BULLETIN

LiuiJIS Sink ICalturitfpri

NATURAL HISTORY,

Normal, Illinois.

VOLUME II

Article I.—Descriptive Catalog of the North Ameri-

can Hepatic^e, North of Mexico.

BY LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, PH. D.

1884
\V. FRANKS & SONS, PRINTERS \ND HINDERS

PEORIA, ILLINOI ...

MURAl i.iSIORr CURVEY

SEP 1969



BULLETIN
OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY
OF

Natural History.

VOLUME II.

Aktkjle I.

—

D('script ire (\tfal()</ifc of f/ic North Aiiio-iraii He-

paticce, Xorth of Mexico. By Lucien M. Underwood, 1'h.D.

PEEFATOKY NOTE

The stvuly of the Hepaticre is attended with much difficulty

for several reasons, among which ma3^ be named the following

:

1. These plants are very largely neglected by collectors.

2. The literature on the subject is rare and inaccessible.

Sullivant's work on the Hepatica\ which seems to have been

published in a limited edition, is now a rarity, and can hardly

be obtained at any price.

3. Most of our public and college libraries contain little

or no literature on this subject.

4. Many of the species descriljed as new by American

writers are not represented in any American collection.

When we add to the above the inherent complexity of the

group, we begin to see some of the difficulties in the way of

study. It is to relieve in part these difficulties, and to stimu-

late a more complete collection of Hepaticce, particularly in un-

explored portions of our country, that the present compilation

has been made. That it is at best an imperfect represe)itation

of our hepatic flora is painfully apparent to its writer, but it is

hoped that it niiiy serve as a stimubis to more work in this



2 Prefatory Note.

direction, and lay in store material for a more critical examin-

ation of this group in the future.

It was the intention of Mr. Austin, of New Jersey, to pub-

lish a monograph of this group, but by his death his critical

knowledge of the Hepatirce is lost to the world. His private

collection, even, has crossed the ocean and is practically lost to

Americans. Some of Mr. Austin's work was left in manuscript

form, and all that he left is now in the writer's possession.

Much of it consists of mere fragments or notes on a few species.

A notable exception to this is the genus Biccia, on which his

notes and descriptions are very complete; the account of that

genus given here may be regarded as a condensation of Mr.

Austin's manuscript notes. On the Jurigenncaiiacece, the larg-

est and most difficult order, Mr. Austin left almost nothing in

manuscript.

In the preparation of this compilation the writer has made
use of every available means for making it complete and

authentic. Many thanks are due kind-hearted botanists for

assistance; especial mention is due the following. To Prof.

S. A. Forbes, for the loan of hepatic collections in the posses-

sion of the State Laboratory; to Prof. Sereno Watson for the

generous loan of the manuscript on the Californian Hepatiece,

originally prepared for the " Botany of California," but not

published; to Prof. Watson and the other authorities at Cam-
bridge for access to the extensive libraries and collections; to

Dr. H. A. Bolander and others for generous contributions of

specimens particularly from the Pacific coast.

No attempt has been made to publish new species, the

writer believing that too many have already been described

from insufficient data, and considering it far more necessary to

set in order those already published.

It is hoped that persons receiving this work will aid the

further and critical study of this group by communicating
specimens of all the forms found in their own localities.

Syracuse, N. Y., Novevibtr 10, 1883.



INTKODUCTORY

General Characters. The Hepatic^ include quite di-

verse forms of vegetation, judging from the outward habit of

the plants composing the group, yet all are more or less inti-

mately related in their essential, that is. their reproductive

characters. The lower forms consist of a mere expansion of

tissue with no differentiation of stem and leaves. These thal-

loid forms are quite frequently confused with certain forms of

lichens, but can be easily distinguished by the fact that while

the lichen is usually rather dry and crustaceous or leathery,

the hepatic is more loosely cellular or spongy in texture, and

presents a moist or somewhat juicy appearance under pressure.

Some of the aquatic forms have also been mistaken for algae.

The higher forms of Hepaticae are more moss-like in general

appearance, consisting of a stem and leaves usually closely

creeping over some substance, which may be the ground itself,

rotten wood, living trees, or rocks. These higher forms are

sometimes confused with the true mosses (Musci), but can

usually be distinguished by having the leaves two-ranked, while

the mosses proper have them in several or many ranks. The

more technical differences will be made apparent at a later

paragraph.

Habits of Growth. The Hepaticse are as various in

their habits of growth as they are diverse in their external ap-

pearance. They may be looked for in almost any situation,

though certain conditions seem most favorable for continued

and thrifty growth. Some may be found on the ground in

ditches or in moist places, others grow on rocks or stones by

brooks or rivulets, while others still are found on rotten logs

or stumps in forest or swamp. Some species are found among
other mosses, notablv the SplxupKi of swam|)s and ])eat-bogs.



4 Illinois State Labondori/ of Natural HIsfori/.

some grow on the bark of living trees, a few on the stems or

leaves of herbaceous plants, while at least one American spe-

cies is found growing over lichens. Some grow in cultivated,

even trodden ground, and a very few are aquatic in pools or

ponds.

Size. The variation in size is often considerable; a few

forms of Lpjeiinia are so small as to be almost invisible to the

unaided eye; this condition, however, is not common, and most

will measure from a few milllimetres to several centimetres in

length. All forms are small and inconspicuous, and rarely are

the species so crowded or numerous as to form a conspicuous

portion of the earth's vegetation.

Time for Collecting. The hepatics should be collected

for preservation and study when in fruit, if this be possible,

and this condition occurs at diiferent seasons in the various

species; some bear fruit in late autumn, some in early spring,

some in midsummer; in short, there is scarcely any season of

the year, even winter, that will not find some form in fruit,

yet the period from October to May may include the larger

numljer of species for the cool temperate regions of America.

Many species have never been found in fruit, and possibly

never produce fruit, so it will be advisable to collect all species

whether in fruit or not, for otherwise these less known forms

may be neglected.

Geographic Distribution. Too little is known at pres-

ent regarding the range of our native species to arrive at defi-

nite conclusions regarding distribution, yet certain preliminary

features may be noted with even our present knowledge. Of
the 231 species described in this paper 111 are common to

North America and Europe. We may tabulate our species in

five chief groups or natural divisions:

I. Boreal: including those species found on the summits
of the higher mountains of the Atlantic States as well as the

Rocky Mountains of the West, and the colder portions of Can-
ada, Labrador ajid Greenland; most of the species of this prov-

ince are common to the colder portions of the Old World.
TI. Medial: including those species inhabiting that por-

tion of the United States and Canada east of the Rocky Moun-
tains not already included in 1; more than one-half the species



Hepa ticce of No i -fh Anw t'ica

.

5

we have iu common with Eiighiud and the lower latitudes of

Continental Europe.

III. Austral: including the forms found in the southern

border states from Texas or New Mexico to Florida, some forms

being common to Mexico or the West Indies, or both, and a

few found in Europe.

IV. Occidental: including the Pacific border region from

Lower California to British Columbia, and possibly to Alaska,

including also the species of the Sierra Nevadas.

Y. Cosmopolitan: including species more or less common
to all portions of our territory, all of which are also common
to Europe.

The above divisions are, of course, merely tentative, and

may be considerably modified by a further knowledge of the

distribution of individual species. (See Appendix A.)

Our species may be summed up as follows:

DIVISION.



6 fll/no/s Staff L(thorato)-i/ of Natural H/stori/.

necessary to consider each separately, as the sexual phase, and

the spomgony i^hose.

Sexual Phase. All Hepatic.^, in common with the

Musci ( Mosses j. manifest what is called an ''alternation of

generations,"* which distinguishes them for the most part from

the lower forms of plant life, and connects them with the ferns

and their allies. The first phase is developed from the spore,

either directly or indirectly, and produces the sexual organs by

which the second or spore producing phase is orignated. As

the sexual phase is the form in which the plant is most likely

to be seen, and furnishes the most distinctive generic and spe-

cific characters, a detailed account of the various parts and

organs will be first given.

Vegetation. Two principal forms of vegetation are

commonly found in this group of plants, namely, the tJiallose,^

consisting merely of an expanded or flattened mass of tissue,

without distinction of stem and leaves; and the foUaceous^ with

well marked stem and leaves. These two forms, however, are

only the extremes of a somewhat regularly graded series of

forms. The entire series may be characterized as follows:

1. Forms consisting of a true thallus. (AntJioceros,

Aneitru.)

2. Thalloid stems, usually with scales underneath, which
may correspond to leaves. (Marchantia, Blasia.)

3. Pseudo-foliaceous forms, in which the thallus is lobed,

the lobes assuming leaf-like forms. (Fossomhronia.)

4. Typical foliaceous forms. (Jungermania, Frullania.)

The vegetation in all Hepaticse is bilateral, that is, differ-

ently developed on the upper and under sides. The under side,

deprived of the light, differs in internal structure from the

upper, and there frequently results a corresponding difference

in the external appearance. Most are of some shade of green,

the darker more common, but varying to brownish-green and
even fuscous; some of the thallose forms are purplish beneath,

* I have hitherto pointed out the misapplication of this term, which
must eventually give place to one more exact and scientific. Compare :

Oar Native Ferns and Tlieir Allies, p. 35, note.
\Frondose is an older term, but the term frond has an entirely differ-

ent signification, and is appropriately applied to the ferns; the above
term is moreover more expressive and exact.



Hepaticce of North America. 7

and this frequently extends to the upper margins, and more

rarely to the entire upper surface. Some species of Biccia are

whitish, or even milky white, above.

True roots are never present, but root-hairs, consisting or-

dinarily of a single cell, are usually abundantly produced on the

under surface of the thallus, or, in the foliaceous forms, may
proceed from definite points of the leaves (Radula), or the am-
phigastria (FruJJania, MadofJieca), or, as in most, from the

under side of the stem, or from both stem and leaves (Jiinger-

mania crenulata). In those forms that live on dry rocks and

the bark of trees, the root-hairs are short and fascicled, and

are sometimes provided with a sucker-like development at the

end. The cell composing the root-hair is usually, in the thal-

lose forms, granulose or papillose on the inner surface of its

wall.

Thallus. The thallus is usually dichotomously branched,

less frequently somewhat piunately branched, and in rare cases

simple. In some forms it is conspicuously reticulate on the

upper surface, and is further marked with large whitish pores

( CouocephaJus).

Leaves. In the foliaceous forms the leaves are usually

two-ranked (disfichous), with frequently a rudimentary row on

the ventral surface, known as the amphigastria (Gr. aniplti,

about, and (jastriou, diminutive of (jaster, belly). Both leaves

and amphigastria may be entire, serrate, dentate, or variously

lobed, cleft or divided. When one of the lobes is much inflated

(FridJania) it is termed an auricle. The amphigastria usually

differ from the leaves more or less in size and shape, though in

rare cases they are similar, and the leaves thus become appa-

rently three-ranked.*

Asexual Reproduction. This occurs among the hepat-

ics under three forms; viz: (1). By innovations. (2). By
gemmae. (3). By runners.

In nearly all hepatics, except those that are annuals, the

growth is continuous and indefinite from the apex of the stems

or branches by a process of renewal, while the older portion

* Is it possible that the 3-rankecl condition is the typical form, and
that the amphigastria represent the abortive condition resulting from
their position on the ventral surface? If so, this would be a marked
example of retrograde development.



8 Illinois State f^flioratori/ of Ndtiiral Histori/.

gradually dies away; the branches thus become independent

plants by a sort of compulsory self-division. By this method

large areas become covered with a single species without the

production of spores.

(lemmte (Lat. f/outna., a bud) are variously produced in

different genera. In some (Madotheca) they are simialy cells

detached from the margin of the leaves; in others (Marelm n-
tid ) the}^ are produced in broad cup-shaped receptacles on the

upper side of the th alius, looking like miniature bird's nests

with their included eggs; in other genera the receptacle may
be flask-shaped (Btetsia), or crescent-shaped (Lioiuhiria). The

last-named species may be seen in almost any greenhouse, where

it has been introduced from Europe, and the crescent-shaped

gemmae cups are found on nearly every plant. Many species

produce no gemmae.

Less commonly the Hepaticae multiply by runners, a pecu-

liar form of which is termed a //a(/^//MW (Lat. a lash). Tubers,

so called, were once supposed to form a fourth method of re-

production, but these " endogenous gemmae " have been found

to be produced from filaments of Nosfoe. They are most com-

mon in some species of Anthoceros.

Sexual Organs. Two kinds are present ^ known respect-

ively as areliee/otiia (Gr. areha^ beginning, and gonos^ seed),

analogous to pistils, and antheridia (Lat. anthera, an anther,

and Gr. eidoa. form), analogous to stamens. The relative posi-

tion of these organs on the plant varies greatly in different

genera. When the sexual organs are in the same cluster the

term i^ipueeious (Gr. sun, together, and oikia, house) is used;

this form, however, rarely, if ever, occurs among the hepatics.

When the antheridia are situated in the axils of bracts near the

archegonia, or when (as in Fossomhronia) both organs are

naked on the dorsal surface of the same stem, the relation is

said to be ixiraecious (Gr. ^x/;-a, beside, and oikia). When the

antheridia occur in a separate receptacle on the same plant as

the archegonia, the plant is monoecious; the same arrangement,
but with the sexes on separate plants, is the dioecious relation.

In some species one or more relations exist, apparently with-
out special reason.

Antheridium. The male organ is usually globose or oval



Hepaficff of Xorfli Ainrr/ca. 9

and raised on a pedicle in the foliaceous species ; in the thallose

species it may be sessile on the surface of the thallus (Hphcero-

citrpus), immersed in it ( F'niihi-i<iri(i. Pcl/ia), or in a sessile or

pedunculate disc-like receptacle, sometimes called an andro-

rephalinn (Marrliaiifld, AsterpJla). The antheridia collectively

are sometimes referred to as the audroecinni.

The antheridia contain a large number of small bodies sus-

pended in a mucus, which consist essentially of spirally curved

slender threads, provided at the end with cilia for purposes

of motion; these are the antherozoids (Lat. anfhera, anther,

Gr. zooUf an animal, and eidos, form), and are analogous to

pollen.

Archegonium. The female organ is a flask-shaped body

which, when mature, has an orifice at the apex opening into

the interior, where is found a globular cell known as the

oospheir (Gr. oo>/, an egg, and splialros^ a sphere).

The process of fertilization consists of a union or conjunc-

tion of the antherozoid produced from the male organ, and the

oosphere produced by the female, an end made possible by the

motile power of the former. The fertilized oosphere developes

into the " alternate generation," or sporogony phase.

In most of the true Liverworts (Marchantiace.^) the ar-

chegonia are situated on the under side of a usually peduncled

receptacle, which, as it bears the so-called fruit, is known as

the carpocephaJ}(m (Gr. h/ipos, fruit, l-ephale, head).

Involucres. Immediately surrounding the archegonia,

and usually formed after fertilization takes place, is a tubular

or somewhat prismatic organ, which may be called the inner

hirohici'e;* surrounding this is the oiifer in minor * which is

* I have used the above terms at the suggestion of Dr. Gray, not-
withstanding the different use of writers in both Europe and America.
American writers have largely followed Nees von Bsenbeck, in Synopsis

Hepaticarnm (18J;4), while recent European writers have revived the
nomenclature of Dumortier, used as early as the publication of SyUoge
Jitngermannidearum (1831), and perhaps earlier. It would seem that a
rearrangement of terms, adjusted to both Musci and Hepatic;^:, might
profitably be made. That no error be made by those referring to other
writers, the following comparison is given :

—

Inner involucre (as above) = colesula {Dumortier, Lindberg) ^= peri-

anth {Ni'cs von Esenbrck, Sidlivant, Austin) = perich.ietium (Ekxirt).

Outer involucre (as above) or simply involucre == pericha'tium (Du-
mortier, Lindberg) = involucre {Nees von Esenbeck, Sullivant, Austin) =
calyx {Ekart).



10 ni'ninix State Lahonitonj of Natural History.

tubular
(
(jainophi/Uoiis), or composed of separate leaves of pe-

culiar shape, then called involucral leaves (polijphyUous). In

Fossoiiihron/a the archegonia are naked on the dorsal surface of

the thallus, there being no involucres, and in several genera

either the outer or inner involucre may be absent.

Sporogony Phase. The so-called "fructification," or

" asexual generation,'' is properly neither, but merely a phase

or stage of growth in the life-history of the plant, as the cat-

erpillar is a mere phase in the life-history of a butterfly. It

may be called the sporoyony phase (Gr. sporas, seed, and goneia,

generation). This varies slightly in the various orders, but

essentially consists of a capsule containing the spores and, with

the exception of the Order Ricciace^, elaters, whose function

is to aid in distributing or scattering the spores. The capsule,

with its appendages, constitutes the sporogonium^ and consists

of an elongate, two-valved, projecting pod in Anthoceros; a

thin-walled ball sessile on the thallus or sunken in its tissue in

Riccia; a short-stalked ball in MarchaNtia, and a more or less

long-stalked ball in Jitngermania., the four named genera each

forming the type of an order. In Targionia the capsule is sit-

uated in a bivalved receptacle beneath the apex of the thallus.

Altlio the sporogonium appears like an outgrowth of the ma-

ture sexual plant, it nowhere unites with the surrounding vege-

tative structure, even when its pedicel penetrates into its tissue.

Calyptra. In the course of the development of the spo-

rogonium the lower portion, which has become considerably

expanded, separates into two portions, the outer called the

calyptra (Lat. a covering for the head), which is ultimately of

a thin and delicate texture, and closely invests the capsule

formed of the inner portion. The upper portion of the arche-

gonium not expanding, forms a blunt point, which crowns the

calyptra, and is called the style.

Spores. The product of this phase is the spores, which

are developed in fours in a sort of globular utriculus, which
disappears when the spores mature and allows the spores to

separate. In some of the RicciACEiE the spores remain united

and form a coccus or berry.

The surface of the spores may be smooth, reticulate, papil-

lose or granulose. The spores on germinating produce the

sexual phase.



Hcpatirrr of North Anxrira. 11

Elaters. Enclosed in the capsule with the spores are

certain thread-like bodies formed of a single cell, and contain-

ing from one to four spiral (rarely annular) bands in their

walls. These are the rJafrrs. and probably aid in scattering the

spores when the capsule matures and its valves separate. In

Anthoceros they are often of peculiar shape, simple or jointed,

and usually without distinct fibres.

In the last named genus occurs another organ known as

the cohoneJIa, which is found in no other group of Hepaticce,

but reappears as a constant organ in the true mosses.

CLASSIFICATION

General Relations. The hepatics form a part of a nat-

ural group of plants which stands about midway between the

highest and lowest forms of vegetable life. Indeed, in them

are mingled forms representing the two vegetative types— the

one t]iallophytic\ with merely a plant body without true foliage

— the other cormopltijtic. having the differentiation of stem and

leaves more or less complete.

In the seven recognized divisions of the vegetable kingdom

the Brijophi/ta, to which the hepatics belong, is placed fifth in

a lineal classification, as follows:

—

I. Pkotophtta.—Bacteria, yeast plant, etc.

II. Zygospoea.—Diatoms, desmids, moulds, etc.

III. OospORA.—Many freshwater and marine algaj.

IV. Carpospora.—Red algas, CJiara, lichens, mushrooms,

many parasitic fungi.

V. Bryophyta.—Hepaticse, mosses.

VI. Pteridophyta.—Ferns and their allies.

VII. Phaxerogamia.—Flowering plants.

A lineal classification, however, does not properly present

the natural position or inter-relations of the Hepaticae and other

groups, and indeed the affinities of the lower groups are too

imperfectly understood to represent even a tolerable natural,



12 Illinois State Ij(tl>onitor;/ of Nat ii nil Histortj.

that is to say, ycttdic relationship. A creditable attempt is

made by Prof. Bessey in his excellent Botany (p. 568) to ar-

range the primary divisions with reference to descent. It was

a fancy of Mr. Austin, expressed in his MSS., as well as

hinted in his publications,* that the hepatics were only a high-

er development of some form of freshwater algae, and that the

ferns, in turn, were a higher development of the hepatics. In

a generalized sense this is likely to prove nearer the realm of

fact than that of fancy. Unfortunately few of the earlier

forms have been preserved in a fossil state to offer a clue to the

affinities of primordial types.

Relation to Mosses. Whatever be the origin of the

mem1)ers of this group, or however the earlier representatives

may have been allied to lower forms, the hepatics with the true

mosses filf/^sc/) at present form a somewhat specialized group,

clearly marked in their methods of growth as well as in their

reproductive characters. These two were early associated to-

gether in a sub-class known as "Cellular Acrogens/' but are

now more explicitly and appropriately named the Bryoplvyta

(Gr. Jtrifon^ moss, phuton^ plant), i. e.^ mosses and their allies.

The distinguishing characteristics of the two allied groups

may be In-ought out more clearly by the following parallel ar-

rangement:

—

Hepatic^.

1. Plant body varying (in

different species) from a thal-

lus to a leafy axis.

2. Steins bilateral, consist-

ing of an upper and a lower

side distinct in appearance and

structure.

3. Lea res 2-ranked, often

with rudiments of a t h i r d

(ampln'f/astria)^ never with a

midvein.

4. Roof hairs unicellular.

1.

Musci.

Plaid body always a leafy

axis.

2. Stems not bilateral, uni-

formly developed.

3. Leaves 3-many (some-

times 2-), ranked usually with

a midvein.

4. Boot hairs usually com-

posed of a row of cells.

* Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, VT, 306.



Hi'ixiticw of North America. 13

Hepatic^.

"). Caltjptra remaining be-

low at the base of the capsule

which ruptures its upper por-

tion.

6. Capsule maturing before

rupturing the calyptra, open-

ing l)y 2 or 4 valves, or irregu-

larly; or indehiscent, never by

a special lid.

7. CollimeJla wanting (ex-

cept in Antliocerotacea').

8. Elaters mixed with the

spores (except in liin-idcea'.).

Musci.

5. ( ^dfiptra ruptured at the

base by the capsule, which it

covers as a cap.

0. Capxiile maturing after

ru])turing the calyptra, open-

ing by a special lid (opercu-

liuii ).

7. Cohniiella always pres-

ent (at least at an early stage

of development).

8. Elaters never present.

In other characters the two groups closely resemble each

other.

Subdivisions. The hepatics, varying so much in their

characters, may be arranged in four or five well-marked groups,

four of which it would seem should rank as orders^ notwith-

standing the rearrangement of recent European writers.*

These four are all largely represented among our forms

and each is of somewhat general distribution. Their characters

may be arranged in tabular form for convenience of comparison

:

* Compare S. O. Lindberg Genera Europaa Hepaticarwi) secundum
nnram dispositionem naluralem. In Acta Soc. Fenn. X. That Liiidberg's

classification may be more widely known in this country a tabulated

outline will be found in Appendix B.



14 Tlliiio/'s Sf<(f(' Lahordfori/ of Natiiral History.

<

-<

H
a
!a

&



Hepaticce of North America. 15

Popular names have been only rarely applied to the hepat-

ies because of their humble and inconspicuous position in the

vegetable world, yet the Firciacece are sometimes known as

Crystalworts, the Miorhatifiacew as Liverworts, the Anflioce-

rotacece as Horned Liverworts, or simply Hornworts, and the

Jini(j('r)iiaii/(ice<t' as Scale Mosses. The old name of' the com-

mon McDX'hatitia pohjmoypha — Liverwort— given since it was

supposed to be a specific for liver troubles, because the thallus

bore a faint resemblance to the liver— has been latterly adopt-

ed for the entire order, and in a Latin form (Hepaiicce) for the

entire group. Thus does the language of ignorant superstition

become the adopted language of science.

BIBLIOGEAPHY

The works consulted in the preparation of tbis paper, not

including various general works on Botany, are given below.

The list is believed to contain all American works, as well as

papers and notes in American periodical literature. Notices of

any omissions in this particular would be thankfully received.

The only works hitherto professing to describe the American

species of any considerable area are those by Schweinitz (1821)

and Sullivant (1856). It is hoped that a critical work, fig-

uring the rarer American forms, may follow this introductory

paper in due course of time.

Austin (Coe F. ) Characters of some new Hepaticse (mostly

North American) together with Notes on a few imper-

fectly described Species. Tn Pro. Phil. Acad., Dec. 1869

(Vol. —
, pp. 218-234). Describes 39 new species as

follows: from the U. S. 24; from Sandwich Is. 9; from

Japan 3; from Mauritius 2; from Nepal 1.

New Hepaticffi. In Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Mar. 1872

(Vol. Ill, pp. 9-18). Describes 17 new species as fol-

lows: from the U. S. 15; from Europe 1; from Fiji Is. 1.



16 I/liii(>/i< Stall' Liilxii-diiinj of X<iliiy(il J/isf()r[/.

Hei)atica3 Boreali-Auiericaiiai Exsiccatae. 1873. Speci-

mens of 176 species and varieties of American Hepaticae

( Nos. 1-150 with 20 interpolated numhers ). The

tickets of the s])ecimens were also published in pam-

phlet form.

Sandwich Island Hepaticae. Tn Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,

Mar. and Apr. 1874 (Vol. V, pp. 14-18.) Two lists, one

of 24, the other of 34 species, with descriptions of 13

new species.

New Hepatic*. In Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Mar. 1875

(Vol. VI, pp. 17-21). Describes 13 new species as fol-

lows: from the U. S. 11; from Cuba 1; from Africa 1.

—Notes on the Anthocerotacege of North America, with

descriptions of several new species. In Bull. Torr. Bot.

Club, Apr. 1875 (Vol. VI, pp. 25-29). Describes 9 new
species.

Notes on the Genus Pellia. In Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,

Apr. 1875 (Vol. VI, pp. 29-30).

New Hepatic*. In Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, July 1875

(Vol. VI, pp. 46-47). Describes 3 new species, 1 each

from California, Lower California and Van Dieman's

Land.

Notes and Criticisms on Hepaticae American* Exsiccatse.

In Ball. Torr. Bot. Club, Apr. 1876 (Vol. VI, p. 85.)

The notes are on Nos. (>, 15, 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, 29b, 30,

31 and 35.

Notes on Hepaticology. In Bot. Bulletin (now Bot.

Gazette), May and June 1876 (Vol. I, pp. 31-32, 35-36).

Describes 11 new species as follows: from the U. S. 5;

from Sandwish Is. 4; from Cuba 1; from Jamaica 1.

New Hepatic*. In Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, June 1877

(Vol. VI, pp. 157-158). Describes 4 new species, 3

from the U. S. and 1 from Mexico.

Notes. In Bot. Gazette, Oct. 1877 (Vol. II, p. 142).

Lejeuv/d hiscriafa? changed to Erpodkini hiseriatum?

List of 15 species of Hepatic* from Colorado and the

Southwest. In Vol. VI, Botany; U. S. Geog. Surveys

west of the 100th meridian, 1877.

I



Hepaticw of Xoiili America. 17

Notes on Hepaticology. In Bot. Gazette, Jan. 1878

(Vol. Ill, pp. 6-7). Describes 2 new species, 1 each

from Ohio and Sandwich Is.

Notes on Hepaticology. In Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Apr.

1879 (Vol. VI, pp. 801-80()). Describes 10 new species

as follows: from the U. S. 5; from Sandwich Is. 3; fi'om

.lapan, Ohili and Australia, each 1.*

BeARDSLEE (Henry (1) List of Hepaticge growing in Ohio.

In Bot. Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette) Apr. 1876 (Vol. 1,

p. 22). A nominal list of 61 Species.

Same. In "' Catalogue of the Plants of Ohio." 1874.

BOLANDER (Henry N.) List of 30 species of Hepaticae

growing in California. In "A Catalogue of the Plants

growing in the Vicinity of San Francisco," 1870.

BoRY DE Saint Vincent et Montagne (C.) Sur un

Nouveau Genre de la Famille des Hepatiques. In An-

nals Sciences Naturelles, Apr. 1844.

BreNDEL (Friedrich). Flora Peoriana: Die Vegetation im

Clima von Mittel-Illinois. Budapest, 1882. List of 10

species of Hepatic(e growing in the vicinity of Peoria,

Illinois.

DUMORTIER (Barth. Car.) Sylloge Jungermannidearum

Europae Indigenarum, 1831.

'-Recueil d'observations sur les Jungerraanniacees, 1835.

Hepaticse Europae, 1874. The European Manual of

the Hepaticffi, describing, with synoptic tables, all the

recognized species of Europe.

Ekart (Tobia P.) Synopsis Jungermanniarum in Germania

Vicinisque Terris Hucusque Cognitarum, 1832. Illus-

trated with 116 well-executed figures showing the micro-

scopic characters of the order Juiigrniianiacefr.

* Tt may he of interest to summarize the work of INIr. Austin in the
Hepaticje as hy him, more than any other American botanist, has the
subject of this perplexing but interesting group been brought to its

present condition. Total number of new species described 122, distri-

buted as follows: United States, Canada and British Columbia, 74;
Sandwich Islands 30; .Japan 4; Mauritius, Mexico and Cuba, each 2;
Jamaica, Chili, Europe, Africa, Australia, Van Dieman's Land, Figi

Ishvntls and Nej)al, each 1.

2



18 Illinois Stdfc Ldhoraforij of Natural History.

GOTTSCHE (Carl M.) Ueber die Fructification der Junger-

inaniiise Geocalycese, 1844.

De Mexikanske Levermosser, 18()8.

HiTOHCOCK (Edward). List of 24 species of Hepaticse

growing in Massachusetts. In "Catalogue of Plants

growing Avithout cultivation in Massachusetts." Report

on Geol. etc., of Mass. 1884.

Hooker (William Jackson). British Jungermanniae. 1816.

This magnificent volume is most valuable on account of

the 88 accurately figured and colored plates which it

contains.

Lehman (J. G. C.) Pugillus Novarum et Minus Cognita-

rum Stirpium. IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and X on Hepaticae.

Leitgeb (Hubert). Untersuchungen ueber die Lebermoose,

1874-9.

LiNDBERG (S. 0.) Hepaticae in Hibernia Mense Julii,

1873, lectae. In Acta Soc. Scien. Fennicae X, 1875, pp.

467-559.

Monographia Metzgeriae, 1877.

LiNDENBERG (J. B. G.) Monographic des Riccieen, 1836.

Synopsis Hepaticarum Europgearura. 1829.

Macoun (John). List of 67 Hepaticae growing in British

America. In Appendix to Botanist's Report— Cata-

logue of Plants, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1875-6.

MiOHAUX (Andre). Flora Boreali Americanae. Vol. II.

Describes 13 species of Hepaticae.

Mitten (William). The ''Bryologia" of 49th parallel of

Latitude. In London Jour. Bot. Vol. VIII. 1864. List

of 84 species of Hepaticae from British North America.

Nees von Esenbeok (Christian Gottfried). Naturge-

schichte der Europiiischen Lebermoose. 1833-1838.

4 Baendchen.

Nees von Esenbeok ( C. G.), Gottsohe (Carl M.),

et LiNDENBERG (J. B. G.) Synopsis Hepaticarum,

1844. The only work professing to describe the known
species of the world.

Parker ( C. F. ) List of 75 species of Hepaticae growing in

New Jersey. Compiled from the collections of the late

C. F. Austin. In a preliminary Catalogue of the Flora

of New .lersey. (Britton). 1881.



Hepaficd' uf Norfli America. \\\

Peck ((^harles H.) List of 10 species of Hepaticae growinf^

on the Sumiuit of Mt. Marcy (Adirondack Mts, N. Y.)

In Appendix to 7th Report on Survey of Adirondack

Region of New York. 1880.

Robinson ( John). List of species of Hepaticae in Essex Co.

( Mass. ) In " Flora of Essex County," 1880.

ROTHROCK (J. T.) Flora of Alaska. In Smithsonian Re-

port, 1807. List of P) species of Hepatica'.

Russell (J. L.) Hepatic Mosses of Massachusetts. In

Boston Jour. Nat. History, Vol. III.

SOITWEINITZ (Lewis David de). Specimen Florae Americanae

Septentrionalis Cryptogamicaj sistens Mucos Hepaticos

hue nsque in Anier. Sept. Ohservatos, 1821. Descrihes

77 species of American Hepaticae.

SULLIVANT ( William S. ) Mnsci Alleghanienses, 1840. Of

this series Nos. 216-292— seventy-six numbers— are

Hepaticae. The tickets are also collected in hook form

and contain many notes on the specimens.

Contributions to the Bryology and Hepaticology of

North America. Part 1(3 plates). In Memoirs Amer.

Acad, (new series) III. Part II (1 plate). In same

(new series) IV. Descriptions of 5 new species and

notes on several others.

Musci and Hepaticae of the Eastern United States,

1856. Describes the HepaticiB of the I]astern U. S.,

as then known; giving 8 copperplates illustrating the

genera.

—Descriptions of Miisci and Hepaticce collected on the

Pacific R. R. Survey. In Vol. IV of the Report. List

of 7 species of Hcpitticfc.

Underwood (Lucien Marcus). North American Hepatica?

with a preliminary list of species for additions and cor-

rections. In Botanical Gazette, Vol. VII, No. 2 (Feb.

1882).

Ward (Lester F.) Guide to the Flora of Washington [D.

C] and Vicinity. 1881. List of 29 species of Hepafinc

Wolf (John) and HALL (Elihu). List of 45 species of

Hepaticaj growing in Illinois. In Bulletin No. 2, 111.

Statp Laboratorv of Natural Historv, 1878.



Descriptive Catalog

CLASS HEPATICJE

Small moss-like or thalloid plants of a lax cellular texture,

usually procumbent and emitting rootlets from beneath. Ca-

lyptra usually rupturing at the apex. Capsule irregularly de-

hiscent, bivalved, quadrivalved, quadridentate, or indehiscent,

containing spores mixed with thin thread-like cells, usually

containing one or more spiral fibres (elaters). Reproductive

organs of two kinds, variously situated, the matured archego-

nium forming the capsule. Columella rarely present. The

calyptra with its enclosed capsule is usually surrounded by a

tubular inner involucre, which in turn is surrounded by a tubu-

lar outward involucre or by involucral leaves. The calyptra is

always present; either involucre or both may be absent.

ARTIFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS

r Vegetation thallose B

A J Vegetation foliaceous; capsule quadrivalved or quadri-

dentate. Order IV. Jungermaniace.* (foUosoe

Gen. 6-32).

Capsule indehiscent, elaters wanting. Order I. Ric-

CIACE^.

Capsule irregularly dehiscent, borne on the under side

of a pedunculate receptacle. Order II. Marchan-
TIACEvE.

Capsule bivalved C

Capsule quadrivalved. Order IV. Jungermaniace^
{tli<il/os(t' Gen. l-(i).



c^

Hepatico' of North Aniorira. 21

Capsule more or less peduucled, columella present.

Order III. Anthocerotace^.

Capsule sessile; columella wanting: Targionia in Order

1^ IV. Marchantiace^.

In the following pages no attempt has been made at a

complete bibliography or sjaionymy. References ai'e made to

Syn. Hep. = Gottsche, Lindenberg, and Nees' Synopsis^ Hepat-

icaruni, 1844, and Hep. Europ. ^^ Dumortier's Hepafira- Enro-

pcea, 1874, where a more complete synonymy may be found.

For figures reference is to Brit. Jung. = Hooker's British Jun-

</er»ian)iia% 1816, and Ekart — Ekart's Sijuojj.^is Jioif/prmaunia-

rum (Termanicarmn, 1832.

Order I. RIOCIAO^ Endl.

Terrestrial or pseudo-aquatic, chiefly annual plants with

thallose vegetation. Fruit short-pedicelled or sessile on the

thallus or immersed in it. Calyptra crowned with a more or

less deciduous colored style. Capsule either free or connate

with the calyptra, globose, at length rupturing irregularly.

Spores usually angular, reticulate or muriculate. Elaters want-

ing. Antheridia ovate, immersed in the thallus in flask-shaped

cavities with protruding mouths (ostioles). Thalli with or

without areola? and air cavities.

Synopsis of G-enera

Spores separate; fruit immersed in the thallus. I.

RiCCIA.

Spores in fours, united in a coccus or berry— B.

Fruit immersed in the substance of the thallus. II.

Thallocarpus.

j
Fruit aggregated, sessile on the thallus. III. Sph.e-

B^.

ROCARPUS.

I. RiOOlA Mich.

Fruit immersed in the thallus, sessile. Calyptra with a

persistent style. Capsule sessile within the calyptra. Spores

alveolate or muriculate, flattish and angular (except in li.



22 Jllhioh State Lahorafori/ r,f X(itnrnl History.

tenuis). Thullus at first radiately divided from the centre,

which often soon decays; the divisions bifid or di-trichotomous,

plane, depressed or canalicuLate above, and usually convex and

naked or squamulose beneath; margins either naked or spinu-

lose-ciliate. Epidermis usually distinct, eporose; air cavities

evident in some species, wanting in others. Rootlets papillose

within (except in R. Frost ii). Named for Bicci, an Italian

botanist.

§ 1. LiCHENODES Bisch. Thallus solid, irithout air cavi^

ties; fruit mosthj protnherant ahore; spores about 0.084 mm. in

diameter, amjular, issuing throur/h openings which at length ap-

pear in the itpper surface of the thalJns. Terrestrial species

growing on damp, usually trodden or cultivated ground, and

closely adhering to it.

* TJkiIIhs jxiked on the margins or underneath (without cilia or

scales).

1. R. Frostii Aust. Thallus orbicular, 1.3—2.5 cm. in

diameter, subsolid, thinnish, subpalmately or radiately divided,

cinereous-green, fibrously reticulate, minutely pitted and either

plane or channeled above, concolorous or tinged with p)urple

toward the apex beneath, very narrowly membranous, somewhat

papillose-squamulose, and often tinged ui'th purple on the mar-

gin; divisions linear or subspatulate-linear, subdichotomous;

lobes subtruncate and indistinctly emarginate; rootlets smooth

or obsoletely papillose within; capsules irregularly disposed,

very prominent underneath; spores nearly round, barely 0.051

mm. in diameter, fuscous, somewhat margined, minutely and

obscurely reticulated and granulose-papillose, the sides strongly

depressed when dry.

ffofe.—Nev. (Watson), Col. [Wolfe), 0. [Bearddee), 111. {Hall).

Bib.—Toney Bull. VI, p. 17.

2. R. Watsoni Aust. Dioecious; thallus of male j^lout

small, fuscous-purple both sides, orbicular, deeply and many
times divided, thick, fleshy, broadly pitted, papillose, fibrous-

reticulate and with rather large, terete subclavate, gland-like

papillre (ostioles?) above, densely radiculose and nodulose be-



Hepaticw of XorfJi Aniprlra. 23

neath; divisions narrow, dichotomous, plane or when dry

broadly canaliculate above, convex-thickened beneath; lobes

nearly linear, very obtuse, narrowly eraarginate and somewhat
thickened at the apex: rootlets smooth within; antheridia

large, immersed, causing the under surface to appear nodulose.

Possibly only the male plant of No. 1.

ITafe.—Nev. {Watson), Col. [Wolfe).

Bib.—Torvey Bull. VI, p. 17.

3. R. glauca L. Thallus orbicular, somewhat stellately

lobed, 1.3—2.5 cm. in diameter; divisions linear-obovate or

linear-obcordate, emarginate-lobed, channeled only toward the

apex, heautifidhj reflciiJate and (jlancoiii^ abore, membranous
along the margin, greenish beneath; spores 0.084 ram. in diam-

eter, moderately reticulate and witli a narrow pellucid margin.

Hab.—Cal. {Bolander). (Eu.)

526.—Syn. Hep. p. 599, Hep. Europ. p. 167.

Delhi.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric. t. XIX.

4. R. albida Sulliv. in Herb. 1853. Thallus small, cov-

ered with (I tJi/'ck-, spotKiii, deephj-piffed, nn'/k-irJiifc epiderniit^,

alternately or bifurcately divided; divisions oblong, much
crowded, with a rounded sub-marginate apex, narrowly and

deeply canaliculate above, densely radiculose and subsquamous

beneath; fruit unknown.

J3a6.—Tex. ^Wright).

Bib.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 231.

5. R. Beyrichiana Hampe, MS. Thallus fleshy, casspi-

tose, adhering to the earth by long hyaline rootlets, sensibly

dilated from a narrow linear base, mostly l)ifid ^ the length,

narrowly channeled and green above, the margins entire, as-

cending. Clothed with a dark-purple membrane beneath.

Hab.—" Between Jefferson and Gainsville, Tenn." (Beyrich).

Bib.- -Syn. Hep. p. 601.

6. R. bifurca Hoffm. Thallus dichotomously or sub-

stellately divided, pale green ; divisions wedge-shaped, 2-lobed

at the apex; lobes spreading, dotted, broadly channeled above

by the thick and ascending margins, purplish beneath.



24 TJIiiwi^ Sfafc Lahoratori/ of NrtfinriJ TTlsfori^.

Hob.—^orth America (Synopm Hepat. p. 600). (Eu.) Doubtfully

belonging to America.

Bib.—Syn. Hepat. p. 600, Hep. Europ. p. 167.

Delin.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric t- XX.

** Thalhifi naked on the margins, squrnnoiis underneath.

f Scales u'hitislt.

7. R. Sorocarpa Biscli. Tlialhis 0.6—1.9 cm. in diam-

eter, pale green, or in the dry state or with age becoming albes-

cent, ^»f/// reticulate ahore, siibradiately or bifurcately divided;

divisions oblong-linear^ acutish, deeply and acutely sulcate

above, much thickened beneath and furnished toward the apex

with a few inconspicuous ivhite scales whicli do not extend beyond

the margin ; margins erect, when dry; spores issuing through

chinks which early appear along the groove above.

Hab—Thin rocky soil and cultivated fields ; Closter, N. J. {Austin),

Western N.Y. {Clinton), 111. {Hall), Cal. {Bolander), S.C. {Ravenel). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 600, Hep. Europ. p. 167.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 139.

8. R. lamellosa Raddi. Thallus pale green, elegantly

reticulated above, subradiately divided; divisions obovate or

obcordate, l)ilid or bilobed, 0.4—1.1 cm. long, canaliculate at

apex; margins membranous, ascending; furnished beneath with

tvhite., transverse^ subundulate scales ivhich extend considerably

beyond the margin; fruit as in R. Soi'ocarpa with which it is

usually associated.

Hab.—Th'm rocky soil ; Closter, N.J. {Austin), Cal. {Bolander). (Eu.)

5*.—Syn. Hep. p. 605, Hep. Europ. p. 169.

DeZin.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric. t. XXX.
Exsic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 140.

ff Scales dark purple.

9. R. nigrella D. C. Thallus dichotomously divided;

divisions linear, canaliculate, with entire, narrowly membran-
ous margins, green above, dark purple beneath and furnished
ivith transverse, semi-circular scales of the same color, which do
not exceed the margin.



HepnticfP of North A uterica. 25

Hah.—Rocky ground ; N. Y. ( Torrey), Chester, Pa. {Porter), Cal.

[Bolander). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 605, Hep. Europ. p. 170.

Delin.—Lindenberg ]Monog. Ric. t. XXIX.
Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 140 h.

*** ThaUus more or less rilinfe on tlie margins, naked or obso-

letelij squdinons aJoiKj the extreme edge underneath; usually

nu'fli a pnrple spot in, tJie epidermis immediafeh/ over the

frnit.

10. R. arvensis Aust. ThaUus always orbicular, radi-

ately much divided, 0.()—1.8 cm. in diameter, dull gree}t hotJi

sides, papillose-reticulate and becoming fuscous above; margins

plane, entire, acute or apparently thickened, becoming purple

by age; divisions often crowded, somewhat dilated above from

a common base, dichotoraous, distinctly sulcate, carinate-thick-

ened especially toward the ajjex, nodulose beneath; lobes linear-

elliptic or subspatulate, acutisJi and ohsoletehj emarginate at the

apex; cilia white, very short or often papilla-like and incon-

spicuous; fruit aggregated beneath the canal chiefly toward the

apex of the lobes; spores about 0.071—0.084 mm. in diameter,

dark fuscous, slightly pellucid, distinctly reticulate, with a con-

spicuous pellucid margin.

Var. hirta Aust. Thallus decidedly ciliate on the margin,

and with spine-like hairs scattered over the whole upper sur-

face, at length purple and more or less squamigerous beneath,

somewhat glaucous and reticulate above: divisions broader,

more obtuse, becoming thin and strongly canaliculate or often

convolute on drying; spores nearly black, larger, 0.084—0.101

mm. in diameter, opaque, very indistinctly reticulate, and ob-

scurely papillose, obscurely if at all margined.

Hah-—Rocky ground and cultivated 'fields; Closter, N. J. {Austin).

The var. in similar locations.

ifib.—Pro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 232.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. Nos. 141, 142.

11. R. Lescuriana Aust. Monoecious; thallus stellately

or somewhat cruciately divided; divisions bilobed or di-trichot-

omous, obcordate or cuneate-linear, 0.4—1.3 cm. long, punctate-

reticulate, somewhat glaucous or cinereous green and slightly



26 Ill/Hois State Lalioydtonj of Natural History.

depressed-canaliculate above, convex and green or at length

purple beneath; margins usually purple, thickened, sub-ascend-

ing, liirstite-cUiate, irith croicded, short, thick, obtuse, irhite,

s})i)K'-tike //(^//-s^ obsolete in young states; fruit sparse, scattered

chiefly near the base of the divisions ; spores about 0.071—0.083

mm. in diameter, dark brown, reticulate, not margined.

i/aft.—Cultivated fields and rocky ground ; N. J. to 111. and Fla.

Bih.—Vro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 232.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 143.

12. R. Californica Aust. MS. Divisions of thallus ex-

panded at apex, obcordate, cuneate, ciliate only at or toward

the apex or sometimes almost entirely naked on the margins:

spores as in B. Lescuriana which this species resembles.

Hab.—Cal. (Bolander).

Bib—Torrey Bull. VI, p. 46.

13. R. ciliata Hoffm. Thallus dichotomously or sub-

siellately divided; divisions linear or cuneate, obtuse, subemar-

ginate, subcanaliculate at the apex ; cilia very long, slender and

fuscous, spores about as in B. Lescuriana.

Hab.—With Fossombronia longiseta from Cal. (Bigelow). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 602, Hep. Europ. p. 168.

Delin.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric. t. XXIII.

14. R. intumescens Bisch. Thallus bifurcately lobed;

lobes very tumid, subcuneate-linear or subcuneate-oblong, deep-

ly and narrowly canaliculate, cinereous green, reticulate only

in the groove, which does not occupy more than \ of the ap-

parent upper surface, very dark jpurpJe (almost black) beneath.,

emitting rootlets only along the middle; the whole surface of

the thickened and strongly inflexed margins densely clothed with

long, appressed, wliite, slender, spine-like hairs, which in the dry

state meet over the groore and entirely conceal it; spores brown,

very finely reticulated, not margined. (B. tiniilda Lindenb.

)

Hab —Rocky ground ; Ca\. (Bolander). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 603, Hep. Europ. p. 169.

Dclin.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric. t. XXVIT.
E.vsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 143 b.

**** Thallus squamous beneath, squamous or squamous-ciliate

on the margin, witJi a distinct costa.



Hepaficd' of Xoytli America. 27

15. R. Donnellii Aust. Dioecious; primary thallus or-

l)icular, large, often 8.8 cm. in diameter, substellately divided,

nearly plane, elegantly and grossly cristate-reticulate above,

pale green both sides; divisions more or less di-tricliotomous,

often deeply channeled v^^hen dry, emarginate at the apex; fruit

in a single row, immersed in the midrib; spores very large

0.127—0.108 mm. in diameter, subrotund, black, opaque, sub-

tuberculate; male thallus usually a little larger; ostioles nu-

merous, filiform, hyaline, 1 mm. high.

Hah.—Gardens and cattle-ranges; Fla. (J. Donnell Smith).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, p. 157.

§ 2. Spongodes. Thallus tritJi lanje a/r-cavifies and irif/i

a sliglit depression in the upper sitrface inuiiediafelij orer the

fruit u-hich is prominent on the under surfare; upper surfare

usuaUy broken up into pits vomnmnirating iritJi the air-cavities;

sj>ores smaller 0.041—0.051 mm. in diameter, obtusely angular

or f/lobose. Pseudo-aquatic or occurring on wet or muddy

ground.
* Thalli ]iomomo)-j>hous, terrestrial.

l(S. R. crystallina L. Thallus orbicular, 1—2 cm. in

diameter; divisions obcordate or cuneate, bifid or bilobed, plane

above, the margins subcrenate, the upper surface much broken

u]) into pits; fruit scattered; spores issuing through the upper

surface. {B. plana Tayl., B. relutina Hook, in part.)

Hah.—^o. States (Dmmmond, Ravenel), 111. {Hall), Col. [Wolfe), Nev.

{Watson). (Eu.)

Bifc.—Syn. Hep. p. 607, Hep. Europ. p. 170.

Delhi.—Liudenberg Monog. Ric. t. XXII.

17. R. lutescens Schwein. Thallus light green, orbicu-

lar, 2.5—3.8 cjn. in diameter; divisions 6—8, linear, twice or

three times forking, narrowly channeled above, obcordate and

convex-thickened at the apex, with delicate, whitish, obliquely

ovate, appressed scales, and destitute of rootlets above the mid-

dle underneath; reproductive organs entirely unknown.

Hah.—In exsiccated pools and ditches ; Can. to Fla., Mo. and Tex.;

common.
jB*.—Spec. Flor. Amer. Sept. p. 26, Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. iv,

p. 176, Pro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 234.

DeZin.—Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. iv, t. IV; Lindenberg Monog.

Ric. t. XXVI.



28 Illinois State Lahoratori/ of Xatiiral History.

JM. R. tenuis Aust. Thallus thin, olive or yellowish

green, shining; divisions 2 or 4, expanded, roundish-obovate,

plane, 4—8 mm. long, the margins sinuate; beneath green,

narrowly carinate by a slender costa, with a few delicate root-

lets; fruit in the nerve; capsule extremely delicate, closely ad-

hering to the substance of the thallus, crowned with a minute

oblong style; spores round or short oval with a conspicuous de-

pression in one end when dry, bursting through neither surface

of the thallus.

Hab.—Wet broken ground in open woods. Closter, N. J. (Ausfin),

near Lawrence, N. J. (James), Mo. {Hall).

Bib.—Pro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 233.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 150.

** Thalli dimorphous or polymorphous, pseudo-aquatic.

19. R. fluitans L. Thallus thin, green, orbicular, radi-

ately expanding, 2.5—5 cm. in diameter, floating, often form-

ing extensive patches ; divisions often much imbricated or some-

what entangled, narrowly linear, usually 1—1.5 mm. wide, re-

peatedly forking, fibrous-nerved in parallel lines, plane above,

convex and eradiculose beneath, cavernous only toward the

apex; apices slightly dilated, very obtuse or subtruncate, emar-

ginate; fruit present only in some terrestial forms, very prom-

inent below, at length rupturing beneath the thallus. (Bicci-

ella fu items Al. Braun.) Forma lata has a broader

thallus and a minute patch of fuscous purple, triangular scales

at the extremities of the divisions underneath; sterile.

Forma nodosa f'^. nodosa Bouch. ) has the thallus here and

there tuberously thickened; sterile. i^or;;?a canaliculata

(E. caiialirulata Hoffm.) is small, pale, terrestrial from drying

up of waters on which it floated ; divisions narrower and thick-

er, more or less channeled above, radiculose beneath; rarely

fertile. Forma terrestris is darker green with divisions

shorter and slightly depressed-canaliculate above; usually fer-

tile. Passes through the above forms to

Var. Sullivanti Aust. Thallus orbicular^ radiately much
divided, cellular-succulent, shining, yellowish green, 0.6—1.7

cm. in diameter; divisions twice or three times forked, linear,

about 1 mm. wide, straight, canaliculate above, carinate thick-



HejKtticce of North America. 29

ened l^eneath, cayeruous the entire length; margins thin, undu-

late-crisped and crenulate; carina copiously radiculose, tumid

from the abundant fruit; capsules single, crowned by a long,

obliquely-ascending, funnel-mouthed, exserted style: spores ob-

scurely angular, reticulate and margined, submuricate (B. Sul-

Jiconti Aust).

Hah.—Ponds, ditches and wet places; common. (Eu.) The vari-

ety in damp ground or cultivated fields.

5i6.—Syn. Hep. p. 610, Hep. Earop. p. 171.

Delin.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric. t. XXIV.
E'rrstc—Hep. Bor.-Amer. Xo. 147, 148, 149.

20. R. natans L. Thallus large, purple, very narrowly

channeled above, the epidermis with numerous uniform air-

cavities beneath it. rooting toward the base and at length fur-

nished with large dark purple scales at the apex underneath;

divisions 0,8—1.2 cm. long, obcordate or obcuneate, broadly

emarginate at the thin apex; rootlets very long, usually smooth

within: inflorescence beneath the groove in one or two rows:

ostioles very short, purple; spores angular, black, strongly pap-

illose. (Bicciorarpus natans Con/a.)

Hah.—Vegetating in summer in muddy bottoms of exsiccated pools,

etc., sometimes terrestrial. Canada to Gulf of Mexico. (Eu)

5(6.—Syn. Hep. p. 606, Hep. Europ. 172, Pro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p.

233-4.

Dc?m.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric. t. XXXI, XXXII.
E.xdc.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 144, 145.

TI. THALLOCARPUS Lindb.

Thallus loosely spongy-reticulate, irregularly subpalmately

lobed, thin, ecostate, the epidermis not distinct. Rootlets not

papillose within, very long, interwoven. Fruit immersed in the

substance of the thallus. Calyptra crowned with the black

persistent style. Spores firmly united in fours into a sort of

coccus, finely reticulate and papillose. Name from Gr. thaUos,

a shoot, and harpos, fruit.

1. T, Curtisii Aust. Thallus with somewhat imbricated,

fiabelliform divisions which are ]ialiiuitely or incisely-lobed

:

lobes crenate and obtuse, extremely thin and hyaline: spores



30 Illinois Sfofc Ldhorafori/ of N<(fnr((l Ilisfor;/.

fuscous-black, stroiigl}^ muricate. (Biccia Ci(rfis/t\ in Herb.

James, Cri/pfocarpns Curtisii Aust.)

ifa6.—Moist grouud, N. C. {Curtis), S. C. (Ravenel).

Bih.—Vro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 231, Torrey Bull. VI, p. 21, 305.

III. SPH^ROCARPUS Mich.

Fruit aggregated in the tliallus. Involucre sessile, obtusely

conic or pyriform, perforated at the apex, continuous at the

thallus, 1-fruited. Calyptra crowned with a deciduous style^

closely investing the globose capsule. Capsule indehiscent.

Spores globose, muriculate, remaining united in a coccus. An-

theridia in folliculose bodies on the surface of separate thalli.

Thallus ecostate, epidermis not distinct. Name from Gr.

sj)hftiros, a sphere, and karpos, fruit.

1. S. Micheli Bell. Thallus orbicular, 0.6—1.3 cm. in

diameter, lobed, the lobes entirely concealed by the aggregated,

inflated involucres; involucres about 1.5 mm. long, three to

four times the lengfh of the capsule, obtuse or subtruncate;

coccus 0.102—0.127 mm. in diameter, indistinctly lobed. (S.

tcrrcsffis Mich., Tar(jio)iia S])Ji<rrocarpa Dicks.)

Var. Oalifornicus Aust. Thallus substipitate, deeply

lobed; lobes often leaf-like; involucre oblong or subcylindric,

slightly acuminate. (S. Ca/ifo)-nicii.^, Aust., S. Berferii) Aust.

not of Mont.)

Sfflh.—Cultivated fields, S. C. (Eu.) The variety in Cal.

Bib.—Hyn. Hep. p. 595, Hep. Europ. p. 164.

DeJin.—Lindenberg Monog. Ric. t. XXXVl.
Zrsic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 138.

2. S. Texanus Aust. Thallus smaller, its lobes very

slightly acuminate; involucre less obtuse at apex; spores about

one-half as large as in S. Micheli, coccus 0.063 mm. in diameter.

Hab.—Texan
( Wright, IS49.)

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, p. 158.

3. S. Donnellii Aust. Male thallus narrow, amber brown,
with stipe-like base; lobes spike-like; female thallus with sub-

stipitate base and leaf-like lobes; coccus deeply lobed 0.145

—

0.170 mm. in diameter; spores strongly tuberculate, 0.078

—

0.101 mm. in diameter.

Hab.—Gardens, etc. Fla (/, Donnell Smith).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, p. 157.



Hf'ixiticd' 0/ North Aincrica. 31

Order II. MARCHANTIACEiE Cord a.

Terrestrial (rarely amphibious), usually perennial plants

with thallose vegetation. Thallus dichotomously, snbpalmately

or radiately branched, usually continuous or proliferous from

the apex of the midrib or from its side underneath, more or less

thickened in the middle, furnished beneath with numerous long

rootlets, and i;sually colored and imbricating scales (root-like

hairs in Duniortiera). Epidermis more or less distinct, usually

porose. Capsules globose, rarely obovate or oval, attached to

the underside of disk-like receptacles which are elevated on

peduncles (in a bivalved receptacle underneath the apex of the

thallus in Targionia), opening variously or indehiscent. Ela-

ters usually present, mixed with the spores.

ARTIFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF GENERA

Fruit aggregated underneath large, peduncled recepta-

cles B

Fruit sessile under the apex of the thallus which is

small with conspicuous pores. XIII. Tarc4ionia.

B
Inner involucre present C

Inner involucre wanting E

j

Inner involucre conspicuous, split into 8-16 pendent,

Q j
I

linear divisions. X. Fimbriaria.

Inner involucre 4-5 lobed D

r Carpocephalum 7-9 rayed. T. Marchantia.

^ 1 Carpocephalum hemispheric, 1-4 lobed, with as many

[^ rib-like rays. II. Preissia.

[

Outer involucre present F

^
'] Outer involucre wanting; thallus obcordate, barely cos-

1^ tate, eporose. VI. Cryptomitrium.

( Carpocephalum entire at margin or nearly so G

r < Carpocephalum lobed. cleft or divided . . H



32 IUinoif< State Laboratonj of X(ffnr(il Histori/.

G

Thallus copiously reticulate and porose. IX. Cono-

CEPHALUS.

,^ Thallus obscurely reticulated. V. Duvalia.

H^
Lobes of carpocephalura scarcely distinguishable from

the involucres I

Lobes of carpocephalum clearly apparent K

Thallus distinctly areolate and porose, squamigerous.

I
I XIL LUNTJLARIA.

1^ Thallus rigid, indistinctly porose. XI. x^itokia.

r Androecium peduncled; thallus large, thin, with a slight

J^
1 COsta. VIII. DUMORTIERA.

1^ Androecium ( so far as known ) sessile L

( Thallus very indistinctly porose. VII. Asterella.
L ^

( Thallus clearly porose M
Carpocephalum 3-4 lobed, hemispheric or conoidal. IV.

Grimaldia.

1^ Carpocephalum 2-4 divided to base. III. Sauteria.

I. MARCHANTIA L.

Plant dioecious. Carpocephalum peduncled, radiate or

lobed. Peduncles areolate, arising from a sinus in the apex of

the expanded forking thallus. Outer involucres alternate with

the rays, 2-valved, lacerate, membranous, enclosing several

1-fruited, 4-5-parted involucres. Calyptra persistent, fissured

at the apex. Capsule globular, exserted, pendulous, dehiscent

by several revolute segments or teeth. Spores smooth. Ela-

ters long, slender, attenuate at each end, bispiral. Androecium
peduncled, peltate, radiate or lobed. Thallus large, areolate,

porose, with a broad diffused midrib, densely rooting. Gemmae
lenticular, borne in a cup-shaped receptacle on the back of the

thallus. Named for Nicholas Marehant, a French botanist,

d. irws.



Heputicw of Nortli America. ;}8

1. M polymorpha L. Thallus usually 5—12.5 cm.

long, 1.3—8.8 cm. wide, canaliculate, and with numerous small

pores above, plicate-venulose; carpoceplialum deeply divided

into usually 9 terete rays; peduncles 2.5—^7.5 cm. high, stout,

pilose: involucres many-fruited; androeciuui on a naked pedun-

cle 2.5 cm. high or less, crenately or often palmately 2-8-lobed,

the lobes flat.

Hah.—Ditches and wet places ; common. (Eu.)

Bih.—^yn. Hep. p. 522, 789; Hep. Europ. p. 150.

DeKn.—Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t. VI.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 127.

2. M. disjuncta Sulliv. Thallus 2.5—5 cm. long, O.G—
1.3 cm. wide, innovating from the apex; carpocephalum | cir-

cular, radiately 3-7-lobed, the lobes flat, cuneate, crenulate on

the outer margin; peduncles 2.5 cm. high; androecium large,

on a stout peduncle 2—4 mm. high, digitately parted, the divi-

sions elongate-oblong or linear-oblong, subentire.

Hah.—Springy places, banks of Alabama R. near Clairborne {Sulli-

rnnt).

Bib.—Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. Ill, p. 63.

Delin.—Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. Ill, t. III.

E.xsic.—Muse. Alleghan. No. 286; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 128.

TI. PREISSIA Nees.

Carpoceplialum hemispheric, 1-4-lobed, with as many rib-

like rays alternating with and shorter than the lobes, fibrous-

barljulate underneath. Outer involucres as many as the rays,

attached to the under side of the lobes, 1-3-fruited, opening

beneath and outwardly by an irregular line. Inner involucre

obconic-carapanulate, angular, unequally 4-5-lobed. Calyptra

persistent, rupturing obliquely at the apex. Capsule large, dis-

tinctly pedicelled, dehiscing by 4-8 revolute segments. Spores

grossly tuberculate. Elaters short, bispiral. Inflorescence

dioecious or moncBcious. Thallus obcordate, sparingly forked,

increasing by joints from the apex; pores conspicuous. Gem-
mcB wanting;. Named for L. PreisH, a German botanist.



34 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

1. P. hemisphaBrica Cogn. Monoecious or sometimes

dioecious; thallus 2.5—5 cm. long, 0.6—1.3 cm. wide, witli con-

spicuous white pores above and dark purple, imbricated scales

beneath; carpocephalum somewhat angled by the prominent

keel-like rays; peduncle 1—2.5 cm. high, slightly hairy or

squamulose; capsules conspicuous, dark purple; androecium pe-

duncled, peltate, repand-lobed at the margin, the peduncle

1— 2.5 cm. high. {Marchantia hemisphoirica L., M. conimu-

tata Lindenb., Preissia commutata Nees.)

Hah.—On slate and limestone rocks in moist ravines, N. J. westward

to Col. and northward to Hudson's Bay. (Eu.)

Bih.—^yn. Hep. p. 539 ; Hep. Europ. p. 152.

DeZw.—SuUiv. Mosses U. S. t. VI.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 129.

III. SAUTERIA Nees.

Carpocephalum peduncled, 2-4 parted, the fruit-bearing

lobes separate to the base, the intermediate rays obsolete or

tooth-like. Peduncle pale, naked at the base, continuous with

the thallus. Outer involucres as many as the lobes forming a

declined tube, more or less separate, dehiscing with a wide slit

and disclosing a 2-5 parted pileus, 1-fruited. Inner involucre

wanting. Calyptra persistent, pyriform-campanulate, bursting

irregularly, equalling or slightly exceeding the involucre. Cap-

sule globose, 4-6-valved, pedicelled. Elaters formed at the base

of the capsule, bi-quadrispiral, deciduous. Thallus subsimple

or continuous at the apex, without median costa, papillose and

porose above, squamous below. Gemmas wanting.

1. S. limbata Aust. Thallus obovate-oblong, sub-di-

chotomous, concave, reticulate-papillose and light-green above,

much thickened, dark-purple and squamous beneath, with a

broad, membranous, dark-purple, subplicate, undulate-crenate,

incurved margin; scales closely imbricate, purple, the lower

ones large, oblique, 2-horned, nodose-dentate and placed near

the margin of the thallus; the upper still larger, lanceolate and

extending beyond the apex of the thallus as an inflexed fringe^

at length whitish : carpocephalum 1-3-fruited, shortly but



Hepaticw of North America. 35

densely paleaceous underneath; peduncle about 2.5 cm. high.

pale, naked, sulcate.

Hab.—Under wet rocks, Cal. (Bolander).

Bib—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 229.

IV. GRIMALDIA Raddi.

Carpocephalum peduncled, 3-4-lobed, decurrent, hemi-

spheric or conoidal. papillose and porose at the apex. Cal3'ptra

rupturing by lobes. Capsule circumscissile in the middle.

Androecium on the same or a different thallus, disciform, oval,

obovate or obcordate. immersed in the apex of the thallus, pap-

illose. Thallus thick, deeply canaliculate, dichotomous, inno-

vating from the apex, articulated, closely areolated and porose-

scabrous above, the thick keel covered with imbricated scales

often extending beyond the margin as a fringe. Epidermis very

thick. Gemmge wanting. Named for I). Grimaldi, an Italian

botanist.

1. G. barbifrons Bisch. Thallus linear-obcuneate, 0.6

—1.3 cm. long, 8—4 mm. wide, 2-lobed at the apex, pale-green

with distinct white pores above, strongly involute when dry,

the scales often extending far beyond the margin and becoming

whitish; peduncle profusely paleaceous at the base and apex;

monoecious, the androecium obcordate. (G. frayrans Corda.,

includes G. sessilis Sulliv.)

fla&.—Thin soil on rocks. la. {Norton), 111. {Hall), Tex. ( Wright),

N. J. {Austin), N. Y. {Miss Waterbury), Conn. {Eaton). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 550; Hep. Europ. p. 156.

Delin.—Sumv. Mosses U. S. t. VII.

E.rsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 133.

2. G. Oalifornica Gottsche, MS. is an unpublished spe-

cies from California.

V. DUVALIA Nees.

Carpocephalum peduncled, hemispheric, entire, cavernose-

papillose above, concave and not decurrent beneath. Outer in-

volucre intramarginal. Inner involucre wanting. Capsule

deoperculating above the middle. Andrax-iuiu snl)orbicuIar.



36 lUinois State Laboratonj of Natural Historij.

immersed in the apex of the lobes at the sinus, covered by a

ch)ser and more sharply papillose epidermis. Thallus weak,

moderately thickened in the middle, bifid and sinuate-continn-

ous from the apex, obscurely areolate above, concolorous or

often purple, obscurely squamulose along the costa underneath,

the scales minute and evanescent. Gemmae wanting.

1. D. rupestris Nees. Thallus 0.6—1.3 cm. long, 2—

6

mm. wide, the margins membranous; carpocephalum small,

semiglobose, 1-4-fruited; peduncle about 2.5 cm. high, spar-

ingly involucrate at the base, barbulate at the apex ; involucres

1-fruited, short, thin crenulate; spores tuberculate; elaters bi-

spiral. (Grlmaldia ruj)estris Lindenb.)

Hah.—Calcareous or slaty rocks, Ontario (Macoun), O. {Miss Biddle-

come), Central and Northern N. Y. (Eu.)

Bih.—^yii. Hep. p. 553, Hep. Europ. p. 156.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 134.

VI. CRYPTOMITRIUM Aust. nov. gen.

Carpocephalum on a peduncle arising from a marginal

sinus, large, peltate, slightly convex and papillose above, with

costa-like rays extending about half way toward the plane,

naked, crenate margin and tuberously thickened from the end,

flattish and naked beneath. Both involucres wanting. Calyp-

tra very obscure or ephemeral. Capsules 4-7, large, pale, ob-

liquely depressed, globose, immersed between the rays and

closely adherent to the walls of the cavity, or at length partly

emergent through an irregular longitudinal slit, dehiscent near

the apex by a very small, irregular, oblique, brownish opercu-

lum, the orifice becoming very large and shortly lacerate.

Spores very small, coarsely rugose and reticulate. Elaters very

long and slender, attenuate at the ends, tortuous, bispiral,

Thallus obcordate, cespitose-imbricate, thin and barely costate,

eporose above, sparingly rooted, usually purplish and very im-

perfectly squamulose beneath. Gemmae wanting. Name from
Gr. hi'uptos, concealed, and iHlffioii., a turban.

1. O. tenerum Aust. Thallus 0.6—1.3 cm. long, striate

or venulose-lacunose, creiuilate on the margin, very slightly

thickened in the middle, the cuticle beneath breaking up into



Hepaticw of North America. 37

deciduous, more or less scale-like fragments; peduncles 2.5 cm.

high, rather delicatel}^ cellular, pale above, pvirplish below,

naked. (Marchantia fenera Hook., Duralia fenera Gottsche,

T). j)cdunrulata Mont.)

Hab.—Cal. (Parry, Bigelow, Bolander, Torrey).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 554.

VII. ASTERELLA Beauv.

Carpoceplialum conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, 1-6

(usually 4)-lobed, barbulate-palaeaceous beneath. Outer invo-

lucres 1-fruited, coherent with the lobes, 2-valved. Inner in-

volucre wanting. Calyptra minute, lacerate, persistent at the

base of the capsule. Capsule greenish, globose, nearly sessile,

rupturing at the apex by irregular narrow teeth, or by a frag-

mentary operculum. Spores tuberculate. Elaters moderately

long, mostly bispiral. Inflorescence monoecious; androecium

sessile, lunate-disciform. Thallus rigid, very indistinctly po-

rose, the midrib broad, strong and distinct. Name the diminu-

tive of Lat. astrum, a star, alluding to the mature carpocepha-

lura.

1. A hemisphserica Beauv. Thallus forking and in-

creasing by joints from the extremities, rather pale-green above,

purple beneath: carpoceplialum papillose on the summit, di-

minishing greatly by age; peduncle bearded at its base and

apex^ at first 2—2.5 cm. long, increasing often to 5—7.5 cm.

after maturity of fruit. [RehouUa hemispluerica Raddi, R. mi-

crocephahi Tayl.

)

Hah.—Shaded banks chiefly along sti'eams ; common. (Eu.)

Bib.—^yn. Hep. p. 548, 790 ; Hep. Europ. p. 154.

Delin.—^xjiWiw. Mosses U. S. t. VI.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 132.

VII. DUMORTIERA Nees.

Carpoceplialum convex above, 2-8-lobed. Involucres 1-

fruited, opposite and connate with the lower surface of the

lobes, horizontal, opening by a vertical slit at the outer extrem-

ity. Inner involucre wanting. Calyptra rupturing at the apex.



38 TlUnois Sfritc Lahoratori/ of Natinn J Histori/.

Capsule ()l)long-<>-l()l)().se, deliiscing by 4-6 irregular valves, dis-

tinctly pedieelled. Spores minute^ muriculate. Elaters parie-

tal,* very long, straight, attenuate at both ends, bi-trispiral.

Androeeium short peduncled, paleaceous underneath the mar-

gin (in the young state ciliate). Thallus large, thin, soft, with

a slight costa, dichotomous, continuous or articulate at the

apex, with or without pores, usually with hair-like rootlets

scattered over the entire under surface. Gemmae wanting.

Named for B. C. JhiDiorfler, a Beigian botanist, born 1797.

1. D. hirsuta Nees. Dioecious; thallus 5—15 cm. long,

1.3—2 cm. wide, thin, deep-green, becoming blackish, plane and

entire on the margins, exareolate and naked, or sometimes with

a delicate, coarsely reticulated, closely appressed, cobweb-like

pubescence above, hirsute and esquamulose beneath; carpc-

cephalum many-fruited, convex, its margins like those of the

involucres, closely setulose, the upper surface sparingly so; pe-

duncle rather long, chaffy at the apex, slightly involucrate at

the base, otherwise naked; capsule wall composed of very long

thick cells containing broad rings or bands; androeeium on a

short peduncle, setulose over the entire upper surface; fruit

rare. ( Marchantia hirsuta Swz.

)

Hah.—Faces of moist calcareous rocks, S. C. {Ravenel), Easton, Pa.

(Porter), La. {Featherman).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 543, 790.

Delin.—Sumv. Mosses U. S. t. VI.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 1.30.

IX. CONOOEPHALUS Neck.

Carpocephalum conic-mitriform, membranous. Involucres

5-8, tubular, 1-fruited, suspended from the apex of the pedun-

cle, coherent with the interior surface of the carpocephalum.

Inner involucre wanting. Calyptra persistent, carapanulate,

2-4-lobed at the apex. Capsule oblong-pyriform, dehiscing by
5-8 revolute segments, pedieelled. Spores muriculate. Elaters

short, thick, bispiral. Androeeium disciform or oval, sessile

near the apex of the thallus. Thallus dichotomous, copiously

* Adhering to the inner face of the capsule wall.



HeiMtirce of North America. 39

reticulated, with a narrow distinct costa. Gemmae wanting.

Name from Gr. konos, a cone, and l-cphaJej head, aUuding to

the conic carpocephahim.

.1. C. conicus Dumort. Thallus 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm.

wide; carpocephahim conic, striate, crenate at the margin.

(Marchantia conica L., Conocephaliis vulgaris Bisch_, Fegatella

conica Corda.)

Hab.—Shady banks of rivulets ; common. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 546; Hep. Europ. p. 155.

DeUn.—Sumv. Mosses U. S. t. VI.

Ersic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 131.

X. FIMBRIARIA Nees.

Carpocephalum pedunculate from the apex of the thallus

or its innovations, conic or hemispheric, concave beneath and

expanded at the margin into usually 4 large, pendent, campan-

ulate, 1-fruited involucres. Inner involucre oblong-oval or

subconic, protruding half its length beyond the involucre, with

the projecting portion cleft into 8-16 fringe-like segments

which are often more or less coherent at the apex. Calyptra

with a long style, fugacious. Capsule scarcely pedicelled, glo-

bose, irregularly circumscissile near the middle. Spores angu-

lar, slightly reticulate, apparently margined. Elaters rather

short, uni-quadrispiral. Antheridia immersed in the thallus,

without receptacle. Thallus thickened in the middle, with a

keeled costa, which in some species throws out lateral innova-

tions, usually conspicuously porose above, and with dark pur-

ple scales beneath. Gemmae wanting. Name from Lat. fim-

bria', a fringe.

* Pedundes more or less pilose; divisio?is of inner involucre

coherent at their apices.

f Inner involucre 8-cleft.

1. F. elegans Spreng. Thallus 0.6—2.1 cm. long, 2—

4

ram. wide, producing innovations from the costa underneath

and also from the apex, linear-oblong, the innovations obcord-

ate, emarginate or bilobed at the apex, glaucous-green and mod-

erately porose above, abruptly carinate and usually dark purple



40 Illinois State Lnhoratorij of Natural History.

beneiith, the margin imdulate-crisped find more or less tinged

with purple, the costa usually densely villous-radiculose and

sparingly furnished with narrow and inconspicuous scales; pe-

duncles arising from both the apex of the thallus and the inno-

vations, 0.8—2. cm. high, usually dark-purple below, sparingly

pilose or paleaceous except at the apex or often rather copiously

so throughout, the base not involucrate; carpocephalum sub-

hemispheric, strongly tuberculate above, barbulate-paleaceous

beneath, papillose-crenulate on the margin; inner involucre

ovate, tawny; a variable species.

Hab.—On calcareous rocks, Tex.
(
Wright), Cuba. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 564; Hep. Europ. p. 159.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 136c.

2. F. fragrans Nees. Thallus linear-cuneate, thick

crenulate, convex beneath, the scales extending to the margin

or the uppermost exceeding it, barbed at the ends; inner invo-

lucre ovate. (Marchantiafragrans ^chleich.)

iya?>.—N. Mex. (Fendkr). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 558 ; Hep. Europ. p. 158.

Exsic—He^). Bor.-Amer. No. 136b.

ff Inner involucre 10-cleft; plant small and delicate.

3. F. Bolanderi Aust. Thallus narrowly-linear, 1.3

—

2.1 cm. long, 2—3 mm. wide, with very numerous minute inno-

vations especially near the base, solid, rigid, light-green, de-

pressed caniculate, indistinctly porous above, carinate-thickened

and dark-purple beneath, the margins membranous, whitish

and pellucid or often purple, bifid or 2-horned at the apex,

somewhat dentate; peduncle slender 2.5—3.8 cm. high, slightly

pilose at base, arising from the apex of the innovations; carpo-

cephalum small, 4-fruited, subconic when moist, flattish and
subcruciate when dry; inner involucre subglobose, white; spores

papillose-reticulate with a pellucid margin; elaters tri-quadri-

spiral.

Hah.—On the ground in fields. San Eafael, Cal. (Bolander).

Bib.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 230.

Exsic. —Hep. Bor.-Amer No. 136d.

fff Inner involucre 12-16 cleft; peduncles stout, purple.



Hppaticfr of North America. 41

4. F. Californica Hampe. Thallus obcordate, O.G—1.

cm. wide, uiidulate-lobed, abruptly carinate, the scales beneath

not reaching beyond the broad brownish-purple margin; pe-

duncle stout, rigid, pale purple, sparingly pilose; carpocephaluni

subhemispheric. convex-umbonate, mostly 4-lobed, paleaceous

beneath: inner involucre large. (Near F. Lindenberr/i<nia

Corda.

)

Hab.—Cal. (Bolander, Bigelow).

iiJ.r.sic —Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 135.

5. F. violacea Aust. Thallus rigid and much thickened,

sublinear, concave canaliculate, closely areolate and pale green

above, imperfectly squamulose and densely rooting beneath,

distinctly punctate, dark purple, innovating from the midrib

beneath ; margins strongly involute when dry ; scales dark pur-

ple, short and narrow, slightly exceeding the margin at the

apex of the thallus; peduncles dark purple, sparingly pilose,

arising from the apex of the innovations which are often

scarcely 2 mm. long; carpocephaluni large, mostly 3-fruited,

not lobed, obtusely conic, nearly smooth and distinctly porose

above, barbulate-chaffy beneath: inner involucre pyriform-

ovate, the segments violet purple.

Hah.—Cal. (Bolander).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. Ill, p. 17.

** Peduncles naked; divisions of inner involucre not colterent

at least tvhen dry.

6. F. tenella Nees. Thallus orbicular and composed of

several elongated, obcuneate divisions, or- by abortion of a sin-

gle division; divisions emarginate at the apex, 1.3—2.1 cm.

loug, 3—4 mm. wide, grizzly-green and conspicuously porose

above, purple on the margins, abruptly keeled and purple un-

derneath; peduncle naked, 2.5—7.5 cm. high, not involucrate

at the base, usually dark purple: carpocephaluni obtusely conic.

3-4-fruited, naked beneath; inner involucre white, 8-cleft.

(F. nigripes Bisch., F. mollis Tayl.)

Hah.—On damp ground in sandy fields, rarely In rock crevices. N.

Eng. to Mo., Ga. and Tex.

Bib.—^yn. Hep. p. 562.

DcKn.—Sulliv. Mosses TJ. S. t. VI.

£a;stc.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 136.



42 IlJinoiii State Lahomtori/ of Natural History.

7. F. pilosa Tayl. Thallus bifurcate or dichotomous,

2—6 mm. long, subspatulate or narrowly obcordate, obtuse,

emarginate, the margins thin and hyaline, repand-undulate,

divergently striate and distinctly porose above, squamous be-

neath; scales large, fuscous purple, paler tow^ard the apex, not

reaching the margin; carpocephalum rather small, hemispheric,

3-4-fruited, umbonate and minutely verruculose in the center

when dry, somewhat barbulate beneath at its juncture with the

peduncle: peduncle 2.5—3.8 cm. high, tapering from a stout

base, naked, fuscous brown, shining; inner involucre rather

large, 8-12-cleft; spores large, rugose-cristate; elaters short

somewhat obtuse, bispiral; androecium in a distinct lobe next

the fertile one, circular, immersed. {Marchantia pilosa Wahl.,

M. gracilis Web. f., F. gracilis Lindb.)

Hah.—Br. Col. {Macoun), Greenland [Vahl). (Eu.)

Bih.—'&yn. Hep. p. 557 ; Hep. Europ. p. 157.

F. Palmeri Aust. (Torrey Bulletin VI, 47), found by Dr.

Palmer in Gaudalupe Island off Lower California, may occur in

So. California.

XL AITONIA FoRST.

Carpocephalum deeply 1-4-lobed, the lobes small, ascend-

ing, discrete, their apices merging into ample, vertically bi-

valved involucres. Peduncle emerging from a pit in the back

of the thallus, involucrate. Involucres subcompressed, ovoid,

erect, 1 -fruited, opposite and concealing the lobes of the recep-

tacle, vertically or horizontally dehiscing, 2-valved. Inner

involucre wanting. Calyptra lacerate and persistent. Capsule

globose, nearly sessile, somewhat horizontal, rupturing at the

apex by an irregular vertical line. Spores enveloped in a trans-

parent, rugose membrane, many angled, smoothish. Elaters of

medium length, bi-quadrispiral. Androecium disciform, muri-

cate-papillosc, immersed in the apex or the middle of the thallus.

Thallus rigid, thick, indistinctly porose, continuous or innovat-

ing from the apex, or proliferous from the costa -underneath.

Named for William Aiton, a Scottish botanist, 1731-93.



Hepaticce of North America. 43

1. A. Wrightii ( Sulliv). Thallus 1—2 cm. long, 3—4
mm. wide, continuous from the apex, glaucous above with dark

purple scales, the margins crenulate. ascending, convolute; in-

volucres usually 3: peduncle scarcely 2 mm. high, paleaceous at

the base and apex. { P}a(/ior]ias)iia Wrightii Sulliv.)

Hah.—Vnder overhanging rocks along streams. Tex. ( Wright).

De//».—Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t. VI.

2. A. erythrosperma (Sulliv. ) Thallus expanded, obo-

vate, 0.(3—1 cm. wide, pale green, rvigulose, fuscous margined,

radiculo.se and squamous beneath: scales whitish, setaceous-

incised, extending beyond the margin toward the apex; pedun-

cle 1—1.7 cm. high, naked at the base, paleaceous at the apex:

spores orange-red. tuberculate: elaters quadrispiral. (Phit/lo-

chasnia erythrosperma Sulliv.)

7/a6.—Rocky ^Its. [E. Hall).

XII. LUNULARIA Mich.

Carpocephalum cruciately divided into 1-6 (usually 4) hori-

zontal segments or involucres, which are tubular, vertically

bilabiate and 1-fruited. Inner involucre wanting. Calyptra

included, persistent, rupturing at the apex. Capsule exserted

on a long pedicel. 4-8-valved, the valves spreading, subtortuous.

Spores minute, nearly smooth. Elaters short, very slender,

liispiral, deciduous or a few remaining attached to the apex of

the valves. Peduncle very hair}^ 2.5—3.8 cm. high, involu-

crate with numerous membranous scales at the base. Andrce-

cium oblong, sessile in the sinus at the apex of the thallus.

Thallus oblong, with rounded lobes, distinctly areolate and

porose, squamigerous. Scales imbricate, sublunulate, their

apex abruptly contracted into a roundish cochleariform lobe.

Gemnicie in crescent-shaped disks on the back of the thallus.

Name from Lat. lunida, a little moon, alluding to the gemuue-

bearing receptacles.

1. L. cruciata Dumort. Thallus 2.5—5 cm. long, fur-

cately divided, innovating from the apex, with a somewhat dif-

fused costa. (L. vulgaris Mich., Marchautia cruciata L.

)

The onlv species; introduced into greenhouses; always sterile.

(Eu.)
Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 511 ; Hep. Europ. p- 147.

Exdc.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 126.



44 Illinois State Lahoratory of Natural History.

XIII. TARGIONIA Mich.

Carpoceplialum wanting, the involucre being sessile be-

neath the apex of the thallus, bivalved, 1-fruited. Inner invo-

lucre wanting. Calyptra thin, persistent. Style deciduous.

Capsule short pedicelled. Spores globose, tuberculate. Elaters

bi-trispiral. Androeciuni lateral, disciform, papillose, rising on

a separate innovation from the ventral costa. Thallus furcate

and continuous from the apex, conspicuously porose, squamu-

lose beneath.

1. T. hypophylla L. Thallus 0.4—1.3 cm. long, obcu-

neate-linear or obovate, rigid, costate, involute when dry, with

more or less conspicuous whitish pores above, dark purple be-

neath; scales densely imbricate, 2-horned or caudate, the upper

ones extending to the margin of the thallus. {T. MicheJii

Corda.

)

Hah.—Cal. {Bolander).

Bih.—^yn. Hep. p. 574; Hep. Europ. p. 162.

i^a;src.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 137.

Order III. ANTHOOEROTACEiE Lindb.

Terrestrial, annual plants with thallose vegetation. Cap-

sule dorsal, pod-like, mostly erect and bivalved, usually with

stomata in its outer wall, tapering into a pedicel or often sessile

with a bulbous base. Columella filiform. Involucre tubular,

the inner wanting. Calyptra rupturing early near the base,

carried up on the apex of the capsule, crowned with a subsessile

stigma. Spores flattish, more or less convexo-prismatic, papil-

lose or smooth. Elaters with or without fibres. Texture flac-

cid, more or less vesiculose; epidermis and pores wanting.

I. ANTHOCEROS L.

MoncBcious or sometimes dioecious. Involucre tubular.

Capsule linear or cylindric-oblong, bivalved. Spores papillose

or smooth, colored. Elaters simple or branched, often genicu-

late, more or less heteromorphous, the fibres wanting or indis-



Hepatica' of North America. 45

tinct. ThtiUus dark green or blackish, usually depressed, vari-

ously lobed and divided. Texture lax, vesiculose, with large

chlorophyll grains, freqiiently glandularly thickened at the

apex or in streaks along the middle so as to appear nerved.

Name from (inthos, flower, and kerat^^ horn, from the appear-

ance of the fructification.

* Spores yeUow; eJafers ijelloiv or iritJi a yelloiclsh tinge.

f Thfdhis usualhj siiiootJi.

1. A. laevis L. Thallus smooth, nearly plane above:

involucre 2—4 mm. high, trumpet-shaped when dry, the mouth

repand-toothed, often thickened, rarely scarious; capsule pale

brown or yellowish, 2.5—3.8 cm. high, the valves often twisted

when dry; spores rather small, nearly smooth, flattish, angular:

elaters rather short, geniculate, somewhat articulated, yellowish.

Var. major Aust. Larger in all its parts except the spores

and elaters. {A. Caro]mia)Nis Michx., A. Jariniafifs Schwein.)

Hab.—Can. to the Gulf of Mexico and Cal.; the var. southward and

in Cal. (Eu.)

Bib.—Sjn. Hep. p. 586; Hep. Europ. p. 160; Torrey Bull. VI, 25.

Delhi.—SuWW. Mosses U. S. t. VI.

J5;.mc.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 123, 123b.

2. A. Donnellii Aust. Dioecious; thallus })lane, rather

narrow, smooth, very distinctly wide-nerved, deeply laciniate,

someAvhate crenate, copiously tuberous below; involucre large,

funnel form, the mouth incised; capsule yellow; spores and

elaters as in No. 1.

fiafe.—Banks of Caloosahatchee R., Southwest Fla. {AnsHv); rare.

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 304.

3. A. Mohrii Aust. Thallus thick, opac[ue, subcristate,

lacunose, densely radiculose beneath, nerv^eless, tuber-bearing

within; involucre short, thickened, the mouth truncate, indis-

tinctly many crenate, often scarious-margined; capsule thick,

rigid, yellowish-brown or blackish, variously curved and twist-

ed, rather longpedicelled; spores ochreous, numerous, minutely

papillose, opaque or somewhat pellucid; elaters various, some

long and some short.

Hat.—Port Eoyal, 8. C. (Amtin), Mobile, Ala. (Mohr).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 304.

i~}' Thallus more or less (j/ain/ahir.



46 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

4. A csespiticius DeNot. Tliallus dissected to the base,

the divisions 4—8.5 mm. long, narrow, variously lobed, expand-

ed at the apex, dark green, more or less glandular; involucre

broad, scarcely 2 mm. high, broadly sulcate and obtusely 2-an-

gled on the back, minutely punctate, the apex subtruncate,

repand-tridentate, the mouth narrowly scarious; capsule thick

1—1.5 cm. long, sessile, sulcate or angled, the apex obtuse and

subtruncate; columella thickish, fibrillose. {A. tuherosus

Tayl.)

Hah.—Tex.? Cal. (Eu.)

J5*.—Syn. Hep. p. 588; Hep. Europ. p. 161; Torrey Bull. VI, 25.

5. A. Hallii Aust. Thallus 1.3—2.5 cm. long, 1-^2 mm.
wide, caespitose, often erect, linear or elongate-flabelliform, the

apex entire or slightly lobed, most usually glandulose-thick-

ened; involucre terminal, pellucid, pale green, 2—3 mm. long,

the apex truncate; capsule about 6 mm. long, short pedicelled,

sulcate, very narrow, the valves thick; spores smooth.

Hab.—On the ground and on rocks; Silverton and Salem, Ore. {Hall),

Marine Co., Cal. (Bolander).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 26.

6. A. Oreganus Aust. Thallus thin, glandular-thick-

ened in places, involucre very short, abruptly constricted above

the middle, inflated below, minutely and closely punctate, the

mouth subtruncate, slightly repaud-lobate ; capsule sessile,

bulbous at base, somewhat thickened, about 1.3 cm. long, the

valves splitting to the mouth of the involucre, coherent at the

apex; spores small, indistinctly granulose.

Hab.—Ore. (Hall).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 26.

7. A. sulcatus Aust. Thallus 4—6 mm. long, deep

green, apparently hollow, caespitose, erect, attenuate at base,

flabelliform, the margin variously lobed and repand; involucre

obovate-quadrate, about 1 mm. high, somewhat roughened;
capsule 4—5 mm. high, narrow, erect, or somewhat curved,

sulcate, almost sessile, compressed-glandular; spores rather

large; elaters short.

Hab.—On. moist earth; Salem, Ore. {Hall).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 27.

** Spoirs hhick ; chifcrsfiiscoKs.



Hepaticce of North America. 47

8. A. punctatus L. Thallus small, depressed, or often

caespitose and somewhat erect, lax, more or less glandular, often

falsely nerved; involucre rather short, oblong-linear, slightly

repand, sometimes scarious at the mouth; capsule 2.5 cm. high,

black; spores rather small, strongly muriculate, sharply angled;

elaters rather short and broad, flattish, geniculate, variously con-

torted, somewhat articulated. Of several forms varying more

or less from the type. Var. scariosus Aust. has the thallus

lamellate, the involucre lamellate and broadly scarious at the

mouth (A. scariosMS Aust.)

—

Var. Ohioueiisis Aust. ha^! the

thallus distinctly nerved, the apex of the lobes much thickened

and solid.

—

Var. Eaton I Aust. has the thallus casspitose and

erect, crowded, the involucre narrower, more or less lamellate,

parallel to the surface of the thallus and more or less connate

with it.

Hah.—Can. to Fla. and Mo. Var. scariosus in S. C. {Ravenel); var.

Ohionensis in 0. (Lesqicereux) ; var. Eatoni in Fla. {Eaton, Smith), Cul)a,

(Wright). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 583; Hep. Europ. p. 160; TorreyBull. VI, 27,304.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 122.

9. A. fusiformis Aust. Differs froui No. 8 in its larger

size, its more dissected thallus, its much longer subfusiform

involucre (4—8.5 mm. long); capsule black, 2.5—5 cm. long,

solid; spores minutely papillose; elaters broAvnish, longer, nar-

rower, more opaque. Probaljly a form of the last.

Hab.—Cal. (Bolander), Ore. (Hall), Observation Inlet (Scouler).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 28.

10. A. stomatifer Aust. Differs from No. 8 in the more

solid thallus with giandulose-cristate margin; involucre longer,

narrower, rising from the margin of the thallus; capsule longer,

more slender, well provided with stomata, the valves much
twisted in drying; spores a little larger, more papillose, deep

black.

fl"a6.—Ore. (Rail).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 28.

11. A. Ravenelii Aust. Thallus small, thick, broadly

flabelliform. pale when young, black when older, the 1 acini 83

short, repand orlobed: involucre short. 1—1.5 mm. high, the



48 Illinois State Laboratonj of Natural History.

mouth somewhat truncate; capsule 0.6—2 cm. high, very thick,

provided with stomata, the pedicel very short; spores large,

plano-convex, distinctly papillose: elaters small, somewhat tri-

angular prismatic. (A. Lescurii ft A. Joorii Aust. are mature

forms of the plant as originally described.

)

Hab.—On moist earth; S. 0. (Ravenel), Fla. (Austin), La. {Joor).

Bib—Torrey Bull. VI, 28, 29, 305.

12. A. Olneyi Aust. Thallus subprostrate or erect,

somewhat oblong-flabelliform, variously lobed or crenate, sub-

striate-venose, with large, black, tuberculate granules beneath

its surface; involucre cylindric, about 2 mm. high, slightly stri-

ate, impunctate, the apex truncate, the mouth crenate, repand

or dentate; capsule 0.6—2 cm. high, erect; spores large, plano-

convex, opaque, minutely papillose-granular; elaters strongly

compressed, articulated.

Hab.—Fla. [Chapman).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 'z9.

II. NOTOTHYLAS Sulliv.

Monoecious, the fructification dorsal, scattered. Involucre

sessile, continuous with the thallus, closed at first, at length

splitting by chinks above. Capsule very short, included in the

involucre, oblong-spheroidal, compressed or ovate-cylindric,

pedicelled, the pedicel arising from a thickened bulb, the suture

breaking in small pieces. Columella linear. Spores in fours,

subglobose, smoothish. Antheridia immersed in the thallus,

elliptic-globose. Thallus orbicular, laciniate, tender, papillose-

reticulate, the margin undulate, crisped, radiculose beneath.

Name from Gr. iiotos, the back, and thiilas, a bag, from thp

shape and position of the involucre.

1. N. orbicularis Sulliv. Thallus 0.6—1.6 cm. wide:

capsules more or less curved, 2—4 mm. high, erect or decum-
bent, wholly included in the involucre or slightly exserted,

marked with a suture on each side, the texture thin and rather

loose; elaters minute, pale, nearly or quite as long as broad;

antheridia iinmersed in cavities which have their sides slightly



HepativcB of North America. 40

elevated. (Tar<iioni(i orhirithiris Schwein., Carpoholns orJiicii-

hiris Schwein., Carpoliimm orbicidare Nees., Anthoceros orbicu-

laris Aiist. Includes X. ralvata Sulliv.)

Hah.—Can. to Gulf of Mexico.

^i6.—Syn. Hep. p. 591, 792; Mem. Amer. Acad. n. .ser. Ill, p. 65;

Torrey Bull. VI, 27.

Delin.—Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. Ill, t. IV ; Sulliv. Mosses of U. S.

t. VI.

Exsic.—Muse Alleghan. No. 289; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 124.

2. N. melanospora Sulliv. Tliallus sinall, depressed or

sometimes csespitose, the texture lax; capsule much as in No.

1; spores dark fuscous, smooth, larger by half than those of

No. 1. {Anthoceros tiielanosporus xA.ust.

)

Hah.—Moist ground, O- [Sulliv).

5/6.—Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. Ill, p. 65 ; Torrey Bull. VI, 29.

Exsic.—Muse Alleghan. No. 290; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 125.

Ordeb IV. JUNGERMANIACE.E Dumort.

Terrestrial or rarely somewhat aquatic, chiefly perennial

plants with either thallose or foliaceous vegetation. Capsule

home on an elongate, cellular pedicel, dividing lengthwise into

four valves or quadridentate. Elaters present^ uni-quadrispiral.

Thallus with or without a midrib. (Genera I—VI.) Leaves

when distinct, 2-ranked, often with a third row of smaller ones

(a)H]jhi(jastria) on the under side, incubous (Genera VII—XI,

XIII—XVIII) or succubous (Genera XII, XIX—XXXII).

The following artificial synopsis, tho imperfect, may assist

in determining species;

ARTIFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.*

Vegetation thallose B
Vegetation pseudo-foliaceous; the lobes of the thallus

leaf-like, succubous; inner involucre large, cani-

panulate, with a large, more or less lobed and un-

dulate mouth. VI. FOSSOMBRONIA.

[^ Vegetation foliaceous F

* Sec }i1so Appendix C for another synoptic table.

4



50 Illinois State Labonitori/ of Natural History.

{ Midrib wantinsr or not apparent C

i Midrib clearly apparent D

f Sporogonium dorsal ; elaters bispiral, free. 11. Pellia,

ri J
Sporogonium borne on nnder side of thallus near the

I

margin; elaters unispiral, adherent to the apex of

1^ the valves. I. Aneuea.

D^

E

F^

G

H

Inner involucre tubular, at first terminal, at length

dorsal; thallus sinuate or lobed. IV. Steetzia.

Inner involucre wanting or early vanishing E

Outer involucre wanting; fructification apical; thallus

simple or bifid. III. Blasia.

Outer involucre monophyllous, ventricose; sporogonium

arising from lower surface of midrib; thallus fur-

cate. V. Metzgeria.

" Leaves incubous : i. e. the apex lying on the base of the

next one above G

Leaves succubous: i. e. the apex lying under the base of

the next one above

Leaves bilobed or with a small ventral lobe at base. .H

Leaves without ventral lobe at base, mostly 3-5-toothed,

lobed or parted L

Amphigastria present* I

Amphigastria wanting; lower lobe usually convex un-

derneath. XL Radula.

r Amphigastria entire or 2-tootlied K

I

Amphigastria 4-5-lobed; lobes of leaves divided. XIII.

1^ Blepharozia.

Amnbigastria are obsolete or wanting in tliree species of Lejeunia-



M

Heimticfi' of NortJi America. '

51

Lower lobe of leaf auriculjite; inner involucre with a

mucronate mouth. VII. Frullania.

Lower lobe of leaf concave underneath; inner involucre

with a small denticulate mouth. X. Madotheca.

Inner involucre terete or angular, variously winged,

cristate or ciliate at the angles, the mouth 3-4-lobed

or dentate. VIII. Lejeunia.

Inner involucre somewhat depressed, plane and bilaln-

ate, the mouth trilobed or tridentate; IX. Phrag-
MICOMA.

I Inner involucre wanting M

( Inner involucre present N

r Leaves entire or 2-toothed; outer involucre pendent.

I XVIII. Calypogeia.
J

Leaves palmately divided; fructification in a fork, not

pendent. XV. Trichocolea.

Leaves 2-eleft to the middle; the divisions lanceolate.

XIV. Sendtnera.

Leaves and amphigastria 3-5-parted half way to the

base or more, the lobes usually lanceolate. XVII.
Lepidozia.

Leaves bi-tridentate at the apex. XVI. Bazzania.

( Amphigastria present P

( Amphigastria wanting U
( Amphigastria entire or nearly so Q

( Amphigastria 2-4-cleft, parted or divided S

f Involucral leaves numerous; inner involucre at first

triquetrous often becoming plicate, the mouth den-

ticulate, ciliate or laciniate. XXVI. Cephalozia.

l^ Involucral leaves few R

* The forms with succubous leaves inchided in the genera beyond
this point of the synopsis cannot be satisfactorily arranged in a synoptic
table; the characters of the genera are poorly defined and they contain
very diverse forms, some of which are described from imperfect and in-

complete data, which niakes their reference to genera uncertain.

N

0*

Q-



52 lUinois Sfdfo Laboratory of Natural History.

R

Inner involucre distant from the outer, fusiform, the

mouth 3-5-fid, the lacinise unequal; involucral leaves

smaller than those of the stem. XXV. Harpan-

THUS.

Inner involucre elongate, cylindrie, longer than the

calyptra, the mouth compressed-hilabiate; involu-

cral leaves connate at base. XXVII. Coleochila.

Inner involucre elongate fusiform, rising from the lower

side of the stem, fleshy, solid, rooting at the base,

the mouth compressed, 2-3-cleft; involucral leaves

3, minutely scale-like. XXII. Pleuranthe.

Involucral leaves small, incised; inner involucre arising

from the ventral side of stem, terete, trigonal at

the apex; the mouth denticulate. XXIV. Odon-

TOSCHISMA.

Not included in the above. XXVIII. Jukgermania.*

Involucre saccate, fleshy, attached by one side of its

mouth to the stem, pendent. XIX. Geocalyx.

Involucral leaves few, large; inner involucre tubular

below, acutely triquetrous above, dilated and three-

lobed at the mouth, the lobes toothed-crested;

leaves decurrent on the dorsal side of the stem.

XXI. Lophocolea.

^ Involucral leaves more numerous T

T

Involucral leaves smaller than those of the stem and
differing from them; inner involucre usually short,

deeply 2-3-cleft; leaves usually deeply 2-cleft. XX,
Chiloscyphus.

Involucral leaves imbricate, jointed-ciliate; inner invo-

lucre terete, glabrous, contracted and ciliate at the

mouth; leaves 3-4-parted, the divisions bristle-form.

XII. Blepharostoma.

* The genus Jungermania, altho its original limits have been much
reduced, still contains a heterogeneous lot of species that cannot be
properly classified until, 1st. The limits of genera become more clearly
defined, and, 2nd. The sporogony phase of all of our species becomes
UlinWll.



Hepatico} of North AniericcL 53

Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe usually

smaller; inner involucre compressed parallel to the

plane of the stem, the apex usually decurved, the

mouth truncate, entire or ciliate. XXIX. Sca-

PANIA.

Note.—Some forms of Jungermania without amphigastria
have the leaves complicate-concave and may be souglit here,
especially Nos. 20, 21, 22 and 28. See foot note under R in
this table.

Leaves bilobed or bifid at apex, not complicate V
Leaves entire or merely dentate at apex X

f Involucre many leaved W
^

I

Involucre few leaved; some forms of XXVIII Junger-

1^ MANIA.

Involucral leaves imbricate; inner involucre wanting;

leaves closely imbricate. XXXII. Cesia.

Involucral leaves united nearly to the top into an ob-

long tube; inner involucre 6-toothed, connate with

the outer. XXXI. Nardia.

Involucral leaves free; inner involucre present; some

forms of XXVI. Cephalozia.

Involucral leaves larger than those of the stem ; inner

involucre compressed at right angles to the plane

of the stem, the mouth truncate, entire or ciliate-

toothed; leaves often turned to one side. XXX.
Plagiochila.

Involucral leaves similar to those of the stem; inner

involucre retrorsely subarcuate or at length cylin-

dric; the mouth contracted, ciliate; the cilia ar-

ticulate, connivent in a short cone; leaves entire.

XXIII. LlOCHL^NA.

Not included in the above are some species of the

ubiquitous XXVIII Jungermania.



54 JlJIiiois Sfdfc Lahoraforu of Xdfiiral History.

I. ANEURA DuMORT.

Dioecious. Sporogonium arising from the under side of

the thallus near the margin. Outer invohicre cup-shaped, very

short and hicerate or wanting. Inner involucre v^^anting.

Calyptra ascending, nearly cylindric, fleshy. Capsule oval or

oblong, 4-valved. Elaters unispiral, adherent to the apex of

the valves. Antheridia immersed in the upper surface of re-

ceptacles proceeding from the margin of the thallus. Thallus

fleshy, destitute of a midrib. (Riccardia B. Gr., Lindberg.)

* Calyptra tubercuhife.

1. A. multiflda Dumort. Thallus brownish-green^

prostrate, pinnately divided, the primary portion biconvex,

somewhat rigid; branches horizontal, the secondary pectinately

pinnate with narrow linear divisions; fructification from the

primary portion or from lateral branches; involucre top-shaped,

fleshy. (JHugcriiuntia muUifida L.)

Vai-. major Nees. Primary portion and branches thick,

the branches interruptedly bipinnate: all the divisions short,

obtuse. {Jungermania hiphinata Schwein.)

Hah —On decaying wood and moss in swamps. N. J. {Austin),

Allegiiany Mts- (Eu.) Tiie var. growing over mosses on rocks.

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 496, 788; Hep. Europ. p. 141; Scliweinitz Spec.

Flo. Amer. Sept. p. 20.

Delin.—Brit Jung t. 45 ff 3 et 6; Ekart t. VII f. 50.

Exsic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No 116, 116 b.

2. A. palmata Nees. Thallus palmately divided, the

primary portion depressed-plane, procumbent; branches ascend-

ing, 4—G mm. high, pinnatifid-palmate, the divisions linear,

obtuse or truncate; fructification lateral; involucre lacerate.

{.Ttnigermariia palmata Hedw.)

Hah.—Rotten logs, etc. Eastern IT. S. (Eu.)

Bih.—^yn. Hep. p. 498, 788 ; Hep. Europ. p. 143.

i)eKn.—Ekart t. XIII f. 115.

E.vHk.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 114.

'** Calyptra merely papillose at apex.



Hepaticce of XortJi America. 55

3. A. sessilis Spreng. Thallus decumbent, irregularly

lobed, 2.5—5 cm. long, 0.6—1 cm. wide; involucre wanting;

pedicel 2—2.5 cm. long, sometimes folded upon itself and re-

maining within the calyptra, thus making the capsule appear

sessile; sterile receptacles elongate.

Hab.—"Wooded swamps. Eastern U. S.

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 495, 788 ; Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. Ill, p. 62.

Delin.—Mem. Amer. Acad, n, ser. HI, t. V ; Sulliv. Mosses, U. S.

t. VII.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. Xo. 113.

*** CaJijiitra smooflihh.

4. A. pinguis Dumort. Thallus decumbent or ascend-

ing, subsimple, somewhat linear; involucre short, lacerate;

calyptra cylindric ; sterile receptacles 2-lobed, the lobes obtuse..

{Jinif/etDKinia ping ids L.)

Hab.—^Yet banks, So. States, 0., Penn., N. J. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 493-4; Hep. Europ. p. 143.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 4(3 ; Ekart t. VII, f. 51.

Ersic.—B-ep. Bor.-Amer. Xo. 112, 112 b.

5. A. pinnatiflda Xees. Thallus pinnately divided or

subsimple, flat or subcanaliculate; branches horizontal, the

broader pinnatifid or dentate, obtuse.

Hab.—On dripping rocks, Hokokus, X.J. {Austin), near Xew Haven,

Conn. {Eaton). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 495, 788 ; Hep. Europ. p. 142.

Delin.—'Ekart t. XIII f. 109.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. Xo. 115.

11. PELLIA Raddi.

Monoecious. Involucre arising from the upper side of the

thallus near the apex, cup-shaped, short, the margin lacerate-

dentate. Inner involucre wanting. Calyptra oval, membra-

nous, longer or shorter than the involucre. Capsule globose.

Elaters long, free, bispiral. Antheridia globose, immersed in

the broad indeterminate costa of the thallus. Named for Si(j.

A. L. Pelli. an Italian botanist.



56 Illinois State Lahoratorij of Natural History.

1. P. epiphylla Nees. Thallus rather membranous,

sparingly divided, the divisions oblong or somev^^hat vv^edge-

shaped, repand-lobed; calyptra distinctly tuberculate, exserted.

{Jungermania epii^hylhi L.)

Hah.—On ground in springy places, ditches, etc. (Eu.)

Bib.—^yn. Hep. p. 488 ; Hep. Europ. p. 145 ; Torrey Bull. VI, 30.

Delin.—Bni. Jung. t. 47 ; Ekart t. VII f. 52; Rulliv. Mosses U. S. t.

VII.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 110.

2. P. calycina Nees. Thallus dichotomous, proliferous,

the early divisions linear-oblong, the margins ascending, re-

motely sinuate; later divisions linear-palmatifid, coarsely nerved,

the areolae large, hexagonal; involucre ciliate-fringed or lacer-

ate at the mouth; calyptra smooth, included. {Jungermania

calycina Tayl.)

Hah.—Wet limestone and slate rocks. (Eu.)

L'ib.—Syn. Hep. p. 490 ; Hep. Europ. p. 145 ; Torrey Bull. VI, 30.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 47 f. 18.

III. BLASIA Mich.

Sporogonium in an oval cavity in the midrib of the thal-

lus. Outer involucre wanting. Inner involucre v^^anting or a

fusiform utricle vanishing early. Calyptra obovate. Capsule

oval-globose, bursting through the thallus near its apex. An-
theridia immersed in the thallus, covered vs^ith dentate scales.

Gemmae globose, issuing by a slender ascending tube from

their large flask-like receptacles which are immersed in the

thallus. Named for P. D. Blasius, a companion of Micheli.

1. B. pusilla L. Thallus 1.5—2.5 cm. long, 4—6 mm.
wide, linear-obovate, simple or forked or stellately expanded,

the margins pinnatifid-sinuous. {Jungermania Blasia Hook.)

Hah.—\Nei banks, Eastern U. S. (Eu.)

Bih.—^yn. Hep. p. 491 ; Hep. Europ. p. 135.

De/m.—Brit. Jung. t. 82-84; Ekart t. XI f. 94, et t. XIII f. 114; Sul-

liv. Mosses U. S. t. VII.

Exdc.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 111.



Hepaticai of XorfJi AiHcyiva. 57

IV. STEETZIA Lehm.

Dioecious. Involucre at first terminal arising from the

midrib of the thallus, at length dorsal, cup-shaped, short-lacer-

ate. Inner involucre elongate, tubular, the mouth denticulate.

Calyptra equaling the perianth, irregularly torn at the apex.

Capsule oval, 4-valved. Elaters filiform, free, bispiral. An-
drcecium dorsal on the midrib, covered with minute, fiml)riated,

perigonial leaves. Thallus with a distinct costa. (1)]l.t^:na

Dumort. ) Named for J. Sfeetz, a German botanist.

1. S. Lyellii Lehm. Thallus 2.5^10 cm. long, 0.0—1

cm. wide, simple or two-cleft, delicate, the margin entire,

slightly crenate or obscurely serrate. {Jioif/ennanid IjijcUli

Hook., J. sinnata et J. obloHf/a Schwein., Bhjffia LycUii Endl.,

DipJolama LyeUil Dumort., DiJwna LiicJJii Dumort.)

iTat.^Amoiig mosses in swamps, often aquatic ; common. (En.)

Bih.—Syn. Hep. p. 785; Hep. Europ. p. 137.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 77; Ekart t. X f. 87; Sulliv. Mosses U. .S. t. VI.

Risic—Muse. Alleghan. No. 281 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 109.

V. METZGERIA lUmi.

Dioecious. Involucre arising from the lower surface of the

midrib of the thallus, one leaved, scale-like, at length ventri-

cose and two-lol:>ed. Inner involucre wanting. Calyptra

ascending, oblong-ovate, rather fleshy. Capsule ovate. Ela-

ters unispiral, adherent to the ti})s of the valves. Antheridia

1-3, enclosed by a one-leaved involucre on the under side of the

midrib. Gemmae ovate, aggregated on the attenuate tips of

the linear thallus. Midrib distinct. Named for Si;/, (r/ordinn'

Metzger, an Italian botanist.

1. M. pubescens Raddi. Dioecious: thallus 3 cm. long,

2 mm. wide, not very elongate, alternately ]>innate or somewhat
decompound, the branches short, linear and of uniform width,

flat, undulate on the margins, everywhere, above and below,

uniformly and densely villose; the hairs beneath longer, all

single, or many at the margin double or in threes, nodding, and



58 llVnioh Sfiifr Ldhordtoyij of X<ifiir<iJ History.

irregiilurly curved, without sucker-like branches at the apex;

midribs showing scarcely any cortical layer, covered with 6-10,

commonly 8 rows of very similar and uniform peripheral cells.

(Jiinf/cniiaiiia j^nhesccns Schrank.)

Hab.—Mountainous places eastward. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 504; Hep. Europ. p. 140; Lindb, Monog. Metzg.

n. 1.

Ddin.—Bvit Jung. t. 73; Ekart t. Ill, f. 19; Lindb. Monog. Metzg.

f. 1.

2. M. myriopoda Lindb. Dioecions; thallns 5 cm. long,

1 mm. wide, elongate, dichotomous, subsimple, the branches

long, linear and of uniform width, convex above, the margins

reflexed, not undulate; the midrib beneath densely setose-pilose,

which is scarcely apparent on the foliaceous portion of the

thallus; hairs rather long, straight or nodding, the marginal

ones in bundles of 3-6, rarely single or double, some of them

with sucker-like branching extremities; midribs covered above

with two rows of enlarged cells, beneath with 3-7, commonly
4-6, rows of smaller, lax, often indistinct cells. (Jungennania

ciliifem Schwein., Metzgeria furcata., SuUiv. Muse. Alleghan.

No. 283.)

Hah.—On shaded rocks and trees, Alleghany Mts. (SuUivant), Tenn.

(Fredericksou), N. Orleans (Drummond).

Bib.—Undh. Monog. Metzg. n. 6, f. 4.

Exsic—Musc. Alleghan. No. 283, "specimen solum dextrum."

3. M. hamata Lindb. Dioecious; thallus 10 cm. long,

2.5 mm. wide, most frequently much elongate, dichotomous,

the branches long, linear, and of uniform width, strongly con-

vex to slightly rounded above, the margins reflexed not undu-

late, the midrib densely setose-pilose beneath, which never ex-

tends to the foliaceous portion of the thallus; the hair very

long, divaricate and hooked-deflexed, the marginal double,

scarcely ever with sucker-like branching extremities; midribs

both above and below covered with two rows of enlarged, lax

cells.

-Ha6.—Alleghany Mts. {SuUivant).

Bib.—Lindb. Monog. Metzg. n. 7, f. 5.

Exdc.—Muse. Alleghan. No. 283, "specimen solum sinistrum."

i



Ht'jxiflra' of Xorfli Aiiicricd. 59

4. M. conjugata Lindb. Monoecious; thalltis 8.0 cm,

long, 1—2 mm. wide, commonly dichotomous, the branches

short, linear, narrower in some parts, convex above, the mar-

gins more or less distinctly undulate, the midribs and margins

pilose with rather long, straight, divaricate hairs; the hairs

usually double and very frequently with sucker-like In-anches

at their extremities; midribs covered above with two. below

with 3-6 rows of enlarged lax cells. (Er]u)io(/i/iKf fiirrafu,

Dumort., Mefzr/eria fnirafa Dumort. in part.)

Hah.—On shaded siliceous rocks and trunks of living trees, etc-

Catskill Mts., N. Y. (P. T. Clere), Cal.? (Bolauder). (Eu.)

Bib.—Lindb. Monog. Metzg. n. 8, f . G ; Hep. Europ. p. 139 (sub. M.

fnrcata).

Z>eKn.—Brit. Jung. t. 56, f. 2; Ekart, t. I, f. 1.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 117.

VI. FOSSOMBRONIA Raddi.

Involucral leaves 5-6, minute, subulate, coherent with the

perianth almost its entire length. Inner involucre terminal or

by innovation doi-sal on the main stem, subcampanulate, the

large mouth open, crenate-lobed. Calyptra pear-shaped, rup-

turing early. Capsule globose, irregularly 4-valved. Elaters

short, uni-trispiral. Androecium naked, borne on the back of

the stem. Vegetation pseudo-foliaceous, the lobes of the thal-

lus-like stem leaf-like, succubous, somewhat quadrate, 3-5 lol)ed,

flaccid. Named for Sig. Cav. Vitforio Fossonibroni, an Italian

minister of state.

* Leaves ntnsihj horizo)ifal.

f Plant medium size or large.

1. F. pusilla Nees. Plant small; stems 1.3—2.1 cm.

long, usually subsimple yet forked-divergent or subdichotomous

at the apex; leaves obliquely spreading, the lower undulate-

lobed, the lobes barely mucronate, the upper angular, 3-4 lobed,

crisped, the lobes narrower: inner involucre obconic, dentate;

crests of the spores angular, subparallel. (Jini</ermaiiia jnf-

siUa L.)

Hah.—On damp ground, mostly in unfrequented paths. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 467 ; Hep. Europ. p. 14.

Delin.—Br'it. Jung. t. 69 ; Ekart t. V, f. 38 ; Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t-

VII.
Exsic—Yle^. Bor.-Amer. Xo. 120.



()0 Ifl/Ho/s Sfdfe Lahornfofij of XafuraJ History.

2. F. angulosa Raddi. Stems subsiniple, narrowly

forked at the apex; leaves subquadrate, horizontally expanded,

the upper undulate-lobed with obtuse lobes; inner involucre

conic-dilated, crenate; spores coarsely reticulate.

Hab.—Brackish meadows ; common; fruiting in early spring. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 468, Hep. Europ. p. 15.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 119.

3. F. Cubana Aust. Near the last but the leaves

broader, spores more minutely reticulate, elaters narrower.

(F. piiH/JIa \ar. Cuhana Gottsche, F. Texana Lindb.)

Hob-—Tex. and Cuba ( Wri/jht).

Bib.—Bot Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette) I, 3G.

/-/ FJant small.

4. F. cristula Aust. Plant minute, whitish; stems

2—4 mm. long, forked or fastigately divided; leaves quadrate

or obovate-rotund, subentire, strongly crisped-undulate; cap-

sule on a short pedicel, immersed; spores pale fuscous, more or

less tuberculate; elaters delicate, one-celled, short, more or less

difform, with a single narrow annular and spiral fibre.

Hab.—On moist sand in unfrequented paths near Batsto, N. J.

{Austin.')

Bib.—?YO. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 228.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 121.

5. F. longiseta Aust. Stems suberect or depressed,

6—8 mm. long, proliferous-branching from the dorsal surface,

attached to the earth by purple rootlets; leaves pa^e, subimbri-

cate, subhorizontal, subquadrate, the lobes mostly obtuse, un-

dulate-lobed or subentire, the lower few and small; involucral

leaves much larger, subflabelliform, somewhat attenuate at base

and confluent with the apex of the stem into a tube; inner in-

volucre mostly large, campanulate, variously incised or sub-

entire; capsule large, filling the calyptra, bursting irregularly;

pedicel rather long (8—12 mm.), slender, the base considerably

included in the apex of the stem; spores subangular, blackish,

strongly muricate; elaters rather long, bispiral. (Androcriiplna

h)?if/isefa Aust.)

Hab.—Cal (Bolander), Tex. ( Wright).

Bib.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 228.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 118.

** Leaves vertical, incurved.



Ilc/xifira' <)/' y<)ifli uiiiicrlcf/. Gl

6. F. Macouni Aust. Stems thickened, very short,

leaves imbricate, strongly cristate-undnlate and plicate, acutely

incised-dentate: inner involucre small, euji-shaped or funnel-

shaped, the margin crenate and somewhat undulate: capsule

large, exserted; spores very small, somewhat opaque, minutely

and closely pajnllose; elaters rather thick^ bispiral.

Hab.—Portage la Lochs, lat. 57° Canada [Macoim),

Bib.—Bol Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette) I, 36.

VII. FRULLANIA Raddi.

Dioecious. Sporogonium terminal on the l^ranches. Invo-

lucral leaves 2 or 4, 2-lobed, u()t auriculate. Inner involucre

oval or obovate, terete or 3-4-angled. luucronate at the ajiex by

a tubular mouth. Calyptra pear-shaped, persistent, rupturing

below the apex. Capsule globular, 4-cleft halfway down.

Elaters truncate at both ends, unispiral, adherent to the valves,

erect. Spores large, irregular, minutely muricate. Archego-

nia 2 or 4. Antheridia in the saccate base of closely imbricate,

2-lolied perigonial leaves. Leaves 2-lobed, the lower lobe usu-

ally an inflated helmet-shaped auricle. Amphigastria entire or

2-toothed, throwing out rootlets from the base. Named for

SIfj. Leowirdo Fnilhtiii, an Italian minister of state.

* ^iiiriclcs (jdleafc or (iiriilJute-mtiiml.

f Aiiiphiiiasffiii siiHiIf^ sntrcch/ iridcr than the sfciii.

J Xo tooth OH thr iiiurijin oj' the iiiroliicfKl Jcoves.

a. Auricles iiiiich sniollcr thou the leores.

1. F. Eboracensis Gottsche. Stems creeping, clus-

tered-branehed; leaves loosely disposed (those of the branches

imbricate), round-ovate, entire; amphigastria ovate, a little

wider than the stem, bifid, entire; inner involucre smooth,

pyriform, slightly compressed and repand, beneath ol)scurely

carinate and gibbous toward the apex. (F. saxatUis Lindenb.,

F. mieroscypha., keciscijplui et imiio Tayl.)

Hab.—Trees and rocks; common northward.

Bib.- -Syn. Hep. p. 423.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Anior. Xo, lOo.



62 Illiiiuis State Lahoratonj of Xattiral Historij.

2. F. saxicola Aust. Stems closely crdeping, numerous

iind widely bninching; leaves orbicular, scarcely oblique, plane,

the auricles approximating the stem, small, rarely larger, and

then rotund-galeate; amphigastria scarcely wider than the

stem, subovate, bifid; inner involucre broadly oblong, the

mouth very short, bowl-shaped, papillose, beneath abruptly and

broadly carinate, 1-many nerved on both sides the carina, 2-an-

gular.

^«6.—"On inclined surface of dry trap rocks, Closter, N. J."

{Austin), Tex. ( Wright).

Bib.—Yro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 225.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. Nos. 104.

b. Aurides ahont tliree-foiirtlis the .i/ze of tJie leaves.

3. F. Oakesiana Aust. Stems widely branching, the

fertile branches short, sub-erect; leaves somewhat obliquely

orbicular, loosely imbricate; sub-convex, the margins slightly

repand, the auricles almost equaling the leaves, rotund, nearly

contiguous to the stem; amphigastria ovate-rotund or sub-obo-

vate, little wider than the stem, bifid, entire or subserrulate;

inner involucre small, subobovate-pyriform, somewhat inflated,

broadly carinate beneath, smooth or 1-7-nerved or alate on both

sides; involucral leaves bilobed, entire, more or less connate,

the lobes equal, obtuse, parallel.

Hah.—On bark of stunted spruce and birch trees; White Mts.

(
Oakes, Austin).

Bib.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 226.

-E.csic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 105c.

4. F. Sullivantii Aust. Stems closely appressed, short

branching; leaves subrotund, convex, entire, obtuse, the auricle

large, galeate-rotund, equaling f the width of the leaf, approx-

imate to the stem; amphigastria obovate, obtusely bifid, suben-

tire, scarcely wider than the stem, those toward the fructifica-

tion oblong or cuneate, the lobes obtuse or the uppermost

acute; inner involucre obovate, subcompressed, short-beaked,

dorsally 1-2-nerved, ventrally unicarinate, the carina 2-angled

or 2-winged; involucral leaves rotund, connate with the inner

involucre, and one or the other with the amphigastria.

ITab.—On the bark of trees; Ga. {Sullivant), S. C. (Curtiss).

Bib.—Tro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 226.

tj A tooth on the iiHirg/n of the inrolncral leaves above the

middle of the lower lobe.



Hep<(tica' of Notih Aiuerica. 03

5. F. Pennsylvanica Stepbani. Dioecious; stems creep-

ing, dichotomous-brancliing; leaves imbricate, plane, ovate,

niucronate, more rarely obtuse, entire; cells cbarged with chlo-

rophyll, smaller toward the base, much dilated at the base,

more or less regularly hexagonal, thick walled; auricles naked,

rising from the margin of the leaves, large, cucullate-rotund,

slightly contracted beneath the hood, extending beyond the

margin of the leaves; amphigastria subimbricate, plane, broadly

ovate, exceeding the stem, deeply parted with a narrow obtuse

sinus, the laciniae ovate, long acuminate, connivent; male spikes

on short lateral branches, elongate, with loose foliage; involu-

cral leaves complicate, entire, the lobes ovate, acuminate, much
narrowed at the base; involucral amphigastrium large, carinate-

concave, deeply parted, the laciniag ovate apiculate, entire or

with one or more teeth.

Hab.—In rocky places in shade ; Stony Creek, Carbon Co., Penn.

(Eau.)

Bib.—Uedwigia, No. 10, 1883 r Torrey Bull. X, 132.

<). F. Hallii Aust. Stems prostrate, much branched at

the apex, often erect, flagelliferous, with dense squarrose am-

phigastria; fruit-bearing branches short, clavate, ascending:

leaves small, subdistant or subimbricate, obliquely ovate-rotund,

strongly convex, the apex incurved, the auricle rather large,

oval-rotund, contiguous to the stem; amphigastria scarcely

wider than the stem, obovate-quadrate, slightly bilobed; inner

involucre broadly obovate, somewhat compressed, dorsally 2-

nerved toward the apex, ventrally 4-nerved, unicarinate; invo-

lucral leaves repand-subdentate, the amphigastria ovate or ro-

tund, entire or barely emarginate at the apex, the margins

entire or obtusely dentate.

Hab.—On trees ; Salem, Ore. {E. Hall).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, p. 20.

7. F. Bolanderi Aust. Stems creeping, clustered

branching, flagelliferous, the fruit-bearing brancb erect-as-

cending, clavate; leaves small, imbricate, obliquely orbicular,

convex, margined, the basal auricle large orbicular-galeate;

amphigastria somewhat spreading, minute, orbicular or subolio-

vate, bifid, the lobes obtusQ or somewhat acute, entire, repand-



64 Illinois Sf((tc Ldhorafori/ <>/ \<ifi(r(d History.

dentate or serrulate; involucral leaves somewhat appressed,

deeply connate with the amphigastria; inner involucre rather

large, compressed, unequally triangular, oljovate-elliptic, con-

cave or at length somewhat convex dorsally, unequally 2-4-

nerved and unicarinate ventrally, slightly 2-costate toward

the apex, otherwise smooth. (F. Petalumensis Gottsche, in

Bolauder's Cat.)

Hah.—On trees near the coast; Cal. (Bolander).

Bib.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 226.

E.vsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 105b.

fi' Amphigastria 2-3 times the widtJi of the stem.

\ Leaves orbicular or sKfjorbicidar.

8. F. squarrosa Nees. Stems decumbent, pinnately

branching, the fruit-bearing branch short, lateral; leaves sub-

vertical, crowded, suborbicular, obtuse, entire^ the auricle obo-

vate cucullate or galeate, somewhat appressed; amphigastria

cordate or rotund, sinuate-subdentate, slightly emarginate-bifid,

the lacinia? acute; inner involucre oblong, prismatic-triquetrous,

convex dorsally, strongly unicarinate ventrally. (JMugermania

squarrosa Nees, ./. fahercidosa Lehm. et Lindenb.

)

Hub.—On rocks, bark of trees, etc.; N. J. to 0. and common south-

ward.

Bib.—fiyn. Hep. p. 416.

Exsic. —Hep. Bor.-Amer No. 100.

*). F. plana Sulliv. Monoecious; stems procumbent,

widely l)ranching or subpinnate; leaves somewhat imbricate,

orbicular, the auricle small, galeate, equally broad and long,

contiguous to the stem; amphigastria large, three times the

width of the stem, flat, rotund, slightly bifid, the sinus and

lacinise acute; lobes of the involuci'e oval, the margin reflexed,

subrepand, the lower margin unidentate; inner involucre on a

short branch, oblong-oval or subobovate, triquetrous, dorsally

sulcate, ventrally acutely unicarinate; male spikes globose.

Hab.—(^n shaded rocks; N. Y. and N. J. (Atistin) to Tenn. (SulUvant)

Bib.—Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. Ill, p. 175.

E.rsic.—B.ep. Bor.-Amer. No. 102.

tt Jyn-f's soi)irir]iat cordatr. at least at Jntse,



Hcptffirrt' (if Xurtli ^liiicr/n/. iSo

10. P. Wrightii Aust. Stems short, prostrate, the fruit-

bearing branch shortened; leaves imbricate, subrotund, strong-

ly convex, obliquely decurved, unequally cordate at base, the

margin entire, the auricle rotund or subobovate; amphigastria

broadly obovate. emargiuate-bideutate ^ their length, the mar-

gin repand-deutate; involucral leaves united with one another

or with the amphigastria, the dorsal lobe oljlong, entire or sub-

repand, inliexed-cucullate at the apex, the ventral lobe shorter

by half, ovate-lanceolate, often subfalcate.

Z/ivft.—N. Mex. ( Wright).

Bib—Torrey Bull. Ill, p. 15.

11. F. aeolotis Xees. Stems procumbent, irregularly

branching or subpinnate; leaves semi-vertical, subsquarrose,

obliquely cordate, the auricle either galeate or expanded into a

canieulate, ovate-lanceolate lobule; amphigastria ovate, entire

or the upper margin angular-dentate, acutely bifid; sporogony

phase unknown. (F. r/pariti Hampe MS.)

Hab.— ( )n trees and rocks chiefly in mountainous regions.

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 417.

E'.mc.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 101.

X+t f^c((t'''S orafc or oral.

12. F. Virginica Gottsche. Stems creeping, vaguely

branching; leaves ovate, entire, somewhat concave, the auricle

sometimes expanded into a lanceolate lamina; amphigastria

ovate-rotund, bifid, double the width of the stem; inner invo-

lucre compressed, pyriform, tuberculate, quadricarinate ven-

trally, bi-c^uadricarinate dorsally, the carinas tuberculate.

Hab.—On bark of trees, rarely on rocks; common.
Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 419.

E.mc—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 103.

1;'. F. Hutchinsise Nees rat: Stems subpinnately

branching; leaves dark olive-green verging on black, ovate,

acute, entire, or subrepand. the auricle ovate, not spurred as in

European forms; amphigastria roundish, plane, bifid, subser-

rate; inner involucre oblong-o1)Ovate, plane above, carinate

beneath; involucral leaves bifid, serrate. (Jiinf/enn(tni(( Htitch-

ins'up Hook., Jnhiihi HidcJi'nu^io' Dumort,

)



6() Illinois Sf((f(' Jjdhoniforu of yatxraJ Histonj.

Hah.—Wet rocks chiefly in mountain rivulets. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 426, Hep. Europ. p. 26 (sub Jubula).

Delin.—Brii. Jung. t. 1; Ekart, t. X, f. 82.

Exsic—MviSC. AUeghan. No. 2?1; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 106.

14. F. Nisquallensis SuUiv. Stems procumbent, pin-

nately decompound; leaves closely imbricate, obliquely oval

acuminate, apiculate, strongly inflexed, the auricle small ovate-

galeate; ampliigastria obovate-rotund, double the vs^idth of the

stem, bifid, the sinus and lacinise somewhat obtuse, the margin

reflexed; lobes of the involucre linear, deflexed-falcate, cristate-

ciliate at the Imse; inner involucre oval-obovate, subiramersed

trigonal, dorsally somewhat convex, ventrally unicarinate.

Hah.—Yovi Nisqually, Ore. {U. S. Expl. Exped.)

Bib.—Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. Ill, p. 175.

** Auricles ohlong-cijlindric or clarafc (or ohlomj-galeate in

No. 16).

f Leaves inarked irith a roir <>f JHoxiliform cells.

X Leaves orbicular.

15. F. tamarisci Nees. Stems bipinnately branching,

somewhat rigid; leaves orbicular, obtuse, mucronately acute or

SLibacuminate, decurved, entire, marked with a moniliform me-

dian line, the auricle oval or oblong, distant from the stem;

ampliigastria quadrate-ovate or obovate, emarginate, revolute

at the margin; inner involucre oblong, sulcate dorsally, ob-

tusely carinate ventrally; involucral leaves bifid, serrulate.

(JuiKjeruHinia tamarisci L.)

Hah.—"In America Septentrionale" (iJcync/i). (Eu.)

Bih.—^yu. Hep. p. 438, Hep. Europ. p. 29.

Delhi.— V,Y\i. Jung. t. 6; Ekart, t. II, f. 17.

16. F. Grayana Mont. Stems creeping, simply pinnate;

leaves nearly orbicular, concave, decurved, marked in the mid-

dle by a moniliform line, the auricle oblong-clavate, emarginate

at the lower end; amphigastria oblong, flat, 2-cleft, the sinus

obtuse; inner involucre pyriform, 8-sided, obtusely carinate

beneath; involucral leaves unequally 2-cleft, the dorsal segment
oblong, pointed, nearly entire, the ventral subulate. (F. Asa-
qrayana Mont, in Syn. Hep. p. 441!)



llrpaficd' of Xortli Aiticrica. ()7

\^((i: Californica Aust. MS. Durk or brownish red; stems

somewhat irregularly branched; leaves obliquely ovate, obtuse

or acuminate-apiculate, convex, decurved, with sometimes a few
firmer and deeper colored but not enlarged cells scattered or in

an oblique central row; aniphigastria obovate, emarginate, flat

or with recurved margins toward the apex; involucral leaves

often connate with the amphigastria to the sinus, the lobes

entire, obtuse or acute, the lower often narrow, channeled and

somewhat contorted, with one or more hairs on the margin
near the base; inner involucre oblong, triquetrous, strongly

keeled below, the mouth usually emarginate. (F. Nisqiialh'nsis

Aust. Hep. Bor.-Araer. No. 108, not of Sulliv., F.tamarisci ( ?)

of Bolander's Cat., F. xnciffoi-a var. Cal/foni/ca, Gottsche MS.

(?) of Bolander's Cat.)

Hab.—On rocks and on the bark of spruce and larch trees; comrwon
in the Atlantic States; the rar. on rocks near San Francisco, Cal. (Bolan-

der) and along the coast.

Bib.—Syn. Hep. j). 441 (sub F. Amgrayana).

DfZm.— Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t. VII.

Exsic.—^lxxfic. Alleghan. No. 266; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 107, 108.

XX Leares ohloinj from a iKirroircd base.

17. F. fraligifolia Tayl. Stems procumbent, subpin-

nate, the branches flattened, alternate, somewhat remote;

leaves subimbricate, ascending, oblong-rotund from a nar-

rowed base, recurved, entire, marked with a moniliform line,

the auricle oblong-galeate; amphigastria obovate-rotund, plane,

appressed, bifid at the apex, entire or angulate at the margins;

inner involucre obovate-cordate, concave dorsally, unicarinate

ventrally, smooth; involucral leaves subequilobed, obtusely

few toothed. {F. polijsticfd Mont., F. Snllirantia' Aust.)

Hab.—On trees in cedar swamp near Urbana, O. {SaUivaiLf) . (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 437; Hep. Europ. p. 28; Torrey Bull. Ill, 16;

VI, 306.

ff Tc.rfKrc (if the leaves mi/fonii.

X Aiitp/i/(/((.sfri(t (/oi(hfe the ir'uUli of tJic stem.

18. F. Donnellii Aust. Moncjecious, reddish, very

small; stems with long Idack hairs interwoven, usually ])in-

natelv or somewhat clustered brancliiui;-: h'aves ovate-rotund,



68 .Illinois State Lahomtorij of Natural Historj/.

somewhat convex, obtuse, entire, contiguous or imbricate, the

auricle somewhat enlarged, oblong-clavate or subcylindric, dis-

tant from the stem and subparallel with it or deflexed; amphi-

gastria double the width of the stem, subobovate, bifid, the

segments somewhat obtuse; inner involucre obcuneate-oblong,

flattish dorsally, slightly unicarinate toward the compressed

truncate apex; involucral leaves deeply incised, serrate; andrce-

cium mmute, globose, short-peduncled.

Hab.—'E. Fla. (/. Donnell Smith).

Bib—Torrey Bull. VI, 301.

Xl AmiMgastria narrou-ei'.

19. F. Kunzei Lehni. and Lindenb. Stems creeping,

simply pinnate; leaves approximate, obicular, entire, the auricle

oblong-cucullate, obliquely truncate, approximate to the stem;

amphigastria subremote, plane, ovate, subangular at the mar-

gin, bifid, the laciniae erect, obtuse; inner involucre broadly

obovate, compressed, acutely unicarinate ventrally; involucral

leaves entire. (F. parasitica Mont., F. Dnmimondii Tayl.)

Hah.—Bark of trees; So. States.

5/6.—Syn. Hep. p. 449.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 105d.

20. F, brunnea Spreng. Stems pinnate or bipinnate;

leaves dense, 2-ranked, spreading, orbicular, entire, the auricle

clavate, arising from the margin of the leaf, distant from the

stem with a triangular lobe interposed; amphigastria and invo-

lucral leaves acuminate, deflexed, serrate-dentate at the margin;

inner involucre oblong, sulcate dorsally, unicarnate ventrally.

(F. obcordata Lehm. and Lindenb., F. CaroUniana Sulliv. Muse.

Alleghan. No. 270).

Hah.—Bark of trees; So. States; rare.

Bih.—^yn. Hep p. 441.

Exsic.—Muse. Alleghan. No. 270 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 105e.

VIII. LEJEUNIA Libert.

Inner involucre oval or oblong, terete or angular, variously

winged, cristate or ciliate at the angles, the mouth 3-4-lobed or

dentate. Capsule quadrifid to the middle, the valves conni-

vent, the pedicel tuberous-geniculate when dry. Elaters per-



Hepntira', of Sorth Anierica. 69

sisteut at the apex of the valves, erect, unispiral. Leaves

delicate. Ampliigastria entire or bifid. Stems faciculate or

irregularly branching. Entire plant of small size, some species

scarcely visible to the unaided eye. Named for A.-L.-S. Lejeune

a French botanist.

* Amphigastria entire or harely eiuarf/iiiafe.

1. L. calyculata Tayl. Stems entangled, branched;

leaves spreading-recurved, oblong, obtuse, entire, the lower lobe

involute, lanceolate; amphigastria rotund; inner involucre axil-

lary, somewhat exserted, obcordate, 4-winged, the wings entire;

involucral leaves narrow, acute.

Hab.—On lichens; Laurel Mts., Pa. {Lea hi Herb. Hook.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 752.

2. L. cyclostipa Tayl. Stems 1—1.5 cm. long, widely

branched; leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading -recurved?

oblong, obtuse, entire, the ventral lobe quadrate-ovate, involute,

one-toothed; amphigastria reniform-rotund; inner involucre

terminal, obcordate, compressed, plane above, ventricose-4-

winged beneath, the wings ciliate with dentate cilia; involucral

leaves nearly covering the inner involucre,

Hab.—Bark of trees; near Cincinnati, O. {Sallirant).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 749.

3. L. polyphylla Tayl. Stems csespitose, 6—8 mm. long,

ascending; leaves olive-green, vertical, imbricate, concave, semi-

cordate, entire, the lobe involute, lanceolate; amphigastria

minute, reniform; inner involucre immersed, rotund-obovate,

5-6-angled near the apex, the angles crested, somewhat den-

ticulate.

Hab.—Near Cincinnati, 0. {Herb. Hook.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 751.

4. L. auriculata Hook, and Wils. Stems 1—1.7 cm.

long: leaves dark-green, closely imbricate, acinaciform, com-

plicate and somewhat 2-lobed at base'; amphigastria obovate-

rotund. emarginate; inner involucre obovate-triangular.

Hab.—Bark of trees ; La.



li) Illinois Sfdfr Lahordforii of Xaixral llisfonj.

5. L. testudinea Tayl. Stems 1—1.5 cm. long; leaves

whitish-green, closely imbricate, patent - divergent, oblong,

nearly acinaciform, obtuse, complicate-2-lobed at the base,

the lobes small, lanceolate; amphigastria rotund, minute;

sporogony phase unknown.

Hah.—Bark of trees, Southern 0. {Sullivant).

6. L. longiflora Tayl. Stems procumbent, widely

branching; leaves almost membranous, imbricate, patent, ob-

long, the apex rounded, entire, the lobe minute, ovate, some-

what one -toothed, involute; amphigastria rotund, plane,

scarcely bidenticulate at the apex; inner involucre lateral,

sessile, somewhat naked, obovate from a narrow base, 5-winged,

the wings almost entire.

Hah.—On trees, Southern 0. to Fla.

Bih.—^yn. Hep. p. 763.

7. L. Mohrii Aust. Stems 1.3—2 cm. long, somewhat

simple; leaves dirty or fuscous-green, subcontiguous, obliquely

ovate, obtuse, entire or slightly repand, widely spreading,

somewhat decurved, the lobe small, inflated, the apex one-

toothed; amphigastria small, orbicular, distant; sporogony

phase unknown.

iJctfe.—Mobile, Ala. (Mohr.)

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 20.

** Amphigastria bifid.

8. L. serpyllifolia Libert, var. Americana Lindb.

Stems elongate, narrower than the typical form of the species,

pale, pellucid, less branching, fragile; leaves more or less re-

mote, the anterior lobe flat, opening from a basilar sac, scarcely

decurved, obliquely ovate-oval, obtuse or sometimes narrower

at the apex but never acute, entire or often slightly repand,

the upper margin especially in drying, the basilar sac }( to ye

as large; amphigastria somewhat appressed, 2-3 times larger

than the posterior lobe, somewhat convex or plane, rotund-

oval, the sinus broad and obtuse, often semilunar, the segments
acute, the margins often repand or slightly unidentate out-

wardly at the base of the segments; inner involucre always on



Hejxificce of \o)iJi America. 71

a lateral branch, obovate-clavate. (L. serpyUifolia Sulliv.

Muse. Alleghan. No. 272, L. cavifoJia Aust. Hep. Bor.-Auier.

No. 97.)

Hob.—On trees, near Charleston, S. C. {SuUivant), La. {Drummond),

Catskill Mts., N. Y. (P. T. Cleve), Belleville, Ont. (Macoun).

Bib.—Und. Hep. Hibern. p. 488.

^;mc.—Muse. Alleghan. No. 272; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 97.

0. L. Austin! Lind. Stems straightish, subsimple;

leaves subimbricate, oblique, obovate-rotund, erect-patent, the

margin sub-repand, the areolation rather small diminishing

toward the margin, the lobe somewhat hooded, one-toothed;

araphigastria 2-3 times the width of the stem, bifid with a nar-

row sinus, the laciniae semi-ovate, somewhat acute; sporogony

phase unknown. (L. SiiUiciDit'tw Aust. which name is preoc-

cupied as L. Si(Ih'ranfi Gottsche is described, 1863, Mex. Lev.

p. 190.)

Hab.—Roots of trees and on the ground; So. States {Sullivant), La.

(Feathcrman).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. Ill, 15.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. Ofi.

10. L. cucullata Nees. Stems filiform, rather pin-

nately branching, fiaccid; leaves oblong -ovate, distant, the

lower margin inflexed - hooded ; amphigastria distant, oval,

much smaller than the leaves; inner involucre terminal on

short branches, obovate, rather compressed, obtusely keeled

beneath, convex above and bicarinate toward the apex; plant

minute, light green. (L. l/icens Tayl.

)

Hab.—On moist rocks, Alleghany Mts. (Sullivant).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 389, 767.

Exsic—MuHC. AUegnan. No. 274; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 98.

11. L. Caroliniana Aust. Stems 2—-1 mm. long, rather

flaccid; leaves somewhat fuscous, rotund, convex, squarrose-

patent, subvertical, rather dense^ the apex strongly decurved,

the lobe small, subinflated; amphigastria rotund; inner invo-

lucre pyriform, subcompressed, B-angled, the angles naked;

male spikes large, terminal and lateral.

Hab.—With Frullania Kunzei from Mobile, Ala. {Snllivant).

Bib.—Bot. Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette), I, 36.



72 IJJIuoi>t Sfafr LaJtordforij of Xntural Ilisforij.

12. L. Isete-fusca Aust. Stems creeping, 1—1.7 cm.

long; leaves fuscous more or less imbricate, very broadly fal-

cate-ovate, patent, slightly convex, obtuse, with 2—3 much en-

larged cells in the centre next the basal row, the lobe minute,

subovate; amphigastria small, orbicular, the lacinise erect,

somewhat acute; sporogony phase unknown.

JIab.—iio. States? (SuUivant).

Bib.—Bot. Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette) I, 36.

13. L. Ravenelii Aust. Stems short, flexuous, convex

above; leaves yellowish^ imbricate, obdeltoid-orbicular, strongly

convex, the lobe minute, subinflated; amphigastria minute,

rotund, bilobed, the lobes obtuse; areolation of leaves large,

opaque; sporogony phase unknown,

Hab.—Bark of trees, S. C. (Ravenel).

Bib—Bot. Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette) I, 35.

*** Amphigastria obsolete or wanting.

14. L. minutissima Dumort. Stems capillary, flex-

uous, sparingly branched; leaves small, approximate, vertical,

subrotund, imperfectly 2-lobed, the lower lobe an indistinct

fold; amphigastria obsolete; inner involucre terminal on a

rather long branch, broadly obovate, compressed, 5-angled, the

mouth obtuse, papillose. ( L. ulichia Tayl., Jungermania

minutissima Sm.)

Hob.—Roots of trees, Ala. (Eu.)

Bih.—^yn. Hep. p. 387, 767; Hep. Europ. p. 19.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 52.

15. L. echinata Tayl. MS. Stems loosely branching,

minute, the whole plant scarcely visible to the unaided eye:

leaves ovate, acuminate, cellular-echinate and denticulate, fal-

cate-decurved, sinuate-complicate at the base; amphigastria

obsolete; inner involucre on a very short lateral branch, pyri-

form-clavate, acutely 5-angular, the margin echinate-muricate;

involucral leaves bifid, the laciniaj entire. (L. calcarea Libert,

Jungermania hamatifoUa var. echinata Hook.)

Hub.—Rocks and roots of trees; rather common. (Eu.)

5ift.—Syn. Hep. p. 344 (sub. L. calcarea;) Hep. Europ. p. 19.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 51.

^rcsic—Muse. AUeghan. No. 275 ;Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 99.



Uepatlcii' of Xoyfli Aincriai. 78

1<>. L. Jooriana Aust. Stems uiiimte. creeping, spar-

ingly branched, with hix foliage: leaves pale green, ovate,

obtuse. sonle^Yhat plane, scarcely papillose, the lobe moderate,

inflated, one-toothed: amphigastria wanting; inner involucre

minute, subovate, not compressed, the apex slightly 5-angled,

otherwise smooth.

Hah.—On reeds, La. {Dr. Joor).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. YI, 20.

L. biseriata Aust. is a doubtful species founded on few
l)roken stems without fruit that were mixed with other species

of this genus collected in 1845 by Sullivant near Augusta, Ga.

There is too much uncertainty regarding this plant to refer it

definitely. See Proceedings Phila. Acad. 1809, p. 225, also

Botanical Gazette. II. 142.

IX. PHRAGMICOMA Dumort.

Sporogouium on a very short lateral branch. Inner invo-

lucre somewhat depressed-plane and bilabiate, the mouth tri-

lobed or tridentate. Capsule quadrivalved a little beyond the

middle, membranous, pale, the valves erect-spreading. Elaters

persistent at the apex of the valves, erect, unispiral. Leaves

inflexed to the base beneath. Am])higastria entire. Name
from Gr. 2)hra(/nia. partition, and Ivonid. hair, from the position

of the elaters.

1. P. clypeata Snlliv. Stems 1.5—2 cm. long, pro-

cumbent, somewhat pinnately branched; leaves whitish-green,

with the upper lobe round-ovate and deflexed, the lower oblong,

quadrate: amphigastria orbicular, approximate; inner involucre

lateral, sessile, obovate. obtusely cariuate dorsally. the margin

subcompressed. ( Jungermania clypeata Schwein., Lfjciiiiia

Throthece Lehm.)

Hab.—On rocks and trees; common southward and westward.

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 332 (sub Lfjeimia).

Exdc.—Muse. Alleghan. Xo. 271 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 95.



74 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

2. P. xanthocarpa Lehm. and Liiidenb. Stems —

8

mm. long, creeping, subpinnately branching; leaves imbricate,

ovate-subcultrate, obtuse, entire, the ventral margin straightish,

the lobule convolute, ovate, the apex emarginate-truncate; am-

phigastria contiguous, reniform-subrotund, entire; inner invo-

lucre lateral, subsessile, obovate, emarginate, ventrally carinate,

the carina 2-winged at the apex. (Lejeunia catetudata Nees,

Jmigermania transversal}s Schwein.

)

Hah.—On trees in the So. States (Sullivant, Ravenel).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 323 (sub Lejeunia).

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 95b.

X. MADOTHECA Dumort.

Dioecious. Sporogonium lateral, nearly sessile. Inner in-

volucre ovate, biconvex, the mouth bilabiate, incised or entire.

Involucral leaves 2 or 4, 2-lobed. Calyptra globose, persistent,

rupturing below the apex. Capsule globose, on a peduncle lit-

tle exceeding the inner involucre, membranous, pale. Elaters

free, attenuate at both ends, bispiral. Spores rather large,

somewhat angular. Antheridia in the saccate bases of closely

imbricate, 2-lobed perigonial leaves. Leaves deeply and un-

equally bilobed. Amphigastria large, decurrent. Name from

Gr. niarlos, bald, and theka, capsule.

* Amphigastria entire or nearly so.

f Stems commonly si^nply pinnate.

1. M. rivularis Nees. Stems somewhat pinnate or tri-

fid; leaves entire, closely imbricate, the lobes ovate; upper lobe

convex, obtuse, decurved; lower lobe much smaller, separated

nearly io the base, revolute from the middle backward; amphi-

gastria somewhat scattered, subquadrate, rounded and reflexed

at the apex; involucral leaves entire, the lobes acute, the upper

ovate, the lower smaller, ovate-oblong; inner involucre bilabiate.

Hah.—On shaded rocks, near Yellow Springs, O. {Sullivant), Cal.

{Bolander), N. Mex. {Fendler). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 278, Hep. Europ. p. 24.

* Kvsic.—B.eip. Bor.-Amer. No. 91h, 91c.



HepaficfP of Norfh America. 75

2. M. thuja Duiiiort. ir^tems creeping, sparingly

branched, simply pinnate; branches short; leaves fuscous-

green, closely imbricate; upper lobe strongly incurved, obtuse

with the apex mucronulate or 2-4-denticulate; lower lobe ob-

long, somewhat acute, repand and somewhat denticulate; am-
})liigastria liroadly ovate, reflexed-spreading, subentire. (Jiin-

(/cniiaii/a thuja Dicks.)

ITah.—lW. {Wolf). (Eu.)

5i/>.—Hep. Europ. p. 24.

8. M. Sullivanti Aust. Stems mostly simply pinnate,

the apex strongly decurved in drying; leaves somewhat erect,

the ventral margin close, strongly involute toward the apex;

cells large punctate-stelliform; inner involucre broadly carinate

beneath, the carina biangular; otherwise near M. inrolufa

Hampe.

JTab.—Alleghany Mts. {SuMrant).

Bib.—Torvey Bull. Ill, 15.

Emc.—JleY). Bor.-Amet. No. 94.

ff SfeDi'S sonieirJiaf hi-tripinnate.

X Loirer lohe of leaves iiarron\ orate-JanceoJate.

4. M. involuta Hampe. Stems irregularly pinnatel}^

decompound; leaves closely imbricate, subrotund, deflexed, re-

pand or entire, the ventral margin slightly involute, the l)ase

decurrent, the lobe narrow; amphigastria approximate, quad-

rate-ligulate, entire.

Ilah.—Banks of rivers, So. States {Lesqiierenx, Beyrich).

Bib.— Syn. Hep. p. 282.

Exsic-—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 93.

XX Loivei- lohe of leaves broader.

5. M. platyphylla Dumort. Stems irregularly bipin-

nate: upper lobe of leaf roundish-ovate, the basal margin more

or less undulate; the inferior lobes smaller, obliquely oval or

subrotund. the margins deflexed: amphigastria round-obovate

with reflexed margins, subentire; involucral leaves denticulate

or entire; mouth of inner involucre nearly entire. ( Jumjer-

inania platijplnjUa L., Lejeunia. platijplipUa Corda. ) A variety

is Jioif/erntatiia platyphijUoidea Schwein., (Madotheca platij-

phijlloidea Dumort.), (Austiit).



76 Illinois State Lahoratorij of Nafiinil History.

i/a/;.—On rocks and trees ; common eastward. (Eu.)

-Bi6.—Syn. Hep. p. 278 ; Hep. Europ. p. 23.

Delhi.—BrW. Jung. t. 40; Ekart, t. Ill, f. 24; Sulliv. Mosses U. S.

t. VIII.

Erdc.—lle^. Bor.-Amer. No. 89, 90.

6. M. navicularis Nees. Stems subbipinnate, somewhat

rigid, most of the branches recurved at the apex, some obtuse,

others attenuate; upper lobe of leaves somewhat smooth, subor-

bicular, obtuse, the posterior margin undulate-crisped at the

base and beyond; inferior lobe entire, obliquely cordate- oval,

obtuse, deflexed, boat-shaped; amphigastria subrotund, obtuse,

the margins reflexed, entire or undulate at the base; mouth of

the inner involucre subentire. (M. Ccdifornica Hampe., Jun-

germania navicularis Lehm.)

Hah.—On rocks, Cal. {Bolander). (Eu
)

Bih.—)iyj\. Hep. p. 277 (ex parte); Hep. Europ. p. 24.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 91.

7. M. porella Nees. Stems 5—10 cm. long, bi-tripin-

nate, the branches forked, divergent; leaves somewhat distant,

the upper lobe oblong-ovate, obtuse; lower lobe much smaller,

appressed to the stem, oblong, flat; amphigastria quadrate, en-

tire; involucral leaves entire, the lobes ovate; inner involucre

bilabiate, the lips subcrenate. (M. Conlavnta Dumort., Junger-

mania p07^ella Dicks., Porella pinnata Schwaegr.) A variety is

Jungermania clistans Schwein. (Austin).

Hah.—On rocks and trees subject to inundation, common. (Eu.);

the variety in the So. States.

5*.—Syn. Hep. p. 281 ; Hep. Europ. p. 25.

^.rstc.-Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 92, 92b.

8. M. Wataugensis Sulliv. Similar to the last but

smaller and more delicate, with fascicles of rootlets springing

from the base of the amphigastria; leaves light yellowish

brown, the upper lobe slightly repand-dentate.

Hah.—On decayed logs, banks of Watauga R., N, C. {SuUivant).

** Amphigastria ivith 2-3 candcf on either side at base.



Hepaticcv of Xortli ^Inicria/. 77

0. M. Bolanderi Aust. Stems short, tumid: subtiexu-

ous, slightly twisted, nearly simple; leaves densely imbricate,

dimidiate-ovate or oblong, widely spreading, nearly plane, the

margin repand or in places caudato-dentate: the lobe almost

separate, small, lanceolate-subulate, falcate, twisted, canalicu-

late, obtuse or acute, repand-nndulate at the margin, sparingly

caudate at the base; amphigastria scarcely wider than the stem,

lingulate-ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, the margins long

decurrent. repand-undulate. caudate-lacinulate; inner involucre

large, sharpI3' 2-keeled or somewhat winged beneath, indis-

tinctly nerved above; lower lobe of the iuvolucral leaves acute,

acuminate; capsule oval.

Hub.—Ca\. ilUanckr).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. Ill, 14.

Xr. RADULA Nees.

Sporogonium terminal on short branches or iu a foi-k.

Inner involucre compressed or nearly terete, truncate, entire,

the mouth dilated. Involucral leaves 2, deeply bilobed. Calyp-

tra ])yriforni. persistent, opening below the apex. Capsule oval.

4-parted to the base. Elaters attenuate at both ends. bis})iral,

deciduous. Spores large, globose. Antheridia in the ventricose

bases of minute perigonial leaves. Leaves 2-lobed, the small

inflexed ventral producing rootlets. Amphigastria wanting.

Name from Lat. nalHhi, a scraper or spatula, from the form of

the inner involucre.

* Leaves rather closelij iinhricate or soineirltaf reiiiofe in Xo. 1.

f Stems dichotomoHslij hraitcIiiiKj.

1. R. tenax Lindl). Dioecious; stems brownish-green,

rigid, tenacious; leaves remote, scarcely decurrent, ol)liquely

elliptic-ovate, opaque, the cells rounded and strongly chloro-

phylliferous, the posterior lobe rotund-ovate, scarcely half the

breadth of the stem, the interior margin free, rotund, equal

to the width of the stem or more, the apex plane or scarcely

incurved: male spike borne on the side of the stem 1»elow the



78 Illinois State L((hon(tonj of Natural Histori/.

carina of the leaf, long linear, somewhat obtuse. (li. ])allenii

Sulliv. Mosses of U. S. and Muse. Alleghan. No. 261; Aust.

Hep. Bor. Amer. No. 87.)

Hah—On rotten trunks; Md., jST. C. (SulUvaiit), Catskill Mts. N, Y.

{P. T. C'eve), mostly in mountain regions.

Bib—Lindh. Hep. Hibern. p. 492.

Exsic.—Musc. Alleghan. No. 261 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 87.

i'f Stems more or less pinnatehj hranch'mg.

X Mouth of inner involucre hilahiate.

2. R. australis Aust. Stems 1.3—2.5 cm. long, pros-

trate, sparingly subpinnately branched, loosely casspitose; leaves

somewhat decurrent, the lobule adnate to the stem along its

inner margin; inner involucre elongate^ compressed-cylindric

from a pyriform or obconic base, the lips of the bilabiate mouth
emarginateor crenate; male spikes short and broad, found only

on the branches.

Hob.—Near Augusta, Ga. [Sulluani), Northern Fla. {Austin).

Bib.—Boi. Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette) I, 32; Torrey Bull. VI, 302.

3. R. Caloosiensis Aust. Stems short, somewhat rigid,

closely creeping, sparingly branching, scarcely pinnate; leaves

convex, entire or obscurely crenulate, obtuse, the margins

mostly gemmiparous, the lower lobe rather large, somewhat
acuminate or obtuse, the inner margin adnate to the stem and

somewhat protracted above it; inner involucre somewhat short,

from an obconic base, broadly oblong-quadrate, strongly com-

pressed, the lips almost entire, subdecurved: male spikes rather

long and loose, subinterrupted.

Hih.—C'aloosa, Fla. [Austin).

Bib.—Tovrey Bull. VI, 301.

XX MoiftJi of inner involucre entire or erennlate.

4. R. complanata Dumort. Stems flat, irregularly and

somewhat ])innately branched, flaccid; leaves imbricate, the

dorsal lobe roundish, the ventral much smaller, triangular-

ovate, appressed; inner involucre oblong, compressed, the

mouth truncate, entire. (Jungermania complanata L.)

Hah.—On rocks and roots of trees; common. (Eu.)

Bi6.—Syn. Hep. p. 257; Hep. Europ. p. 31.

7)^/m.— Brit. Jung. t. 81 ; Ekart. t. IV, f. 31.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 85, 86.



Hepaticw of }\oith Aimrica. 79

5. R. Hallii Aust. Size, sporogonium and general habit

like the last; leaves more incurved at the apex; inner involucre

larger, elliptic-ohlong, subinflated. narrower at the apex, the

mouth often somewhat fleshy; involucral leaves smaller, more
equally bilohed.

i7a?>.—Salem, Ore. [Hall).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. VI, 19.

6. R. Xalapensis Mont. Stems procumbent, densely

pinnately branching, flaccid; leaves densely imbricate, orbicu-

lar, obtuse, complicate, somewhat inflated at base, the lobe

broad, sul^rotund, produced above the stem, the margin undu-

late, the base acutely excised and somewhat adnate to the stem;

sporogonium on a terminal or lateral branch; inner involucre

elongate, funnel form, the mouth compressed, obsoletely crenate.

Hub.—On wet rocks, Tallulab Falls, Ga (SuUivant, LesqucretLv). (,Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 255.

Ex.iic.^Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 88b.

** Leaves loosehj imbricafc.

7. R. Sullivanti Aust. Stems close, subi)arallel, imbri-

cate-ctpspitose; branches short, diverging; leaves subimbricate.

flaccid, rotund-oval, falcate, convex, more or less decurved at

the apex, abruptly complicate ventrally at the base, the margin

siibrepand-dentate, the inferior rounded and carinate, the lobe

rather small, subinflated at the apex, obtusely triangular or

semicircular-rotund, the inner margin adnate to the stem and

parallel with it; sporogony phase unknown.

Hub.—On rocks in mountain regions; (ia. (Sidlirant, Lesquereiu).

Bib —Torrey Bull. VI, 19.

E.isic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 8Sc.

8. R. spicata Aust. Stems short, prostrate, strongly

innovate-branching; leaves semivertical or subascending, broad-

ly obovate, obtuse, entire, inflated at the base, very obtusely

complicate for a short space then bilobed. the lobes convex on

both sides, the ventral smaller by half, triangular-ovate, obtuse,

adnate to the inner margin of the stem; leaves of the branches

smaller, more inflated at the base; inner involucre oblong from



<Si) I//iiM/s State L<ilj<))-<(to)-)j of Natural Histonj.

an obconic base, compressed, subtruncate at the apex; involu-

cral leaves small,* the lobes equal, somewhat oval; capsule ob-

long; spores large, fuscous, minutely papillose; male spikes

2—8 mm. long, closely leaved.

Hdb.—On trees, Cal. (Bolander), Salem, Ore. (Hall).

Bib.-Torrey Bull. VI, 19.

*** Leaves distant; inner involucre somewhat clavate.

9. R. obconica Sulliv. Stems indeterminately branch-

ed; leaves distant, the dorsal lobe obovate-roundish, convex;

inner involucre clavate-obconic, the mouth obliquely truncate,

entire.

Hab.—On trees in cedar swamps, rare; 0. {SulUvant), N. J. {Austin,).

-Bifc.—Sulliv. Mosses U. S. p. 100.

DeZm.—Sulliv. Mosses IT. S. t. VIII.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 88.

XTI. BLEPHAROSTOMA Dumort.

Sporogonium terminal on the main stem or a short branch.

Involucral leaves numerous, everywhere imbricate, jointed-cili-

ate. Inner involucre free, exserted, terete, glabrous, exceeding

the calyptra, contracted and ciliate at the mouth. Capsule

quadrivalved, coriaceous. Elaters bispiral, deciduous. Name
from Grr. blepharon, an eyelid, and stoma., mouth, from the form

of the inner involucre.

1. B. trichophylla Dumort. Plant minute, light-col-

ored; stems flaccid, branched, creeping; leaves and amphigas-

tria 3-4-parted, the divisions straight, spreading bristle-formed,

each composed of a single row of cells; inner involucre termi-

nal, ovate. ( Jmujermaiiia trirliopliylla L.)

Hah.—On the ground and rotten wood, common. (Eu.)

i>'/6.—Syn. Hep. p. 146, 687 ; Hep. Europ. p. 95.

DeJm.—Ekart, t. IV, f. 27.

E.vsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 84.

XIII. BLEPHAROZIA Dumort.

Dioecious. Sporogonium terminal on short branches. In-

volucral leaves 2-4, 4-cleft. Inner involucre terete, obovate,

the mouth connivent, plicate, denticulate. Calyptra pyriform.



JL'])<ific(t' of Xorth America. 81

coriaceous. Capsule ovate, quadrivalvecl to the base. Baiters

bispiral. Antlieridia covered by closely imbricated perigonial

leaves. Leaves palmatifid or complicate-2-lobed, each lobe di-

vided and ciliate. Amphigastria 4-5-lobed. Name from Gr.

blcjjJiaron, an eyelid, and ozos^ a bud.

1. B. ciliaris Dumort. Stems crowded, somewhat pin-

nate; the 4-cleft leaves and amphigastria both lacerate-ciliate,

the fringes long and setaceous; inner involucre obovate, the

mouth contracted-plicate, laciniate-dentate. (Jungermanla cil-

iaris L., PtiJidiuin cilia re Nees.)

Hab.—Hoots of trees, old logs, etc., in woods or on wet rocky ground
on high mountains ; common. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 250 ; Hep. Europ. p. 53.

DeZm.—Brit. Jung. t. 65 ; Ekart, t. V, f. 36.

Exic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 83.

XIV. SENDTNERA Endl.

Sporogonium terminal on an elongate branch. Inner in-

volucre tubular, deeply many-cleft. Involucral leaves numer-

ous, incised, free or connate at the base. Calyptra chartaceous.

Capsule globular. Elaters free, bispiral. Antheridia on special

branches in the axils of ventricose, perigonial leaves. Leaves

2-5-cleft or entire. Amphigastria 2-many-cleft. Named for

0. Sendtner., a German botanist.

1. S. juniperina Nees. Stems erect, nearly simple,

slender, elongate; leaves and amphigastria nearly alike, oblong,

curved and one-sided, 2-cleft to the middle, the divisions lance-

olate. (JiDifjennania Swz.

)

Hob.—On rocks, Catskill Mts., N. Y. (Peck), Greenwood Mts., Is. J.

(Austin). The European variety is now regarded as specifically distinct,

S. adunca Gottsche {Schi>ima adancum Dumort.).

^t6.—Syn. Hep. p. 239.

DeMn.—Brit. Jung. t. 4 (?) ; Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t. VIII (?).

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 82.



82 Illinois State Ldhonttofij of Nafiiral Histonj.

XV. TRICHOOOLEA Dumort.

Sporogoniura in a fork. Inner involucre wanting. Invo-

lucral leaves numerous coalescent into an oblong, truncate,

coriaceous, hairy tube, concrete with the calyptra. Capsule

oblong. Elaters free, bispiral. Antheridia on the upper side

of the stem in the axils of leaves. Leaves palmately divided,

the divisions laciniate. Amphigastria usually many-cleft.

Name from Gr. trichos, hair, and koleos, sheath, from the form

of the inner involucre. Dumortier in his later works reduces

the name to Tricolea.

1. T. tomentella Dumort. Stems forked, 2-3-pinnately

branched; leaves 4-5-divided, the divisions capillary, many-cleft;

amphigastria setaceously many-cleft. (Jungermania tomen-

tella Ehrh., Tricolea tomentella Dumort.)

Hob.—Among mosses in swamps and along rivulets; common.
(Eu.)

Bih—^jn. Hep. p. 237; Hep. Europ. p. 111.

Delin.—Br\i. Jung. t. 36 ; Ekart. t. VI, f. 49 ; Sulliv. Mosses U. S.

t. VIII.
Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 81.

2. T. Biddlecomise Aust. Stems tender, closely creep-

ing, simply and rather distantly pinnate; leaves transverse,

split almost to the base into capillary divisions, as are also the

amphigastria.

Hah.—On rotten logs in swamps, Uibana, 0. {Miss Biddlecome).

Bib.—Bot. Gazette, III, 6.

XVI. BAZZANIA B. Gr.

Sporogonium on a branch ascending from the axil of the

amphigastria. Inner involucre elongate, trigonal, obtusely tri-

lobed, frequently more deeply fissured on one side^ membranous.
Involucral leaves small, narrow, subsquarrose, acutely incised

at the apex. Calyptra membranous^ included. Capsule glo-

bose, quadrivalved to the very base. Elaters bispiral. Anther-
idia spike-shaped, growing from the axils of the amphigastria.

Leaves imbricate, oblique, decurved, the apex mostly tridentate

rarely bifid or subentire. Amphigastria rather broad, mostly
3-4-toothed or crenate or some incised, serrate or entire. (Mas-
7i3o:r"7M Nees, Pleuroschisma Dumort.)



Hepaticd' of Xoiih America. S3

1. B. trilobata B. Gr. Stems creeping^ dichotuiuous-

proliferous; leaves imbricate, obliquely ovate, antrorsely gib-

bous at the base, the apex rather broad, acutely tridentate^ the

teeth entire; amphigastria subrotund-quadraiigular, spreading

the upper margin -i-G-toothed, the teeth subdenticulate; inner

involucre curved, cylindric, plicate at the narrow apex, the

mouth tridentate. (Jiiiiyeniiaiiia friJobata L., PJcuroscltisnui

frilobatum Dumort. , Masfigohri/iini frilobatum Nees). A variety

is Mastlgobnjutn fridenfirulatum Lindenb., (Jimgermania tri-

denticuJata Michx.)

Hah.—In ravines, wet woods and swamps; common northward and
on the mountains. The variety from X. J. southward. (Eu.)

Bih.—^yrv. Hep. p. 230 ; Hep. Europ. p. 103.

De?zn.—Brit. Jung. t. 76; Ekart, t. Ill, f. 22; Sulliv. Mosses U. S., t.

VIII.

Eisic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 77, 78, 79.

2. B. deflexa B. Gr. Stems narrow, forked or alter-

nately branching; leaves strongly deflexed, cordate-ovate or

ovate-oblong, falcate, arcuate at the dorsal margin, bi-triden-

tate or entire at the narrow apex; amphigastria somewhat

approximate, suborbicular-quadrate, the upper margin bifid,

crenate or entire; inner involucre cylindric, arcuate, plicate at

the apex, the mouth denticulate. (JiDigermania dejiexa^ Mart.,

PlpHfoschisma dejiexum Dumort., Mastigobryum de/iexum Nees.

Includes Masfigobry7im ambignum Lindenb., and M. denuda-

finn Torrey MS.)

Hab.—On rocks in the higher mountains. (Eu.)

Bib—Hyn. Hep. p. 231 ; Hep. Europ. p. 104.

DeZin.—Ekart, t. XII, f. 98.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 80.

XVII. LEPIDOZIA Nees.

Sporogonium terminal on short branches arising from the

under side of the stem. Inner involucre elongate, obtusely 3-

plaited, the mouth denticulate. Involucral leaves small, rather

broad, acutely 2-4-lobed at the apex. Calyptra membranous,

slender^ included. Capsule globose, 4-valved at the base. Ela-

ters bispiral. Antheridia on short, spike-like branches, arising



84 Illinois State Lithonitorij of Natural History.

from the underside of the stem, single in the base of condupli-

cate 2-3-cleft perigonial leaves. Leaves usually 4-toothed or

4-parted. Amphigastria 3-5-cleft. Name from Gr. lejns., a

scale, and ozos, a bud, from the form of the involucre.

1 . L. reptans Dumort. Stems creeping, pinnately corn-

compound or decompound, the branches often furnished with

a flagellum; leaves decurved, subquadrate, acute, acutely 3-4-

toothed; amphigastria subquadrate, 3-4-cleft; involucral leaves

ovate, truncate, unequally 4-denticulate ; inner involucre in-

curved, the mouth dentate. (Jungermania reptans L., Pleuro-

schisma reptans Dumort.)

Hab.—On the ground and on rotten wood, N. J. (Austin), and north-

ward. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 205 ; Hep. Europ. p. 109.

Delin—Brit. Jung. t. 75 ; Ekart, t. Ill, f. 21 ; SuUiv. Mosses U. S. f
VIII.

E.vsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 75.

2. L. setacea Mitt. Leaves and amphigastria uniform,

deeply 2-3-cleft or 3-parted, incurved, the laciniae subulate,

formed of a somewhat double series of cells; inner involucre

ciliate at the mouth. (Jungermania setacea Web., Blepharos-

toma setacea Dumort.)

Hab.—On ground and rotten wood ; common. (Eu.)

J5i6.—Syn. Hep. p. 144, 686; Hep. Europ. p. 95 {suh. Blepharostoma.)

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 8 ; Ekart, t. IV, f. 28.

E-icsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 76.

3. L. Californica Aust. Stems subfiliform, flaccid,

much branching; leaves loosely imbricate, deeply palmately

3-5-cleft, the laciniae filiform-attenuate, unequal, entire or re-

pand, or occasionally again cleft; amphigastria wider than the

stem, suboblong, deeply bifid, the laciniae incised-cilate. (Mas-
tigopjJiora Califomica Aust.)

ira6.—Bark of trees, Mts. of Cal. (Bolander), Vancouver's Island

(Maeoun.)

BIh.—Torrey Bull. VI, 19, 302.

J



Hepaticce of North America. 85

XVIII. CALYPOGEIA Raddi.

Inner involucre wanting. Outer involucre oblong, saccate,

truncate, fleshy, hairy, attached by one side of its mouth to

the stem, pendent or descending into the earth. Calyptra

membranous, partly connate with the involucre. Capsule

oblong, twisted, the valves narrow and contorted. Elaters

bispiral. Antheridia on short, lateral, capitate branches, one

in each perigonial leaf. Leaves entire or 2-toothed. Amphi-
gastria 2-cleft. (Kantia B. Gr., Lindberg.) Name from Gr.

kaJux, a cup, iijw, under, and yea, earth, from the subterranean

involucre.

1. C. trichoraanis Corda. Foliage delicate, pale-green;

leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, spreading, imbricate; involucre

imbedded in the soil; ventral flagella wanting (Jungermania

frichoiuanis Dicks., Cutcituudus frichomanis Dumort.)

Var. rivularis Aust. Foliage blackish or dusky-green;

stems longer, more delicate; leaves more scattered, flaccid,

loosely reticulate.

Var. tenuis Aust. Stems climbing among Sphagna,

very slender, innovate branching; leaves smaller, usually de-

creasing upward, dimidiate-ovate or subfalcate, somewhat de-

current.

Hah.—On ground and rotten logs ; common. (Eu.) The varieties

in Southern N. J. {Austin),

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 198 ; Hep. Europ. p. 115 (sub. Cmcinnulus).

Delin.—Brit Jung. t. 79 ; Ekart, t. IV, f. 35 ; Sulliv. Mosses, U. S-

t. VIII.

j^.mc—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 72, 73, 74.

2. C. Sullivanti Aust. Stems prostrate, furnished

with ventral flagella; leaves flat, subcontiguous or imbricate;

obliquely rotund-ovate, minutely 2-toothed at apex, the teeth

usually straight, the sinus lunulate, obtuse, the inferior margin

abruptly and narrowly decurrent; areolation lax, everywhere

uniform; amphigastria minute, the uppermost orbicular, bifid,

the medial and lower bifurcately 4-lobed, the primary lobes

rotund-quadrate, strongly divaricate, the secondary ovate or

subulate, usually acute.



86 lUinois Sfd^r Lohoraforij of Nafnral History.

Hab.—So. States {Sullivant, Ravenel, Mohr.), Delaware Water Gap,

N. J. (Ari^tin).

5i&.—Torrey Bull. VI, 18.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 74b.

XIX. GEOOALYX Nees.

Inner involucre wanting. Outer involucre oblong, saccate,

truncate, fleshy, naked, attached by one side of its mouth to

the stem, pendent. Calyptra membranous, partly connate

with the involucre. Capsule oblong. Elaters bispiral, decid-

uous. Antheridia on spike-like, lateral branches, in the axils of

small perigonial leaves. Name from Gr. gea, earth, and kaJux^

a cup, from the subterranean involucre.

1. Gr. graveolens Nees. Leaves ovate-quadrate, 2-

toothed, light-green; amphigastria oval-lanceolate, 2-cleft to

the middle, the segments linear; involucre subterranean.

(Jungermania graveolens Schrad.

)

Hah.—On the ground in wet places ; not common. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 195; Hep. Europ. p. 118.

I>eZm.—Ekart, t. IX, f. 67; Sulliv. Mosses U. S., t. VII.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 71.

XX. OHILOSCYPHUS Cokda.

Sporogonium terminal on a short lateral branch. Involu-

cral leaves 2-6, different from those of the stem, smaller. In-

ner involucre usually short, deeply 2-3-cleft. Calyptra globose,

oblong or subclavate, slightly chartaceous. Capsule oval, quad-

rivalved to the base. Elaters bispiral, deciduous. Perigonial

leaves like those of the stem, concealing the antheridia in their

saccate bases. Leaves decurrent on the back of the stem.

Amphigastria usually deeply 2-cleft, the root hairs proceeding

only from their bases. Name from Gr. cheilos, lip, and skuphos,

bowl, from the form of the inner involucre.

* Amphigastria 4-parted; involucral leaves 2.



Hepaficw of North America. 87

1. C ascendens Hook, and Wils. Large, pale-green;

stems prostrate; leaves ascending, ronndish-oblong, slightly

emarginate; involucral leaves 2-cle£t; inner involucres 2-3-

lobed, the lobes long and irregularly lacerate-toothed. (C. /((-

hiatus Tayl.)

Hah.—On rotten logs, etc., rather common.
5i6.—Sulliv. Mosses U. S., p. 91.

DfZm.—Sulliv. Mosses U. S., t. VIII.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 70.

** Amphigastria hifid; inrohicral leaves 2.

2. G. pallescens Dumort. Stems procumbent, creeping;

leaves flattened^ ovate-subquadrate, retuse or obtuse; amphi-

gastria ovate, distant, subentire, free; involucral leaves 2-

toothed; inner involucre deeply trifid, the laciniae spinose-den-

tate; calyptra conspicuous, mostly longer than the inner invo-

lucre. (Jungermania pallescens Ehrh.)

Hab—Mis. of N. Eng. (Oales). (Eu.)

Bib—Syn. Hep. p. 187 ; Hep. Europ. p. 101.

Exsic,—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 69.

3. O. polyanthos Corda. Stems procumbent, creeping;

leaves subascending, ovate-subquadrate, truncate-subretuse;

amphigastria free, distant, ovate-oblong; involucral leaves

slightly 2-toothed; inner involucre 3-lobed, the lobes short and

nearly entire; calyptra longer than the inner involucre. (Jun-
germania polyanthos L.)

Var. rivularis Nees. Larger, more branching, succu-

lent; leaves mostly rounded at the apex; amphigastria often

divided into halves or entirely wanting, when present broader

and somewhat denticulate.

Hab.—On ground and rotten logs ; common. (Eu.) The variety in

shady rills. (Pai.)

-Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 188; Hep. Europ. p. 101.

DeUn.—Brii. Jung. t. 62 ; Ekart, t. VI, f. 50.

^.mc—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 67, 68.

*** Amphigastria almost entire; involucral leaves 3-4.



88 Illiiio/.^ Sfdf/' Lrthorafo)-// of Natural Historij.

4. O. Drumniondii Tayl. Small, densely csespitose;

stems branching, prostrate, the gemmiferous ones ascending,

attenuate; leaves erect-spreading, oblong, 2-cleft; amphigastria

ovate, acute, connate with the adjacent pair of leaves; inner

involucre terminal on short naked branches, oblong, inflated,

bifid and subcompressed at the mouth, gibbous at the ventral

base; involucral leaves laciniate, scale-like.

Hah.—"Bark of trees ; N. A." {Drummond).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 709.

XXI. LOPHOOOLEA Nees.

Fructification terminal on the main stem or on primary

branches. Inner involucre tubular belovi^, acutely triquetrous,

more or less dilated and 3-lobed at the mouth, the lobes tooth-

crested. Involucral leaves 2-4, large. Calyptra short, mem-
branous, included, circumcissile at the base or rupturing irreg-

ularly at the apex. Capsule oval or oblong, 4-valved to the

base. Elaters bispiral. Antheridia in the saccate bases of the

involucral leaves. Leaves decurrent on the dorsal side of the

stem, flaccid, 2-several cleft at the apex. Amphigastria 2-4 di-

vided, the divisions more or less incised. Name from Gr.

/ojj/^os, a crest, and holeos, a sheath, alluding to the crested in-

ner involucre.

* Divisions of amphigastria entire.

f Amphigastria, minute.

1. L. bidentata Dumort. Stems elongate, 2.5—5 cm.

long, sparsely branching; leaves pale green, ovate-triangular,

spreading, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth oblique, acute, w^ith

a crescent-shaped sinus; amphigastria about 4-cleft. (Jnnger-

mania bidentata L.)

fla&.—On rocks in shady rills ; not common. (Eii.)

^*.—Syn. Hep. p. 159, 691 ; Hep. Europ. p. 83.

Delin.—Bnt. Jung. t. 30; Ekart, t. VII, f. 53.

ff Amphigastria medium size.



Hepatica' of North America. 89

2. L. minor Nees. Stems diffusely branching; leaves

pale green, oval, suLquadrate, somewhat rigid, the sinus lunate

the teeth equal, acute; amphigastria one-third the size of the

leaves, deeply bifid, the laciniae lanceolate-acuminate, entire;

inner involucre trigonal-plicate; involucral leaves mostly uni-

form.

Hah.—On roots of trees in woods. (Eii.)

Bib.—'iyn. Hep. p. 160; Hep. Europ. p. 84.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 65b.

3. L. Macouni Aust. Stems very short, prostrate, as-

cending at the apex, densely radiculose; leaves somewhat erect,

ovate subquadrate, retuse or emarginate, l)ilobed or often en-

tire, the margin slightly repand, the sinus and lobes obtuse;

amphigastria light pink, deeply bifid, the sinus ])road, obtuse,

the laciniae spreading incurved, setaceous, often formed of a

single series of cells; inner involucre subobovate, slightly tri-

gonal; involucral leaves suboblong, somewhat repand at the

margin, unequally 2-4-repand-dentate at the apex.

Hah.—On logs, among other Hepatictc, Ontario (Macoun), Little

Falls, N. Y. (Austin).

Bib.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 223.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 66.

** Divisions of cmi'phigastria sonietrhaf dcufdie.

f Amphigastria large.

4. L. heterophylla Nees. Stems short, creeping or

ascending, much branched; leaves ovate-subquadrate, entire,

retuse and bidentate on the same stem; amphigastria large,

2-cleft, the lacinise slightly dentate. (Ji(iigerina)iia hetero-

pliijlJa Schrad.)

Hah.—On the ground and old logs, etc. in woods and swamps; very

common. (Eu.)

i?i6.—Syn. Hep. p. 164 ; Hep. Europ. p. 86.

Delin.—Bvii. Jung. t. 31 ; Ekart, t. VII, f. 54 ; Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t.

VII.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 64.

ff Amphigastria of mediinit size.



90 Illinoh State Laboratorj/ of Natural History.

5. L. crocata Nees. Stems creeping, branching; leaves

pale, oval-subquaclrangular, plane-ascending, somewhat rigid,

the sinus somewhat lunate, the teeth slightly unequal, distant,

acute or obtuse; amphigastria one-third as large as the leaves,

ovate, deeply bifid, the laciniae lanceolate-acuminate, extrorsely

1-toothed. (Jungervimiia crocata DeNot.)

Hab.—On ground and on dry rocks in limestone regions. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 160 ; Hep. Europ, p. 85.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Anaer. No. 65.

6. L. Hallii Aust. Stems creeping, very slightly radic-

ulose; leaves subvertical, oblong, entire or subrepand, crenulate,

bilobed almost to the middle, the sinus obtuse, the lacinise sub-

erect, mostly obtuse; lower amphigastria small, deeply biparted,

the sinus obtuse, the laciniae subequal; upper amphigastria

larger, extrorsely unidentate on both sides or palmately 3-4-

parted; apical amphigastria sublanceolate, narrowly bifid, ex-

trorsely repand-dentate,

Hab—On the ground ; 111. {E. Hall).

Bib.—Vro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 222.

XXIL PLEURANTHE Tayl.

Fructification lateral. Inner involucre elongate-fusiform,

rising from the lower side of the stem, fleshy, solid, rooting at

the base, membranous above, the mouth compressed or trique-

trous, 2-3-cleft, lacerate. Involucral leaves 3, minute, scale-

like, 2-3-cleft, Calyptra concrete with the inner involucre

except at its apex. Capsule oval. Elaters bispiral. Leaves 2-

lobed or emarginate. Amphigastria lanceolate, entire. Name
from Gr. pleura., the side, and cmthos, flower, from the lateral

fructification.

1. P. olivacea Tayl. Stems creeping, mostly simple,

profusely rooting; leaves imbricate, rotund-oblong, somewhat
emarginate; inner involucre rather large.

Hab.—"North America" (Drummond).

De^m.—Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t. VII.

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 689.



Hepdficw of North Anierieit. {)l

XXIII. LIOCHL^NA Nees.

Inner involucre terminal, ascending, retrorsely subarcuate,

at length cylindric, the vertex truncate, depressed plane, the

mouth contracted, ciliate, the cilia articulate, connivent in a

short cone. Involucral leaves 2, similar to those o£ the stem.

Capsule oval, 4-valved to the base. Elaters inserted in the

middle of the valves, bispiral. Antheridia in the axils of the

unchanged upper leaves, naked. Leaves entire. Amphigastria

wanting. Name from Gr. le/'os^ smooth, and cldaina, a cloak

(inner involucre).

1. L, lanceolata Nees. Stems closely creeping, branch-

ing; leaves entire, sometimes decurrent on the stem, the termi-

nal ones vertically contiguous. (Jmigermania lanceolata L.,

Aplozla lanceolata Dumort.)

Hob.—On banks and rotten logs in woods ; not rare. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 148; Hep. Europ. p. 58 (sub Aplozla).

DeZin.—Brit. Jung. t. 28 ; Ekart t. I f. 7.

^rsic. —Hep. Bor.-Amer No. 62.

XXIV. ODONTOSCHISMA Dumort.

Monoecious. Fructification terminal on a short branch,

arising from the ventral side of the stem. Inner involucre

ascending, terete, trigonal at the apex, the mouth denticulate.

Involucral leaves few, small, incised. Calyptra membranous.

Capsule oblong. Elaters placed at the middle of the valves,

caducous, bispiral. Antheridia in the axils of minute involu-

cral leaves of pendent branches. Amphigastria sometimes

wanting, except on gemmiferous branches. Gemmae collected

in heads upon the attenuated tips of the branches. (Sphag-

NCECETis Nees). Name from Gr. odos., odontoH., tooth, and

schhma^ a split, from the form of the inner involucre.

1. O. sphagni Dumort. Stems creeping; leaves elliptic-

orbicular, entire, ascending; amphigastria wanting except on

fructiferous and gemmiferous stems, ovate, entire or bifid.

(Sphagnwcetis communis Nees, Jungey^mania sphagni Dicks.)



92 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Hob.—Among mosses ; common from N. J. and O. to the Gulf of

Mexico. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 148 (sub Sphagmecetis) ; Hep. Europ. p. 108.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 33 ; Ekart t. VI f. 43-48.

Exsic—yiusc. Alleghan. No. 228; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 61.

2. O. Macouni (Aust). Stems stoloniferous from be-

neath, or innovate-branching, sparingly radiculose; leaves im-

bricate, oval-rotund, concave, appressed or obliquely somewhat

spreading; narrowly hyaline-margined; amphigastria somewhat

obsolete, ovate-lanceolate; gemmiferous branches succulent,

subclavate, the leaves thin, appressed, more distinctly striolate-

areolate; gemmae pale, oval; sporogony phase unknown.

(Sphagnoecetis Macouni Aust.

)

Hab.—On damp ground near Lake Superior, Can. (Macoun).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. Til, p. 13.

3. O. denudata Dumort. Stem procumbent, branch-

ing, flagelliferous, the branches ascending; leaves subvertical,

connivent, orbicular, entire, decurrent toward the apex. (0.

Htihejieriana Rabenh. Hepat. Exsic. Europ. n. 16.)

Hob.—On rotten wood, Ala. to 0., N. Eng. and Canada. (Eu.)

5*.—Hep. Europ. p. 108.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 61b.

XXV. HARPANTHUS Nees.

Fructification on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves

smaller than those of the stem. Inner involucre distant from
the outer, fusiform, thickened below, the mouth 3-4-fid, the

laciniee unequal, entire. Capsule quadrivalved to the base.

Elaters bispiral. Leaves succubous, somewhat semivertical,

bidentate at the apex. Amphigastria entire or nearly so. Name
from Gr. arpa, a sickle, and antJios, flower^ from the form of

the involucre.

1. H. scutatus Spruce. Stems loosely creeping, ascend-

ing at the apex; leaves semivertical, suborbicular, emarginate-

bidentate, the sinus semilunar, the laciniae subequal, acute;

amphigastria ovate-triangular, acute, entire or 1-2-toothed at



Hepaticw of North America. 93

base; inner ijivolucre ovate, the njouth plicate-denticulate; in-

volucral leaves emarginate-bidentate, erect, equal. (Jumjcr-

mania scntata Web., Odontoschisma senfata Aust.)

Hab,—On rotten wood in swamps and damp woods ; common. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 101 ; Hep. Europ. p. 67.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 41 ; Ekart t. VIII, f. 64.

Exsic.—Muse Alleghan. No. 224; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 61c.

XXVI. CEPHALOZIA Dumokt.

Fructification terminal on clavate l)ranches arising from
the lovyrer side of the stem. Inner involucre at first triquetrous,

often becoming plicate, the mouth denticulate or ciliate or

often laciniate. Involucral leaves numerous, enlarged, usually

2-4-cleft, in 3 or more ranks. Capsule ovate or oval, 4-valved

to the base, long-pedicelled. Elaters bispiral. Antheridia in

the base of inflated leaves which form a spike-like andrcecium.

Leaves small, usually roundish and bidentate, with or without

amphigastria. Name from Gr. kephale, head, and ozos, a bud,

from the form of the fruit-bearing buds.

* Amphigastria wantimj (sometimes ininute in No. 3).

f Leaves (at least the lower ones) distant.

1. O. bicuspidata Dumort. Minute, dark green; fruit-

bearing branch short; stems loose, procumbent; leaves distant

or sometimes crowded, half-vertical, ovate-orbicular, usually

wider than the stem, bifid to the middle with obtuse sinus and

acute segments; involucral leaves in several ranks, 2-5-lobed,

the lanceolate divisions repand or subdentate; inner involucre

linear, complicate-triangular above, the mouth denticulate; cap-

sule oblong, reddish brown. (Jtingermania bicuspidata L.,

Trigonanthus hicuspidatus Spruce.)

Var. conferta Austin. Involucral leaves mostly bilobed,

somewhat one-toothed outwardly; mouth of the inner invo-

lucre subciliate.

Hab.—On the ground in the high mountains of N. Y., N. Eng., Can.

and Cal. {Bolander) (Eu.) The var. on banks, Closter, N. .7. {AKdin).

Bib.—Hyn. Hep. p. 188; Hep. Europ. p. 91.

Delin.—Brit -Tung t. 11 ; Ekart t. IV f. 33,

£.rsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No- 68, 59.



04 Illinois State Lahoratonj of Natural History.

2. C. multiflora Lindb. Fruit-bearing branch very

short; stem and sterile branches creeping, flexuous; leaves a

little wider than the stem, orbicular with a broad decurrent

base obliquely attached to the stem, bifid with a lunulate sinus

and strongly connivent lobes; involucral leaves 2-ranked, im-

bricate, 3-5-fid with entire erect linear divisions; inner invo-

lucre slender, oblong, the mouth lacerate-ciliate; capsule oval,

pale fuscous. (Jiiiigermania connivens Dicks., Trigonanthus

connivens Spruce, Cephalozia connivens Aust., Blepharostoma

connivens Dumort.

)

Hah.—On decaying moss, rotten wood and on the ground ; common.
Eastern U- S. to Cal. (Eu.)

Bib.—Lindb. Heji. Hibern. p. 501.

Delm.—Br\i. Jung. t. 15 (exlc. f. 2, 3) ; Ekart t. VIII, f. 60 ; SuUiv.

Mosses U. S. t. VII.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 57.

3. O. divaricata Dumort. Plant minute, dark green;

fruit-bearing branch elongate, terminal; stems usually short,

rigid, with ascending branches; leaves scarcely wider than the

stem, spreading, rather fleshy, oblong, bifid to the middle with

acutish sinus and segments, the lower somewhat distant with

entire divaricate lobes, the uppe^ sometimes imbricate with

lobes more or less serrate and not divaricate; involucral leaves

3-ranked, imbricate, 2-3-cleft, incised-dentate ; inner involucre

short, 4-5-angled, plicate, the scarious mouth entire or lacini-

ate; capsule oval. (Jungermania divaricata Engl. Bot., J.

hyssacea Roth., Trigonanthus divaricatus Spruce.)

Hah.—Dry rocks in mountain woods and on dry sand, Pine Barrens,

N. J. {Austin), and northward; also in Cal. (Bolander).

Bih.—Syn. Hep. p. 138 (sub Jungermania) ; Hep. Europ. p. 91.

Delin.~Bnt. Jung. t. 4; Ekart, t. IV, f. 33.

^mc—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 51, 52, 53, 54.

4. 0. pleniceps (Aust.) Stems densely casspitose, very

short, strongly radiculose beneath, with numerous ventral in-

novations; leaves thick, orbicular, strongly concave, vertical-

connivent, somewhat half clasping but not decurrent, bifid |
their length, the sinus somewhat acute or obtuse; the lobes

acute, incurved, strongly connivent; involucral leaves oblong,



Hepaticce of NortJt Aiucriai. 95

palmatelj 2-4-cleft, the ventral ones amphigastria-like ; inner

involucre terminal on a ventral branch, large, oblong-cylindric,

obtusely trigonal, the mouth plicate, denticulate. (Jimgerma-

nia pleniceps Aust.)

Hah.—Among Sphagna, White Mts., N. H. [Oakes).

Bib—Pro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 222.

ff Leaves imhrlcate or si(hiiithricate.

5. 0. catenulata Lindb, Fruit-bearing branch short;

stem somewhat rigid, branching, with flexuous ascending sterile

branches; leaves scarcely wider than the stem, ascending, con-

cave, thickened at the middle, mostly bifid with a somewhat

obtuse sinus and incurved segments; involucral leaves appressed,

many ranked, bi-trifid, subentire; inner involucre subcharta-

ceous, cylindric, complicate upward, the mouth ciiiate; capsule

oval, cinnamon-colored. (Jungermanla eatenidata Hiibn.)

Hah.—On rotten wood in swamps and on the ground, N. Eng. to

La.; very common southward. (Eu.)

J5i6.—Syn. Hep. p. 138 ; Hep. Europ. p. 92.

Exsi-c-—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 56.

6. O. curvifolia Dumort. Fruit-bearing branch short;

stems and sterile ])ranches flexuous, creeping; leaves ascending,

nearly orbicular, inflated at the ventral base. Innately 2-cleft,

the segments long, linear, inflexed; involucral leaves erect, 2-3-

cleft, serrate, imbricate, inner involucre elongate, narrow, the

mouth denticulate; capsule oval. (Juncjeymania curvifolia

Dicks., Trifionanthus ciirvifolius Spruce).

Hah.—Rotten logs in damp woods and swamps; common. (Eu.)

£i6.—Syn. Hep. p. 142 ; Hep. Europ. p. 93.

Belin.—Brit. Jung. t. 16.

Exsic—Muse Alleghan. No. 242; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 60.

7. C. Macouni Aust. Stems slender, diffusely cccspi-

tose; fruit-bearing branch short; leaves little wider than the

stem, subimbricate, somewhat concave at the base, subcuneate-

quadrate, bifid to below the middle, the sinus usually broad,

obtuse, the segments ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute,

nearly straight, divaricate when pressed; inner involucre mi-



91) lllinoiH Sfdfc Ldhonitonj <)f N^ihind Ilisforij.

iiiite, whitish, subtrigonal, oval-obovate, subinflated, the apex

contrajcted or subplicate, the mouth denticulate or ciliate; iii-

volucral leaves subobovate, somewhat unequal, bi-trifid, serrate,

often long ciliate; capsule oval. ( Jungermania Macouni

Aust. 1869).

Hah.—On rotten logs Can. (Macoun), Mts. of N. Eng. (Austin).

Bib.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 222.

Exsic.—Hej). Bor.-Amer. No. 55.

** Amphigasfria present.

8. O. Francisci Dumort. var. fluitans Austin. Stems

very long, climbing among Sphagna or floating in water, flagel-

liferous-branching ventrally, copiously radiculose; leaves pale,

loose, narrower at base, scarcely decurrent, oblong-elliptic,

deeply bilobed, the margin entire^ the sinus narrow, the lobes

obtuse, more or less unequal, the apex incurved or flat; amphi-

gastria minute^ appressed, inconspicuous, mostly triangular-

lanceolate; inner involucre short, oval, obtuse, obtusely trigonal,

the mouth plicate, sublaciniate, the lacinige truncate, naked.

(Jungermania inflata yox. fluitans Nees, Cephalozia obtusiloha

Lindb.

)

Hab.—Feat bogs, N. J. to Can. (Eu.)

Bib.—Bot. Bulletin (now Bot. Gazette) 1,31 ; Syn. Hep. p. 106; Hep.

Europ. p. 89.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 35.

9. O. Sullivanti Aust. Plant very minute, olive-green;

stem 0.6—1.2 cm. long, fleshy, strongly radiculose, the fruit-

bearing branch suberect, clavate, the sterile creeping, subfili-

form or subjulaceous; leaves imbricate, often narrower than

the stem, subquadrate-ovate, more or less dentato-serrate, bifid,

the sinus and segments somewhat acute; inner involucre

broadly oval or subobovate, obtusely and sparingly angulate,

the apex slightly plicate, truncate, the mouth connivent, den-

tate, sometimes narrowly scarious; involucral leaves 3, erect,

not grown together; capsule oval. (Jungermania SulUvantii

Aust. 1869, J. diraricata Sulliv. Muse. Alleghan. No. 239.)

Hab.—On rotten wood, N. J., O., 111.; rare.

Bib.—Vro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 221.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 50.



Ilcpdflccfj of Xorf/t America. 97

10. O. albescens Dumort. Stems loosely creeping,

arcuate, fastigiately brandling; leaves subvertical, orbicular,

heuiisplieric-concave, bifid with a short sinus, the segments

equal, rather obtuse; involucral leaves uniform, mostly imbri-

cate: amphigastria ovate- or oblong-scutiform, obtuse, entire or

obtusely l-2-toothe(i at the base; inner involucre oblong,

smooth, the mouth contracted, denticulate. (JiDif/eniKoiia

aJbescens Hook.)

Hab.—lW. {Wolf). Greenland (Vahl). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 102 (sub Jungermania) ; Hep. Europ. p. 89.

11. 0. nematodes Gottsche. Texture lax ; leaves

rather long, distant: amphigastria small, 2-parted, the seg-

ments acute, their apices incurved; inner involucre on a short

ventral branch.

Hab.—Banks of ditches and in swamps, Fla., Southern Ga. {Austin).

J5*.—Torrey Bull. VI, 302.

XXVII. COLEOOHILA Dumort,

Involucre oligophyllous, the leaves connate at the base.

Inner involucre terminal, elongate, cylindric, longer than the

calyptra, the mouth compressed, bilaljiate. Capsule quadri-

valved, coriaceous. Elaters deciduous, bispiral. Leaves entire.

Amphigastria present. Name from Gr. koleos, sheath, and

cheilo.i, lip, from the form of the inner involucre.

1. C Taylori Dumort. Stems erect, nearly simple,

radiculose; leaves convex, orbicular, entire, with large areolas;

amphigastria lanceolate-subulate, entire or subdentate; inner

involucre terminal, oval, the mouth compressed, bilabiate;

calyptra finally long exserted. (Jinif/t'nnauia TaijJori Hook.,

Leptoscijphns Taijlori Mitt.

)

Hab.—On wet rocks, high Mts. of N. Y. and N. Eng. [Sullivant, Aus-

tin), Greenland ( Vahl). (Eu.)

Bib.—Qyn. Hep. p. 82 ; Hep. Europ. p. 106.

DeZm.—Brit. Jung. t. 57.

Exdc.—Yie^. Bor.-Amer. No. 24, 25 (?).



98 Illinois State Laboratonj of Natural Historij.

XXVIII. JUNGERMANIA L.

Fructification terminal on the main stem or on a short

branch. Involucral leaves free, like or unlike the stem leaves.

Inner involucre tubular, more or less angular, the mouth lacin-

iate. Calyptra included, or in some species projecting. Cap-

sule globose or oval. Elaters bispiral. Antheridia in the base

of special inflated leaves. Leaves entire, bidentate, or 2-many-

lobed or cleft. Amphigastria present or absent. Named for

L. Jungermann^ a German botanist of the 17tli century.

(The genus as originally described by Linnaeus included

nearly the entire order Jungermaniacece^ but has been subdi-

vided over and over again so that its original characters are far

different from those given above. The genus as given here is

further broken up by recent European writers.

)

* Leaves and amphigastria uniform^ 3-ranked.

1. J. julacea L. Stem ascending^ branching, filiform;

leaves and amphigastria uniform, 3-ranked, imbricate_, deeply

bifid, the laciniae oval-lanceolate, acute, somewhat serrate;

inner involucre terminal, oval, plicate above, the mouth den-

ticulate; involucral leaves more closely imbricate, larger, other-

wise like those of the stem. (Anthelia julacea Dumort.)

Hab.—Cal. (fide Gottsche), Greenland {Vahl). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 140; Hep. Europ. p. 98.

Delin—Brit. Jung. t. 2; Ekart t. VIII, f. 61.

** Amphigastria, present, unlike the leaves.

f Leaves entire.

2. J. Schraderi Mart. Stems creeping, flexuous; leaves

elliptic-orbicular, entire, ascending; amphigastria broadly sub-

ulate, obsolete on old stems; involucral leaves large, elongate,

entire or emarginate spreading at the apex, the inner smaller,

more or less laciniate; inner involucre oval-obovate, ascending.

(Aplozia Schraderi Dumort.

)

Hab.—On the ground, rotten wood, etc.; very common. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 83 ; Hep. Europ. p. 56.

Delin.—Ekart t. XI, f. 97.

Evsic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 27.

ff Leaves hidentate.



Hepatica' of Xo)tli Anicriai. \)S)

8. J. Mulleri Nees. Stems creeping, asceudiug at the

apex, somewhat branching; leaves imbricate, semivertical, re-

pancl, obliquely ovate, emarginate-bidentate, the laciniiu un-

equal, acute or obtuse; amphigastria bi-trifid, subciliate at the

base; involucral leaves ciliate-dentate, larger than those of the

stem; inner involucre C34indric, the mouth rostrate. (J. Ban-

triensis, var. MiiJIcri Lindb.)

Var. Danensis Gottsche MS. is an unpublished form

found in Cal. (Mt. Dana).

Hub.—Rocky Mts. (Botmdsts of Wheeler Survei/). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 99 ; Hep. Europ. p. 70.

4. J. Hornschuchiana Nees. Stems simjde, radiculose,

innovating fi'om Ijeueath; leaves semivertical, ascending, soft,

orljicular, concave, bidentate with an obtuse sinus, the teeth

inflexed, mostly acute; amphigastria bifid or simple, lanceolate-

acuminate, ciliate-dentate at base.

Hub.—In mountains Col. (?) {Botanists of Wheeler Survey). (Eu.)

Bib. ^Syn. Hep. p. 101 ; Hep. Europ. p. 69.

fff Leaves hifid or hilohed.

5. J. Gillmani Aust. Stems short, densely ca3spitose,

prostrate, subarcuate, strongly radiculose; leaves orbicular-

ovate, vertical, subconcave, bifid, the lower with sinus and teeth

mostly acute, the upper much larger, more or less undulate,

emarginate-bilobed, the lobes mostly rounded, the sinus obtuse;

amphigastria filiform or filiform -subulate, sometimes sublance-

olate, mostly entire, the broader bifid, appressed to the stem;

inner involucre dorsal, sessile, without involucral leaves, verti-

cal, obovate-lageniform, somewhat gibbous in front, the mouth

ciliate, at length much incised.

Hab.—In a cave in sandstone, Traine Is. L. Superior [GiUman).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. Ill, 12.

6. J. Wattiana Aust. Stems rather thick, 4—8.5 mm.
long, fragile, subflexuous, strongly radiculose; leaves erect-sub-

vertical or somewhat spreading, subovate, concave, emarginate-

bilobed. the lower lobe mostly acute, the up])er acute or obtuse,

often incurved, the sinus lunulute or angled; amphigastria



100 Illinois State Lahonitori/ of N(diiral Ifisforij.

somewhat obsolete, difform, mostly hairlike or subulate, some-

times ciliate-appendiculate at the margin, the apex incurved;

involucral leaves little larger, somewhat undulate, less deeply

bilobed; inner involucre terminal, inflated, small, lageniform-

ovate, the apex contracted, whitish, the mouth ciliate.

Hab.—On the ground in L. Superior region, Can. (Macoun).

Bib—Torrey Bull. Ill, 11.

ffff Leaves 3-5-cIeff.

7, J. barbata Schreb. Stems procumbent, sparingly

branched; leaves roundish-quadrate, 3-5-lobed, the sinuses ob-

tuse and undulate, the lobes obtuse, acute or mucronulate vari-

ously directed; amphigastria broad, entire or 2-toothed, some-

times obsolete; inner involucre terminal, oval, plicate-angular

toward the apex, the mouth denticulate.

Var. attenuata Mart. Stems ascending with numerous

subcylindric innovations; primary leaves semivertical, obliquely

spreading, roundish, mostly concave, 2-4-toothed, the teeth

acute, subequal; leaves on the innovations closely imbricate,

ovate-subquadrate, premorsely 2-4-denticulate ; involucral leaves

2, tridentate; inner involucre terminal, oblong, plicate at the

apex. (Jnngermania attenuata Lindenb.)

Hah.—On rocks in mountain regions; common. (Eu.)

Bib.—^yn. Hep. p. 122; Hep. Europ. p. 71, 72.

DeZm.—Brit. Jung. t. 70; Ekart. t. XII, f. 102 (var.)

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 47, 48.

8. J. setiformis Ehrh. Stems erect or ascending, di-

chotomous and with the leaves terete-sulcate; leaves toothed at

the base, 3-4-cleft, the lobes channeled, ovate-oblong, acute;

amphigastria ciliate-dentate at the base, deeply bifid, the lacinise

lanceolate-acuminate; involucral leaves more toothed than those

of the stem; inner involucral terminal, oval, plicate. (Anthe-

lia setiformis Dumort.)

£^a6.—Alpine summits of White Mts. N. H. (Oakes), Greenland
(Vahl). (Eu.)

Bib—Syn. Hep. p. 130; Hep. Europ. p. 97.

Delin—Brit. Jung. t. 20; Ekart, t. II, f. 15.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 49.

*** Amphigastria wanting.

f Leaves entire or nearly so.



Hepatica' of North America. 101

9. J. fossombronioides Aust. Stems densely caespi-

tose, ascending, strongly rudiculose; leaves disticlious-subverti-

cal, closely imbricate, orbicular, the margin undulate-repand,

the apex nniplicate, slightly emarginate, spreading-subrecurved,

the base subcordate, clasping the stem, subventricose, radicu-

lose; inner involucre very large, exserted, subcampanulate, 6-

10-plicate, the mouth deeply laciniate, the laciniae entire; cap-

sule short-oval; calyptra violet.

Hab.—On rocks in a rivulet ; Closter, N. J. [Austin).

Bib—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 220.

JEisic.--Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 32.

10. J. crenulata Smith. Stems prostrate, branching;

leaves orbicular, entire, those toward the involucre larger and

bordered with large marginal cells; inner involucre obovate,

compressed-4:-angled, the mouth much contracted, toothed;

capsule subrotund, elliptic. (SoIenosfoiHiiin crenidafiim Mitt.,

Aplozia crenulata Dumort.) Yar. gracillima (Aplozia graciJ-

lima Dumort.) is also found.

Hab.—On the ground in old fields, etc., N. Y. to Ala. (Eu.)

Bib.—'6yn. Hep. p. 90 ; Hep. Europ. p. 57.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 37, et Suppl. t. 1 ; Ekart, t. Ill et XII, f. 25.

E.mic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer, No. 30.

11. J. crenuliformis Aust. Densely caespitose; fertile

stems creeping, increasing upward, strongly radiculose, the

rootlets mostly purplish; sterile stems somewhat ascending,

decreasing upward; leaves orbicular, gently repand-undulate,

entire or subemarginate, obliquely patent, somewhat decurrent,

concave, almost cup-shaped when dry; inner involucre small,

subobovate, more or less connate with the involucre, not at all

or slightly exserted, radiculose at the base, at first subtrique-

trous at the apex and somewhat laterally compressed, at length

almost terete and somewhat beaked at the apex; capsule oval-

globose; calyptra often violet purple.

Hab.—On rocks in rivulets near Closter, N. J. [AuMin), Coshocton

Co., O. {Sullivant).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. Ill, 10.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 31.



102 Illinois Sfdfc Lahorafo)-!/ of Natural Hisfori/.

12. J. hyalina Lyell. Stems creeping, strongly radicu-

lose, branching, at length dichotomous-fastigiate, ascending;

leaves semivertical, snbrotund, repand and undulate, divergent-

ascending; involucral leaves like those of the branches, ap-

pressed; inner involucre little exserted, ovate, acute, the apex

plicate, the mouth somewhat 4-cleft; capsule globose. (Aplo-

zia hyalina Dumort.

)

Hah.—On banks in woods; Closter, N. J. {Amlin), 0. (Lesquereux)

.

(Eu.)

-B*.—Syn. Hep. p. 92 ; Hep. Europ. p. 58.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 63 ; Ekart, t. VI, f. 45.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 28.

13. J. biformis Aust. Stems densely caespitose, inno-

vating from beneath, much branched, strongly radiculose;

leaves of the stem scarcely imbricate, somewhat flattened,

obliquely semicircular or broadly ovate, the dorsal margin de-

current, the apex retuse or entire, the areolation large, hyaline;

leaves of the branches a half smaller, ovate or obovate, very

obtuse, scarcely decurrent; sporogony phase unknown. (Soutli-

hya biformis Aust.)

Hah.—On steep wet rocks; Delaware Water Gap, N. J. {Austin).

Bih.—Vro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 220 ; Torrey Bull. VI, p. 85.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 26.

14. J. sphaerocarpa Hook. Stems creeping, ascending

at the apex, subsimple, greenish; leaves semivertical, somewhat
rigid, orbicular, obliquely spreading, decurrent dorsally at the

base, pale-green; involucral leaves discrete; inner involucre

exserted, obovate-oblong, the mouth 4-cleft; capsule spherical.

(Aplozia sphwfocarpa Dumort.)

Hab.—MXB. of N. Eng. {Austin) ; rare. (Eu.)

J5t6.—Syn. Hep. p. 93 ; Hep. Europ. p. 61.

De/m.—Brit. Jung. t. 74 ; Ekart, t. Ill, f. 20.

^rsic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 29, 29b.

15. J. cordifolia Hook. Stems erect, fastigiately

branching; leaves very lax, ovate, subrotund, not marginedi,

erect, broadly clasping, dingy brown; involucral leaves dis-

crete; inner involucre exserted, oblong, smoothish, the mouth
minutely denticulate; capsule oval. (Aplozia cordifolia Du-
mort. )



He}-)atic(e of North America. 103

Hab.—On the ground in moist places, Col.? (Botanists of Wheeler Sur-

vey), Greenland. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 95; Hep. Europ. p. 59.

Delin—^rit. Jung. t. 32 ; Ekart t. Ill f. 2G.

16. J. pumila With. Stems creeping, somewhat as-

cending at the apex, radiculose, subsimple, pale; leaves ovate,

obtuse, concave, ascending, entire; involucral leaves like those

of the stem, erect; inner involucre terminal, lanceolate, plicate

above, the mouth denticulate; capsule oval. (Apl()zia2>^('Wila

Dumort.

)

Hah.—On shaded rocks along rivulets, Closter, N. J. {Austin), Col.

[Brandegce). (Eu.)

Bib.—^yD.. Hep. p. 97 ; Hep. Europ. p. 59.

De/in.—Brit. Jung. t. 17 ; Ekart, t. II, f. 13.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 33.

ff Leaves hidenfate.

17. J. alpestris Schleich. Stems densely creeping, bifid-

branching, ascending at the apex; leaves seraivertical, ovate-

subquadrate, obliquely bidentate, the laciniae unequal, acute or

mucronulate, distant; involucral leaves wider than those of

the stem, 2T3-cleft; inner involucre twice as long as the outer,

oblong, smooth, the mouth complicate; capsule oval.

i?ft6.—Alpine regions of White Mts., N. H. (Oakes). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 113; Hep. Euroj). p 75.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 39.

18. J. ventricosa Dicks. Stems dense, close creeping,

branching from beneath; leaves semivertical, subquadrate,

plane or inflexed at the base anteriorly, broadly emarginate-bi-

dentate, the teeth acute, often bearing globules; involucral

leaves larger, erect-spreading, rotund, 3-4-cleft, somewhat den-

tate; inner involucre ovate, inflated, narrow-complicate toward

the apex, oval. (J. porphijroJeuca Nees is a variety fide Aus-

tin).

Hob.—On rotten wood and on the ground in mountainous regions

and far northward ; common. (Eu.)

i?i6.—Syn. Hep. p. 108, 109 ; Hep. Europ. p. 7G, 77 ; Pro. Phil. Acad.

1869, p. 220.

DeKrt..—Brit. Jung. t. 28 ; Ekart. t. VII, f. 58 ; t. X, f . 79 et. XII, f.

29 [var.)

E'.mc—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 36, 37, 38.



104 Illinois State Ldlxmitorij of Natund History.

19. J. Wallrothiana Nees. Blackish, very mimite;

stems creeping, subsimple or innovate-branching, 1.2 mm.

^ long, strongly radiculose ; leaves wider than the stem, clasping,

firm, ovate-quadrate, closely imbricate, semivertical, concave,

connivent upwards, emarginate-bidentate, the sinus obtuse in

the lower, acute in the upper leaves, the teeth obtuse, entire;

involucral leaves larger, erect, tridentate, wavy-plicate, connate

at the base; inner involucre oval-cylindric, contracted above,

plicate, the mouth subdentate, pellucid, reddish below. (Gym-
nocolea affinis Dumort. var. B.)

Hab-—On coarse sand, slopes of White Mts., N. H. (Oakei^). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 104; Hep. Europ. p. 66.

fff Leaves bifid or hilohed.

X Involucral leaves cleft or lohed.

20. J. Helleriana Nees. Stems creeping, intricate; leaves

complicate-concave, spreading, subascending, bifid \
—\ their

length, the lobes equal, acute, entire or serrate; involucral

• leaves bi-trifid, spinulose-serrate ; inner involucre ovate, the

mouth contracted. (Diplophyllum Hellerianum Dumort.^

Hah.—On rotten wood; Can., N. Y., N. Eng.; rare. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 120 ; Hep. Europ. p. 50.

DeKn.—Ekart t. XII, f. 103.

Exsic—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 44.

21. J. minuta Crantz. Stems rootless; leaves compli-

cate-concave, spreading, bifid ^—| their length, the lobes some-
what equal, ovate, acute or obtuse, entire or the gemmiferous
somewhat dentate; involucral leaves trifid; inner involucre

oval-oblong or subcylindric. (Diplophyllum minutum Dumort.

)

Hah.—On rocks in high mountain regions and northward to Green-
land {Vahl). (Eu.)

5*.—Syn. Hep. p. 120; Hep. Europ. p. 49.

DeZrn.—Brit. Jung. t. 44: Ekart, t. I, f. 3.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 45.

22. J. polita Nees. Stems subsimple, flexuous, blackish,

ascending; leaves shining, vertical, broadly clasping, flexuous

spreading, broadly cuneate-quadrate, 2-3-lobed, the margin ob-

tusely undulate-plicate; involucral leaves 2, very broad and



Hfijiatirce of No)iJt America. 105

short, strouglj cristate-undulate, obtusely many-lobed; inner

involucre terminal, elongate subcylindric, naked, the apex sub-

plicate, the raoutli minutely ciliate. (Diplo'pliijUKni jxtJIfiiiii

Duniort.

)

Hah.—In a peat bog near Closter, X. J. (Austin). (Eu.)

Bib.- Hyn. Hep. p. 122; Hep. Europ. p. 50; Pro. Phil. Acad. 1869,

p. 220.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 46.

23. J. inflata Huds. Stems procumbent or ascending,

loosely radiculose, branching: leaves semivertical, elliptic-sul)-

rotund, unequal-sided, unequally bilobed, the sinus and l()l)es

obtuse; involucral leaves like those of the stem; inner involu-

cre terminal, at length dorsal, longer than the outer, oval or

pyriform, smooth, the mouth connivent; capsule oblong.

(Gyrmiocolea inflata Duniort.

)

Hab.—On sterile ground and on rocks, N. J. (yIhs^j/;) and in high

mountains northward to Greenland ( Vahl). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 105 ; Hep. Europ. p. 65.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 38 ; Ekart, t. Ill, f. 23.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 34.

24. J. Sullivantise Aust. Stems closely creeping, flexu-

ous, casspitose; leaves subovate, little wider than the stem,

whitish, erect-spreading or somewhat horizontal, somewhat

concave or plane, much narrowed at the base, bifid \—| their

length, the sinus obtuse, the lacinias very acute, divergent or

connivent; involucral leaves 3, larger, erect, 2-3-cleft, one of

them narrower, amphigastroid ; inner involucre terminal on a

short ventral branch, obovate-oblong, strongly plicate, at first

triquetrous, at length terete, the mouth deeply about 10-cleft

with the same number of folds; the laciniae subconnivent, ser-

rate or subentire.

Hah.—On rotten wood, 0. {SuUivant), 111. (Hall).

Bib.—Torrej Bull. Ill, 12.

IX InvoJumd leaves tnerehj toothed.

25. J. excisa Dicks. Stems subsimple, short, closely

creeping, somewhat rigid; leaves semivertical, erect-spreading,

subrotund, pellucid, inflexed at the base anteriorly, the sinus

deep, ol)tuse, the excised laciniae straight, acute; involucral



106 Illinois State Lahorafonj of Natural History.

leaves erect, quadrate, usually 4-5-tootlied; inner involucre

erect, oblong, pale with a rosy band and spots, plicate above
^

the mouth truncate, irregularly denticulate.

Var. crispa Hook. Leaves quadrate-subrotund, closely

imbricate, deeply and obtusely emarginate-bi-trifid; involucral

leaves 3-4-cleft, subserrate, connate at base. (J. intermedia

Lindenb.

)

Hah.—Sterile ground in open woods ; common. (Eu.) The var. in

rock crevices near the Passaic, Hudson and Delaware Rivers {Austin).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 112, 117; Hep. Europ. p. 76, 78.

Delia.—Brit. Jung. t. 9; et Suppl. t. 2 var.; Ekart, t. IV, f. 29; et t.

VI et XII, f. 46.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 40, 41.

26. J. incisa Schrad. Stems thick^ closely creeping or

ascending, radiculose; leaves densely crowded, somewhat quad-

rate, complicate, semivertical, 2-6-cleft, the laciniae unequal,

acute, more or less spinulose-dentate; involucral leaves similar,

more plicate and dentate, free; inner involucre short, oval or

obovate, the mouth plicate, denticulate.

Hab.—On rotten wood in mountainous regions and northward.

(Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 118; Hep. Europ. p. 80.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 10 ; Ekart, t. IV, f. 59, et t. X, f. 77.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 42.

27. J. Michauxii Web. Stems ascending, flexuous by

repeated innovations from beneath the summit; leaves subver-

tical, crowded, erect-spreading, somewhat saccate at the base,

subquadrate, bifid, the sinus narrow, the lobes acute not curved;

involucral leaves similar to those of the stem, the outer serru-

late, the inner smaller; inner involucre oval-subclavate, obtuse,

plicate at the apex, the mouth fringed.

Hab.—On fallen trunks, etc. Mts. of N. Y. and N. Eng.; common.
(Eu.)

Bib. -Syn. Hep. p. 119 ; Hep. Europ. p. 81.

Exsic.—Muse. Alleghan. No. 236; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 43.

28. J. Dicksoni Hook. Stems prostrate, copiously root-

ing beneath, somewhat sioiple, the apex ascending; leaves

spreading from a somewhat erect base^ somewhat involute



Hepaticw of Xovili Autcriai. 107

when dry, pale brown or becoming whitish, deeply 2-lobed, the

lower lobe obliquely ovate or ovate-lanceolate or falcate, mostly

acute, subrepand or subserrate and somewhat margined on the

ventral side toward the base; the upper lobe a half smaller,

lanceolate, acute; cells rather large, roundish, nearly uniform;

inner involucre ovate, the mouth plicate-laciniate. (DlplopJnjI-

Ihih Dickson/ Dumort.)
i/«6.—Mendocino City, Cal. (Bolander). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 77 ; Hep. Enrop. p. 49.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 48 ; Ekart, t. IX, f. 68.

29. J. rubra Gottsche MS.,

30. J. Danicola Gottsche MS., and

81. J. Bolanderi Gottsche MS. are unpublished species

from California.

XXIX. SOAPANIA Dumort.

Monoecious or dioecious. Inner involucre terminal, com-

pressed parallel to the plane of the stem, the apex usually de-

curved and the mouth truncate entire or ciliate. Involucral

leaves 2, larger and usually more denticulate than those of the

stem. Calyptra membranous. Capsule oval. Elaters long,

inserted in the middle of the valves, bispiral, deciduous. An-

theridia 3-20, in the axils of small saccate leaves which are

scarcely imbricate or crowded into terminal heads. Leaves

complicate-2-lobed, the dorsal lobe usually smaller. Aniphi-

gastria wanting. (

M

artinellia B. Gr, in part.) Name from

Gr. slripanio)!^ a hoe or shovel, from the shape of the inner

involucre.
* Lohes of leaves suhequal.

1. S. subalpina Nees. Leaves denticulate outwardly,

equidistant, imbricate, bifid almost to the middle, the lobes sub-

rotund, obtuse; inner involucre very much longer than the

outer, obovate from a narrow base, compressed, truncate, den-

ticulate.

//irtfe.—Mts. of X. Eng. [Oakes, Austin) ; near L. Superior (Gilhnan)

;

rare. (Eu.)

5<6.—Syn. Hep. p. 64, 661 ; Hep. Enrop. p. 30.

DeZi;i.—Ekart, t. XI, f. 91.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 15b.



108 Illinois State Lahoratorij of Natural History,

2. S. glaucocephala Aust. Stems small, caespitose

somewhat simple, creeping or ascending, producing numerous

suckers; leaves entire, obtusely complicate-bilobed, the lobes

broadly ovate, mostly obtuse and apiculate; involucral leaves

uniform, some of them somewhat denticulate; inner involucre

small, subcuneate, strongly compressed, the mouth truncate,

entire, often somewhat recurved. (S. Peckii Aust., Junger-

mania (jlaucocephaJa Tayl.)

Hob.—On rotten wood, Canada [Macoun), N. Y. {Peck), N. Eng.

{Austin).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 684 (sub Jungermania) ; Pro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p.

218 ; Torrey Bull. VI, 85.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 20.

** Ventral lobes about double the size of the dorsal (except in

upper leaves of No. 8).

f Margins of leaves subentire.

3. S. albicans Mitt. var. taxifolia. Stems ascending,

almost rootless; leaves closely complicate-bifid, subdenticulate,

either wholly evittate or with only a rudimentary vitta near

the base, the lobes obtuse or somewhat acute, the ventral ob-

long-acinaciform, the dorsal subovate; inner involucre ovate-

plicate. {Jimgermania albicans L. var. taxifolia., Diplophyllum

taxifoliuin Dumort. A smaller form is /. obtusifolia Sulliv.

Muse. AUeghan. No. 230, not of Hook.)
Hab.—Under rocks in mountain ravines, the smaller form also on

the ground. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep p. 76 (sub Jungermania) ; Hep. Europ. p. 49 (sub

Diplophylhim)

.

^.mc—Muse. Alleghan. No. 229, 230 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 22, 23.

4. S. compacta Dumort. var. irrigua. Stems creep-

ing; leaves repand, somewhat rigid, deeply unequally bilobed,

the lobes rounded, submucronate, the ventral appressed, the

dorsal half as large, convex, with incurved apex; involucral

leaves bifid, the lobes subequal, denticulate; inner involucre

ovate, subcompressed-angular, the mouth denticulate. {Jun-

germania irrigua Nees, S. irrigua Dumort.)

Hab.—In wet places, Mts. of N. Eng. {Oakes), Catskill Mts. {Austin),

Canada {Macoun), near Tom's R., N. J. {Austin). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 67 ; Hep. Europ. p. 37.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 15c.

ff Margins of leaves serrate-dentate.



Hejiuticw of North , 1 nicr'iai. 109

5. S. Oakesii Aust. Leaves obovate, soraewhat spread-

ing, often deflexed, convex, closely complicate-bilobed, the lobes

obtuse, serrate-dentate, the upper twice as large, coarsely den-

tate on the margin and the carina with deep purple spur-like

teeth, the dorsal lobe subrotund, less dentate; inner involucre

compressed, the mouth truncate, usually dentate.

Hah.—"White Mts., N. H. {Oakes, Austin), Observatory Inlet {Douglaa).

Bib.—Torrey Bull. Ill, p. 10.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 14.

fff Margi)is of leaves ciliate-dentate.

6. S. nemorosa Nees. Stems ascending, crowded; leaves

unequally complicate-bilobed^ the lobes convex, obtuse, ciliate-

dentate, the ventral obovate, oblique, twice as large as the dor-

sal; texture rather fine; inner involucre ciliate at the mouth,

{Junkermania nemorosa L.)

JFab.—On rocks and on the ground in swamps, etc.; common, very

variable. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 68; Hep. p:urop. p. 38.

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 21 (excl. f. 1, 8, 17-19) ; Ekart, t. II, f. 10.

Exsic—Uusc. Alleghan. No. 224, 225, 226; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. IG,

17, 18.

7. S. Bolanderi Aust. Stems somewhat dichotomous,

caespitose, ascending; leaves acutely complicate, coarsely ciliate-

dentate, the ventral lobe strongly convex, obliquely obovate-

oblong, round-obtuse, decurved-spreading, the dorsal a half

shorter, not narrower, less convex, orbicular or broadly ovate,

erect-subvertical or somewhat appressed, the apex somewhat
acute, more coarsely dentate, slightly incurved, the outer mar-

gin produced at the base into long deflexed often compound
cilia; inner involucre compressed, oblong, the mouth subciliate.

{S. Californica Gottsche in Bolander's Cat.)

Hah.—Redwood trees, Cal. (Bolander), Oregon and Br. Col. {Scouhr),

Vancouver's Island (Douglas).

Bih.—Fro. Phil. Acad. 1869, p. 218 ; Torrey Bull. VI, 85.

E.vsic.-liep. Bor.-Amer. No. 19.

8. S. undulata Nees and Mont. Stems erect, subdichot-

onious; leaves lax, spreading, entire or ciliate-denticulate, the

lobes round-trapezoidal, the dorsal half as large except at the



110 lUinols State Lahoratonj of Natural History.

summit of the stem where they are equal; texture thin, flaccid;

inner invohicre twice the length of the outer, {Jungermania

imduJata L.)

Var. purpurea Nees. Stems elongate, rather more lax;

leaves rose-colored or purplish, flaccid.

Hah.—In woods, damp meadows and rills, Eastern U. S. and Cal.

{Bolander). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 65 ; Hep. Europ. p. 37.

Delin.—Bni. Jung. t. 22; Ekart, t, II, f. 14.

£a;sic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 12, 13.

*** Ventral lobe 3-4 times the size of the dorsal,

f Margins entire.

9. S. exsecta Aust. Stems ascending; leaves somewhat

complicate, entire, the dorsal lobe small, tooth-like, the ventral

ovate, acute or bidentate, concave; involucral leaves 3-5-cleft;

inner involucre oblong, obtuse, plicate. (Jungermania exsecta

Schmid.

)

Hah.—On high mountains far northward ; rare. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn Hep. p. 77 (sub. Jungermania) ; Hep. Europ. p. 73 (sub

Jungermania).

Belin.—Erii. Jung. t. 14 ; Ekart, t. V. f. 37, et t. XI.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 21.

10. S. uliginosa Nees. Stems frequently floating, erect

when terrestrial; leaves entire, somewhat rigid, deeply and un-

equally bilobed, the lobes rotund, the ventral convex, spread-

ing, about four times as large as the dorsal, the dorsal lobe

reniform, arched, incumbent; involucral leaves uniform with

those of the stem, the lobes entire; inner in^^olucre larger than

the outer. (Jungeimania uliginosa Swz.)

Hah.—Col. {Botanists of Wheelcr^s Sur.), Greenland {Syn. Hepat.)

(Eu.)

Bib —Syn. Hep. p. 67 ; Hep. Europ. p. 39.

ff Margins serrate or dentate.

11. S. breviflora Tayl. Stems ascending; leaves den-

tate, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes triangular, the dorsal springing

from the plane of the ventral near its dorsal margin, the vent-

ral about four times as large; inner involucre as long as the



Hepatico} of North Aiiio-iai. Ill

outer, obconic, plicate, compressed, shortly 4-lacmiate and den-

tate at its mouth, its narrow base surrounded by lanceolate ser-

rate scales.

Hab.—Near Philadelphia, Pa. {Dr. Watson).

Bib—Syn. Hep. p. 661.

12. S. umbrosa Nees. Stems somewhat erect, branch-

ing; leaves unequally conduplicate-bilobed, the lobes ovate,

acute, serrate, the ventral three times as large as the imljricate

dorsal lobes; inner involuci'e naked at the mouth. {JiDiyer-

mania innbrosa Schrad.)

Hab—White Mts,, N. H.; rare. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 69 ; Hep. P]urop. p. 38.

Delin—Brit Jung. t. 24 et Suppl. t. 3 ; Ekart, t. II, f. 12.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 15.

XXX. PLAGIOCHILA Dumoet.

Fructification terminal or lateral. Inner involucre com-
pressed at right angles to the plane of the stem, the mouth
truncate, entire or ciliate-toothed. Involucral leaves 2, larger

than those of the stem. Calyptra membranous. Capsule oval.

Elaters inserted in the middle of the valves, long, bispiral, de-

ciduous. Antheridia covered by small ventricose imbricate

leaves. Leaves with the dorsal margin decurrent and deflexed,

often turned to one side. Name from Gr. plagios., sideways,

and cheilos, a lip, from the shape of the inner involucre.

* Ventral inargins of the leaves decurrent and forniin;/ tiro par-

allel crestlike lines on under side of stem.

1. P. Ludoviciana Sulliv. Main branches ascending,

flexuous, sparingly ramulose; leaves patent-divergent, semiovate,

2-3-deutate at the apex, the dorsal margins reflexed, entire, the

ventral spinulose-dentate; amphigastria deeply 2-3-cleft, the

segments ciliate-dentate.

Hab.—On the bark of trees, La. and Ala. {SuUivant).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 660; Amer. .lour. Sci. and Arts, 1846, p. 73.

Exsic.—Muse Allegnan. No. 223; Hep. Bor -Amer. No. 11.



112 Jllliio/s Sfdfc LdJxtrdforij of Natiiriil Uisforij.

2. P. undata Sulliv. Like No. 1 but more rigid, with

simple branches; leaves horizontal, triangular-ovate, obtuse,

emarginate, or sparingly dentate at the apex, the dorsal mar-

gins reflexed and entire, the ventral repand-undulate; amphi-

gastria 2-clef t, the segments dentate.

Hah.—Shaded banks of rivers and wet rocks, Ga. {Suldvant, Les-

quereux).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 659 ; Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1846, p. 73.

Exsic.—Musc. Alleghan. No. 222 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 10.

** Under side of stems tvithoiit crestlike lines,

f Amphigastria 2-3-cleft.i fugacious.

3. P. porelloides Lindenb. Stems divided, the branches

ascending; leaves somewhat imbricate, convex-gibbous, obovate-

rotund, those near the summit of the stem repand-denticulate,

the others entire, the dorsal margin reflexed; inner involucre

terminal, oblong-ovate, the mouth compressed, denticulate.

(Jungermania viticiilosa Schwein.) A variety is P. nodosa,

Tayl.

Hah.—Among mosses in swamps and rivers ; common. The var. in

mountain ravines, Canada, N. Eng , N. J. [Austiii).

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 48, 645.

Exsic.—Muse. Alleghan. No. 220 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 7, 7b.

4. P. interrupta Dumort. Stems prostrate, copiously

rooting, branched, the branches horizontal; leaves imbricate,

oval, horizontal, entire or slightly repand; amphigastria lance-

olate, 2-3-cleft; inner involucre terminal, broadly obconic, the

mouth compressed, repand-crenulate. (P. macrostoma Sulliv.,

Jungermania interrupta Nees.)

Hob.—On moist banks and decayed logs; 0. (Sullivant), N. Eng.

(Oate), Greenland (Vahl). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 48, 659; Hep. Europ. p. 44; Sulliv. Mosses U. S.

p. 96 ; Torrey Bull. VI, 85.

DeHn.—Sulliv. Mosses U. S. t. VIII.

Exsic—Muse. Alleghan No. 221 ; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 6.

ff Amphigastria vanting.

I



Hepaticce of North America. ] 13

5. P. spinulosa Nees and Mont. Stems creeping, the

branches ascending; leaves remote, obliquely spreading, obo-

vate-cuneate, the dorsal margin reflexed, entire, the ventral and

apex spinulose-toothed; inner involucre subrotund, at length

oblong, the mouth spinulose. (Jungermauia spitudosa Dicks.)

Hah.—fihaded rocks in mountain regions ; rare. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 25 ; Hep. Europ. p. 44.

Delin.—Brit Jung. t. 14 ; Ekart, t. II, f. 10.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. K^o. 9.

G. P. asplenoides Nees and Mont. Stems creeping,

branched; leaves somewhat imbricate, obliquely spreading, obo-

vate-rotund, entire or denticulate, the dorsal margin reflexed;

inner involucre much exceeding the outer, terminal, oblong,

dilated and compressed at the apex, the mouth truncate, ciliate.

(Jnn(/('r)n(in/a asplenoides L.)

Hah.—In rocky rivulets ; common. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 49 ; Hep. Europ. p. 43.

Delin.—Bv\t. Jung. t. 13 ; Ekart, t. I, f. 4.

Exdc.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 8.

XXXI. NARDIA B. Gr.

Fructification terminal, inner involucre 6-toothed, included

in the outer and connate Avith it excepting the teeth. Involu-

cral leaves united nearly to the top into an obloiig tul)e. Cap-

sule globose, 4-valved or sometimes opening irregularly, pedi-

celled. Elaters bispiral. Antheridia in the saccate base of

leaves on the back of the stem. Leaves 2-lobed or emarginate.

Amphigastria rarely present. Stems often sending out liagella

from their base. (Sarcoscyphus Corda, Alicularia Corda.)

* Amp]iiiIastria wanting,

f Leaves imbricate., at least the upper.

X Areolation of leaves very large.

1. N. Bolanderi Aust. Small, densely caespitose, vary-

ing from dark larid green to blackish; stems entangled with

numerous rootlets, creeping, the apex ascending, clavate; lower

leaves distant, scarcely broader than the stem, subvertical,

spreading, the upper imbricate, much larger, erect-spreading,

9



114 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

all roimd-ovate, obscurely margined, emarginate-bilobed at the

apex ;|

—

\ their length, the sinus acute or somewhat obtuse,

the lobes strongly obtuse. (Sarcoscyphus Bolanderi Aust.)

Hah.—P^xposed rocks, Mts, of Cal. (Bolander).

Bib.—Torrej Bull. Ill, 9.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 4b.

XX Areolation moderate.

2. N. adusta Aust. Stems very short, creeping at their

base; branches ascending, subclavate, terete, straight; leaves

ovate, closely imbricate, bifid at the apex, the margins pellucid

punctate. (Gymnomitrium adustum Nees, Acolea hrevissima

Duniort., Sarcoscyphus adnstus Aust.)

Hah.—Alpine regions of White Mts., N. H. {Oakes, Austin). (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 3 (sub Gymnomitrium) ; Hep. Europ. p. 123 (sub

Acolea).

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 4.

3. N. emarginata B. Gr. (?) Stems somewhat erect,

mostly dichotomous; leaves erect, approximate, embracing the

stem by their broad base, somewhat quadrate; lobes obtuse, the

foliage dark green or brownish purple. {Jungennania emar-

ginata Ehrh., Marsapella emarginata Dumort., Sarcoscyphus

Ehrhartii Corda, S. emarginatus Boul.)

i'f Leaves distant.

Var. aquatica (Nees). Stems elongate somewhat float-

ing; leaves spreading, more scattered.

Hab.—On wet rocks chiefly in high mountain rivulets, N. Y., N.

Eng. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 6 (sub Sarcoscyphus Ehrhartii) ; Hep. Europ. p. 126

(sub MarsupeUa).

Delin.—Brit. Jung. t. 27 ; Ekart, t. VII, f. 56.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 2, 3.

4. N. sphacelata B. Gr. (?) Stems erect, somewhat
branched; leaves obovate-rotund, narrower at the base, embrac-

ing the stem, the apical sinus somewhat obtuse, the laciniae

rounded, sphacelate at the apex. (Jungermania sphacelata

Gieseke, Sarcoscyphus sphacelatus Nees, Marsupella sphacelata

Dumort.)



Heimticw of North America. 115

Hah.—Wet rocks, Mts. of N. Eng. to N. J. and soutlnvard ; also

Greenland. (Eu.)

Bib.—Syn. Hep. p. 7 ; Hep. Europ. p. 127 (sub Marmpella).

Delin.—Ekait, t. XI, I 91.

Exsic—'Muse. AUeghan. No. 216; Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 3b.

** Ampltiijastria trianf/ular-subulate.

5. N. Lescurii (Aust.) Stems prostrate, copiously ra-

diciilose beneath as well as the usually emarginate-bilobed

leaves; areolation lax; aniphigastria entire or the uppermost

subdentate. (Ah'cularia Leacurii Aust.)

Hah.—Wet rocks, Tallulah Falls, Ga. (Lesquereux, 1850).

^i6.—Torrey Bull. VI, IS.

Exsic.—Hep. Bor.-Amer. No. 5.

XXXII. CESIA B. Gr.

Involucral leaves numerous, imbricate. Inner involucre

wanting. Calyptra immersed in the involucral leaves. Cap-

sule quadrivalved, coriaceous. Elaters bispiral, deciduous.

Leaves closely imbricate. Aniphigastria wanting. (Acolea

Dumort.)

1. C. concinnata B. Gr. Stems intricately branching,

thickened at the apex; leaves closely imbricate, ovate, the apex

bifid. Avith a narrow scarious margin. (Jinigerinanla roncin-

>i<tf(( Lightf., (ri/ninoi)iitriinn coticinnatmn Corda, Acolea coticui-

nata Dumort.)

Ifa6.—Alpine regions of White Mts., N. H. (Oakes). (Eu.)

Bib.—^ya. Hep. p. 3 (sub Gipnnomitrium) ; Hep. Europ. p. 122 (sub

Acolea).

Deliri.—Brit. Jung. t. 3 ; Ekart, t. VIII, f. (J3.

E.csic.—Hop. Bor.-Amer. No. 1.



APPENDIX A.

The geographic distribution of the American Hepaticse

may be represented as follows. It must be remembered that

the table is made from incomplete data, and will be necessarily

changed as further knowledge of our species is received.

Species common to America and Europe are italicized.

Those followed by the letter L. have been found in only a very

limited territory. Those marked with a (*) are reported from

Illinois.

I. Boreal.

Fimhriaria pilosa.

Fossombronia Macouni.

Frullania Oakesiana.

*F. aeolotis.

F. Hutchinsice.

Bazzania deflexa.

Chiloscyphus palhscens.

Odontoschisma Macouni.

Cephalozia Macouni.

C. pleniceps.

*ColeocJnIa TaijJori?

Jungermania alpestrls.

J. cord/folia.

J. Gillmani.

J. Ilornschuchiana.

J. incisa.

J. inflata.

J. MicJiauxii.

J. Wattiana.

J. minuta.

J, setiforinis.

J. sphivrocarpa.

J. ventricosa.

J. WaUrothiana.

Scapania albicans^ var. taxi-

folia.

S. compacta.^ var. irrigiia.

S. exsecta.

S. Oakesii.

S. glaucocephala.

S. suhalpina.

S. uliginosa.

S. umhrosa.

FlagiocJiUa interrupta.

P. spinuJosa.

Nardia adusta.

N. emarginata.

N. sp)hacelata.

Cesia concinnata. =38.



Hepaticce of North America. 117

II. Medial.

*Riccia Frostii.

R. Watsoni.

R. Beyrichiaiia. L.

R. hifnrca?

R. arvensis. L.

*R. Lescuriaiia.

*R. hitescens.

R. tenuis.

*i?. mdmis.

Preissia hemisphcerica.

*(rriinaJd/a harbifrons.

DuvaHa riipesfris.

^AsterelJa liemisplian-ira.

*Fimbriaria tenella.

Aitonia erythrosperma. L.

*Nototliylas orbicularis.

N. raelanospora.'

*AHeura muUifida.

A. palmata.

*yl. pinguis.

A. pinnatifida. L.

*A. sessilis.

Pellia eplphtjUa.

P. calijcina.

Blasia pusiUa.

Sfeetzia LyelJii.

Metzgeria myriopoda.

M. ro)ijti(jata.

M. pHhescens.

M. hamata.

Fossomhronia mujulosa.

F. cristula. L.

F. pusiUa.

*Frullania Eboracensis.

F. Pennsylvanica.

*F. Grayana.

F. plana.

F. saxicola.

F. tamarisci?

*F. Virginica.

F.frag llifolia . L.

Lejeiinia calyculata.

L. serpyllifolia, var. Ameri-

cana.

L. cucullata.

L. cyclostipa. L.

L. echinafa.

L. polyphylla. L.

L. testudinea. L.

Pliragmicoma clypeata.

Madoth era. p)la ti/jdi ijlla

.

*M. p)oreUa.

M. Sullivanti.

*M. thuja.

*Badida complanata.

R. obconica.

R. tenax,

*BIepharostoma triclioph glla

.

^Blepharozia ciliaris.

Sendtnera jnniperina.

Trichocoka tomeidella .

T. Biddleconiiae. L.

Bazzania trilohata.

Lepidozia reptans.

L. setacea.

*Calgpogeia triehomanis.

Geocalyx graveolens.

*Chiloscyphus ascendens.

C. Drummondii?
C. poJyantlms.

^Lophocolea hidentata.

L. crocata.

L. Hallii.

*L. lieterophylla.



118 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural Historij.

*L. Macouni.

*L. minor.

Pleur.anthe olivacea.

Liochlama lanceolata.

^Harpanthus scutatus.

Odontoschimm denndata.

*Ceplialozia citrvi/oUa.

*C. Sullivanti.

*C. albescens. ?

C. Francisci, \Q.r.fiuitans.

Jungermania barbata.

J. biformis. L.

J. crennlafa.

J. crenuliformis.^L.

J. excisa.

J. fossombronioicles. L.

J. Helleriana.

*J. hyalina.

J. pumila.

J. polita.

*J. Schraderi.

J. Sullivantise.

Scapania breviflora. L.

*S. nemorosa.

Plagioch ila asplennides.

P. porelloides.

III. Austral.

Riccia albicla.

R. Donnellii.

Thallocarpus Curtisii.

Spluerocarpus Michelii.

S. Texanus.

S. Donnellii.

Marchantia disjimcta, L.

Diimortiera hirsuta.

Fimbriaria elegans.

F.fragrans.

Aitonia Wrightii.

Anthoceros Donnellii. L.

A. Mohrii.

*A punctatus.

A. Ravenelii.

A. Olneyi.

Fossombronia Cuban a.

Frnllania brunnea. L.

F. Donnellii.

*F. squarrosa.

F. Kunzei.

F. Sullivantii.

F. Wrightii.

Lejeunia auriculata.

L. Caroliniana. L.

L. longiflora.

L. Jooriana.

L. minutissima.

L. Mohrii.

L. Austini.

L. laete-fusca.

L. Ravenelii.

Phragmicoma xantliocarpa.

Madotlieca involuta.

M. Wataugensis. L.

Radula australis.

R. Caloosiensis.

R. Sullivantii.

B. Xalapetisis. L.

Calypogeia Sullivanti.

OdontoscJdsnia sphagni.

Cephalozia catenula to

.

C. nematodes.

Plagiochila Ludoviciana.

P. undata.

Nardia Lescurii. =46.



Hepaticce of North America. 119

IV. Occidental.

Biccia gJauca.

R. Californica.

R. ciliata.

R. intumescens.

Saiiteria limbata.

Grimaldia Californica.

Cryptomitriuni teneruni.

Fimbriaria Bolanderi.

F. Californica.

F. violacea.

Tarfi'ionia liiipophijlld,

Anthoceros Hallii.

A. cwfspitidus.

A. Oreganus.

A. sulcatus.

A. fusiformis.

A. stomatifer.

Fossombronia longiseta.

Frullania Bolanderi.

F. Hallii.

F. Nisquallensis.

Madotheca Bolanderi.

M. nmncularis.

Radula Hallii.

R. spicata.

Lepidozia Californica.

Jungermania Bolanderi.

J. Mmerl. ?

J. Dicksotii.

J. Danicola.

./. julacea.

J. rubra.

Scapania Bolanderi.

Nardia Bolanderi. - 34.

V. Cosmopolitan.

^Biccia sorocarpa.

B. lamellosa.

B. nigrella.

*B. fiuitans.

B. cnjstaUina.

*3farchanfia polynmrphn.

'^Conoceplialus conicus.

Lunnlaiia cruciafa. Introd,

*Anfhoceros Icevis.

Madotheca rivularis.

^Cephalozia divaricata.

*C. hicHspidata.

*C. midtiff01 -a.

Scapania widulata. = 14,



APPENDIX B.

In order to make more widely known the classification

adopted by Lindberg the following schedule is given

:

Genera Europ^a Hepatioarum.

Obder I, Marchantiace^.

A. ScJiizocarpw.

1. Marchantia.

2. Preissia.

3. Conocephalns,

4. Fimbriaria.

1. Marchantiese.

5. Duvalia.

6. Asterella.

7. Dumortiera.

8. Sauteria.

9. Clevea.

10. Aitonia.

11. Lnniilaria.

2. Targioniese.

12. Targionia.

B. Cleistocarpce.

3. Corsiniese.

13. Corsinia. 14. Tessellina.

4. Ricciese.

15. Riccia.



Hepaticm of North America. 121

Order II. Jvngebmaniace.e.

A. Schizocarpce.

* Anomogam^.

1. Frullaniese.

1. Frullaiiia.

2. Lejeunia.

7. Lepidozia.

8. Bazzania.

9. Odontoschism a.

3. Radula.

4. Porella.

2. Metzgeriese.

0. Metzgeria.

** HOMOGAM^.

f Opisthogamae.

3. Lepidoziese.

10. Cephalozia.

11. Lophocolea.

12. Pedinophyllum

5. Ploiirozia.

13. Ghiloscyplius.

14. Harpanthus.

4. Saccogynese.

15. Kaiitia. 16. Saccogyna.

18. Trichocolea.

19. Blepharozia.

5. Riccardiese.

J. 7. Riccardia.

tt Acrogamae.

20. Mastigophora.

21. Herberta.

22. Anthelia.

23. Blepliarostoma

24. Martinellia.

25. Diplophyllum.

26. Plasriochila.

7. Jungermaniese.

27. Mylia.

28. Southbya.

29. Jungermania.

30. Nardia.

31. Cesia.



122 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

8. Acrobolbeae.

32. Acrobolbus. 33. Calypogeia.

9. Fossombroniese.

34. Scalia. 36. Petalophyllum. 38. Blasia.

35. Fossombronia, 37. Pallavicinia. 39. Pellia.

B. deistocar])(je.

10. Sphaerocarpese.

40. Diiriena. 41. Sphaerocarpus.

11. Thallocarpese.

42. Thallocarpus.

Order III. AnthocerotaceuE.

1. Anthoceroteae.

1. Anthoceros. 2. Notothylas.



APPENDIX C.

For another form of synoptical table, as well as the out-

line of another classification, the following translation from

Hejxdicw Europw^ by Dumortier, is added. It will be seen to

be based entirely on the fructification. All of Duraortier's

genera of foliose Jumifnnaniacea' are given.

Synopsis of Tribes.

Capsule univalve B
Capsule quadrivalve; involucre polyphyllous or want-

ing D

B
Capsule irregularly dehiscing. Tribe I. CoDOKiEiE.

Capsule quadridentate C

Elaters persistent. Tribe. II. Lejeuniace^.

Elaters deciduous. Tribe III. Madothece.^.

Inner involucre erect, free E
Inner involucre erect, adherent to the outer. Tribe XI.

Mesophylle^.

Inner involucre pendulous, affixed by the mouth. Tribe

IX. Saccogyne^.

^ Inner involucre wanting. Tribe X. Acole^.

{ Outer involucre wanting. Tribe VIII. Trichole.^.
E <

/ Outer involucre polyphyllous F

{ Elaters persistent. Tribe VI. Jubule.^.

/ Elaters deciduous G

D



124 Illinois State Loboratory of Natural History.

G4

Inner involucre compressed. Tribe V. Radule^.

Inner involucre terete, dentate. Tribe IV. Junger-

MANIE.^.

Inner involucre terete, fissured. Tribe VII. Chilo-

SCYPHE^.

Tribe I. Codonie^.

Capsule cliartaceous. Fossombronia.

Capsule coriaceous. Codonia.

Tribe II. Lejeuniace^.

Inner involucre depressed at tlie apex^ caudate. Colura.

Inner involucre rotund at the apex, ecaudate. Lejeunia,

Tribe III. Madothece^.

Inner involucre compressed. Madotheca.

Tribe IV. Jubule^.

\ Involucre 2-leaved. Jubula.
a\

I Involucre indefinite B

\ Elaters solitary. Frullania.

i Elaters double. Phragmicoma.

Tribe V. Radule^.

\ Involucre indefinite^ the leaves bilobed B

i Involucre 2-leaved, the leaves simple C

\ Capsule semipellucid, funnel form. Badula.

i Capsule coriaceous, decussate. Scapania.

\ Leaves of involucre foliose. Plagiochila.

^
Leaves of involucre squamiform. Adelanthus.



Hepatkce of North America. 125

Tribe VI. JUXGERMANIE^.

Involucre oligopbyllous A

Involucre polypliyllous F

Leaves of involucre conduplicate. Diplophijllutii.

Involucre 2-leaved, the leaves concave, deeply bilobed,

dissected ciliate. Blepharozia.

B -{ Involucre 2-leaved, the leaves concave, entire. Pleii-

)r)zia.

Leaves of involucre 2-mauy-dentate C

^ Leaves of involucre undivided, entire. Aplozia.

!

Leaves of involucre like those of thenj. (JiiDiiiocoJeii.

Leaves of involucre and of stem dissimilar D

\ Mouth of inner involucre cristate. LopJioroIea.
D

] . .

/ Mouth of inner involucre dentate E

[
Inner involucre semiconnate with calyptra. Harpan-

E
-j

thus.

[
Calyptra free within the inner involucre. JtnKjerniaitia.

{ Leaves of involucre dissected. CeplmJozia.

F \ Leaves of involucre articulate-ciliate. Bh'p)harostotna.

i Leaves of involucre palmate. Anthelia.

Tribe VII. Chiloscyphe^.

(Inner involucre shorter than the calyptra. (liilosrij-

A \ pltiiH.

1 Inner involucre longer thaji the calyptra B

\ Involucre oligophyllous. CoIeorJiiht.

I
Involucre polyphyllous C

Leaves of involucre squamiforni. Lepidoziu.

Leaves of involucre undivided, serrulate. Pleuroschisma.

j^
Leaves of involucre bilobed. Odontoschisma.



126 Illinois State Lahoratorij of Natural Histonj.

Tribe VIIL Tkichole^.

Inner involucre rough. Tricholea.

Inner involucre smooth. Gymnoscyphus.

Tribe IX. Saccogyne^.

( Capsule spirally twisted B

] Capsule regularly valved C

\ Mouth of inner involucre fissured. Calypogeia.

J Mouth of inner involucre irregular. Cincinnulus.

f Inner involucre terminal, laterally pedunculate. Gym-

C \ nanthe.

I Inner involucre lateral, sessile D

i

Inner involucre not barbed at its insertion. Saccoyyna.

Inner involucre barbed at its insertion. Geocalyx.

Tribe X. AcoLEJi.

iCalyptra exserted. Mniopsis.

Calyptra included in the involucre B

\ Leaves of involucre free. Acolea.
B

\
i Leaves of involucre connate. Schisina.

Tribe XL Mesophylle^,

\ Involucre imbricate. Mesophylla.

] Involucre in a circle B

Sinner involucre exserted. Southbya.

Inner involucre included C

\ Leaves of involucre opposite. Aliciilaria.

/ Leaves of involucre whorled. Marsupella.



INDEX OF SPECIES.
{Synonyms in Italics.)

Acolea

brevissinia Dumort 114

concinnata Dumort.. 115

AlTONIA 42

erythrosperma (Sulliv. sp.) 43

Wrightii (Sulliv. sp.) 43

Alicularia

Lescurii Aust 115

Androcryphia

longisetu Aust 60

Aneura 54

multifida Dumort 54

pahiiata Nees 54

pinguis Dumort 55

pinnatifida Nees 55

sessilis ISpreng 55

Anlhelia

ju'acea I)amort 98

setiformis Dumort 100

Anthoceros 44

ctespiticius DeNot 46

Cnrolinianus Michx 45

Donnellii Aust 45

fusiformis Aust 47

Hallii Aust 46

Joom Aust 48

laciniatus Schwein 45

L'ovis L 45

Li'scurii Aust 48

ntelanosporus Aust 49

Mohrii Aust 45

Olneyi Aust 48

orbicu'aris Aust 49

Oreganus Aust 46

punotatus L 47

Ravenelii Aust 47

scariosus Aust 47

stomatifer Aust 47

sulcatus Aust 46

tuberosus Tayl 46

Aplozia

cordifolia Dumort 102

crenulata Dumort 101

gracilliina Dumort 101

hyalina Dumort 102

lanceolata Dumort 91

puinila Dumort 103

Schraderi Dumort 98

sphurocarpa Dumort 102

ASTERELLA 37

hemisphperica Beauv 37

Bazzania 82

deflexa B. Gr 83

trilobata B. Gr 83

Blazia 56

pusilla L 56

Blei'harostoma 80

conm'wns Dumort 94

sctacea Dumort 84

trichophylla Dumort 80

Blei'harozia 80

ciliaris Dumort 81

Blyttia

LyeUii Ehrh 57

Calypogeia 85

Sullivanti Aust 85

trichomanis Corda 85

Carpobolus

orbicularis tSchwein 49

Car}jolipn)n

orliculare Nees 49

Cephalozia 93

albescens Dumort 97

bicuspidata Dumort 93

catenulata Lindb 95

connivens Aust 94

curvifolia Dumort 95

divaricata Dumort 94

Francesci Dumort. var.

fluitans Aust 96



128 Illinois State Lahofatori/ of Natural History.

Cephalozia— {continued)

Macouni Aust 95

multiflora Lindb 94

nematodes Gottsche 97

ohtusiloba Lindb 96

pleniceps (Aust. sp.) 94

Sullivanti Aust 96

Cesia 115

concinnata B. Gr 115

ClIILOSCYPHUS 86

ascendens Hook. andWils. 87

Drummondii Tayl 88

Jabiatus Tayl 87

pallescens Dumort 87

polyanthos Corda 87

Cincinulus

trichomanis Dumort 85

COLEOCHILA 97

Taylori Dumort 97

CONOCEPHALUS 38

conicus Dumort 39

vulgaris Bisch 39

Cryptocarpus

Curtisii Aust 30

Ckyptomitrium. 36

tenerum Aust 36

Dilsena

Lyellii Dumort 57

Diplolivna

Lyellii Dumort 57

Diplophylhim

Dicksoni Dumort 107

Hellerianum Dumort 104

rninutum Dumort 104

politium Dumort 105

taxifolium Dumort 108

DUMORTIERA St

hirsuta Nees 38

DUVALIA 35

pedunculata Mont 37

rupestris Nees 36

tenera Gottsche 37

Echinogyna

furcata Dumort 59

Fegatella

conica Corda 39

FlMBHIARIA 39

Bolanderi Aust 40

Californica Hampe , 41

elegans Spreng 39

fragrans Nees 40

gracilis Lindb 42

mollis Tayl 41

nigripes Bisch 41

Palmeri Aust 42

pilosaTayl 42

tenella Nees 41

violacea Aust 41

FOSSOMBRONIA 59

angulosa Raddi 60

cristula Aust 60

Cubana Aust 60

longiseta Aust 60

Macouni Aust 61

pusilla Nees 59

Texana Lindb 60

Frullania 61

peolotis Nees 65

Asagrayana Mont 66

Bolanderi Aust 63

brunnea Spreng 68

Caroliniana Sulliv 68

Donnellii Aust 67

Drummondii Tayl 68

Eboracensis Gottsche 61

fragilifolia Tayl 67

Grayana Mont 66

Hallii Aust 63

Hutchinsije Nees 65

Kunzei Lehm. and

Lindenb. 68

iR'viscypha Tayl 61

microscypha T&y\ 61

nana Tayl 61

Nisquallensis Sulliv 66

Nisguallensis Aust 67

Oakesiana Aust 62

obcordata Lehm. and
Lindenb. 68

parasitica Mont 68

Pennsylvanica Stephani... 63

Fetalumenm Gottsche 63



Index of Speceis. 129

Frullania [continued)

plana Sulliv (54

polysticta Mont 67

riparia Hampe MS 65

saxatilis Lindenb 61

saxicola Aust 62

squarrosa Xees 64

SuUiva niui' Anst 67

Sullivanti Aust 62

tamarisci Xees 66

tamansci Bol. Cat 67

unciflora Bol. Cat 67

Yirginica Gottscbe 65

AVrightii Aust 65

Geocai.yx 86

graveolens Xees 86

(JKIMALDIA 35

barbifrons Bisch 35

Californica Gottscbe MS... 35

fragrans Corda 35

rupesti-is 'Lindenh 36

sesdlis SulUv 35

Gijmnocolea

q^'m'.s Dumort. var. B 104

inflata Dumort 105

Gyinnonntninn

adustum Nees 114

concinnaium Corda 115

Hakpaxthus !»2

soutatus Spruce 92

Jnbida

Hittchinsiic Nees 65

Jlngermaxia 98

albescens Hooli 97

albicans L- var. taxifolia 108

alpestris Schleich 103

asplenoideti Li 113

attenuata Lindenb 100

Bautriensis var. Mulleri

Lindb. 99

barbata Scbreb 100

bicusjndata L 93

bidentata L 88

biformis Aust 102

bipinnata Schy^ein 54

Blasia Hook 56

10

Jungermania— (continued)

Bolanderi Gottscbe^ MS ... 107

hysaacea Roth 94

calycina Tayl 56

catenulata Hubn 95

ciliaris Li 81

ciliifera Scbwein 58

clypeata Scbwein 73

complanaia L 78

concinnata Ligbtf 115

connivens Dicks 94

cordifolia Hook 102

crenulata Smith 101

crenuliformis Aust 101

crocata DeNot 90

curvifalia Dicks 95

Danicola Gottscbe MS 107

defle.m Mart 83

Dicksoni Hook 106

distans Scbwein 76

divaricita Engl. Bot 94

divaricnta Sulliv 96
cmarginata Ebrb 114

epiphylla L 56

excisa Dicks 105

rxsecta Scbmid 110

fossombronioides Aust 101

Gillmani Aust 99

rjkmcocephala Tayl 108

f]ra rcolens Scbrad 86

Iwmatlfolia var. ecldnata

Hook. 72

Helleriaua Nees 104

heterophylla Scbrad 89

Hornscbucbiana Nees 99

Hntcliinsiiv Hook 65

byalina Lyell 102

incisa Scbrad 106

inflata Huds 105

inflata xar.fluitans'Sees 96

intermedia Lindenb 106

interrupta Nees 112

irrigua Nees 108

julacea L 98

lanceolata L 91

Lyellii Hook 57



130 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Jungerinania— {continued)

Macouni Aust 96

Michauxii Web 106

minuta Crantz 104

winutissima Sm 72

Mulleri Nees 99

mult'fida L 54

navicularis Lehm 76

nemorosa L 109

ohlonga Schwein 57

obtusifoUa Sulliv 108

pallescens Ehrh 87

palmata Hedw 54

pinguis L 55

platyphylla L 75

platyphylloidea Schwein 75

pleniceps Aust 95

polita Nees 104

polyanthosJj 87

porella Dicks 76

porphyroleuca Nees 103

pubescens Schrank 58

pumila With 103

pusilla L 59

reptans li 84

rubra Gottsche MS 107

Schraderi Mart 98

scutata Web 93

setacea Web 84

setiformis Ehrh 100

sinnata Schwein 57

sphacelata (lies 114

sphajrouarpa Hook 102

sphagni Dicks 91

spinidosa Dicks 113

squarrosa Nees 64

Sullivan tife Aust 105

Sullivantii Aust 96

tamarisci'L 66

Tayloriiiook 97

thuja Dicks 75

tomentella Ehrh 82

transversalis Schwein 74

trichomanis Dicks 85

trichophylla h 80

tridenticidnta Michx 83

Jungermania— {continued)

trilobatalu 83

tuberculosa Jj. and Jj 64

idiginosa Swz 110

umbrosa Schrad Ill

undidata L 110

ventricosa Dicks 103

vitictdosa Schwein 112

Wallrothiana Nees 104

Wattiana Aust 99

Lejeunia 68

auriculata Hook, and Wils. 69

Austin! Lindb 71

biseriata Aust 73

calcarea Libert 72

calyculata Tayl 69

Caroliniana Aust 71

catemdata Nees 74

cavifolia Aust 71

cucullata Nees 71

cyclostipa Tayl 69

Dorotheic Lehm 73

echinata Tayl. MS 72

Jooriana Aust 73

leete-fusca Aust 72

longiflora Tayl 70

lucens Tay] 71

minutissima Dumort 72

Mohrii Aust ; 70

platyphylla Corda 75

polyphylla Tayl 69

Ravenelii Aust 72

Serpylliiolia Sulliv 71

Serpyllifolia Libert, var.

Americana Lindb. 70

Sullivantiie Aust 71

testudinea Tayl 70

ulicina Tayl 72

Lepidozia 83

Californica Aust 84

reptans Dumort 84

setacea Mitt 84

Leptoscyphus

Taylori Mitt 97

LlOCHLiENA 91

lanceolata Nees 91



Index of Species. 131

LOPHOCOLEA 88

bidentata Dumort 8S

crocata Nees 90

Hallii Aust 90

heterophylla Nees 89

Macouni Aust 89

minor Nees 89

LUNULARIA 43

cruciata Dumort 43

vulgaris M.ic\\ 43

Madotiieca 74

Bolanderi Aust 77

Californica Hampe 76

Cordiranii Dumort 7G

involuta Hampe 75

navicularis Nees 76

platyphylla Dumort 75

plalyphi/Uoidea Dumort 75

porella Nees 76

rivularis Nees 74

Sullivanti Aust 75

thuja Dumort 75

Wataugensis Sulliv 76

Marchantia 32

commutata Lindenb 34

conica L 39

cruciatalj 43

disjuncta Sulliv 33

fragram Schleich 40

grucilh Web. f 42

hoiiisphurica L 34

hirmta Swz 38

pilosd Wahl 42

polymorpha L 33

teneru Hook 37

Marsupella

emarginata Dumort 114

sphaceldta Dumort 114

Mastigobryum

ambiguum Lindenb 83

dejtexum Nees 83

denudatum (Torr. M8.) 83

tridenticulaium Lindenb.... 83

trilobatura Nees 83

Mastigophom

CalifornUa Aust 84

Metzgeria 57

conjugata Lindb 59

furcata Sulliv 58

furcata Dumort 59

hamata Lindb 58

myriopoda Lindb 58

pubescens Raddi 57

Naudia 113

adusta Aust 114

Bolanderi Aust 113

emarginata B. Gr 114

Lescurii (Aust. sp.) 115

sphacelata B. Gr 114

Nototiiylas 48

melanospora Sulliv 49

orbicularis Sulliv 48

vaJvaiafiuWiv 49

Odontosciiisma 91

denudata Dumort 92

IIubeneria7ia Rahenh 92

Macouni (Aust. sp.) 92

scutata Aust 93

sphagni Dumort 91

Pellia 55

calycina Nees 56

epiphylla Nees 56

PlIRAGMICOMA 73

clypeata Sulliv 73

xanthocarpa Lehm. and
Lindenb. 74

Plagiochasrna

erythrosperma SnWiv 43

Wrightii Sulliv 43

Plagiochila 11]

asplenoides Nees and

Mont. 113

interrupta Dumort 112

Ludoviciana Sulliv Ill

macrostoma Sulliv 112

nodosa Tayl 112

porelloides Lindenb 112

spinulosa Nees and Mont. 113

undata Sulliv 112

Pleuranthe 90

olivacea Tayl 90



132 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Pleuroscliisma

deflc rum Duinort 83

r^7)/an.s' Dumort 84

trilobahim Dumort 83

Porella

pinnata Schwfegr 76

Preissia 33

commutata Nees 34

hemisphferica Cogii 34

Ptilidium

ciliare Nees 81

Radula 77

australis Aust 78

Caloosiensis Aust 78

complanata Dumort 78

Hallii Aust 79

obconica Sulliv 80

pallens Sulliv., Aust 78

spicata Aust 79

Sullivanti Aust 79

tenax Lindb 77

Xalapensis Mont 79

Rehoulia

hemisphxrica Raddi 37

microcephala Tayl 37

RicciA 21

albida Sulliv 23

arvensis Aust 25

Beyrichiana Hampe MS... 23

bifurcaHoffm 23

Californica Aust. MS 26

canaliculata Hoffm 28

ciliata Hoflfm 26

crystallinaL 27

C'urtisii in Herb. James ... 30

Donnellii Aust 27

fluitansL 28

Frostii Aust 22

glaucaL 23

intumescens Bisch 26

lamellosa Raddi 24

Lescuriana Aust 25

lutescens Schwein 27

natans L 29

nigrellaD.C 24

nodosa Bouch 28

Riccia— (continued)

planaTayl 27

sorocarpa Bisch 24

Sullivanti Aust 29

tenuis Aust 28

tumida Lindenb 26

velutina Hook 27

Watsoni Aust 22

Ricciella

fluitans A. Br 28

Ricciocarpus

««tons Corda 29

Sarcoscyphus

adustus Aust 114

Bolanderi Aust 114

Ehrhartii Corda 114

emarginatus Boul 114

sphacelatus Nees 114

Sauteria 34

limbata Aust 34

Scapania 107

albicans Mitt.var. taxifolia 108

Bolanderi Aust 109

breviflora Tayl 110

Californica Gottsche 109

compacta Dumort. var.

irrigua 108

glaucocephala Aust 108

exsecta Aust 110

irrigua Dumort 108

nemorosa Nees 109

Oakesii Aust 109

Peckii Aust 108

subalpina Nees 107

ulignosaNees 110

umbrosa Nees Ill

undulata Nees and Mont.. 109

Sendtnera 81

juniperinaNees 81

Solenostomum

crenulatum Mitt 101

Southbya

biformis Anst 102

Sph^rocarpus 30

Berterii Aust 30

Califoiiirhicus Aust 30



Index of Species. 133

Spha?rocarpus— {continued)

Donnellii Aust 30

MicheliiBell 30

ferrestris IMicli 30

Texanus Aust 30

SpJuignucetis

communis Nees 91

Macouni Aust 92

Steetzia 57

Lyellii Lehm 57

Tarcionia 44

hypophylla L 44

Michelii Corda 44

Targionia— {contimwd)

orbiculariK Schwein 49

spharocarpa Dicks 30

Thallocarpus 29

Curtissii Aust 29

Tkiciiocolea 82

Biddlecomia? Aust 82

tomentella Dumort 82

Trigonantlius

bicitupidatus Spruce 93

connivens vSpruce 94

c«m/bZm.s' Spruce 95

dimricatna Spruce 94



ERRATA.

Page 5. Third line of table, second column, for 39, read

38; sixth line, second column, for 121, read 120.

Page 9. Seventeenth line, for conjunction, read conjuga-

tion.

Page 21. Thirteenth line, for Ricciacae, read Ricciacece.

Page 67. Seventeenth line from bottom, for F. fraligi-

folia, read F.fragilifolia.



EKEATA.^^

Page 5, line 3 of table, second column, for 39 read 38 ; line 6, second
column for 121 read 120.

Page U, line 17. for conjunction read conjuyation.

Page 21, line 13, for Ricciaci<v read Ricciacea'.

Page 67, line 17 from bottom, for fraligifolia read fraqilifolia.

Page 123, line 4 from bottom, and page 12(5, line 1, for Tricholeoi read
TrichoGolea\

Page 126, line 2, for Tricholea read Trichocolea.

Page 177, line 16, for Lecythia read Lecythea.

Page 333, line 1, after Tachidius add Lilljeb.

Page 33S, under Daphnella brachyura, line 16, insert ffa6.—Massa-
chusetts (Birge), Minnesota (Herrick).

Page 340, line 5, for Hcapaoleberis read Seapholeberis.

Page 389, line 7 from bottom, for carjiogonium read sporocarp ; lines

9, 12, 15, for ojgonium read carpogonmm.
Page 391, line 1, for Cessatii read Cesatii.

Page 400, line 4, for Myceliumin conspicuous read Mycelium incon-

spicuous ; line 14, for coleosporium read Coleosporitun.

Page 401, line 9, for connatas read connnta; line 12, for Taraxicum
read Taraxacum.

Page 408, line 15, for macrocarpa read macrospora; line 18, for Hy-
pohyllous read Hypophyllous.

Pages 470 and 471, head of column 11, for cyprinella read cypri-

nellus.

Page 503, lines 8, 14, and 17, for cyprinella read cyprinellus.

For additional errata see page 247.