

. \1 I•' 

~i! 
,o~ .. ' .... .... ., 
Z Ou, 

5 
2 
3 
8 

16 
13 
19 
28 
32 
33 

108 
105 
106 
122 

98 
127 

64 
46 
55 
66 
68 
70 
35 
-11 
93 

104 
3:J 
39 
27 
16 
32 
38 
G4 
Gl 

108 
113 
130 
100 
162 
182 
153 
162 
148 
202 
262 
238 
171 
241 
241 
275 
143 
211 
34Ci 
1 !j I 
209 
30li 
·J j • ., v 
:)08 
237 
•<1)9 "~ 
177 
222 
JG8 •) ,,o Ou 

107 
169 
86 

131 
r,r; 
so 
(i8 
74 
37 
56 

4100 
4988 
nORH 

t ,, . "' 
8

.,., _.., 
="' ... z 5 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 
2 
2 
6 
7 
4 

31 
33' 
28 
29 
18 
26 

9 
6 
7 

17 
]7 
1 (i 

. . . . . 
J5 
35 
34 

6 
J 3" 
11 

. . . . . 
9 

] ., ., 
'.!O 
20 
24 
88 
38 
34 

115 
l 3'2 
83 
98 
49 
79 
93 
48 
63 
86 
69 
87 
10 
93 

~01 
:.!18 
J 27 
242 
]:!7 
J !)!) 
23'7 
219 
74 

108 
69 

. . 113 
r, 

l •I . . . . . 
L6 
J7 
3:1 
] 6 
:l:l 
:JO 
Cifi 

168 1 
2277 
11 nr,11 

Number 
lraosto rmiog. 

,,6 ... 
"' ... 

5 
2 
3 
8 

12 
11 
17 
22 
25 
29 
77 
72 
78 
93 
80 

102 
55 
40 
48 
49 
51 
5<! 
35 
26 
58 
70 
27 
26 
l(i 
16 
23 
25 
43 
41 
82 
75 
9'() 
64 
47 
45 
39 
25 
24 
29 
19 
23 

5 
8 
' 
1 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

...... 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . ' ' . 

. . . . . . 

. - . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

...... 

. . . . .. 
' . . . . . 
' . . . . . 
. . . . . . 
' ..... 

960 
960 

I !llfi 

,-.... 
"' ... 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . ' . . 
' . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . ' . . . 
' ' . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . 
. . . . . 
. . . . . ' 
. . . . . . 
... ... 

. . . . ' . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

...... 

. . . . . . 
1 

...... 
2 

·> 
2 

...... 
5 

31 
39 
75 
94 

14-0 
167 
103 
147 
172 
187 
103 
118 
146' 
133 
82 
64 

106 
l O!I 

1 LO 
103 
114 

9!) 
, . L07 

1112 
I 65 
86 

116 
~(\ 
17 
52 
I !! 
17 

l4GO 
1766 
:J21 6 

Per ceot. !Number of ,;<lulls tranefotmlng, emerging, 
. ' 

(0 ... 
"' ... 

100. 
100 . 
100. 
100. 
J ()0. 
100. 
100 . 
100. 
100. 
100,. 
100. 
I 00. 
100 . 
100. 
100. 
I 0'()1• 

100. 
1.00. 
100. 
100, 
100 . 
1.00;. 
100. 
100 . 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 

98. 
100. 

98. 
100. 
98. 
97. 

1011. 
90. 
56. 
39. 
24. 
24. 
12. 
12. 
5. 
4 . 

. 

. 6 

. . . . . . . 
' . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . ... 
' . . ' . . . 
' . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . ' 
...... . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. ' ' . . ' . . . . . . . 
. . .... . . . . . . . 

89.6 
36.S 
:17 :l 

. ,-... 
"' ... 

a) ,.., 
a, ... 

. . . . . ' ' . 4 
2 
3 
7 
8 
6 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . ' . . . . ' . . . . 
' . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
' ' . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . ' 
. . ' . . . . 
' . ' . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . ' . . . . 
. . . . . ' ' 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 

2 . 
. . . . . . . 

2. 
. ' 
2. 
3. . . . . . . 

10. 
44. 
61. 
76. 
76 . 
88. 
88. 
95. 
96, 

100. 
99.5 

100. 
100. 
JOO. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
JOO. 

JOO. 
100. 
JOO. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
10() , 

....... 

. . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . 
. . . . . . 

G0.4 
64, 7 
tl~. 7 

12 
18 
19 
21 
63 
48 
59 
65 
65 
79 
49 
3•1 
33 
35 
43 
37 
35 
20 
47 
50 
24 
26 
13 
16 
22 
24 
33 
34 
63 
65 
81 
44 
~1 
28 
31 
20 
16 
22 
15 
19 

4 
6 

1 

...... 

. . . . . . 

. . .... 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . 

. . . . . . ...... 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . ' ' . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . 

78:l 
727 

1610 

,-... 
"' ... 

1 

2 
2 

5 
23 
35 
69 
80 

123 
149 

91 
132 
1-18 
l-!7 
85 

100 
113 
89 
67 
r,~ 
t.'O 
85 

ss 
9" ,o 
87 
7$ 
!15 
S~l 
S9 
7ll 

103 
3!l 
17 
il2 
I·• • 
I i" 

I:?5S 
142~ 
•H!n,.. ... v" i 

. 



• 

• • • 

• 
' • 

. • 
-• 
• -

• • 
• • 

• • • 
• • • 
• • • 
• C • 

• • a : t : ; ; : : : : : : : : t : : : : : : : : : : : 

" 

= _ _. __ 
-,et-.a--1:i, --J - ,;o 

.:.e, c ·~-• ;,,.:--.a,~- =i.a 

,. 

-Olo:!>IJI- •~ ...... N --0.¢,c,,..,. 

~w ... ~ - •- ~•• _,....,. 

:;; 

.. .. -

-... ~. 

w t:: 

•>n "'ui;-.1• 

-

.. 

·• 

------: . , .. ~. w ... ;,, ' . 

:::::::··::··::.:·::::.::::::;. ' . ' ' 

-. 

,, 

•-~~-.l~~~-e~~~~~-e~-J-a~~••-.a-.a-a . ,-a ~~~e~e~-J-Jft~~~~~~-.a-.a-.a~-.a-J~~4~A~~~«~~~~~~"~~-J4-.I-J-.1~®~~~-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a~ -a-.a-.a-.a-.a -.a-.a~-a-.a~aa~~~~-.a-.a -.a~e,:,,a~~~ma~-.a=~~~~-.a-.a-.a-.a-.a~~ep~=ec~m~f~~-.a~~~t~~==~~;:~gg;e=t~g1~:~=~~ ... ~=~--.a~~-.a-.a --.a -•-w~•~~•~ww-u~~ .;;.. =www-.a-.aov~-.aw-~w~~ ...... -~ ... ~ - ~ww~~~~~a-.ao--N --.a ~e~~~~~u~~~•~ ... •w~-~1)~~-.a~-.a~~~oi-0~~~ ... .-NA ~ ... ~~-.aw-.a~~-.a~~-•-w•~~w~u~~- ... ~., ...••..•.... 

........ - - - - - u•=- --•~ t.:-,. •=-•.i-t-1-M - - - -- - t<! t; - - Wu~•=- t•'" If-~- •.t , .... ,. t->W t.>t_.,.,., ..... ~•: ,.,1., 1-' WU I:,., I • l.t 1,1 W ,.u NI.>, ... , .. ••• ., IJ t,Jt-'t• l='t-tl.t ~•=- ,o l .>Ul-;H.>- •=- •=- W ... __. ... - ...... •=- o;-.>t-> ...... - -- - ,.. ... - ..,. N ............ ..,. •=- It !'1- •-=- •=- !,! !:::: t - _ -~ == ;~ @oii,;;!!~!:u~ io •ti-to ::o,q,.,. •=-~wc,i W = • ..,o ... ~=-;: .,t. ~u~~w-~-~~~ee~~~ - ~-u..,~ - -.t.~-- ,~~~=~1=-~~-w~~-~~~~~-~ww~~~~o~~~~~~..,~~..,..,~..,~~-•~~~~~w~..,~~..,~~~~WM~~e~~-=~-~W1•~..,~~~~~~-o~~~-~~• ~•~•._,w..,•~~-~----. -~~- .. , .. ~. - ... , ..... . . •• ......... . _.w;,..ae,.;.o,:..~;.,.e,.;_,.; ... ;..~-- 7".-.:,..,=•~e.c,_. ~-.; :-:.1~oe ~Co:._ ~Cll>b: :..- ~~O>a-w j_,.;....;. u~:..,, • • o~;=-(4 , ... i~-~<,,=- ~:..,ao:..o ~,:,, o~:...:.;,, ::..•:.. ~:,., ia:a ~,... ;_,.c, .... w ;....~~ 00! n<II i-.o ei \.) (!t.oaw:...;. QC'looQQ Qi.;.t.1--->:. :... ~ ... 4!> 0~ ;_. OU\OOC>001.,.;,_ ::,C,1,'" • 0.:, .- •¢loot• N t11 (ft<IIOO.<:..CC"'O<l'>-t.1--W~<le-C - uc,.woooowu4&-lo> No-=,..,.., .. ""~ 

I ;::;;::;::!i;;;:~~:w.-1-a!!c;-a-ll.za :;,,~,:. .,.OI.,., ~.., ,:O-lltn-.1-.1.c,o,~..,.--oo,;,e,•~ ..... ...,...,_. •;, oo ..,.., ..:tQ ~'»'»Ql'J-QDOD~QO ~91>.., -IQO.., c:-s -• ;/"''""..., r,- ._,..., ..,..., .., ..,<1l _,,..., ->W<A'./0..,.., -a-->-.1.., ,;,r, .. 1-1 --~,:,, .:-.<1'"· er. -.t -1._, -• --11..., -.J -1 -1 0& .. ,-a :,o.., ,x,oo-, .. ..:t ..,...,. • • oo -.1~ .. , :,, .,...., ..:t,;,, .., ~~;.! .,..,. •l:::!~~w!!~<:>l~)!~!:~~~<PO ~"?:~:::=:~ff~~~~;! ~f: ~::~;::;~!;l5.j 

l 
- • w- =- ~~-~~~»-aQ~-~~ ~ ~ - -.1~4&•, - ~~»-~c~~=w~=-•~--~o--q~o~~~w~~- - ~Q~•Ql-=-w -,.>~w•--•--~-.i--.)-a-a~~~~~~- ... ~=~~•~wooN-~~~~--~~QO~W• • -o•w~<i0W • oo - -~ -~ -* ..... __ - o • ---u~~---~·-- ---- ---- ---~ u-~ ---- w ~U~NWWl~WNKl • ~nuwi•ww~,.~--NYW_N_ nN--- ... ~- --••»-•a:aw- ... ---~---------N~M~-w-~-••-- -•ww~~- N~•.1-==-=~~~t~~~=~ ... c~==~~ .~==~.=~=~:=! .. w - _ -

to •• •~ • • • 
2~ fl ~= ~; : g=~ S ~~G= :g: ~: 52~= 2 i 

.. .. i~ • • 2= -. 
\dtlltJ -· ~. 

9 

-
IA"-
11111ttr .. ... 
...... 

Adult, 

• •• 'H • 
ji > 

"' -, '" cl " ;• w -
Dql b.1,1 ' ;, • ' , :; ,. ... • • • 
balU-.O.. - :l i ., " . • ' i '--"" • • pupa.l.N. f ::! ::: 

Moth • ..,, 
t'lll/1~ -· C i!o • •• V • -•au 1110. • --·-" , 

I f o:, 
•o • i: ~: .. ... • batdJt4. • ; • • o• 

' - . 
La,.,. • - .... pvOl.ld.. • • :" ; ----- • -· Uotb, 

~, ~-.. ,~ . .:.-~ 
i ,..,. -• "" '.ii'..;; ;E 

"'- -- :; •• la.atcbtd.. ' • j • 
lfMod,U1 • . .... ,. 
Elfectt" daJ tr- !:1 i,.t./..:- f 
Uualldlt,' i • 
1},,l.t!(lft'dOII 

il.Wd1U, 
to.dJ61. 



• 

-

• 269 

Of tl1e 111ales, 39.6 per cent., and of tl1e fe111ales, 35.3 per cent. trans-
fo1·med, 60.4 per cent. of the males and 64.7 per cent. of the females 
hiber11ated. Altogethe1-, 37.3 pe1- cent. of those collected transformed 
and 62.7 per cent. hibernated. Undoubtedly a much larger per cent. 
hibernated than tl1e above figu1-es indicate, since the collections do not 
include all tl1e hibernating larv~ that left the fruit late in the season, 
after collections l1ad ceased. It is probably true that three fourths or 
more of the la1-v~ ,vhich develop during a given season hibernate. This 
being the case it is very evident that if a very large per cent. of them 
di<l not perish during the winter, the first generation in the spring would 
be mucl1 larger than it usually is. 

A dail)r reco1·d of the band collections, life-history observations, and 
cli1natic conditions at Olne)' in 1916 have been brought together in Table 
33 £01· ready 1-ef erence . 

• 

SU1'I!\1ARY OF T·IIE SEASON AL HISTORY, 1916 
F1·0111 tl1e foregoing data and an occasional reference to original 

notes ,,Te ca11 st11111na1·ize q11ite acct11·ately tl1e seasonal history of the 
codli11g-111oth for 1916 (Table 34). 

Cl1art 2 gives a g1·apl1ic representation of the seasonal history of the 
codli11g-moth in 1916, tl1e daily temperatures above SO degrees F., ancl 
the monthly 1·ainfall. 

The 11un1ber of pt1pations observed daily are shown in tl1e top sec-
tion of the chart, the number of 1noths emerging daily in the seconrl 
section from the top, the number of eggs deposited in the third, the 
number of larvre hatched in the fourth, and the number of larvre leaving 
the fruit in the fifth. The daily temperatu~·es above SO degrees F. are 
sho,vn in the bottom section, beneath ,vhich is given the rain£ all for 
eath month. 

The order of events in the seasonal history is indicated by the num-
bers f ron1 1 to 12 in the chart. 

Tl1us: 1 indicates the fi1·st brood of pupre 
2 '' '' '' '' '' adults 
3 '' ',. '' '' '' eggs 
4 ' ' ' ' '' '' '' la1·vre hatchi11g and leaving 

s 
6 
7 
8 

9· 
10 
11 
12 

'' 
'' 
'' 
'' 
,, 
( ( 

,, 
,, ' 

'' second '' 
'' '' ,, 
'' ,, ,, 
'' '' '' 

'' third '' 
' ' ' ' ,, ,. '' '' 
,, ,, ,, 

the fruit 
'' pt1pce 
'' aclults ,, eggs 
'' larvre hatching and leaving 

the fruit 
' ' pupre 
' ' adults ,, eggs 
' ' larvre hatching and leaving 

the fruit. 

• 



I 

• 

• 

Gsneration 

Hibernating 

First 

I 

Second I 

Third 

* Dates computed . 
t Last observation. 

• 

• 

TABL,E 34-SEASONAL HISTORY 0Ii' TI-IE CODLING-MOTH AT •.L NEY, I N 1916 

Period 

Pupre 
Adults 

Eggs 
Young larvre 
Mature larvre 

Pupre 
Adults 

E ggs 
Young larvre 
Mature larvre 

Pupre 
Adults 

Eggs 
Young larvre 
Mature larvre 

Earliest 

April 13 
May 11 

May 14 
May 25 
.June 20 
June 20 
July 3 

July 6 
Jt1ly 12 
J11ly 31 
Aug. 3 
At1 g. 12 

Aug. 14* 
Aug. 20* 
Oct. 1 

Relatively 
nume1·ous 

April 16 
May 14 

May 19 
May 26 
June 29 
July 4 
July 14 

July 15 
July 21 
Aug. 8 
Aug. 11 
Aug. 15 

Aug. 18 
Aug. 28 

. 

Maximum 

Apr·il 20 
May 15' 

May 24 
June 2 
July 8 
July 15 
Jt1ly 26 

July 26 . 

Aug. 1 
Sept. 10 
Att·g. 17 
Allg. 26 

Aug. 29 
Sept. 12 

• 

Relatively 
numerous 

May 11 
May 27 

Jt1ne 1 
June 9 
July 26 
Aug. 2 
Au g . 10 

Aug . 13 
Aug. 21 
Sept. 25 
Sept. 22 
S'ept. 7 

Sept. 10 
Sept. 13 

Latest 

June 17 
June 30 

July 10* 
July 18* 
Aug. 9 
Aug. 14 
Aug. 24* 

S·ept. 4 
Sept. 21 
Oct. 23t 
Sept. 3 
Sept. 14* 

Sept. 21 
Sept. 15 
Oct. 23t 

N 
'-l 
0 

I 



• 

I 

APRIL HAY .J .lJN E 
S /0 15 .20 2S ~ _........,.....,.....,. ·•J•••• _. I ....... , 

o~::::!:::::::~:::::-~~!;::::-~.:::::-~~~~+ti+:::::+i=+-Jt=~A++EJ::::+f.+..JF:::::n=+-+-EP:::::+f-lf:::::~.EE::::;A=l-l:f~:im::::::mt-Hm::::~p~u'T'p~11'.i!r~,-+;-N~~ -++++-:i:i:t-++:i:i:++-:i::i::::uH+ 

1-H-++,1-++++-fl :i+m~1+m:i+~+++-Hf-++++~~~~+++-H~~~5--

•11••···· ······~-
-· ·-• I 

.2,.~mt:o:1-~a: - ----------------- -------------------------· • ••••••••••••••••• r---••••••-•• ••••••• ----- ........ - ...... -. ··-···················· ····- .... ••. •..•. -..................... . 
• • I •••• .... ... . ••••••••• ••••••••• ........ , 

• 

.... . ..•. - ... - ... -.......•.......... . -. .. .-. . ........ -....... . . . - -- .. --, 
··~~··········································~······ ····~··········••11J••································ ······~··························-········· ········~··········-············ ... - .... 

······-·· •• - - • 1 ••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••• .... . ..... 5 (J) M-+-+,-+-+++-,~....+-+-+-+~ t-t-t-H-t-+ -+-+-+-+++++++-+-+---------- ---------•----------- •• ••• • •• • ••• •• . ... ·•--.. ~EMERGENCE OF MOTH ... • ••• ···••1 
25tt:tttt!Wcti.t• ~.tt.:tt.tt.tt:1.tt:tct:tctr~ 

2 .....+-- • ••• ···••1 ••• ••• ··••1 ------- ••• ••• ·•-1 ' 
~-········ ••• ·--•-----------;-------· -----·· ••:--•••· ••• • • ••• • •••••••••- ••••••• I ••••••• W ..... •• ••• - • • ••••••••-·••·•·•·· I •••••1 a ···••.;• - - -'"=- --- - - -, - •- •-• ·•••••11•••••••••••• •••-•• •• •-•••••••••••••••• I •••••• • ...... ,. ··················----------------------. . ..... . •••••••••m••••••••••••••1 ••••••• ••••••..•.•••••••••• .••. 1······ ----- •. ,........... -.. , ..... . • ,. ···••- ·---- ••••• i •• • •••u ••••••••••1 ••••• .$01+++~~~-.+M-++-M-M-+#~~--.+o+-++~ 

' 
-+-+++++++++++,-.EGGS. LA ID 

•• • -~ .. al ·······••1 •••••. •• • ~an •••••••••1 ••••••• ••• •" .. 11aa •••••••••c••••••"'."••••••••••••••••• il! 
• 

•••••••••~a 11n11- •••••••••••••••~••••••••••••••••• • 
••• •••••• 1111 1111an , ••••••••••• -.Iii•••••••••••••••--• • 

• • • 11••• •1 IJD 11111'111 _ -•• • • •ll•• P'.I 1111:1 •••••• ••••••••••• •, ••••·•-o ••• 11a aaaaa no •-•••••G•• 1111. ~•-•=•••••••••••• • •••• ••aaamaaam nma~a-~~ ·c·--aan---a•;- • --••s-•• 
• ••• .. ••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••n• •••••••••••., 
·····~··············································· ...•.. ,...................... .. 
······~······················ .. ------ ~,... . ••::11 ••-·· ····1 

-~·· ··~·· •• •••• ff •••• ··~. • •••• J 
·50 ~M+:ttU:1~:i:t:t+l:tt:t+:J:U ++~~+-+-+-+-+il-+-+-1 

• • 

LARVAE HATC ••~• ••a• -~ • •' • ••••• ••a ·•••••••••1 •••• "•••••a •••••••••1 
•••••••••• 'I ······••1 ••••• .. ·•••• •a -•••••••1 -2 ~~:UU:~mt:A: •••••• •• ••• • ••• ..,mna . . • 

•• I~ 
I & 
I I 

- • JO . -
• 

••••••• ,.. l!(S ····••1 
••••••·' r . -lllDl'!ll r, ,. -.•••••••1 ••••••• ~,fiD~""ll~Q DN•o••••DI 

···-~~-·~·-······················ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·········~························ ................................... •••••• 
•• • • 
I I 
I I •• •• 11 ................................ , ................................. , 

a-+-++++++-,i-++-+-t-++++++++: ~M-++-l~u...1-+-J4-1~'4-+-M......+-14-+-H-+4-H-fllid-l-l++++++-H+H++-l-+++,I-H+i~~ ~ltlttt!ttt1i1iliffiffi$'tEliE~m:t:1~:ttt::t:t:tttt:t:t:t:t:t:i:u ++t+l-+++-l-++++++++++++-+-+-++it-+++-t-t-+ 

M-t-t-~i-++-+-t-++++++++-~1-+++-1~• ~~~£HHffffmW~m:i:1:m:tm:tmttmi:t:t:i:~ 
--------------------------------· 11 

I • I 

It ------....... ·o-
H++-H+-H-+H-t,44-H--H-f-1..~ c::)H-++ 
l-+++-1-+-++-1--+-f-++-+++4-~M-f "6-

tttttttlj:tttt±tttttttlt:tt:CXlM++ 

I 
I 

'--~++n:t:tmttttt~m1t~~~~~~~ 
~-+-144-~-+-++++++++++++++-fll.....-r-r-... L It R VA-E~ .. · ~C O . -

•• I I 

i&-1-++-1~.+:f' ~l-+-I-J=l~..f-4,: 
-t+H-++-H-++-H+++++++++++fl~~Tu~H-~H-!""~t+ u:~~~~:u , - .-~-------- H-; . _, :t:ttt:t::t::i:tttt:t:t:ttttt:t:tt:1:tt::tt -+++-+++++ 4 H++-t-+++-11-+++t 

~:::::::::~ ---------- - ,. ll ------------------------- .,....... . ........... . .....................................•........... ., 
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 .................................................. .. 
····························~··················••11 ................................................... , .................................................. ,, t-+++t-++-H-++++++++-~1-+-t....., 

~H-t-H-t-+-H-+t-++-H-t-1-11-+t:-J..........+ ······························~··················· ·······························~·················· H++-+-+++-t-++++-++++~..++!'.::::)-++. +++ ----------------------- ................................................. . ..•..•...•..•.......... ····~··· ································~················· ••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• I ••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·"•••••••••••••••• .....•................. .... ... ················································-· •·••-••••••••••••• • • ••••• •••• ••M•••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• ••••·••••••••• ••••••••• 
·············································································~············ ·············································································~·········---····=····························•·B•1··································-······'····· •••• •••es•••••e••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••R••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••a••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• • ••••••-••••••••••••••••••••••••••R••••••·••• ••••••• •• •••.••••••••.•........................ - - .....•..............•............... ,. . . ,. - - . . •••• ·······--············••11••···· .. i. . . • ··••!!••···························· =····••!••·····································-········====;;::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::·i •••••• -- - - -- -- - . - ............. •·····•·•••·•············•••••·•·•• I 
•••••• ••••••••••••• ······························••• I, .••••• .-....... , .-.•...••••• - ···· ·••11••··················-.. ...•.• . .......... . ............................. . ..•.•••....••....................... ...••. .......... . ........................... -!!!!!!!!!!•::::::::::::::::::::::::: ·i ::: ::::::::!: ::::: ::::::::::::::.:::::: -,! ------------------------- I••••••-••• •••• • ••••••••-• •-•••••• a 

I••• - • •••• • ••••• •••••• •••• ••••••• • I••• •••••• •~•• •••••••••• ••••••• • 20lttt:t+t:tf:f+µ~:tti:iu:i:i:t:t:i:t:mi:n 

I 51:E ....... t-H~ffi++ ++it!!:++ 

I{) ~:n+:i+ 
-• • ---------. ··········-••••••••• a •••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••• . ........ . - -----

/0 

•••••• •••••• ••••• ••••• ••••• •• •• -. .. . .. . -. • • • I 

RAIN . -.92.S 

............... -••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• ••••••••• • ••• ......... ... ••••••••• ••• ....•... - ..• •••••••• • •• •••••••• • •• •••••••• • •• ··--·· .. -.-- ... .. 
- - .. 1-.--

• 

I••• •••••• ••r •--•=•••• •••• •r : ::: :::::: r -;!:.::=- ==· 
I •• •••••• I - -w•• 
I U n•• • ••• .. .... -.. .. ...• -•• • •• ·- ... - ;p 

• 

5 10 IS ·-10 25" 

If .!J..5 
. 

CHART 2. Seasonal bisto 



· 15 ,ao· .:t.5 .iO 5 /0 15 ..2.0 ..25 ~() 5 /Q /S 20 
=·••••~•••••••••~••••~•••••~a•••~••••·••••••••••~••••q•••••~••••~•••••••••~•••••••••~ ......................................................•...•. -----------------···-·· 

oc·r: 
·5 10 

• 

,,e•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ------------------
Hffiaiffliffi~·ffffi!Efflfilffil!lffmffffiifffifilffl~ffl.~ '••••-•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• . . 1••·· ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - • •••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 

I • •••• •• •• •••························ • ..... -·-···························· . ..... . ............................ . 
1 • •• I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ,. .. ................ . ....•.. 
• • •••••••••••••••• I••••• I ··----------------------------------------·-----------------•••.••..•...................•.................•....•...•. • ••-• •• - •K - • • ••• • •• -• 

· I ••• m • •- ••• • •• • . ... . ···-- .. - ····-···················································· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• --·· ........•.........•................................. • • • ••••• • • • • - -· • - . . . •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• . - ....................•.............................. • - - •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ............................ , ................... . ............................•. , •......•.•••.•... ..................................... ~·········· ················-·····················"'······· -. •••••••••••••P•• -••·•••••••••••••••••••••·• • ·••·········-·· ···-····-···· .. ·•• ..... . ••••••••••- •• -•• •••••w•••••.1• ••••• • 1••·····. . ...•... ..... . .... ......... . .....• .., .•... ,. ... -... ... . .. - .... ,... •• ..- • -...... • -• .... .. . . ..... -.. . . - - •..• .. . - - . 

--··········································· ~•••••••••••ur• •••••-••M••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 
··············~····································· ···············~·-················· .. ··············· ··-··········••&~•································· ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••~••••m••••••••••••••••••••••••••• . ··-···············~·······················~······· ... ················~······························ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •• • • ••••••••••••w•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 
• q •• ············~··························· . . ··~·-········ --------------------------- -. . ...... . . -..... . - •.... c•••••••••••••••••••·•·•••••••••••••• •• • •M••••••••••••••·•••••••••••·••• • • 

1••···································'········~·························· ••••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••••••••L•••••••••••••••••••••••••• ···············································~························· ···············~-························································ 
f+++++-l-+-+-14-f-+-1~ - --
.....-++ ............................ 50 ••••••••••••· ••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••&•-•---------------+.++-ll-+++,l-++HH+I-........... H-M-••••••••••• ·· -········• -==••· ······~···--· -1 

............. -. ................... . .... , ...................... . 
••••••• 2•• - - ••·••••••a11a•••1••••• .. •••••••"•• - ____ _ 
••••••• ?• It - •• •• i:tllD ••••••• ••••••••••• ••- • 

1 i•••• .••E•• a 11 __ - aaQ ••••• -••••s•••• • ~-----------------' i••••~a •Jm am~ m aa 11ma••••• •• D••• - a~ a••••••••••••••••• +H-++M+~~ :t:t:tzt:tttt:tttt:1:tttt 15 
, :• •••a~ •1g ma •-D aa ga~ ••• a -•• usn,a - a a•••••••-•••••~••• 
- ( •- ag gQ11saJ1 •mm11actm aa11 a- a -- anaa w. a a •••a•• •••••· ••• 

,, . IIQ1111a11ag:, tlCIDtlllDD '1CID aD A :llls;IY CL. D _a I ::I I ::I ..... • •• 

--------------------------------------·-----·······················-··········~··· 
I • ••····••R••··············•••• ••·~····••······················••• ••············~•• •••••••••••••~•••• . ................................................................................................... 
I ,, •••••••••••••••••••• ·······••• ••··••M1••·······••• ••············· ••••••••--••-•••••••••••••••••• ~tU:t:ltU:t:l~m:t:t~~J:t~~..+1¢~.J:t~~~~~~~~ti-++++t+i+H-H+Ht+++ISb ••i• • •••••I!••••• • -••••••••a••••••••••• •• ••••••••••••••• ···11············· ................. ,.... . ...... ,, ........ . 

aa.:• • ••••••••• - •••••••••••••••••·••• ·•• ••••••..,••••-:s•• • 
; .. .., ......... . .............. ,... ............... . ,. ···~ ...... .. -- ........ - - .. . . ·····-···-·· .. -------------- ----------- -

I• • ••••••••••••• • •• •••• •············,_ • - •• - - •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••~•••••• ••• •••• ••••••••••• - •••••a••••••m••••••••••••••••••••• , ,11••••••• .... ••• 11,1 ••••• ••••- ••••-11•••••••1 ••• II I ·, ••• .. ••••• ~a • • l!t .,.. •••• -- ••'••••• •11••• II I . • - • ••-: ·•l'lm 1111a11,.11 a na'I -a"o ,. - ••· :JCJ t· _ - - •• - ••• II I , .. ~"'"",. •a•a11rw"•" """" -,:-, ,.. -: .,.., - ,. ,.,,. "'" , ,.,.._ ••• II I ,. •••••r:••••••••••••••••••••••••~~•••a•E9• ••s.·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1 I 
,r ·••~••••w••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·••••~••••••••••·•••••••~··•·•••••••••••• '••11 I 1

" •••••••~•••••••••••••••·•••••••••••••·•••••••~••••••••·••••··••••···•·••••••••••~•II I •~ ••• .. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·••••••••~•••••••••••••• •~••••••••••••••••11 I 
IC, • ••• ·····•········ · · ················-······ . .. , •••• --....... • •••••••••••••• ti t 

•. 1 • • • •1. •••• •••••••••• •• ••••••••••••-•••• •••• ..... -- - ---- .:1••••••••••• ••• II t 
• • •••••,•••~·•••••••• •••••••••~••••••••••••••• ••• •••••••••••••••• I • 

,, ........... ~································ ... ··~············· 
I •·•····•,·-································· ••• ·••.:-••········•• • 

,, ........................................... ... . ............... , 
l •• • ····••'••································· ••• • •••• .., •••••••••• • s · ••••••• .. ••••••••••••••-••••••••••••••••••• ••• •••••••••• .. •••1· ~. ········~···········••11 ••···················· ... . ................ 1 . . - ----- ................. --- ·············•·1 

5() 
::t::t±ttt1¢tttttt: tt:~l+f::1::1~~~ • ................. --- ···~ ----· ,.,. ... . .., 1••··············· •••• •• ••••••••••••••••••• •••• ,-M.+- tttt >I-+-++~++ 1--+-~l-+-t~~~++ ............ /J..5 

ti, •••••••••••• ,.................... ••••••• .. ....... , ... .......................... 1m···· .... . ...... , 
II ·•u••·······•,···· .. ····• •.•• .... --...... 1 
• I 11 - •••················ •• : •••• •••• ·····• 

c½+H+HE:EEESEEEEEEra,~o 
11 · . . ....................... •••• • ••• ~tt: ft-'H--+-t-++HH-++i-t-t-t-1 , .. ·······=······ ••••• .... • • ..... .. ·-
•• · • · ····· ······~•······ ••••••• _____ II I. __ .. .................... ('I....... ···••1••········ •••••••••••••,·••••• ••••••• n-•• •••••••••• ·-············ ..... ......... . .... , , ..•.••..• ...................... ,...... . .... , ...•.••..• ...................... ... ..... . .... , ......... -----I 

................. ••• ••••••• ~~~!!!!!•D••••m. •••• • ...... ---~········,········· .•• ...... ·•····•• .. ·····~·-· ...... . ... -· .•...•.••• . ..... . .......... . ....•. ····~····· --·"'··· --...... . ..... . ••• • • -• 
-~···················- ····--•-•r.;••··········-········ ·····························•• 1·"•········ ... . .................................................... , ....•...•• ' 1 r • • •-•••••• • .., · • 
I• • • •····-····· I ••• ••• •••••• ········································•1••········· 

75 

'I~-•·· . ,: .... I,.•••• 
I"-• • • 
; r 1• -

•••••••• •••••••• ........ ... .. ...... ·····••ai••· .............................. , , ......... . .. . ...... ··-······· ·····••11••··· ----------------· ·----------. . ... ····-·········-······ ...... . •..•• . ..•.......... ······-.... . 
1 \i, -. 

' - ••• • ••• • •• • 
.... - •••••••••.•••. -·=-·· ••• -••••••n•••• • •••• ... .............. ·-··· ... •............ . .... ·----------•. ............. . •.. ········-···· ---·' ·••11 ... , ,. -

/IJ IS :Z.0 :JS 

I .:J. r 

.. ............. . •• - ········--·· •• !! ·1······. -•••.•••..•.••.. . - ..... . •............. • II • •• •-••••••-•• : . ..:1 !! ·=====·======= • 1·; ...... -•••• • ,.. uuu• •••• . -......... . - .•••..•.. 

s 10 I :i• 
'f. ,, 

•••••• ••• • •••• •• ... .. . . .. , . . 
• 

. . /0 0 . 

codling-moth at Olney, 1916. 

• n•• -•••• ' n1!Elfu~~,a~t12:0 

;1::· . , ... . .. , .. . ..... .. , .. .-.i•-
01 '•1 , :-
-

l-++~15 
iii ----=·· ••• .... ••• ••• =·· .:, 
1· .e 

.... ·=·· q~ 
• • 

IIJ . ~5" 

5 

----- RAIA/ 

' 



• 

271 .. 
, 

The third 1)1-ood of pttpce is vet]' clea1·ly inclicated by the 111arkecl 
inc1·ease i11 the 11u111be1- of pttpations obse1·ved after August 8 01· just 
after the seco11cl brood of larvre began to leave the f 1·t1it, and tl1e thi1·d 
brood of aclults is as clea1·l)' indicated b)' the increase in the number of 
n1oths ,,,I1ich e1nerged after August 15. Tl1e third broods of pttpce and 
of adt1lts \\·ere 11earl)' as large as the seconcl broods, and no doubt the 
same helcl trtte £01· the thi1·d brood of larv~. The black li11es drawn 
oblique!)' do,,.-n,,rard througl1 the chart conn~ct tl1e dates when each of 
the broods bega11, a11d tl1e broken lines co11nect tl1e dates on wl1ich the 
broods enclecl. Tl1e pupatio11 of tl1e first brood was very ir1·egular, being 
frequentl)' inte1·1·uptecl b11 cold periods. Ovving to the cooler weather 
dt11·ing April, I\1I ay, and June, development was slowe1· while the first 
brood ,,ras developi11g than later in the season, and for this reason there 
is Jittle 01· no ove1·lapping of the first and the second broods. The bu)l( 
of the first b1·ood of pupre, adults, eggs, and )'Oung la1·vre had appeared 
fttlly a n1ontl1 hefo1·e the seco11d brood of each began to appear. The 
develop111ent of the second and third broods was n1uch more rapid, and 
as a result tl1e1·e ,vas a co11side1·able overlapping of the broods, so 1nuch 
so in fact that pt1pre, adults, eggs, and larvre appeared daily, witl1 little 
interruptio11, f1·om the date of tl1e appea1·ance of the first of the seconcl 
brood to the date of the appea1·ance of tl1e last of tl1e third brood. 

Tl1e a,rerage te111pe1·att1re for tl1e 111011tl1 of June was abottt 5° belovv 
norn1al. Tl1is clelaye<l the ap1)earance of tl1e secon·d l)roocl of pttpce, adults, 
eggs, a11cl Jarvce. Ha<l nor111al te111peratt1res prevailed dt1ri11g J t111e tl1e 
seco11cl a11cl tl1 i 1·cl l)t·oods , ,·ot1 l rl l1a ve a ppe·a rerl alJottt one "''eek earlier·, 
a11cl a,s a resttlt tl1e tl1ird b1·oocl ,,1ot11d l1a,1e l)een 11111cl1 la1·g·er. 

Rl:.CORDS FOR SI~VT•:R.\I .. r .. oc. \I.1IT 1 ES 
TABLE 35 

Generation Sta:ge Ozark Olney Plainview 

• 

Pu pct April 10 AI)ril 13 April 13 

First Moth May 10 May 10 May 11 
Egg May 14* May 14 
Young larva May 25 May 2S 
Matu1·e larva Jt1ne 10 Jt1ne 20 June 26 

- - -Pupa Jt1ne 10 Jltne 24 
Moth June 25* Jt1ly 3 Jttly 8 

Second Egg Jt111e 29* .J11 Iy {i .Tt1ly 1,0 
Young larva .J11ly 4* .T11J~r 12 .T ttl ~· 16 
Matu 1·e larva JttlJ' 26:Jc Atlg. •l 

iJ 
• 

Put)a J11ly 31* A11g. 7 
Moth A11g. 8* A11g. J6 

Thi1·d Egg A11g. 10* At1g. 18 
Yot1ng larva Atlg. 16* Atig. ?'.:l ...,. j 
Matu 1·e la1·v~t At1g. 26* Oct. 1 

* Dates follo\\·ed by an as t.e1·isk \.Vere con11,11tecl . 

• 

Slpring-
field 

Apt'il 13 
May 10 
May 20 
~y 28 
Jt1ne 29 
Jt1ly () 

iJ • 

July 11 
Jt1ly 13 
Jt1ly 18 
A11g. 5 
Atlg. 9 
A11g. 17 
At1g. 1!) 
A11g. 29 



• 

' 

272 

Dates of tl1e appearance of the different stages at Olney and other 
poi11ts in 1916 a1~e give11 in Table 35, immediately preceding. 

Olney is 75 miles, Plainview 108 miles, and Springfield 150 miles 
north of Ozark. The overwintering larvre began to pupate at Ozark 
April 10, at Olney, Plainview, and Springfield April 13. The first 1notl1s 
cn1erged and the first eggs hatched on nearly the same dates at the four 
places. Larvre of the second ge11eration began to hatch about 8 days 
late1· at Olney, 12 days later at Plainvie\v, and 14 days later at Spring-
field than at Ozark, and larvre of the third generation began to hatch 7 
da)'S later at Olney and 13 cla)'S later at Springfield tl1a11 ·at Ozark. 
Three generations were recorded at all fo11r points. The thi1·d ge11era-
tion at Springfield was small as compared with the third ge11eration at 
Olney. . 

SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CODLING-l\10TH, 1917 

The methods of work pursued during 1915 a11d 1916 were continued 
i11 1917. The worl< at Olney was closed in July, so co1nplete records 
,vere not kept of the second and tl1i1·d generations at tl1at place. 

The season was not favorable for rapid development. While the 
1nean temperature for April was about normal the temperature d11ring 
the first half of the month was m11ch below normal. May and June 
'"'<'re cold 111onths. Tl1e total accun1ulation of monthly degrees above 
SO for April, May, June, July, and August was 86.9, the normal being 
93.3. 

LARGE-CAGE SERIES 

Fir st ge1ieratio11.-The 1naterial collected fro111 cages i11 1916 ,vas 
not preserved, hence no record of tl1e pt1pation and emergence of hibe1·-
11ating material was secured fro1n cages. Hibernating larvre collecte,j 
f1·01n bands in 1916 began to pupate April 3. Moths began to e1nerge 
l\,iay 17 a11d continued to emerge till June 24. The first 1noths to emerge 
we1-e not liberated in a large cage beca11se tl1e dates when the first eggs, 
larvre, pupre, and adults of the fi1·st gene1-ation appeared could be easily ob-
se1·ved without using a cage; but the last moths to emerge fro1n the 
l1il)ernating band material were liberated in a large screen-cage to get 
the dates when the last eggs, la1·vre, pt1pre, and adults of tl1e first genera-
tion appeared. 

The fi1-st eggs of the first ge11e1·ation were laid l\1ay 19 and hatcl1e<l 
J t1ne 1. Tl1e first 111att1re larvre left tl1e f rttit J 1111e 23 and pt1pated J L1ne 
26, and tl1e first 111oths e1nerged J t1ly 7. The last eggs of tl1e first ge11e1·a-
tion \\'e1·e noted i11 the large cage June 27. They vvere probably laid two 
01· three days earlier. Tl1ey hatched J 111)' 1. 1\Iatt1re larvre were f ouncl 
under the ba11d on the t1·ee i11 tl1is cage from J 11ly 13 to August 13. No 
obse1·vatio11s V\1ere made to asce1·tai11 tl1e dates of tl1e last pupre and adults . 

• 

• 



Ila(,,. or b'ori11, 
tni.lt. 

Hll6 
A\tt. 4· ; 

s.10 

13--11: 

"' 1M9 

!9--31 

3 . • 

10,.1! 

11-Ui 

1!>•'.!\ 

.. t-za 

Qi~ 3--l CI 

1 J.~ 

. 
I 

" ,. 
" F. 
\£. 
F 
M. 
F 

" f" 

"· F 

" ,. 
" " " ... ,, 
•• 
" .. 
" F 

" ,. 
" l' 
.\L. 
F 

" >" 
"· F 

" F 
M ,. ~· ,. .. 
r-

J 

TAJ31..I!: J6 Rti.\TlO~ OJ Tuu.. OJ Lt..-.H'• 1111 t,"Ji1 H •rn 1'nu o, FhU:,llo.lf ..... , 111 \IIJllf" (I) II~ HIQOl!(A'J'l(W (.;l,,SUV,.11(1:( .. ,. Hl16-J7, 

h; 19 :.:-.J I •'I 

• 
• 

' 
J 

r, 

! 

• 
3 

1 

1 
; . 
ll 5 t 

16 U 10 
' ; 

11 • I 19 
I~ J. 

t t 1 
.;i 10 1~ 
0, :t3 :r, 
!l 11 9 
i lf' '.!S 

11 9 
'1 I Cl IS: 

It 10 
; Jl !I 

z ' JS 18 H ' , ' 
1 ,, 
a 

10 
s 
' I 

13 

' ' 

II ,. ,. 
Ir, 
8 

" 
16 
' ' 3 • • ' 

I'.: 
ll s ,, 
ll• ,, 
13 .. 
' ' I • • ,, 

; ,, 
,, 

' ; 
' ' I 
1 
I 
I 

' 2 

' 3 • • G 
3 
I 

" 
1 
1 

" 

' ' " ' 13 
11 

' I) 
17 
1, 

" • 
11 • 
3 • 

11 
,; 

' • 
• 7 • ' 3 

' 
' 

' ; ' ' 9 

" 10 
11 ,n 
17 
1 

17 
1n 
10 • 8 

5 
8 

11 
8 ., 
• 13 

' 14 
7 

16 

' 1 • ' 2 

'" .. 

I 
I I 
I I 
I ' 'I H 

11 :! 1s ,a ,. . 
11: H ,, . 
19 !3 
G I 

u: r. 
1 :! ft. 

!, 12 

• ' ' > 13 

' 1 
I 

10 • ' ' .. 
' • • 

10 • • • II 

' 10 
3 

" I • ' 

,, 

I 

1 

1 

1 

' I 

1 

1 

" • 

I 

' ' . 
I 
I 

10 

• ' ' 8 
3 
3 
J 
8 
3 
I 

' ' • ' • 2 
3 

' 3 
l ... 
I 
I 

! 

• ! 
< 
3 
I 

" 

, 
3 
3 
1 

• 3 • 3 • . 
I 

' • 
• • 
" 

10 

' • 1 

• ! 

• , 
h 

'II 

l 

' ' r 
' • ' a 

• ' • 3 

' l r 
7 

0 

1 
I 
I 
I 
I • I 

' ,, 
,, 
. 
' .. • 3 

2 

" " . 
' 
3 
I 

1 
• 3 

l 2 l 
I :! 6 

' 

1 

' 
I 
I • 
l 
t 

. 
I 
I 

' t I 
1 
J 
• . 

• 

' 2 

' a 

t 

' ' I 
I 
2 

1 
1 
I 

t 

• 

I 

, 

' 
1 

1 
l 

' 

l 
t : 
1 

I 

l 
I 
I 
l 

I 
t 

I : 

• 

I 
I 
" 
l 
G 

I 
I 
I 

I 

' 
" , 

' 

I 

' 1 
I 
1 

1 

• 1 

l 

l 

• 

• 
, 
3 , 
I 
J 
; 
I 

I 
1 

l 

l 

" 

I 

2 

1 
3 
I 

' I 

I 

l 

t 
I 

l 
l 

I 

,-- ----
11 a:: 1 ,11 11 

, 

2 

l 
1 

l 

I 

l 
1 

1 

1 

' 1 

1 
I 

... 

I I 

I •, HI 17 

I 

,, 

I 
l 

,. 

I 
l 

l 

~, . 

I 

J 

l 

• 

, 

" 
"" 
i,9 

" 
lit .. 
113 

"' 
'" 
13: 

. , .. 

.\nt111 • 
,lll"t 

lunt: I 

" " ,. .. 
" ,, 
,. ., ,. •• 
.!i ,. 
.[ 

., ,. -· li9 .!'t 
67 !$ 

ii-4 .:, 
90 ~i 

81 30 

,. 
. 
78 . 

91 •• . ., 
16 

!03 
39 
62 :s 

I! .5 
n :s 

I -----11-------------- ------ - --__,______ ---- --- ·------------------
1--•-•_....:.s lPJ _:!!_, 210 ua ~_?!._!! _!_ 2! 1!., 2!.,~_, _ ___! _!_...!:...-2!. _!! __!.._!__!,_!I....!. - _ _l__!. -2. 2 --;_!_. ~-----.!!:!.----''-' 
_..cF_. ___ -2,.~ us us..!!,._ UC 175 159 lO ,,~ _..£! J!.!.-.!!..2!.....!!.._!2!.2: 12 Ill _,o~-· _!_ ___ Gl-_a _1 -- I __ • __ 2 ~__!.__2_ ________ _,1::.:"::'s--·....:."'-

.. t 6: F 2 l1 17• 3$9 31iG r.a 23t ist 252 2a& 18 ll!i 1nt. H 94 34 30 1$ !!3 t.7 31 H 17 S 13 9 JO 1 2 G 3 4 S 4 '.!6&7 :s-



• 

273 

Second generatio1i.-Tl1e first motJis of the first generation were 
liberated in cage No. 2 to rear the first individuals of the second genera 

• t1on. 
l\1oths ,,·ere liberated in cage No. 2, as follows : 

Date 
July 8 

'' 9 
'' 10 
'' 11 
,, 12 
'' 13 
'' 14 

Males 
1 
1 
4 
4 
8 
6 
9 

Females 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
6 

12 

Eggs were found July 11 and young larvre July 17. Daily observa-
tions ceased before larvre began to leave the fruit in this cage. 

Tliird gene11 ation.-The first eggs probably were laid about August 
16 and hatched about August 22. 

BAND COLLECTIONS 

Hibernating generation, 1916-1917.-0f the 2687 adults of the hiber-
nating generatio11 emerging in 1917, 1258 were males and 1429 were fe-
111ales (Table 36). Tl1e average date of the emerge11ce of tl1e n1ales was 
11ay 25, of tl1e females May 27, and of the entire brood May 26. This was 
five days after the date of the maximum emergence. There was practi-
cally no diffe1·e11ce betwee11 tl1e dates of emergence of moths from larvre 
whicl1 left the fntit in Augttst and the emergence of those £1·om larvre 
~rhich left the fruit later. 

Collectio1zs 11iade i,,i 1917 {see Table 37).-The fi1·st mature larvre 
vvere take11 t111der ban·ds at Springfield 011ly two days late1· than at Olney. 
The seco11d g·eneration of larvre began to leave the fruit at Olney between 
July 23 and J ttly 30, but, unfortt111ately, there \Vas a period of seven days 
l1ere bet,\1een tl1e records, and tl1e exact elate ca11 not be acct1rately deter-
rni11ed. Tl1e bands at Springfield we1-e to1-11 fro111 the trees s01ne time be-
t,,;ee11 Aug11st 4 and August 12 1Jy s01ne 011e t1nknow11, and hence tl1e date 
,,,l1en tl1e seco11d generation bega11 to leave tl1e fruit at Spri11gfield is also 
uncertain. 

·The falling off in tl1e nu1nber of larvre taken at Springfield after 
October 6 was due largely to the £act that the apples were picked f ro111 
half of the trees soo11 after that date. 

Complete recorcls of pttpation, and the e111erge11ce of 111oths fron1 
band 1naterial were not P.1·ese1·ved. At Oza1·l< the fi1·st larvre left the 
a~)ples June 18 and the first motl1 et11erged July 1. At Olney the fi1·st 
larvre left tl1e fruit June 23, a11cl pttJJ,ttecl J 11ne 26, tl,e first 111otl1s e111erg-
ing July 7. At Springfield tl1e first larvre left the frt1it J u11e 25, and 
pupatecl Jt1ne 28, tl1c f11·st n1otl1s e111ergi11g· Jt1ly 9. (T~lble 40, p. 277.) 

• 



• 

• 

274 

Observations ceased too early to get co1nplete data on pupatio11 and 
e111erg~ence of tl1e seconcl ge11eratiot1, or on tl1e third ge11eratio11. TI1ere 
is no doubt, l1owever, that there vvas a thi1·d generation at Olney. La1·v~ 
of tl1e second generation began to leave the fruit about At1gust 4, and si11ce 
t1·a11sforming of larvre usuall)' co11tinues till the end of August, no doubt 
111;tn)' of the first larvre of the second generation transformed and p1·0-
ducecl a partial third generation. The first eggs of the third generatio11 
,,·ere laid about At1gt1st 23 and hatched about A11gust 31. 

rr ABLE 37- R J£C0Ill) OF L .~R,1 i \ E COLLECTED 1J NDER 
BANDS AT OZ ARK, OLNEY. A ND SIPRJ:N GFIEW I N 1917 

Nt1mbe1· of larvre collected 
Date 

Ozark Olney Sp1·ingfield 

June 21 2 • ,, 23 2 3 • 

'' 24 1 
' ' 25 3 
'' 26 9 26 
'' 29 8 43 ,, 30 29 

July 2 
' ' 5 15 117 ,, 

7 3 55 65 
'' 11 4 91 
'' 13 5 96 
'' 14 46 
'' 17 6 26 
'' 19 23 
'' 20 116 
' ' 21 7 8 
'' 23 2 4 
' ' 28 2 125 
'' 30 44 

Aug. 2 6 62 ,, 6 9 182 Bands off* ,, 13 3 243 Bands off* 
' ' 17 14 
tr 20 362 
'' 22 12 
'' 24 11 114 
' ' 29 13' 365 

Sept. 1 13 
'' 4 15 • 544 
't 9 42 ,, 21 31 1860 
'' 28 14 1334 

Oct. 6 16 1395' 
'' 13 299 
'' 18 500 ,, 30 54 51 

"' See p . 273. line 13 fro1n botton1. 

• 

• 

-



l'Atll, l+)l\t 0A l 'A 1»• 1\l.-it1, 11111\t ll,,.1'111 C,111 J1Hlll'I'" ANO 1111,, 111,, , ~1,1'1' P,11111!\A'IU1IH, 
Wlrll hll 'Ot.ll' UO'l .,,,i llUM,Hlit l )AI',\ 0J.,t,, li!J7 

l/'¥011, luy• .. c,uect•.J I 1r1'111t1 lar•• l'OIIMt1111 
11110 IUlf . 

1.H,· hl•tr•r1 Jl,11111. 
l"lr•t IIOttrlltl(ll\ 1t,1t0Ulr Jl•t• 

ll11.le 

4-\ l)r, i 
" I .. . • ' .. . 
.. ' I II 

II 
11 

" .. , .. 
I r, 

" J 11 
17 

'' IS 
" I fl 

!C! 
11 

.. 2:: 
23 

.. 2 l 
!!!. 

" 311 ., 
2, ,~ 

.. ,30 
Mu~· I 

" 2 

' 

" 

• I 

' ' ' • • 1• 
II u 
13 
11 

" Hi ,. 
17 .. , . 
.:!O 

" •• .. 
!:? ,. 

" ?6 

'" 27 ::s 
29 ,. 

•• 31 
Jllfli! 1 .. . .. 

.. 
" .. 

• •I 
r. 
r, 

' • i 
'' ll'I 

II 
12 
,n .. .. 

" ,. 
17 ,. 
19 :o ,1 
.2! 
::, 
2' , . . , ,. 
!'i ,s ,~ ,. 

July J 
" 

' 

, , ., 
• • 1 • • In 

II ,, 
13 
l • 
I~ 
Iii 

" ,. 
" ,. :, 
2'! 
?11 
ti , . •• !t 

.. ~7 
" 28 

3!I 
30 

" 31 
Allf:C. 1 

.. 2 

1•11nM f ,\1lul1o l1•ol"1lto l'IIIIW f ~dull• ...... , r.,,, ... 

' 

0:1 
r,9 
; 

; I 

" .. ,, 
1 ft,1 
26& 
Mi; 
I 11(1 
,tit/ ... 
"' r,j .. 
I ll 

" 
I ! 
22 
'" II 

" 12 
I 

9 

"' • 11 

' • ' II u ·~ :t:? 
!:'I .. 
11 

r. 
I 
l : 

" ' I I 
I 

' 2 

" 

• ., 
8! 

17 I 
'.l'.l!l 
:!{ill ,, 
:?.n 
!8'.S 
2&: 
:!3, 

Iii: 
110 
105 
!12 
i1, .. 
a• 
13 
23 ., ,1 
3• 
17 • '" • rn 
1 

' ,, 
3 

' • I 

l,111\(lij 

, 
I 

?t: 
ZG 

" 
JJ1 ,.. 
•11 

i ,; 

:?.: 

:ii 

8 

II 

" 

, 
' 12 
• 

" 

" 

' .. 
" 

l 
l 
3 

1 9 
JO 1 
18 : 
8 S 

11 11 
to 6 
9t 2 

I 
I ,. 
3 

Rt 

i I ii 1i 

. ' 

... 

• ' • t 

.. 
nz • 34 ,, 
n ,. 
t3 
62 

10, 
10$ 

3 
I 

37 
19 

" 
II 

135 

" ... •• 68 • 
I 

16 
66 
37 
t7 
1 

10 

. ..... 

,. - ' II ,. 
!S 

" ,. 
it:: ~, 
7 

" " 
11 .. 
1,l 
37 
:?S 
1 

3 
I 

H • r, 

" • • JI) 

' • I, • " 10 

' • " 

' ' ,., 

• I 
1 , 
' I 
3 
I 

if 

' ,. • ' 1 
II .. • r, 

' • • 8 .. • l • 
' • & 

' II 
7 
l 
3 
3 

I 
; iff, 

ti~1 
56, tl I I 
II( U I , U 
1i, II I H 
10 tJ I 
l tl,7 .r, 
'.01 1 % 
Kl.I 
.:, 11J 
nt.l .~ r. 
!Hi IJ G.3 
i6 I .& 
:I fl " I I 
j~ • :1 :i 
I~. ft ;.a 
IJI fl 11 fl 
'J{j !I ttJ 
flfttJ 18lt 
117 fl J1 It 
fiG,11 (I.I 
fl() 1 1(1 I 
111"1 I Pl. I 
ll!i 1 I Ii. I 
Sti7 V1 
:a :-i .1 
40 ,_, I :1 
.7.fl I 
lilfl J ,8 
t' I Ut 
,ff.6 3 0 
r,1~,1 46 
r.n:-i JG 
1'I 2 
4!,7 
47, 0 .1 
<10 6 .$ 
18 I a,3 
StO ti ll 
66.Z fi I; 
5$.3 f, 3 •9 9 I L S 
M II 1.3 
!.il .:t 6.6 
$!J I Ill 
Iii ft 11.3 
~' ,. 17 (II 
fl8 . :l 111.J 
1:a.~ :a .~ 
1! t :?2. I mus , s.t, 
f,~ I l:!.#.l 
4!,tij 3 li 
GR! t)O 
fill.I> 10 .,; 
fl.& i 14 I 
G"i'.& 11.8 
&7 3 7.3 
n-0.s 11.3 
11:,.0 lli.O 
liJl.3 18 R 
o:i: : 16 0 
r,1 1 17 I 
Bl .9 Jl.9 
!H I M , <1 
t;R.8 18 R 
'7" 9 !• . 8 
69 3 1.9 .3 
1n :'l :!S .3 o, 0 19 0 
t't8 '! 18 
70.1 20.1 
73 :i ta~: 
H7 !-l'l 
Cl!) Jl!) 
6t. 7 a -0 
51. ti S !: 
69 '! 10 t 
GG.~ I~ g 
'll fl 21 .9 
6!t Z 19 :: 
12 .8 2-2.8 
1!1.8 ~3-S 
1ti : ZS 2 
17.1 27 7 
'111,: :;1 ... 
SIS '!77 
'Hi I 21.9 
7!J -I ~,. 
ra.1 :s.t 
1:.!S :tr. 
1-t .r. 2Ll 
111,8 :fl,;: 
t,;$.6 IS li-
M,• lG,-4 
7(1 S !!0.6 
i:.t :2.G 
1JJ.8 211.a 
79.6 i7.3 
jl),7 ! 4 .& 
7l i Z3.1 
7i :t ;:.o.~ 
,~.; ;:" 'j 
-:, " 2it • 
'HZ 24.2 
i2.6 !!.!.' 
\IA,I 16 I 
G~.t1 t9 n 
;~ f! .:!1 'I 
iG.1 :!5 ,1 
11;.o 25.r, 
SO i 3S.S 1811 1~·· S:o tt 2s. -1 
78:.3 .2G,3 
1i -' 20 I 
1'5. t I 2s -1 
19 l :?.7.8 
Sl.~ 1 !!71 
lil3.0 , :'7S 
s• -0 2a.'I 
SG G 39,3 
1160 !X7 

" . "' n: 3 , 1 , •• , ill.G :3,1 
t • • ... , , , , -~·· • .1 • : 711,S 2i .5 
r; • , , • " • . 80.0 3,1,8 

" 
" 

II Jll.2 ., . I 7-0.{i 3fl.! 
': .. 72,0 2:? G 
!I , , , , , •• ,.. 72 .fl J:?.8 
!I ,I, •• CSI 18.• ,. . I , . 116. Il 16 3 

II , , • , ., l.;1111 G(i . .'i lG .G, 
I~ ~· GO ., tit.:? 

" 
" .. 

111 , ! •:l , , , ••• • • , 1. 'f(I IJ ~0.!1 
14 •• '1111 21.U ,r. - - 74 1 ::,, 

• . ,,. ,,1 1; • , 7 1 r !(1.e 

1 
" 
,a ., 
71 ,, ,, 
•• ,,, 
6 l ,. 
" Qt 
lj.fj 

" " " ,r. 
01 ~· ., .. 
69 
116 
U! 
80 
03 
M 
11:': •• 1:: 
1• ., ,. 
!0 
18 ,. .. 
16 

" ,, 
,11 
!;ti .. 
ii') 
68 ,, 
,1r. 
n 
10 
l'.8 
Gt 
70 ,. 
" 8• ,. ,. 
18 
85 
80 
69 ., 
tU 
72 r.1 
10 
$J 
19 

" 77 
83 ,. 
G9 
12 ,. 
71) 
1• ,. 
71 

" 1• n 
)3 
r.8 --, ' ,s ,. 
1l •• G1 
G1 
ij-1, 
&3 ,. 
" •• 01 
GI .. ,. 
r," •• ·-$1 
S8 
85 
70 
:,;s ,. 
10 
8i 
83 .. 
80 ~o 
11 
1·1 
73 
61 •• ., 
65 . , 
61 
f,2 
70 
h 

" 81 •• •• ,. 
71 
71 
71 

" ,. 

t 
' 

.. 
II 

"' 116 ,. 
·IZ .. 
II 

" 20 ,. 
u a • 1 

' It ,. 
10 
1 

' 8 
j 
9 

" 11 
11 

" 18 

" .. ,. 
31 

' ' 33 ,. 
' ' 

19 

15 
10 • .. 
" " • .. ,. 
JO 
0 

18 
t9 

" • II 
17 

13 ,. 
" 16 ,, 
:1 
30 
21 
23 
21 
l:!. 
31 
38 
2S 
08 
2& 

'" 

,. 
ts ·~ 13 
30 
:0 ,. 
" .. .. • ,, 
:io 
.u, 
20 
20 ,. 

i 

,. 
!~ 

I, I • .,8 .. , . ,;z .. , 
.flt 
.1G 

, . ... 

•• • !15 

,., 
• 10 
.61 

.Ill 
1. !9 

.?J. 
l.8:? 

1.27 
, 18 

1.0. 

,11 

•• !$ 

6' 

,; 

.,. 

-~6 

I.:!$ 
!~ ; I , •. 7• B : 1 

, I '}--= •••µu_-•• :,!(I '... . .111: _ . .... lm•t 'f l I : ,:1 , ... I •• .,..,..,A.). I ·111r,t. 2,;iil:7 ~ll1"4 It'll .,n '7• n• JI----<--~-~ 
': M'1:..:.~:-::t1• :·: ~•.•:\~ . .!.-.\· • .... . .. , -· ' ..... " ............ . 



I 

I 

275 

A daily reco1·d of tl1e ba11d collections, life-history observations, and 
climatic conditions at Olne)' in 1917 have been brought togetl1er in Table 
38 for read)' reference. 

SU1IMARY OF THE SEASONAL HISTORY, 1917 

Fron1 the foregoing data, the seasonal history of the codling-moth 
at Olne)' can be quite accurately dete1·111111ed (Table 39). 

Chart 3 rep1·esents in graphic form, the data given in Table 39. 
1·11ese data are disconnected and meager for the second and third genera-
tions. Tl1e positio11 and form of the curved lines in tl1e chart, repre-
senting tl1e relative nttmber of eggs a11d you11g larvre of the first genera-
tion and tl1e 11umber of the different stages of the second and third 
g·enerations, a1·e based upo9 estimates only, .. si11ce complete daily recorcls 
,,,e1·e not kept. 

The bulk of the hibernating la1·vre pupated during tl1e unusually 
,,,arm period in the third \,reek of April; the bull< of the adults emerged 
during the last t\vo ,veel<s of May; the bulk of the eggs of the first 
generatio11 were laid during the last te11 days of May and the first weelc 
in June ; and the bt1lk of the larvre l1atcl1ed during tl1e first three weeks 
of J t1ne. There \vas no overlappi11g of the fi1·st and second generations 
except in tl1e larval stage. 

RELATION OF TE?v!PERATURE TO THE SEASONAL HISTORY 
OF THE CODLING-MOT!-! 

• 

It l1as al1·eady been sho,vn that there is quite a constant relation 
bet,veen the temperatures above SO degrees when corrected for retarding 
ten1peratures above 86 degrees and the length of time requi1·ed to bring 
the insect througl1 the egg, larval, and pupal pe1·iods. This applies to all 
the JJeriocls exce1)t tl1e larval period of tl1e 11il)er11ating larv~. The 
lengtl1 of time the l1ibernating la1·vre re111ai11 in tl1e cocoon is independent 
of the da)'-degrees ,:vhich accumulate bet\veen the time when hibernat,on 
begins and the \i\7inter n1onths. It is fottnd, ho,vever, that there is a more 
or less definite relation between tl1e average daily temperatures above SO 
degrees in the spring months and tl1e dates vvhen the first pupre and the 
first adults appear. There is a very great indiviclual variation in this 
respect, as will be seen by referring to tl1e last column of Tables 19 and 
20.*· In Table 19, it will be seen that tl1e hibernating larvre began to 
pttpate when the sttm of the day-degrees above SO clegrees F. after J anu-
ary 1 an1ot111ted to 115 ; tl1e acct1111u latio,1s for the othe1·s 1·anged from 
115 to 356, the a,,erage l)ei11g 186. In Table 20 it ,,,ill be seen that the 
hibe1·nating larvre of 1916-1917 began to pupate V\7l1en the su1n of the 
day-degrees al)ove SO degrees F. an1ot1nted to 104. T11e otl1e1·s varied 
fron1 104 to 355, the average being 190 . 

• 

• T[tbles !l-25 follow p. 253. 

I 



--·· 

Generation 
• 

Hibernating I 

First 

! 

Second • 

Third 

:!( Compt1ted. 

, 

•• 
• • 

TABLE 39-SEASONAL HISTORY OF 'l'BE CODLING-MOTH AT OLNEY, 1917 
• 

Pe1' iod 

Pupre 
Adults 
Pupre 
Adults 

E ggs E ggs 
Young la 1·vre 
Matt11·e larvre 
Young la 1·vre 
Matt11·e larvre 
Pu1)re 
Adults 
Pu1)re 
Adults 

E ggs E ggs 
Y ou11g larvre 
Matt11·e la1,vre 
Y ou11g larvre 
Matt11·e la1,vre 
Pu1)re 
Adults 
Pu1)re 
Adults 

Eggs 
Young larvre 

' 

• 

Earliest 

April 
May 
Apri 
May 

May 
June 

3 
17 

20 
1 

June 23 

May 
June 
June 
June 
July 
June 27 
July 7 

Jul}' 11 Jul}· 
July 
Aug 
Aug 
Aug 

July 17 
Aug. 4* 
Aug. 8* 
Aug. 21=ic 

Aug 
Aug 

. 23* 

. 31* 

' 

• 

Relatively Maximum Relatively 
numerous numerous 

April 11 April 20 April 26 
May 19 May 21 June 1 . 

• 

May 21 May 25 June 3 
• 

June 2 June 8* June 10 
June 26 July 6 July 19 
June 30 July 10* ' July 22* 
July 10 July 20* Aug. 2 

I 

• 

- •• 

• 

I 

I 

' 

Latest 

June 11 
June 21 

June 27 
July 1 
Aug. 6* 
Atlg. 11 * 
Au,g. 20* 

Aug. 23* 

• 

-

N 
'.J 
0\ 

• 

• 

• 



I 
I 
j 
I 

• 

HO. 
DAY 

300 

200 
(00 

300 

200 
I 00 

300 

200 
100 

200 
IO 0 

~D 
40 

30 
20 
JO 

,o 
25 
20 
I, 
I 0 

5 

DAY 
It IN 

APRIL ?T. 
6 10 15 20 25 ~520~53> : '. a: .. .. 

' 

I 

' 
I 

I I 
• • 

I • I 
, • 

' , -r • 
I • . t I . ; . • • I . ' ' I • . . • \ 

l 
. I.O 
t 

• 
• 
i H ' • 

• s • 

f\ 

0 
H 

~ 

• 

• 

. 

AVERAGE DAILY 
( 50+)-2 ( 

. -

• 

... 

-~ L ... ... 
5 IO 15 20 '25 J 0 20 

2.? 4 \.., . .. -~ ::, 

I 

OC1'. M4 
.5 10 /5 DAV 

'300 

2"0 

• 100 
, 

,oo 
200 
l 00 

4500 
zoo 
,oo 

200 
100 

• 

50 

4-0 
~o 

.. 
.. "' BO 

' 0. 

' 

30 
~5 
20 
I. 5 
I 0 

5 
I 

,u! · f 4 
~r DAY 

RAIN 



HO. APRIL AUGUST 
DAY 6 IO 15 20 25 IO I 25 .3 !)' 0 

300 

zoo 
JOO 

"3 00 

2 00 
I 00 

3 00 

2 00 

10 0 

20 0 

IO 0 

!)0 

40 

~o 
20 
JO 

····---··········-···-···••···--····-·····•··•· ·······---············· ............. ·-············ ........... ····-········· ............. _ ........ _ .... ---·•··-· -· .... ·--·-·· ···-···· ···--·-·-· ..... --··· ii•·••······--·· .......... .. ............. ,.-.. ···--··· --··-········ ····--··· -·····-·-·· ........ -····-····· ···-·••! ............ c ... ··•-•!• ........ . ::: :- ":!'"•!! ... ---•-tut••·-........... "··-··············· ... --..- ·-··-··· 
in 
CII 

H 

" 
s 
il1 

PUPATION 

EMERGENCE OF MOTHS 
. 

EGGS LAID 

. 
LARVAE RATC~D 

LATVAE COLLECTED FROM BANDS 

·······-··········· •••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••• • ••• ••••••••• • ••• ••••••••• • ••• •••••• • ••• •••••• • ••• •••••• • ••• •••••• • ••• . t•••U I!!••• 
- • ii••-·······-······················••ii••························==-.. :::: ·••···••·••······························································· ... . ....................................................................... . .. . ••••••-•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••w•• •••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••-••••••• ••••c•••••••••••••••••• •••• .......................... -............... ................... . .. . :::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::: :::: ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••• • ••• :::; :::::::::::::::::::::::~1r-- .~:;:::::::::::: :::: ··························••·• ... ............ . .. . ······················••···• ·••··•·•··••· ... . ............................ ..., .... . •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• • ••• •••• ., ....................... Ii •••• ······-·••·••············· . ·-------------- ... . ....................................................................... -....................... _ ...... . ••••••••••••••••••••••• .. •••••••••••••••••••• .. • .. ••-••••••c•••••1•••••••••••••• .. •••• .. ••••• ,o AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURES 

2$ ( 50+ )•2 ( 86+) 
···································· .......................... =························ •::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::.:::::::::::: ......................................................................................... ......................... -.... -..........................• -.••........................ 

20 
I 5 
I 0 

5 

••••••-·•••••••••·••••• -• •••••••••-•••••••••••••- •• I •••••••••••••••••••••• :::::::::::::;:::::::::: : :::~::::- ::::::::::?•• .• ' :::-:::::::::::::::::: ....... --- ,. . • - -- ........ - .. ., ... -,. ....... , . ... .... . .. - ...... . ............... . ...... '::::::·••··················· .. ······•• .. ···••11-••·········1····· ··•··· •.•••••• - .. •••• .• . •.•• ..,..... . .•.••• ·- .. ·-····••·••··········•··••·········· ...•....... ..... . ... ........ . ... - . . ... ...... . ... , .. . • .:.::::::::::::•••-•-•••••·••·••·•••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••• • ••• ••••• • ••• • I • all •••••• •· •••• .... : . . ...................... ,............. . .. ,.............. . ... ..... . . .. - . .. .... . ... . • m:,::::::::·:·· ............ ·-·········••c•••·••·- .................. .• ..... . .. .. ..• . . .•. ·••·••··· .. ••"11'=• =· ···-·················•·••···· . ............... . .•... .• . •• • ••• •••·••·•••••••·•• I • :• •lll ••••••·•••••••••••••••••- ••••• ••• •••• ••••• • •• •·•• •rio::.••· ••• . - ·s·······-············· ••·••· ... . .. ..... - .. . .. . ....... :::::·::·:·• .. . ..................... ..... ... . .. .... . ... . ...... . .. .. •.................... . ... ,- .. .... ..... . .. . 
•-• • =:::::-.:••• •• •-•••••••••• ·•••·••••·• ·••• •• I •••• I••• : .............. :r• :: :::::.:::::::::::::::: -::: :: • •::: :::: .::::::::·--·· .. ····-··············· .. .. ... . ... ·········==::--: I!! ··········-······· • ·• • •• • ••• ·-·•---11• - • .::, = ::::::::::::::::::::::: : !! :: :::: m:::::::!:1:•t • ••••••••••-•· •••- I • I •••• ··•·•••••· .. :: .............. - .... . .. . .. . •····•·•·· -- ··••.•·-······ .. ' ' ... . ··••!!•-·· ii . ---·. ··--- •••• ::·· :,!,- ... !!:! ,::;; :::: . 

SEPT. OCT. M4 
IO 15 20 S 3 .5 IO 15 0.4 

,3 0 O 

2 IJ 0 

too 

300 

200 
I 00 

'300 

200 
100 

200 
100 

50 
4-0 
"30 
20 
I 0 

30 
25 
2 0 ,, 
I 0 

s 
D.4Y 
ft. IN 

. .. ~-· o 5 10 r 20 25:, 5 10 15 20 2s s ro , s 20 2s s 10 15 2 o 1, 3 s 10 15 2 s DA 
RAIN 2. 7 4 4 , f3 5.(, 1.2 7 /. ? S 

CHA1t'r 3'. Seasonal blstory of the codling-moth at Olney, 1917. 



1',\lll,11) I J l.1, ,lltklll•A'lf~I 1~11111'1\1•1 l '-''UH!IOJU f A"'l'l !II JANll411f I HI J\1{10!• 1 •11 , 4 1Joll 11, 1~• 
W lll',l'f f NIH\IWl t ~ I It hi' f',\1111 1111111m A l'l't'Alll 11 -'1' ()1 O''f , llllri, l!llfi , 1f1J'f 

I II 11\ I HI ii) I 11, n 

I 0.,11.,. I 1r,1i,,1 I •11111 'l\\1111 1,,11,. ,, ,,,il,t ... , .. ,ti.~ \ll'fti'~• 1h1t ,ll'tT~ .. , tlJlf 1h•111r111• 1l11J •~•lltl' •II +IIIJ ,1,-,cl',· ·II tllll_T' 11111,,.~~ - .. ,, ~,,. ... I -
111 

l'l lllil ll 

~J I 1"1 11111• . ' I ; 1$ - , +J. 1, ·I j ,. 
~;; 

I II" I ~· ·I ¼' ., - ~,·, II . . ,'\ ~-•'· ·" ii, ~- ... 
Mar, 31 2fi •I ;:ft t ~•o • I •M :I (11 :1 Oli.9 9, .~ Al)r. I :I ,ti :I I\ 08 . I fl~ I 7.t 7 ' 103 . I 103 I ,. tl!L J GH, J • 1 I 103 2 J.Oll .:: " ' I ,0 1.9 70,0 70 , /J l'tWl.l I , t I , I 111•1 . 104 .:s •• • I 0 I ,0 i i . o n .o :: .o ,.o 1:.u 71.1, 1,0 I 0 IOli .D IOG. 1# ,. 6 8. r, s.r. 30,G 30, G .r. . (, 73 ,G 7~ . G 1.8 I .8 1~1 .7 107 7 

" G U. I t • . l H ,O H .U 2 ' 72 .7 1:t.. '1 . I I rn1 .8 107 ,8 ,. 1 I :I , l U . l G0.7 r.o . 1 7~. 17 '12. '7 .r, ·i 108 ,3 L08.~ " s " . 3 I L !I 71.0 11,Q iZ ,1 72. 'i ' :: 108. G J08 ,G .. 9 Pu11R 10 .7 10,7 87,7 87 ,7 72.7 72. 7 108.0 J.08.G .. 10 IO, I 10, J 97 .8 97,8 72. 7 n1 I U L O l 10, I no. , .. II 6 , I G, I 10:? .u l02 .0 7 . 6 7, G 80 2 80 , 2 fj . Ci G.G 116 .o 115 . II .. lZ . G • 0 IOS.G 109. fi 1G . 7 16,7 06 .o 9G .O r. .a 0 S 120.~ 120 .~ .. t~ J I ,0 1.0 1 IOG.) IOG. L Pt11lA I !) . :l 10 ,1 llti.~ ur,. i G . r, 121., UJ • .. I• 4 7 ' . 7 109 ,8 109.8 !I• 7 0.7 It•, 0 12• .9 I.I l J u 2.r, l.22 .G .. 16 6. 8 6 ,8 11~.o UG.O 4, 3 •. a 139 .2 t:?0.2 8 ,3 s a lZG ,8 120 .8 .. 10 11 , 3 11.n tiO.O l2U .O 10 .0 10,0 1 •o . I Jit!L I , .s 2,8 128 .• 0 121 n .. 17 10.0 16 .0 IBCl.~ ISO. 9 7 . 2 7 . 2 J•1.3 1<17 3 11 ,0 11,8 MO.G t•u c .. 18 9 .6 o.o MU .• 14$ .<I • .! • . 8 JG!:. I 162. I ~o.a 20,3 1110 .8 100 8 .. 19 1• . ! 1<1 . Il 100 .0 100.0 la.8 IS, 8 IOG.O 106.0 18 .0 18.0 178,8 I 78,8 .. !O Jli, 8 16 . 8 l 7G .• l7fl.• 17 , ll 17_3 183 .2 t8U.2 17 .0 17, 9 100,7 100.7 .. 21 i• . 0 14 ,9 191.8 J 9 t.3 2.8 2 . :i 186.G UUi .G 0 , I II I !::02 , k 20Z.j .. !2 u. 1 l4 . I 20,.• 2\'){i • •I 3 ,8 3 .8 )80.3 1811,S 10 ,• 1(1, 4 213.:; :?-l3,:; .. 23 1!I 0 19.0 22'4.'I 22< • 3 .8 :t.8 193 . l 193 .1 18 . 1 18, l 231.3 23l.3 .. 24 22.7 !!2 . 7 :?47, l !!-4.7 , I a.a a.Pi 100., l90 .• 16 , 1 10. 1 ~·ti .. , 24.6 . 4 .. 2() U .•l Zl.• :l.68. 6 208.5 ! .6 2.6 109-0 1'90 n.1 9 7 :!GG. 1 26C I .. 26 1!2.• ~2.• 200.9 390 .9 .8 .3 199. 3 199.3 a.1 ?, • 1 260 .8 2!i0 8 .. !7 Aaull !!l , 7 2$ . '1 31• .G SH ,0 1,4 1.4 200 .7 200 , 7 l . :t I ':: z ,;1.1 201 • I .. 28 23.8 t?2.8 s:n .4 337 ,4 fi .o G.O ~06. 7 205 .1 • 1 '1 2(h , Z I 201.2 .. 29 19 ,G l9, G 356.9 360 . 0 8 . 3 8 .8 2H,O 21• . 0 1.8 l.8 203 .0 203.0 .. 30 11.0 11.0 967.9 8117 ,9 I 1.0 JLG 2:!ri .G 236.0 3.~ 3.3 266 .a 21,e .a 
May l 8.8 8.8 376.1 I s10.1 IZ, 3 Ja. 3 237 ,0 2117. 0 3 ,0 3 .0 269.3 2&9. 8 .. 2 10. 8 10, 8 887.6 387 .G I ,8 1.8 239.7 239.7 4 ,6 4 .6 27a .O 273 .9 .. 3 19,l 19,1 •06.G 400.6 2,2 2 .2 2•1. 9 24l. O I ,6 I.G 276 .4 Z1G. 1 .. • 8 .• 8.4 116.0 416 .0 4 ,0 LG 2<6.6 240 ,G 276 , I 276.• .. 6 r,;gg 6.8 6 .8 '121.8 42J .8 i!:, 0 13.0 2r•8. r, 268 . 6 21G. 4 27G. I 

6 0 .0 9.0 430.8 •80.8 16 .6 16,6 :?1•1, 0 274 ,0 .7 .7 270 . 1 276, I .. l I 2 , I ,12. J •H ! . 9 4•2,9 24.0 ZLO 298.0 298 .0 .8 ,8 '7C .9 276.9 
8 7 6 1 , r. 1 <60 .• 460,4 22 .0 2:? .0 320 ,0 320. 0 a.:i 3. 3 280 .2 280. 2 
9 6.2 1 r.. 2 4Sli,6 4GG.O la.• 13 .4 338 ., 883.4 6. 6 I 6 .G 1 286 .8 286 .8 

10 1.0 7 .o 462.G 462 .0 Adull 23 .0 28 0 366.-i 366.4 o . . 6 .6 292 .4 292 . 4 .. ll 10 , 8 10,8 413 ,4 473 .4 m.o 15.0 371 .• 371.4 G.3 6. 3 297 .7 2i17 7 .. 12 16,0 16.0 I '88 . , 1 •88,4 8 .6 8 ,1, 879.9 S70 .8 4 ,3 , J .3 :102.0 302,0 .. 13 120.0 20.0 I 6os .4 .03., 9 .G 9 ,G 389 .4 389 .4 4 .3 t . 3 30G.3 30C.3 ,. 
I• 23.0 33 .0 531.< 631.• Jllgg ::s.6 25.6 •I• 9 --IH .9 6. 6 1 6 .6 311.8 211 .8 .. l G 1 ar, .3 23.7 660 .7 666 .1 19 2 19 ,3 <8•, I •3• . 1 ll.l 111.1 32i.9 322 . 9 .. JC 

1

u . o
1
24.6 681.3 I 679.7 11 .2 LI . 2 4-IG . :l •46. 3 l• .3 14 .3 337. 2 337 ,; .. 17 !,nrvu 6.0 6.0 686.3 684.7 li.8 5,8 lf•l,l •61.l Adull 17 ,G 17 , 6 36• .8 364- 8 .. 18 2.Z Z.l 688.5 I 686.8 6. 6 6 . 6 4(iG . 6 466.G .~!J!~!J 3'1-1 ."1 SH . J 

" 19 1.• , I.• 689.9 6lJ8.2 8.• 8. 4 •06.0 •CS.O 397 . a 397 .3 
20 10.• 10.4 600.3 698.6 H , I h1 .1 J79. I 479.1 J,gg 2:2 , 11. 22.4 <1.19,1 419 .7 .. 21 21,0 21.0 621 , 3 I 619. 6 18 ,9 13.9 •93 .0 493 .0 18 .6 18.6 438 .2 138. 2 .. 22 11s.a 15.a 686 .6 , 684.9 IM.• 110. -& 6l3.• 613 . 4 12 .G i l2 .G •60.8 460 .8 .. 23 1 I 1.0 LI . 0 647.6 046. 9 21.6 21.5 6M .9 63t.9 3. C I 8.6 <H .• 45•.4 .. !4 16.0 I 16. 0 063.6 661.9 21 .a 21.a 51)6.2 1 C.6G. 2 9.0 I 9.0 463 . 4 463.i 
26 16 .6 15 .6 679 ,1 1 077,4 (..,3,l'VQ. J 26. 5 26.0 682.7 681.l L0,6 10.6 <H ,0 47< .0 .. 86 H .1 l • .1 693 .2 691.6 28.9 27. 6 t.'11.6 f.08 , 8 14 . 4 H.• 488 .4 188 . .. .. 27 7.3 1 7.3 700 ,6 698.8 27 .2 :?7 .2 638.8 03G.O 17,8 17 .8 60~ .2 606. 2 .. 28 13 .3 13.3 7U.S 712, l 18.8 18 .8 657 .c 064 .8 7. 3 7.3 618 . .6 G13 .S .. 29 12 , 8 12,8 726.6 72• . 9 18.6 18.6 616.2 673 .4 11 .3 111. 3 $21 .8 524 .8 .. so I 8.8 8 .8 736 ,4 733 .7 17,8 17 .8 69< . 0 691 . :: 16. 0 16 .0 639 ,8 639.8 .. 31 12 .3 j 12.3 741 .1 146 0 13 .ti IS .5 707 ,5 70-l.7 18.3 1 18 .3 668, l 668 , l 

June l 14 . 8 l• .8 762 .6 760.8 17.0 24.l 148 . G 7< 6,8 17 . 1 l1 . 1 690. 2 690 .2 .. 2 15. G 16.0 778, l 776.4 24.1 17 .0 724 .6 "121. 'i u:ln a 16.0 15. 0 673 , I 673 . l 
3 17. 3 17.2 795.4 793 7 116 .3 16 .3 764.9 762 .1 11 . 9 ll.!l 602.1 602. 1 .. 4 21. 1 121.1 816.6 8U .8 14.0 14 .0 178.9 776. 1 l• . -t 14 . 'i 616.6 GJ0.5 .. 6 23.7 23.7 8<0. 2 1 838 .6 16.6 16. 6 794 .5 791. 7 18.8 I is.8 636.3 635.3 
6 23.6 I 23 .6 863.8 862,l 14.6 14 .6 809 .0 806.2 :H. 8 2-1 .• 8 660, l 660, l .. 1 23.3 28.3 887 .1 886.4 J2.4 12.4 821 . 4 818,G 19.3 19.3 679 ,4 679 .4 
8 8 .• I s., 896.6 893.8 11.1 11 .1 832. 0 829. 7 •2s.3 ' 23 ,3 702.7 702.7 
9 11.2 JJ .2 900 .7 906.0 U.7 11, 7 8H .2 8• l ,4 19 .6 19 .G 122 .a 722 .3 

" 10 U .9 ' 1• .9 921.6 919.9 16.2 16.2 859.4 856.G 18 . 2 18.2 740.6 740 .5 .. ul !2,6 122.6 9•• .2 942.!i 16.2 16 .2 87G .6 872 .8 20 1 :?0 .1 760 . t'i 760 . , 
Mature 

.. 12 1 lana 25.6 126,6 969.S 968.1 18 .0 18.0 893. G 890 .8 '23.2 23.~ 783 ,8 783.8 
" 13 27 .0 26.6 99S.8 99• .G 20.2 20. 2 913. 8 911.0 ' 2• . 7 ' 24.7 808 .6 808. 6 
" 14 22 ,l 22,1 1018.9 1016. 7 21.0 u.o 934.8 932.0 u.9 , u .9 1 820.• 820.4 .. 16 I 18.9 l8.9 l037 .8 1030.G 20.0 20.0 964.8 96"2.0 3.8 3 .6 82< .0 824 .0 

Ma.tun .. 161 18.s118.8 1068.6 1064.4 lam, 16.0 16.0 9G9. 8 961 .Q 6 .2 6 .2 I 320 .2 329. 2 
" 17 Pupa 120.8 20.8 1077 .4 1076 .2 16.0 16. 0 984 .8 082 .0 l0. 2 , 10 .2 839 .4 839. 1 
" 18 22. 6 22.6 ll00.0 1097 .8 16.0 16.0 lOOL• 998. 6 , 16 .8 16 .8 1 8 66 .2 1 866. 2 .. 19 

1
21.& 21.c 1121.6 1119.• 17 .0 17,0 1018,•I 1016.G 21.9 21.9 878 . l 878 1 ,. 20 23.6 23.0 1146.3 1143.0 Puoa 18.6 18. 5 1036.9 103.4 .1 19 .2 19 ,2 897 .3 1 897.3 .. 21 24.• IU,• 1109 .8 UG7 ,4 11.4 17 . 4 1054 .s lOGl.6 22 .8 I 22.8 920 . l 920 . t .. 22 2!?.1 ,22.1, 1191.7 1189. G 16 .8 lS .6 1070.9 1068 . 1 23 .8 23 .8 943 .9 I 943, 9 

l\fature .. 23 17 .8117.8 1209 .G 1207 .3 22., 22.4 1098.3 1090.6 lnrvn 28.2 28 .2 972. l 972. l 
21 17 .<I 17.4 1226.9 122• .7 22.S 22.3 IJ16.6 1112 .8 27 . 7 U ,7 999 .8 999 .8 .. 26 17.8 17.8 124• . 7 1242 .6 18 .8 18.8 1134.4 ll3l.6 !5 .2 23,4 1026.0 1023 ,2 .. 16 21.l 21.l 1266,8 126~ 6 i 21.6 21.6 1166.0 115:l.:? •31.0 27.7 1056.6 1060.9 .. 27 22.5 . 22.6 1.288.3 1286.1 26.2 26.2 1182 .2 Jl79.4 Put1a. I z&,4 I 27 .9 1084 .9 1078 ,8 .. 28 Adu IL 23., I 23.1 1311., 1209 .2 23.8 23. 6 1205.8 1203 .0 2:8 4 2S .• Ut3 . 3 1107 . 2 .. 29 23.6 22.6 1334 .o 1831.8 34. 9 24.9 1230. 7 1227 .9 123 .2 23.2 ll36 .6 j 1120 . , 
30 21.6 21.6 l36ij.6 1363.3 27.8 25. 5 1268 . 6 1263 .4 22 .0 22.6 1159 ,1 ll63 ,0 

J uty 1 21.l 21.1 t378. li 137•. . 4 28 . 7 28. 2 lt87. 2 1..281 .6 2' ,C 24 ,6 1183 .7 11177 . 1 .. 2 21.5 21.6 1398. 1 1395 .9 !9.8 26.5 1317 .o 1308.1 ~6. 8 26.2 i 1210. 6 Jt02.3 .. 3 En J9.6 19.6 lil7 . 6 1416 .4 Adnll 30,8 ~9 .0 13•7.3 1337 .1 1s •• 118.6 1229. 0 1220.s .. 4 16.2 16 .2 1432.8 1430 .6 :?5.1 25.1 1372.4 1363.2 16,4

1

16,4 1246 A 1!37 ,2 .. 6 11.l 1.1.l 14•3.9 H0.7 23.0 23. C l39G.O 1386.8 20.ti 20 .• 1265.9 ' 1251 .1 .. 6 16. (I 16.0 1469.6 1467 .3 IJ!gg 23 .9 23 .9 1419 .9 1409 .'1 22. 6 22. 6 1288.5 1280. S 
1 19.4 19.• H78.9 1476 .7 26,8 26.3 1446.7 1435.0 Adult 28 .8 26.3 .1317,3 1300 G .. 18. 1 18.• 1•97 .3 1496 . 1 28.3 26.1 147• .9 H61.2 29 .Gl 27.3 1346 .8 1333 ,9 

.. 9 18.3 18.8 1616 .6 1613 ,4 26,0 26,0 1'99.9 1486 .2 26.7 24 ,6 1372.6 1368. , 

.. 10 I 22.2 22.2 1637 .8 1635 .6 26.2 26.2 1526.1 1512.< 23 , 7 23. '7 1396. 2 138:?. l 

.. 11 unrvn 21.7 21,7 11669 .5 1667.3 128 .4 27,l 1664 . ti l539.6 l!)gg ! l. 3 20 .8 1411 .6 1402 .9 .. 12 23.7 23.7 1683.2 1681.0 LAlna 26.6 26.6 1681.0 1666.0 24 7 2-4. i 1•U . a 1-127 .~ .. If 27. 4 27. 1 1610.6 1608. 1 26.7 26.• 1606 .7 1691. 4 21.6 I 20,-l H63 .8 1418 ,0 
14 30.3 28.8 1640.9 1636.9 27.2 27 .z 1633.9 1618.6 2-1 . ~ •2il .2 1488.0 1•72.i .. 16 82.6 80.3 1673 .6 1607 .2 31 ,6 28.6 lGC6.6 1647.2 22.6 t2 .6 1610 .6 149, .7 
JG 32 .3 30 .0 1706 ,8 1697. 8 82.2 28.9 189 7, 7 167G, I 18 , •I 18,4 1528.9 t613, l .. 17 ao.2 29.7 1738.0 1728 .6 Sl.1 27.4 1728.8 1703. G Larva 1,9 .o 19 .0 1647 . 9 1532. 1 .. 18 30 ,G 29 . 7 l7G6 .6 1767 .2 31.3 28.< 1760.l l7S l.9 e2. '.l 21.s 1670, I 1663,9 .. 19 21 . 2 21 . 2 1793 . 7 178ll , 4 30.1 8 .6 1790. 3 1760, 6 25 1 26.<& 11695.8 l679 .3 .. !!O 26.6 26.6 1820.3 1811.P U.7 26,9 1817.9 1787.4 126 .0 25 .9 1621.8 1605 .2 .. 21 18.0 18.0 1839 .2 1829 ,9 I 26. • 26.< 184• . 3 1813 ,8 30 .2 ' 26.8 1662.0 !631.0 .. 22 18. 8 18.8 1868.0 1848 ,7 26.G 24.4 1869.9 1838 .2 28 ,0 27 ,0 1010.0 1668 .G .. 2:l 20.2 20 .2 1878.2 1868, 9 ' 28. 3 24 .8 1898. 2 1862.8 l so .o' zs.< 1110.0 11681 .0 .. 24 11.3 21 . 3 1899.6 1890.2 129.2 25 , 0 1927 . .. l887. 8 128 .3 26 .3 l738.S ! 713.S .. ,- 22. 4 22. 4 1921. 9 1912. 6 Sl. O 25 ,0 1968,4 1912 ,8 27 < 26.4 1766.7 1738.7 •• .. 20 26. • 26 .5 1947 .4 1038.l , 32 .3 27 ,1 1990 .1 L039,9 28 .4 28 .4 1794, l 1767 , 1 .. 27 27. 4 27., 1974 .8 1906 .6 123.9 20 .< 202<.6 )966.3 29 . 1 27 .8 1823.2 179' ,9 

•• 28 27.2 26 ,0 2002 .0 1991.G 33.0 27 .0 3068.2 1993.3 131, 2 27 ,7 186• -4 ,1883.G .. 29 29.1 29.1 2031.l 2020.G 36 .0 27 .< 2003 .8 , 2020 ,7 33 .0 27 .8 1887 .4 1860.• ,. 30 ~9.3 29 .~ • 20~0 .4 20•9.9 S•.3 28.8 2128. l 2049 G 3<.0 25 .8 11921.4 1S76.0 .. Mature Mo.1.ur-e .. 31 IDrVa 32.0 29.6 2092.4 2079 ,4 lal"va. 35,7 29.7 2163.8 t079 . 2 I 36.0 , 29.3 1958.0 1900 ,6 
Aug, I 27.3 27.3 21l9.7 2106.7 17 .8 27 . 8 2191.6 2107 . 0 35 .0 28 ,7 1993.0 1934 .~ .. 2 26.8 26.8 '1 2146.6 21:rll .6 I 29 .o 27 . 4 2220 .6 213<.4 I 39 ,7 21 ,7 2022,7 l961.9 .. a Pllt)fl 25 .8 2G. 8 2172,3 2J69 .3 Puoa 31.3 211. 8 2261 .S 2161.S 126.G 23 .4 13019 .8 1985 1 

.\lu.~ur(', .. I 1t; . 1 JG.I 
1
2187.4 217•. 4 3<.8 tS. '4 22!HJ. G ~1$9 . CI 1Rrvn 129 .J ! i!l.6 i!O?S . tl 1 !!009 .. S 

6 13 .8 13.8 2201.2 2188. 2 ' 34 .• :!8 ,2 23:lLO 1,217 ,8 ,:'IU .u M .9 2108. 6

1

2034 1 .. 6 20 . 1 20.1 22~1.3 2208.3 34 ,0 2s . 1! i?atis.o :.rz~n.o :!tl .6 ! C.~ 1 i1s:G. l 1!060 . 9 .. 7 20. 4 20 , 4 220.7 2228 . 7 34 ,8 .29 .t. Zil89. 8 !216. 6 22 ij l 22 , 6 1!l 67.7 2083 6 
8 2& . l 28.1 2287.8 226' .8 32,l 30 ,ll ~-4nl. 9 2:105. 8 PtJJl,i :!i,S Z2.S 2180.6 210".S-.. 9 26 .~ 26.3 2293.1 2280 . t 28 ,1 28 t :?450. 1) 233LO 1s ,41 18 . d zrns . 9 212,.. 1 .. M 22 .1 22.7 23 16.8 2302.8 :n.1 21 9 2<181 7 23Cl.9 lG , 2 16 ,2 U i 6 , I 2HO 9 ,. 11 18.8 18 .8 23'34 .6 232 1.G I !9. 0 :?9.0 26 1 L 7 2390 .0 J. t. 0 IC:,G '.!23 1.C 2167 • .. 12 18.8118.2 2362 .8 2339.8 Atlull. 27 .9 21 .• 21;,1~.u !!41&. a 19 !! 19 , 2 I ~26tl,8 2l71LQ 

13 20 .3 20.3 2373. 1 2800 , l 33 . < 2-3. 4 2600. 0 :l,1<11 ,7 20 9 !!0 . 0

1

2B7J . 7 8197 , 6 .. " 21.<i 21.4 289'4.6 2381.6 Egt I ta o 13 .0 2679. 0 12,166. 3 :n.o SI .0 229t.7 1!218.6 .. LG 20 ,7 20,7 24lG .2 2,02 .a 20 .0 20 . 11 21>00 .2 .!•'16 .9 ! 1t.l >< . l U I0 ,8 i243. C .. ,a I Ac.lull 27 ,3 27,0 2442,G 2429 . 2 2.1.2 27 . R 2027 .• 2603, .I t 24 . 8 2' .8 28•1.C 2207,• 
17 !• ,] 24 .1 UGO . a 2•63 .s 27 . 0 izo . .. 2GG& .o I 2ri29. r; I 22: ,$ 11:? . .l ZS6f. 4 2280 ti .. 18 "'·~ }7 .3 17.2 2•88.9 2470.0 • 30 , l 28 . 8 2688 . 1 !:668.• 2J , ,t I 20 , 2 12886, 8 I 2809 , 1 .. ,. H .1 1• .1 24{18.0 2•8G , :l 39 ,0 29 ,2 272t.l aG81 . 6 20 . a 20 . 8 :•oo . G i i so.G .. 1:0 115 , lil l l G. 8 !61• , •I 2601 . 1 l ~ r vn SS , 8 so 3 !!76• .9 :!C l1.I) 1t<t , 1 !!• . 1 :U90, 7 2SIN . G .. •1 l6, I l (L l 2G30 . G ~Gl1 . :? 31). 0 2:7 .3 :!'18•1. 9 tG,tl). f .i\d11II-A1 1!,S!, 8 :?l?.d 1! -IGj. 6 ~:177 . <1 .. 22 16 ,8 rn & 211.47 . 3 2GU,1 0 I 24 • 8 .::• . 8 2801) ,1 , 010 .0 :.l3 G J3 G 11417 . () ! JOO. •1 .. ,a \8 . 1 l8 . ?' I t6GU. O l 2GG! . 7 , .. 1(1. fl 281'(1 . (, :W1f9 .H 1ils8' t tt .Gl a::. ~n 260 11 . a ,' n.,uu • .. •• ti. 7 22 . 7 :!GIHL? 26'J.I . C, rn 3 I G. \l 28d 8 . 3 3 71'fl . I 18 , 0 l 8, 0 , !J61!:J, & l! l<l!t. I .. ,. .11 ll 13 .~ 2('01 . C'i 26H.:l l :&1 , l !! !! I :uno 11 :1,s1 a L'1.$ 11 S. UllCi ti :!•G!L1 •• "l"&. O Ul.0 \ 2tlll G 200l. !l at. I ., ' !IMiill , 0 2'111;!1 , !I 20 . 3 S(t , Ml -aGtu). 1 1 2,uio . o .. .. J.CI td it'. . tl . 11.CIUO , U 1ll<1Vt , l) l<:I 9 Jt) JI :Hm • 6 il 'lC) l,I I •• • 1u, . 11 ao~u . tJ •toots• •• !, ,u .. I • ~ If "'""" ·1 . ... 0 . 11 ,a• n• • • 11•1t -•• ! 11·111» 1, au .it •i) . 11 a1•0 11 • i 11111J1-, J •• . ........... - 1.1.\ _~ ~~ - ; ~--!l~t: I '-· to • ••• b,0 11 1) , ........ ,. * ... I L.II 11 .ll f ll'" <I' 0 lllt.!1'? • - __ i;_ .!. ! ~ !! ~!".'!'-:.• .. ' !.°!" ' ..... - i't.l' __ '!' __ _!!_!'.' _ _l(_ . tUlr.,!lL.Z __ . , . I':." 



• 

• 

277 

TABLE 40-DATES OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST INDIVIDUALS OF THE BROODS 
OF THl'J CODUNG-!\[OTH AT OZARK, OLNEY, AND SPRINGFIELD IN 1917 

-- ---
Generation Stage Ozark 

, 

Hibernating Adults May 12 
Eggs May 19 

First La1·vre l\1Ia.y 27 
~I attire larvre June 18 
Adults July 1 

Second Eggs 
Larvre 

-

Olney 

May 17 
May 20 
June 1 
June 23 
July 7 
July 11 
July 17 

Spring-
field 

. 

lvlay 17 

June 25 
July 9 

To sho,,, the relation between the ti111e of the appearance of the 
first indi,ridt-1als of eacl1 of the broods tl1rougl1ot1t tl1e season at Olnev 
Table 41 has been prepa1·ed. ., 

Tl1e sa111e data \Vere \vo1·ked ot1t for Ozarl{ in 1915, Sp1·ingfield in 
1916 and 1918, and Siloa111 Springs, Arkansas, for 1908, and the resuJts 
a1·e summarized in Table 42. 

From tl1e averages in the last column of Table 42 we find, by a little 
calculation, that the average accumulation of effective day-degrees from 
the time of tl1e appearance of the first individuals of the first brood of 
pupre, adults, eggs, and larvre to tl1e ti111e of appea1·a11ce of tl1e first indi-
viduals of tl1e second b1·ood of the same is 979, and that the average 
accu111t1lation bet,vee11 the time of appearance of the first individuals of 
tl1e seconcl b1·oo<l of pupre, ad11lts, eggs, a11rl larvre and the ti1ne of ap-
pearance of tl1e fi1·st individuals of the third brood of the sa1ne is 1082, 
the: average accu1nt1lation for the co111vlete life cycle, that is, for tl1e 
period bet,veen the ti1ne of the appearance of the first eggs, larvre, pupce, 
or a.dults of one generation and tl1e first eggs, larvre, pupre, or adults of 
tl1e 11ext ge11erc1tion, l)ei11g 1030. 

From stt1clies on the 1·e1ation of ten1peratt1re to the development of 
the different stages and to the whole developn1ent period in the life his-
to111, ·\ve ](no,,, that there is practically no clifference betv,,een tl1e numbe1· 
of effective clay-degrees ,vhich accumulate during these periods in the 
different generations. The differences shown by the data in the table are 
therefore undoubtedly due to the comparative!)' small nu1nber of obser-
,1ations on ,,,hich the averages were based and to the fact tl1at some of 
the observations ,,,e1·e made in connection vvitl1 b1·eeding experi1nents 
111 \\7 l1ich co111parati vely s111,111 11 t11111Jers of i11cli vi dt1al s ,vere t1serl. The 
elates 011 vvh1c]1 the first lar,,ze of tl1e first generatio11 ente1·ecl the fruit 
,,,ere deter111ined by obsen,ations on individuals reared from l1ibernating 
larvre, and si11ce t11e number of individt1als tht1s used was very small as 
con1pared witl1 the ,,,J,ole nu1nl)er in the orcha1·(1, no dot1bt Jarva! began 
to enter the ft·uit in the orcl1ard l)efore tl1e first lar,12e were securect in 
the experiments. The dates ,vl1e11 the first larvre of tl1c second genera-

, 



' -

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

-

TABLE 42-AcCUMULATED Ellt lfECTIVE DAY-DEGREE A 'r 'l' lIE TIJVIE OF '1'1-IE OBSERVED APPEARANCE Oli' TIIE 
FIRST lNDIVIDUAL8 OF EACII BROOD 

Siloam 
• Olney Ozark Springfield Springs, Average 

I 

Gener·ation 

Hibernating 

First 

Second 

Third 

Sta,ge 

Pupa 
Adult 

Egg 
Larva 
Mature larva 
Pupa 
Adult 

Egg 
• Larva 

Mature larva 
Pupa 
Adult 

Egg 
Larva 

' 

• 

' 

1915 1915 

315 

422 
585 
968 

1075' 
13'09 

1415 
1557 
2079 
2168 
2429 

2471 
2645 

-

19 

1 
3· 

1916 6 

115 5 
3·56 6 

4 
5 
9 

10 
13 

.5 5 
:1 1 
;7 7 
:4 4 
(7 7 

------
• 14 

15 
20 
21 
24 

24 
26 

.0 0 
•6 6 
'9 9 
;1 1 
.8 8 

55 5 
18 8 

1917 1917 
--

104 104 
355 355 

420 420 
573 573 
972 972 

" " 1079 1079 
1307 1307 

14'03 14'03 
1532 1532 
2009t 2009t 
2106t 2106t 
2377t 2377t 

I 2424t I 2424t 
2576t 2576t 

Ark.* 

1915 1915 1916 1916 1918 1918 1908 1908 
-- -- --

108 108 110 110 109 109 
364 364 313 313 345 345 324 324 ,339 ,339 

---- -- • • 

400 400 371 371 406 406 
534 534 574 574 623 623 578 578 
860 860 1082 1082 970 970 

1169 1169 1066 1066 1024 1024 1074 1074 
1248 1248 1399 1399 . . 1272 1272 1285 1285 1308 1308 

• • 

1454 1454 1389 1389 I I 1414 1414 
15'18 1602 I 1528 I 1551 ' 15'18 1602 I 1528 I 1551 ' 

1999 1999 2134 2134 I I 2034 2034 2065 2065 
2100 2100 2246 2246 2169 2169 
2321 2321 2430 2430 2302 2302 2423 2423 2387 2387 

2490 2490 2477 2477 2471 2471 
2568 2568 2688 2688 2643 2643 2632 2632 

* Data in this column were obtained by the t1se of the 1908 r erords of the U. S. Weather Bureau for Fayetteville, Arkansas, an<l 
the seasonal history 1·ecords of the codling-moth as given by E. L .. Jenne in Bulletin No. 80, Part I, of the Bureau of Entomology, 
U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1909. 

t Numbers followed by a dagger were computed. 
• 

' 

• 

t-.J 

• 

• 



279 

tion entered the fruit was determined frotn observations on individuals 
secured from band collections. These were abundant enoug·l1 to give tis 
the dates with a fair degree of accuracy. The number of effective day-
degrees, 1551, 01·, to use round nu111bers, 1550, given £01· tl1is event in 
the table may be considered as approximately correct and vvill be used 
as a basis for 111aking co1·rections in the table. The dates ,vhen the first 
la1·vre of the third generation entered the fruit were detern1ined from a 
comparatively small number of individuals isolated for the purpose of 
life history st11dies, and £01· tl1is reason it is quite certain that the dates 
thus obtained were somewhat later than the true dates. 

It is impossible to estimate witl1 any degree of acct1racy how much 
oi an error ,vas 1nade in deter111ining dates fron1 a too li111ited amount 
of n1aterial, but we can, by using data procured by studies on the rela-
tion of temperature to the different stages and to tl1e con1plete develop-
me11t period, dete1·111ine tl1e app1·oxi111ate 111ini111t1111 effecti,1e day-degrees 
whicl1 accumulate du1·i11g the complete life cycle; and b)' t1sing 1550 as 
the total effective day-degrees at the time when the i1rst· larvre of the 
seco11tl ge11e1·atio11 appear ,ve ca11 deter111ine tl1e total effective day-degrees 
for the date 011 ,vl1ich the fi1·st egg, la1·vce, pt1pre, and adults of the three 
generations n1ay be expected to appear. 

Fro111 0111· studies on the relation of temperature to the development 
of tl1e tl11·ee stages we concl11ded ( see page 280) that the minimum 
accun1ulation for the three stages was about 939, the average 1101, and 
the n1aximt1n1 about 1317; and from our studies on the life histo1·y of 
348 i11clividuals \\re concluded that the minin1um accun1t1lation for the 
periocl of clevelop111ent ~ras al)ot1t 950, tl1e averag·e 1120, and the 1naxi-
m111n abottt 1350 ( see page 259). To get the total accun1ulation £01· 
the co111plete 1if e cycle, it will be 11ecessary to add to these n1imima, aver-
ages, and 1naxin1a about SO, 75, and 250, respectively, beca11se tl1e deposi-
tion of the fi1·st eggs, the time of maxin1u111 oviposition, and the laying 

•of the last eggs do not occttr until about the first, the third, and the tenth 
cla}', respective!)'. after tl1e en1erge11ce of tl1e fen1ale. (Table 43.) 

N611e of tl1e minima, 989, 1000, and 1030, obtained for the complete 
life c)·cle b)7 the diffe1·ent n1ethods was determinecl witl1 absolute ac-
curac)1, but the)' ,vere based 011 actttal observations, and the fact that 
tl1ey do 11ot differ ver)1 widely indicates that they are approximately co1·-
1·ect. For practical purposes either one might be used as the mini1nu1n, 
bttt tl1e seco11cl 111i11i111u111. 1000, l)ei11g nearly tl1e averag·e of tl1e tl1ree is 
perhaps 11101·e nea1·ly cor1·ect tl1an the others, ancl it will be used as the 
l)asis for the discussion whicl1 follows. 

By dividing the 1000 effective day-degrees into pa1·ts proportional t<) 
the 111ini1nt1n1 effective day-clegrees 1·equired for the egg, larval, a11(f 
pt1pal per·iocls, n1al<ing allowance for t11e pe1·iod elaps1ng between tl1e 
ti1ne of tl1e en1e1·gence of the a.clult fe111ale ancl tl1e deposition of tl1 e 
first eggs, ·a11cl l)y tak111g 1550 (1"a1J1<.' 42) as aJJp1·oxi111atcly tl1e correct 
acc11111t1latio11 ;1t tl,e ti111c \,·l1c11 tl1<.~ 1,trv,c c1f tl1l' secc,11cl gc11eration l)eg-1 11 

, 

• • 

• 

• 



• 

• 

.. 
• 

• 

• 

280 

to enter the fr11it, we can constr11ct a consistent table showing the approx-
i111ate accumulations which indic·ate the ti1ne when the first pupc:e, a·dults, 
eggs, and larvc:e of tl1e tl1ree generations may be expected to appear. Table 
44, however, for the present, must be regarded as 011ly a s0111ewhat 
close approximation to the correct accumulations. It may be necessary 
to make some changes as a result of further observations. 
TABLE 43-ACCUMULATION OF EFFECTIVE DAY-DEGREES DURING STAGES, DURING 

ENTIRE DEVEI,OPMENT P ERIOD, AND DURING THE COl\IPLETE LIFE CYCLE 

Accumulation 
Perio•d ·------- -------

Minimum Average Maximum 

Egg 156 163 170 
Larva 527 673 873 
Pupa 256 265 274 

Stages -
( Total) 939 1101 1317 

Adult to egg 50 7·5 250 

Life cycle 989 1176 1567 
. 

Development period 950 1120 1350 
Life history Adult to egg 50 75 250 

• 

Life cycle 1000 1195 1600 
-

Seasonal history Life cycle 1030 

TABLE 
• 

44-ACOUMULATED EFFECTIVE DAY-DEGREES v\1 HICH INDICATE 'fHE TIME 
WHEN THE FIRST E GGS, LARVAE, PUPAE, AND ADULTS )),IAY BE 

Genar.ation 

Hibernating 

First generation 

Second generation 

Third generation I 

EXPECTED TO APPEAR 

Stage 

Fi1~st pt1poo 
First adults 

First eggs 
First larvre 
Fi 1·st PUl)re 
First a,a ul ts 

First eggs 
Fi t'st la1~vre 
FiI·st pupre 
First adults 

Fi1·st eggs 
First larvre 

Day-degrees 

82 
340 

392 
550 

1082 
1342 

1392 
1550 
2082 
2342 

2392 
25'50 

• 



TABLE 45- A,•,:iuoE NoBMAL DAILY EFFooTn'& DAY·D&osus, AoomtOLATIONs o~· THE SAJ>.tE, AND D.&.TES wn~N THE FmsT 
fNDIV!DUALS OF TIIE DIF1"£UENT STAGES OF EAOR GENEMTION MAY BE EXPECTED 

.,; -
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
,; 
7 
8 
9 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
l 
l 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

8 
9 
0 
1 
2 
:t 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

30 
3 1 

,; ., ., :~ -.. ., ;i., ol 

A ""' 

1 
1 
1 
l 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

March. 

i " .. .. , 
3 'O"' ., . 
0,:;, .... .., 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
9 

11 
13 
15 
17 
20 
23 
26 
29 
32 
35 
38 
42 
46 
60 
54 
5'8 
62 
66 
70 
74 
78 
82 
86 

Aprll. 

. , ,; £ ., ., ., .. ., .. .... P.2f 
.; .,tJ~ _-o., .; .. " ., ' .. -., ;,, ~., ... 
!! .lti .. otl" !l 
l1J Q "'"' 

E-t~'g U1 

5 91 
5 96 
5 101 
5 106 
5 111 
5 116 
5 121 
5 126 1 5 131 
5 136 
5 141 
5 146 
6 152 
6 158 
6 164 
6 170 
6 176 
7 183 
7 190 
7 197 
7 204 
8 212 
8 220 
9 229 
9 238 
9 247 
9 256 
9 265 

10 275 
P upa 10 285 

TO APPEAR AT 0LNn TN A NllRMAL SEA.BON 

May. June. July. AUJ!UBt. 

,; • ,;, .. ,; ,; i'.l " t .. t " :tl .,! .. .. ., " fl., ., .. <> .. ., .. el i c:.i"' " .. .. t ,Sf 'D af >tf .. i .. af .. j~ .!'O"' ,; i:,,,.f,/9 - <>"' .; ~t"i' 3t"i' "' 3 :o.., .; <> ' " .s Q,I H .. !: ;.. "' = ... b~:, ::, tl) -;;, ~ ~ = Q,I >, <ltl" !! .. ti .. otl" tl"I ~tl"I !! .,., ., ~.,., !! Q .,.., f,; .,,, rn A.,.., 
f,; " "' 

., q $ '0 . Q 'O rn A"'"' ""' UJ 

11 296 20 789 25 1465 26 2264 
11 307 20 809 25 1490 26 2290 
12 319 20 829 25 1615' 26 2316 
12 331 20 849 25 1540 Larva 26 2342 Adult 
13 344 Adult 20 869 25 1565 26 2368 
13 351 20 899 25 1590 25 2393 Egg 
13 870 20 909 26 1616 25 2418 
14 384 20 929 26 1642 25 2443 
14 398 Egg 21 950 26 1668 25' 2468 
14 412 21 971 26 1694 25 2498 
14 426 21 992 26 1720 25 2518 
15 441 21 1013' 26 1746 25 2543 Larva 
15 456 22 1035 27 1773 25 2668 
15 471 22 1057 27 1800 25 2593 
15 486 22 1079 Pupa 27 1827 26 2619 
16 501 22 1101 27 1854 26 2645' 
16 517 22 1123 27 1881 26 2671 
16 633 23 1146 27 1908 26 2697 
16 549 Larva 23 1169 27 1935 26 2723 
17 566 23 1192 26 1961 25 2748 
17 583 24 1216 26 1987 24 2772 
17 600 24 1240 26 2013 24 2796 
18 618 25 1266 25 2038 24 2720 
18 636 25 1290 25 2063 24 2844 
18 664 25' 1315 26 2088 Pupa 24 2868 
18 672 25 1840 Adult 26 2113 23 2891 
19 691 25' 1365 25 2138 22 2918 
19 710 25 1390 Egg 25 2163 22 2935 
19 729 25 1415 25 2188 22 2957 
20 749 26 1440 25 2213 22 2979 
20 769 25 2238 22 3001 



• • 

280 

• 

I I • 
I 

-
• 

• • 
• • 

• 

... 
l 

• 

I. 

' -
\ 
• 
t • t 

I ! r 
• , 

• 0 
• - ( 

, 
• -C • 

.. 

I - , ,.. 
• t 

I • 

, 
t "" ( I 

-

-

• 



281 

J\llETHOD OF FORECASTING DATES \iVHEN THE DIFFERENT STAGES 
OF THE SEVERAL GENERATIONS MAY BE EXPECTED TO APPEAR 

AT ANY GIVEN PLACE IN A NORMAL SEASON 

B)" ascertaining the normal daily effective day-degrees at any point 
in the state throughout the season and ascertaining the total sums of the 
daily accumulations for each day of the season and comparing the sums 
on the different dates with Table 44, we can ascertain the approximate 
dates when the different stages of each generation may be expected to 
appear. Table 45 gives the normal daily effective day-degrees, the total 
eflective day-degrees, and the dates on which the first individuals of the 
stages of each generation normally appea1· at Olney, Illinois. 

This table was computed from the maximum and minimum read-
ings of the U. S. \i\Teather Bureau at Olney from 1901 to 1916 inclusive 
by the formulre given 011 page 283. In all of these computations the 
daily effective day-degrees were taken as tl1e average degrees above 50" 
F. diminished by twice the average degrees above 86. 

It is not to be expected that the first eggs, larvre, pupre, and adults will 
appear in any locality on the exact dates shown in a table of the normal 
accumulations of effective day-degrees for that locality. Such tables will 
give only the approximate dates. There a1·e many factors which may 
influe11ce tl1e ti1ne of appearance: tl1ere a1·e al,vays periods clttri11g e,,er1 
season when the temperatures a1·e not nor·1nal; there are situations in 
e\~ery locality in which the temperat11res differ from those of the place 
,vhere the recording instrument is located, such as steep 11orthern and 
steep soutl1ern slopes, and differences in altitudes in hilly countries; and 
pup~ on tl1e south side of the tn1nks of trees will be subjected to greater 
heat than tl1ose on the north side. • 

Tl1ere is 110 practical 1nethod by which all the local factors n1ay be 
taken into account, but the seasonal va1-iations may be anticipated by 
l(eepin.~ a daily record of the total accumulation of effective day-degrees 
in each of the fruit-growing sections; and dates vvl1en the first larvre of 
each generation may be expected to enter the fruit may be anticipated 
l1ov,,ever ab1101·mal the ,1/eather 1nay be. When the accumulations 
amount to 390, 1290, and 2280 the first larvre of the first, second, and 
third generations, respectively, may be expected to enter the fruit in 
abot1t 10 cla)'S. (See Table 51, p. 289.) 

Table 43 (p. 280) s1,ows tl1at tl,e ave1·age acct1mt1latio11 of effecti,re 
<la~·-<leg1·ees for the complete life cycle, as ascertained by a stud)' of the 
rlifferent stages, is 1176, the maxi111t1m being about 1567, and that by a 
tttd)' of t11e life l1i story tl1e a,,erafYe acct1111t1latio11 is 1105, tl1e 111axi111t1m 

being abottt loOO. These (1iffere11ces a1·ise pa1·tl)· f1·0111 tl1c fact tl1at in 
the former case 86, 85, a11rl 87 c]egr·ees F. "''ere t1 secl as tl1e degrees of 
maximum rate of cleve1opment of tl1e egg, larva, and pupa, 1·espective11·, 
,,,hereas in the latter case 86 \\'as t1 serl f r>r each of the stages. Si11ce it 
is mt1c}1 111ore con,rc11ie11t to t1se 86., 1105 sl1ot1lcl l)e ttsccl as tl1c approxi-
mate average. 

• 



• 

282 

It follows that since the first and the second gene1·ations are almost 
complete in the southern half of Illinois, if the larvre of the first genera• 
tion are observed to be entering the fruit in large numbers on a certain 
·date, larvce of tl1e seconcl generation will be entering tl1e fr11it in large 
numbers after an interval during " 'hich the accumulated effective day-
degrees have reacl1ed 1195, unless delaJ1ing factors, sucl1 as parasites, rain)· 

· weather at hatching time, or other cause "'' hich n1ight occasion great mor-
tality of eggs, larvre, or pup~, should i11terve11e. This \\'Ot1lcl 11ot 1101(1 
trt1e for the third g·eneration, since it is not complete, for, at best, only a 
small propo1·tion of tl1e larvce of the second generation trans£ or1n. 

The maximum numbe1- of effective day-degrees V\rhich may accu1nu-
late bet\,Teen the deposition of an egg of one generation ancl the· deposi-
tion of an egg of the next generation is about 1600. If a number of 
eggs are deposited on the same day the deposition of eggs by females 
de,,eloped from them will be extended over a period during \vhich the 
accumt1latio11 of effective da)1-degrees ranges fron1 1000 to 1600, wl1ich 
corresponds to a period of about 20 days. This accounts largely for the 
overlapping of tl1e second and third gener·ations notv.rithstanding the fa<.'t 
that the first and second do not overlap. 

HO\i\' TO CO!\rfPUTE EFFECTlVE DAY-DEGREES 

One of the main objects of this investigation \Vas to fi11d, if possible. 
a single factor in terms of which tl1e progress of the seasonal history of 
t11e i11sect co11lcl l)e follo,,·ed a11d e,,e11 predicted 1011g e11ot1gl1 beforel1at1tl 
to be of practical value. Apparen,tly we ha.ve foitnd tliat factor in te11i-
peratit1"e expressed i11, ter11is of effective da31-degrees as the itnit. Humid-
ity, evapo1·ation, and rainfall may affect the rate of development to s0111t 
extent, but in the case of the codling-moth these factors have sucl1 a 
sn1all influence unde1· out-of-door conditions that for practical purposes 
they ma)r be disregarded, leaving temperature as the single factor to be 
tal<en into account. 

The temperatures that are to be taken into account are the tempera-
tures above 50 degrees and those above 86. To ascertain tl1e number of 
effective cla),-deg·rees tl1at l1·ave acct1111ulated dt1ring any g·iven day, first fincl 
the average degrees above 50 degrees F., then the average degrees above 
86 degrees, multipl}' the latte1· by two and subtract tl1e p1·odt1ct f ron1 tl1e 
former. The rest1lt will be the effective da)'-degrees. 

To compute the effective day-degrees, accurate the1·n1ograph reco1·ds 
should be kept. The average dail)r te1nperatures above SO degrees F. ca11 
be compt1ted by adding together the hourly readings above SO and divid-
ing tl1e sum b)' 24, and the average dail)' temperatu1·es above 86 ca11 be 
co111puted in the sa111e manne1·. If the dr11n1 type of tl1e1·1nograpl1 be 
used the temperature curve above 50 and above 86 may be integrated b)' 
111ea11s of a planimeter, expressing the result as hourly-degree units, then 
by dividing the totals for each day by 24, the average hourl)1-degrc.es 
above SO and 86 may be ascertained, which are the da)r-degrees in each 
case. Subtracting from the day-degrees above SO t,,,ice tl1e day-degrees 
ahove 86 gives the number of effective day-degrees. 

• 



283 

In case tl1ern1og1·aph records are not available the 
degrees can be determined app1·oximately f ram n1aximu111 
readings b)1 tl1e ttse of tl1e f ollo\\·ing for11111lce p1·oposecl 
Forbes. 

effective da,·-
• 

and 1ninimum 
b)· Dr. S. A. 

For1,11tlae for co·11zpitti1ig tlie average day-degrees above ari31 given 
te111perat,1tre, 11si11g tlie 11zaxirnu1n te11iperat11,re, and the niini1n1t111, te11t-
pera.t1,1-es p1,eced·i1z .. e.· a11d follo1.c1-i11g 1·t. 

a= N t1111ber of clegrees that the first 111ini1nun1 is above o r belo,v 
the given temperature. , 

b = Number of degrees that the second n1inimum is above or belo,,.· 
lhe given ten1perature. 

c = Nu1nber of degrees that the maximum is above the give11 ten1-
perature. 

z = Number of da)r-degrees above the given temperature. 

I. When both minima are at 01· above the given temperat111·e, 

• 
a+ b + 2c . 

%=-----. 

4 
• 

II. \:\,,.hen the first mini1nun1 is belovv the given temperature, 
b + c c2 

X - ---- + ----·. 
4 4(a+c) 

III. \\Then the seco11d minimun1 is below the given ten1perature, 
a+ c c2 

X - ----+ ----. • 

4 4(b+c) 
IV. v\T}1en both minima are below the given temperature, 

c2 c2 
X - ----+ ----. 

4(a + c) 4(b+c) 
\~111e11 tl1e thermograpl1 is used it shot11d be kept cor1·ect b)' cl1ecl,ing 

it tlJ) clail)' ,,·itl1 tl1e 111axi111t1111 a11cl 111i11i111t1111 tl1er1110111eters , a11d tl1e re-
cording instrument should be l<ept in a place which has the san1e condi-
tions as to temperature as the orchards to which the records are to be 
applied. It is ver)r eviclent that the maximu1n and minimt1m reading·s 
taken in the heart of a city would not give 1·eaclings that vvou le] apply 
to adjacent country distr:icts. 

RELAT[ON OF TE!\IPERATt; R1~ 'I ' Tr~r 1~ ,,,11EN LAR\"AI~ HIBERN.~TE 

In the spring, hibernating Iarvce ,vill begin to t1·ans·form as soon as 
temperatures rise above S2° F., l)ttt aftet" micls11mmer, soor1 a ·fter the 
ten1peratures begi11 to f al], matt1ri11g lar\1re cease to trans fortn long before 
the tempe1·atures fall helo,v the 52 point. 

• 

• 



• 

284 

Generally, larv~ that mature prior to Augt1st 1 transforn1; those that 
mature after September 1, hibernate; and of those that mature during 
August some hibernate and some transform, the percentage of those that 
hibernate usually increasing as the 111onth advances, the rate of increase 
depending upon the temperatures. 

The time when hibernation takes place is determined largely by 
the habit of the species, but it may be some,vl1at modified by ten1pera-
tures. While at Olney hibe1-nation did not usually take place until Au-
gust, a few unusually cool da}'S caused some larv~ to hibernate as early 
as the first week in July in 1915, and in 1916 hibernation vvas delayed 
til] the middle of August by continuous warm weather. Some larvae 
hibernate any time after midsumn1er when the minimum daily tempera-
tures fall to 60° or below and the mean daily temperatures to about 
70° or below; other larv~ do not hibernate until such temperatures have 
prevailed £or two or three weeks. During tl1e latter half of August 
hibernation is induced much more readily than earlier in the month, and 
with rare exceptions larvce mat11ring after September 1 hibernate irrespec-
tive of temperatures. 

Table 46 illustrates what has just been said conce111ing hibernation. 
Note that in 1915, 4.4 per cent. of the larv~ which matured during 

the period from July 4 to July 7, at the close of a week of un11sually cool 
\i\/eather, hibernated. Another period of cool weather ended with Jul)' 
25, and 5 per cent. of the larvre 1naturing during the period from July 
25 to July 28 hibernated. The next period of cool weather began Au-
gust 4, and 7 per cent. of the larvre maturing during the period f ron1 
At1gust 4 to A 11gt1st 7 hibernatecl. From tl1is tin1e 011, tl1e n1ea11 dail}' 
te1nperatures remained near 70° or below, and the percentage of hiber-
nating la1·vce increased , ,e1·y rapidly t111til At1gust 27. All lar,,ce t111cle1· 
obse1·vation 111aturing after tl1is date l1ibernated witl1 tl1e exception of t,vo. 
Tl1e t\,10 larvce ,vl1icl1 transforn1edJ 111at11red duri11g a pe1·iod of twelve 
exceptionall}' vvar111 days following Septe111ber 7. 

In 1916 there were no cool days in July and none in August until 
the 14th. No larvre hibernated in July. A few that hibernated prior to 
August 14, hibernated apparently purely from habit. The two cool days 
of ~t\ugust 14 and 15 may have hastened hibernation, but the percentage 
of those that hibernated increased rapidly from the 16th to the 22d, 
although the weather was unusually warm, showing that after the middle 
of August larvre will yield to their habit regardless of temperatures. The 
delay in the time of hibernation in 1916, as compared ,vith 1915, ,vas 
ttndoubted]y due to the higher temperatures in 1916 during August. 

RELATION OF HUMIDITY AND EVAPORATION TO THE RATE 
OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE CODLING-MOTH 

When we began the preliminary study of our accumulated data on 
this subject they indicated clearly that temperature was the controlling 
factor in determining the rate of development of the stages of the cod-
ling-moth, and that humidity and evaporation had at most only a very 



TABLE 46-Pt·uc~.:\ J.H, t. or· LAK'tll COLLOOT.u, ..,\.T 0t...V£Y FROM Ba...~Ob AT l~\ .,.r.s OI" 2-4 D.1.Ys wmca H18&:&'"i.ATt.:n. 
IVlTli R,xo_20 OF Tl::>a>E!IATUR£S 

lP.15. I 1916 
Date ot 

colltttio.o. I Per cent. hlbe.roated. I Temperaru·re. Temperature. Per ttnl. bibernatei-1 . 
Max. Min. :\leao .Male Female ~L&F. Max. Min . ~Jean ~(. F. M.&F 

Jo ly l ~o 64 11 l 87 69 79 .. 2 83 61 72 I 92 67 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 72 U3 70 89 71 80 .. 4 77 58 65 83 65 75 
6 74 50 61 6.8 3.3 4.;I 85 61 74 
G 77 -. 66 86 61 74 Ov .. 7 81 62 69 89 64 77 .. 8 69 64 68 90 66 78 .. 9 73 60 68 86 66 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. .. 10 84 67 72 87 65 76 .. 11 86 65 72 91 68 78 .. 12 81 68 ~i { 7S 7~ 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

" 13 87 69 88 GS 76 
" 1'l 90 72 80 87 69 77 
" 15 91 74 63 91 72 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . 
" 16 90 76 82 { 94 71 82 .. 17 88 75 80 94 70 81 .. 18 89 73 81 93 71 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . .. 19 86 7) 77 ~l2 71 so .. 20 80 71 77 90 70 78 .. 21 78 68 69 87 70 76 .... ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 79 58 69 90 61 76 .. 23 82 68 70 94 65 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ....... . . .. 24 82 GI 71 94 65 79 .. 25 84 64 72 96 67 81 .. 26 86 70 76 97 68 82 .. 27 87 70 77 . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 5. 9~ 70 84 .. 28 no 70 77 97 70 84 . ' 29 82 72 79 9S 75 86 .. 30 87 73 79 95 73 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 91 74 82 99 76 S6 

Aug . 1 86 72 77 83 71 77 
" 2 8·1 71 76 9] 70 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . .. 3 8ft 73 76 95 70 81 .. 4 70 61 65 98 73 84 .. 5 75 66 ~i { 7. 1. 7. 97 73 8 ,1 .. 6 82 60 97 74 84 I ., I • 

7 84 57 70 97 73 85 .. 8 I 85 68 76 . l L. 5. 90 72 82 .. ... .. .. . .. 9 81 6" 75 S9 70 78 I 2 J ,) 

' .. 10 72 71 72 93 73 81 .. 11 71 67 6S 39. "" 27. 96 72 83 ·"· 78 f 2 :i 3 .. 12 77 GO 69 87 72 .. 13' 83 60 70 73 67 73 32. 19. . -.. l! 74 67 71 . o . 7] 5G G4 I .. [5 83 61 71 79 67 70 10 a 
' .. 16 88 70 77 86 70 77 .. 17 82 69 74 83. 71. 77. 90 66 77 .. 18 65 62 67 94 74 83 I 44 61 63 •• 19 72 59 64 94 74 83 .. 20 71 62 65 95. 86. 91. 95 74 S4 .. 21 74 61 66 93 72 so I 71l 76 76 .. 22 78 67 67 86 71 74 .. 23 79 60 69 9S. 96. 97 . 78 59 70 .. 24 so 67 73 S" 56 70 > 88 8S 88 ,. .. 25 72 54 63 87 62 87 .. 26 69 53 62 97. l 00 . 98. so 63 71 

" 27 74 61 66 70 1$2 67 I 95 92 94 .. 28 75 53 64 75 53 64 
" 29 71 59 64 100 . 100. 100. 77 50 63 . ; 3'0 65 55 GO so 53 65 100 99 99 •• 31 70 46 56 85 57 69 

Sevt. 1 74. 49 61 100. 100. 100. 76 63 69 100 100 .. 2 82 66 68 82 66 71} IIJO .. 3 80 58 69 82 62 72 .. ·I 81 62 69 100. 100. 100. 85 f.1 72 } 100 100 J OO .. 5 75 63 69 S? 71 79 .. 6 so 61 69 90 68 74 .. 7 84 67 73 99. 99. 99 . S7 72 78 .. s 87 ~8 77 78 68 12 l LOO 100 100 .. 9 85 67 76 78 56 68 .. 10 87 68 77 1110. I 100. 100. 82 58 68 .. 11 89 67 77 85 65 13 I 100 100 10,, .. 12 89 70 79 S2 6S 75 .. 13 90 71 79 100. J 1)0. 100. 70 62 68 .. 14 90 75 81 75 60 66 f 100 100 100 .. 15 89 74 79 63 47 58 .. 16 89 72 76 100. 100 . 100. 68 3;; 50 .. 17 S2 70 75 76 47 59 '· 100 100 100 .. )8 85 69 74 6,[ 40 ~i j .. 19 84 40 71 100 100 . 100. 70 36 .. 20 70 41 67 77 41 56 100 100 JOO 



• 

285 

slight influence. Our plan, therefore, was to make a study of our data 
with reference to temperature alone, and find as nearly as possible the 
temperature constant for each of the stages; then to study the data with 
reference to humidity and evaporation and ascertain what effects differ-
ent ht1111iclities or different evaporation rates had on the te111perature con-
stant. Several statements have alread)' been made to tl1e effect that the 
influence of hu111idit)· and evaporation is too slight to n1ake it necessar)' 
to take the111 into account. It remains now only to p1·esent the data upon 
\vl1ich tl1is conclusion ,vas based. 

It is hardl)' to be expected that the degree of humidity of the atmos-
phere or the rate of evaporation could have any effect on the larva, su1·-
rounded as it is by the juicy substance of the apple; there£ ore the data 
bearing upon the relation of these factors to the rate of larval develop-
ment have not been brought together; but the data bearing upon their 
relation to the rate of development of the egg and pupa are summarized 
in the following tables ( 47-50). The ranges of temperature are given 
at tl1e top of the tables and the ranges of humidity or the rate of evapora-
tion in the first column at tl1e left, and then, in their proper places, are 
inserted the average effective day-degrees of all the individuals whose 
periods ,~t1ere obse1·ved at the respective temperatures and humidities or 
rates of evaporatio11. 

In the right-hand column are give11 the average effective day-degrees 
for the different degrees of humidity or evapo1·ation regardless of ten1-
perature; and at the bottom of tl1e tables, the average effective day-de-
g1·ees f 01· the different ten1peratures, regardlesc, of humidity or evapora--
tion. The smaller figures, above the numbers indicating the average 
effective day-degrees, record the nun1ber of observations on which the 
averages are based. 

Tables 47-50 sho,v that there is no consistent variation in the aver-
age total effective day-degrees corresponding to the different degrees of 
hu1nidit)r or rates of evaporation. The variations are rather hit and 
n1iss, appa1·ently depe11ding mo1·e upon the number of individttals ttpon 
,,rhich the averages were based than upon any other facto1-. In all cases 
,,,here the nt1mber of obse1·vations on which the averages were based is 
large, the average effective clay-degrees var)' only slightly fron1 the total 
average. Possibly there is s01ne slight indication that incubation pro-
ceeds at a greate1· rate at humidities betwee11 70 and 74 than at higher or 
lo,,,e1· l1t1n1iclitie a11cl at rates of evaporatio11 l)et,,,ee11 20 ancl 24 tl1an at 
lt1,,rer rates; but \Ve are hardly ,,rarranted in basing any definite conclu-
sion on this indication, and if \\'e were, the variations are so slight that 
f <)r practical purposes they could be clisregarded, since the extreme 
variations ,vhere the number of observatio11s from the average are 500 or 
1nore ,,,ould a111ount to a variation of less than one eightl1 of a day in the 
per.iod. 



• 

• 

• 

286 

TABLE 47-RELATION OF H U l\iIIDITY TO RATE OF DEVELOPl\IENT OF Eoo 
AS SHO\VN BY EFFECTIVE DAY-DEGREES 

Temp . ..-
Humid. 

65-69 
70-74 

75-79 
80-84 

85-89 

Average 

60°-64 ° 

1 38 
171.2 

53 
153.0 

1 69 
156.3 

111 
172.0 

132 
171.3 

59 3 
165.6 

65 °-69° 

81 
164.3 

84:7 
164.5 

2 37 
159.6 

3 8 
174.4 

1203 
165'. 1 

70 °-74° 

25 1 
161.4 

703 
162.9 

2S2 
160 .8 

70 
172.0 

1 306 
162.6 

75°-79° Average 

138 
171.2 

11.J: 25 6 755 
161.0 163'.4 161.7 

2i 5 20 6 2200 
160.3 162.7 162.6 

1 59 13 802 
162.6 175.0 162.6 

- ? ., - 292 
163.0 170.4 

6 00 475 I 4187 
161 .3 

I 
163.4 163.3 

--- ---------------------- -----------

TABLE 48-RELA.TION OF E\',\.PORAT I ON TO RATE OF D E\""El ,Ol1 ~I E~ ·r OF EGG 
A S SH O\V N BY E iE'.l!"'EC1'lv'E DAY-DEGREES 

----
Temp._.. 

Evap. 60°-64° 65°-69° 70°-74° 75 °-79° goo.g40 Average 

32 8 5 2 17 8S4 
5-9 150.0 160.9 160.4 159.9 

3 9 8 807 4 3 1 35 3 198U 
10-14 165'. 8 164.4 165.8 161.4 164.5 

71 311 4 09 47 1 8 1 1 0 19 
15-19 159.3 163.1 160.8 166.5 166.2 162.6 

1 0 2 249 177 112 640 
20-24 172 .9 161.3 157.6 156 .0 161.2 

23 1 82 2U5 
25-29 176.2 165.4 166.6 

• 

603 1203 I 1S06 6 00 I 475 I 4187 
Average 165.6 I 163.9 162.ti I 161.2 163.5 163.3 

• 

• 

• 

• 



287 

• 

TABI"E 49-RELATION OF Hu~1101TY TO ·RATE OF DE''EI,OP~IENT oF P UPA 
AS SHOWN BY EFF'ECTIVE DA Y·DEGBEES -

Temp . ..,. 

Humid. 50°-5'4° 55°-59° 60°-64° 65°-69° 70 °-74° 75°-79° 80°-84° Average 

60-64 

65-69 

70-74 

75-79 

80-84 

Average J 

42 
236.2 

f3 
236.2 

508 
238.7 
956 
240.9 

I 1483 I 
240.1 

3 1 
236.0 
167 
234.7 

I 198 
234.4 

• 

55 2 50G 
237.0 254 . 0 238.6 
34 103 3G9 1663 
247.2 238.3' 244.4 241.5 
125 586 18 7~0 
248.3 242.7 239.9 243.3 

339 357 863 
235.0 237.3 235.9 

553 I 1106 S89 3 751 
239.0 240.6 244,2 I 240.1 

TABLE 50-RELATION OF EvAPORATION TO RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF PuPA 
AS SHO\VN BY EFFECTIVE DA~-DEGREES 

Temp.mar 
IDva1J. 50°-5'4° 55°-59° 65 °-69° 70 °-74° 75°-79° 80°-84° Average 

----------------------------------
42 1077 52 e 117T 

6-9 236.0 240.2 237.9 224.1 239.8 
174 146 396 380 109ts 

10-14 243.7 233.3' 236.4 238.3 237.8 
• 70 480 660 

15-19 251.4 242.6 244.5 
212 :l4 199 10 461 

20-24 237.1 241.4 239 .1 239.0 238.3 
4B 47 363 4158 

25-29 
I 

238.7 235.0 244 .'5 242 .9 

I •2 14'l3 I 198 IS 158 1100 I 879 87"'1 
Average 236.0 I 240.1 234.4 I 239.0 

' 
240.6 244.2 

I 
240.1 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 



• 

• 

• 

• 288 

SPRAY PRoGRA~I FOR THE ConL1Nc-:rv10TH 

Spray programs heretofore outlined have been based on fixed dates 
or on time of the fall of the petals. It is better to follow programs of 
these kinds than to spra)' hit and n1iss, but these progra1ns do not take 
into consideration seasonal variations and variations due to local pecul-
iarities, to altitude, to latitude, or to other circumstances which might 
have an effect upon te111perature. 

The following program is based upon the relation of accumulated 
effective day-degrees to the time of the appearance of the different 
broods of larvre. It provides for seven sprays, three for the first brood, 
two for the second, and two for the third. The table shows the accumu-
lation of effective day-degrees at which the fruit-grower should begin to 
spray in order that he may co1nplete the work in f ram one to ten days. 
This spray program (Table 51), lil~e all others ,vhicl1 have been p1·oposed, 
must be tested tl1oroughly and proved reliable be£ ore it can be accepted 
as satisfactory. 

Too much emphasis can not be placed upon the necessity of applying-
two sprays for the second brood of larvce, and of n1aking the first spray 
for the second brood very thorough. The second brood is much 1nore 
numerous than the first and comes at a time when the fruit is increasing 
in size very rapidly; hence, one spray applied at the time when the first 
la1·vce of the second brood ente1· the fruit will not suffice to check those 
that enter three or four weel<:s later. The second and third broods of 
larvce ove1·lap, consequently after the second brood begins to enter the 
f rt1it larvre are ente1·ing it continuously in large nttmbers till all the third-
brood larvre have entered, hence the fruit should be ,veil protected du1·ing 
tl1i s period. 

The first larvre of the second gene1-ation which enter the fruit dur-
ing July transform and produce the third generatio11; hence the i1nport-
ance of making the first spray for the second brood (the fourth spray 011 
the program) very thorough so as to destroy as many of the first larvre 
of this brood as possible. To 1-educe the third brood still further the 
sp1·aying should be supplemented by the destruction of larvre ttnder 
bands up to the first of September. Larvre that leave the fruit after 
that date will not transform until the following spri11g, and may be de-
stroyed any time after the season closes. 

The seventh spray, or the second spray for the third brood, will not 
be necessary in case the sixth spray comes late in August. If it should 
come prior to the 15th of August the seventh spray will be advisable 
unless the latter part of August should be much cooler than normal . 

• 

• 



pt ... - -we- - _,---_ 

I 
spray 

1st* 
2cl 
3d 

4tll 
5t'h 
6th 
7th 

Br()Otl 
of 

l:1r,·~1 e 

1st 
1st 
2d 
2d 
3'd 
3'd 

• 
• 

TABI~E 51-SPRAY PROGRAM 

• 

,. 

• 

1\.verage I 
normal 
daily 

... -\.ccumula tiou of effective day-degrees when spraJ1 ing should begin, to be completed in: 

effective I--------
day-

\ degrees, 1 day 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 8 days 9 days 
2 days 

16 534 518 
20 770 750 
26 1524 1498 
27 2023 1996 
27 2523 2496 
23 3027 3004 

502 486 470 454 438 422 406 
730 710 690 670 65'0 630 610 

1472 1446 1420 1394 1368 1342 1316 
1969 1942 1915 1888 1861 1834 1807 
2469 2442 2415 2388 2361 2334 23'07 
2981 ,, 2958 2935 2912 2889 2866 2843 

' 

10 days 

390 
590 

1290 
1780 
2280 
2810 

• The application of the ftrst spray for the codling-moth should begin when the petals are about two-thirds oil'. The time ot full 
bloom is not depPndent upon etl'ective day-degrees as dPfined in the preceding pages, and hence the time of the application of the first 
srlrt1~ ('flit 11ot l1e determined by the a cc,1mulation of effective day-degrees. t The figures in this column are the approximate number of effective day-degrees that are accumulating daily at the time when 
the various sprays are applied. 

• 

• 

• 

• 

N 
00 

'° 

• 

; 

-