Bulletin


STATE OF ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 

DIVISION OF THE 

ATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 
STEPHEN A. FORBES. Chief 

Vo!' XIII. BULLETIN A rticle IX. 

OOT-ROT DISEASE OF WHEAT­

H1STORICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC 


BY 

F. l.. STEV EN S 

PR INTED BY AUTHOIUTY OF THE STATE OF:.ILLlNOIS 

URBANA. ILLINOIS 

October, 1919 



ERRATA
Page 97, line 17, for first larval read puital.

Page 112, in legend, for jonessi read jonesii.

Page 114, in legend, for or read of.

Page 125, line 4, for Bonosa read Bonasa.

Page 131, in legend, for Jiirundinaceus read hirudinaceus.

Page 138, last line, for coccoon read cocoon.

Plate XII, explanation page, next to last line, for acrivora read aerivora.

Plate XIII, explanation page, next to last line, for WMte-gruhs read White-gruh.

Page 293, Figure 5a was reversed in printing, and the two items of the legend

should change places.

Page 515, second table, for Pelocoris femorata read Pelocoris femoratus.



Article IX.

—

Foot-rot Disease of Wheat—Historical and Biblio-

yraphic. By F. L. Stevens.

In April, 1919, a serious wheat disease was noted in Madison and
other counties in Illinois ; al.?o in several counties in Indiana. Its

most constant character is a darkeninjj, and in severe cases a rotting.

Fii.. 1. Wheal plants from Madison County, Illinois, showing
typical foot-rot. Three of the plants show the char-
acteristic development of extra shoots.

of the l)asal ]i(irtion of the stem.* By various means—telegram,

mimeographed letters and circulars, and public notice— the U. S. De-
jiartment of Agriculture, and its agents, have announced the disease as

almost certainly "take-all" (180) (181) (182) (183) (184) (LS7).

Take-all and diseases of similar character—known also as white heads,

* other characters will be discussed in a later paper.



260

black-foot, black-stem, stalk disease, foot disease, root disease, foot-rot,

wheat-stem killer, straw blight, pietin, pied noir des cereales, mal del

piede, mal do pe do trigo, briseur de chaiimes, brusone, fogheta, pietin du
ble, maladie du pied. Fusskrankheit—occur in Italy, France, Germany,
Belgium, Australia, Sweden, Finland, United States, Mexico, England,

New South Wales, Holland, Russia, Brazil (?), and Japan, and have
been attributed to several different fungi, but most prominently to Ophi-

obolus.

In connection with a study of the Illinois disease it was necessary

to glean as many facts as possible from the literature concerning foot-

rot, or take-all. and related diseases, and the large amount of material

resulting suggested the utility of putting some of it into permanent
form as a convenience to students of the subject. The following chrono-

logical account presents facts and opinions selected from important

articles cited in the appended bibliography.

Disease of the nature of foot-rot is said by Mangin (158) to have
been known in France as early as 1840. In 1833 (1), 1845 (2), 1856

(3), 1863 (4), 1875 (7), 1884 (11), 1887 (14), and 1897 (44) Ophi-
obolus was noted or collected on cereals, not, however, with reference

to its pathogenic relation to the plant. The disease is said to have been

noted in South Australia in 1852 (84). In 1864 Parliament appropriated

£200 for the study of take-all and other cereal diseases (89), and in

1868 a report of a Commission on Diseases of Cereals was published in

Australia (5). In this they say of take-all, "Its ravages are irrespective

of climatic influence." In 1870 (6) a fungus was observed in the lesions.

In 1878 (8), in France, the first definite description of pietin was
published, the disease being attributed to an excess of moisture and a

mild winter. In 1880 (9) the disease was noted in Italy. In 1883

Saccardo (10) mentions Hendersonia as the conidial stage of Ophi-

obolus. In 1884 the first reference in England occurs tmder the name
"straw blight" (12). Prillieux and Delacroix (16) in 1890 emphasize

the importance of a brown mycelium and attribute the disease to Ophi-

obolus graminis Sacc. In 1893 Schribaux (19) noted that early varie-

ties are most susceptible, and tried various control measures. Loverdo

(20) reports the disease on Cynodon and Agrostis.

Cobb, in 1892 (22), in a rather extensive article, discusses the dis-

ease knovi'n as take-all as found in Australia and attributes it to Clado-

sporium herbarum. He advises rotation, drainage, good tillage, burning
stubble, seed treatment, and resistant varieties. The disease was also

noted as occurring in oats. Frank (23) (24) (35) (36) (27) in 1894

discusses foot-rot in Germany, as does also Hiltner (28) (29). In 1895

Saccardo and Berlese (34) note foot-rot in Italy and attribute it to Sphae-
roderma damnosum. Frank in 1895 (30) notes Leptosphaeria hcrpo-

trichoides on rye and Ophioholns herpotriclius on wheat. The mycelium
grows into the roots, which become black and die. No conidial form was
observed. In 1897 (43) the disease was noted on wheat, rye, and barley



in France. Prillieux {4:2) mentions the mycelium in the vessels, also in

a brown surface development in flecks. AIcAlpine in 1898 (46) lists

nurnerous fungi on diseased wheat, among them being Cladosporium

hcrbaruin, Macrosporium graminum and M. ccreaUum, and Epicoccum
neglectum. He refers to Dr. Cobb's conclusion and says "It is premature

to speak of it {Cladosporium hcrbariim] as the take-all fungus."

In 1898, 1899, and 190:2 Mangin (47) (56) (70) contends that

Leptosphaeria is the main cause of the disease and that Ophiobolus is

secondary, as are also several other fungi which were present. Inocu-

lations with spores in w-ater suspension gave positive results. Frank in

1900 (64) describes Ophiobolus herpotrichus as the cause of the disease,

while Delacroix (67) in 1901 asserts, on the basis of inoculation ex-

periments, that both Leptosphaeria and Ophiobolus are parasitic, the

disease a])j)earing three or four months after inoculation. In 1901 Ophi-
obolus was first recorded in Australia (68). In 1902 Mangin (70) con-

tends that Leptosphaeria is the primary cause and Ophiobolus of sec-

ondary importance.

In 1903 Cordley (75), in Oregon, notes a disease which from the

description is indistinguishable from that now in Illinois. In 1904 Mc-
Alpine (84) claims to prove that Ophiobolus is the cause of take-all,

since wheat planted in plots with diseased stubble became diseased and
bore spores of Ophiobolus within fifty-two days. It is to be noted that

McAlpine did not employ pure cultures, and it is not clear how he recog-

nized with certainty "the young mycelium of Ophiobolus." In 1906
take-all was noted on barley and other grasses in Australia (89). Kirch-

ner (90) holds that the disease follows weakening of the plant from
other causes. Robinson, 1907 (03), notes perithecia in the sheaths, and
sa3'S that wheat sown in diseased stubble soon becomes sick and in two
months may all be dead and covered with perithecia. In 1908 Krilger

( 95 ) holds that fungi are not the immediate cause but that the disease

is due to weakening of the plant. Richardson, in 1910 (111), in Austra-

lia, found upon close examination that the Ophiobolus vegetative myce-
lium was present in every case. "Swollen roots", he says, "were im-

pregnated with a black sooty incrustation." He also notes the disease

on Hordeum, and says that a good stubble-burn gives good crops follow-

ing. Pridham, 1911 (112) describes the disease as negligible in favor-

able years, and adds that in all cases of disease there is a blackening of

the stalk at the foot. Fron, in 1913 (120), notes the presence of felt-

like brown masses and finds Leptosphaeria on all specimens ; Ophiobolus,
rarely. From infection experiments he concludes that Leptosphaeria is

the cause. Eriksson, in 1912 (121), refers to Coniosporium as the

conidial stage of the causal fungus. Averna-Sacca (124) writes in

Brazil of the disease. Stormer and Kleine in 1912 (129) sav the disease

can also be caused by Typhula. Voges in 1912 (130) says that fungi are

not the primary cause, but that the disease is due to lowering of the

vitality of the wheat plant bv environmental conditions. SchafFnit in

1912 (131) attributes a foot-rot of rye to Fusarium nivalc.



362

Massee, 1912 (137), say; that the mycelium forms a thin felt on

the stem and sheaths and that a black superficial mycelium is also char-

acteristic. Oats and wheat inoculated when about an inch high with

Ophiobolns graminis were yellowed and drooping in six weeks, with

characteristic mycelial infection. Bromus and Agropyron are also in-

fected. Prunet, 1913 (138), concludes that either Ophiobolus graminis,

O. hcrpotrichus, or Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides can cause the disease,

and says that the name pietin is thus applied to three diseases with the

common character of stem-blackening, and that each should be studied

separately.

In 1913 Guerrapain and Demolon (139) (110) call particular at-

tention to this disease following a mild winter. Voges, 1913 (143), in

a very extensive article, concludes that the Ophiobolus ascospores can
give rise to two kinds of mycelium, one of which is Fiisarium rubigino-

sum A. & W. ; that the Ophiobolus mycelium is not characteristic of foot

disease and that the specific cause is not Ophiobolus ; and that the dis-

ease has various causes, for example frost, the Ophiobolus appearing

only after weakening due to other causes. Mangin, 1911 (158), says

that both Leptosphaeria and Ophiobolus give a brown or black tint to the

stem and roots. The presence of several Fusaria is also noted in connec-

tion with this disease. Berthault, 1914 (161), says that Fusarium riibi-

giiiusiiui is often present and perhaps causal. Voges, 1914 (162), says

that the conidial form is not Fusarium but is Acremonium. Spafiford, 1917

(175), suggests the name "wheat stem killer", and says that the disease

may be recognized at the base of the stem, which is "covered with a

brownish powder or stained brown." He regards this character as im-

portant in distinguishing this disease from the results of climatic action

due to drying out, in which cases the plant is yellow throughout. He
states that if wheat gets a good start, even in infected soil, but little

injury follows. In 1917 (176) Ophiobolus graminis was reported on rice

in Japan. In ]919 Brittlebank (179) lists as hosts, wheat, oats, barley,

Hordeum niurinum, Bromus niolUs, B. sterilis, and Agropyron scabrnm.

In 1919 the latest paper available from Australia (17S) is less definite

as to etiology than are earlier Australian papers.

In the voluminous mass of evidence presented in these articles cer-

tain points stand out clear, others are far from clear.

Points of Agreement

1. A serious loss to the wheat crop in many countries arises from

a diseased condition of the wheat plant which is aptly called foot-rot,

black-foot, or black-stem, or, by the French, pietin, though known by
many other names.

2. This disease is characterized by a darkening, blackening, or rot-

ting of the lower stem, usually the first internode above the roots.

3. The disease always occurs in spots in the field.



Beyond these three facts there is practically Httle or nothing in

which there is entire accord.

Points oi- Disagreement

These may be summarized as follows

:

Symptoms.—Many observers describe as an essential symptom of

foot-rot the presence of a brozvn felt-like mycelial zvcjt on the diseased

stem and adjacent sheath. Sonie describe it as a black crust. Others

fail to find this, or at least do not mention it, while still others definitely

assert that it is not an essential symptom.
Some describe the roots as swollen, blackened, or stunted, though

most writers mention no root symptoms.
Most writers assert that if land on which the disease occurs is

cropped with wheat the following year the disease will again appear,

and often on a largely increased area. Some show by experiment that

wheat planted in diseased stubble will become diseased ; others say that

succeeding crops may be healthy, and that the recurrence of the disease

is dependent upoti various factors, chief among which is the weather.

Etiology.—Most writers on foot-rot say that the causal fungus is

Ophiobolii.s graminis; a smaller number that it is O. Iicrpotrichus. Some
merely report the presence of one or both of these fungi, while other in-

vestigators claim to have demonstrated their actual parasitism by inocu-

lations with pure or nearly pure cultures of one or another of these

fungi. Other writers claim that Leptosphaeria hcrpotrichoides, Typhula

graminis, and Cladosporiiim hcrbanmi are causal agents of foot-rot,

while some assert that any one of several of the five fungi mentioned

above may be the cause of the disease.

Some hold that these fungi are saprophytes or but weak parasites

that can attack the wheat plant only when it is weakened by other causes,

chiefly by cold.

Conidial stages of Ophiobohis.—Various claims have been made as

to the conidial form of Ophiobolus. Some state that the fungus is

usually sterile in its young stages. Some find as the conidial form a

Coniosporium, an Acremonium, a Fusarium, or a Hendersonia.

Various prophylactic measures, as burning stubble, rotation, good

culture, etc., have been suggested, but they are based on general grounds

rather than specific knowledge of this disease, and will not be discussed.

In view of these conflicting observations and conclusions the most

reasonable attitude is that of Prunet, Voges, and others, namely, that

we have here several distinct diseases due to as many separate causes.

Clearly science will be best served by such a conception.

So far as I can judge, the disease now present in Madison county,

Illinois, is indistinguishaJDle from that descriljed by Cordley in Oregon,

U. S. A., in 1902 (75), the cause of which he did not determine. I am
not yet sure what the cause of the Madison county disease really is, but



264

as to the three points concerning which we have noted universal agree-

ment it is no exception to the rule. I do not find in it the brown felt de-

scribed by so many as characteristic of Ophiobolus, nor do I find con-

stantly present any of the fungi mentioned above as the cause of foot-

rot. Further long and patient investigation must determine which foot-

rot, or which of its several types, is now interesting us in Illinois—if

indeed it is any one of those yet studied.

The name take-all is linked in the literature with Ophiobolus, and if

the disease in Illinois is caused by Ophiobolus this name may be used
properly in connection with it, but unless this is the case I prefer to

employ the more comprehensive general name, foot-rot.

Until definite knowledge is secured as to the cause of the disease it

is impossible to predict its development, or to state whether it will recur
in the same fields and spread to others. If it is identical with the Oregon
disease which appeared in 1902 and apparently has attracted no attention

since then ('75), it may here lapse into a similar insignificant position.

It should be borne in mind that the winter of 1918-19 was a very excep-
tional one and of the type that is most favorable to foot-rot in Europe,
and that in the absence of such winters the foot-rot may do little harm.*

In our present state of ignorance as to the precise cause of this

disease in Illinois it is impossible to give specific advice as to its preven-
tion. A wise course, however, will be to avoid planting wheat for one
year or, better, for two years, on lands where the disease occurred this

year. Oats may probably be safely substituted. Burning over the

stubble after harvest will also be a safe precaution.

Annotated Bibliography

explanatory

The asterisks used in connection with the entries indicate that the

articles or books or pertinent passages cited have been carefully read in

the original. My acquaintance with those not so marked has been gained

through reviews or abstracts. The notes do not indicate the entire con-

tent of the articles, but call attention to points most important in con-

nection with the Illinois disease or in the general history of foot-rot.

Information given in the preceding pages is not, as a rule, repeated in

the notes.

Quite a number of the entries lack the author's name, since they

either appeared anonymously or in secretarial or journal reports. Other
entries are without title because they so appeared in foot-notes of articles

read. It seemed ill-advised to omit them, though I was unable to verify

the citations. For the sake of brevity the abbreviation E. S. R. is used

to indicate the "Experiment Station Record" published by the U. S.

* Since the above was written. Dr. A. D. Cotton, of the Pathological Laboratory
of the Kew Botanic Gardens, has examined the foot-rot in Illinois, and he tells
me that the specimens he examined lacked the distinctive characters of take-all as
that disease is understood in England.



265

Department of Agriculture; and Zeit. f. Pfk., for Sorauer's "Zeitschrift

fiir Pllanzenkrankheiten."

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to Miss C. R. Bemiett, of the Library of the U. S.

Department of Agricuhure, for four titles which I should not have had
but for her courtesy ; to Mr. P. L. Windsor, Librarian of the University

of Illinois, who secured for me very many original articles ; and to Mrs.

E. Young True for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.

Fries, E.

*(1) 1823. Systema mycologicum, 2:504.

Hyhavria herpotricha listed.

Mougeot, A.

(2) 18-15. Champignons des Vosges, Epinal, p. 102.

Marchand.

(3) 1856. Sylloge—p. 251.

Tulasne, L. and C.

*(1) 1863. Selecta fungorum carpologia, 2:355. Paris.

Mentions Opliiobolus under . name Rhaphidophora herpo-
tricha.

Commission on Diseases of Cereals

(5) 1868. Report on diseases of cereals. Adelaide, S. Austral.

Muecke, Carl

(6) ISTO. The take-all {Xenodochus cerealimn). Prize essay,

published under the authority of the Board of Agriculture

of Victoria.

Observed a fungus in the disease lesions. Estimated loss in

South Australia at £6,000,000.

Saccardo, P. A.

(7) 1875. Fungi Veniti novi vel critici. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.

Vol. 7.

(S) 1878. Sur I'etat de la recolte du ble et sur la maladie du pietin.

Bui. des seances de la Soc. Centrale d'Agr. de France,

38:368.
First adequate description of the disease; "la cause du mal

soit generalement attribuee a I'humidite."

Cugini

(9) 1880. Supra una malattia del frumento recentmente composa
nella Provincia di Bologna. Giorn. Agr. Ital. 14 : No. 13.

Noted the disease as serious near Bologna.



266

Saccardo, P. A.
*(10) 1883. Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum,

2:352.

Says conidial form of Ophiobolus herpotrichus is a Hender-
soaia.

Brunaud
(11) 1884. Description des Sphaeriacees des environs de Saintes,

La Rochelle, p. 213.

Smith, W. G.

*(12) 1884. Diseases of field and garden crops, p. 69.

DescrHjes lesion at base of the stem and fungus present

there. No spores known.

Morini

(13) 1886. . Nuova Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18:32.

Noted Oiihiobolus Tierpotrichus, but regards it as a sapro-

phyte.

Winter, G.

*(14) 1887. Die Pilze Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz.

Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oes-

terreich und der Schweiz, 1 (Abth. 2) : 523, 524.

Pearson, A. N.
*(15) 1888. Blight in wheat. Dept. Agr. Victoria, Bui. 1:38.

Says there is a general consensus of opinion that this is

a poverty disease, and that the fungus which causes talte-all

attacks mainly such crops as are Insufficiently nourished.

Prillieux and Delacroix

*(16) 1890. La maladie du pied du ble causee par VOphiobolus

graminis Sacc. Bui. Soc. Myc. de France, G:110.

Authors note brown mycelium in flecks; perithecia in

winter; and mycelium in all browned tissues.

Cugini

(17) 1890. . . Bol. Staz. Agr. Modena, 9:46.

McAlpine, D.

(18) 1891. . Dept. Agr. Victoria, Bui. 14. Cited by Mc-
Alpine in (46).

Schribaux, E.

*(19) 1892. Le pietin ou maladie du pied des cereales. Jour.

d'Agr. Prat. 2 : 317-320.

Accepts Ophiobolus as the cause of the disease.

Loverdo, J.

*(20) 1892. Les maladies cryptogamiques des cereales, p. 231, 236.

Reports Ophiobolus herpotrichus on Cynodon and' Agrostis.

Tepper, J. G. O.

*(21) 1892. "Take-all" and its remedies. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales,
3 : 69-72.

Says that "Take-all is nothing else than starvation of the
crop."



267

Cobb, N. A.
*(22) 1892. Plant diseases and how to prevent them. Agr. Gaz.

N. S. Wales, 3 : 991-1001.

Notes false theories as to take-all: due to insects, weeds,
nematodes, soil deficiency, poor drainage, poor tillage. Char-
acters: occurs in patches; plants in a majority of cases dry
up when young; much Chidospoi-ium herlxinnii and i<t^ptOi'ia

graminum present, the latter yellowing the leaf (which later

dies) and being fatal when on the sheath of young plants, the
former fungus found in nearly all cases of take-all; internal
mycelium colorless, conidiophores tufted, usually emerging
through stomata; typical spore two-celled and rough.

"I will * * * assign to the Cladosporium hcrbarum the
name of take-all, to Septoria graminum the appropriate name
of dry blight, to the Macrosporium the name of brown blight."

Frank, A. B.

*(23) 1894. Das Umfalleii des Roggens. Deut. Landw. Presse,

21 (No. 51): 509.

*(24) 1894. Die diesjahrigen neue Getreidepilze. Deut. Landw.
Presse, 21 (No. 67) : G44-64r).

Notes Lepto.iphaeria Jierpotrichoidcs on rye as a parasite.
It has long been known on stubble as a saprophyte. The
base of the stem is browned and weakened. Notes also Lcpto-
sphaeria tritici and Ophiobolus herpotrichus causing a foot-

rot, and the latter fungus also killing the roots of winter
wheat.

(25) 1894. [A stem disease of wheat.] Deut. Landw. Presse, p.

675.

*(26) 1894. Mitteilungen des Sonderschusses fiir Pflanzenschutz.

Mitt. deut. landw.Ges. 1894 (No. 6): 90, 91; and No.
8:17. Abs. in E. S. R. 6:313.

Describes Leptosphaeria on rye and wheat, and Ophiobolus
on wheat.

(27) 1894. . Deut. Landw. Ztg. 37 (No. 134): 740. Cited

by Kriiger in (95).

Hiltner, L.

*(28) 1894. Die Fusskrankheit des Getrcides. Sachs. Landw. Ztg.

No. 33:397-101.

A hyaline mycelium was present in the roots and In the
lower stem, and a dark mycelium on the surface. Hender-
sonia and Ophiobolus were found.

(29) 1894. . Mitt. Pfk. Vers. Stat. Tharand.

Frank, A. B.

*(30) 1895. Ober die in Deutschland neu aufgetretenen Getreide-
pilze. Zeit. f. Pfk. 5: 11, 13.

Mentions Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides on rye, L. tritici

on wheat leaves. Ophiobolus (Raphidospora [Raphidophora])
herpotrichus is reported as "now" found in Germany. The
mycelium often goes to the roots, which turn black and die.



268

*(31) 1895. Die neuen deutschen Getreidepilze. Ber. deut. bot.

Ges. 13 (No. 2): 61-65. Abs. in E. S. R. 6:909.

(32) 1895. . Jalirb. d. Sondera. f. Pfl. Heft 19:11, 12,

(33) 1895. . Deut. Landw. Ztg. 38 (No. 40): 325. Cited

by Kriiger in (95).

Saccardo, P. A., and Beilese, A. N.

(34) 1895. Una nuova malattia del frumento. Riv. di Patol.

Veg. 4 : 56. Ab'j. in Hedw. 35 : (21) ; in E. S. R. 7 : 410 :

and in Zeit. f . Pfk. 6 : 50.

SpUaeroderma damnosum infests bases ot sheaths.

Henning, E.

(35) 1895. Agrikulturbotaniska anteckningar fran en resa i Tysk-

land och Danmark ar 1894. Med. f. Kon. Landt. Nr.

11, ar 1895 (Nr. 29). 72 S. Abs. in Zeit. f. Pfk. 6'

(1896): 234-235.

Cuboni, G.

(36) 1896. Notizie snlle malattie della piante coltivate. Bob d.

Not. Agrar. ]8 (No. 36): 487-500.

Briosi, G.

(37) 1896. . Bob d. Not. Agrar. 18 (No. 42): 544-548.

Frank, A. B.

(38) 1896. . Jabrb. d. Sondera. f. Pflanzenschutz, Heft
26:9.

(39) 1897. . Jabrb. d. Sondera. f. Pflanzenschutz, Heft
29:14.

Berlese, A. N.

(40) 1897. Nuovi studi snlla malattia del frumento sviluppatasi

nel 1895 in Sardegna. Riv. D. Patol. Veg. 5:88-97.
Abs. in Zeit. f. Pfk. 8 (1898): 102.

Solla

*(41) 1897. Notizen iiber einige in Italien aufgetretene Krank-
heitserscbeinungen. Zeit. f . Pfk. 7 : 159-164.

Prillieux

*(42) 1897. Maladies plantes agricoles, 2:221.

The lower node turns black and dies. The first internode
becomes brown, and black specks appear. All brow;ned parts
are invaded by a mycelium.

(43) 1897. Sur le pied noir du ble ou pietin des cereales. Bui. Sta.

Agron. Laon, p. 63-66. Abs. in E. S. R. 9 : 1057.

The first node is attacked, and the plant falls over. Mild,
moist weather is favorable to the disease. Seed and chaff are
said to spread the disease.



269

Lindau, G.

*(44) 1897. Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilieii (Engler and
Prantl's), 1 (1 Teil, Abt. 1):440.

Frank, A. B. .

*(45) 189T. Der Weizenhahutoter (Ophinbolus Jierpotrichus Sacc).
Kampfbuch s^egen die Schadlinge unserer Feldfriichte,

p. 67, pi. 3, fig. 8-11.

Describes disease with blackening of the stem-base and
roots.

McAlpine, D.

*(46) 1898. The fungi on the wheat plant in Australia. Agr.

(inz. N. S. Wales, 9 : 1009.

"There is no doubt that the fungus [Cladosporium her-

harum] is found associated with tlie disease [take-all], as I

have never found a case of it without its presence * * * but
"until infection experiments have been carried out, it is

premature to speak of it as the 'Take-all fungus.' " * * * "This
[O. ?icr&cwMm] forms dark-colored blackish-olive patches on
both surfaces of the leaf, usually giving it the appearance
of being densely spotted." * * * "The conidia are simple
or uniseptate * * * occasionally bi- or tri-septate." He lists

Piiccinia graminum, P. clispersa, Ustilacio segetum, V. bullata,

Urocystis occulta, iSeptoria glumarum. 8. gramiimm, Asco-
cliyta graminicola, Diplodia olivacea, Tilletia tritici, Clado-
sporium herbarum, Macrosporium gra7nintim, M. cerealium,

Claviccps purpureum, and Epicoccum neglectum.

Margin, L.

*(47) 1898. Sur le pietin oti maladie du pied chez le ble. Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris. 127 (No. 5):28G-288. Abs.

in E. S. R. 10:650.

Author claims that the parasitism of both Leptosphaeria
and Ophiobolus is well established. Ophiobolus is in the
lower nodes and on the roots, and is the most important.
Other fungi present are saprophytes.

Hollrung, M.
*(48) 1898. Bemerkungen iiber die im Jahre 1898 zur Kenntniss

der Versuchstation fur Pflanzenschutz zu Halle a

S. gelangten Pflanzenkrankheiten. Jahresber. Vers.

Stat. Pflanzenschutz, Ilalle, 10:.35-64. fig. 3. Abs. in

E. S. R. 11:1057.

*(49) 1898. Das rechtzeitige Pflugen der Stoppeln und sein Ein-
fluss atif gewisse Krankheiten unserer Halmfriichte.
Jahresber. Vers. Stat. Pflanzenschutz, Halle, 10 : 29-34.

Abs. in E. S. R. 11 : 959.

Advises plowing under to control Leptosphaeria and Ophi-
obolus.



270

Peglion, V.

*(50) 1898. II diradamento del grano e dell' avena nell' Agro
roniange nella Maremnia. Stat. Sper. Agrar. Ital. p.

467-484. Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb. 1:39.

On rye, due to Ophioholus herpotricMis and 0. graminis.

Frank, A. B.

(51) 1898. . Jahrb. d. Sondera. f. Pflanzenschutz, Heft

38:16.

Berlese, A. N.
*(52) 1898. Nuovi studi sulla malattia del frumento sviluppatasi

nel 1895 in Sardegna. Bol. di Not. Agrar. Roma, p.

430-437.

A fungus determined as Sphaerodervia damnosum was
present in foot-rot of grain. This fungus, witli its conidial

stage, Fusarium, is regarded as a saprophyte which can be

come a parasite and cause the disease.

Frank, A. B.

(53) 1899. . Jahrb. d. Sondera. f. Pflanzenschutz, Heft
50:23.

(54) 1899. Das Auftretcn des Weizenhalmtoters auf der Gerste.

Deut. Landw. Presse, 30 : 806, 807. Abs. in Hollrung's

Jahresb. 3:45, 227.

Sella

*(55) 1899. In Italien im Jahre 1898 aufgetretene Krankheiten.
Zeit. f. Pfk. 9:297-399.

Notes Ophio'bolus graminis.

Mangin, L.

*(56) 1899. Contribution a I'etude de quelques parasites du ble.

Overs K. Danskc Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. p. 213-272,

pi. 3, fig. 17. Abs. in E. S. R. 12 : 567.

Thinks that Leptosphaeria is the cause of the foot-rot, but
it is accompanied by Ophiobolus, Pyrenophora, and other
fungi. Claims that cultures prove the Coniosporium to .be

the conidial form of Ophioholus graminis.

*(57) 1899. Sur le pietin ou maladie du pied du ble. Bui. Soc.

Myc. de France, 15:310-237. Abs. in Hollrung's
Jahresb. 2:44, 227.

Pyrenophora, Dictyosporium, and Aspergillus are described.
Author holds a Leptosphaeria to be the primary cause and
the Ophiobolus a secondary cause. Leptosphaeria arises from
the superficial mycelium. A Coniosporium belongs to the
Ophiobo'.us. In October, pots of earth were irrigated with
water bearing suspension of spores of Leptosphaeria and
Ophiobolus. The plants were dead on February 15 from
Lepto phaeria. Ophiobolus pave negative results. The roots
were black. Leptosphaeria is brown when superficial, hyaline
when internal. Attachments were present. Perithecia are
free or immersed. Morbid histology is described. Ophiobolus
forms flecks, superficial, adherent, distinguished by different

attachments.



371

Bussard, L.

(58) 1899. Le pietin et la verse des cereales. Rev. de Vit.

11:685-687. Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb. 3:225.
A general discussion of the various views as to the cause

of foot-rot.

d'Almeida, J. V.

(59) 1899-1900. . Agr. Contemp. Lisboa, 1899 u. 1900.

Abs. in Zeit. f. Pfk. 11 (1901): 237.

Marenghi

.

*(60) 1900. Come possiamo difenderci dall' Ofiobolo? Bol. di

Ent. Agr. e Pat. Veg. 7 : 126. Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb.

3 : 20G.

Helms, R.

*(61) 1900. Take-all. Jour. Dept. Agr. W. Austral., Feb., p. 30.

A brief description Cause thought to be a fungus.

Eidam
(G2) 1900. Erhebungen tiber das Lagern des GetreideS usw.

Zeit. d. Landw. Schlesien, p. ,1612. Cited by Kriiger

in (95).

Frank, A. B.

(63) 1900. . Jahrb. d. Sondera. f. Pflanzenschutz, Heft.

60 : 34.

*(64) 1900. Der Weizenhalmtoter. Deut. Landw. Presse, 27

(No. 53): 675, pk 1. Abs. in E. S. R. 12:261, and in

Hollrung's Jahresb. 3 : 205.

DiscuEse? OpJiiobolits herpotrichns, the results of Infection
at various ages of the wheat plant, and the influence of va-
rious cultural methods.

Kiihn

(65) 1900. Der Weizenhalmtoter. 111. Landw. Zeit. 20:212.
Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb. 3:31.

Frank, A. B.

(66) 1901. . Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges. 19, Heft 29.

Delacroix, D.

*(67) 1901. Sur le pietin des cereales. Bui. Soc. Myc. de France,
17:136-144, fig. 1, 2. Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb.
4:65.

Diseased wheat was replanted in pots. Perithecia were
first found in November. Some were of Leptosphaeria, others
of Ophiobolus. On some plants both were present. He used
sterile soil and seeds in pots and infected them with water
holding spores. Three to four months later, traces of disease
were present. He concludes that both Ophiobolus and Lepto-
sphaeria can produce the disease. Close sowing increases
disease.



272

Summers, W. L. ,

*(68) 1901. Wheat-stem killing fungus. Jour. Agr. and Ind. S.

Austral. 4:521.
"There appeared to be a c.onstriction of one or more joints

of the plant, and at the base of the stems there were indica-
tions, in the form of sooty spores, of a fungus disease. The
samples were sent to Mr. D. McAlpine, who states that he
finds the wheat attacked by the fungus disease known in
Europe as the 'wheat-stem killer' (OpMo'bolus Jierpntrirhus).
This is the first recorded instance of the disease in Australia,
though it has probably existed here for some years."

Jungners
(G9) 1901. "Ober die Frostbeschadigung des Getreides im ver-

gangenen Winter imd die begleitende Pilzbeschadigung
desselben. Zeit. f. Pfk. 11:343-344.

Mangin, L.

*(70) 1902. Observations sur le pietin du ble. Jour. Avgr. Prat.

n. sen 4 (No. -36) : 306-308. Abs. in E. S. R. 14:580,
and in Hollrung's Jahresb. 5:124.

Inoculations were made with watery suspension of spores
of Leptosphaeria and Ophiobolus. L. Jierpotrichoides caused
disease; OphloboluF caused disease only rarely, and is secon-
dary.

Nilsson-Ehle

(71) 1902.

185-211.

Sveriges Utsadesforenings

Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb.

Tidskrift,

1:116-117.

12:

Remer
(72) 1902.

Hollrung'

Schlesien,

Jahr. d. Schles. Ges. f. vat. Kul. Abs.
3 Jahresb. 5 : 124. (Cf. Zeit. d. Landw.
1902, Heft 2; 1903, Heft 23:723.)

Holds that both Ophiobolus and Leptosphaeria are sapro-
phytes.

Delacroix, G.

*(73) 1902. Maladies des plantes cultivees, p. 8.

Recommends drainage.

McAlpine, D.
-^(74) 1902. Take all in wheat. Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 1:74-

80. Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb. 5 : 129.

"The wheat plant makes a start all right, but before the
stalk appears the green color fades and the outer leaves be-
come yellow. When the stalk is developed it soon becomes
stunted, and never matures the ear. The entire plant soon
dies, and this is the case over the affected area. The roots,
too, have a very characteristic appearance. They are stunted
and deformed at an early stage. * * * The occurrence of the
disease in patches is another feature." In many instances
the basal portion of the stem was considerably blackened,
and on the inner surface of the sheaths the fungus Ophioholus



373

herpotrichus was found. The roots were often black and
dead and covered with black fungous threads. Wheat varie-

ties show but little difference in susceptibility. "Take all

largely depends ou the nature of the season and the mechan-
ical condition of the soil. * * * if the soil is neither too dry
* * * nor so wet as to cake * * * and contains sufficient

plant food * * * then the 'Take all' will not appear."

Cordley, A. B.

*(75) 1902. A foot-rot of wheat. Ore. Agr. Exper. Station Rep.

p. 66, 67. .

Cordley says: "I find that nearly every stalk * * * is in-

fested at the base where it joins the roots, with a fungus
disease * * *" It appeared in spots throughout the fields.

"The disease is characterized by a blackening of the tissues

of the lower part of the stem, particularly at the crown where
the roots are given oft, and by the stunted, unthrifty appear-

ance * * *" Fungi were present but no spores were found.

In a personal letter dated June 4, 1919, Dean Cordley writes

me: "In reply to your letter of May 28, I have made no ob-

servations since the 1902 report in regard to the disease in

question and ha/e not published anything further along that

line."

Peglion, V.
*(76) 1903. Sopra il cosidella brusone del frumento. Staz. Sper.

Agr. Ital. 35 (No. 11, 12): 865-886. Abs. in E. S. R.

14:978, and in HoUrung's Jahresb. .5:136.

The author believes the disease to be due at times to soil

conditions.

Malkofif, K.

(77) 1903. Die schadlichsten Insekten und Pflanzenkraiikheiten,

welche an den Ktilturpflanzen in Bulgarien wahrend

des lalr-es 19JJ3 geschadigt haben. .\bs. in Zeit. f. Pfk.

15 (1905): 52.

Segura, J. C.

(78) 1903. El acame, encnmado 6 acamado. Rol. Com. de Para-

sitologia Agr. (Mexico), 2:62-66. Abs. in HoUrung's

Jahiesb. 7 (1904): 98.

Stiff

(79) 1903. Die im Jahre 1902 beobachteten Schadiger * * *

landw. Kulturpflanzen, Oesterreich-ungar. Zeit. f.

Landw. Bd. 2.

Marchal
*(80) 1903. Die im Jahre 1902 in Bels:ien beobachteten Pilzkrank-

heiten. Zeit. f. Pfk. 13:216.
Mentions Ophiobolus on wheat.

Kornauth, K.

(81) 1903j Pathologische V'orkiommnis.se en Osterreich-ungarn.

Abs. in Zeit. f. Pfk. 14 (1904) : 353.



374

Summers, W. L.

*(82) 1903. "Takeall" and "whiteheads" in wheat crops. Jour.

Agr. and Ind. S. Austral. 7 (No. 5): 297-399. Abs.

in E. S. R. 15:687.

Advises burning stubble prior to plowing. "There is little

doubt that what has often been called 'Takeall' was simply

root fail, caused by a dry, hollow seed bed."

Van Hall, C. J. J.

(83) 1903. Notes on the wheat stem disease (Ophiobolus her-

potrichus). Tijdschr. Plantenzieken, 9:77-110. Abs.

in E. S. R. 16:571, and in HoUrung's Jahresb. 6:78.

Notes disease in Holland. Fungus lives in soil. Discusses

relation to rotation.

McAlpine, D.

*(84) 1904. Take all and white heads in wheat. Jour. Dept. Agr.

Victoria, 2 : 709. Abs. in Hollrung's Jahresb. 6 : 77.

He says "it [take-all] is now proved through investigation

of this branch to be due to a fungus." * * * "True take all

* * * had invariably a special fungus at the butt of the stem
or on the roots '- * * so that the term [take-all] has now a
definite meaning and applies to wheat plants which have suc-

cumbed to the attacks of this particular fungus." Diseased
stubble was placed in sand in pots and- wheat planted in the

pots with it. "After eighteen days * * * characteristic

brownish spots were observed on the young stems. * * *

Microscopic examination showed the presence in abundance of

the young mycelium ot the Ophiobolus. After six weeks many
of the plants were dead."

In December, 1900, samples of white head were sent to

McAlpine, and he says that he determined the fungus re-

sponsible for white heads and take-all.

*(85) 1904. Take all and white heads in wheat. Bui. 9, Dept.

Agr. Victoria; Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 1904, p. 410-

426.

Ophiobolus is noted on Bromus sterilis and a sterile myce-
lium on Agi-opyron scabrum.

Brizi, A.

(86) 1904. 11 "mal del piede" del frumonto e I'abbruciamento

delle stoppie. Avven. Agric. 12 : 147-153.

(87) 1904. Wheat fungus {Ophiobolus graminis). Jour. Bd.

Agr. (London) 11:154, 155. Anonymously cited in

Hollrung's Jahresb. 7:99.

P6sch-Grinad,"K.

*(88) 1904. Mycopathologisches aus Ungarn. Zeit. f. Pfk. 14.

158.
Mentions Ophiobolus on wheat.



275

*(89) 1906. Takeall in wheat. Jour. Dept. Agr. S. Austral. !«

(No. 5): 280-283. Abs. in E. S. R. 18:947.

Thirty per cent, injury is reported in some fields.

Kirchner, O.

*(90) 1906. Die Krankheiten unci Beschadigungen unserer land-

wirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen, p. 33-34, 81.

I Tlie disease followed weakening of the plant from other

causes, as spring frost, poor nutriment, too much water, etc.

Ophiobolus is perhaps not a true parasite.

Appel
(91) 190G. Untersuchungen fiber die Gattung Fusarium. Ber. a.,

d. Biol. Anst. f. Land. u. Forstw.

Hiltner, L.

(92) 1906. . Ber. Kgl. Bayer. Agr. Anst. Miinchen, p.

50.

Robinson, G. H.
*(93) 1907. Take all and its control. Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria,

5 (No. 4): 253-256. Abs. in E. S. R. 19:151, and in

Hollrung's Jahresb. 10:105.

A dry summer following a wet winter is most favorable to

the disease. The butts are quite black and perithecia occur

in the sheaths.

(94) 1907. . Heft 6? Bericbt iiber die Tatigkeit der

Raised. Biologischen Anstalten in Tahre 1907:11, As
cited in 111. Land. Ztg. 33 (No. 65): 589.

Kriiger, F.

*(95) 1908. Untersuchungen tiber die Fusskrankheit der Getreides.

Arb. K. Biol. Anst. f. Land. u. Forstw. 6 (No. 3):321-

351, pi. 1. Abs. in E. S. R. 22 : 148, and in Hollrung's

Jahresb. 11 : 127, 137.

Author holds that while Leptosphaeria and Ophiobolus do
cause disease as facultative parasites they are not the im-

mediate cause of the trouble, which arises from weakening of

the wheat by rain, frost, etc. Inoculation experiments were
made with Leptosphaeria, Dictyosporium, Ophiobolus, Hen-
dersonia, Coniosporium, and Fusarium. Leptosphaeria herpo-

trichoides was found on rye and wheat; Ophiobolus herpo-

trichus on rye, wheat, and barley.

Stormer, K.
*(96) 1908. Die in der Provinz in Sommer 1908 beobachteten

Krankheiten aus Getreide. Landw. Wchnschr. Sachsen.

10 (No. 35): 306-309; No. 38:331, 332; No. 39:340,

341; No. 40:347-349. Abs. in E. S. R. 20:1042.

Author regards the cause of the disease as still in doubt.



276

Lindau, G.

*(97) 1908. Die pflanzlichen Parasiten. Sorauer's Handbuch d.

Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3 : 256.

Places Ophiobolus in the Pleosporaceae. 0. graminis was
first known in France; then in Belgium and Saxony. The
wheat is normal till bloom-time, when it wilts and dies sud-
denly. O. hcrpolrichus Sacc. has spores double the length ot

0. graminis. Apparently infection comes at germination. Wet
soil and fertilizers favor infection. Early varieties are least

resistant. Known also in Italy, Germany, and Holland. Con-
iosporium is suggested as an imperfect form.

Dombrovski, N.
(98) 1909. [Fungi as a cause of the lodging of cereal crops.]

Khozyaistvo, 1909 : 334, 335. Abs. in Zliur. Opuitn.

Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.) 10 (No. 4): 558;
and in E. S. R. 23 : 546.

Shows, as he believes, that Ophiobolus graminis is the
cause of the lodging, and emphasizes value of drainage to pre-

vent loss.

Farrelly

*(99) 1909. Takeall. Abs. in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 13:273.

Massee, G.

*(100) 1910. Diseases of cultivated plants and trees, p. 226-227.
Macmillan, N. Y.

Ophiobolus graminis kills plants when young, and pro-
duces either "take all" or "whitehead". Description of stages
given. The root and stem-base are attacked. A brown super-
ficial mycelium is present on surface of stem and leaf
sheaths, forming a weft or felt. Perithecia in winter form
on this felt. The disease is also found on Agropyron, Bromus,
and oats in Europe, England, and Australia. O. herpotrlchus,
of the same general appearance, is recorded in Italy.

Mortensen, M. L., Rostrop, S., and Ravn, F. K.
(101) 1910. Oversigt over Landbrugsplanternes Sygdomme i

1910, No. 27. Abs. in Zeit. f. Pfk. 22:358.
Notes foot-rot in Denmark. Chiefly due to Fusarium.

Reynolds, M. H.
*(102) 1910. Some conditions qualifying success in the production

of wheat in central and western districts. Dept. Agr.
N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 42 : 128.

(103) 1910. . Heft 11, Bericht fiber die Tatigkeit der
Kaistr Biolccischen Anstalten in fahre 1910 : 19. Cited
in 111. Land. Ztg. 33 (No. 65): 589.

Neldner, Heinrich, et al.

*(104) 1910. Takeall. Editor's note of discussion. Jour. Agr. S.

Austral. 13 : 537-538.



277

Lehmann, et al.

*(105) 1910. Takeall in wheat. Note of the discussion, Jour.

Agr. S. Austral. 13:544.

Johns
*(106) 1910. Does takeall live in the soil from one year to an-

other? If so, what are the best means of treatment?

Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 13 : 701-703.

*(107) 1910. Takeall. Abs. in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 14:85.

Pedler, Martin, and Paterson

*(108) 1910. Takeall. Editor's report of the discussion, Jour.

Agr. S. Austral. 14:1SG-1S7.

Westbrook
*(109) 1910. Takeall. Editor's abstract, with notes of discussion.

Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 14:422-123.

Hill

*(110) 1910. Takeall: cause and cure. Jour. Agr. S. Austral.

14:423-424.

Richardson, A. E. V.

*(11]) 1910. "Takeall." Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 14: 466^71. Abs.
in E. S. R. "24: 551, and in Hollrung's Jahresb. 13: 148.

The crop promised well till October, then the disease be-

came so serious as to reduce the yield to one bushel per
PC e Oats !'P-ir-by v e-e free of li eise. Disea e occurred
in patches. One to two inche-=i of lower stems were black-
ened with the growth of the fungus. A good stubbleburn
gives disease-free crops. Advises to fallow early and to

follow with oats.

Pridham. J. T,

*(1]2) 1911. Field experiments with wheat diseases. Jour. Dept.

Agr. Victoria, 9:250-255.
Burning stubble is beneficial. Oats are good in rotation,

thoii' h a s'milar disease has been noted in oats and barley.

A Helminthosporium was found, but Pridham does not
think it responsible for the disease.

Sutton, G. L.

*(113) 1911. Take all. Practical methods for its eradication and
control (Opliioboliis graminis). Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales,
22 (No. 2) : lGl-163'. Abs. in E. S. R. 25 : 44.

Advises clean fallowing and rotation.

Journal of Agriculture of S. Australia

*(114)) 1911. Samples ^f growing crops and takeall. Jour. Agr.
S. Austral. 14:809-810.

Lowrie, Richardson, et al.

*(115) 1911. Takeall. Abstract of discussion. Jour. Agr. S.

Austral. 14 : 884.



378

Nicholls, R., et al.

*(116) 1911. Takeall. Abstract of discussion, Jour. Agr. S.

Austral. 14 : SS'J.

Correll

*(117) 1911. Takeall. Abs. in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 14:902.

Fogarty
*(l'l8) 1911. Takeall. Abs in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 14: 995.

*(119) 1911-13. L'Ofiobolo o mal del piede del frumento. Ann.

d'Uffio. Agr. Prov. Bologna, 18:194-197. Abs. in

E. S. R. 30: ryld.

Brief account of this disease; attributed to Ojihiobolus

graminis and O. herpotrichus.

Fron, G.

*(120) 1912. Contribution a I'etude de la maladie "Pied noir des

cereales" ou "Maladie du Pietin". Ann. Sci. Agron.

4 (ser. 1, No. 1 ) : 3-29, fig. 3. Abs. in Intemat. Inst.

Agr. (Rome), Bur. Agr. Intel, and Plant diseases, 3

(No. 4):10o'J:-]056; in E. S. R. 27:747; and in Holl-

rung's Jahresb. 15:149.

Sterile wlieat was easily infected with Leptosphaeria.

Eriksson, J.

*(121) 1912. Fungoid diseases of agricultural plants. London.

Black cover on the lowest joint. Roots black for most
of their length. Conidia (Coniosporium) small, ovate, one-

celled.

Bruck, W. F.

*(122) 1912. Plant diseases, p. 47.

OphioioUis lerpotrichus on wheat; Leptosphaeria herpo-
• trichouJes on rye.

Mangin, L.

*(123) 1912. Le pietin ou maladie du pied noir du ble. Jour.

Agr. Prat. n. ser. 24 (No. 32) : 174-176, fig. 3. Abs.

in E. S. R. 37:748, and in Hollrung's Jahresb. 15:

135, 151.

Ophiobolus and Leptosphaeria present. Mycelium brown,
sterile. The Leptosphaeria is the most important.

Averna-Sacca, R.

*(124) 1912. Relatorio do gabinete de pathologia vegetal. Bol.

Agr. 13 (No. 3): 235-236, fig. 6. Sao Paulo. Abs.

in E. S. R. 29:243.

Describes foot-rot but does not definitely state that It

occurs in Brazil.



279

Bureau of Microbiology

*(135) 1912. "Take all" in wheat. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 23
(No. ll):93-J-;i36. Abs. in E. S. R. 28:616.

Mycelium abundant in the leaf sheaths. Plant dies from
below upwards. No spores.

Hiltner, L
*(126) 1912. Eine Voraussage ! Im heurigen Jahr wird die

sogenannte Fusskrankheit des Getreides in Starkerem
Masse auftreten. Prak. Blatter f. Pflanzenbau und
Pflanzenschutz Miinchen, 10 : 37-45. Abs. in Holl-

rung's Jahresb. 15 : 150.

Claims that unripe seed or seed-wheat grown in an ab-

normally dry season produced very susceptible plants, and
that infection is seed-borne.

Massee, G.

*(127) 1912. White heads or take all of wheat and oats. Bui.

Misc. Inform. Roy. Bot. Gard, Kew, 10:43-5-439, fig.

1; Jour. Bd. Agr. '19 (No. 12) : 1030-1025, pi. 1. 1913.

Abs. in E. S. R. 28 : 646.

Two or three inches of straw at base blackened as though
charred. Roots woolly, owing to root hairs. Ophioholiis
graminis is readily recognized by the dark color of its myce-
lium, which forms a thin felt on the stem and leaf sheaths.
Says the disease is well known in Italy, Prance, Germany,
Belgium, Australia, and the United States. In hanging
drop the colored mycelium gives rise to a hyaline mycelium.

Peglion, Vittoria

*(128) 1912. Intorno al njal del piede del frumento. Casale. Stab,

tip. dilta C. Cassone. 60 p.

Stormer, K., and Kleine, R.

*(129) 1913. Ober das auswintern des Weizens und das auftreten
der Fusskrankheit. Illus. Landw. Ztg. 32 (No. 38):
360-361. Abs. in E. S. R. 28:52, and in Hollrung's

Jahresb. 15 : 135, 153.

Ophiobolus herpotrichus and Typhula graminuw, caused
disease following severe cold; the latter noted heretofore
only in Sweden and Denmark.

Voges, E.

*(130) 1912. Zur Fusskrankheit des Getreides. Deut. Landw.
Presse, 39 (No. 71): 815, 816, fig. 4; No. 72:823, 824,

fig. 3. Abs. in E.^. R. 28 : 445.

Concludes that fungi are not the primary cause of foot-

rot, but that it is due to lowering of vitality by cold or
drouth.



280

Schaffnit, E.

*(131) 1912. Der Schneeschimmel und die ubrigen durch Fusa-
riuin nivale Ces. hervorgerufenen Krankheitserschein-

ungen des Getreides. Landw. Jahrb. 43: 531-648. Abs.

in Hollrung's Jahresb. 15:137-140, 55.

Discusses extensively a disease attributed to Fitsarium
nivale, one phase of which is a foot-rot.

(132) 1912. Beitrjige zur Biologic der Getreidefusarien. Jahrb. d.

Ver. ang. Bot.

Rasquin, Max
*(133) 1912. Le pietin de? cereales. Jour. Soc. Agr. Brabant and

Hainaut, 58:421-422. Oct. 11, 1912.

Summarizes earlier literature.

Bredemann, G.

(134) 1912. Das diesjahrige starke Auftreten der Fusskrankheit

und der Schwfirze des Getreides in unseren Bezirk.

Amt. d. Land. f. Reg. Cassel, 16:412. Abs. in Holl-

rung's Jahresb. 15:148.

Ivett, J.

*(]35) 1912. Takeall and how to control it. Jour. Agr. S. Austral.

16:81-85.

Renter, E.

(136) 1912. Ett upptriidande af halmdodaren (Ophiobolus) i Fin-

land. Med. af Soc. Fan. et Fl. Fennica, 38 : 65. Abs.

in Hollrung's Jahresb. 15 : 152.

Depole, R., and Voglino, E.

(137) 1912. [Foot-rot' of grains.] Coltivatore, 58 (No. 18) : 567-
572, fig. 2; Abs. in E. S. R. 27 : 748.

Prunet, A.
*(138) 1913. Sur les champignons qui causent en France le pietin

des cereales. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 157 (No.
22): 1079-1081. Abs. in E. S. R. 30:648.

This disease is of importance In parts of Italy.

Guerrapain, A., and Demolon, A.
*(139) 1913. Enquete et observations sur la maladie dti pietin

des cereales. Jour. Agr. Prat. 137 : 566-567, 627-630.

Discusses climatic influences, calling particular attention
to increase of this disease following a mild winter, to geo-
graphic distribution, to time and density of seeding, to
varietal resistance, to fertilizers, and to the use of copper
sulfate. It occurs on rye and winter barley. Abnormal
winter temperatures favor the disease.

*(140) 1913. Enquete sur la maladie du pietin. Betterave, 23 (No.
597) : 386-388, fig. t ; No. 598 : 402-405 ; 24 (No. 599) :

7, 8. Abs. in E. S. R. 30 : 747.

Either high winter temperatures or excessive growth of
the wheat favors development of the disease.



281

Eriksson, J.

*(141) 1913. Die Pilzkrankheiten der Kulturpflanzen, p. 138-140.

(Cf. No. 121.)

Great Britain Board of Agriculture

*(142) 1913. "White heads" or "takf-all" of wheat and oats.

(Ophiobolus graminis Sacc.) Jour. Gt. Brit. Bd. Agr.

19 : 1020-1025. Reprinted with slight changes and
abridgment as Leaflet 273 (July, 1913) by Gt. Britain

Bd. Agr. and Fisheries, 1 fig. Abs. in E. S. R. 30 : 148.

Voges, E.

*(143) 1913. Opiiiohoius hJrpotrichus und die Fusskrankheit des

Getreides. Ztschr. f. Garungsphysiol. 3 (No. 1): 43-83,

fig. 5. Abs. in E. S. R. 31 : 542.

The fungus appears as a felty layer over the host, and in

dampness develops Fusarium ruhiginosum. A. & W. Asco-

spores give two kinds of mycelium: (1) a dark thick-

walled one; (2) a hyaline thin one. The second gives the

Fusarium. No. 1 put on cooked wheat gives Fusarium; and
on raw wheat, the usual dark mycelium. The mycelium of

Ophiobolus, Cladosporium ncrhanim, or Mucor racemosus

may be present. The Fusarium form is most dangerous.

*(144) 1913. Die Schneeschimmel. Deut. Landw. Presse, 40 (No.

19): 229-231, fig. 3. Abs. in E. S. R. 29:244.

Thinks Fusarium is the conidial form of Ophiobolus her-

potrichus.

*(145) 1913. Die Witterung und die Fusskrankheit des Getreides.

Deut. Landw. Presse. 40 ( Xo. 83): 91)3, 994, fig. 3.

Abs. in E. S. R. 30:541.

Indicates that fungi other than Ophiobolus may cause
foot-rot, and that Ophiobolus and Leptosphaeria are not the

primary cause of the disease. The conidial form of Ophi-
obolus is given as Acremonium.

lournal of Agriculture of S. Australia

*(146) 1913. Takeall. Abs. in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 16:1430.

*(147) 1913. Wheat diseases. Abstract of discussion at Annual
Conference meeting, Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 17: 178-180.

Trowbridge, |.. et al.

*(148) 1913. Takeall. Abs. in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 17:206-207.

McCormack, L.

*(149) 1913. Takeall. Abs. in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 17:247.

Hartmann, A.

*(150) 1913. Takeall. Extract in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 17:249-
250.

*(151) 1913. Takeall. Extract in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 17 : 551.



282

Gray, J.

*(153) 1913. Takeall and oats. Extract in Jonr. Agr. S. Austral.

17:631-633.

Stabler, F. G.

(153) 1913. [Plant protection.] Land. Jahr, Schw. 2T :18 Abs.

in E. S. R. 29:150.

Notes presence of foot disease due to Ophiobolus.

Reuther

(154) 1913. [Foot disease of wheat.] Deut. Landw. Presse, 40:

780. Abs. in E. S. R. 30:243.

*(155) 1913. Beobachtungen ubei* die Fusskrankheit des Weigens.

111. Land. Ztg. 33 : 589.

Notes on Ophioliolus herpotrichus, on Hordeum murinum.
Bromus sterilis, Festuca bromoides, and Triticum repens.

Foot-rot is worst when frost injury occurs in fields that are

infected with foot-rot fungi.

Robert, E.

*(156) 1913. Quelques mots encore sur le pietin du ble. Jour.

Agr. Prat. 137: 715-716.

Mentions five conditions of maximum disease and deduces
five recommendations as to practice.

Boijeau, A.

*(157) 1914. Le pietin du ble. Prog. Agr. et Vit. 61:241-247.

Abs. in E. S. R. 31 : 51.

Author discusses the influence of environment and variety

on prevalence of foot-rot.

Mangin, L.

*(158) 1914. La question du pietin. Jour. Agr. Prat. n. ser. 27

(No. 8): 236-239, 267-269. Abs. in E. S. R. 31:147.

Fusarium nivale, F. hibernan, F. minimum, Nectria

graminicola, and Calonectria nivalis are discussed. Infec-

tion is said to be by either soil or seed. In pietin the stems
are black: the grain is weak and lodges. Secondary fungi

are Septoria, Sphaerella, Helminthosporium, Cladosporium,
Leptosphaeria. etc.

Foex, E.

(159) 1914. [Stalk disease of wheat.] Bui. Soc. Path. Veg. France,

1 (No. 1): 86-30, pi. 1. Abs. in E. S. R. 37:248.

Ophiobolus oraminis is said to work at the base of the

stalk; Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides higher on the stem.
Cercosporella herpotrichoides, perhaps a conidial form of

Leptosphaeria, is also said to cause a weakening of cereal

stems.

Hollrung, M.
*(160) 1914. Die Mittel zur Bekampfung der Pflanzenkrankheiten,

p. 292.

Emphasizes drainage, quoting Dombrovski— (98) of this

list.



^83

Berthault, P.

*(1G1) 19H. Contribution a I'etude du pietin des cereales pendant
I'annee 1913. Rev. Gen. Bot. 25 : 29-34. Abs. in E. S.

R. 32:641.

Voges, E.

*(162) 1914. [The conidial form of Ophiobolus herpotriclius.]

Centralbl. Bikt. [etc.|. Abt. 2. Bd. 42 (No. 1-4) :
49-

61:, fig. 9. Abs. in E. S. R. 33 : S43.

Finds Hendersonia lierpotricha. Ascochyta, Septoria, Mu-
cor, Leptosphaeria, Cladosporium, and Alternaria tenuis

associated with Ophiobolus.

Ross, H.
*(163) 1915. Wheat culture. Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales. Farmers'

Bui. 101.

Goldsworthy, W. R.

*(164) 1915. Takeall. Extract in Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 18:921.

Journal of Agriculture of S. Australia

*(165) 1915. "Take-all". Jour. Agr. S. Austral. lS:9f.r,.

Perkins, Arthur J.

*(166) 1915. What the man on the land wants to know. Jour.

Agr. S. Austral. 18 : 1072-1080.

Replies to a series of questions.

Darnell-Smith, G. P., and Mackinnon, E.

*(167) 1915. Fungous diseases of wheat. Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales,

Farmers' Bui. 102:3-31, f^g. 28. Abs. in E. S. R. 34:

845.

Notes the disease on barley, barley-grass, and Bromus.

It occurs on oats in England and N. S. Wales.

Capus, J.

*(168) 1915. Action de I'acide sulfuriquc sur le "pietin" du ble.

Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 1:228-231. Abs. in

E. S. R. 34:2-44.

Describes accurately three phases in the development of

the disease which he considers due to Leptosphaeria. Re-
ports beneficial effect of sulfuric acid.

(169) 1915. Action de I'acide sulfurique sur le pietin du ble. La
Vie Agricole et Rurale, No. 4.

Possibly identical with *(16S).

Moretlini, A.
*(170) 1915. L'impiego dell' acido sulforico per combattere le erbe

infeste nel frumento. Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital. 48 : 693-

716. Abs. in E. S. R. 36:534.



284

Biffen, R. H.
*(171) 1915. . Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. Eng. 76 : 309.

Lcptosphaeria culmifruga produces brittlen.ess of stems.

(172) 1916. . Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. Eng. 77:218-220.

Abs. in E. S. R. 39 : 452.

Darnell-Smith, G. P.

*(173) 1916. Green vitriol (ferrous sulfate) as a preventive of

take-all. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 27 (No. 2) : 134.

Abs. in E. S. R. 35:750.

Recommended fifty pounds per acre.

Spafiford, W. J.

*(174) 1916. "Bunt" and "Take-all". Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 19:

953-961.

*(175) 1917. Some diseases of wheat crops and their treatments.

Jour. Agr. S. Austral. 20 : 537-548. Abs. in E. S. R.

38 : 48.

Finds on the roots many dark brown threads. A plate
mycelium between sheath and stem is continuous with the
root mycelium. This peels off in flakes when dry. Also
between sheath and stem a brown band passes upward.
Perithecia occur on roots or sheaths. Infection is mainly
from the soil. Prevention: burn stubble, kill weeds, use
oats. Oats are but little susceptible. Mechanical condition
of the soil is very important.

Tanaka, I. T.

*(176) 1917. New Japanese fungi. Notes and translations. Myco-
logia 9 (No. 3): 167-172. Abs. in E. S. R. 38 : 648.

Ophiochaeta (/raminis causes diseases on rice.

Godfrey, G. H.
*(177) 1918. Sclerotium rolfsii on wheat. Phytopathology, 8 (No.

2): 64-66, f^g. 1. Abs. in E. S. R. 39: No. 9.

Small brown lesions occurred on the crown.

Pridham, J. T.

*(178) 1919. Take-all, the wheat-growers' worst enemy. Agr.

Gaz. N. S. Wales, 30:77-79.

"Whether the disease is caused by the fungus Ophio'bolus
herpotrichus, by Cladosporium herbarum, by Fusarium
rubiginosum, or by Miicor racemosus, the resujt is much the
same on the wheat plant." * * * "The roots are rotten."

Brittlebank, C. C.

*(179) 1919. Green manurial crops and "take all". Victoria Jour.

Agr. 17:171-174.

Says that McAlpine (84) clearly showed that the disease
is due to Ophio'bolus graminis.



ZS5

Johnson, A. G.

*(180) 1919. New wheat disease. Extension Messenger lor Apr.

30, 1919, 2 (No. 18): 2.

In telegram to J. B. Haberkorn, says that "disease in

wheat * * * is almost certainly the serious Australian dis-

ease known as take-all, not previously found in America."

Haskell, R. J.

*(181) 1919. Take-all and flag smut: two serious wheat diseases

new to the United States. Plant Disease Surv. U. S.

Dept. Agr. (A leaflet, without number or date.)

"Take-all, known for many years in Australia and Europe,
and flag smut, common in Australia, India, and .Japan, have
recently been discovered in the United States in the very
center of the winter wheat area." * * * "This examination
showed the disease to be very similar to the take-all of
Australia and Europe, and [it] is probably identical with
it."

Lyman, G. R.

*(182) 1919. "Take all" of wheat in this country. Circular letter

bearing date of May 1, 1919.

"A serious wheat disease which appears to be the same
as the Australian 'Take all' (Ophiobolus) has made its ap-

pearance in southern Illinois." * * * "it appears, therefore,

that we now have 'take all' in this country."

Johnson, A. G.

*(183) 1919. [As reported at the St. Louis Conference (May 12.

1919) on Take-all and Flag Smut of Wheat.]
"* * * After careful study he decided that the trouble

was the Australian 'take-all' disease. Dr. N. A. Cobb, of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, who has seen this disease
in Australia, was consulted and stated that the behavior of

the disease as described in Illinois agreed perfectly with
conditions in Australia. It therefore seemed practically
certain that the trouble in Illinois was the Australian 'take-

all.' " * * * "Approximate number of acres affected, 802."

Lyman, G. R.

*(184) 1919. Plans for survey of "take-all" and "flag smut" of

wheat. Circular letter, dated May 23, 1919.

"In addition to the Madison county area in Illinois, take-
all has been found in Porter, Laporte, Tippecanoe, and
Jasper counties, Indiana."

Onondaga County Farm Bureau News [N. Y.]

*(185) 1919. New wheat diseases. Onondaga Co. Farm Bur.
News, June, 1919.

"Two new wheat diseases, known as 'take-all' and 'flag

smut', which have caused serious loss in Australia, have
recently been found in Illinois and Indiana."



386

Bulletin of the American Steel and Wire Co.

*(186) 1919. [Popular description of take-all. J See said Bulletin

for June, 1919.

Federal Horticultural Board
*(187) 1919. Notice of public hearing of proposed European

quarantine on account of the flag smut and take-all

diseases of grains and the wheat nematode or eelworm
disease. Mimeographed notice issued June 18, 1919,

by U. S. Dept. Agr., Fed. Hort. Bd.

The Secretary of Agriculture is said to have information
that "take-all (OpMo'bolus (iraminis)" has been "determined
as existing * * * in Indiana and Illinois."

U. S. Department of Agriculture

*(188) 1919. Quarantine on account of flag smut and take-all dis-

eases. Notice of Quarantine No. 39 (with regulations).

6 pp.