Bulletin
OF THE

Illinois State Laboratory
OF

Natural History

Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A.

STEPHEN A. FORBES, Ph.D., LL.D.
Director

Vol. XI. December, 1915 Article IV.

SOME ADDITIONAL, RECORDS OF CHIRONOMID^ FOR ILLINOIS
AND NOTES ON OTHER ILLINOIS DIPTERA

BY

John R. Malloch



ERRATA AND ADDENDA.

Page 50, second column, line 13 from bottom, for Danais arcMppus read Anosia
plexippns ; line S from bottom, for melliflca read mellifera.

Page 51, line 11 from bottom, for Danais read Anosia.

Page 159, at right of diagram, for Bracon agrilli read Bracon agrili.

Page 289, second column, last line but one, for Scalops real Scalopus.

Page 294, line 3, for c.atesheana read catesiiana.

Pages 327 and 330, line 12, for oreus read oreas.

Page 347, line 4, for Cecidomyidae road Cecidomyiidae.

Page 356, line 7, for Anthomyidse read Anthomyiidae.

Page 368, line 18, dele second word.

Page 373, after line 10 insert as follows: 53a, suipruinosa Casey, 1884, p. 38.

Page 375, after suXimucula Le Conte, 48, insert subpruinosa Casey, 53a.

Page 377, after line 7, insert as follows:

—

1884. Casey, Thomas L.

Contributions to the Descriptive and Systematic Coleopterology of
North America. Part I.

Page 379, line 11 from bottom, for sen.iu lata read sensu lato.

Page 382, line 12, for VII read VIII.

Page 408, line 2, for the next article in read Article VIII of.

Page 410, line 6 from bottom, for = 4 read '11.

Page 412, line 7, for 31 read 30.

Page 421, line 17 from bottom, insert it before grows.



CONTENTS

PAGE
Notes on blood-sucking Ceratopogoninm 306-309

Culicoidex guttipennis Coquillett 306
CuUcoidcs stellifer Coquillett 307
Culicoides sangiiisugus Coquillett 307
CuUcoides Jiwrnatopotiis Malloch 308
Culicoides biguttatus Coquillett 308
Pseudoculicoides grisms Coquillett 309
Ceratopogon peregrinus Johannsen 309

Additions to list of Illinois Chironomidw 310-317
Ceratopogoninm:—

Ncoccrotopogon, n. gen 310
Neoceratopogon hellus Coquillett 310

Forcipomyia elegantula, n. sp 311
Extforcipomyia , n. gen 312
Key to species 313

, Euforcipomyia hirtipennis, n. sp 313
Euforcipomyia longitarsis, n. sp 314
Euforcipomyia fusicornis Coquillett 314

Johannsenomyia albibasis, n. sp 315
Probeszia infuscata, n. sp 316

Tanypince:—
Tanypus carneus Pabricius 317

Descriptions of males of CcrntopogonincB previously unknown 317-319
Johannsenomyia argentata Loew 317
Probezzia pallida Mallocli 318

Immature stages of some Illinois Vipiera, and biological notes 319-324
Sciaridw:—

Sciara sp. ? 320
Mycetophilidm

:

—
Myceiobia divergens Walker 321

Predaceous and Parasitic Ortliorrhaplui 324—342
Key to pupae 325
Bombyliidw 3i:7

Spogostylwm anale Say 328
Exoprosopa fasciata Macquart ? 329
Exoprosopa fascipennis Say 330
Sparnopolius fulvus Wiedemann 331
Anthrax lateralis Say 332
Anthrax hypomelas Macquart 334

Therevidw

:

—
Fsilocephala hwmorrhoidalis Macquart 334

Mydaidw:—
Myda-s davatus Drury 336

Asilidw:—
Promachus vertebratus Say 337
Deromyia winthemi Wiedemann 338
Proctacanthus milberti Macquart? 339
Asilus notatus Wiedemann 340

Cyrtidw 341
Onoodes costatus Loew 341



PAGE
Phytophagous and other Cyclnrrliaplia 342-352

StirphidtE 342
Tropidia quadrata Say 343
Brachypalpus froniosus Locw 343
Ceria willistoni Kahl 344

Ephi/dridw:—
Hydrellia soapularis Loevv 345

Dmsophilidw 346
DrosopMla (Scaptomyza) udnsla Loew 347
Drosophila dimidiata Loew 348

Agromyzidw 348
Agrom,yza pruni Grosseubacher 349
Aijromiiza tiliw Couden 351
Agromysa angulata Loew 351

Descriptions of New Illinois Dipicra 352-363
Phorid(E:—

Platyphora fiavofemorata, n. sp 353
Anthomyidw

:

—
Pogonomyia flavinervis, n. s|i 356

Geomyzidie -.^

Apkaniasoma quadrivit tatum, n. sp 357
Agromyzidw

:

—
Agromyza aprilina, n. sp 359

Chloropidw.—
Gaurax Loew 360
Key to species 360
Gaurax flavidulns, n. sp 361
Gaurax pallidipes, n. s[i -. 362
Gaurax interruptun, ii. s]i 368



Article IV.

—

Some Additional Records of Chirononiidce for Illi-

nois and Notes on other Illinois Diptera. By J. R. MaIvI<och.

In a previous paper, Article 6 of Volume X of this Bulletin, I indi-

cateil that despite the fact that our state list of species of Cliirononiidce

is larger than any list yet puljlished for any other state in the Union it

could not be considered as a complete list of all the species occurring in

Illinois. The greater portion of the material upon which the previous

paper was based consisted of species collected by Mr. C. A. Hart and
the writer during 1914, and containing, as it did, but a small series of

collections from a number of scattered localities it could not be expect-

ed to include all of our species. Being aware of this fact and desirous

of obtaining as many species as possible, the writer during the present

year has devoted most of his spare time to collecting in the vicinity of

White Heath, on the Sangamon River, with a view to completing the

series of Ceratopogonincc in the collection in so far as that particular

locality is concerned. No material from this part of the Sangamon
River was contained in that previously studied, though many of the

species were obtained near Monticello, which is but a few miles down
river from this point.

An attempt was also made to discover what species attacked man
and at what jjarticular time and in what situations. The writer en-

dured considerable discomfort in his investigations, as mosquitoes
were very numerous and bit very severely upon every occasion that he
visited the river. In addition to the mosquitoes the writer had upon
one occasion the experience of being bitten by the nymph of a capsid.

It is not possible at present to determine the species of this insect be-

yond the fact that it is certainly not Lygns pratensis—a species which
I have seen in the act of liiting at Chain Bridge, Va., and which is

recognized as having that proclivity.

Another source of annoyance was provided by the females of a

small black bee (Halictiis sp. ), which persistently settled upon the bare
arms, evidently attracted by the perspiration. On two days tliis species

occurretl in fair numbers and was very annoying, settling on the arms
and l)eing with difficulty brushed ofif. Judging from the actions of the

insects they were sucking up the small particles of perspiration.



306

The worst discomfort experienced during 191 5 at White Heath
was that provided by "chiggers" {Trombidimn sp. ), which were in

abundance—an unusual occurrence in this part of the state.

As the collection of Cliironouiidcc was but an incident in a rather

overcrowded program, I found it impossible to do any work on the

early stages of the aquatic forms, and the additional data obtained

refer only to the habits of the imagines and to certain species which

are either new to science or are not included in my previous paper.

Notes on Blood-sucking Ceratopogonin/e

In my previous paper I listed as blood-sucking species, Ctdicoides

varipcnnis, C. sangnisugns, C. liccniatopotus, and C. guttipcnnis, the

first two biting both man and cattle, the third biting man, and the last

biting a horse. Before listing my records for this year it may be of

interest to mention those given by Pratt in 1907 for this group*.

He lists six species as blood-sucking, viz., Ccratopogon guttipcnnis,

C. sanguisuga, C. stellifer, C. varipcnnis, C. ductus, and C. imicolor.

All of these species were described by Coquillett, who placed them in

the genus Ccratopogon (sens. lat.). All jjut uuicolor belong to Culi-

coides. The generic position of unicolor is uncertain. It will be seen

from a comparison of the two lists that four species recorded by Pratt

are also in the Illinois list. This year, I have been able to find several

additional biting species.

CuucoiDEs GUTTiPENNis Cociuillettf

In 1914 I did not succeed in obtaining specimens of this species

attacking man, although well aware that it was considered as one of

the most persistent biters in the genus. This year, however, upon dif-

ferent dates, I have obtained a large number of specimens in the act of

biting. I found that by exposing the bare arm and settling quietly down
by the side of the river I could readily obtain any number of specimens

of this species. The exposed part, however, was not most subject to

attack, as the insects appeared to settle much more readily upon the

clothes, especially upon the legs, and almost invariably made their way
up between the legs, or, when one was in a sitting posture, directed

their efforts towards the under surface and particularly at the back of

the knee if the leg were drawn up. It is obvious, of course, that in

*"Notes on 'Punkies'," Some Misoellaiieoiis Results of the AVork of the Bureau

of Entomology—IX, Bull. 64, Part III, Bur. Ent., V. S. Dept. Agr. pp. 23-28.

tCitation to original publication is given only when species is not inchuled in my
previous paper.



307

attacking cattle the most vulnerable portions are best calculated to

yield the best resuhs to these small insects with their rather short

mouth-parts, and that the most vulnerable parts are those near the

upper extremities of the legs. I have found in the case of Sinudiida,

or black flies, that while they may be found upon almost any part of

the body of a cow or horse they are more often found on the under

surface of the body close to the leg or, in the case of the horse particu-

larly, inside the ear—the most vulnerable spots.

The blood-sucking species of Ceratopogonincc are mostly crepuscu-

lar in habit, and in most cases I found that during May and June the

greatest numbers occurred after five o'clock in the afternoon, continu-

ing active until 8 p. m. at least, this being the latest hour that it was
possible for me to make observations. From experience at other times

and in other localities I know, however, that the insects bite as late as

lo p. m. The earliest hour at which I found giittipcnnis biting was i

p. m. On this occasion the sun was shining, but an hour or so later a

short thunder storm occurred, the weather conditions very probably

being responsible for the unusual occurrence of the species.

When in the act of biting it was not always easy to capture this

species in a cyanide vial, as the insects were very readily disturbed,

which is not the case with the smaller species, bigiittattts and san-

guisitgus.

May 9, only one specimen was taken ; on May 1 5 but two ; while

on May 30, thirty-five specimens were collected, all in the act of biting.

On the first two dates biguttatus was the commonest species. On vari-

ous dates in June and July guttipcnms was found to occur commonly,
but no large collection was made.

In my paper previously referred to I stated that the early stages of

guttipcnms were undescribed. Lest there should be any misunder-

standing on this point it may be pertinent to indicate that meaningless

figures of the larva and pupa accompanied by absolutely inadequate

descriptions are given by Pratt in his paper referred to on a previous

page.

CuucoiDES STELLIFER Coquillett

Two specimens of this species were taken in the act of biting the

writer, August 8, 191 5, on bank of Sangamon River, near White
Heath.

CuLicoiDES SANGuisuGus Coquillett

This species is found commonly in Urbana, large numbers of both

sexes being taken on windows of stores in the city after the lights are

turned on. I have also taken many specimens on the inner side of win-



308

dows of the Natural History Building of the University of Illinois,

especially in the basement on windows close to the outer doors. Only
three specimens of the species were taken in the act of biting on the

dates that collections were made at White Heath, two of these being

taken at the Sangamon River May 30, and the other at the railroad

station in the town over a mile from the river. It appears from the

rate of occurrence of this species in our collections that sangitistigns is

more common in towns than guttipennis or varipcnnis.

CuwcoiDES H^MAToroTus Malloch

This species occurred along with guttipennis but in smaller num-
bers. It was taken biting on May 6, 9, and 30, and June 6. Some
specimens were taken on windows of the Natural History Building

also. Its biting habits are similar to those of guttipennis. The bite of

both is less severe than that of varipennis.

CuLicoiDEs BiGUTTATus Coquillett

Ceratopogon biguttaius Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vcl. 23, p. 604.

This species is an addition to the Illinois list, the only specimens I

had when I wrote my previous paper being from Virginia.

As an aid to the identification of the species it is necessary to indi-

cate that in my key to the Illinois species* biguttatus will run down to

No. 6. To include it, it is necessary to change the wording to read as

follows

:

6. Spots on wings indistiuet ; inesoiiotuin without well-defined mark-
ings 6a

— Spots on wing rouudod, clearly defined; nicsonotinn with well-de-

fined brown markings 7

6a. Wings with only 2 clear spots, one over cross vein and the other at

apex of thii'd biguttatus.

— Wings with several ill-defined clear marks in the posterior and anal

cells along wing margin in addition to those over cross vein and at

apex of third sanguisugus.

Coquillett originally described biguttatus from specimens obtained

in the District of Columbia. In Illinois the species occurred on the

same dates as guttipennis and at the same place. The largest number
taken biting on any one day was thirteen on May 15. This species

attaches itself more firmly to the skin than does guttipennis and can be

taken much more easily by inverting the cyanide vial over it when in

*Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 6, p. 296.



309

tlie act of biting. In some cases the specimen succumbed to the fumes
without relaxing its hold and had to be pried off. I took a single

female on a window in the Natural History Building at Urbana July

25. 1915-

PsEUDOcuivicoiDEs GRiSEus Coquillctt

Ceratopogon griseiis Coqiiillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 2.3, 1901, p. 602.

A single specimen of this species was taken biting, on the bank of

Sangamon River near White Heath on May 9.

I have a suspicion that the species which I described as P. major*
may be synonymous with griscus, but desire to obtain further material

before definitely deciding, as I am of the opinion that there are several

closely allied species in this genus, the differentiation of which will

require careful study of a large amount of material.

There is no previous record of griscus biting man.

Ceratopogon perEGRinus Johannsen

July 7, while collecting on tree trunks and limbs after a period of

rain, I discovered a dead worm lodged on a branch of a cypress tree,

its location and condition indicating that it had been dropped by a bird.

When first seen there were several specimens of Ceratopogon pere-

grimis engaged in feeding upon it in company with a species of

Aphiocliccta and a female of Lonchcra polita Say. This occurred about

noon, and about a dozen specimens in all were taken. One specimen

that had just arrived and had only begun to feed, had the abdomen
normal in size, but those that had been feeding for some time had the

abdomen greatly distended. It was observed that all the specimens

were females, and in one Case the insect was seen inserting its probos-

cis in the minute drops of moisture on the leaves.

This species is very common both indoors and outdoors through-

out the locality collected over, but no records of feeding habits other

than the above have been obtained. An attempt was made to ascertain

if the species would bite man by confining the females on the bare skin

of the arm, but although this method has proven successful with some
Sinudiidcc that are not particularly prone to that habit it was unsuc-

cessful with pcrcgrinus. It may be of interest to mention that attempts

to persuade several species of Forciponiyia to bite by allowing them
to settle on tlie hands and arm and also by confining them on the skin

by inverting a vessel over them, proved failures. I have not discovered

any species of this genus attacking man or cattle.

•Loc. cit., p. 311.



310

Additions to List of Illinois Chironomid^

Several of the species which were taken this year are new to

science ; others are new to the state list ; while in some cases the males

of known species are described herein for the first time, and in one
instance the female is thus dealt with. In all instances care has been

taken to indicate the characters by means of which the additions to our
list may be separated from those already recorded by the writer. In

considering the number of additions to the Illinois list it is necessary

to include CuUcoides bigitttatiis previously mentioned.

CERATOPOGONIN^

Neoceratopogon, n. gen.

This genus is erected for the reception of Ceratopogon bellns Co-
quillett, a species unknown to me when my previous paper was written.

Generic characters: male.—Eyes narrowly separated above; an-

tennae elongate, plumose, apical 3 joints much longer than the preced-

ing flagellar joints; legs slender; third hind tarsal joint short, sHghtly

longer than fourth, the latter obcordate and with the third very slightly

longer than fifth ; claws small, slender, simple, subecjual ; empodium
indistinguishable ; wings with distinct hairs as in Ceratopogon; first

and third veins fused, not connected by a cross vein as in Ceratopo-

gon; media petiolate.

Female.—Eyes narrowly separated above ; antennse elongate, basal

flagellar joints elongate, not nearly transverse as in Ceratopogon, apical

five joints distinctly longer than preceding joints ; tarsal claws unequal

in size, the inner twice as long as the outer.

Type of genus, Ceratopogon bellus Coquillett.

Neoceratopogon bellus Coquillett

Ceratopogon ielliis Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 87. $

Female.—Yellowish white, opaque. Face brownish; upper part of

head covered with white pruinescence ; anterinje elongate and mouth
parts brownish or yellowish. Disc of mesonotum covered with whitish

pruinescence; a small brown spot at base of each discal hair; scutellum

whitish, a black or brown streak on center
;
postnotum yellow. Abdo-

men yellowish or white above, fuscous on venter. Legs white, marked
with fuscous or brown as follows : entire coxse and trochanters, a

broad median band on all femora and a very narrow one at apices; a

narrow band near base on all tibiae, a broad median band on fore pair,



31]

a narrow one beyond middle on mid pair, a narrow one before and

another beyond middle on hind pair, and the apices of all pairs, apices

of tarsal joints, and whole of basal joint of hind tarsi. Wings with

8 small deep black spots as follows: on cross vein (sometimes paired),

at apex of third vein, below middle of petiole of cubitus, near base of

posterior branch of media and near apices of each branch of that vein

and of cubitus. Halteres whitish, knob with a black spot.

Antennae about 1.5 as long as head and thorax combined. Thoracic

dorsum and scutellum with sparse rather long hairs. Legs slender;

basal joint of hind tarsi slightly shorter than the remaining joints

combined.

Male.—Agrees with the female in color.

Hypopygium large, projecting apical portion of lateral arm slen-

der, curved.

Length, 1-1.5 mm.
Illinois locality, Urbana, July 5-7, 191 5, several females at rest on

cypress tree on university campus, one in Natural History Building,

and one male on cypress tree ; one female August 27, on cypress tree

(J. R. Malloch).

This genus will run down to the second section of caption 3 in the

key to genera of Ceratopogonittcr in my paper, and may be separated

from Ceratopogon, the genus there included, by the fusion of the first

and third veins of the wing, the absence of empodia, and the unequal

tarsal claws in the female.

The early stages are unknown.

FORCIPOMYIA ELEGANTULA, n. sp.

Female.—Pale yellow, marked with deep black. Head yellow,

upper portion of back of head and the antennal flagellum fuscous, eyes

black. Mesonotum slightly shining, with 3 glossy black vittse, the

median one bifid posteriorly and ending slightly beyond middle of disc,

the lateral pair abbreviated and conspicuously broadened anteriorly,

not extending to posterior margin
;
pleurae with 3 shining black spots,

one between fore and mid coxae, directly above it, the upper ex-

tremity of which does not reach upper margin of pleurae, and a third

below wing base ; scutellum and postnotum glossy black. Abdomen
slightly shining, dorsum with anterior half of segments 2—5 and the

whole of segment 6 blackened ; venter yellow, blackened at apex. Legs
whitish yellow, apical fourth of hind femora deep black. Wings
grayish, surface hairs fuscous with the exception of a rather large

patch over the apex of the third vein which is yellowish wliite. Hal-



312

teres pale yellow. Hairs on body and legs yellow, lanceolate hairs on
the latter fuscous.

Eyes distinctly separated above; antennal flagellum with basal

joints moniliform, sensory hairs of moderate length, thicker than the

ordinary surface hairs. Mesonotum and scutellum with rather numer-
ous long hairs. Legs with conspicuous hairs, all tibije with a dorsal

series of lanceolate upright scales; basal joint of hind tarsi one fifth

shorter than second; empodia distinct. Third vein ends at middle of

wing.

Male.—Agrees in color with female.

The legs are devoid of the lanceolate hairs; the apical 4 antennal

joints are elongated ; the hypopygium is large and very similar to that

of spcailai'is; in other respects similar to female.

Length, .75 mm.
Type locality, LTrbana, 111., June 28, and August 5, 19 15, taken on

window in basement of Natural History Building, LTniversity of Illi-

nois, by the writer. Allotype, August 12, 1915; same situation.

The type specimen has a large mite about two thirds as long as the

abdomen, firmly attached to it near the base.

The female of this species will run down to caption 3 in my key to

the Illinois species of this genus (p. 312), but may be readily separated

from both species therein by the difference in coloration, and from
cilil'cs by the possession of lanceolate scales on the fore tibiae. The
male can be separated from all others in my preceding paper by the

yellow thorax with its conspicuous glossy black vittse.

One female had a niunber of extruded eggs attached to the apex of

abdomen. They are white, about three times as long as thick, slightly

rounded at the extremities, and slightly curved in outline. They are

closely attached to each other on their longer sides.

EuFORCiPOMYiA, n. gen.

Distinguished from Forcipoviyia by having the basal joint of hind

tarsi much longer than the second, and from Pscudoculicoidcs by the

tlifferent structure of the antennae, which is similar to that of For-

cipomyia. In Pseiidocidicaides the antenna of the female has the fla-

gellar joints very apprecialjly constricted at apices, especially the apical

5, wb.ile in Forciponiyia and the present genus the joints are but

slightly constricted and for a very short distance, never having a coni-

cal appearance as in Pseitdociilicoides.

The wings are densely haired, but the hairs are slender and rather

upright, more resembling those on the wings of Pseiidoculicoides than

on Forciponiyia. The first vein runs close to the third and is con-



313

nected with it by a cross vein and the media is petiolate. Empodia
distinct.

Type of genus, Buforcipomyia hirtipennis, n. sp.

Key to Species

1. Basal joint of hind tarsus not twice as long as second (22 : 15) ....

hirtipennis.
— Basal joint of hind tarsus at least twice as long as second 2

2. The short joints of antennal flagellum longer than broad, distinctly

narrowed at bases, the segmentation very distinct ; basal joint of

hind tarsus twice as long as second (40 : 20) longitarsis.

— The short joints of antennal flagellum broader than long, closely

fii>sed, the segmentation indistinct; basal joint of hind tarsus about
2.5 times as long as second (37 : 15) fusicornis.

EuFORCIPOMYIA HIRTIPENNIS, H. Sp.

Female.—Black, shining; abdomen more brownish, subopaque.

Antennae and mouth parts brownish. Legs yellow. Wings slightly

grayish, covered with brown hairs. Halteres yellow. Hairs through-

out on body and legs yellow.

Eyes slightly separated ; antenna longer than head and thorax com-
bined, the divisions between joints distinct throughout, basal 9 flagel-

lar joints subequal in length, distinctly but not greatly longer than

broad, hairs of moderate length, sensory organs longer than length of

joints, slightly curved, apical 5 joints elongated, stout, their combined
lengths less than that of Ijasal 9, apex of last joint produced in the

form of a short thorn. Thorax with long and rather sparse slender

hairs, those on margin of scutellum very long. Abdomen with sparse

short hairs. Legs of moderate strength ; hind tibia and hind tarsus

subequal in length; basal joint of hind tarsi about 1.5 as long as second

(22: 15); third joint slightly shorter than fourth, fourth and fifth

subequal ; claws small, subequal, simple ; cmpodium as long as claws,

fringed ; surfaces of femora and tibiae with numerous long hairs.

Third vein ending a little beyond middle of wing, first ending one

third from apex of third, connected with the latter by a cross vein at

its middle ; media with very short petiole, base of posterior branch in-

distinct; surface of wing with numerous microscopic upright hairs in

addition to the hjng subdepressed hairs.

Length, .5 mm.
Type locality, Urbana, 111., June 30, 1915, taken by the writer on

the windows of the basement of the Natural History Building.

Nothing is known of the early stages or of the habits of the imago.



314

EuFORCIPOMYIA LONGITARSIS, n. sp.

Female.—Fuscous. Mesonotum shining; pleurae reddish brown.
Legs testaceous or yellowish. Hairs on body and legs yellow; on
wings brown.

Eyes contiguous; antenna about as long as head and thorax to-

gether, basal joints of flagellum longer than broad, narrowed at bases

and more distinctly so at apices, apical 5 joints elongated
;
palpi 5-

jointed. Mesonotum with pale decumbent hairs, those on lateral and
posterior margins very long ; scutellar hairs numerous, long and con-

spicuous. Abdomen with pale yellow hairs, those near the posterior

lateral angles very long. Legs of moderate strength, with numerous
slender hairs, those on dorsal surface of tibia; very long; hind tibia

about three fourths as long as hind tarsus; basal joint of hind tarsi

twice as long as second, proportions of the first three joints, 40, 20,

15; empodium as long as claws. Wings densely haired throughout
their entire surface; costa ending slightly before middle of wing; first

and third veins almost fused basally, the former ending about two
fifths from apex of latter; cubitus forking slightly beyond apex of

third vein.

Length, .75 mm.
Type locality, Urbana, 111., August 24, 1915, on basement window

in Natural History Building, LTniversity of Illinois (J. R. Malloch).

Early stages and habits of adult unknown.

EuFORCIPOMYIA FusicoRNis Coquillctt

Ceratopogon fusicornis Coqnillett, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. 2.3, 1905, p. 63.

Female.—Differs from hirtipcimis in having the mesonotum with
distinct brownish pruinescence, the antenna almost black, and the legs

brownish.

Eyes distinctly separated above ; antenna not longer than head and
thorax combined, basal joints of flagellum very distinctly shorter than
broad, rather closely fused ; apical five joints elongated. Mesonotum
with sparse subdepressed golden hairs and a few longer upright ones

intermixed. Legs of moderate strength; basal joint of hind tarsi

about two and a half times as long as second (37: 15), third dis-

tinctly shorter than second, fourth shorter than fifth; claws small,

simple, equal; empodia as long as claws, fringed. Third vein ending
distinctly beyond middle of wing, first slightly beyond middle of third,

third' and first almost fused; otherwise wings as in hirtipennis.



315

Length, .5 mm.
Type locality, Florida. I have seen a specimen from Beltsville,

Md., July 4, 19 1 5 (W. L. McAtee), which was taken attacking

Chaidiodcs sp.

This species resembles rather closely some species of Ccratopogon

but differs noticeably in possessing the long surface hairs in addition

to the short upright ones on the wings. Several species of Forciponiyia

have been recorded as attacking insects, and in the present paper I

record a species of Ceratopogon feeding upon a worm.

Fusicornis has not been taken in Illinois and is added here for con-

venience of reference. >

JOHANNSENOMYIA ALBIBASIS, n. Sp.

Female.—Glossy black. Head black, face yellow, palpi pale yel-

low, proboscis reddish yellow. Thorax entirely glossy black, without

pruinescence and with inconspicuous dark hairs which are very sparse

on center of mesonotum. Abdomen shining, black apically, the basal

2 or 3 segments whitish. Legs yellowish white, blackened narrowly

on fore knees and apices of fore and mid tiljise, broadly on apices of

mid and hind femora and hind tibia;, the latter sometimes with dark

suffusion to near base, apical joint of all tarsi black. Wings clear,

veins of the basal half very pale, darker from middle to apex. Hal-

teres yellowish, knob black.

Eyes distinctly separated above, antenna slightly longer than head

and thorax together, second joint not much swollen, basal eight joints

of flagellum distinctly longer than broad, apical five joints much more
elongated than preceding joints. Legs slender, without spines or setu-

lose hairs; fifth tarsal joint on all legs with 4 or 5 pairs of rather long

ventral spines; tarsal claws long, subequal, each with short subbasal

tooth. Wings of moderate width; third vein ends about one fifth

from apex; first ends at two fifths from base of third, its last section

distinctly shorter than the preceding one ; media forks before cross

vein ; cubitus slightly beyond cross vein.

Male.—Differs from the female in having the antennae yellowish,

with dark plumes ; the coxa; brownish, and the fore knees more notice-

ably blackened ; the third vein ending slightly over three fourths from
base of wing; the fifth tarsal joint without ventral spines; the tarsal

claws much smaller and without the subbasal tooth.

Length : female, 2.5 mm. ; male, 2 mm.
Type locality. White Heath, 111., May 8-30, 1915 (J. R. Malloch).



316

This species will in the case of the female run down to section 13
in my key to the species of this genus in my recently published paper

on the Chironomidie of Illinois*, but is readily separated from the

two species there given by the color. The male will run down to sec-

tion-S in the same key, but may also be separated from the two species

with dark halteres by the color as well as several structural characters.

The species was very common at rest on the under side of leaves

of trees and bushes bordering the Sangamon River. The male bears

a striking resemblance to that of Probeszia pallida which occurred
along with it.

Probezzia infuscata, n. sp.

female.—Head black, face, proboscis, and palpi brownish yellow;

basal half of antennae pale yellow, apical half fuscous. Thorax glossy

black, without any traces of pruinescence. Abdomen white or creamy,
apical half infuscated except the 2 apical segments, which are whitish.

Legs yellow, mid and hind coxje fuscous, apical two fifths of femora,

entire tibise, and apical two tarsal joints of all legs black. Wings,
including the veins, whitish on basal half, apical half slightly infus-

cated, the veins blackish. Halteres brown, knobs black. Antenna!
hairs pale ; thoracic setulse black.

Eyes distinctly separated; second antennal joint rather small; basal

flagellar joint nearly twice as long as second, all flagellar joints con-

spicuously longer than their diameter, entire length of antenna about

one and a half times as long as head and thorax combined. Thoracic

dorsum smooth, setulse short and sparse; scutellar bristles short.

Abdomen stout, without noticeable hairs. Legs slender, femora
slightly swollen on apical third ; tibi.'c with rather noticeable setulose

hairs; fourth tarsal joint of all legs obcordate; fifth joint with two
series of ventral bristles; claws of moderate size, subequal, each with

short subbasal tooth. Third vein ending slightly before apex of wing,

first at two fifths from base of third; cubitus forking slightly proxi-

mad of cross vein.

Male.—Agrees with the female in color except that the abdomen
is blackened from the base of third segment to apex with the exception

of the hypopygium, which is yellowish. The wings are also less notice-

ably infuscated. The antennal plumes are yellowish white.

The second antennal joint is considerably larger than in the female

and black in color. The fifth tarsal joint has no spines on the ventral

surface; the claws are smaller and have no subbasal tooth. The third

vein ends at five sixths the wing length, the first beyond middle of

third, and cubitus forks under the cross vein.

•Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Art. 6, Vol. 10, May, 1915.



317

Length : female, 4.5 mm. ; male, 3-3.5 mm.
Tyi'e locality, White Hcatli. 111., on bank of Sangamon River, May

Q, 16, and 30, 19 1 5 (J. R. Malloch).

The female of this species will run clown to section 8 in my key to

the species of Probczcia in the paper previously mentioned, and may
be separated from alhiventris, the only other described species with

l)lack lialteres, by the infuscated al)domen, differently colored legs,

and infuscated wings. The male will run down to section 14, and is

readily separated from the species included therein by the dark hal-

teres. The male of alhiventris is not known, but must closely resemble

that of infiiscata.

Tiie early stages and the habits of the imago are unknown.

TANYPIN^
Tanypus carneus P'abricius

The only Illinois records I had of this species when I wrote my
paper was that of a larva from the Illinois River. On June 18, 1915,

I took a male imago on a window in the Ijasement of the Natural His-

tory Building of the University of Illinois, at Urbana, which agrees

with the description of the species in almost all respects, the only de-

parture being in the color of the abdomen, which has a broad dark

Ijrown anterior band on all segments but the fourth, the latter being

entirely whitish yellow. Single examples of the female were taken on

July 21 and August 13. I have no doubt as to the identity of the

species.

Descriptions of ]\Iales of CERATOPOGONiNiE
PREVIOUSLY unknown

JOHANNSENOMYIA ARGKNTATA Loew

Male.—Glossy black. Head black, basal portion of flagellum of

antennae and their plumes fuscous, the latter with a whitish luster

when viewed from certain angles; mouth parts brownish. Mesonotum
without distinct pruinescence. Abdomen in some specimens with a

faint hoary pruinescence when viewed from behind. Legs yellowish,

mid and hind co.xse, apices of fore femora narrowly, of mid femora
broadly, and almost the whole of hind femora, blackened, as also are

the bases and apices of fore and mid tibiic, the entire hind tibiffi, the

apices of the basal four tarsal joints, and llie wliolc of the fifth joint

of all legs. Wings slightly grayish, radius and basal portion of upper
fork of media blacker than other veins. Halteres black.



318

Eyes distinctly separated above; antenna; extending to beyond

middle of abdomen. Hypopygium small, recurved, apical portion of

lateral arm short and stout. Legs slender; fifth tarsal joint of

hind legs with 2-3 pairs of ventral thorns, the other legs unarmed

;

tarsal claws short, subequal, with short basal tooth. Third vein end-

ing at about four fifths the wing length, first slightly before middle of

third.

Length, 2.5 mm.
Locality, White Heath, 111., May 30, and July 11, 1915, on bank

of Sangamon River (J. R. Malloch). I have also taken females of

this species at White Heath June 26 and July 11, and Mr. Hart took

it at St. Joseph June 27, 191 5, neither of these localities being included

in my previous paper.

The male of this species was unknown when I wrote my paper on

the family, and this is the first published description of that sex. In

my key to the genus it will run down to section 13 ; and from both the

species contained therein it may be separated by the long antennae and

by its having only the hind tarsi with the fifth joint spined ventrally.

Probezzia pallida Malloch

Male.—Head brownish, eyes black, antennse yellowish, plumes

pale yellow, mouth parts almost white. Thorax varying from dark

brown to deep black, shining. Abdomen white, apical half black or

brown, hypopygium yellow. Legs almost white, last tarsal joint black.

Wings white, veins pale yellow. Halteres yellow.

Eyes separated above ; antenna longer than head and thorax com-

bined. Mesonotum with four longitudinal rows of rather strong up-

right setulose hairs. Hypopygium rather large, not recurved, apical

portion of lateral arm shorter than basal, strong and stout, clawlike.

Legs of normal strength ; fifth tarsal joint unarmed ; claws small, sub-

equal, simple. Third vein ending about four fifths from base of wing,

first slightly before middle of third.

Length, 1.5 mm.
Locality, White Heath, 111., May 9 and 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch).

A large series of this sex was taken on the under side of leaves of

bushes and trees on the bank of the Sangamon River on the last-

named date. The day was very windy, and the insects were resting on

the sheltered side of the plants. I took two females also at White

Heath on May 16, one of them from a spider's web; it was still alive

when taken.

The male of pallida will run down to section 10 in my key to the

species of this genus. It may be separated from all the species therein



319

by the fact that the legs are whitisli and the fifth joint of all tarsi deep

black. The other six species all have a greater proportion of the

legs blackened.

I had a slight doubt about the identity of this sex as the male of

pallida when I wrote the description, but since then I have examined
a series of both sexes which were reared by Mr. R. A. Muttkowski
from larvae obtained in Wisconsin, and find that despite the unusual

difiference in color it is undoubtedly the male of pallida. I understand

from Mr. Muttkowski that he is preparing descriptions of the early

stages of this and several other species for publication.

Immature Stages of some Illinois Diptera,
AND Biological Notes

Not infrequently larva; or pupae of Diptera are submitted to the

office of the State Entomologist for identification, and quite often it

has been impossible for those in charge of this branch of the work to

give names for the species involved. The immature stages of Diptera

are comparatively little known, and very often entomologists who have

succeeded in rearing species from either the larval or pupal stage neg-

lect to make descriptions that will serve to identify the species in those

stages upon any subsequent occasion; or the written description or

figures are so inaccurate or vague that they serve only to give a gen-

eral idea of the appearance of the species. It is the purpose of the

present writer to describe in detail a number of species which have

been reared by members of the office staff here or by himself, and to

figure the principal features of each so that it may be possible for

students to recognize the species when occasion arises.

Of the species described herein, Psiloccphala liccmorrhoidalis Mac-
quart is predaceous on wireworms, while the species of Asilidcc and
Mydaidcc are also predaceous upon subterranean larvae, and are of

considerable economic importance. The species of Mydaidce is preda-

ceous upon larva; which burrow in rotten tree-stumps. The species of
Boiiibyliidcc dealt with are parasites, those of Anthrax being recorded
as internal parasites upon Lepidoptera; Bxoprosopa fascipennis is

parasitic upon Tiphia spp., which are themselves parasitic in larvae of
Laclmostcrna spp. ; Spogostyltiin analc and Sparnopolius fidviis are

ectoparasitic upon larvae of Cincindcla and Lachnosterna respectively.

The habits of Bxoprosopa fasciata are not known to me, while no
record is available that indicates whether fascipennis is an internal or

external parasite. The species of Mycctophilidcc described, Mycetobia
divergens, has been recorded as attacking the trunks of fruit trees, but



320

it certainly does not do so unless there is an injury, and then it feeds,

not upon the wood but upon the exuding sap and attendant fungus.

The genus is of interest, however, because it is an exception to the

general rule in MycctopluUd(C in respect to its respiratory system. A
tlescription of the larva and pupa of a species of Sciara is given herein

which serves to show the differences lietween the peripneustic and

ampliipneustic types of larvre.

SCIARTD.^

Sciara sp. ?

Larva.—Length, 7-8 mm. White, semitransparent ; head glossy

black ; alimentary canal showing brownish on about two thirds of its

length; ventral view of head as in Figure i, Plate LXXX ; mandibles

(Fig. 8) showing Init slightly above maxillary lobe; antennje in the

form of a circular clear area, not protuberant ; median dorsal sclerite

with 14 small round clear spots arranged as in Figure 10, Plate

LXXX; hypopharynx as in same figure. First ganglion enclosed in

head ; two tracheal trunks emanating from each side of head, connect-

ed at prothoracic spiracle (Fig. 3), there being be3'ond that point only

one main trunk on each side; in addition to the prothoracic spiracle 9
other spiracles are present on the succeeding segments (Fig. 2), the

first and last of which appear to I)e closed; body without surface hairs.

Pupa (PI. LXXX, Fig. 4).—Length, 3-5 mm. Whitish or slightly

yellowish. Entire body without hairs, the usual pair on upper margin

of head almost indistinguishable. Prothoracic respiratory organ

rounded, not raised, stigmatiform. Abdominal segments 1-7 with dis-

tinct spiracles, apical 2 without spiracles.

A number of larvae of this species were sent here for identification

from Danville, 111., at the end of July, 191 5, with the information that

they had been found traveling over a path in a ropelike mass. Un-
fortunately an attempt to rear the species failed, so that it is not pos-

sible to give a specific identification. It is, however, evident that it is

the same species recorded by Felt as occurring at Franklin, N. Y.*

The occurrence of so-called "snakeworms" in their peculiar rope-

like processions has been recorded at different times by several ento-

mologists in America, and they have I)een known as occurring in

Europe for many years. Various causes have been assigned as respon-

sible for the larvae's migrating en masse: but the most probable cause

is that of heavy or continued rain penetrating their habitat in the earth

Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. N. Y., 1901, ji. 992.



321

and forcing them to get to the surface in much the same manner as

earthworms. Wliether we ha\e a nuniher of species in America that

are addicted to this liahit, or only one, remains to be discovered. Most
of the species of the family feed upon decaying vegetable matter.

MYCETOPHILID^

Mycetobia divergens Walker

Mycetohiu divcrijcns Wnlker, Ins. Sauiul., Diptera, Pt. 1, 18.56, p. 418.

UjicctoiihUa pcrsicii Kiloy, Prairie Fanner, Jnnc 15, 18G7, Vol. 35 (n. s., 5),

No. 19, p. 397.

Mycetobia sordida Packard, Gniile to Stnily of Insects, 1869, p. 388.

Mjicetobut marcjinalis Ailanis, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. 2, No. 2, 1903, p. 21.

Larra (PI. LXXX, Fig. 12).—Length, 9-11 mm. White, semi-

transparent. Head brownish, eye-spots black, surrounded by paler

color. Thoracic segments with brown markings of variable extent

and depth, pattern on dorsum generally as in figure ; laterally the pale

markings are generally in the form of an irregular vertical stripe on

middle of segments and a pale posterior margin, those on prothoracic

segment being usually connected on upper portions, whereas on the

other two segments they are separated throughout their length ; the

pale markings of the lateral areas are continued over the ventral sur-

face for a short distance, and there are also two wedge-shaped pale

marks extending from the posterior margin of each segment which are

usually short on the prothoracic segment and much longer and broader

on the other two segments. Abdomen without brown marks.

Head about 1.5 as long as broad, tapering slightly anteriorly;

labrum protruding, its ventral surface densely covered with fine down-
wardly directed hairs ; mandibles as in Figure 1 1 ; labial plate as in

Figure 13; niaxilkt stout, of moderate length, with short papilla;; sur-

face of head with a few short hairs. Prothoracic respiratory organs

(Figs. 5 and 6) slightly raised above level of segment, their margins
rugose; trachea connected by a stout transverse trunk at division of

first and second thoracic segments; immediately behind tlie spiracular

opening is a strong branch which is subdivided near its base, one of

the divisions being directed forward, entering the head, the other

directed backward; al)domcn without spiracles, the lateral tracheal

branches bifurcate, without the normal terminal connection with the

outer wall of abdomen ; apices of the two main parallel tracheal trunks

slightly projecting beyond surface of last segment in life, retracted in

dead specimens, their apical margins with a number of weak radiating

hairs.



322

Pupa (PI. LXXX, Fig. 7).—Length, 5-7 mm. Pale yellowish

brown, opaque. Head with two short hairs on upper anterior margin.

Prothoracic respiratory organs short and stout, situated well forward.

Integument of entire pupa with microscopic reticulations. Thorax with

numerous short hairs or spinules arranged as shown in figure. Abdo-
men with numerous stout spinules or small thorns as shown in figure,

the dorsal arrangement of which is as shown in Figure 9, as is also the

apical armature of abdomen ; spiracles not distinguishable.

Larvae of this species were abundant on tree trunks, where through
injury the sap was exuding, at Urbana, in July, August, and Septem-
ber, 19 1

5. Many imagines were reared from larvae obtained from the

trunk of a mulberry tree, and on the campus of the University of Illi-

nois there were several elm trees on which the larvje were common. In

the case of all trees upon which I found the species it is noteworthy
that there was a fungous growth over the surface where the exuda-
tion occurred, and in this the larvae moved with considerable facility.

They bear a striking resemblance to the larvae of aquatic Ceratopogo-
niiicc and progress by the same serpentine motion as do those larv<e. The
larval skin is not generally entirely freed from the pupa at transforma-

tion, the apical half of the pupal abdomen being enclosed in it, the head

of the larva lying close to the ventral surface of the abdomen. The
pupa, just before the emergence of the imago, makes its appearance at

the surface of the matter in which it is buried, having been previously

visible only through the presence of the small respiratory organs,

which generally pierce the upper layer of the covering. I found tb.at

the pupae when removed from their normal position in the semi-liquid

matter can regain that position by means of a rotary motion of the

body, entering, tail first, until all but the apices of the thoracic respira-

tory organs are enveloped. Lender natural conditions they pupate un-

der the loose bark and possibly in this way cause very slight injury.

No damage is done to the trees by the presence of the larvae so far

as I can discover, and they are present only in those trees where an

injury causes an exudation of sap. It is not impossible that they may
have an irritating efl^ect upon the wound other than that suggested

above, but I doubt it. They feed upon the liquid exudation and not

upon the fiber of the tree, and I reared many examples after the larvae

had been removed from the trees for over a month, their only food

being that provided by the fungous matter collected along with them.

I have observed that the first cold weather, not frost, proves fatal to

most of the larvae.

Of parasites I found only a small worm which moved freely about

in the interior of the body of the larva. In form this resembles a



323

nematode, but having had so far no opportunity of submitting it to an

authority on the group I can not present any definite information as to

its identity.

The following observations regarding the family status of the

genus may be of interest to students of the Nemocera.
The genus Mycetobia presents in the larval stage what, judging

from our present very meager knowledge of the family, is a departure

from the normal mycetophilid respiratory system in having no lateral

abdominal spiracles. In fact the lateral tracheal branches simply fork

and have no terminal extension which would seem to indicate the re-

cent possession of abdominal spiracles. This is not, to my mind, in-

compatible with their position in this family, though there are some
writers who may differ from me upon this point,—e. g. Osten Sacken,

who considered that the genus does not belong to the Mycetophilidcc

because of the closed spiracles. In this connection it seems necessary

to mention a recent paper dealing in an arbitrary manner with the

classification of this group.* In the paper referred to there is a sum-
mary of facts deduced from the writings of investigators, principally

Brauer, unsupported by any other data in possession of the compiler,

by means of which the latter endeavors to outline what he considers to

be a natural classification of the families in the group. I have the con-

viction that a natural classification can only be arrived at by a careful

consideration of the characters possessed by all stages taken in con-

junction with their mode of life. It is impossible, to my mind, to

arrive at a decision as to the importance of certain organs as a means
of classification unless w-e know how the species live, what is the im-

portance of the organs in the habitat, and, finally, to what extent a

departure from a certain mode of life may affect one set of organs in

comparison with others that seem to be of less fundamental signifi-

cance. That we may, and do, find species in a family with certain or-

gans functional which in others are vestigial or even absent, is not suf-

ficient reason for the separation of such species into different families,

and though the respiratory system is of more importance probably

than any other one character, I consider that it is absurd to lay down
any rule of classification based upon that one character, which is admit-

tedly variable in most groui)s of insects, especially in view of the fact

that we are unac(iuainted with probably ninety-five per cent, of the

species included, in so far as their larval stages are concerned.

Another, and most reprehensible attitude is that taken by the writer

previously referred to wlicn he discounts the evidence brfnight for-

*The Nemocera not a Natural Group of Diptcra. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. 8,

191.5, p. 93.



324

ward by some investi,q;ators that Mycetuhia pallipcs has an amphip-
neustic larva with the statement that ahhough he has not seen the larva

he nevertheless believes "that the supposed difference rests upon an
error of observation." Thus the careful work of real investigators is

ignominiously thrust aside Ijecause this writer considers that the facts

given, not being in conformity with his ideas and consonant with his

unwarranted deductions, are necessarily erroneous. Psychological

classifications are not reliable; and while they are at time interesting

reading the real factors in classification must first be more fully inves-

tigated before any safe ground for deductions as to relationships of

families is provided. Notwithstanding the absence of functional ab-

dominal spiracles, we may with an easy mind retain Mycetobia in the

Mycctophilidcr, and it is not improbable that further investigation will

prove that it is not the only genus which presents such a departure

from what is now considered the normal condition in the family. In

fact, the European species Polylepta leptogastcr Winnertz has been

proven by Schmitz to be a departure in a more remarkable manner
than is the present species.*

It is not necessary that I should deal with this paper here, but as it

appeared three years before the note on classification which has been
referred to, and as the genus Polylepta occurs in North America it is

obvious that mention of it at least is not out of place in the present

connection.

Predaceous and Parasitic ORTHORRHArHA

(B(iiiiliyliid(C, My(laid(C, .Isilidcc. T/icrrz'idcc. and Cyrlidic)

It may seem a little presumptuous to formulate a method for the

separation of the next seven genera dealt with upon the slender basis

afforded by the species available to me, but it is not improbable that the

characters which separate these may be found serviceable in the sepa-

ration of others as yet unknown to me, and a key is given herewith

wliich sets forth the structural differences observed that are consid-

ered as prol)ably of generic value. It is essential to a better under-

standing of generic relations, not only of tlie genera here dealt with

but of all genera in the so-called Ncmoccra, that a knowledge of the

early stages be obtained. It is also necessary that entomologists who
may be in possession of materials or data, or may later have either,

should place whatever they have upon record as an aid to the elucida-

tion of the problems connected with the classification of the group, it

*BiologiPch-anatoinisc"he Untersiichiinaon an ciiier hfihlenbewohnenden Myceto-
philitleiilarve, Poh/lepta leptogaster W^inn. Natiuirhistori.sch Genootsehap in Limburg.
Jaarbocfk, 1912, 4th Note.



325

being absolutely impossiljle for any one man, or even for a few men, to

cover all the ground in a satisfactory manner.

Tlie key presented iierewith is based upon species in the collection

of this Laboratory with one exception, and gives a synopsis of the

characters which I have used in separating them. There are in the

series examples of the following families: Boinhyliidcr, Mydaidcc,

Asilidcc. and Thcrcvidcc. The pupa; of all these families, as far as I

am aware, bear a strong resemblance to those of Tabanidcr, but the

pup?e of the latter differ noticeably, as far as I have seen, in having no

long thornlike ceplialic processes, the protuberances being short and

not heavily chitinized. The use of the cephalic armature by the

Asilidcc and their allies in digging their way out of the ground necessi-

tates that those organs be strong, as the species often must burrow
through rather hard dry soil, while the Tabanidcc, being for the most

part species which live in water or in moist situations, do not rec|uire

such powerful organs to assist in their emergence from their pupal

haliitat. The abdomen in all tlie species included in the key is armed
upon each segment with a median transverse series of thorns, or hairs

and thorns in alternation. This feature is somewhat similar to that

presented by the pup?e of the Tabanidcr. but the apical segment differs

considerably in the two groups, while the species of Tabamis have

usually the transverse thorns or hairs in a double row, the anterior one

consisting of shorter and stronger thorns than the posterior one.

Tlie pupa; of the only two species of Cyrtidcv that I have seen, one

of which is described in the present paper, differ very considerably

from those of the group included in tlie key, and also from the Taban-
idcc. in having tlie head and alidomen without thorns or bristles, and

the abdominal spiracles reduced in number, there being not more than

five pairs.

Key to Pup.s:

1. Head witVi l)ut two tlnniis, alxlnminnl siiiiHolos consiiienously ele-

vated, tlidnilike P.sRoccplKda lunnorrhaidalis (]>. 334).

— Head with more than 2 tlioins, ahdoiiiinal spiraelos renifoi-m, not

eonspieuously plovated 2

2. Doi'.sal al)doiiiinal sefrincnts with a ti'ansvei-se series of short flattened

thorns on middle of oi\ch sesiinent, and altornatin<j long;, slender,

slightly curled hairs; sometimes the short thoi'ns are bent npwai'd
at right angles at l)ases and apieos* (Bombyliida') 3

*Tn all eases that I have seen these short thorns have the appearance of being
attached to the abdomen, rather than of being a part of it as is the case in the other

pupa; dealt with here.



326

— Dorsal abdominal segments without long slender curled hairs, the

transverse series consisting of strongly chitinized thorns which
alternate in size 8

3. The short stout thorns on abdominal segments 2 to 4 bent upward
at right angles at bases and apices ; armature of head consisting of

a lunate series of 4 strong thorns on upper margin the bases of

which are contiguous, and 2 shorter, downwardly directed thorns

on middle near lower margin Spogostyluin anale (p. 328).
— The short stout thorns on abdominal segments cither bent up at

apices only and the armature of head not as above, or if the short

thorns are bent up both at bases and apices the head armature con-

sists of 8 thorns 4
4. Upper pair of cephalic thorns slender, widely sepai-ated at base. . .5

— Upper pair of cephalic thorns very stout, contiguous at base

{Anilirax) 7

5. The short abdominal thorns bent upward at right angles at bases

and apices Exoprosopa fasciata? (p. 329)

.

— The short abdominal thorns not bent nj) at base, only so at apices

6

6. Lateral pair of cephalic thorns contiguous at base, the lower one
without basal protuberance or hairs

Exoprosopa fascipennis (p. 330)

.

— Lateral pair of cephalic thorns rather widely separated at base, the

lower one with a short wartlike protuberance at base on under side

which has upon it 2 or 3 hairs Sparnopolius fulvus (p. 331).

7. Upper pair of cephalic thorns simple, without a small tooth at base
on outer side; viewed laterally the middle one of the 3 caudal
thorns on each side is much smaller than the lower one, sometimes
indistinguishable Antlirax liypomclas (p. 334).

— Upper pair of cephalic thorns each with a small tooth on outer side

at base ; viewed laterally the middle one of the 3 caudal thorns on
each side is about as large as the lower one

Antlirax lateralis (p. 332)

.

8. Upper pair of cephalic thorns directed outward and slightly up-

ward; apices of wirig sheaths extending beyond apices of sheaths

of middle legs Mydas clavaius (p. 336)

.

— Upper pair of cephalic thorns directed forward and slightly down-
wai'd; apices of wing sheaths not extending beyond apices of

sheaths of middle legs (Asilidw) 9

9. Prothoracic spiracle mei'cly a rugose area, without well-defined reni-

form portion ; abdominal spiracles very large

PromacJms vertehratus (p. 337)

.

— Prothoracic spiracles rugose, but with a well-defined reniform area

which is distinctly elevated 10

10. Apices of sheaths of fore legs extending very distinctly caudad of

apices of wing sheaths Deromyia wintJiemi (p. 338).



327

— Apices of sheaths of fore legs not extending to apices of wing sheaths

11

11. Middle of wing sheath with a small distinctly raised area ; apical ab-

dominal segment truncated, the upper pair of thorns directed

upward Proctacantlms milberti (p. 339).

— Middle of wing sheath without raised area; apical abdominal seg-

ment not truncated, the upper pair of thorns directed backward
and slightly curved downward Asilus notatus (p. 340).

I have not included any species in the key of which I have not ex-

amined specimens, preferring not to use descriptions which I migiit

misinterpret. I have, however, indicated in the te.xt characters which

appear to be available for tlie separation of Systcrclius orciis irom Ex-
oprosopa fasciata and Aphcchantiis miis from Sparnopolius fulvtis.

Era.v lateralis Macquart has been recorded by Titus as predaceous

upon Ligyrus spp.* Unfortunately the figures and descriptions of the

larva and pupa given by him are too vague to permit my discovering

their distinctive generic characters.b"-

BOMBYLIID^
Many species of this family have been reared both in North Amer-

ica and in Europe, and tlie larvae have been found to be predaceous or

pjirasitic in all cases put upon record. Williston gives a summary of

tlieir larval habitsf. ApJuvhautus and Systwchus are predaceous on
egg-masses of the locust Caloptomts sprctiis. Anthrax is recorded as

parasitic upon tiiree genera of Hyuicnoptcra—Mcgacliilc, Osmia, and
Odyncrus—and three genera of Lepidoptcra—Maiiicstra, Noctua, and
Agrotis; Spogostyhim upon four genera of Hyuicnoptcra—Pclopa-us,

Mcgacliilc, Ccnionits, and Osmia—and two genera of Colcoptcra—
Cicindcla and Calicodoma; Boinbyliiis upon the hymenopterous genera
Andrena and Colletes; Toxophora upon the hymenopteran Eumenes;
and Systropus on the lepidopteran Limacodcs; wliile Callostoma is

predaceous on tlie egg-masses of tlie locust Caloptcmts italiccc.

Vassiliew, in a short note on the biology of some European species

of Anthrax, records the occurrence of morio Linn, and vcliitina Fall,

as secondary parasites of Masyccra sykvtica Fall., a tachinid parasite

of Dendroliniis pini Linn. J

*Some Miscellaneous Results of the Work of the Bureau of Entomology. Bull. 53,
Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., lOO.^, p. 1-5.

tMamial of North American Diptera, p. 213. 1908.

JBeitrag zur BioloKJe fler Gattung Anthrax Scop. (Fam. Bombyliidae. )
, Zeitschr.

fiir Wiss. lusektenhiol., Bd. 1, Heft 4, p. 174. 1905.



328

SrOCOSTVLUM ANALE Say

Anthrax niiiilc Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. 3, 1823, p. 45.

Larva.—Length, 12—14 nii"- White. Head small and inconspicu-

ous (PI. LXXXIII. Fig. i), retracted within the first thoracic segment

to the point marked X in figure ; mandihles strong, slightly serrated on
latero-ventral surfaces, curved downward; dorsal surface of head

with 5 strong hairs arranged as in figure. Thoracic and abdominal

segments with strongly defined incisions between them; prothoracic

spiracle large; abdomen without noticeable spiracles (in preserved ex-

amples) ; apical abdominal segment conspicuously attenuated, pro-

duced in the form of a short point ; no surface hairs on abdomen or

thorax.

Pupa.—Length, 12 mm. Testaceous. Head with the upper arma-
ture consisting of 4 strong thorns in a crescentic series, their bases con-

nected, and 2 smaller downwardly directed thorns near ventral sur-

face on median line as shown in Figure 9. Plate LXXXHI ; 6 long

hairs on head, 4 at l)ases of upper thorns and 2 at bases of the median
pair. Thorax with 4 long hairs, 2 above base of wing-sheath and 2

closely placed ones about midway between them and the dorso-median
line in transverse line with them

;
prothoracic spiracle distinct. First

abdominal segment with a transverse series of long closely placed

slightly curled hairs anterior to middle from a little distance on each

side of median line to a point more than midway to spiracle, the series

broadly interrupted in the middle, and this area without the short bris-

tles present in Anthra.v and B.voprosopa; posterior to the spiracle on
first segment are about 6 remarkably long hairs directed outward and
slightly forward; segments 2 to 4 with the transverse armature con-

sisting of long hairs alternating with short bristles, the apices and
bases of the latter bent upward at right angles (Fig. 2) ; armature of

segments 5 to 8 consisting of long hairs, the series except on segment
8 usually with short, straight, alternating bristles ; spiracles small but

distinct on segments i to 7 ; apical segment with 2 slender slightly

curved thorns (PI. LXXXHL Figs. 8 and 10) ; armature of segments
posterior to spiracles consisting of very long hairs, that of ventral seg-

ments of transverse series of moderately long hairs which are discon-

tinued on middle of segments.

The larv?c and pup?e from which the foregoing descriptions are

drawn, are those obtained by Dr. V. E. Shelford near Chicago, and

which were used by him as a basis for his paper on the species.* Dr.

*Tlie Life-history of a Bee-fly (Spogosti/lum anale Say) Parasite of the Larva
of a Tiger Beetle (Ciciiidela .tcutellaris Say var. lecontei Hahl.). Ann. Ent. Soe.

Amer., Vol. 6, No. 2, 1913, p. 213.



329

Shelford kindly permitted me to use his material. The species is ecto-

parasitic.

The species is represented in tlie collection here hy imagines from

the following Illinois localities : Pekin, Ouincy, Algonquin, Cedar

Lake, Clay City, Grafton, Thebes, and Mt. Carmel. There is also a

specimen from St. Louis, Mo. The dates of occurrence are in August
with the exception of the example from Mt. Carmel, which is given as

having been taken June lo or ii—a rather unusual date if correct.

Dr. Shelford gives a summary of localities for the species in his paper

from data obtained from dipterologists.

ExopROSOPA FASCiATA Macquart ?

Exoprnsopa fasciata Macquart, Dipt. Exot., Vol. 2, Pt. 1, 1838, p. 51.

Pupa.-—Length, 20 mm. Testaceous yellow, thorns and wing
sheaths dark brown. Head with 8 strong thorns ; upper median pair

widely separated at base ; lateral view of head as in Figure 6, Plate

LXXXIII; lateral pair of thorns slender and elongated; 2 strong hairs

at base of each of the upper thorns, one above the base of each of the

lower median pair and slightly laterad of them, and one close to suture

between head and thorax, slightly above level of lower thorns. Thorax
with the usual 4 hairs, a widely placed pair above wing base and an-

other pair closely placed midway between wing base and dorso-median

line and distinctly caudad of the posterior one of the former pair

;

wing sheath with a distinct, bifid, wartlike protuberance close to costal

margin near base ; apices of middle leg-sheaths projecting distinctly be-

yond apices of wing sheaths
;
prothoracic spiracle with well-defined

rugose reniform area. Abdominal segments 2 to 6 with the bases and
apices of the short thorns of the transverse series turned up at right

angles (PI. LXXXIH, Fig. 3) ; first segment with a transverse series

of long curled hairs which tloes not extend over the median line and is

discontinued about two thirds of the distance to spiracle
;
posterior to

the spiracle is a series of about 8 long hairs which are distinctly

shorter than those of the segment above ; spiracles of moderate size,

margins rugose; apical segment as in Figures 4 and 11.

The pupal exuvium from which the foregoing description was
drawn was found in a garden in Urbana by Miss E. Mosher,- August,

1914. There is little doubt about the identity of the species, although
the imago was not directly associated with the specimen, for the large

size and dark-colored wings, coupled with the fact that fasciata is the

only common species that agrees in these respects occurring at this

time here, make it A'ory prol)ablc tliat the identification is correct.



330

The species is represented in the collection here by imagines from
the following Illinois localities : Lake County, Algonquin, Waterman,
Milan, Bloomington, Normal, Pekin, Forest City, Havana, Cham-
paign, Url)ana, Meredosia, Camp Point, Belleville, Dubois, Grand Tow-
er, Alto Pass, and Metropolis, the dates of collection ranging from
July 12 to August 31. The species is a very common one and probably

occurs throughout the entire state. There is also in the collection one
specimen from New Harmony, Ind., taken September 2, and one from
Delaware Co., Pa. I have taken the species at White Heath, 111., on
two species of Monarda and on Hcliantlms in August.

The pupa which I have associated with this species bears a strik-

ing similarity to that figured by Riley for Systccchus orciis, differing

however in the dark color of the wing cases and in their being com-
paratively shorter, not extending to the apex of the second abdominal
segment, whereas in Systax'hus orciis they extend to apex of third.

There is also an evident distinction in the structure of the dorsum of

the apical segment.

ExopRosoPA FASCiPENNis Say

Anthrax fascipennis Say, Keating 's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of

St. Peter's Elver, etc., Appendix, p. 373. 1824.

Piifia (PI. LXXXI, Fig. 4).—Length, 16 mm. Pale testaceous,

slightly shining, thorns on head black-brown. Upper pair of cephalic

thorns directed forward and very slightly downward, widely separated

at base, parallel; below the level of these thorns on each side, on a

raised base, are two stout thorns, the inner one long and directed almost
straight forward, the outer much shorter, slightly curved, and directed

outward; on each side of median line of lower margin of front is a
stout thorn, the bases of the thorns connected (PI. LXXXI, Fig. 5) ; in

addition to the thorns there are 6 long slender hairs on the head capsule,

as shown in the figure, visible from in front, and one on each side close

to the suture between head and thorax, located near base of the sheath
containing mouth parts. Thorax with a pair of closely placed hairs on
disc on each side of median line, and a pair more widely placed, above
l)ase of wing; wing sheath with a sharp tubercle about one third from
base, near costal margin. First abdominal segment with a transverse

series of 5 or 6 short, thick thorns occupying the central portion of an-
terior margin, and 6 long curved hairs on each side of these in con-
tinuation of the transverse series which extends over midway from
median line to spiracle

;
posterior to spiracle are about 7 long hairs

;

segments 2 to 7 with a regular transverse median series of flattened

thorns, as shown in Figures i and 2,' Plate LXXXI ; on segments 2 and



331

3 there are no alternating slender hairs between the median 6 or 8

thorns and the hairs are rather weak when present ; on segment 4 these

hairs are not present between the median 4 thorns ; on the other seg-

ments, 5 to 7, they are present on the whole series; segment 8 has

about 6 short stout thorns in the transverse series I^etween which, ex-

cept in the case of the central pair, there are alternating long hairs;

lateral aspect of pupa as shown in Figure 4 ; apical segment of abdo-

men with a parallel pair of stout upwardly and backwardly directed

thorns which are broad at base and have each a small subbasal tooth.

The pupal exuvium from which the above description was drawn
is that of a specimen reared from Tipliia sp. collected at Elliott, 111.,

April 27, 1906, and which emerged July 17, 1906. There are in the

collection of this Laboratory a large number of specimens of exuvia of

pupae that were obtained at Elliott and Mackinaw, 111., the imagines

emerging on various dates between July 17 and August 8. Some
which produced imagines of the parasites were collected September 30.

This species is a hyperparasite affecting Tiphia species which are para-

sitic upon Lachnostcrna species.

The species is generally distributed throughout the state, occurring

from the beginning of July till the end of September. Imagines are in

the laboratory collection from the following Illinois localities : Algon-
quin, Savanna, Havana, Pekin, Urbana, Champaign, Normal, Albion,

Carlinville, Clay City, Bridgewater, Williams Mountain, Herod, Grand
Tower, Alto Pass, Teheran, and Metropolis. There is also a specimen

from Westville, N. J.

SPARNOPor,ius FULVus Wiedemann

Bomhylius fiilvus, Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot., 1821, p. 172.

Bombylius I 'herminieri Macquart, Dipt. Exot., Vol. 2, Pt. 1, 1841, p. 103.

Bomhylius irevirostris Macquart, 1. c.

SparnopoUus fulvus (Wiedemann) Loew, Neue Beitr., Vol. 3, 1855, p. 43.

Pupa.—Length 11—12 mm. Yellowish testaceous, slightly shining.

Surface smooth. Head with upper pair of thorns widely separated at

base ; lateral pair separated by about as great a distance as the length

of the lower thorn, the base of the latter with a slight tubercle on lower
surface upon which there are two hairs (PI. LXXXIII, Fig. 7) ; the

pair of thorns on median line of lower portion of head of moderate
size, directed downward, and rather widely separated basally; the

normal 8 cephalic hairs present. Prothoracic spiracle rather small, dis-

tinctly elevated, its apex with narrow rugose rim ; mesothorax with 3
hairs, 2 above the base of wing sheath and one midway between that



332

point and median line, slightly caudad of the posterior one of the pre-

ceding j)air; in front of wing base is a slight gibbosity which has no
elevated thornlike points; wing sheath without a raised area on sur-

face; apices of sheaths of mid tarsi extending to base of last joint of
hind pair and distinctly beyond apices of wing sheaths; apices of
sheaths of fore tarsi extending to apices of wing sheaths. First

abdominal segment with about 6 widely placed weak hairs in a
transverse row near anterior margin ; segments 2 to 8 each with a

transverse series of short stout bristles with alternating slender

and, in comparison with other species, short hairs, the bristles

on all segments turned upward at apices, most distinctly so on seg-

ments 3 to 5 ; spiracles small but very distinct, similar to that of protho-
rax, present on segments i to 7 ;

posterior to the spiracle on each seg-

ment there are 3 moderately long hairs; apical segment as in Figure 5,

Plate LXXXIII ;ventral segmentseach with a transverse pair of rather

long slender hairs on each side near middle, the one farthest from
lateral margin about midway between that point and median line, the

other midway between it and the lateral margin.

The specimens from which the foregoing description was drawn
are those mentioned by Dr. Forbes in his Thirteenth Report* as hav-

ing been reared from larvae of Lachnosterna, upon which they are ec-

toparasitic.

Imagines are in the collection here from the following Illinois local-

ities : Fffingham, Neoga. Urbana, and Algonquin, the dates of occur-

rence being in August and September.

In Riley's figure of Apliocbantus mii^ the apices of the wing sheaths

do not extend beyond the apex of the second tarsal joint, the wing
sheath has a small protuberance about one third from base near the

costa, and there are more than 2 hairs on each side of each ventral

segment.

Anthrax lateraus Say

Anihriix latcraHs Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., Vol. 3, 1823, p. 42.

Pupa.—Length, 14 mm. Testaceous yellow, shining. General

habitus similar to that of Bxoprosopa fascipennis. Head with the

pair of strong upper thorns contiguous at base, their upper surfaces

with a flattened area (PI. LXXXI, Figs 16, 17, and 21) ; below these

thorns on each side is a slightly swollen area upon which is a single

small tubercle ; on the median line considerably below the level of the

lateral tubercles is a pair of small sharp points, best seen when viewed

*Twenty-fourth Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxions and Beneficial

Insects of the State of Illinois, 1908, p. 161.



333

from the side (PI. LXXXI, Fig. i6), near the bases of which is a single

long hair on each side; on each side near base of the upper pair of

large thorns is a single long hair and another above base of each thorn.

Thorax and wing sheaths without tubercles ; the pair of hairs above

wing base present, the discal hair indistinguishable. Abdomen with

spiracles very small ; first segment with about 6 short, stout brown
thorns on median sixth slightly beyond base, and on each side of these

but slightly more cephalad a closely placed series of about 20 long,

slender curled hairs, reaching about two thirds of the distance from
median line to spiracle

;
posterior to the spiracle are about 6 long hairs

;

segments 2 to 7 with a transverse median comblike series of stout

brown thorns, interspersed with long slender hairs at about every

fourth or fifth one (PI. LXXXI, Figs. 3 and 8) ; eighth .segment with

a pair of closely placed thorns on each side of the median line, between
each pair of which is a single slender hair (Fig. ig) ; apex of abdo-

men with 3 thorns on each side (Fig. ig) ; pf)st-spiracular hairs 8-g
in number; each ventral segment with 6—8 hairs on each side of

median line in a transverse series.

The pupal exuvium from which this description was drawn is that

of a specimen that was reared from a larva parasitic in a pupa of a

noctuid moth which was obtained at the Devil's Hole near Havana,
111., June 8, igo5, the parasite emerging July i, igo5.

Imagines in tlie lajjoratory collection are from the following Illi-

nois localities : Algonquin, Savanna, Milo, Urbana, Champaign, Long
Lake, and Kappa. There is also a specimen in the collection from
Jamesburg. N. J., and one from San Bernardino, Cal. Tlie dates of

occurrence range from June 10 to August 11.

No other specimens in the collection bear any records of life

history.

Anthrax altcniata Say has been reared from an undetermined noc-

tuid larva* by Gillette, and recorded by Riley and Howard. In the

same paper Anthrax hypomelas Macquart is recorded as having been
reared from a pupa of Agrofis hcrilis by Webster, and A. molitor

Ivoew from a pupa of a noctuid resembling Tccuiocanipa iiifula. Zet-

terstedt, in 1842, stated that the group to which lateralis belongs, de-

posits eggs upon lepidopterous larvae. Glover, in the Agricultural Re-
port for 1866, mentions that "an Anthrax has been bred from the

chrysalis of a moth."f

*Insect Life, Vol. 2, 1890, p. 353.

tLoc cit., p. 3.')4.



334

Anthrax hypomelas Macquart

Anthrax hijiJOmelas Macqiuirt, Dipt. Exot., Vol. 2, Pt. 1, 1838, p. 76.

Pupa.—Length, 14 mm. Pale testaceous, slightly shining; thorns

on head and on abdomen dark brown. Upper pair of cephalic thorns

contiguous for two thirds of their length (PI. LXXXI, Fig. 22), lat-

eral thorn flattened, simple, the pair on median line near lower margin
contiguous, a small fine hair on each side of the latter pair, a longer

hair on each side of the upper pair of thorns and another above the

base of each thorn (Fig. 20). Thorax without protuberances; a pair

of small fine hairs above the base of wing cases, and another pair on
each side of median line about middle of thorax. Abdomen similar to

that of A. lateralis, differing only in having apical armature as in Fig-

ure 18, the median tooth having more tlie appearance of a small proc-

ess on base of upper one tlian of a separate tooth, or occasionally

almost indistinguishable.

As, mentioned under the previous species, hypomelas has been re-

corded by Riley and Howard, but the figure given in the paper is not

clear enough in detail to permit of its specific characters being recog-

nized although the general habitus is unmistakable.

The specimens of hypouielas pupae that I have seen include one,

without label data, obtained from the Ohio Agricultural Experiment
Station, Wooster, Ohio, with the statement that it had been reared at

Wooster in 1907, and two in this Laboratory.

The pupal exuvia last referred to are those of specimens reared

from Feltia jaculifera at Urbana, 111. The larva; of the moth were ob-

tained June 8, igoi, and the parasites emerged September 14 of that

year from the pups of the host.

Specimens of the imago are in the collection here from the follow-

ing localities: Havana, 111., September 5, 1905; Urbana,, 111., Sep-
tember 21, 1890 (C. A. Hart) ; Grand Forks, N. Dak., July and
August, 1890, (Miss M. J. Snyder) ; and Westville, N. J., September

9, 1901.

THEREVID^
PsiLOCEPHALA H.^MORRHOiDAi,is Macquart

Thereva hwmorrhoidalis Macquart, Dipt. Exot., Vol. 2, Pt. 1, 1841, p. 26.

Larva. (PI. LXXXI, Fig. 10).—Length, 22 mm. White. Head
brown, black on posterior margin of dorsal surface. Dorsal sclerite

with a long slightly curved hair on each side one third from posterior

margin; dorsal and ventral sclerites separated laterally by a rather

broad membranous stripe, near the anterior extremity of which is a



335

very long hair directed downward and curving slightly forward, and

about the middle there is a similar hair, as shown in Figure 9. In-

ternally there are 2 strong rods connected with the mandibles, and

attached to the posterior margin of the dorsal sclerite is a strong rod,

dilated posteriorly, which runs to the posterior margin of the first

thoracic segment internally. Thoracic segments each with a long

curved hair near the middle on sides, prothoracic respiratory organ

short, located close to posterior margin of segment. Abdomen with

segments as in Figure 10, the pattern shown being probably caused by

the spines of the pupa showing through; surface without hairs except

on last segment, where there are 2 pairs, one on the dorsum and the

other on the venter; apex bifid (Fig. 10, a).

Pupa. (PI. LXXXI, Figs. 11 and 12).—Length, 9 mm. Yellowish

white. Surface of integument of body slightly wrinkled. Head and
thorax in lateral aspect as in Figure 15, thorn on wing base remark-

ably long and slender. Thoracic respiratory organ tubelike, the ab-

dominal spiracles almost identical with it in form, their apices present-

ing to the eye the appearance of small rounded openings. Apex of ab-

domen with 2 long curved spines directed slightly upward (Fig. 13).

This species was found by D. K. McMillan, the field assistant of

this office for northern Illinois, commonly in truck gardens infested

with wireworms, upon which it feeds in the larval stage. I have seen

the larvae occasionally in wheat fields, and the adult is represented in

the laboratory collection from the following localities : Algoncjuin,

June to August (Nason) ; Havana, August 18, 1904 (Hart and
Brown) ; Piper City, July 27, 1888 (Marten) ; Grand Tower, August

25, 1889 (Hart) ; Urbana, July 21, 1899 (Hart), and June 14, 1915,

on flowers of wild parsnip (Hart and Mallocli) ; Champaign, July 14,

1899 (Hart); McHenry, July 31, 1884 (Webster); Pliilo, June 3,

1887, from pupa found in sod corn (Hart) ; West Union, May 24,

1884; Waterman, July 27, 1883 (Webster); Monticello, June 28,

1914 (Hart and Malloch),—all in Illinois; Jamesburg, N. J., July 4,

1893-

The larvae of this family are recognizable by the peculiar sub-

division of the alidominal segments, as shown in the figure (10) here-

with, which gives them the appearance of having 20 segments. In

some other families there is a similar subdivision, for example in

MycetophilidcE (see Mycetobia, PI. LXXX, Fig. 12), but the subdivi-

sion is of a different character, the short portion of the segments being

appreciably shorter than the anterior portion is in Psiloccpliala. This
species and probably allied species are no doubt of considerable eco-



336

nomic importance as enemies of wireworms, and it seems strange that

nothing has been published in America regarding this habit.

In Kurope several species have been reared, and all are credited

with being predaceous enemies of insects in the larval stage. A fairly

complete summary of the European investigations has been given by
Lundbeck in "Diptera Danica", Part 2 (1908), p. 137. In this paper

mention is made of the fact that occasionally the larvze of Thcrevida
may devour their own kind—a fact that comes within the knowledge

of the present writer from his experience in rearing Psiloccpliala, the

reason for the cannibalism being the lack of other food.

MYDAID^
Mydas clavatus Drury

Musca clavatus Dniry, Ilhistratioiis of Natural History, Vol. 1, p. 103, 1770.

Pupa (PI. LXXXII, Fig. 9).—Length, 36 mm. Reddish brown,
subopacjue. Surface of head and thorax coarsely rugose, that of ab-

domen rather finely and regularly rugose. Thorns of head rugose to

apices, lateral cephalic thorn as in Figure 16. Front of head as in

Figure 10; lateral aspect as in Figure 15. Thorax with a bifid humeral
tubercle, the one on wing-base with a single flattened thornlikc process.

First abdominal segment with the thorns (Fig. 21) directed forward
and located close to anterior margin, succeeding segments with the

thorns rather smaller, directed backward, and located caudad of the

transverse median line of the segments, the portion of each segment
caudad of the thorns declivitous and honeycombed, the anterior por-

tion irregularly rugose; apical segment with 2 slightly curved proc-

esses which are a little upcurved (Fig. 8) ; spiracles as in Figure 23.

The specimen from which the above description was drawn, was
obtained at White Heath, 111., May 26, 1910, as a larva in a rotten

tree-stump, the adult emerged July 18, 1910 (A. G. Vestal). The
writer obtained a pupa under a rotten tree-stump at Kinderhook, 111.,

in June, 1914. The lalioratory collection contains imagines from the

following Illinois localities: Urbana, July 4, 1914 (Malloch) and
August 3, 1909 (Hart) ; Champaign, Augu.st 13, 1892 (Hucke) ; Al-

bion, July 12, 1888 (Marten); Flavana, July 13, 1897 (Hart and
Brown) ; Alto Pass, August 27, 1889 (Hart) ; Pinkstaff, July i, 191

1

(Glenn); Monticello, July 2, 1914 (Hart and Malloch); Muncie,

July 5, 1914 (Hart and Malloch) ; and Bloomington, July 26, 1895.

The specimens taken at Muncie were mostly captured on flowers of

milkweed, several being taken with the fingers—a proceeding which
generally results in the captor's discovering that the insect can pinch



337

rather scvcrclx- with the hind fenmra and tihi.x'. So far I have failed

to find the larva, no ojiportunity offerinLi; to search for it, hut from
the fact tiiat many imagines were found on cut-over land wdiere the

old tree-stumps remained, upon which the insects often settled, I be-

lieve that larvrc must he common in the various localities where I have

seen the imagines.

The lar\a has I)een recorded as feeding upon the larvrc of insects

in old tree-stumps, and the imago has also liecn recorded as predaceous.

I am unal)le to confirm the last record, as all the specimens taken

by both Mr. Hart and myself were upon flowers or at rest upon tree-

stimips. It is not impossible that the species is predaceous. but from
personal observation and an e.xaminatian of the mouth parts, which

differ essentially from those of Proctacaiitlius and allied forms, I infer

that if it is predaceous it is rarely so and must he only in cases where
the prey is soft-bodied. It is necessary that exact observations be

made to determine the facts of the case, negative evidence such as I

am in possession of being inconclusive.

ASILIDM

Promachus vertebratus Say

Asilns vertehrutus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., Vol. 3, 1823, p. 47.

Lurva (PI. LXXXII, Fig. 12).—Length, averaging 40 mm. (pre-

served specimens). White, head and spiracles brown. Head with 10

long hairs, 5 ventral and 5 dorsal, as shown in Figures 24 and 25;
mandibles opposed, long and stout; maxillary palpi of moderate size;

antennae very small. Each thoracic segment with 2 hairs, one on each

side on ventral surface ; prothoracic respiratory organ located near

posterior margin on side; anal respiratory organs (Fig. 13) located in

a depression on portion anterior to last segment (8th abdominal seg-

ment?), the latter with 8 long hairs, 4 ventral and 4 dorsal (Figs. 11

and 14).

The larva here described is without doubt that of I'crtchratiis. al-

though no direct connection has been established I^etween it and the

imago. There is in the collection, however, a poorly preserved speci-

men that agrees in all jiarticulars with the al)ove. which is one of sev-

eral sjiecimcns olitained by J. J. Davis, the others being reared and pro-

ducing imagines of vertebratus. The larva is found not uncommonly
in spring where ])loughing is being done.

Pupa.—Length, 2y mm. Yellowisli brown, head and thorax shin-

ing, abdomen suI)o[ia(|ue. Head similar to that of Asilns notatus (PI.



338

LXXXI, Figs. 6 and 7), lateral cephalic thorns as in Figure 4, Plate

LXXXII. Thorax differs from that of notatus in having near the

base of the wing sheath, in longitudinal line with the liifid tubercle at

base of posterior leg sheath (Fig. 5), a sharp-pointed tubercle, and
midway from base to apex of wing case, on its median line, 2 small

wartlike protuberances on a common base. Abdominal spiracles c-

sliaped, very similar to those of Mydas clavatus, the open side directed

cephalad; the abdominal armature (Fig. 20) similar to that of Asiliis

iiofatiis, differing noticeably only on the apical two segments, the

penultimate segment in vcrtebratus having strong thorns on dorsum
as on other segments, while in notatus there are only hairs similar to

those of the ventral segments; the difference in the apical segments of

the two species is shown in Figure 14, Plate LXXXI, and Figure 2,

Plate LXXXII.
The pupa from which the above description was drawn resulted

from a larva obtained at Havana, 111., April 24, 1905, and the imago
emerged July 24, 1905.

The larva is predaceous, feeding upon the larvse of Lachnostcrna,

and the species is distributed throughout the entire state, though not

very common in most localities.

Deromyia winthemi Wiedemann

Dasypogon winthemi Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot., 1821, p. 223.

Diocimites miselhis Loew, Bevi. Ent. Zeitschr., 1866, p. 22.

Deromyia winthemi Van der Wulp, Tijdsch. v. Ent., Vol. 2.5, 1883, p. 03.

Pit pa.—Length, 20-25 "i"!- Brownish yellow, distinctly shining;

thorns dark brown. LTpper pair of cephalic thorns directed forward
and curved slightly downward, distance between them distinctly

greater than that between them and upper one of the 3 lateral thorns

;

lateral thorns as in Figure 16, Plate LXXX, the lower one without

basal projection. Prothoracic spiracle reniform apically, distinctly

elevated ; a distinct wartlike swelling on disc of thorax just above
wing base; the pair of thorns in front of wing base on lateral margin
of disc of thorax very long, curved backward at Iheir middle (Fig.

14) ; wing cases without central protuberances, their apices in vertical

line with second abdominal spiracle and much proximad of apices of

sheaths of fore legs. Abdomen with transverse rugae except on por-

tion of first segment anterior to the transverse series of thorns, where
the rugse are longitudinal ; armatvire of abdomen rather variable, nor-

mallv as follows : first segment with a transverse series of stout

thorns near anterior margin, which are broadest at middle, stand up-



339

right, and are slightly bent caudad near apices, several of the thorns

being occasionally bifid apically; segments 2 to 7 each with a median
transverse series of thorns which alternate in size, the shorter ones

being generally stouter and very often bifid on middle portion of

series; eighth segment with a much weaker transverse series than the

others
;
posterior to the spiracle on first segment is a series of from 6

to 8 long hairlike bristles; spiracles conspicuous, raised, reniform;

armature of ventral segments consisting of a transverse series of weak
closely placed hair-like bristles at apical third of each segment except

the eighth, which has a series on each side at middle extending from
lateral margin halfway to median line; ventral surface without rugae,

apical segment as in Figure 15.

The foregoing description was drawn from specimens found by

W. P. Flint, of the State Entomologist's office, in a garden at Spring-

field, 111., August 6-8, 1915. One specimen of each sex was reared.

Imagines of this species are in the collection here from Grand
Tower, Murphysboro, and St. Francisville, the dates ranging from

July 25 to August 2. I took a single specimen on the south campus of

the University here August 28, 191 5.

Proctacanthus milberti Macquart ?

Proctacantlms milberti Macquart, Dipt. Exot., "Vol. 1, Pt. 2, 1838, p. 124.

Pupa.—Length, 25 mm. Pale yellowish brown. Armature of

head similar to that of Promachus vertehratus, differing in having the

pair of anterior, forwardly directed thorns smaller and more widely

separated at base and the lateral trifid process without distinct angle

on base of lower thorn (PI. LXXXII, Fig. 6). The pair of thorns at

base of posterior leg sheath (PI. LXXXII, Fig. 7) are longer and
more slender than in vertehratus; the tubercle on base of wing sheath

is absent, and a single wart is present on the swelling on middle of the

sheath. First abdominal segment with a transverse series of long slen-

der spines, about 18 in number, which are directed slightly forward,

their points slightly recurved, the series occupying two thirds of the

length on each side Ijetween the median line and the spiracle; between
some of the long spines there is sometimes a smaller spine; posterior

to the first spiracle are about 7 long hairs (Fig. 22)—3 in Axilus no-

tafus and Promachus I'crtchratus; segments 2 to 7 each with a trans-

verse median series of long slender spines alternating with shorter

stout thorns which are single, l)ifid, or paired (Fig. 19) ; eighth seg-

ment with a transverse series of spines which are of irregular sizes and
unevenly arranged ; apical segment with a long slender upwardly



340

directed spine on eacli posterior dorse i-lateral angle, and a sma.ll wart-
like process about midway between tlie base of tbat and the ventral

line (Figs, i and 3).

The specimens from which the above description was drawn are

two empty pupa skins obtained by Mr. Hart at Beach, 111., August 24,

1906. It is not certain that the pupa is that of milbcrti, as the species

was not reared, but imagines were obtained at the same time and place,

and as this was the only species of such large size that was found I

assume that the pufia very probably belongs to it.

The species is very probably predaceous in the larval stage upon
larvce of burrowing insects.

Illinois localities represented by material in laboratory collection:

Jonesboro, Beach, Havana, Forest City, Jacksonville, Alto Pass,

Grafton, Grand Tower, Dubois, Oakville, Fdgewood, Metropolis, Al-
bion, Carbondale, and Litchfield. Dates of occurrence range from
August 8 to September 23.

AsiLus NOTATus Wiedemann
AhUus notatus Wietlemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 1, 182S, p. 451.

Piif^a (PI. LXXXI, Fig. 7).—Length, 12 mm. Brownish yellow,

slightly shining. Head distinctly shining, integument without distinct

wrinkles ; a pair of strong thornlike projections on anterior cephalic

surface (Fig. 6) which are rather irregularly longitudinally rugose at

base, smooth and highly pdlished at apices; on each side of the head,

almost in vertical line with these thorns and located on the latero-

ventral region there is a tridentate process of a similar nature to the

thorns (PI. LXXXII, Fig. 18), the posterior one having a slight scale-

like process near its base. Thorax with faint indications of wrinkling

on the surface and 3 wartlike projections on each side (as shown in PI.

LXXXI, Fig. 7), the lower one, at base of sheath of posterior leg, hav-

ing 2 distinct sharp thorns at the apex (PI. LXXXII, Fig. 17). Abdo-
men with surface of all segments wrinkled; first segment with 10 long

upright brown thorns (PI. LXXXI, Fig. 7), the apices of which are

directed slightly backward, near the anterior margin on dorsum, the dis-

tance from the central one to the outer one being about equal to the dis-

tance from the latter to the spiracle ; posterior to the spiracle are 3 long

fine hairs, otherwise the segment is bare; second to sixth segments each

with a transverse median row of stout brown thorns alternating large

and small in size, extending from median line midway to spiracle on

each side, being replaced at this point by a series of long fine hairs

which are carried below the level of the spiracles and almost join the

ventral series ; seventh segment with the dorsal series located nearer to



341

the posterior margin than on the other segments, the bristles of almost

an equal size, otherwise as preceding segments; eighth segment with-

out dorsal thorns, only the long hairs present on lateral region; apical

segment as in Figure 14, Plate LXXXI; ventral segments each with a

transverse row of long rather irregular hairs near the posterior mar-

gin except in the case of the eighth, which has the series on the trans-

verse median line.

This description is taken from a si)ecimen obtained by the writer

on the bank of the Sangamon River near White Heath, May, 191 5.

It was found in rather sandy soil at a depth of about 6 inches. The
specimen wliich emerged is a male. The imagines were remarkably

common in the forestry belonging to the University of Illinois, at

"Urbana, on June 20, 1915. The larva, which is predaceous, was not

obtained. The species is common and generally distril)uted through-

out the state, being proI)a1)ly our commonest species of the genus.

CYRTID^
Unfortunately I have of this family but a single pupal exuvium of

one species, and that is in rather poor condition. It proves, however,

to be quite different structurally from exuvia in the preceding group,

having neither strong hairs nor thorns on any part of head, thorax, or

abdomen, thus differing markedly from those herein described and
from the Tabaiiidcc, the latter having armature on the abdomen very

similar to the asilid group.

It is unfortunate that in the case of the only reared specimen avail-

able here no record is given of the circumstances under which the pupa
was obtained. Species of allied genera have been found to be parasitic

in spiders, or to feed upon their eggs. Mr. J. L. King has obtained the

larva and pupa of a species of Pterodontia in Ohio. The pupa differs

from that of Oncodcs in possessing only 3 pairs of raised abdominal
spiracles.

Oncodes cost.\tus Loew

Oncodes costatns Loew, Berl. Eiit. Zeitsehr., 1869, p. 165.

Pitf^a.—Length, 5 mm. White, shining. Head .small, without dis-

coverable protul)era!ices or hairs (poorly i)reserved). Thorax with a

wartlike protuberance on each side of disc anteriorly, indicating the

location of the openings of the protlioracic respiratory organs. Abdo-
men with a wartlike protulieranee on sjiiraeular areas of segments i to

4, segment 5 without protuberance, the spiracle distinguishable, re-

maining segments without distinct spiracle ; apex of abdomen blunt,

last segment slightly protuberant but without armature of any kind,



342

as is the entire abdomen except for the spiracular protuberances (PI.

LXXXI, Fig. 23).
A single specimen of the pupal e.xuvium of this species is in the col-

lection here. It is unfortunately in rather poor condition, being im-
paled upon the pin which bears the imago. The locality is Urbana,
111., June 25, 1904 (Hart and Kegley). Additional Illinois localities

(for imagines) are as follows; Carbondale, May 30, 1904, jarred
from an apple tree at night (Taylor), and Odin, June 2, 1909, a large

series on dead twigs of elm, and one without data, June 23, 1909,
from same locality (Hart).

There is a considerable difference in the color of some of the speci-

mens, some having the humeri and scutellum yellowish while others

have those parts quite dark, almost like disc of thorax. I am not at all

certain that we have as many species in North America as the listed

names indicate, as color, which has been exclusively used as a specific

separation, appears to be cjuite unreliable.

Phytophagous and other Cyclokrhapha

SYRPHID^
In this paper I describe the larva and puparium of one species

of Syrpliidcv and the puparia of two others. Two of these have been
previously described by other writers, but very briefly.

Metcalf has descrilied and figured the early stages of ten species

of Syrpltidcc from Ohio, one of which is not determined specifically*.

All of the named species described in his paper occur in Illinois. It

is opportune to notice the occurrence in this state of a parasite of Al-
lograpta ohfiqita Say, which did not occur in connection with Metcalf's
work on that species in Ohio. This species belongs to the chalcid

genus Botliriothorax, and is at present undescribed, according to A. A.
Girault to whom the species was submitted. Four examples of each

sex of the parasite were reared by the writer from a single larva. The
parasites completed their metamorphoses within their host, emerging
through a single exit-hole in its skin. This does not coincide with
Hubbard's observation on the chalcid parasites of Baccha babista

quoted by Metcalff, wliich emerged throvigh a number of holes in the

puparium. Metcalf reared the icheumonid Bassiis kctatorius Fabri-

cius, from Allograpta obliqua. The chalcid Botliriothorax pcculiaris

Howard, has been recorded by Smith as a parasite of syrphid puparia.

*S.vi-phicliv of Ohio, Bull. 1, Ohio Biol. Smv., publishetl as No. 31, Vol. 17, Ohio
State Univ. Bull. 1913.

tLoc. cit., p. 51.



343

Tropidia quadrata Say

Xylota quadrata Say, Am. Entom., Vol. 1, PI. VIII; Compl. Works, Vol. 1, p. 14.

Puparinm (PI. LXXXIII, Fig. 17).—Length, 9 mm. Testaceous

yellow. Entire body opaque, covered with very short closely placed

pale hairs. Lower part of the lidlike anterior portion with 8 small

blackish thorns, 4 in a semicircle close to the lower extremity, 2

slightly higher placed, about midway between median line and lateral

suture, and 2 close to suture, about midway between lower extremity

and the median cross-suture ; 2 strong tliorns on each ventro-lateral

margin close to anterior margin of pupa; anterior respiratory organ

(Fig. 18) covered with small glossy knoblike swellings. Posterior ex-

tremity with 3 thorns close to ventro-lateral margin ; posterior respira-

tory organ as shown in Figure 19, Plate LXXXIII.
The pupal exuvium from which the above description was drawn,

is that of a male which bears the number 13549. The puparium was
found floating in the water at Flag Lake, near Havana, 111., August 3,

1895. Several were found on August 3 and 5, but only one imago

emerged (August 14). Two specimens, evidently newly pupated,

were found by Mr. Hart in a Sagittaria belt which had but recently

become inundated.

Imagines in the collection here are from the following localities

:

Algonc[uin, Chicago, Champaign, and Urbana, the dates ranging from
May 25 to July 17. There are also 2 specimens in the collection from
Westville, N. J., taken August 16.

The early stages of the members of this genus have not previously

been described, and the larval habits are unrecorded.

Brachypalpus frontosus Loew
BrachypalpiM frontosus Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitsohr., 1872, p. 83.

Larva (PI. LXXXIII, Fig. 12).—Length, 17 mm. White, with
the prothoracic thorns and setuLx dark brown, anal respiratory organ
pale brown. Surface of entire body with closely placed, stout, small,

pale hairs. Front view of head and prothorax as in Figure 14; antennae

of moderate size, apices with two circular sensory organs; anterior

margin of protliorax with 3-4 transverse rows of blackish thornlike

processes which are recurved apically, the upper or posterior one
strongest ; prothorax with a strong outwardly directed, backwardly
curved thorn on each side and a small respiratory organ slightly nearer

to median line; each segment with 10 slight carina;, 4 on dorsum, one
on each dorso-lateral angle, one on middle of each lateral surface, and
one on each ventro-lateral angle, each carina with a group of hairs at



844

middle of each segment, the bases of the hairs being generally fused;

liairs on remainder of surface shorter than those on carinse, and occa-

sionally pairs are fused on lateral surfaces; ventral surface with 7
pairs of conspicuous pseudopods, all of which are armed on apices of

posterior surfaces with about 4 series of short blackish recurved
thorns, the apical row being strongest ; apex of abdomen as in Fig-

ure 12.

Piil^ariiun (PI. LXXXIII, Fig .13).—Length of body 11 mm.,
caudal process, 5 mm. Yellowish brown, slightly shining. Surface as

in larva except that the hairs are less conspicuous, the carina; are indis-

tinguishable, and the ruga: are much more numerous, as shown in Fig-

ure 13. The head is entirely retracted and the prothoracic thorns and
respiratory organs are brought almost to the antero-ventral margin
(Fig. 15) ; the pair of pupal respiratory processes, so conspicuous in

Tro/^iclia quadrata, are represented by slight callosities of the surface

whicli are barely distinguishable ; ventral pseudopods much less con-

spicuous than in larva; apical process distinctly broader than high.

The material from which the foregoing descriptions were drawn,
was obtained near Urbana, 111., under bark on a rotten tree-stump.

The specimens reared are recorded as pupating March 5 and emerging
March 19 and 21.

Imagines in the laboratory collection are from the following Illi-

nois localities : Algonquin, Carlinville, and Urbana, the last-men-

tioned taken on April 20 ; the others without dates.

The only previous American record of the larval habits that I

know of is that by Keen.*

I know of no previous description of the larva; the pupa has been

very briefly descriljed by Parker, f

Ceria vvii^listoni Kahl

Ceria wilUstonii Kahl, Kans. Univ. Quart., Vol. 6, 1897, p. 141.

Puparium (PI. LXXXIII, Fig. 16).—Length of body 10 mm.,
apical process 4 mm. Yellowish white, mottled with brown or black-

ish, opaque. (Anterior portion with respiratory organs missing.) Sur-

face covered with microscopic pale hairs. Dorsum with a median
longitudinal series of paired wartlike tubercles extending nearly to

apex, 6 pairs in all ; apices of tubercles with a few short setulose hairs

;

dorso-lateral margin with a single longitudinal series of 6 wartlike

tubercles, each of which is slightly caudad of the corresponding sub-

*CaTi. Ent., Vol. IG, 1884, p. 147.

tProc. Ent. Soe. Wash., Vol. 17, 1915, p. 147.



345

median one, and is similarly armed at apex; between the submedian
and dorso-lateral warts is a longitudinal series of much smaller ones in

direct line with the others, and on the upper margin of lateral area is a

similar series of small warts, the whole forming a diagonal series on
each side of the 6 segments ; medio-lateral line with a pair of small

warts on middle of each segment, the anterior one of each pair white,

with a conspicuous small brown spot ventrad of it, and located almost

vertically midway between the warts of the series dorsad of it ; on the

ventro-lateral line is a single wart on each segment, located in direct

vertical line between the pair in medio-lateral series ; ventral segments

1 to 4 each with a small slightly raised circular area on each side of the

median line, each area being crowned witii numerous dark Ijrown setu-

lose hairs; the remaining segments somewhat flattened and slightly

fused, without the well-defined circular areas of the anterior 4, though
still discernible, and without the setulose hairs ; apical 2 segments each

with a transverse series of 4 thornlikc processes, 2 on the marginal and
2 on the submarginal line ; apical process about 7 times as long as thick,

shining brown, transversely oval in cross-section.

The pupal exuvium from which the above description was drawn,
is that of a male. The pupa was oljtained in a wood at Urbana, 111.,

May 12, 1888, by Mr. Hart, and the imago emerged 3 days later.

Banks records the species from Falls Church, Va., where he ob-

tained the pupa on oak bark about the middle of March, the imago
emerging ]\Iarch 27. He has briefly described the puparium,* and
states that the larvre of Ccria are said to feed in flowing sap of trees.

No data on the food habits are on file in this Laboratory.

C. inllistoni has been given by some authors as a synonym of C.

siguifcr Loew. The puparium of siciuifcr is briefly described by C.

W. Johnson. t It was found by Dr. Skinner near Bala, Pa., on an oak
leaf. It is not possible to decide from the description whether it is

identical with that here described.

The localities from which siguifcr has been recorded include

Mexico, Florida, and Texas ; 7villistoni was described from Kansas.

EPHYDRID^
Hydrellia sc.\ruLARis Loew

HydrelUa scapularis Loew, Mon. N. Anier. Dipt., Vol. 1, 1862, p. 153.

Larva.—Not preserved, the following characters being ascertained

from an examination of the puparium. Anterior and posterior mar-

Ent. Neiv.s, Vol. 4, 189."?, p. 01.

tProe. Kilt. See. Wash., Vol. 5, lOOli, p. ?,W.



346

gins of dorsal segments except the apical 3 with numerous short setulas

which are irregularly arranged; ventral segments with similar setulse,

which are arranged in distinct transverse series which extend well on
to the disc of the segments ; antepenultimate segment with a large

transverse patch of these setulse on disc (PI. LXXXIII, Fig. 16).

Pupariiim (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 13).—Length, 4 mm. Yellowish

brown. Anterior respiratory organs absent. Segments with similar

armature to that of larva. Apical segment armed with 2 sharp proc-

esses which pierce the outer membrane of the leaf in which the

puparium is enclosed, and connected with these processes, which are

evidently the posterior spiracles, are 2 tracheae which run forward and
presumably connect with the pupal envelope, although the point of

connection is not discernible in the specimen before me.

The above description was drawn from specimens obtained by Mr.
Hart and the writer at Grand Tower in April, 19 14. The larvfe were
mining the leaA'es of a species of Panicmn growing in a small stream,

many of the mines being below the water level.

Two specimens of a hymenopterous parasite were reared, both

males. One specimen was submitted to Mr. A. B. Gahan, who identi-

fied it as Gyrocampa, n. sp. He considered it inadvisable to describe a

new species from the male only.

Scapularis is generally distributed throughout the state. There is

a previous record of the larva mining leaves of Hordciim by Webster
and Parks.* Several European species of the genus have been record-

ed as phytophagous, but so far this is the only North American species

on record.

DROSOPHILID^
The imagines of many species of Drosophila are numerous

throughout Illinois during the greater portion of the year, and may be

seen in large numbers on the inside of windows of fruit-stores and
delicatessen stores, as well as in cafes and restaurants, where they are

readily detected, flying over various foods, by their slow and steady

flight. The principal food of the larvze consists of decaying vegetable

matter, exuding sap on trees, and fungi. A few species are found
mining leaves of cruciferous plants, and several attack injured fruit.

I am unable to indicate characters for distinguishing the larvae of
the family from allied acalypterates because of the paucity of my ma-
terial. The larvae vary very considerably within the genus Drosophila
as at present limited, and the puparia vary even more in structure ; in

fact there is more difference between the pupae of certain species of

*Jour. Agr. Eesearch, Vol. 1, 1913, p. 84.



347

Drosophila than there is hetwecn the pup^e of different genera in sunie

other famihes.

One species that I have reared has a larva that is capable of jump-
ing much as do the larvje of most CccidomyidcF. One specimen cov-

ered a distance of over 5 inches at a single leap. I expect to deal with

this and other species of the family in a subsequent paper.

Drosophila (Scaptomyza) adusta Loew

Drosophila adusta Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitsehr., 1862, p. 231.

Puparium (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. i).—Length, 1.5 mm. Reddish
brown. Cephalic extremitv with two long tapering respiratory proc-

esses, the trachea of which may be seen traversing the area of the

sunken or flattened portion of puparium. Ventral surfaces of abdom-
inal segments with numerous very minute setulse, arranged in rather

irregular transverse series. Caudal projections whitish, rounded
apically and with weak apical hairs. Dorsal surface of abdominal seg-

ments armed with setulae similar to those of ventral surface.

The specimen from which the foregoing description was drawn,

was obtained from sap exuding from a mulberry tree at Urbana, 111.,

July 3, 191 5. It was unrecognized in the larval stage, but the pupa
was readily separated from the other species before the adult emerged.

Chittenden has recorded this species, as Scaptomyza adusta, min-
ing leaves of cabbage, etc.*.

The habits of the species of this group (Scaptomyza) are but im-

perfectly known, but it seems strange that the same species should be

in the larval stage both a leaf-miner and a frequenter of sap of the

nature in which I found it. I have seen a very large series of Scap-
tomyza, reared by Mr. A. B. Gahan, at College Park, Md., from cru-

ciferous plants, cabbage and turnip, which led me to conclude when I

examined them that the species flaveola and graminum were synony-
mous, the series presenting all gradations of thoracic coloration from
unicolorous ferruginous to ferruginous with a brown central vitta, and
from unicolorous grayisli to gray with a dark brown central vitta. It

is also worthy of note that in the specimens with unicolorous thorax

the setulose discal hairs were arranged rather regularly over the entire

surface, whereas in those with the vittate thorax the setulae were
arranged in a single longitudinal series along the margins of the cen-

tral vitta, and the area beyond these was almost or entirely devoid of

setulse. To arrive at a definite decision as to the distinctness of the

forms it would be requisite to rear a series from the eggs.

*Bull. 33, n. s., Div. Ent. Dept. Agr., 1902, p. 76.



348

Drosophila dimidiata Loew

Droaophila dimidiata Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1862, p. 230.

Ptiparium.—Length, 2 mm. Pale reddi.sh yellow, slightly shinuig.

General habitus similar to that of Drosophila aditsta. Anterior respira-

tory organs about three times as long as their diameter, terminating in

numerous fine hairs (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 5). Surface of abdomen
with the usual transverse bands of short setulse ; apex of abdomen with

a scalelike projection as shown in Figures 6 and 7, Plate LXXXIV;
above the base of the apical pair of respiratory processes is a pair of

small tubercles; cephalad of the scalelike process the svirface of the ab-

domen is broken by 2 or 3 narrow but deep depressions.

The exuvia from which the above description was drawn are those

of adults reared from larvx obtained by Mr. Hart and the writer at

Havana, 111., November 16, 1913. The larvae were found feeding in

fungus on the trunk of a fallen decaying tree on the bank of the Illi-

nois River. The imagines emerged November 21, 1913.

This species was originally described from imagines obtained in

Illinois by Le Baron. Aldrich in his "Catalogue of North American
Diptera", 1905, gives only the original locality. It is one of the com-
monest species at Urbana, occurring on windows in the Natural His-

tory Pniilding, and on fungi on the campus of the University during

the summer. Professor Aldrich informs me that he has taken the

species at Lafayette, Ind.

AGROMYZID^
The lan'al habits of the species contained in the genus Agromyza

are similar in that all those known are phytophagous, but they differ

in the point of attack which they select, some mining in leaves, and
others in the roots or in the stem. All so far reported are internal

feeders, and several are of economic importance, two of the latter class

recently discovered being Agromyza pruinosa Coquillett—mining the

cambium layer of birch—and A. priini Grossenbacher, mining the cam-
bium of Primus. The last-named species I describe in the present

paper. It has not been taken in this state, but almost certainly occurs

here. As the original description is very brief and not readily acces-

sible to entomologists I take the opportunity of re-describing it from
material kindly supplied me by Mr. Grossenbacher, who reared the

species.

There are a large number of very closely allied species in the genus
Agromyza, and much careful work upon the early stages and food
habits is necessary before we shall be able to decide just how many dis-



349

tinct species we have in North America. In this branch of the work
there is a splendid opening for original and valuable investigation.

Agromyza pruni Grossenbacher

Agromyza pruni Grossenbacher, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 42, 1915, p. 235.

Larva, full-grown (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 8).—Length, 11-13 mm.
White, semitransparent, mouth hooks black. Prothoracic segment
longer than succeeding one, head parts retracted within prothorax ( PI.

LXXXIV, Fig. 9), prothoracic respiratory organs indistinguishable

except in one larva which had evidently been near the point of pupat-

ing. First abdominal segment longer than the two preceding thoracic

segments together and shorter than second abdominal ; segments 2 to 5
subequal in length ; 6 shorter than 5 ; 7 and 8 together about equal to

6; integument of thoracic segments with numerous microscopic puncti-

form marks which are only visible under a very high magnification;

abdominal segments with microscopic setulse at the incisions, on their

anterior margins, those on segments i to 5 consisting of one or two
series which, like those of the apical segments, do not extend entirely

round the body ; segment 6 with 3 or 4 series, segment 7 with 6 or 7,

apical segment with 8—9; anal respiratory organs rather conspicuous,

ending in 3 short branches.

Puparium (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 10).—Length, 5 mm. Testaceous,

slightly shining. Anterior respiratory organs very small. Abdominal
segmentation not deep ; segments with weak transverse rugje ; anal ven-

tral orifice marked by a black spot ; anal respiratory organs small, but

slightly protruded.

Imago: male and female.—Black. Head black, anterior portion of

frons, the antennae, and palpi brown. Legs black, fore tibiae and tarsi

and apices of mid and hind tarsi yellowish (alcoholic specimens).

Frons over one third the head-width ; orbits differentiated, each

about one fourth the width of center stripe
; 5 pairs of orbital bristles

present, their length decreasing anteriorly ; antennae of moderate size,

third joint rounded apically, pilosity short, arista slender, almost bare,

the entire length about equal to that of frons ; face concave ; cheek nar-

row, about one sixth as high as eye, marginal bristles of moderate
strength, not numerous, vibrissa well differentiated; eye nearly twice as

high as long; palpi of moderate size. Mesonotum with 4 pairs of
dorso-central bristles, the two anterior pairs reduced in size, the fore-

most pair well in front of suture ; the pair of bristles between the pos-

terior pair of dorso-centrals half as long as the latter ; disc with numer-
ous short setulae. Abdomen stout ; male hypopygium small, very much



35(1

like that of parvicornis; female ovipositor very conspicuous, as long as

preceding segment of abdomen, of almost ec|ual diameter throughout
its length; surface with short hairs (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. ii). Legs of

moderate strength ; mid-tibial bristles small. Wings of moderate
width ; costa to slightly beyond apex of third vein ; inner cross-vein be-

low end of first vein ; outer cross-vein less than its own length from
inner, slightly bent, its upper extremity nearer apex of wing than its

lower; last section of fourth vein aljout lo times as long as preceding

section; last section of fifth about i^ times as long as preceding sec-

tion.

Length, 3.5—4 mm.

The life history of this species has been dealt with by its describer

in the bulletin cited under the species name in the present paper, it being

an elaboration of his report upon the same species in a previous paper.*

The three species of Agrouiyza known to cause medullary spots in

wood of trees are carhoiiaria Zetterstedt, a European species
;
pniinosa

Coquillett, occurring in the cambium of river birch; and the present

species, found in the cambium of Pruiius aziiiiii and domestica. In

Grossenbacher's first paper above cited he states that Cratccgns is also

attacked, while Salix is not. In his last paper he makes mention only

of the species of Prtinus, and gives his agromyzid a name that leads me
to infer that he considers it as a Prunus-infesting species exclusively.

I have recorded Agromyza pruinosa from lUinoisf, and it is very

probable that A. primi occurs in suitable localities. Up to the present

I have been unable to devote time to a search for the species.

I have drawn the larva and puparium of Agromyza panncornis

Loew (PI. LXXXIV, Figs. 14 and 15) to show the normal reduction

in size due to the induration of the larval skin in pupation in Agromyza.
The imago of pruni will run down to section 16 in my key to the

North American species of this genusj if the frons is considered as

partly reddish, the cross veins being close together. It is readily sepa-

rated from both of the species in that section by its robust build and
the possession of 4 pairs of dorso-central bristles. The species has

much the same appearance as pruinosa, but differs in venation, etc.,

while the food plant and larval and pupal characters are quite enough
to separate them specifically. The difference in venation will separate

it from aprilina.

*Medullary spots: a contribution to the life history of some cambium miners.

Tech. Bull. 1.5, N. Y. Agr. Exper, Sta., pp. 47-65. 1910.'

tCan. Ent., Vol. 47, 1915, p. 15.

{Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. 6, 191.3, p. 271.



351

Agromyza tiu^ Couden

Agromyza iiliw Couden, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 9, 1908, p. 34.

Puparium.—Length, 2.5 mm. Yellowish white, shining. Seg-

ments poorly defined but distinguishable ; surface without hairs or pro-

tuberance except the anterior and anal respiratory organs. Anterior

respiratory organs of moderate length (PI. LXXXIV,Fig. 18), located

on dorsum of first segment, separated from each other by less distance

than the length of one of the organs. Anal respiratory organs shorter

and comparatively stouter than anterior pair (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 19) ;

anal orifice distinct, a few fine irregular reticulated lines on dorsum
cephalad of the orifice.

The puparium from which the above description is drawn is one of

a lot collected by J. J. Davis at Chicago October 6, 1908, the imagines

emerging May 24, 1909. The species makes galls on twigs of linden

trees. Besides these specimens there are several in the collection here

which were reared by Marten several years ago at Urbana. The galls,

"at base of leaf petioles of basswood", were obtained September 27,

1891, and the imagines emerged May 2, 1892. Originally figured and
described from Missouri, and recorded as making galls on linden. I

subsequently recorded the species from Veitch, Va., and doubtfully

from Delaware County, Pa.*

Agromyza angulata Loew

Agromyza angulata Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 18C9, p. 47.

Larva.—Length, 1.75 mm. Pale greenish or whitish. Segments
laterally conspicuously swollen, the incisions between them deep, so

that viewed from above the whole larva presents a somewhat monili-

form appearance; viewed from the side the larva is not so thick as

across the dorsum and the segments present a more even surface with

little indication of swellings or constrictions. Mouth parts black and

of moderate size ; armature consisting of 4 hooks, one at apex, a trans-

verse pair slightly caudad of it, followed by another one at the lower

posterior angle of the anterior face. Prothoracic respiratory organs

very small and inconspicuous (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 2). Segments
throughout with microscopic wartlike processes, which are rather

widely separated on the surfaces of the swollen portions ; apex of abdo-
men as in Figure 3, Plate LXXXIV.

Puparium (PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 12).—Length, 1.25 mm. Glossy

black, with purple or violaceous reflections, especially in the depres-

»Ann. Ent. Soe. Anier., Vol. 6, 1913, p. 327



352

sions and on the posterior 3 segments. Snrface with similar processes

to those of the larva, but almost indistinguishable because of the

ground-color. Prothoracic respiratory organs very small. Depressions

on body very deep, those on dorsum very conspicuous, slightly cres-

centic in shape. Apex of abdomen similar to that of larva except that

in hardening the projecting portions are contracted considerably and
are less clearly distinguishable.

Reared from leaves of Setaria glauca, .the larvae occurring in the

apical 6 inches of the leaf, usually 4 or more in each mine. In com-
pany with another species angulata was found to be present on vacant

lots both in Urbana and Champaign in July and August, 191 5, their

work showing up readily because of the conspicuous whitening of the

tips of the affected leaves. Angulata has previously been recorded as

attacking timothy grass*, and it will also feed on wheat. A summary
of investigations of the habits and life history of this species, with

figures of the imago and puparium, are given by Webster and Parks.

f

Descriptions or New Illinois Diptera

In the course of the year it frequently happens that specimens are

taken in general collections, or in connection with other work, which
belong to undescribed species. Often these species are of economic
importance, and usually they are small forms which are readily over-

looked in the field. It is considered necessary in the interests of

students of the represented order to place the occurrence of such species

upon record; to give adequate descriptions of them; and to indicate

their relationships with already described species. Isolated descriptions

of new species unless very full are often useless for the purpose of

identification because of their inadequate nature or the omission of

the essential characters by means of which the species of the genus are

separated. Many species have been described by writers who were
unacquainted with congeneric species, and because of this ignorance

they either did not compare their so-called new species with those

already described, or they compared it with some species to which it

bore but a faint resemblance. The present writer in all cases compares
the new species he describes with the forms most closely related, not

because he presumes to set an example but because he considers it his

duty to do so.

*Malloch.—A Revision of the species in Agromyza Fallen, and Ceroilontha Ron-
dani, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. 6, No. 3, 1913, p. 304.

tThe Serpentine Leaf-miner, Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, Oct. 10, 1913,

pp. 83-84.



353

PHORID^
Platyphora flavofemorata, n. sp.

Male.—Black. Head black, frons highly polished; antenna; ful-

vous, third joint brown at apex, arista black
;
palpi fulvous. Thorax

glossy black, upper portion of pleurae, especially posteriorly, brownish;

scutellum dull black, the surface shagreened. Abdomen black, dis-

tinctly shining throughout, surface with very faint indications of pru-

inescence. Legs yellow, mid and hind coxse infuscated at bases ; all

tibise infuscated, the depth of the infuscation increasing from near base

to apices ; tarsi fuscous. Wings clear, thick veins fuscous. Halteres

yellow, apices of stems and the knobs black.

Frons about 1.5 as wide as its length at center, the length sHghtly

less at eye margin than at center, surface with numerous short decum-
bent hairs, those at vertex slightly longer than those on disc; distance

between the posterior ocelli about twice that between either of these

and the median one ; basal antennal joint rather elongate ; third joint

about 1.5 as long as broad, rounded at apex; arista subapical, l)are,

very slender, basal joint very short, slightly swollen; cheeks with 4-5
forwardly and slightly downwardly directed bristles

; palpi very small,

armed with several stout apical setulae. Mesonotum broader than long,

disc with short hairs and without dorso-central macrochjetpe, scutellum

about twice as broad as its length at center, margin with a number of

decumbent setulose hairs which lie along the edge and give it the ap-

pearance of having a rim ; disc distinctly shagreened. Abdomen with

second segment longer than either of the 3 following segments, 6th

longer than 4+5, its lateral surfaces with short hairs ; surfaces of ab-

dominal segments minutely shagreened ; hypopygium small, surface of

dorsal plate shagreened. Legs stout ; fore coxse stout, over two thirds

as long as fore femora, their anterior surfaces with setulose hairs

which become longer and stronger towards apices of coxae ; fore tibia

about two thirds as long as femur, and distinctly longer than basal

joint of tarsi (17:10); fore tarsi dilated, especially the basal joint,

which is distinctly wider at apex than is the tibia ; second tarsal joint

appreciably longer than third ; mid tibise with 2-3 apical setulae , hind

tibiae with short decumbent setulae on ventral surfaces, so arranged that

they appear like irregular longitudinal rugae ; apices with 2-3 short

setula; and one longer bristle ; mid and hind tarsi slender, basal joint

of each with a few short downwardly directed setulae on ventral sur-

faces. Costa extending to middle of wing ; third vein swollen, thicker

than costal vein excepting apical part of latter, setulose throughout

;

second vein distinct, setulose; first vein swollen at apex, extending be-



354

yond base of second ; costal setulje about equal to diameter of costal

vein ; veins 4 and 5 very distinctly divergent at apices
;
greatest dis-

tance from vein 7 to margin of wing equal to greatest distance from
vein 4 to margin.

Female.—Reddish yellow. Eyes black ; frons with a slight pearl-

aceous iridescence, antennse and palpi concolorous with head. Thorax
similar in color to upper part of head. Abdomen dorsally darker than

thorax, becoming dark brown or fuscous at apex, the iridescence very
distinct, especially at base; ventral surface opaque black except at ex-

treme base. Legs reddish yellow, the short setulosc hairs on tibise and
tarsi giving them a slight fuscous color.

Ocelli indistinguishable; width of frons less than twice its length

at center, anterior outline convex; eyes very small, each about one

tenth the width of frons seen from above; surface of frons with sparse

microscopic hairs; antennae smaller than in the male, shape similar;

arista with very slight pale pubescence
;
palpi almost as large as third

antennal joint, with apical setulje as in male; cheek with 2 distinct

groups of setulx, one extending from middle to eye margin and con-

sisting of 3 strong setulae and several weak hairs, the other located on
mouth margin and consisting of 3 strong . setulae. Mesothorax
slightly over 1.5 as broad as long; disc with very weak setulae, lateral

margins more strongly setulose ; posterior outline slightly emarginate

;

appearance of dorsum as in Figure 17, Plate LXXXIV. Abdomen
with 6 distinct segments, undifferentiated from thorax except by the

transverse suture, its dorsal level and lateral margins similar to those

of thorax; fourtli segment slightly elongated, its posterior margin
broadly and slightly concave; surfaces of all segments with weak set-

ulae. Legs rather short and stout; fore tarsi short and distinctly dilat-

ed, basal joint as long as next two together and less than half as long

as tibia; armature of legs as in male except that the mid tibiae have a

long apical spur. Wings and halteres absent.

Length: male, 1.7 mm.; female, i mm.
Type locality. White Heath, III, August 22, 191 5—a pair taken

in copula on a sandy bank along the Illinois Central Railroad between

White Heath and the Sangamon River by the writer.

The male of this species bears a strong resemblance to coloradensis

Brues*, differing noticeably however in wing venation, which in flavo-

femorata is similar to that of eurynofa, which Brues described at the

same time. In separating the males of the three North American
species the following key will be found useful.

*Psyche, Vol. 21, 1914, p. 79.



355

1. Veins 4 and 5 almost parallel apieally coloradensis.

— Veins 4 and 5 very distinctly divergent apieally 2

2. Legs and antenna' blaek : scutelluni ])olislied; basal joint of fore

tarsi almost as long as fore tibia- eurynota.
— Legs and antennae yellowish, more or less infuscated apieally ; scutel-

luni subopaque, shagreened, basal joint of fore tarsi not two thirds

as long as fore tibiffi '. flavofevwrata.

The genus Platyplwra was described by Verrall in 1877 with the

genotype hibhocki Verrall. a myrmecophilous species fovnid in Britain*.

Nothing was known of the female of the species for a number of

years. In 1890 Meinert described the genus ^itigmatiasf with the

genotype hlattoidcs Meinert. Mik suggested in 1898$ that Mnig-
matias was the female of Platyphura. Tlie most definite statement

concerning tlie relations of the genera is that published by Donis-

thrope.§ In this paper it is stated definitely that the genera are synony-

mous, Platyplwra being simply the winged male and JHnigniatias the

apterous female of the same genus. This decision was arrived at from
data obtained in connection witli observations made on ants' nests in

which the species of Platyphora occur. I am not aware of any copulat-

ing record having been made prior to that in the present paper, the de-

cision as to the specific identity of the European species resting upon
the fact that only males of Platyphora and only females of JEnig-

matias were obtainable, and that both occurred in the immature stages

in the same nests. The record now published confirms the previous

one by Donisthorpe, if such confirmation were required.

Coquillett described as a male a female discovered in Arizona.
||

This species, schzvarsi Coquillett, is very similar to fiavofeniorata, and
a comparison of tlie foregoing description with Coquillett's type will

be necessary to discover specific differences, althougli his description

seems to indicate that the two arc distinct. It is pertinent to indicate

here that the females of neither of the species described by Brues are

known.
In tlie case of flaz'ofoiwrata tlie species was found on a'sandy bank

where there were numerous ants' nests. The male was running about

fairly rapidly, and it was only after I had inverted a cyanide bottle

over it that I discovered the attached female. The latter was carried

apparently curled forward under the abdomen of the male and was

*Joiir. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., Vol. 13, 1877, p. 259.

tEntom. Meddel., Vol. 2, 1890, p. 213.

{Wien Ent. Zeit., Vol. 17, 1898, p. 204.

^Ent. Eec, Vol. 26, 1914, p. 27fi.

||Can. Ent., Vol. 35, 1903, p. 21.



856

quite invisible from above on account of the rather large wings of the

male, which were folded closely over the abdomen. It is quite possible

that it is by this means that the females find their way from one nest

to another, as they are themselves not well adapted to do so.

Coquillett's species is recorded as occurring in a situation where no
ants' nests were within easy reach.

ANTHOMYID^
POGONOMYIA FLAVINERVIS, n. Sp.

Male.—Glossy black. Frontal and facial orbits slightly brownish,

covered with dense silvery pilosity. Thorax with slight, but distinct,

grayish pruinescence, which when viewed from in front gives the disc

the appearance of being trivittate anteriorly. Abdomen when viewed
from behind distinctly gray pruinescent on sides, leaving only a rather

narrow dorso-central black line which is more or less interrupted at

apex of each segment. Legs black. Wings slightly tinged with yellow,

all veins yellow, costa with black setulose hairs. Calyptrse whitish,

margins yellowish. Halteres brown, knobs dark brown.
Eyes distinctly separated, orbits each about as wide as central stripe

at narrowest part of frons ; frons at narrowest part as wide as distance

between outer margins of the posterior ocelli ; the strong pair of ver-

tical macroch^etse much more conspicuous than the postocular bristles

;

arista short-haired ; head otherwise similar to that of alpicola. Thorax
with the macrochjetse and hairs as in alpicola but much weaker. Abdo-
men rather narrow and distinctly tapering apically, the macrochjeta^

and hairs mucli less conspicuous than in alpicola. Legs witli the arma-
ture much as in alpicola; mid femora with the antero-ventral surface

armed with a series of 8-9 bristles, which begins before middle and ex-

tends to apex, the longest bristle being slightly beyond the middle of

the series; postero-ventral surface with a series of 8-9 longer and
more hairlike bristles extending from base to a point about one third

from apex, the bristles increasing in length from base to apex of series;

hind femora with the series of bristles on antero-ventral surfaces much
less numerous than in alpicola; postero-ventral surface with a single

long slender bristle about one third from apex (two smaller and weak-
•er ones in alpicola) ; hind tibise with armature like that of alpicola ex-

cept that the bristles are distinctly weaker. Wing venation similar to

that of alpicola.

Female.-—Agrees in color with the male except that the abdomen is

almost entirely glossy black.



357

Eyes separated by slightly less than one third the head-width, orbits

each about half as wide as central stripe at its narrowest point; decus-

sate frontal bristles slender. Abdomen much broader than in male.

Legs stouter than in male ; mid femora with a stout bristle about one

fourth from base on the antero-ventral surface which is appreciably

shorter than the diameter of the femur (in alpicola this bristle is more
slender and much longer than the diameter of the femur). Third and
fourth wing-veins slightly convergent apically.

Length, 5.5-7 mm.
Type locality, Algonquin (Nason).
The type series consists of one male and three females, two bear-

ing Algonquin labels (one with the date May 24, 1895), and two
labeled N. 111., one of the latter also bearing Stein's label "Pogono-
myia n. sp.", and presumably the species referred to by him in Berliner

Entomologische Zeitschrift*. Subsequently Stein referred to the

species a specimen from Wisconsin, but as he had only seen females

he did not describe the species.

The foregoing description should serve to separate alpicola Ron-
dani, and flavincrvis. I have not seen atcrrima Van der Wulp, which
was described from Mexico, but it must be very similar to alpicola if

not identical with it. I have both sexes of alpicola from Moscow,
Idaho, May 22, 19 13 (J. M. Aldrich).

GEOMYZID^
Aphaniosoma quadrivittatum, n. sp.

Female.—Opaque yellow. Head yellow with the exception of a

small spot surrounding the ocelli and a small area round the connection

between the head and thorax, which are black; eyes iridescent green
in life. Mesonotum with four blackish gray vittae, the center pair in-

distinctly connected with a similarly colored spot on center of anterior

margin at connection of head and thorax, lateral pair discontinued at

humeri, posteriorly all four vittai being discontinued slightly beyond
middle of disc, the lateral pair slightly exceeding the median pair in

length; lower portion of sternopleura slightly darkened; postnotum
blackened on lower half. Abdomen pale yellow, each segment with a

conspicuous blackish brown cross-band on basal portion which is broad
on median line and narrows towards each lateral margin. Legs yellow.

Wings clear, veins yellow. Halteres yellow. Bristles on head and
thorax black, surface hairs yellow.

*Vol. 42, 1897, p. 170.



858

Head slightly higher than long; face concave in center; upper half

of back of head concave; post-vertical bristles very weak, cruciate;

frons in profile slightly buccate, viewed from above nearly one half

the width of head, slightly narrowed anteriorly; orbit not differen-

tiated from center stripe ; two distinct orbital bristles present on each
side which are slightly reclinate and of moderate size ; anterior to the

lower one is a short setula; ocellar bristles forwardly directed, diverg-

ent ; surface of center stripe with numerous short setulose hairs ; an-

tennae rather small, third joint rounded, arista almost as long as frons,

bare ; cheeks with numerous rather distinct hairs and 2—3 stronger

bristles along mouth margin anteriorly; cheek at middle half as high
as eye, the latter slightly longer than high. Mesonotum with 2 pairs

of widely separated dorso-central bristles, the anterior pair much
weaker than the posterior and preceded by a closely placed series of

short setulse which extend along the inner margin of the lateral vitta

almost to anterior margin of disc ; acrostichals two-rowed anteriorly,

irregularly four-rowed poste'riorly ; no bristles between posterior

dorso-centrals; scutellum slightly flattened on disc, 4 subequal mar-
ginal bristles present, the posterior pair located on margin very close

to base. Abdomen slightly elongated, pointed at apex. Legs rather

slender ; tibiae without preapical bristle. Wings narrow, auxiliary vein

complete but indistinct ; costa unbroken, first division one fifth as long

as second ; second vein distinctly arcuate, the cell between it and third

vein conspicuously narrowed apically ; inner cross-vein about as far

beyond apex of first as it is in front of outer cross-vein; outer cross-

vein short, not much longer than inner; last section of fourth vein four

times as long as penultimate; last section of fifth, one and a half times

as long as penultimate.

Length, 2 mm.
Type locality, Urbana, 111., June 19 to Jnly 9, 1915; on window in

Natural History Building, University of Illinois (J. R. Malloch).

The range of variation in color in this species includes forms in

which the back of the head is entirely gray, and the dorsum of thorax

and abdomen almost entirely blackish gray.

The genus Aphaniosoma was described by Becker in 1903*, who
distinguished it from Chyromyia hy the concave occiput, the latter

genus having the occiput convex. The characters of the two genera

are very similar, but the shape of the head should readily separate

them. The Egyptian species, approximatiim Becker, differs from the

above species in having the disc of the mesonotum opaque gray dusted

and the pleurae with gray spots. It is also considerably smaller

—

.5-. 75 mm .

*Aegyptische Diptereu. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, II Bd., 3 Hft.



359

AGROMYZID^
Agromyza apriuna, n. sp.

Female.—Glossy black. Frons opaque black, orbits and ocellar

triangle glossy ; lunula yellowish ; face and cheeks opaque, slightly

dusted with grayish pruinescence ; antennse, palpi, and proboscis black.

Thorax highly polished without trace of pruinescence", scutellum as

disc of mesonotum. Abdomen as thorax, with a slight metallic blue

sheen towards apex. Legs entirely black. Squamae and fringes whit-

ish. Halteres yellow, knobs white.

Head in profile as in Figure 4, Plate LXXXIV, frons over one

third the head-width, parallel-sided, orbits narrow, each about one fifth

as wide as center stripe, five moderately strong orbital bristles present,

which decrease slightly in strength towards anterior margin, orbits

otherwise bare; frontal triangle distinct, rather broad and short, not

extending midway to anterior margin ; antenna of average size, third

joint distinctly, but not greatly, longer than broad; arista swollen at

base, bare, its length exceeding that of anterior width of frons by about

one fourth ; face and cheeks as shown in figure of profile. Mesonotum
with 4 pairs of dorso-central bristles, which decrease in size anteriorly,

the foremost pair being but little stronger than the strong discal hairs

of which there are about 6 irregular rows between the anterior dorso-

centrals ; the pair of bristles between the posterior pair of dorso-cen-

trals distinct. Abdomen elongate, discal hairs numerous and rather

strong; ovipositor stout and of moderate length. Legs normal in

length and in form ; mid tibiae with the posterior pair of bristles

distinct. Costa extending slightly beyond third vein; outer cross-vein

slightly beyond middle of wing and a little more than its own length

from inner; inner cross-vein beyond end of first vein and two fifths

from apex of discal cell ; last section of fourth vein four times as long

as penultimate section ; last section of fifth five sixths as long as penul-

timate ; auxiliary vein complete ; sixth vein extending nearly to wing
margin.

Male.—Agrees with the female in color.

Differs from the female in the case of one specimen in having the

outer cross-vein at one seventh of the distance from inner cross-vein

to wing margin.

Length: female, 3-3.5 mm.; male, 2.5 mm.
Tvpe locality, Cottonwood grove, Urbana, 111., April 16-20, 1915

(]. R. Malloch).

In the key to the species of Agromyza in my paper in the Annals
of the Entomological Society of America this species will run down



360

to caption 15. Including siibnigripcs {^=nigripes Schiner nee Meigen)
there are four species occurring in North America that fall here ; they

may be separated thus

:

a. Squamte gray, fringes brown suhnigripes Malloeh.
— Squamse and fringes whitish aa
aa. Cross veins separated by about the length of outer cross-vein

aprtlina, n. sp.

— Cross veins separated by about twice the length of outer cross-

vein aaa
aaa. Arista almost bare ; occiput not projecting on upper half

abhreviata Malloeh.
— Arista distinctly pubescent; occiput projecting on upper half

kincaidi Malloeh.

CHLOROPID^
Gaurax Loew

I recently described two new species of the genus Gaurax and pub-

lished a synoptic key to the North American species*. Since sending

that paper in for publication I have found three species which are evi-

dently undescribed, and in presenting descriptions of these I feel that

it becomes necessary to publish an enlarged synopsis of the species so

that students may the more readily recognize the new forms.

I have not found any of the early stages of the species ; most of the

imagines occurring on tree-trunks and limbs. Several examples of

dorsalis Loew were taken on windows of the basement in the Natural

History Building of the University of Illinois.

In the case of the specimens of montamis Coquillett which I took

here the apices of the hind femora are slightly brownish, a character

possessed by the type also, though omitted in the original description.

Key to Species.

1. Wings not entirely Iwaline, either with a black spot at apex of sec-

ond vein, or with a distinct dark mark or infuscation on disc .... 2

— Wings entirely hyaline 7

2. Wings with a small black spot at apex of second vein ( Toronto, Can.

)

pseiidostigma Johnson.
—

• Wings with a much greater portion blackened 3

3. Thorax and scutellum entirely yellow ; a large black mark occupying

the area of the wings from middle of second vein Ijetween costa

and third vein and a small portion of the apex of the cell posterior

to third (111.) flavidulus, n. sp.

•Proc. Ent. Soc. Wafh., Vol. 17, 1915, p. 159.



361

— Thorax with at least black diseal marks; wings marked otherwise

than as above 4
4. Thorax and scutellum black 5

— Ground color of thorax yellow, disc with black marks, scutellum
yellow 6

5. Setulose haii's on frons and cheeks black; wings with very distinct

infuscation, which extends to base and is most distinct in cell

bounded by first vein and costa; legs entirely yellow (111.)

jxillidipes, n. sp.

— Setulose hairs on frons and cheeks yellow ; wings with rather indis-

tinct infuscation, which does not extend to base ; legs yellow, hind
femora and tibiae largely black (111.) fumipennis Malloch.

6. Sides of mesonotum near anterior angles with a white spot (III.) . .

.

splendidus Malloch.
— Sides of mesonotum without a white spot (Mass.)

obscuripennis Johnson.

7. Thorax and scutellum glossy black ; apical half of hind femora black,

the remainder of legs yellow (La.) pilosulus Becker.
— Either disc of mesonotum or the scutellum yellow ; legs not as above

8

8. Halteres yellow 9

— Haltei'es black 11

9. Scutellum black, disc of mesonotum yellow, with a posteriorly tri-

dentate black mai'k which covers almost the entire disc (Pa., 111.,

N. H.) dorsalis Loew.
— Scutellum yellow, with brownish marks upon the disc 10

10. Disc of mesonotum with 3 confluent black vittiE, forming a large dis-

eal mark, i-arely narrowly separated ; scutellum with a basal black

mark on each side (N. H.) epJiippntm Zetterstedt.

— Disc of mesonotum with 3 black spots, the rudiments of the normal
vitta^ beyond middle ; scutellum witli a large brownish mark on

disc (111.) interrupius, n. sp.

11. Legs entirely yellow or with only a faint brownish mark at apices of

hind femora (N. H., Vt., 111.) montanus Coquillett.

— Legs with distinct, deep black marks 12

12. Thorax glossy black, lower half of pleurae and the scutellum yellow

(111.) apicalis Malloch.

Thorax and scutellum yellow, disc of the former with black marks
(Pa.) festivus Loew.

Gaur.^x flavidulus, n. sp.

Male.—^Yellow, subopaque. Head yellow, ocellar region, inner

upper mouth-margin, and back of liead black. Thorax yellow, a black

central spot on pleurae and a similarly colored transverse one on mid-
dle of postnotum. Abdomen yellow, infuscated on sides of first seg-



362

merit and entire dorsum of other segments; venter yellowish. Legs
yellow, mid and hind tibiae with a brownish black spotlike mark on
dorsal surfaces near base. Wings with a large black mark covering
the entire area anterior to third vein from middle of second to apex of
third and extending slightly posterior to third near its apex; veins

black. Halteres yellow. Setulose hairs on head and thorax black, the

weak hairs pale yellow.

Frons over one third the head-width, triangle poorly defined; an-

tennae small, third joint rounded apically, slightly pilose ; arista short-

haired ; cheek linear ; eyes sparsely haired. Surface of mesonotum
with weak hairs; apical pair of scutellar bristles distinctly stronger

than basal. Abdomen rather slender; hypopygium of moderate size,

recurved. Legs normal. Third costal division of wing about three

fourths as long as second ; veins 3 and 4 parallel, the latter ending in

wing tip.

Length, i mm.
Type locality, Urbana, 111., July 4, 191 5, at rest on cypress limb

(J. R. Malloch).

Differs from any described species of the genus in the wing mark-
ings.

Gaurax PAti^iDiPES, n. sp.

Male.—Black, shining. Head yellowish brown; frons opaque
black-brown, triangle glossy black ; antennae brownish ; arista fuscous

;

palpi dusky yellow ; back of head black. Thorax and abdomen shining

black, the latter slightly yellowish at base. Legs entirely yellow.

Wings with a very distinct infuscation on anterior basal half, which
fades out before apex of third vein; veins black. Halteres yellow,

knob black. Hairs and bristles on head black; bristles on thorax yel-

low ; hairs on thorax and abdomen white.

Head short and broad ; frons one half the width of head, triangle

well defined and very large, filling almost the entire frons; lateral and
vertical setulas strong; antennje large, third joint very hairy; arista

slender, short-haired; marginal hairs on cheek strong; eyes very dis-

tinctly haired. Mesonotum rather densely covered with long white

hairs; scutellum with similar hairs and 4 marginal bristles, the apical

pair strongest. Abdomen short and broad. Legs of moderate strength.

Third costal division of wing two thirds as long as second; veins 3 and

4 parallel, the latter ending in wing tip.

Length, 1.5 mm.
Type locality, Urbana, 111., July 4, 191 5, at rest on cypress limb

f J. R. Malloch).



363

Differs from fumipennis Malloch in having the legs entirely yellow

and the infuscation of the wings carried to the base.

Gaurax interruptus, n. sp.

Female.—Ochreous yellow, slightly shining. Head yellow, ocellar

region, inner upper mouth-margin, and back of head black, arista

brownish. Mesonotum with the three vittse faintly indicated anteri-

orly, black on posterior third from transverse median line of disc mid-

way to posterior margin
;
pleurae with a large glossy black central spot

and the upper margin narrowly black ; scutellum brownish black except

the margin
;
postnotum yellow above, black below. Abdomen black

dorsally, segments paler on anterior margins, venter yellow. Legs yel-

low. Wings hyaline, veins grayish. Halteres yellow, knobs white.

Bristles on head and thorax black, hairs yellowish.

Frons opaque, over one third the width of head, surface with

numerous setulose hairs, those on vertex, lateral margins, and a pair

on center of anterior margin strong; antennae rather small, arista

short-haired ; eyes sparsely haired ; triangle poorly defined. Mesono-
tum with less noticeable surface hairs than in most species of the

genus ; scutellum with short discal hairs and 4 marginal bristles, the

apical pair strong. Abdomen and legs normal. Third costal division

of wing about four fifths as long as second ; veins 3 and 4 subparallel,

the latter ending in wing tip.

Length, i mm.
Type locality, Urbana, 111., July 5, 1915, at rest on cypress tree

trunk (J. R. Malloch).

This species is separable from cphippium by the interrupted tho-

racic vittae, and the discal spot on scutellum.

Urbana, Illinois, December 3, 191.5.



Plate LXXX
Larval and Pupal Details of Sciara, Myceiohia, and Deromyia

Fig. 1. Sciara sp., larva, ventral view of head : a, antenna ; lab, labium

;

mx, maxillffi ; lb, labrum; m, mandible.

Fig. 2. The same, abdominal trachea and spiracle of larva.

Fig. 3. The same, prothoracic trachea and spiracle of larva.

Fig. 4. The same, latei'o-ventral view of pupa.

Fig. 5. Mycetobia divergent, prothoracic spiracle of larva.

Fig. 6. The same, portion of head and prothorax showing trachea and
spiracle of larva.

Fig. 7. Mycetobia divergens, lateral view of pupa.

Fig. 8. Sciara sp., mandible of larva.

Fig. 9. Mycetobia divergens, dorsal view of apical segments of pupa.

Fig. 10. Sciara sp., clypeus and hypopharynx of larva.

Fig. 11. Mycetobia divergens, mandible of larva.

Fig. 12. The same, dorsal view of larva.

Fig. 13. The same, labial plate of larva.

Fig. 14. Deromyia winiliemi, thorns at base of wing of pupa.

Fig. 15. The same, lateral view of eighth and ninth segments of abdo-

men of pupa.

Fig. 16. The same, side view of lateral cephalic thorns of pupa.



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Fig.



PUATIC LXXXI



Plate LXXXII

Larval and Pupal Details of Asilida' and Mydaidw

Pig. 1. Proctacantlius milherti, ninth abdominal segment of pupa.
Fig. 2. Promacliux verfehratm, seventh, eighth, and ]iinth abdominal

segments of pupa.

Pig. 3. Proctacantlius miU}crti, end view of ninth segment of abdomen
of pupa.

Pig. 4. Promaclins vertebratiis, side view of lateral cephalic thorn of

pupa.

Pig. 5. The same, thorns at base of wing-case of pupa.
Pig. 6. Procfacanilnis milherti. side view of lateral cephalic thoi'ns of

pupa.

Pig. 7. The same, thorns at base of wing-case of pupa.
Fig. 8. Mydas chwatus. dorsal view of apex of abdomen of pupa.

Fig. 9. The same, lateral view of pupa.
Fig. 10. The same, front view of head of pupa.

Fig. n. Promaclins vertebratiis, ventral view of apex of abdomen of

larva.

Fig. 12. The same, lateral view of larva.

Fig. 13. The same, posterior spiracle of larva.

Pig. 14. The same, dorsal view of apex of abdomen of larva.

Fig. 15. Mydas clavatiis, lateral view of head of pupa.

Pig. 16. The same, side view of lateral cephalic thorn of pupa.

Pig. 17. Asilus notatus, thorn at base of wing-case of pupa.

Fig. 18. The same, side view of lateral cephalic thorn of pupa.

Pig. 19. Proctacantlius milherti, dorsal aljdominal thorns of pujia.

Fig. 20. Promaclins vertehrains, same as above.

Fig. 21. Mydas clavatus, same as above.

Pig. 22. Proctacantlius milherti, spiracular area of first abdominal seg-

ment of pupa.

Pig. 23. Mydas clavatns, al)dominal spiracle of pupa.

Fig. 24. Promaclins vertebratus, dorsal view of head of larva.

Fig. 25. The same, ventral view of head of larva.



Plate LXXXII

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Plate LXXXIII

Larval and Pupal Details of Bomhijliidw and SijrpliidcB

Fig. 1. Siwgoslijhnn aiudc, dorsal view of head of larva. Retracted

within prothoracic segment to point marked X.
Fig. 2. Spogostylum anale, dorsal abdominal bristles of pupa.
Fig. 3. Exoprosopa fasciata, same as above.

Fig. 4. The same, lateral view of apex of abdomen of pupa.

Fig. 5. Sparnopolhis fnlvus, same as above.

Fig. 6. Exoprosopa fasciata, lateral view of head of pupa.

Fig. 7. Sparnopolius fidvus, same as above.

Fig. 8. Spogostylum anale, doi'sal view of apex of abdomen of pupa.
Fig. 9. The same, lateral view of head of pupa.
Fig. 10. The same, lateral view of apex of abdomen of pupa.
Fig. 11. Exoprosopa fasciata, dorsal view of apex of abdomen of pupa.
P^ig. 12. Brackypalpus frontosus, dorsal view of larva.

Fig. 13. BracJiypalpus frontosus, lateral view of puparium.
Fig. 14. Bracliypalpus frontosus, front view of head and prothorax of

larva.

Fig. 15. BracJiypalpus frontosus, puparium, front view of lower margin
of cephalic extremity, showing the remarkable change in

position of the ])rothoracic thorns.

Fig. 16. Ccria willistoni, lateral view of puparium, anterior portion

missing.

Fig. 17. Tropidia quadrata, lateral view of puparium.
Fig. 18. The same, anterior respiratory organ of puparium.
Fig. 19. The same, dorsal view of apex of abdomen of puparium.



Plate LXXXIII



Pig.



PtATE LXXXIV

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