BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL H(STORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U . S. A. VOL. VII. MARCH, 1904 ARTICLE Ill. A REVIE"V OF THE SUNFISHES OF THE CU RRENT GENERA APOMO­ TIS, LEPO MI S, AND EUPOMOTlS, WITi-i PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SPECIES FOUND IN ILLINOIS. .' BY R. E. RICHARDSON, A.M. ERRATA AND ADDENDA. Page 35, line 15, for 1854- read 1855. Page 55, line 16, for Horticultural read State Agricultural. Page 60, in second table, Illinois, for 240 read 241. Page 65, first line above foot-note, for ventricosa read ligamentina. Page 72, line 9, for imhecilis read imbecillis. Page 79, line 19, for asperimus read asperrimtts. Page 80, above Quadrula rubiginosa insert Section Fusconaia Simpson. Page 76. The record of Calkins for Margaritana margaritifera is without doubt erroneous and should be eliminated. This species is not found in Illinois. Page 95. Pomatiopsis sheldonii Pilsbry should read Amnicola sheldonii and should be transferred to the genus Amnicola on page 93. Page 100. Physa gyrina oleacea Tryon is the immature stage of Physa gyrina. Page 103. Lymncsa tazewelliana is a synonym of Lymncea parva. Page 105. Lymncea palustris michiganensis is the immature form of Lymncca rcflcxa. Page 106. Lymncza reflexa ioivensis and Lymncea reflexa crystalensis are synonyms of Lymncea reflexa. Page 112, line 6 from bottom, for goitldi read gouldii. Page 114, line 5 from bottom, for jnxtigcns read juxtidens. Page 115, line 21, for Witter read Walker; line 23, Polygyra sayii Binney should be changed to Polygyra sayana Pilsbry. Page 116, line 1. Polygyra exolcta Binney (1885) should be changed to Polygyra zaleta Binney (1837). Page 117, line 11 from bottom, for Icai read leaii; line 3 from bottom, Poly- gyra monodon fraterna is a good species and should read Polygyra fraterna. Page 119, foot-note. A specimen of alliarins in the collection of Mr. Aldrich, received from Calkins, proves to be draparnaldi. Page 121, line 3 from bottom, for Champaign read Piatt. Page 122, line 12 from bottom, for Pyramidula siriatella Anthony read Pyra- midiila cronkkitci anthonyi Pilsbry; line 4, for Held read Hald. Page 123, for Helicodiscus lineatus Say read Hclicodiscus parallcliis Say. Page 162, line 7, for glandulosa read linearis. Page 171, line 17, for riparia read vulpina. Page 176, line 8 from bottom, for canadense read majiis. Page 180, line 9, for virginica read virginiana. Page 221, line 6 from bottom, for rectangiiliis read rcctangttlaris. Page 226, line 3, for fasciatus read fasciata. Page 239, line 11, strike out Lake Co. entry. Page 246, lines 6 and 7, and page 248, lines 1, 14, 20, and 23, for CEnothera read Onagra. Page 248, line 4, for Candida Horn substitute n. sp. Pac^e 249, line 8 from bottom, for Olethreutes dimidiana Sodoff? read Olethreutes separatana Kearfott, and strike out parenthetical matter. Page 251, line 7, for grossa read thoracica; line 21, for words preceding H. 6, read Asilus rufipennis Hine; line 18 from bottom, for words preceding H. 2, substi- tute Asilus cacopilogus Hine. Page 253, line 8, for Linn, read Emory. Page 257, line 15, for pennsylvanicus DeG. read auricomus Rob. Page 261, Note 6. Melanoplus macneilli is very probably M. ftuviatilis Brun. Page 262, Note 9. Dr. Bergroth writes that Nabis elongatus is preoccupied. The original is elogantus in the check list. Comparison with long-winged vicarius is desirable before re-naming it. Page 309, in table, for 59 read 57, and for 743 read 741. Page 310, in table, for JS* read 57. Page 314, line 5, for 1587 read 481; line 16, after stubble insert meadows; line 17, after pastures strike out and meadows, and after 1600 strike out each. Page 315, last line, for 553 read 481. Page 362, line 7 from bottom, for longa read parvilamellata. Page 373. As a second entry in synonymy insert as follows: 1854. Nothrus bistriatus, Nicolet, Acariens des Environs de Paris, p. 397, PI. VII., Fig. 7. Page 376, line 13 from bottom, for Oribata read Oribates. Page 378, line 1, for XXV. read XXXV. Page 384, after line 5 insert as follows: N. bipilis Hermann. Mem. Apt., p. 95. In moss. Areola and Parker, 111. Page 384, line 5 from bottom, for pyrostigma read pyrostigmata. Page 386, after line 11 from bottom insert as follows: H. bistriata Nicolet. Acariens des Environs de Paris, p. 397, PL VII., Fig. 7. Under logs and in moss, Urbana and Areola, 111. Page 388, line 12, for sphcerulum read sphcsrida. Article III. — A Review of the Sunfishes of the current Genera Apomotis, Lepomis, and Eupomotis, ivifh particular Reference to the Species found in Illinois. By R. E. Richardson. During the progress of studies on material from the large collection of Illinois sunfishes belonging to the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, a striking and, as it appeared later, fundamental difference in form was observed between the lower pharyngeals of specimens oiLeponiis pallidus (Mitch- p.sp. i.a.- o.rrt p.sp. o.m. arit. ant. Fig. I, Eupomotis gibbosus, lower left pharyngeal, from above; 2, side view; 3, same of Lepomis pallidus, from above ; 4, side view. Atit., anterior apex ; p. sp., posterior spur; o. m., outer margin ; i. a., inner angle. ill) and Eupomotis gihhosus (Linnaeus). These bones in the first species were found to be comparatively light, flattened dorso-ventrally, and always narrow, the width in the length of 28 the toothed portion of the bone ranging from 2.9 to 3.4 and averaging more than 3 in twenty measured specimens whose length ranged from 2f to 6 inches. The inner angle {La.) is quite obtuse, 120° to 140°, and the outer margin {o.m.) is straight or slightly inbent from the tip of the posterior spur {p. sp.) to the anterior extremity {mit.) of the bone. The lower phar- yngeals of Eupomotis gibbosus are deep and broad, with infe- rior and lateral prominences, never being flattened or hollowed out underneath as in L. paUidiis. Measurements made on twenty specimens, from 2| to 6 inches in length, show a varia- tion of only 1.9 to 2.5 (average 2.17) in the ratio of width to length of the toothed portion, and a range of 95° to 111° in the inner angle. The outer margin of the pharyngeal in this spe- cies presents a double curve, with a moderate sinus situated pos- teriorly, immediately in front of the spur, and a more or less de- cided anterior arcuation, margining a lateral ledge-like promi- nence. The spur is directed more or less definitely outward, rather than backward as in L.paUidus. The differences between the teeth of these two species were found to be as hitherto described, those of E. gibbosus being short and heavy and either very blunt or entirely paved, while those of L. palUdus are long and comparatively slender, with more or less acuminate tips. An examination of the pharyngeal bones and their teeth from specimens of E. heros and E. holbrooki* disclosed complete conformity in those species to the type of bone and tooth found in E. gibbosus. The pharyngeals of E. euryorus McKay proved, however, to be of the pattern found in L pallidus. The phar- yngeals of Apomotis cyanellus, ischyrus, and symmetricus, and of L. miniatus, aurifus, megalofis, occidentalis,-f humilis, and hap- lognafhus were also found to differ in no essential respect from these bones as described for L. pallidus. The lower pharyngeal teeth of A. cyanellus, ischyrus, and symmetricus, and of L. min- iatus and E. euryorus appear as a rule to be somewhat less *Through the courtesy of Dr. S. E. Meek, of the Field Columbian Museum, we have been permitted to examine specimens of this and other species not found in the waters of Illinois. \L. occidentalis, Meek, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. II., No. 6, p. ii8. 29 slender and acutely pointed than the teeth of the remain- ing species of the genus Lepomis, but this distinction is recog- nizable only with difficulty, and is scarcely to be regarded as of even subgeneric value. In the case of L. paJJidus and E. yihhosiis, and in other species when possible, care was taken to examine the pharyngeals of a considerable number of young specimens, and no difficulty was in any case experienced in making out the distinctive form of the pharyngeal in each species, the best idea of which is obtained from the accom- panying figures. While the ratio of width to length of the toothed portion of the bone becomes greater in the young of Eupomotis, it was in no case found to equal the ratio obtained for the species of Apjoniofis and Lepotnis. Species of which I have yet had no opportunity to exam- ine specimens are A. phenax anad pundattis, L. macrochirus, and E. paUidus. Of the first two there can scarcely be any doubt concerning the generic affinities, the first species being possibly identical with A. ischj/rus (Jordan & Nelson). Of L. tHctcro- chirus little is known. In view of the palatine teeth, long gill- rakers, and dusky color at back of dorsal and anal in E. pal- lidus (Agassiz), I have, with Boulenger, regarded that species as identical with L. paUidus (Mitchill), and have taken no ac- count of it in the present characterization of the genus Eupo- motis. Consequent on the removal of this species and E. eu- rijorus McKay to the genus Lepouds, and apparently in no other way, does it become possible to establish the genus Eupo- motis beyond question on characters that have constant value. Lepomis Rafinesque. Lower pharyngeals narrow and comparatively weak, flat- tened or hollowed out underneath; width in length of toothed portion about Sin adult specimens; inner angle, 120° to 140°; outer margin straight or slightly inbent from tip of posterior spur to anterior extremity of bone; pharyngeal teeth always long and slender and more or less acuminate. Brilliant colors 30 on posterior margin of opercular flap, if present, always blend- ing with the adjacent paler or darker color, and not forming a definitely localized spot as in Eupomotis. A somewhat heterogeneous group, represented in this state by eight species, the genus as here understood including Apomotis and Lepomis of recent authors. The form of the body is vari- ously elongate, elliptical, or short and deep. Most of the spe- cies are inclined to be rather robust, while others are thin and compressed. Mouth various, usually rather large; supplemental maxillary bone well developed in some species, rudimentary or wanting in others, its development greatest in those species which have the mouth largest; teeth on palatines in most spe- cies. Operculum ending behind in a convex bony or osseo- membranous process or flap, its development much greater in some species than in others and subject to variation with age; the flap proper well differentiated (or not) from a fleshy or mem- branous margin partly or wholly of paler color than the oper- cular spot. Gill-rakers well developed (long, stiff, and rough) to rather slender, or very soft and weak. Pectorals nearly always considerably shorter than head, but about equaling it in some species [niegalotis, humilis, palUdus); dorsal spines usually low, but scarcely lower in some species than in Eupomotis. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS LEPOMIS FOUND IN ILLINOIS. A. Operculum more or less stiffened posteriorly, its osseous portion always distinctly differentiated from a posterior fleshy or membranous margin, which is about equally broad above, behind, and below, and partly orwholly of paler color than the osseous portion, to which the black of the opercular spot is entirely or for the most part confined. A well-developed supplemental maxillary bone. h. Scales moderate or small, 42 to 50 in lateral line ; oper- culum produced backward and rather sharply rounded behind, triangular. 31 c. Soft dorsal dusky, with a more or less distinct blotch of darker color near base of last rays ; dark colora- tion on scales regular, with no appearance of mot- tling due to darker color on scattered groups of scales. d. Body oblong, depth 2.2 to 2.5 in length ; profile long and straight ; margin of ear-flap coppery to pur- plish cyaneUus. del. Body short and deep, depth 1.8 to 2 in length ; pro- file steep, convex in front of dorsal, and with angle at nape prominent ; margin of ear-flap pale blue to pinkish ischyrus. cc. Soft dorsal tessellated with darker but without large black blotch at base of last rays ; dark coloration more intense on scattered groups of scales, resulting in a mottled appearance much as in E. (jihhosus ; in life, some red or coppery on ear-flap behind. euryo7'us. bh Scales large, 35 to 41 in lateral line ; operculum not pro- longed much backward, but more or less broadly rounded behind, not triangular. e. Flexible margin of operculum narrow, its width | to ^ the length of the black opercular spot, which is mostly confined to the bony portion ; body green, barred with darker ; small cofl'ee-colored specks on body and fins symmetricus. ee. Flexible margin of operculum broad, i to as wide as the black or dark green spot on osseous portion, and mostly of the same dark color ; body dusky olive, with rows of red or orange spots on sides. miniattts. AA. Operculum thin and flexible behind, its thin membranous margin much produced and broadened posteriorly, with a rather wide edging of pinkish to crimson almost sur- rounding the black of the opercular spot, which is mostly conflned to the membranous extension, barely tipping the osseous portion of the flap. No supplemental max- illary bone. Color olive, with orange spots ; body rather elongate ; size small, not exceeding 3| inches. humilis. AAA. Operculum not composed of well differentiated osseous and membranous portions, the bone becoming gradu- ally thinner posteriorly and terminating in a flexi- ble osseo-membranous flap, which is usually consid- erably produced in adults, sometimes exceedingly so, and is entirely black or with only a very narrow edging of pale. Supplemental maxillary bone very rudimentary or entirely wanting. /. Dorsal spines low% the longest but slightly more than snout; gill-rakers very short and weak; color olive, with blue or orange spots and wavy vertical streaks of emerald; no black blotch on dorsal or anal be- hind megalotis. ff. Dorsal spines higher, the longest usually greater than snout and eye; gill-rakers rather long and slender; color olive, with purplish lustre, usually rather dark; dorsal and anal with black blotch at base of last rays pallidus. Lepomis cyanellus Raflnesque. Apomotis cyanellus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 996. Distributed throughout the state, being the most abundant sunfish in the smaller prairie streams and pools of central Illi- nois. Lepomis ischijrus (Jordan & Nelson ). Apomotis ischyrus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 997. Type, in possession of the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat- ural History, obtained from the Illinois River in 1877. Not again taken until 1899, when two excellent adult specimens were obtained from the Illinois River at Meredosia. Lepomis euryoriis (McKay). Eupomotis euryorus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1008. Form strongly suggestive of Eupomotis gibbosus, but the body robust and rather more elongate than in that species; dor- sal outline more arched than ventral; depth 2 to 2.3, head 2.6 to 2.9 in length. Mouth large, oblique, maxillary reaching con- siderably past front of orbit, 2.6 to 2.9 in head; jaws about equal; supplemental maxillary well developed; teeth present on vomers and palatines; lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth rather bluntly pointed; eye small, 3.8 to 4.3 in head; opercle produced backward and rather sharply rounded behind, trian- gular; gill-rakers well developed, rather stiff and rough. Dor- sal X, 11 or 12, the spines low, but slightly longer than from snout to eye in young specimens, 2.2 to 2.7 in head; anal III, 9 or 10; pectorals short, 1.3 to 1.4 in head; ventrals reaching a little past vent. Scales 6 or 7, 43-45, 14 or 15, those on cheeks small, in 6 to 8 rows. Color in life not very well known; in spirits dusky olive, mottled with darker, the general appear- ance very much as in E. (jihhosus; fin-membranes dusky, with darker tessellations behind on soft dorsal and anal and near base of caudal; opercular spot black, the margin paler, with some red or coppery behind in life. Known in this state from two young specimens, 2 and 3^ inches in length respectively, taken in Crooked Creek, near La Harpe, Illinois, in May, 1900. These specimens form the basis of the present description. Lepomis symmetricus Forbes. Apomotissymmetricus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,No, 47, p. 998. Not taken in Illinois since 1883, when it was described by Professor Forbes from specimens taken in the Illinois River at Pekin. Found only sparingly, chiefly in the southern por- tion of the state, especially the Wabash valley. It has not been observed that the pharyngeals of this fish suggest afiinities with the genus Eui)omoih as hitherto sup- posed. Lepomis miniatus Jordan. LePomis miniatus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,No. 47, p. 1002. Lepomisgarmani, Yorhts, Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., Art. II., p. 135. — Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1002. Specimens which I now refer to this species were de- 34 scribed by Professor Forbes in 1885 from the Wabash and Little Fox rivers in southern Illinois, under the name of L. ganuani, but no examples have since been taken in that part of the state. The types of L. garmani Forbes are thin and rather deeply angled at the nape, with pectorals comparatively long, 1.2 to 1.4 in head, and dorsal spines rather high, 1.9 to 2.2 in head, in these and all other essential respects agreeing with typical more southern representatives of the species from Missouri, Arkan- sas, and Texas. Specimens of this species taken since 1894 in the Illinois River at Havana and Meredosia have the body more or less robust, dorsal spines short, 2.3 to 2.7 in head, and pec- torals reaching but little beyond the back of the cheek in adults, their length 1.4 to 1.6 in head. These differences are seen to be less important after comparison of specimens from different southern localities, some of which are quite intermediate be- tween the two extremes just described. Southern specimens examined, however, agree in most instances more nearly with the types of L. garmani than with the form from the Illinois River. Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). Lepomis me^^a/o/zs, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1002. Generally distributed in Illinois, in the clearer portions of the swifter streams and brooks. Lepomis humilis (Girard). Lepomis humilis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1004. The peculiar structure and coloration of the opercular flap gives to this fish a unique place among the species of the genus hepomis. Widely distributed over Illinois, except in the northern part. Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). Lepomis pallidus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1005. In our collections from Lake Michigan and the streams and lakes of the northern part of the state to the waters of Union county. The most abundant sunfish by far in the Illi- nois River. 35 EupoMOTis (tIII & Jordan. Lower pharyngeals deep and broad, with inferior and hit- erai prominences, never flattened or hollowed out underneath as in Leponiis; width in length of toothed portion about 2 in adults; inner angle 95° to 111°; outer margin a double curve, moderatel}- inbent posteriorly, in front of spur, and more or less decidedly rounded anteriorly, as the margin of a lateral ledge- like prominence; teeth on lower pharyngeals short and heavy, their upper surfaces very bluntly rounded or paved. Red or orange on posterior portion of opercular flapdetinitely marked off from the paler or blackish portions adjacent, and not blended with them as in the preceding genus. Body more or less compressed and back elevated. Mouth rather small; no supplemental max- illary bone and no teeth on palatines. Gill-rakers always short, sometimes very much reduced. Pectoral fins always longer than head, sometimes extending past middle of anal. Dorsal spines rather higher than in most species of Ltponiix. Two species found in Illinois. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUPOMOTIS FOUND IN ILLINOIS. (I. Pectorals reaching to or beyond middle of anal ; wavy lines on cheeks faint Iieroti. (Id. Pectorals scarcely reaching front of anal ; evident wavy lines of emerald on cheeks (jihixtsiis. Eiipoinofis hrro.s (Baird & Girard), EiipO)notis heros, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1007. Rare in Illinois, mostly from the southern part. Not taken since 1882. EnjjoiHofIs ijilihdsHs { Liiina?us ). EupO)notis gibbosiis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1009. Widely distributed in Illinois, except in the Wabash basin. Issued Mar. 9, igo^. IV.