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ARTI<'LE Vl.-Parasitic F·u1igi of Illi1zois. PART II. By T. 
J. BURRILL a11tl F. S. EARLE. 

ERYSIPHE.A!1, LEv. 

(Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III., Tome XV.) 

On living plants. Myceliuru superficial, consisting of 
nt1merot1s bra11ching, septate, usually white, mt1cl1 interwoven 
tl1reads, wl1ich extend widely over the epidermis of the host, 
adhering to it by means of l1austori:1; conidia simple, color­
less, cylindrical, oval or ovate, borne one above the other. 
on erect, sin1ple1 se1)tate colorless hyph~ ; perithecia seated 
singly on the myceliun1, mem branaceot1s, indel1iscent, globose 
or so1ueti1nes depressed, at first colorless, then yellow, becom­
ing darlr bro,vrt or black when matu1·e, beariug various thread­
like appendages; asci arising from the base 0£ the perithecium, 
delicate, t]1in-walled, colorless, oblong, oval, ovate or sul)orbic­
t1lar, 11sttally pedicellate, contai11ing 2- 8 spores; s1)ores ( except 
in Sarca1·clict) simple, colorless, grant11ar, ol)long or oval. 

The Erysi1;l1ece, commonly known as ",:vl1ite mildews" 
or 11 blights," may be ea~ily recognized by the white, clusty 
or welJ-lilre coating they £orn1 on the leaves, or other st1cc11-
lent })arts, of 1uany comn1on plants. They £rec1uent1y grow 
throughout tl1e summe1·, but;, us11ally, only reacrJ their full 
development in the fall, when the perithecia, or little f rnit­
balls, may lJe seen like mint1te black or dark brown dots scat­
tered over the whitened surface 0£ the leaves. 

The very al)unclant n1ycelit1m consists of nun1erot1s slender, 
white or colorless, septate threads, tha.t branch widely, and ex­
tend over tbe lea£ in every direction, £reqt1ently crossing and 
i11terlaci11g. Tl1ese threads are ust1ally pressed close to the 
ho t, bt1t they do not theo1selves enter it.* Tl1ey send out at 
intervals, however, shor t special brancl1es called baustoria, that 

* It is helLl by some "'riters tl1at in Sph:i:rotheca pannosa, Le\'., tl1e 
ID)'Celiulll does sometimes enter the tissues of the host, but this is not 
satisfactorily proven. 

1 



388 Illirtois Stctfe Lctborc,tory qf Nafitral H isto1·y. 

penetrate the epidermal cells, serving £or the secure attachment 
of the £un gl1s, a11cl probably also for its nourishment. These 
haustoria present several £orn1s, and tbey are of some impor­
t ance in tl1e classification of tl1e species. I n some cases the 
hat1storit1m simply consists of a slender tube which penetrates 
the epiclermal cell of the host, within whicl1 it swells to an 
oval or club-sl1aped sac, filled with gra11t1lar protoplasm. More 
often tbere is an external appendage or s11cker, that is pressed 
close to tl1e surface of tl1e epidern1al cell; and from this, or 
f rom near it 011 the mycelial t l1reacl, the hal1storiurn proper 
takes its rise and penetrates the epidermis. Tl1is external ap­
pend age may be smooth and entire, merely constitt1ting a hem­
ispherical swelling on the myce]ial t J1read; or, it may talce the 
form of a flattened dislc witl1 an indented margin. In the 
latter case they are said to l)e "lobed," in the former, "not 
lobed." 

The conidia, or asexual reproductive bodies, are cylindrical, 
oval or nearly orl)icular, sirnple, colorless cells filled with pro­
toplasm . They are formed by constrictio11 at the ends of sl1ort, 
simple, erect, ratl1er stotlt, se1Jtate, colo1·less branches of the 
mycelium, called fertile hyphre or conidioph ores. A septum 
f orms near the end of th e young bypha, and tl1e walls at this 
point beco111e constricted. Tl1e cell tl11-1s cut off usually 
swells a little, and at length falls away as a 1nature conidiun1. 
Before this h appens, however, otl1er constrictions h ave taJcen 
place below, thus forming a chain of nearly 1nat11re conidia 
adhering end to end. Under f avorable conditioni:: tl1ey germi­
nate quiclrly, sendi11g ot1t a slender tube, which, on the proper 
h ost, soon develops into a new mycelit1m. They are prod11ced 
in immense numbers tl1rougl1out tl1e growing season, and, as 
they are very light and easily carried 1)y tl1e ,vind, they serve 
for the rapid increase and wide distribt1tion of the parasite. 

Other reprod11ctive boclies arise, like the fruits of higher 
plants, from a process of fertilization. The process h as been 
carefully studied by De Bary and others. It cliffers slightly in 
the different genera. In those with a single ascus ( Sphcer·o­
tlieca a11d Poclosplicera) it is as follows: -

Where two threads of tl1e mycelium approach or cross 
eacl1 other, a short special branch arises from each. One of 



Prt rctsitic F1,ngi of Illi1tois. 389 

tl1ese s'.'lrells to t"ro or tl1rec ti111es tl1e clia111eter of tl1e thread, 
ancl is se1la,ratetl £ron1 it by a transverse p::1rtition. I t now co11-
stitutei:; tl1e ca.r11ogoniunJ, l10111c>logot1s ,vitb the pi.·til 0£ tl1e 
flc)\Yeri11g J)lants. The otl1er lJranch, tl1e a11thericlium, remains 
cyli11urical, rincl is closely ap1)liec.l to tl,e carpogoniun1, bending 
over it· llll1n1it. A HP.Jlt11m is £orn1etl near the ti11, divi(ling off 
a s111all cell, whose content , passi11g i11to the carpogonium, 
effect its fertilization. Slender brancl1es now al'ise on all 
sicle::; from. 11ear tl1e lJase 0£ the carpogoninn1. Tl1ey become 
bra11e11ecl a11cl se11ta.te, ancl soon join togetl1er, forming a n1em­
bra110L1i:;, cellt1lar, envelopi11g wall. An inner 111eru brane or 
co;ttiug is cleveloJJed lJ.Y sl1ort projections branching from the 
inner wa11. The carpogo11ium is divided by a. cross parti­
tio11, a11c.l the 11pper portion llevelops i11to the suborbicular 
asc11 · containi11g the , pores, which with its enveloping ruen1-
lJr,111es constitt1 tes tl1e sporocarp, or trt1e £rt1it 0£ the f ungus. 
Iu t]Je genera h,tving everal asci the carpogonium is 1nore 
elongatec.l, autl is lJent arot1nLl the ant11eridi11m. After £er­
t-il1zation, the envelopi11g wall clevelops as above. The car­
r>ogon111m becomes cli,iclecl by cross l)artitions into a num her 0£ 
cells, each of ,vhich either develops clirectly i11to an asc11s, or 
sends lllJ an asct1s-lJearing l.Jranch. 111 all cases tl1e spores cle­
velo1J ~Yi thin the asci by free cell-formation. 

a 

I. 

Fie URE 1. Splu.t'rotheca (.'cu;tagnei, Lev. 
I., Process of fertilization: o, a thread of 

C the mycelium beariug the O<lgoniuu1 c; b, b, 
e another :filament of the mycelium bearing 

the a11theridium d. II. , same as I., at a later 
stage of growth, tl1e o{igonium c and anthe-

III. ridiun1 d still seen, tl1e former becoming in-
Flt:. 1. closed by the ID)'Celial branches e. III ., a 

still later stage of same, the oiigoruum c being now completely inclosed 
,vitliin the tissue forming the mycelial branches, tbe wall of tl:ie )'Oung 
carpogonit1m. ~Iagnifie<l 300 times. ( A.fter De Bary. ) 

Tl1is act 0£ fertilization does not 11sually take place till late 
in the st1ru mer. Tl1e s1>orocarp resulting £ron1 it is callecl in 
tl1is grou1J, tl1e 1Jerithecit1m. Wl1en c1uite young it is colorless, 
bt1t it Roon becomes yellowisl1, ancl when mature is a dark 1Jro~•n 
or l)lack:, u~ually glolJL1lar, lJocly, visible to the 11a]recl eye. Its 
waJl co11si~ts of a rather tot1gh mem bra11e, whose cellt1lar strt1c-



• 

390 fllin.ois State Laboratory of Nctfurctl History . 

• 
ture can be seen in the.more or less distinct retieulations of its 
surface. It is provided with slender hair-lil{e outgrowtl1s called 
ap}Jendages, very characteristic of this £a1nily. These present 
many forms, and it is fron1 tl1em tl1at the generic characters 
are mostly take11. The }Jeritheciun1 remains on the fallen leaves 
over ,vinter. It is not provicled with a mouth or ostiolt1m of 
any ]{jnd. The containecl asci and spores only escape on its 
decay in the spring. 

Tl1e ascj are delicate, thin-walled, colorless sacs filled with 
granular protoplasm, fron1 which the spores are formed. The 
latter ( except in Saccardia) are sim1)le, colorless, oblong or 
oval cells, filled with densely granular protoplasm. 111 the genus 
Saccardia, occurri11g on oak leaves in the Sot1tl1ern States, the 
spores are septate or "muTiform," and colored. 

Delicate me111brauaceot1s conceptacles, otl1er than the peri­
thecia, are sometimes found in connection with the mycelium 
of the Erysipllece. They are tl1in-walled, and on slight pressure 
rt1pt11re irregularly, emitting immense numbers of n1inute ob­
long nucleated spores, imn1ersed in a gelatinous fluid . Tl1ey 
were noticed by Cesa.ti, in connection with tl1e grape milde w 
Supposing the111 to be independent organisms, l1e nan1ed tl1em 
A.111.pelo1nyces qztisqitalis, and specimens were publisl1ed 1111cler 
that name as No. 1669 in Rabenborst's Herbarium Mycologi­
cum. Later they were called Cici1iobolus flo1·enti1izts by El1ren­
berg, and Byssocystis textilis by Riess. Tulasne, von Mohl, 
and otl1ers, :finding that tl1ese conceptacles were borne on tl1e 
same mycelium as the conidia and perithecia, naturally co11cluded 
that they were organs of the sa1ne plant, and, from their 
analogy to certainasexualreprod11ctive bodies in allied groups of 
tbe Asconiycetes, callecl the1n pycnidia, and tl1e minute bodies 
they contain stylospores or 1:>ycnidiospores. This is still the ac­
cepted belief of many b@tanists. De Bary ( Morpl1. 11nd Phys. 
der Pilze, III., pp. 53-75, Tafeln VI., VII.) shows that the pyc­
nidia instead of being reproductive organs of the E1,.ysipl2e, are, 
in reality, the fructification of a fungus that is parasitic on the 
E1·ysiplie. He calls it Cici1iobolus Cesatii, and gives numerous 
figures showing its delicate septate mycelium developing within 
the mycelial threads of the E'rysiplie, and sending t1p branches 
which, by repeated division, form the cellular wall of the 
pycnidium. 

• 



Fl<¾. 2. 

Pctrrtsitic Ftt11gi of Illinois. 301 

FIGURE 2. Cicinobnbts Cessa.tii, DBy.: a 
the myce1ium of Erysiphe galeopsidis, DC., 
wi thi11 ,v hich is to be seen the parasitic 
myce1i 11n1 b of Cicirioblus; c, c, c different 
stages of the so-called pycni<lium in which 
the spores of the parasite are developec1. 
Magnified 300 times. (After De Bary. ) 

This frec1uently develo1Js in one of tl1e cells of a coniclio­
phore, in which case tl1e shriveled upper portion re1nains as a 
kind of a1Jpenclage. In other cases it is developed directly from 
the 1nycelit1111. Occasionally, on ruptt1ring a perithecium, it will 
be fot1nd to contain n1i11ute bodies like Cici1iobolits spores, 
instead of asci. This is consiclered a fourth kind of reproduc­
tive bocly by Berlreley ( Introduction to Crypt. Bot. p. 78) . It 
is more likely a case of the Cici1iobolzts developing its fruit 
within the growing 1Jeritbecium. 

This parasite has been mostly investigated in connection 
with the grape mildew (ErysiJJlie Titcke1·i ). Some writers 
st1ppose it to be of considerable use in holding this disease in 
check (T]1iimen, Pilze des Weinstocks, p. 178). It occurs on 
several of 011r specimens of Erys1J_Jlie cichoracearu11i, DC., where 
its delicate n1ycelit1n1 can be seen by the aicl of a good objective 
and careful manipt1lation. 

Variot1s J.ll acros1;oriztnl- ancl Helr1riintliosporil111i- lilre bodies 
are frequently associated with ErysiJJlte n1ycelit1n1, bt1t their 
organic connection witl1 it is tlou l)t£ul. Min11te yellow spher­
ical ecl1inulate bodies are also often seen clinging to it, but they 
are foreign substances,-probably polle11 grains. 

The abt1nclant myceli11m of these plants is so conspicuo11s 
that it early attractecl the attention of investigators. The 



392 Illinois Stctte Laboratory of Natu1·al Flistory. 

literature 0£ the family is tinusually large and ext.ended; and 
arisjng from so many indepenLlent sotirces1 and representing 
such widely different views, there is so mucl1 conft1sion of 
names and descriptions that the diffict1lty 0£ study is increased 
rather than lessened by its abt1ndance. Tl1e plants £orn1 a 
natural, closely related, and easily recog11ized group; but its rank 
and position in the natural systen1 l1as been very differently 
estimated by different writers. 

They were known to Linn::eus 1111der the comn1on name 0£ 
1lf1tcor erysiphe. Persoon ( Syn. Fung., p. 124) called the111 all 
Sclerotiitni erysiJJlie, but separated as a variety the £or1n on 
Corylits, n ow classecl in the gent1s Pllyllacti11ic1. Soon writers 
began to distinguisl1 differe11t species, bt1t referred tl1en1 a11 to 
a single gent1s callecl Erysibe by Link: and Rc1J:>enl1orst, Al1Jhit-
01norpha by vVallroth ancl Sel1lectendal, and Erysiphe by H ed­
\vig, tl1e lat~er followed by De Ca,ndolle, Schweinitz, Fries, and 
others. This genus was often classed among the puff-balls, 
( Gasteroniycetes ). In 1851 Leveille published a 1nonograph 0£ 
the gro11p ( Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III., Ton1e XV.) in wl1ich he 
divided the old gent1s E1·ysiplze i11to six genera as £ollows:-

SjJliceroetlieca. - Peritheciun1 contai11ing a single ascus, 
appendages floccose, 11ndivided. 

PodOSJJlicera. - Perithecit1m contain1ng a single ascus, 
appendages dicl1otomously clivided at the tip. 

Uricirtula.-Asci several, ap1Jendages coilecl at tl1e tip. 
Phyllactirtia.- Ascj several, appendages straight, rigid, 

swollan at base. 
Microsph,ce1·a.- Asci several, ap1Jendages clicbotomously 

divided. 
Erysi1Jlie.-Asci several, a11pendages floccose, t1ndividecl. 

Tulasne ( Select. Fung. Carp. Vol. I., [1861 J) does 11ot 
adopt this djvision, but returns all the species to the ge11us 
ErysiJJlie. De Bary (Morph . und Phys. der Pilze III. [1870]) 
divides the group into two genera accordi11g to the c11aracters 
of the car11ogonujm, calling those Podosplzrera in wl1ich this 
organ is straight ( orthotropus) ancl wl1ich develop only one 
ascus, ancl retaining the name Er,ys£pl1e for tl1ose witl1 a curved 
( campylotropus) carpogoniun1 and several asci. For a true, 



Pr11·asitic F1,ri.r;i of Illinois. 393 

natt1ral c1a sific .. ttion, tl1e life 11istory of 11lants 111 Ut5t lJe taken 
i11to account, no matter l1ow obscure and i1upractiral. for or­
cli1Jary work, tl1e cl1aracteristics it ail:or,ls ma)y l)e. lt is 1>rolJ­
able that De Bary's arrangement is more logical; l)ut £or 
convenience mo t modern bota11ists L1se Levei]le's classification, 
wl1ich is tbe one adopted in tl1is JJa1>er. 

Tl1e true position a,nd ra11k 0£ the group in tbe vegetable 
kingclom still seems to be a matter of dot1bt, 110 two at1thors 
exactly agreeing i11 regarcl to it. The arranget11e11t aclopted lJy 
-W 111ter ( Die P ilze, II.) 1Jerba1Js on the wl1ole Le t ex1Jresses 
their tr11e relations. I t is es entially the san1e as tl1at }Jroposed 
by accarclo (Sylloge Ft1ng.1 I.) and may be expres etl as fol­
lows:-

Class ........... . .......... A scon,ycetes. 
0 rder .. . . . ................. .. . Py re1iorn ycetes. 

t1 border .... ... . .. .. . .......... . . Peri s1;01 ·ictcere. 
Family .............. .. .. . . . . . .. . ... . . Et·ysiplter,e. 

It is usL1ally easy to deter111ine, even witho11t the aicl of a 
magnifier, wl1etl1er or not a given ft1ngt1s belong to this 
£a1uily; ancl a lllOn1ent's exan1iuation of the mat111·e perithecium 
uncler the n1.icroscope will suffice to place it in its 1Jro1)er genus. 
Specific determination is often a matter of m11ch greater 
difficulty. In other grot1ps of para ·itic £11ngi, as, for in tance, 
the Ureditiece, the species are, for the mo, t part, confined c1t1ite 
closely to a single 11.ost, or at lea t to a few very closely relatecl 
host species. Very slight differe11ces in the form or markings 
of the s1)ores, tal{en in connection with a clifference of 11.ost 
1)la11t, are considerecl of specific importance. Some 0£ the 
ErysiJJllele have long bee11 recognized as having a n1t1ch wider 
range of habitat; but it was natt1ral for the botanist, if be 
fc1t1nd a plant of this family developing on a new 110 ·t, to 
consider it a new specie·. especially if lie ob erved a fpw more 
or a few less asci or s11ores, or found the appendages differing 
in nt1rn ber or length from the descriptions of other acce11tecl 
species. Then, too, owing to the poor in trurue11ts at their 
comn1and1 tbe descriptions of the earlier investigator are 
lacking in those microsco11ical characteristics that are now so 
caref ully noted. W l1ile the above view of 11arrow "pecific 



394 Illinois State L aborato1·y of Natural History. 

limitations prevailed, the olcler names were apt to be dic;regarded 
By further study, and tl1e comparison of numerotts specimens 
of each of the so-called species, it becomes apparent that in 
very many cases the differences between them in the number 
and length of the appendages, the number and size of the asci 
and spores, and the appearance of tl1e mycelium,- all so easily 
recognized in single instances,- are not consta11t; that t}1ese 
parts are exceedingly variable, and that it is frequently 
impossible to maintain distinctions based on t11em. This 
necessitates the putting together of forms often considered 
specifically distinct, and a correspond1ng change in specific 
descriptions. 

This wider view of tl1e limits of species sometimes th1·ows 
new light on the work of the earlier mycologists, enabling 
us to decide with reasonable cert,ainty whetl1er or not their 
names should be adopted £or the species as now understood. 
The process leads to the abandonment 0£ some familiar names, 
which 1s al ways to be regretted; but the true interests of a 
stable nomenclature demand the adoption of the earliest specific 
name given to any form of the species. ( See Bull. Ill. State 
Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., p. 149.) 

In bis admirable revision of the fungi for "Rabe11horst's 
Kryptogamic Flora," Winter }1as very carefully and tl1orougbly 
performed this labor for the European species of ErysiJJhece, 
and his nomenclature is adopted, for the most part, in this 
paper, for those species comn1on to both continents, such 
changes only being made as are suggested by the study of 
numerous American specimens. The distinctively American 
species are usually much less encumbered with synonyms than 
those that also occur in Europe. In a number of cases, how­
ever, names have been given to forms that cannot now be 
considered clistinct, and, in some cases, owing to the difficulty 
of interpreting his descriptions, the names given by Scl1 weinitz 
have been disregarded. The attempt is here made to clear t1p 
these difficulties, so far at least as our Illinois species are 
concerned. 

Some of the species of E ,rysipliece are of practical interest 
£ro1u the injuries they do to cultivated plants. The mildew of 

• 



PaJ'asitic Fllngi of Illi11o;s. 

roses, ho11s, gooseberries, rast)IJerries, gra1Jes,* a11<l of ma11y 
orna1ne11tal 1)la11ts and trees, is cat1sed by clifferent species of 
this fan,ily. As their development is superficiaJ, they are 
ea ily reacl1ed l.>y remedial agents. Sl1lpht1r l1as long been 
successfully used to check the ravages of tl1e gra1Je 1nildew, 
and a a ren1edy £or rose n1ildew in greenl1ouses. Its t1se is 
often i11discrimi11ately recommended for any and all of these 
diseases, but the cat1tion sho11ld lJe ad.cled, tl1at1 i11 some cases, 

• the host plant suffers more fron1 t11e st1lphl1r, as t1st1ally 
ap1Jlied1 than from the parasite. Tl1e fact is, tl1at each case 
needs careft1l 1Jractical stt1dy before a ren1ecly can be safely 
recomn1endecl. iiore recently st1l1Jhate of copper has come 
into extencled use for the clestruction of various £ungot1s 
parasites. Tl1e crystals may be dissolved in water - one pot1nd 
to two gallons - a11d used as a spray. Or tl1e 1nixtl1re may be 
improved by the addition of lime slacked in water, - the 
whole so diluted that it can be easily applied with a broom or 
,vhisk. As the copper st1lphate is poisonous, care n1ust be 
exercised in handling and applying. The remedy appears to be 
serviceable again~t the Pe1·onospo1·a of the vine as well as £or 
the special f t1ngi to wl1ich attention is herein directed. 

0 

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENER.A.. 

c. I 

~ 
FIG-. 3. 

FIGURE 3. ,~hrerotheca 
Castagnei, Lev. : a, perithe­
ci t1m ,vith h appendages,­
magnified DO times; c, fer­

__,,,..._,,,-...._ tile hypba or coni<liophore, 
bearing six conidia which 
readily separate at the con­
strictions,- magnified 190 
times; d, the sil1gle ascus 
,Yith eight S})Ores,-magni­
fied 250 timeR. 

* The commonest" grape mildew'' in this cou11try is cause<l by a 
very different fungus, Pero;iosporrt i·iticula, B.&C. 



396 Illinois State Laboratory of NaturaljHistory. 

d 

F I G. 4. 

FIGURE 4. Erysiphe chicoracearu1n, 
DC. A ruptured peritbecium with 
tbread-like appendages and protr ud­
ing asci , eacl1 co11taining two spores, 
- magnified 90 times. 

• 

FIGURE 5. Uncinula am­
pelopsidis, Peck: a, perithe­

' P, cium with the numerous 

1
1 ~ \ appendages (b) coiled at the 

~~e<'.Af\: ~'.J: ~~ tip,- magnified 100 times; c, 
~~ _,,. one of the appe11dages (tip) 

FIG. 5. 

~-~d. further tnagni:fied; d, an as­
cus ,vith five spores,-magni-

, , \~~- "" fied 200 times. The lower, 
pointed end of the ascus is 
attached to the bottom of 
the cavity of the perithecium. 

FIGURE 6. Phyllactiniu sitf­
fulta, (Reb.) Sacc.: a, perithe­
ciL1m with tbe needle-shaped 
appendages (b) s'v\rollen at 
base,-1nagni.fied 50 times; c, a 
branch ed appendage; d, an 
ascus with two spores,- mag· 
ni::fiecl 100 times. The point 
(pedicel) of attachment is 
shown. The api:>endages are 
normally quite straight, but 
are here shown as theJ1 ap­
peared under the microscope, 
possibly mechanically bent. 

FIG. 6. 



J->c11·asitir Fu11gi of Illinnis. 3Q7 

F1<1. 7. 

C 

FIC:.. 8. 

FIGURE 7. Podol!phrera 
oxycr111flit1, (DC.) DBy.: a, 
})Crictbeciu1n with dichoto-
111ousl)r forked a1>1->endages 
l.i,- mag11ified 90 times; c, a 
t11> of a11 appendage 1oore 
magnified; l.i, tr.e single ascus 
with eight spores,- magni­
fied 325 times. 

FIGURE 8. ]JicroqJlr:rra 
---~;-..., Rarerielii, Berk.: a, peritbecium 

\-vith its clicboton1ouslv forked -
appen<lages b, - magnified 75 
times; c, a ti1J of an appendage 
more n1agnified; d, one of the 
se,~eral asci containing eight 
spores,- n1agnified 375 times; 

i e, a group of asci from one 
perithecium,- magnifiecl 150 
times. 

KEY TO THE GE~'"ER.A. OF ERYSIPHE1E. 

I. A1J1)endages consisting of sin111le threacls similar to the 
mJ1celit1m, ancl often interwoven witl1 it ......... . .. A. 

II. A1111e11 clages dissimilar to, and free from tl1e mycelit1m. B. 
A. Perithec:ia co11 tai11iug oul.r one asc11s .. ~ 

1

PH..:EROTHE<'A. 

Perithecia (;Oil taining several asci . . ....... ERY::.IPHE. 
B. Ap11enclages simple, not t1sual ly forlred at tl1e tip ... 1. 

A1111endages dicl1otomot1s ly forkecl at tl1e ti}) ....... 2. 
1. Appendages coiled at the ti11, a:--ci several. 

L N<'IXl7L,\. 

A11pe11dages 11eedle-sha11ecl1 al)rt1JJtl.v s"·olle11 at 
lJase, asci se,eral ............. PHYLL.\ c TIXIA.. 

2. Peritl1ecia co11tainiug 011ly 0 11e ascus. 
P onos1,u..2E1{.\. 

Peritl1ecia co11trtining se ,·eral asei. ~Irc 1lo~11 II .'ER.\. 



398 Illino1:s State LcLbo1·atory of Natu1·al History. 

Note. Three other genera have been described as follows:-
(1). Pleocha:ta (Saccarclo, Sylloge Fungorum, I., p. 9). Perithecia 

globose-lenticular, indehiscent, texture subcoriaceous, parenchymatous; 
appendages very numerous, rod-like, straight, simple, hyaline; asci 
clavate, two-spored; spores simple, elliptical, subhyaline. P . Curtisii, 
Sacc. & Speg. occurs on leaves of Gellis in Alabama arid Caroli11a, and in 
South America. 

(2). Erysipliella (Peck, 28th Report, New York State J\1useum p. 63) . 
"Peritbecia destitute of appendages, spores detinite." E. aggregata, Peck, 
is described on the fertile aments o[ .1-llnns se1·1·1tlata. 

(3 ). Saccardia (Cooke, Grevillea VII. [1878], p. 49) . J\1ycelit1m 
arachnoid, often evanescent; perithecia glol)ose, asci globose-ovate, 
8-spored; spores elli1)tical, many-celled; appendages none or intervvoven 
with the mycelium. S. quercina, Cooke 011 the leaves of Q11ercus vi1·ens, 
Georgia, and S. Martii, Ell. & Sacc. on Q. la111·ijolia, Florida, have been 
described. None of these plants are known in Illinois. Doubts may be 
expressed as to the validity of tbese groups as genera <'f Erysiphem. 

Calocladia, Lev. is a synonym for ..Jfic1·osph&'ra, but was previously 
used for a genus of Algre. 

Erysioe was used for Erysiphe by several authors, and Wallrotb's 
genus A.lpliitornorpha was made to include all of the Erysiphere. 

SPIUEROTHECA, Lev. 

(Ann. Sci. Nat., Series III., Tome XV., p . 138.) 

Perithecium containing only one ascus. Appendages simple 
tl1reads not unlike the n1yceliun1 witl1 wl1ich they are 
freqt1e11tly interwove11. Ascus st1borbicular, usually con­
taining eigl1t spores. Very rarely two asci have been observed. 

S. pannosa, ( lvVallr.) Lev. 
(1. c. p. 138.) 

Al1Jhitomo1·phapanriosa, Wallr. (Verhand. d. Naturf. Freunde, I., p . 43) . 
Erysibe panriosa, Lk. (Species Plant. VI., I. , 1), 104). 
Earotiuni ~·osariun, Grev. (Scott. CryJ)t. FL III., p. 164, Fig. 2) . 

Mycelium abundant on the leaves, stems, etc., often sterile ; 
perithecia more often occurring on tl1e bra.nches, scattered, 
delicate, 90-100 µ,, reticulations evident, sn1all, 10-15 µ, ; ap­
pendages short and delicate, much interwoven with the 
mycelium, sometimes colore(l ; asct1s large, delicate, ovate, 
expanding, when free from the perithecium, to a length greater 
than its diarneter; s1Jores 8, large, 29 µ, long . 

• 



Pr1 rr,sif it Furigi qf llli11ois. 

011 Bosr1 Sfls.: Cook, Se11t. 7, 1458; 1\frTfe11ry, A,1g. 2fl, 

1212; Pulaski, 1\Iay ;,, 43B7. Rosf' steins: Cl1a111paig11, 
at1tt111111 (Burrill). Ilosrt lttl'iclrr: Unillll, 1\.ng. 20 (Earle). 

Wi11ter (Die Pilze, fl., 11. 2o) a11cl Raccarclo (Syl. Ftl11g. J., 
11. 2) clescribe tlJiR spe<.:ies ,vitl1 l1yali11e a1)penclages; l)tlt Tnlasne 
(Ft111g. C.irJ). Selert. I., IJ. 208) cle:--cribes tl1em as colored. 
They frec1t1entl_y are colored i11 ot1r s1)ecimens. De Bary 
(~Ior1>h. t1nd Pl1ys. der Pilze, II., }J. 48) says '' colorless or 
brown at base.,, 

S. mors-uvoo, (Rcbw.) .U. & C. 
(Gre,r. I"\7 ., p. 158.) 

Erysiplte ,noi·s-111\-r, Rcbw. (N. A. Fungi, p. 270). 

1\Iycelilllll al)t111da11t, at first w]1ite, l)eeoming dark brown, 
de11sely covering· t.l1e leaves, steu1s, a11d fruit; perithecia n1ost 
alJ11nclant 011 the ste111s a11cl fruit, cleusely ag·gregated, e111 lJeclcled 
in tl1e tl1ick felte1l ll1)'Celin111, varialJle i11 size, 90-120 µ, dark 
bro,v111 retict1latio11s o1)sct1re; aJ)JJendages short, clelicate, 
hyaline or sligl1tly colorecl, interwoven witl1 a11cl overru11 by 
tl1e dense 1nycPlit11u; ascos broadly elliptic, eigl1t-s1Jored, l>oth 
asct1s and s1Jo1·es smaller tl1au i11 lJ. JJC11z12osct. 

On RibPs 'rof11J1llifoli1tn1 : McLean, J t1ly 16, 2373; La Salle, 
J1111e 16, 5216. Ribes (ct1ltivated): P11laski, l\Iay 8, 4572; 
U nio11, J u11e 22 (Earle) . 

Tl1is is the con1rno11 "goosel)erry milclew." It has been 
referred to 19. JJa1111osr1 (Bessey, Erysiphei, 1), 3, etc.), b11t it is 
sufficie11tly clisti11gttisl1ed lJy its clense, dark:-colored mycelinm, 
T\1l1ich is strikingly 1111 like that 0£ 1n ost 0£ tl1e ErysiJJlze<e. 

S . pruinosa, C. & P. 
(Erysjphei of tbe U . S.) 

1-I)'l)Ogenous ; m )'Celit1m tl1in, effnse, persistent; co11ceptacles 
miuute, black; appendages fe\v, long, coloTless, sporangium, ovate, eigbt­
spored. 

Leaves of Rh11R glabra. Cireenbusb, August. 
T}1e long colorless appendages readil)' clistinguish the species fron1 

tl1e preceding [S. Ca;;trrgnei, L1~"V.J. The \\'hole st1rface of the leaf appears 
pruinose. -Peck, ~5th Rep. X. Y. State ~Ius., p 94. 

On R}zz,s co1Jrtlli1zrt: Union, Se1)t. 17 (Earle). 
Our speci1ue11 is not st1fficient £or ft1ll i(lentification, l)u tit 

ii:; tlot11Jtless the sa111e as t11,it (lescrilJeLl alJove b)· Peck. 



400 Illi1iois State Lc,borc,torlJ qf Nat1tr<tl H istory. 

S. humuli, (DC) B urrill. 
Erysiµhe h11111itli, DC. (Flore Franc., VI., p. 106. 
Spha'1·othf ('Cl Castagnei, L(v., i11 part. 

Mostly l1ypopl1yllous. Myceli11min conspic11ous or evanes­
cent; perithecia scattered, abt1ntlant, mostly rather s1nall, 75-95,u, 
wall-texture 6r1n ancl con11Jact tl1ongh tl1in, st1rface smooth, 
retict1lations su1all, often obsc11re, us11ally less than 15 fl· ; 

appe11clageR slencler, tl1ree or 111ore ti111es as long as tl1f' diameter 
of tl1e 1Jeritbeciuo1, colored tbrot1gl1011t wl1e11 mat11re, mostly 
free fro1n the 111yceli111n; asc11s lJroaclly elliptical or s11lJorbict1-
lar; s1)ores t1st1ally 8, large, averagi11g· 20 µ. long. 

On r1_r;,.inzonift Eupatoria: McI-Ienry, A11g. 2(), 1183, 1213, 
At1g. 23, 12-ifl, 1267; ~icLean, J ul_y 2, 2360; Ogle, Sept. 22, 61(16 
(Viritl1 coleos1Jorit1111); AL1an1s, Jt1ly 10 (Sey111ot1r) . 

Tl1is £or111 011 L-1grin1011ia l1as t1sually been referred to 
81Jll(l'rofltPC((, Cctsf<(_(JJ1ei, Lev. ( Rabb, Fn11gi Et1rop. No. 558 ; 
W i11ter, Die J?ilze, II., p. 27'; Saccardo, S_yl. Ft1ng., I., p. 4; 
Trelease, Parasitic Ft1ng. of Wis., IJ. ri; Peck, 29tl1 Rep. N. Y. 
State Mu8., p. 70) . A careful exc1,mination of An1erican and 
EL1ropea11 s1Jeci111ens 011 this l1ost and on Potentillct, show n1arlcecl 
differences lJet\vee11 tl1em a11d tl1e ty1)ical £or111 of /3. Catc,_r; nei on 
variot1s Co1111Jositre, etc. Tl1ey a.gree, ho,vever, ,vit]1 tl1e E11ro­
pea11 form 011 Ifu11111l1rs (RalJl1. Ft1ng. E11ro1). No. 1049 b). 
Tt1las11e (Ft1ng·. Car1J. Select. I., Tal). IV. , 9), uncler the nao1e 
of E1·ysi7Jl1e l11t111uli, DC. gives an acct1r::tte figure of this form, 
showing the long, slender, colo1·ed appendages and the compact 
small-celled ,vall 0£ tl1e 1::ierit]1ecinn1. It seems best, tl1erefore, 
to r evive De Ca11<.lolle's old species and refer to jt the for1ns on 
H 1,1n11l1rs, L"l .c;rin101iia, ancl P ofr,1itillc1. The peritl1ecja closely 
resemble those of S. ]Jc11znosct, but it cliffers in the larger append­
ag·es ~Lnd the n1t1cl1 less ab1111cl ant myceliu1n. 

S. Cast agn ei, Lev. 
· ( A11n. Sci. Nat., Ser. I II., Tome XV., p. 139.) 

Mycelium a,bundant ancl persistent or sometimes ir1conspic­
uous, occurring on either or botl1 sides of leaves; lJerithecia 
abt1ndant, scattered or somewl1at aggregatecl, small, usually 
about 75 !'-, but varying from 60-100 µ,; textt1re soft, surface un­
even, reticulations very large a11cl irregt1lar, 20-30 µ.; append-



Pct rr,.c.itir F,,n.(Ji of Illi11ois. 4()1 

ages lo11g, stont, t1st1ally colorecl tl1rot1gl1ot1t, 11ex11ons, ·01nP­

wl1at t111even i11 ,vi(lt11, 111ore or less i11terwove11 witJ1 the n1y­
celi um; ascus ratl, er small, ell i11tica,l or s1.11Jor1Jict1lar; i;pores 
usually 8, sn1.1ill, alJot1t lG µ, long. 

011 BiclP1lS fro11dos{t: .To Daviess, Se11t 15, 5004; Ste1>l1en­
so11, 8e11t. 13, 5842; Lee, Se11t. 9, 574-3; McLean, J t1ly 2, 2370; 
La Sa.llr, Sept. J2, 14t: fl Se11t. 16, 15G4; He11ry, ~•ept. 28, 170R; 
~IcHenry, At1g. 20, 1108; U11ion, Re1)t. 13 (Earle). Birle1is 
co1111rrt1,s: Roel~ Isla11d, ~ ept. 24, 1024; Fulton, Oct. 1, 1777. 
Erechthites hierrrc{folir,: 1\-IcHenry, At1g. 23, 1234; Cl1am1laign, 
Sept. 10, 11Gl5; Acla,n1s, Aug. 20 (Se_y1nonr). l>lctbalus sps.: 
McLea11, Sept. 20, 5662; J·o Da,iess, Se11t. 10, 5945. Tara.ri­
c1r1J1 rleris leo11is: Cl1a1n1Jaig11, Oct. l o, 051 0, Oct. 23, 0500. 
TTe,·onica Virgi1iica: McH enry, At1g. 27, 1333; SteJJhenso11, 
Sept. 13, 58001 , ept. 14, 5878; J o Daviess, ~ ept. 151 3906, f ept. 
18, 5975, Se1Jt. 19, 6002, Se11t. 20, 6017: Ogle, 1 'e1Jt. 23, G134. 
Gera1·d1·a r1ra11rl~·flora: Ogle, Sept. 23, 6129. Brzl11ella vul,ga ris: 
McLean, J t1ly 3 (Seymour); Champaig11, Oct. (Waite). 

This alJt1ndant and widespread species can be easily clistin­
guished from the form 011 Rosacerr, etc., that bas t1st1ally 
been associatecl with it, by the pec11liarl_y low and large­
celled, wall 0£ the perithecil1m, a11d by the larger, more flext1-
ous a1Jpendages. Tl1e spores, too, average smaller. I t varies 
considerably 011 t]1e different hosts, in the appearance 0£ the 
myceli11m ancl tl1e size of the peritbecia, these being larg·er 
than the average on Erfrlztli ites and ust1ally sn1aller on Veroni­
ca j but the more important characteristics a11pear to 1Je con­
stant. 

E RYSIPHE, (fTedw.) LE,. 

(.A.nu. Sci. Nat., Ser. Ill., Tome. XV.) 

Peritl1eciu111 co11taining several asci; appenclages sim11le 
tl1reads si1nilar to and frec1 uently interwoven with the my­
celium. 

E . liriodendri, ch w. 
(N. A. Fungi, p. 269.) 

On leaves and t1cc11le11t stems. ~Iyceliun1 alJt1ndant1 clen. e, 
wl1ite, persiste11t; 1Jeritl1eeia develotJing late, mostly after tl1e 



402 I llinois State Laboratory of Natura,l History. 

leaves have fallen, rather large, 100 µ, or more, delicate, thin­
walled, embeclded in and partially covered by the clense myce­
lium, reticulations s11Jall and indistinct ; appen clages several, 
hyaline, ratl1er long, much interwoven with the mycelium; asci 
several, eight or more; spores 6-8, small. 

On L iriodendron tuliJJife1·a : Union, Oct. 29, 2106, 2110; 
Cl1ampaign, (Burrill). Schweinitz describes the pect1liarly dense 
and felted \>vl1ite mycelium 0£ thjs species. Peck (30th Rep. 
N. Y. State, Th{us., p. 58) mentions it as occurring at Oneicla, N . 
Y., but gives no description. Saccardo (Syl. Ft1ng., I ., p. 21) 
mentions it among " species inqitirerid(J3." A £t1ll description is 
pt1blished lier~ £or the first time. It is not uncon1mon in I lli­
nois but can seldom be collected in good condition. 

E. communis, ( W allr.) Fr. 
(Stnnma. Veg. Scand., p. 406. ) 

Alphitonior-pha co1n1nunis, ho1'ridtlla, Wallr., jn part, (Verhdl. Naturf. 
Freunde, I ). 

Erysibe co11iniunis, nitida, lioi·ricltlla, Rabb. (Deutschl. Crypt. Flora). 
Erysibe conininnis, Lk., in part. 
E ry.~iphe Cl(Jitilegire, DO. (Flore Franc., , r l., p. 105 ). 
E rysiphe pisi, DC. (1. c., VI., p. 274). 
Erysiph.e corivol1•11,li, DC. (1. c., II., p. i74). 
Erysiphe polygo1ii, DC. (1. c., II., p. 273). 
Erysiphe conimunis, Fr. (Summa. Veg. Scand., p. 406). 
Erysiphe comniioiis, Jfartii, Le,,., in part, (Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III. , 

Ton1e XV). 

A11Jphigenons. Mycelium abt1ndant1 persisten t or some­
times evanescent; perithecia variable in size ancl reticulations ; 
appendages variable in length, often qt1ite long, lying on the 
myceli111n or more or less interwoven with it, t1sually colored 
in par t or tbroughot1t, bt1t occasionally all hyaline; asci 4- 8, 
or more; spores mostly 4- 8, variable in size. 

On Cle11icttis sps. : Union,Aug. 30 (Earle). T hctlictrz£11i 
pur1:Jitrasce1is : Jo Daviess, Sept. 18, 5977. Ranil1ic1,lzts abortivits: 
McLean, July 16, 2365, Au.g.1, 2367; Jo Daviess, Sept. 15, 5905 ; 
Sept. 30, 6040; Cl1ampaign, Oct. 23, 6596; N ov. 3, 6609; La 
Salle, Sept. 30, 6257. Gerct1iiit1n 1nacitlcttitni : La Salle, Sept. 30, 



Pctrasitic F ,1,11gi of flli11ois. 403 

0248. Pis1tnt satiru111: Cl1an1paign1 Oct. ltl (Burrill). As­
trayal1cs Clr11c1cle1Lsis: Jo Da•i'iess, • e1Jt. 15, 5007; ► tepl1euson, 

e11t. 21, 8074 . .... 4.JJlJJliirc111;cect nio11oicrt: La. 'alle1 • ept. l 21 1473, 
14: 2; Henry, Sept. 2 , 1719; ,Jo Daviess, Sept. 20, 6036; Ogle, 

ept. 22, 0090. CE11othera bie1i1zi~: Cl1a1111Jaign, ept.19, 6616; 
11ion 1 Sept. 3 (Earle). · 

The forn1 on Clenzatis is referred by at1thors (Bessey, The 
Erysiphei, p. 13 ; Trelease, P arasitic FL1ngi 9£ Wis., p. 9) to 
E. tortilis, (Wallr) Fr., or1 as often written, E. to,·tilis1 Link. 
I t eems a mistake to separate it from the other forms occt1r­
ri11g on Ran1t11cttlacece, some of which have ec1t1ally long ap­
lJendages; especially as on Cleniatis these are radiant, and n1ore 
or le 8 interwoven witl1 tbe n1ycelium as is usual i11 E. co11i't1i1t-
11 is, whi1e in European specin1e11s of J:1J. tortilis on Co-;·nits 
(Rabb. Ft1ngi Et1rop. o. 2033; J . Ku11ze, Fungi Se lee ti 
Exsic., .£ o. 577, etc. ) 1 the appendages are fasciculate and 
as urgent. ( -'ee al o Tu]asne, Selec. F11ng. Carp., I ., pp. 213-
216 ). 

Tl1e for,11 · 011 Legurni1iosa,, etc., are often referred to E. 
~Jartii, Lev. De Bary (Morpl1. 11nd Phys. cler Pilze, III., p. 50) 
ancl T ulasne (l. c. p. 215) agree in considering this a synonym 
of E . co1111,11t1iis. Winter, however, ( Die P ilze, II.1 .] ). 31) re­
tains E. llfartii ancl refers to it all f orms 11avi11g hyaline ap­
penclages; bt1t he says that he cannot decide whether this 
character is always constant and sufficient for their separation. 
Care£t1l examination and comparison of the berbarium speci­
men pecially mentioned by Winter, show that this character 
is 11ot con tant, for some of tl1ose given by him under E. Ma1 tii 
have disti11ctly colored appendages, whi1e in some of those 
given uncler E. coni11iir1iis they are very slightly, if at all , col­
ored. In fact the coloring of the appendages seems to depend, 
to a considerable extent, on the age and vigor of the specimen, 
being light colored or hyaline in tl1e young, and often quite 
dar]t in £11lly n1att1red, vigorous specimens. A portion, at least, 
of the appenclages ofte11 remains hyaline 011 L egtt111i1iosce, wl1ile 
on Ra1iu1iculcrcece tl1ey are u ually all c1uite da.rk. All our 
s1)ec1 mens show more or less distinctly colored appendages. 

2 



404 Illinois State Laborato·ry of Natural History. 

E. galeopsidis, DC. 
(Fl~re Franc., VI ., p. 108.) 

E. lamp1·ocarpa, Lev., in part. 
E. labiata1-um, Chev. (Flora Paris, II!., p. 380). 

Amphigenous. Myceli11m abundant, persistent, l1austoria 
of the mycelial threads lobed; perithecia somewh at aggregated ; 
appendages numerous, short, flexuous, colored, interwoven witl1 
the mycelium; asci numerous, often 12 or n1ore; spores 2, 
mostly formed late. 

On Stacliys palust,ris: Henry, Sept. 28, 1705. Stacliys 
sps.: Stepl1enson, Sept. 13, 5812. Teucri'u,m, Canadense: La­
Salle, Sept. 29, 6239. Scittella1·ia pct'rvula: Lee, Sept. 27, 6208 . 
.. 9c'1ttella1·ia laterifto1·a: McLean , Sept. 6 ( Seymou1· ). 

This can scarcely be separated from E . cichorctcea1·it11i by 
the characters of the perithecia, b11t the difference in the haus­
toria, first pointed out by De Bary ( Morpl1. 11nd Phys. der Pilze, 
III., p. 49), can be observed by first soaking a portion of the 
leaf in caustic potash and then removing a little of tl1e n1yce­
lium to the slide. In our specimens the perithecia and append­
ages are rather lighter colored tl1an is usual in E. cicliot·a­
cear it11i. 

' 
E. cichoracearum, DC. 

(Flore Franc., II., p. 274.) 

• 

Alphitomorpha communis, Y depressa, liorridula, Wallr. (Verbandl. 
Naturf. Freunde, IV). 

Alpliito1norpha lamproca1'pa, Sehl. (V erhandl. N aturf. Freunde, I., 
p . 49). 

Erysibe conimunis, lamprocarpa, depressa, horridula, Lk. and Rabb. 
Erysiplie horriditla, .111.ontagnei, la1nprocatpa, Lev., in J)art. 
Erysiphe ambrosire, verbe1ire, phlogis, asterum, Sch weinitz, ( N. A.. 

Fungi, p . 270) . 

Amphigeno11s. Mycelium abundant, persistent, haustoria 
rounded, not lobed; perithecia variable; appendages n t1merous, 
mostly sl1ort, 1-2 times the diameter of the perithecium, col­
ored, mucl1 flexed and interwoven with the 1nycelium; asci 



• 

Parasitic Fun.qi of Illiriois. 405 

variable, 4 or 5 to as many as 20, mostly numero11s; s11ores 
large, c1uite uniformly 2, bt1t occasionally varying to 3 or 
even 4. 

On Na1Jcect dioica: Stephenson, Sept. 13, 5806. Verno1iia 
fc1scic1,lata: Lake, Aug. 27, 1364; Rock Island, Sept. 23, 1630, 
Sept. 24, 1656; Tazewell, J t1ly 22, 2371; McLean, Oct. 12, 
1 50; Jersey, Oct. 13, 6289, Oct. 14, 6312; Union, Oct. 21, 
1033; Pulaski, Nov. 4, 2234. E'ttpato1·i11111, pttrp1tre1tn-i: Mc­
Lean, Aug. I, 2366. Aste1· sagittijolius: McLean, Sept. 6, 5661. 
Aster lcevis: McLean, July 14, 55-17. A ster sps: l{ane, .Aug. 
30, 1376; Rocle Island, Sept. 24, 1858, Sept. 27, 1691; Henry, 

ept. 28, 1710; McLean, Oct. 11, 1833, 1835, Aug. 4, 2375; 
Stepl1enson, Sept. 13, 5804; Jo Daviess, Sept. 18, 5976; Chan1-
paign, Oct. 18, 8574; Union, Oct. 21, 1914, ()ct. 24, 19134, Oct. 
25, 2000, Oct. 27, 2085. Soliclctgo Canadensis: Stephenson, 
8ept. 13, 5804. Solidago sps: Union, Oct. 24, 1972. Amb1·osia 
trifida: La Salle, Sept. 12, 1484, 14:94:; Rock Island, Sept. 21, 
1626; Henry, Sept. 28, 1704:; McLean, Oct. 6, 1805, Oct. 13, 
1865, Oct. 19, 189 ; Jo Daviess, Sept. 15, 5903. Anib1·osic1 arte­
rnisicefolia: Rock Isla11d, Sept. 23, 1632, Sept. 27, 11390; Fulton, 
Oct. 1, 177 ; McLean, Oct. 6, 1 06, Oct. 12, 1851; Champaign, 
Sept. 19, 6818; Union, Oct. 24, 1974, Oct. 25, 1998. .,,_Ya1itlii1t11i 
str1,rn,a1·ilt11i: Henry, SeJJt. 28, 1709; La Salle, Sept. 28, 13214, 
Sept. 30, 6246; Jersey, Oct. 12, 6278, Oct. 13, 6288. H elian­
th us rigidus: Boone, Se1Jt. 2, 1421 ; La Salle, ept. 12, 1491; 
Rock Islancl, Sept. 24, 1655; Henry, Sept. 28, 1720; Fulton, 
Oct. 1, 1782. H elianthzts deca11etalt{S: LaSalle, Sept. 14, 1532; 
McLean, Oct. 8, 1807. H elictrithzrs tu,beroszts: McHenry, Aug. 
20, 115-!. H eliantltits sps : La Salle, Sept. 13, 1499; McLean, 
Oct. 11, 1 37 ; Lee, ept. 9, 5742; Jo Daviess, Sept. lo, 59-14; 
Stephen on, Sept. 13, 5803; Ogle, Sept. 22, 6087, Sept. 25, 8164:; 
A ctinonzeris sq_zta1·rosc1,: La Salle, Sept. 14, 1531, 1543; Rock Is­
land, ept. 20, 1888; McLean, Oct. 6, 1808, Oct. 19, 1897 ; 
Union, Oct. 31, 2127; Stephenson, Sept, 2, 13072; Ogle, Set1t. 
25, 6165. Cirsi1rni cliscolor: McLean, July 14:, 554 , (in1n1a­
ture); Stephenson, ept. 13, 5 05. H?°eraciitni Cc, 1t<1de11se: Mc­
Henry, A.ug. 20, 1215. Verbe1ia ctrigustifolia: Marion, Oct . 20, 
1901; La Salle, Sept. 29, 6233; Jersey, Oct. 12, 6279; Ogle, 

ept. 23, 6133. Yerbe1ict l1astalct: McHenry, A.t1g. 20, 1155; 



406 I llinois State L aborato1·y of Nat11.,ral History. 

Rock Island, Sept. 23, 1633; Fulton, Oct. 1, 1783; Jo D aviess, 
Sept. 20, 6025. Verbenci ·11,J·ticifolia: Piatt, Aug. 15, 1072; Mc­
He11ry, Aug. 20, 1228; La Salle, Sept. 13, 1513; Rock I sland, 
Sept. 24, 1657; Fulton, Oct. 1, 1779; McLean, July 20, 2364, 
Oct. 12, 1849; Ogle, Sept. 23, 6132. Ve·rberlct st·ricta: Coolc, 
Sept. 6, 1453; Jackson, Nov. 5, 2255; J ersey, Oct. 12, 6280. 
Verbena b·racteosa : Adams, Aug. 25 (Seymour). H ydroph,i1l­
lu1n Virginicltni: Ogle, Sept. 25, 6153. Plilox JJc1.nic11lata: 
Adams (Seymour). Ph.lox sps : Fulton (W olf). Asclepias 
va1·iegata: Union, Sept. 22 (E arle). P a1·ietarict Pe1irisylva1iica : 
Stephenson, Sept. 21, 6069; Lee, Sept. 27, 6209. Stevict sps. 
(from greenhouse): U11ion ( E arle). 

This exceedingly abundant and widely occ1.1rring species is 
doubtless to be found on oth er hosts in this State besides those 
enumerated above. Although widely variable it is l1sually 
easily recognized by its sh ort dark appendages and numerot1s 
two-spored asci. It is usually known as E. lctni1J·rocct1·pa, Lev. 
Winter, however ( Die Pilze, II., p. 33 ), ~dopts De Candolle's 
name of E. cicho1-·acect1·1t11i, and according to the law of priority 
this seems to be correct. 

T he forms on varioL1s L abiatce are often included here, b11t 
they differ in having lobed baustoria on the myceli11n1 threads. 
011 the variot1s species of Verbena the ha11storia are smootl1 ancl 
rou11cled as in the f or1ns on Conzpositce. 

UNCINULA, LEV. 

(Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III ., Tome XV.) 

Perithecium contai11ing several asci; appendages free from 
the mycelium, recl1rved or coiled at the tip. 

U. ampelopsidis, Peck. 
(Trans. Albany Inst., VII., p. 218.) 

U. Americana, Howe (Erysiphei. of U. S. in J our. Bot. 1872). 
U. spiralis, B. & C. (Grev. IV., p. 159). 
U. subf1tsca, B. & C. (Grev. IV., p. 160). 

An1pl1igenous or frequently epiphyllous. Perithecia 
85-100 µ,, dark brown, opaque, reticulations small, rather 
obsct1re; appendages £ro1n 10 or 12 to 20 or 1nore, varying in 

• 



Parasitic F1rn,r;i of fllinois. 407 

le11gt,l1 £ro111 once a11tl a l1al£ to four or 111ore t1mes the d1am­
eter of tl1e peritl1ecium, eolored for n1ore tl1an half the1r lengtl1, 
frcql1c11tly se1ltate, Ot'ea io11ally forl,ed, tips loosely and so1ne­
,vl1at s11irall_y coilecl; asc:i 1no:tly 4- 6 ( 4- J?arlow) ovate, 
1Jetlic:ellate; :1>ores 4-6. 

A111phigenous: myeeliuu1 '.veh-like, thi11 and evanescent ; con­
ceptacles minute, globase, l)lack; appendages ten to twenty, in length 
once or t \\' ice the cliameter of the conce1)tacle, simple, obsc□rely septate 
toward the base, colorecl, a. little paler at the t ips, sporal1gia four to six, 
subglobose or uvate containing four to six spores.-Peck, 25th Rep. 
N. Y. State 1\Ius., p. 96. 

On Tritis (ct1ltivated) : Union, Oct. 24, 10n5, Oct. 28, 2071; 
"\\ralJasl1 (Scl1neck) ; Champaign ( Burrill ). A1ripelo11sis q '1tt'11-

fJ.ltefolic1: ~Ic·Henry, At1g. 20, 1203; La. Salle, Sept. 12, 1483; 
Rock Island, Se11t. 21, 1622; Lee, Sept. 8, 5700½; Ogle, Se11t. 
25, 6181; Cl1an111aigt1 ( Bt1rrill). 

The for111 on Tritis, which is one of the coUJmou 44 grape 
1nildews," is LlSl1ally known as U. s11i1·rrlis, B. & C. Aside f rom 
its tl. tially somew]1at longer appendages, tl1ere seen1s to l1e no 
\vay of clistinguishing it from the 11reviously descrilJecl forn1 on 
.,_J n11Jelopsis. Tl1e appendages in each are colored, f requently 
se11tate, and . iu1ilarly coiled at the tip, w l1ile the cellular 
strt1r-tt1re of tl1e walls 0£ tl1e peritl1ecit1m, and the characters of 
tl1e s11ores and asci, are indisting11ishable. In speciu1ens on 
Tritis from Massacl1usett ( ~ eymour ), t l1e appendages are 
1110. tly very long; l:>t1t in the Illinois s11ecin1ens they are 
£re(1ue11tly not 1nore than twice, or sometimes only once and a 

l1alf, the diameter of the per1tl1ecium; while on ..dr,ipelo11sis they 
are frec1ue11tly a mt1ch as two, two and a half, or even three 
times the diameter. 

U. macrospora, Peck. 
(Trans. Albany Inst. , VII., p. 215.) 

Amphigenot1 . Mycelium conspicuous, abt1ndant; perithe­
cia large, 110- 140 µ,, wall tissue soft, retict1lation very small, 
5-10 µ,, and rather olJscure; appenclages ,,ery numerous, 50 or 
1nore, hyaline, slender, smooth, ust1ally horter than the diam­
eter of tl1e perithecium, tiJ_J closely coilecl, n ot enlargecl: asci 
several, 8-10; spores 2, large, 20 by 30-35 µ,. 



408 fllinois State Laborato1·y of Nattt,1·ctl History. 

Mycelium effused, persistent; conce1)tacles subglobose; appendages 
numerous, thirty or more, about equal in length to the diameter of the 
conceptacle; sporangia eight to tr\,elve; spores two, very large, elliptical, 
.0012-.0015 inch long.- Peck, 25th Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 96. 

On Ul1nus A11ie1·icaria: Fulton, Oct. 1, 1776, 1781; McLean, 
Oct. 12, 1852. Ul111,us alatct : Union, Oct. 2, 6547. Oct. 21, 1916, 
1934, Oct. 22, 1962, 2377, Oct. 25, 2023, Oct. 28, 2073, 2091. 

This abunclantly occurring species differs sufficjently from 
Europea11 specimens of U. Bivonce, Lev. on Ulmits ca1n1Jest1·is 
(Thum. Mycoth. Univer. No. 755 ). In these the perithecia 
are smaller (80- 90 µ, ), and the reticulations are n1uch larger 
( 10- 15 µ. ) and more distinct. The fewer ( less than 20) ap­
pendages are stouter, somewhat roughened and conspicuot1sly 
swollen at tl1e tip. The usually four asci each contain two 
spores abot1t 30 µ, long but narrower tl1an in U. m.ac1·oca1pa. 

U. flexuosa, P eck. 
(Trans. Albany Inst. , VII., p. 215.) 

Hypophyllous. Perithecia large 110- 125 µ,, dark, opaque, 
retict1lations obscure; appendages numerot18, 40 or more, about 
equaling the diameter of the perithecium, hyaline, minutely 
roughened, tbiclrened and irregt1larly flext1ous toward the tip; 
asci about 10, ovate or pyriforrn, strongly pedicellate; spores 8, 
small, 15- 20 µ, long. 

The wavy-flexuous appendages are peculiar to this species, and 
with its more numerous spores separate it from U. adunca Lev. to which 
it is sometimes referred.-Peck, 26tl1 Rep. N. Y. State l\1us. p. 80. 

On .JEsc11-lits sps. : Union, Sept. 15 (Earle). . 
Tl1is handsome and peculiar species is well cl1aracterized 

by the several abrt1pt c]1anges of direction in the upper half of 
the appendage, which give it a peculiar wavy outline . . 

U. circinata, C. & P. 
(Erysiphei of the U. S. in J our. of Bot. 1872.) 

Hypophyllous. Mycelium inconspicuous; perithecia very 
large, depressed, 150-175 µ, in greatest diameter, texture soft, 
reticulations very small and irregular; appendages very nt1mer-



P ct1·ctsitic Fit11.r;i of Illi1iois. 409 

ous, sle11cler, sim1)le, about ec1ual to tl1e clian1eter 0£ the peritbe­
cin1111 l1yali11e, sn1ootl11 tips not s,volle11, ascending from the 
upper l1al£ of the peritl1ecit11n; asci numerous, 14 or more, long 
a11d slender, ol)long or narro,vly ovate, pedicellate, abot1t 30 by 
75 µ,; spores , small, abot1t 10 by 15 µ,. 

1'Iycelium dense, effuse, persistent; conceptacles large, depressed 
or flattened, black; appendages very numerous, slender, about equal in 
length to the <liameter of the conceptacle, simple, colorless; sporangia 
oblong or narrowly ovate, eight to sixteen, con taining eight spores.­
Peck, 25th Rep. N. Y. State Mus. p. 26. 

On A ce1· sncclia'r1·n,1t11l: Chan1paign, Oct. 17 ( W aite) . 
Tl1is is clistinguished £ron1 U. aceris, ( DC. ) Lev. by its 

·im1)le a1)1)endages, and n1ore numerous, very narro,.v- asci. In 
our s1Jeci1ne11s the ruycelit1111 is quite incon:-ipicuotts, but in 
specin1ens from !fassachusetts (Seymour ) it is more abu11dant. 
The leaves affected by it can be clistingt1ished at sorue distance, 
as tl1e areas covered by it remain green after the rest 0£ the 
leaf has asst1med its autumn tint. (Waite.) 

U. parvula, C. & P. 
(Erysipbei of the U. S. in J our . of Bot. 1872.) 

An111higenous. PeTithecia small, 00- 100 µ,, delicate, retic­
t1lations distinct, small and regt1lar, averaging abo11t ] 0 µ,; 

appenclages very numerou , delicate, slender, l1yali11e, shorter 
tl1 a 11 the dian1eter 0£ the peritbecit1m; asci 5-7, l)roadly elliptic; 
spores 6- 8, mostly 6, large, 20- 25 µ, long. 

Hypoph)·llous; mycelium effused, delicate, evanescent; perithecia 
scattered, globose, minute; appendages simple, numerous, scarcely so 
long as the diameter of the perithecia; asci elliptical, rost.rate; spores 
6. -Cooke and Peck, Erysiphei of the U. S., Supp. in J our. of Bot., 
June, 1872. 

On Geltis occideritalis: Union, Oct. 26, 2036; Oct. 31, 2144; 
Jackson, N ov. 5, 2264. 

This is perhaps too near [T. 1 ctl icis, (DC. ) Winter, but it 
seen1s to be distinguisl1ed by its 11nifor1uly smaller size and its 
shorter, more delicate ap1)endages. 

• 



410 I llirto1·s State L aborato1·y of Natu1·al History. 

U. salicis, (DC.) Winter. 
(Die Pilze, II., p. 40.) 

Erysiplie salicis, DC. (Flore Franc., II., p. 273). 
Erysiplie populi, DC. (Flore Franc., VI., p. 104). 
Alphitoniorpha adunca, guttata, W allr. (Verh. N aturf. Freunde, I., pp. 

37, 42). 
Erysibe adii1ica, obtusata, Lk. (Spec. Plant., VI., 1, p. 117). 
Erysiphe adiinca, Grev. (Scott. Crypt. Flora, V., tab. 296). 
Uncinula ad'unca, Lev. (Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III., Tome XV). 
Uncinula leuciile1ita, Howe (Trans. Albany Inst., VII., quoted in 

Amer. Nat ., VII., p. 58). 
Uncin,ula lielicifor1nis, Howe (Torr. Bull., V., p. 4). 

Aruphige11ous. Mycelium abunda11t, persistent; pe1·ithecia 
ust1ally large, 100-160 µ,, wall-tisst1e soft, elastic, reticulations 
rather small and indistinct; appendages variable in nt1m ber, 
usually very numerous, ]1yaline, not mt1ch swollen at t l1e tip, 
once to twice as long as the diameter of the perithecium; asci 
from 4 or 5 to 12 or more, ovate; spores usually 4 or 5, some­
tin1es 6-8. 

On Salix sps.: La Salle, Sept. 20, 1602; Henry, Sept. 28, 
1721; J o Daviess, Sept. 20, 6029, 6030, 6031; Stepl1enso11 , Sept. 
21, 6083. Sctlix petiolaris: Piatt, Aug. 17, 1143. Sal-ix co1·­
data: McHenry, Aug. 20, 1152, Aug. 24, 1255, 1256; Coolc, Sept. 
5, 1435 ; Jo Daviess, Sept. 18, 5974. Popztlits treniuloides: 
McH enry, A.ug. 23, 1250, Aug. 31, 1397 ; Jo Daviess, Sept. 
18, 6018. POJJ'ltlzts ,q1·andidentata: La Salle, Sept. 17, 1579. 
P oJJitl1,ts lieteropliylla: Union, Oct. 25, 2020, 2031 ; Oct. 31, 
2142. 

This species is quite variable, as are most of the abt1ndant 
and widely distribt1ted ones belonging to the family. It is 
usually known as U. ad1tnca, Lev.; but De Candolle's name has 
priority, and is adopted by Winter ( Die Pilze, II., p. 40) and 
Tulasne (Fung.Carp. I ., p. 198 ). The asci are usually described 
with only fot1r or five spores, but our specimens £reqt1ently sl1ow 
as many as six, and sometimes seven or eight. 

U. leucitlenta, Howe, is described as occurring on Po1J1-tlits, 
with £ewer and longer appendages and five or six spores. I lli­
nois specimens on PoJJitlus sometimes show rather longer ap­
pendages t han on Salix, bt1t as the more numerous spores are 
frequent on both hosts, there is no strfficient ground for sepa-



Pctrrrsitic F111i,r;i qf 17li11ois. 411 

rating tl,em. Trelea e ( Parasitic FL1ngi or Wis., 11. ) gives U. 
lieliciforn1is Howe, a a synonym £or U. ad1tnc1t. Howe1

• 

clescriJJtion says, "a1Jpenclages colored at base;,, but tl1is alonP 
would not be a s11fficie11t specific cl1aracter. Tl1ere is 11othing 
else in tl1e clescriptio11 by which to disti11gt1ish it fron1 the otl1er 
£or1ns on PoJJl£lltS. 

PHYLLACTINIA, LEv. 
(Ann. Sci. Nat. , Ser. III., Tome XV., p. 144.) 

P eritbecium containing several asci; a1)pendages free £ron1 
the ri1yceliu1n, acic11lar, acute at the tip, abruptly swollen 
at base. 

P . suffulta, (Reb.) Sacc. 
(Syl. Fung., I., p. 5. ) 

Sclerotiuni sittfnltum, Rebent. (Flor. Neom., p. 360). 
Erysiplie coryli, fra.rini, DC. (Flore Franc., II., p. 273). 
Erysiphe vaga1is, Bivon. (Stirp. rar. Sicil., III., p. 19). 
Alphitomorpha guttatn, "\Vallr. ( \Terb . Naturf. Freunde, r. , p. 42). 
E1·ysibe guttnta, Lk. (Spec. Plant., VI., 1, p. 116). 
Erysibe guttata, Fr. (Syst. Mycol., III., p. 245). 
Phyllactinia guttata, Lev. (Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III., Tome X"\'). 

Hypophyllous. ~Iycelium abundant, persistent, or scant 
a11d evanescent ; perithecia very large, 150- 250 µ,, wall tissue 
soft , cellt1lar stru ctt1re and 1·eticulations olJscure; appendages 
few, t1st1ally - 12, easily detacl1ed, h yaline, varying in length 
from less than to three or £our times the diameter of the 
perithecium; asci 4 or 5 to 20 or n1ore, ovate, 11edicellate; 
spores normally 2, occa ionally 3 or 4, variable in size, mostly 
c1 t1ite large. 

On Liriode1idro1i tz,liJ_J?fera: Union, Oct. (E arle). Cel,rs­
tr1ts scnn(le1is : J ersey, Oct.14, 6307. (lrc1tceg1ts tonie1ztosc1 var. 
71yrifoli11: Champaign, Oct. 18 (Seyn1our ). Cor1111s Flori<la: 
U nio11, Oct. 2, 65-!4. flex dee id tra: Union, Oct. 7 (Earle). 
CatalJJCt big1101iioides: Champaign, Oct. 10, 6577-}. Frtrxin.,is 
sps.: Union, ept. (Earle) ; Champaign. Oct. (Waite). Ul1n11s 
A1t1erica1ia: Jersey, Oct. 12, 6277. Uln11,s alafct: Union, 
Oct. 2, 6543, Oct. 22, 2377. Qzlerczts 1nacrorarpc1: Union, Oct. 
21, 1917, Oct. 28. 2000, 2105. Q1,e1·c1rs rorci11elt: Union, Oct. 
31 , 2130; Champaign, Oct. 30, 6377. Q1terc1ts ti1ictoric1: 

• 



412 Illiriois State Laboratory ef Natitral History. 

Union, Sept. and Oct. (Earle). Querctts 1·1tbra: Unio11, Nov. 1, 
2196. Querc1ts (1Jc1,l11stris?): La Salle, Sept. 17, 1582. Fag1ts 
fert"u,ginea: Union, Sept. 20 (Earle). Corylus A1ne1·icana: 
Lee, Sept. 12, 5794; Jo Daviess, Sept. 16, 5940; Ogle, Sept., 
6192; Union, Sept. and Oct. (Earle). Betttla nig1·ct: J ersey, 
Oct. 14, 6306; Union, Oct. 4, 6561. 

This freqt1ently occurring species pTesents n1any variations 
i11 the size of the perithecia, the length of the appendages, the 
nt1mber and size of the asci, and the size of the spores ; but 
none of these forms seem constant enough to justify their 
separation. On L i1·iodendron tl1e mycelium is usually incon­
spicuous, the appendages but little longer than the diameter of 

tl1e peritbecium, and the few ( 8- 10) asci are large and broaclly 
ovate. On Ulnzzts the n1yceliu111 is abu11clant and persistent, 
the perithecia and a1Jpendages rnedit1n1, and the veTy nt1merous 
(20- 30) asci are small and 11arrow. On Que1·czlS the perithecia 
are ver)' large, and the 10- 15 asci and tl1e spores are n1uch 
larger than on [ T[11i1ts. On Co1·yl1rs the perithecia are small, 
·bt1t the appendages are very 1011g. Asci and spores not 
observed on this host. Tl1ey seem to mature later than on the 
others. 

Tl1is species has long been known as P. gitttata, Lev., but 
priority de111ands the use of the na1ne given by Rebentisch, 
(Sacc. Syl. Fung., I., p. 5). 

The peculiar yellow oil often occurring in the peritbecia 
of this family is here particularly abundant and noticeable. 
In some cases, especially on Ul1nits, the leaves affected by the 
fungus tt1rn yellow and fall prematurely. 

P ODOSPH.lER A, Kt1nze. 

(Mycol., Hefte II., p. 111.) 

Perithecit1m containing a single ascus; appendages free from 
the myceliun1, dichotomot1sly branched at the end. 

P. oxyacanthoo, (DC.) DBy. 
(Morph. und. Phys. der Pilze, III., p. 480.) 

Erysiphe oxyacanthre, DC. (Flore Franc., VI., p .. 106). 
Alphitomorylta tridactyla, clandestina, W allr. (Flore Crypt. Germ., 

III., p . 75S). 



Parasitic F it1igi of I lliriois. 

Erysibe tridttctyla, Rabb. (Deutsch}. Krypt. Fl., I., p. 273). 
Erysibe clandestina, Lk. (Spec. Plant., VI., I ., p. 103). 

413 

Podosphrera K unzei, clandestina, Lev. (Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III., 
Tome XV). 
Podosphrera trydactyla, rnyrtillina, DBy. (1. c., III., p. 48). 
Podosphrera m.yi·tillin.a., Ku11ze (Mycol. , Hefte II., p. 111). 
Podosphrera minor, Ho)ve (Torr. Bull., ,r ., p. 3). 

Amphigenot1s. Mycelium variable, often abundant, per­
sistent, perithecia 65- 110 µ,. dark, opaque, retict1lations regu­
lar, about 10- 15 ;i, evident ,vhen young, scarcely observable 
when old, except by the uneven surface ; appendages 8- 20, 
dark brown for more than half their le11gth, frequently septate, 
1- 4 ti1nes as long as the diameter of tl1e peritl1ecium, 3- 5 
tin1es dichotornot1sly forked, branches short, often swollen, tips 
rect1rved; ascus broaclly elliptic or orbict1lar, about 50 by 60 µ,, 

thick walled; spores ust1ally 8. 
On Cratceg1ts to11ie11.tosa var. pyrifolia: Union, Nov. 3, 

2194; Adams, July 3, 5394. C1·atceg ltS sps: Union, Sept. 
(Earle). P1·2t1i1ts A1ie1·1·ca1ia : Lee, Sept. 9, 5744. P1·un11s 
ceras1rs (cultivated) : McH enry, Aug. 24, 1289; Rock Island, 
Sept. 21, 1625; Piatt, Aug. 16, 1151; Adams, June 29, 5342; 
Union, Aug. 22 (Earle). 

Etrropean botanists agi·ee in dividing what is here included 
under P. o:ryctca·ntl1ce, in to three species, as follows :-

P. oxyacanthce, (DC.) DBy. Appendages 8 or more, about 
equal to the dian1eter of the peritl1ecit1m, standing erect on its 
upper st1rface. On C1·atceg11s, S 01·b1ts, and Mes11il1fs. 

P. tridactyla, (Wallr.) DBy. Appendages 3- 7, standing 
erect in a parallel bundle on the summit of the perithecium . On 
Pr1,1i1ts s1Js. 

P. 11iyrtilli1ta, (Scht1bert ) K t111ze. Appendages 6- 10, aris­
ing from the upper surface of the perithecium, but radiating 
divergently or reflexed. On Tracci1iiit111. 

European specimens on the above l1osts show these distin­
guishing characters sufficiently well. American specimen on 
Pr1t1iits often have as many as twenty appendages, and though 
they all stand on the t1pper half of the perithecium it is only in 
rare cases that they are collected in an erect cluster at the summit, 
as in P. tridctctyla. They t1sually radiate even more divergently 
than in P. myrtillina. In American specime11s on Cratcegzts 



414 Illinois State Lctbo,·Gto~·y ef Nat1t1·(1l H istory. 

the appendages average a little shorter tha11 on Pr11 >iits, but 
tl1ey show no other appreciable differences. I11 both cases they 
are too variable for this tu constitt1 te a disti11gt1isl1ing charac­
teristic. 

As ot1r specimens tl1us present intermecliate forms co11-
necting those that are separated in Et1rope, it becomes necessary 
to consider them all as l)elonging to one variable species. 
Widely varying species are common among tl1P. E1·ysi­
pliece, and the forms inclt1ded here differ n1uch less widely than 
those that are referred to E1·ys1)Jl1,e con1,1nic1iis or Phyllacti1iia 
s1rff1ilta. As De Canclolle's name has priority, it .m11st be re­
tained. 

MICROSPH.lERA, Liv . . 

(Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. III., Tome XV.) 

Perithecit1n1 contai11ing several asci; appendages free fron1 
the 1nycelit1u1, 111ore or less dicboto111ously branched at the 
end. 

KEY TO THE ] LLINOIS SPECIES OF MtuROnPH.cERA.. 

l. Tips of the appenclages not recurvecl ...... .. ......... A. 
I I. Tips of tl1e appendages rec11rvecl wl1en n1ature .. ...... B. 

A. Appenclages colored ...... . .............. .' . ..... 1. 
Appendages hyaline or 11early so . ... ..... ... ..... 2. 

1. Appendages short ( ec1 ual t o dian1eter of perithe-

2. 

ci ll m) ..... - ..... . ........ . .... . M. SEMITOSTA. 

Appendages very long ( 4-6 times diameter of 
perithecit1m) ............. .. .. .. . M. RusSELLII. 

Appendages 1n ecli u in ( 2-3 
tin1es diameter of peritl1e-
ci11m ) .. ..... .. .. ..... . 

M. DIFFUSA. 
M. SYMPHO:RICA RPI. 

Appendages long (3-6 times di- { M. V.A.CCINII. 
ameter of perithecium) . . . . . . . . M. EUPHORBUE • 

• 

• 



Pc, l'asific F1,11gi qf Illin,ois. 415 

li. A1J tJe11dages colorecl .. .... ......... M. ERINEOPIIILA .. 

A1Jpe11dages n1ostly hyaline ..... . ............... 2. 
2. ..l\.1)11e11dage~ s110~-t ( 2 ti,ues dia111e- { 1\'I. RA VENLII. 

ter 0£ per1thec1u111, or less). . . . . M. ALNI. 

J\P1Je11dages t1s11~lly l?11g ( 2-4 times J M. QUERCINA 
cl1a111eter of 1Jer1tl1ec111nJ) ........ 1 M. ELE'i" ATA. 

A. TifJS of tlte a1>pe1idages not rec·1t1·ced. 
l. AJJJJe11dages colo1·ecl. 

M. semitosta, B. & C. 
(Grev. IV., p. 160.) 

Epipltyllot1s. Myceliu1n persistent; perithecia few, some­
what aggregatecl, 90- 100 µ,, delicate, reticulations regular a11tl 
clistinct, abot1t 10 µ,; appendages 12 or 1nore, al:>out eciual to 
the diameter of the perithecit1m, colorecl t]1ro11ghot1t, paler to­
ward the tip, or tl1e color stopping at a distinct line lilce a sep­
tun1, 3 or 4 times clicl1oton1011sly branched, primary branches 
long, others short, tips obtuse, not rec11rved; asci-; spores 
small, 10 l)y 15 µ,. 

1'1ycelium sparing; appendages forked three times, more than twice 
as long as the cliao1eter of the perithecia; abruptly brown at the base; 
sporidia -:!:.-Berkeley, 1. c. 

On CeJJllltlct,itltttS occide1ztalis: Champaign, Oct. (Waite). 
In tl1e . 11ecimens at ha11cl the u11mber of asci a11d spores 

cannot be cleter1niuecl. Compared with the clescription by 
Berlreley, the appendages are not so long, and only part of 
them sl1ow the abrnpt termination of the colori11g. 

M. Russellii, Clinton. 
(26th Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 80.) 

Aruphigenous. Myceliun1 inconspict1011s; peritl1ecia m~tll, 
75-100 µ,, cleli.cate, retict1lations regular, clistinct, abot1t 10 I'; 
appendages - 1 , many times longer than the cliameter of the 
peritl1eciun1, colorecl for l1al:f or two tl1irds of tl1eir lengtl1, 
occa ion ally . eptate, si111ple, l)itic.l, or two or tl1ree time irreg11-
larly l)rancl-1ecl, l)ranches long. ofte11 <.li tortec.l, tiJ)S 11ot s,vollen 
or recurved; a ·ci 4- ; Rpores 11s11ally 4, . 111all. 



418 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural H isto?"!J. 

Amphigenous; mycelium arachnoid, evanescent, appendages 8-18, 
very long, flexuous, colored, paler toward the tips, which are simple or 
one to three times divided; sporangia ovate, 4-8; spores 4, elliptical, 
.0007-.0008 in. long.-Peck 26th Rep. N. Y . State Mus., p. 80. 

On Oxalis stt·icta: McLean, Oct. 7, 1827. 
The appendages, from their length and manner of branch­

ing, much resemble those of M. e1tpllorbice, but they are strongly 
colored, ancl the perithecia are smaller and more delicate. 

2. Appenclages liyali'ne ot· near·ly so. 

M. di:ffusa, C. & P. 
(Erysiphei of the U.S., in Jour. of Bot. 1872.) 

Usually epiphyllous. Perithecia scattered, 100-120 ,.,,, dark, 
opaque, reticulations rather obscure, 10-15 p,; appendages 15-
25, hyaline, or slightly tinted at base, 2- 4 times as long 
as the diameter of the peritheci11m, once to fo1.1r or five times 
irregularly or dichotomously branched, branches long and dif­
fusely spreading, not at all swollen or recurved; asci 4-7, ovate 
pedicellate, rather sn1all, 30-35 by 60-65 ,.,, ; spores 4-8, mostly 
4-5. 

MyceTium thin, evanescent; conceptacles minute, globose, black; 
appendages numerous, eighteen to twenty-five, in length once or thrice 
the diameter of the conceptacle, somewhat irregularly divided and 
slightly nodulose at the tips; sporangia ovate, four to six, containing 
four to six spores.-Peck, 25th Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p . 95. 

On Des1nodiitm citspidatu11i : Jo Daviess, Sept . 20, 6041; 
Champaign, Sept. 18, 6617, Oct. 25, 6599. Desmodiltm Cana­
de1ise: Lee, Sept. 12, 5793; Stephenson, Sept. 13, 5807, Sept. 
21, 6073; J o Daviess, Sept. 18, 5970, 5972, 6001: Ogle, Sept. 
22, 6089. Desrr1.odiit11i paniculatu1n: J o Daviess, Sept. 18, 5973. 
Desmodiu1n sps. : Union (Earle) . Lespedeza capitata: Ogle, 
Sept. 23, 6136. Lespedeza hi1·ta: Union, Sept. 20 (Earle). 
Phaseolits pe,rennis: Union (Earle). 

This species seems to be well characterized by the long, lax 
branching of the appendages. In Illinois specimens on Des1no­
diitm the appendages are usually 2- 2½ times the diameter of the 
perithecium; but on Pliaseolits, some of them are 3½ times 



Pct1·asitic Pitngl of Illinois. 41 "I 

tl1e dian1eter, and in specimens 011 Lespedeza capitatct from Wis­
consin (Pan1mel ), whicl1 otherwise agree with this species, the 
appenclages are five or six times tl1e diameter. 

M. symphoricarpi, Howe. 
(Torr. Bull., V., p. 3.) 

Ampbigenous. Mycelium abundant, persiste11t; perithecia 
s1nall, 0- 100 ,,, delicate, reticulations large, regular, 15- 20 µ.,; 
appendages 8-16, hyaline or slightly colored at ba e, 2- 4 times 
as 1011g as the diameter of the perithecium, 4- 5 tin1es d1choto­
mo11s, brancl1es short, compact, tips trt1ncate, somewhat swollen, 
not rec11rved; asci 4-10, small, 50 ,, long; spores 4-6, small and 
narrow, 10- 1 f'-. 

Mycelium effused, sub-persistent; perithecia scattel'ed or crowded; 
appendages 8-14, 2-4 times the Jength of the diameter of the peritbecia, 
3- 5 times dichotomous, ramuli divaricate, tips variable, often truncate, 
neve1· curved; asci 4-6; spores 3-5.- Howe, Torr. Bull., V., p. 3. · 

On Sy11i1Jlio1·ica11Jus 1>1fl_qaris: Piatt, A.ug. 15, 1074, At1g. 
16, 1099; McLean, July 29, 2372. Sy11ipho,·icat'}?ltS sps.: Union, 
Nov. 1, 2184. 

This is m ucl1 like some forms of M. i•acci1iii, bt1t the my­
celium is more abunclant ancl tl1e reticulations are larger and 
more evident. 

M. vaccinii, C. & P. 
(Erysiphei of the U.S., in Jour. of Bot. 1872.) 

E1-ysiphe vaccirtii, Schw. [?] (N. A. Fungi, p. 270). 

An1pl1igeno11s. Mycelit1m thin and delicate, often eva-
nescent, or sometimes alJuudant, peristent; perithecia variable, 
often small, 80-90 f'-, or large, 110- 120 f'-, fragile; appe11dages 
10-20, hyaline, smooth, slightly colored at ba ·e, 2 or 3 to as 
many aR 6 times the diameter 0£ the peritl1ecium, branching 
variot1s1 us11ally 3 or 4 times forl{ed, witl1 the tips truncate or 
bifid, not recurved, occasionally n1ore ornate, with tip distinctly 
rect1rved; asci J-81 small and broad, abot1t 40 by 55 1i; pores 
4-6 sn1all. 

A.mphigenol1s; 1nycelium arachnoid, evanescent; peritbeciaglobose, 
scattered; asci 6 to 8; spores 6 to 8; aJ)pe11dages rather 11umerous (12 to 

• 



• 

418 jzzl1iois State Labo1·atoty of Ncttu,ral History. 

20) 4 to 6 times as long as the diameter of the perithecia; 3 to 4 times 
dicl1otomously branched above, tips swollen.-Cooke ancl Peck, Erysiphei 
of U. S., in J our. Bot. 1882 . 

On Gayl1tssacia r·esinosa: Ogle, Sept. 25, 6173; La Salle, 
Se1)t. 30,6247. TTacciniu1n (vacillctns?): .Jersey, Oct. 14, 6318. 

This is a variabl~ species not only in the character 0£ tl1e 
mycelium, but in the lengtl1 and branching 0£ the appendages. 
In most cases the tips are swollen, and not at all recurved. 
There is some con£t1sion in regard to the autl1ority £or this 
species. Scl1weinitz (N. ,.!\.. FL1ng·i, p. 270) describes an E1·ysi­
plie vaccinii on TT acci1iiu11i Penrisylvctnic1l11i from Berks Co., 
Penn., while Peck ( 23d Rep. N. Y. State M t1s., p. 65) refers spe­
cin1ens on Epigcea 1·e11ens to Erysiphe vacci11ii, Scl1,v., and on 
the same page describes llficr·osphcera lYtcciriii on TT acci1zi1t11i 
't1acilla1i:-: as a new species. This report was submitted for pt1b1i­
cation in 1870, but was not printed 11n til three years later. 
During this interval the species was publisl1ed jointly by Cooke 
and Peclr in the .Journal 0£ Botany ( Jan. 1872). As Schwei­
nitz's specin1ens were on JTr1cci1ii1tn1, it is very probable that they 
belonged to this species rather tl1an to the one on EJJi,qcea. 
Tl1is point can probably 11ever be satisfactorily settled, so it 
is best to write si111ply M. Tracci11ii, C. & P. 

M. euphorbioo, B. & C. 
(Grev. IV., p. 160.) 

Amphige11ous. Mycelium abu11dant, persistent; peritl1ecia 
scattered, abunclant, ust1ally small, 80- 100 f', bL1t ofte11 larger 
( 120 f" ), texture soft, elastic, retic11lations 10- 15 µ,, frec1uently 
obscure; appendages 15-20, very long, 5- 6, or more tin1es, the 
diameter of the perithecium, hyaline, often slightly tinted at 
base, irregularly flexuous and often nodularly swollen1 at first 
simple, then part of them bifid or three or fot1r times dichoto­
mot1s, brancl1es long, lax, ti1)s sometimes bifid, but not swollen 
or recurved; asci 4-8, frequently 6, pedicellate, 35-40 by 65 µ,; 

spores 4-6. 

Mycelium ample; appendages ma11y times longer tba11 the diame· 
ter of the perithecia, once or twice forked, then lobed at the tips.-Berke­
ley, Grev. IV., p. 160. 



Parasitic Fungi of Illinois. 419 

On Eupliorbia Jiype1·ic1folia: Union, Oct. 24, 1931. Eu­
plio1·bia co1·ollala: McH enry, Aug. 20, 1198, Aug. 26, 1294, 
Sept. 1, 1411; Boone, Sept. 2, 1418; McLean, Oct. 7, 1821, Oct. 
12, 1842; Union, Oct. 21, 1938, Oct. 25, 2005, Oct. 29, 2117; 
Lee, Sept. 11, 5778; Jo Daviess, Sept. 16, 5943, Sept. 18, 5971. 

This is very common throughout the State, and is easily 
recognizecl by its very long, often un brancl1ed, colorless append­
ages. Such appendages are also characteristic of the European 
species JJf. Ast·ragali, (DC.) Trev. Our specimens closely re­
semble specimens of the latter on Ast1·agalits glycyphylltts. 

B. Tips of appendages distinctly 1·ecu1·ved ·wlien rriature. 

M. erineophila, Peck. 

(Torr. Bull., X., p. 75.) 

Mycelium thin; perithecia 90-100 JJ,, fragile, dark, 
opaqL1e, reticulations obscure; appendages few, 8-12, dark 
colored except the brancl1es, scarcely equal to the diameter of 
the perithecium, 4-6 times regL1larly dichotomous, branches 
short and rather thick, tips recurved; asci 5-8, oval or ovate, 
pedicellate, rather small, 35 by 55 µ,; spores uniformly 8, 
small. 

~1ycelium arachnoid, sub-persistent; perithecia .003 to .004 of an 
inch broad, sometimes collapsed or pezizreform; appendages 6 to 12, 
shorter than, or about equal to, the diameter of the perithecia, colored, 
the tips paler and two or three times dichotomous; asci 4, sometimes 3 
or 5, eight-spored; spores .0008 to .0009 of an inch long, .00045 to .0005 
broad, usually containing one or two large nuclei.-Peck, Torr. Bull., 
x., p. 76. 

On the '' E1·inei1,111," caused by some species of Plzytoptiis 
on the lo"ver sides of tl1e leaves of Fagu,s ferrugi11.ea : Union, 
Aug. 20, Sept. 20 (Earle); Pulaski, Nov. 4, 2230, 2244, 2245. 

Tl1is peculiar species is not uncom1non in southern Illinois. 
So far as is known it has not been collected elsewhere. It has 
been distributed by Winter as No. 3245 of his II Fungi Europ. et 
extra Europrei.1

' 

3 



420 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 

2. Appendages m.ostly=hyaline. 

M. Ravenelii, Berk. 
(Grev. IV., p. 160.) 

Amphigenous. V,- 1Mycelium 1 usually abundant,i. persistent; -perithicea: abundant, ! usually_ large, 100-130 µ,, reticulations 
small andr irregt1lar, about 10 µ,; appendages 10-20, somewl1at 
roughened, ust1ally hyaline, occasionally colored for a distance, 
the color ending at an abrupt line like a septum, once or twice 
as long as the diameter of the peritbecium, 5- 7 times dichoto­
mous, branches short, forming a n1ore or less co1np'.1ct head, tips 
not swollen at length, usually acute and recurved; asci 6-10, 
frequently 8, ovate pedicellate, about 45 by 60 µ, ; spores 4-6 
( Saccardo says 8). 

Mycelium effused, dirty white; appe11dages repeatedly forked to­
ward! the apex, much more so than in the last (M. penicillata Lev).­
Berkeley, Grev. IV., p. 160. 

On Gleditscliia tricanthos : Piatt, Aug. 16, 1100; Fulton, 
Oct. 1, 1780; McLean, Aug. 6, 2363, Oct. 6, 1861; La Salle, 
Sept. 29, 6237; Jersey, Oct. 13, 6286. Latliyrits JJalitstris : 
Champaign, Oct. (Waite). Vicia A1nericana: McHenry, Aug. 
20, 1211. 

In the typical form of this species, that on Gleditscliia, the 
peculiarly colored appendages mentioned in the description sel­
do1n occur, but they may occasionally be noticed. On Vicia a 
majority of t l1e appendages are colored in t his manner, and the 
mycelium is rather less abundant. In other respects it' agrees 
so closely with M. Ravenelii that it does not seem best to sep­
arate it, especially as the appendages are not all colored on Vi­
cia while they are occasionally colored on Gleditscliia. The 
forn1 on Lathy1·us stands about half way between the other 
two in the coloring of the appendages and density of the my­
celium. A form on Lathyrus has been referred by Trelease 
(Parasitic Fungi of Wisconsin, p. 8.) to M. diffusa, C. & P. It 
seems from his note to be the same as our £orn1 on this host . 
Our specimens of 11!. diffusa on Des1nodium, Lespedeza, and Pha­
seolus closely agree in the long and loose branching 0£ their ap­
pendages, a character well expressed by the specific nan1e, and 



Pa1·asitic l!"litngi qf fllinois. 421 

the tips, even in the most matt1re speci1nens, are not at all re­
curved. This is clearly different from the regular and compact 
branching and recurved tips 0£ the appendages on Latliyrits, 
wl1ich , as Trelease l1imself observes, "closely resemble those of 
M. R az-erielii, B.1

' 

M . alni, (DC.) Winter. 
(Die Pilze, II., p. 38.) 

Erysiphe alni, betul:e, DC. (Flore Franc. , VI. , pp. 104-107). 
Alphitomorpha penicillata, W allr. ( Verhandl. Na turf. Freunde, 

I ., p. 40). 
Erysibe penicillata, Lk. (Spec. Plant., VI., I., p. 113). 
Erysiphe viburni, Duby (Bot. Gall., II., p. 872). 
Erysiphe ceanotlii, vibu1·ni, sy1·ingre, S~hw. (N. A. Fungi, pp. 269,270). 
Microsphrera Hedivigii, penicillata, Friesii, Lev. (Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 

III., Tome XV). 
1lficrosph::era plalani, H owe (Torr. Bull. , V., p. 4). 
Microspha:ra Van Briinliana, Ger. (Torr. Bull., VI., p. 31). 
Microsph:ero vibitrni, H owe (Torr. Bull., V., p. 43). 
Microsphrera pulclira, C. & P. (Erysipbei of U.S., in J our. of Bot., 

1872). 

Amphigenous. Mycelium often delicate and evanescent, 
sometimes abundant and persistent; peritbecia t1sually small, 
80-100 1-', sometimes large, 100-130 µ,, wall tissue com pact, 
rather fragile, retict1lations not large, 10- 15 µ,; appendages 6 
or 8 to 15 or 20, hyaline, usually tinted at base, often somewhat 
roughe11ed, usually about eql1aling, but varying from less than 
to more than twice the diameter of the peritbecium, 4-6 times 
dicbotomot1s, branches varying in length and angle of 
divergence, but always regt1lar and symmetrical, tips acute, 
distinctly, often stro11gly, recurved; asci varyi11g witl1 the size 
of the perithecium from 2 or 3 to 8 or more, usually 4 or 5, 
ovate when numerous1 suborbicular when few; spores 4-8, 
variable, mostly small, averaging about 20 µ, long. 

On Ceanotliits A1nericanus : Stephenson, Sept. 21, 6082; 
Ogle, Sept. 22, 6090, Sept. 23, 6135. E itony1nits atropurpi~reits : 
La Salle, Sept. 17, 1580; Chan1paigu, Aug. 12, 1057. Lo,iicera 
flava ( ct1l ti vated): Cb ampaign, Oct. 9, 2381. V ibitr1iit1n 
pubesceris: McH enry, Aug. 24, 1262. Vibitriiu1n pritnifoliuni : 
Jo Daviess, Sept. 18, 5969; Champaign, Oct. (Waite). I lex 



422 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 

decidua: Union, Oct. 25, 2014; Jersey, Oct. 13, 6287. Ulmus 
Americana, Jo Daviess, Sept. 19, 6003. Syringa vulgaris: 
McHenry, Aug. 20, 1173, 1214, Aug. 31, 1398; Cook, Sept. 8, 
1464; La Salle, Sept. 12, 1500; Rock Island, Sept. 21, 1623; 
McLean, Oct. 18, 1872, Aug. 18, 5632; Union, Nov. 1, 2185; 
Jackson, Nov. 5, 2260; Jo Daviess, Sept. 20, 6039. Platanus 
occideritalis: Champaign, Oct. 30, 6375; Union, Sept. & Oct. 
(Earle). Jugla.ns cinerea: Union, Sept. 22 (Earle). Jitglans 
nigra: Union, Oct. 22 (Earle). Car·ya alba: Union (Earle). 
Corylus Americana: McHenry, Aug. 20, 1169, Aug. 24, 1287; 
Lee, Sept. 12, 5790; Stephenson, Sept. 14, 5879, Sept. 24, 6066; 
Jo Daviess, Sept. 16, 5941, Sept. 19, 6000; Ogle, Se1Jt. 25, 6174. 

The forms here included under .J.lf. alrti have been assigned 
by different authors to various species, distinguisl1ed, for the 
most part, by the number of the asci and spores. In all of 
these forms the size of the perithecia, even when standing side 
by side on the same leaf, is quite variable, and, as a conRequence, 
the number and shape of the asci tl1ey contain vary equally 
widely. Very small perithecia contain only a few (2-4) sub­
orbicular asci, while larger ones contain a greater nun1ber, 
which, owing to lateral crowding, are narrower and longer. 
The spores are by no means conRtant in number, even in asci 
from the same perithecium. It is manifestly impossible to 
maintain specific distinctions based on such variable charac­
teristics; and it becomes necessary, as in other genera of tl1e 
family, to combine these rather widely varying forms. Aside 
from the number of asci and spores, the forms included here 
do not, however, present any very wide variations. In fact the 
branching of the appendages, and tl1e cellular structure of the 
wall of the perithecium, are strikingly alike in all of them. 
The specimens collected in Union county, ou Juglans cinerea 
and J. 1iigra, are sometimes very different from the type, 
having appendages less than the diameter of the perithecium. 
But on these same hosts other forms imperceptibly grade into 
the characteristic ones, leaving no room for specific distinction. 

The form on Syringa is usually known as M. Fr·iesii, Lev.; 
that on Vibitrnitm as M. vibur·ni, Howe; that on Sambitcus as 
M. Van Britntiana, Ger.; and that on Platanits as M. platani, 
Howe. The others are usually referred to ]f. penicillata, Lev. 



Parasitic Furigi of Illinois. 423 

It is unfortu11ately necessa,ry to discard this last well-]{nown 
name i 11 favor of tl1e 011e previously given lJy De Canclolle t o 
one of the 1nany forms of the species. Tl1is is to lJe regretted 
the wore a the 11n.111e1 al1ii1 ta]{en from only one among so 
n1 any h osts, fails to express any trt1e characteristic of tl1e spe­
cies as 110 ,,1 understood. Some ,vriters ,vhose opinions carry 
great weight in all matters con cerni11g fungi, would consider 
tl1is s11fficient ground for disregarding the law of priority, and 
would select from tbe names tl1at had been given to the species, 
the one that seemed to them to be most appro1Jriate1 even going 
so far as to give a plant an entii-ely new name, because 
found to occt1r on otl1er hosts than the one from whicl1 its name 
was derived. The case of PJiytoplitlio1·a omnivorrt, De Bary 1 may 
be talcen to illt1strate this usage. Hartig described a parasite oc­
curring on yot1 ng birch seedlings as PeronOSJJOra fct.gi ( Zeitschr. 
f. Forst- und Jagclwesen., VIII. (1875), p. 121). Sche11k de­
scTibecl a similar parasite on Se1rtpervivitni as Pe1·onospo-ra seniper­
vivi ( Sitzungsber. d. N aturf. Gesellschaft zu Leipzig, July, 
1875 ), De Bary (Morph. und Phys. der Pilze1 IV.1 pp. 22-27) 
finds these two species to be identical, and that the same thing 
also occurs on Cla rkia. H e, tl1erefore, in transferring them to 
bis new gen t1s, Pliyto1Jhtlio1·a, writes P. 01n1iivora, entirely disre­
garding both of the previously given names, although, in tl1is 
case, there could be no qt1estion of the identity of the forms 
first described, bl1t only of the appropriateness of the older 
names in tl1e light of the increased kn ow ledge of the species. 

While it is doubtless very desirable to bave species appro­
priately named, it is easy to see that this practice, if usually 
followed , would lead to endless confusion; for each addition to 
our knowledge of a species wot1ld necessitate, or at least permit, 
a change of name. H ere, as in other branch es of biology, the 
only safe rule seems to be to adhere rigidly to tbe law of pri­
ority whenever the older n.ame is at all ad1nissible. I£ thi 
species never occurred on Al121ts the retention of the name 'Pr[. 
al1ii would be mucl1 more questionable. 

This species is not reported as occur1·ing on Syri11ga, in 
Europe, although abundant there on other hosts. This seems 
singular when it is remembered how frequently our lilacs are 
attacked by it, and naturally leads to the question whether, 



424 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 

after all, this form may not be distinct. In the present state 
of our knowledge, the classification of these minute plants is 
necessarily based almost entirely on their morpl1ological char­
acters; and as there are no constant differences of form by 
which they can be distinguished, it is necessary to consider 
them identical until tl1e contrary is proved by a careful study 
of their development and life history. 

M. quercina, (Schw.) Burrill. 
(N. A. Fungi, p. 270.) 
Erysiphe quercinum, Schw. (N. A. Fungi, p. 270). 
Microsphrera exterisa, C. & P. (Erysiphei of U.S., in .J our. of Bot., 1872). 
Microsph;era abbreviata, Peck (28th Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 64). 

Ephipbyllous, hypophyllous, or amphigenous. Mycelium 
abundant, rather thin and pruinose, forming orbicular patches 
or spreading over the whole surface of the leaf; perithecia 
abundant, scattered, varying from 80- 140 µ,, reticulations evi­
dent, small, and irregular; appendages less tl1an 20, varying 
in length from less than, to 4 or 5 times, the diameter of the 
perithecium, hyaline, often tinted at base, smooth or some­
times roughened, usually regularly 5-6 times dichotomous, 
branches sl1ort and tips strongly recurved, but presenting many 
curious and ornate variations caused by the ruore extended or 
unequal growth of some of the branches; asci 3- 8, often rup­
turing by slight pressure; spores 4-8, variable, usually large, 
20-30 µ, long. 

M. extensa, C. & P. Mycelium thin, effuse, persistent; conceptacles 
globose, black; appendages eight to twelve, in length three or four times 
the diameter of conceptacle, colorless; sporangia four, subglobose or 
ovate, containing fot1r to six spores. Upper surface of oak leaves. Quer­
cus rubra.-Peck, 25th Rep. ~- Y. State Mus., p. 95. 

M. abbreviata, Peck. Mycelium thin; conceptacles small; append­
ages six to fifteen, hyaline, rough, shorter than the diameter of the con­
ceptacles, many times dichotomous at the tips, the ultimate ramulre 
curved; sporangia three or four, containing three to five, mof!tly four, 
spores; spores large, .0011-.00131 long, .000661 broad. Under surface of 
dead or languishing oak leaves.-Peck, 28th Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 64. 

On Quercus alba: Rock Island, Sept. 24, 1667; McLean, 
Oct. 12, 1848½; Jo Daviess, Sept. 18, 5968; Jersey, Oct. 12, 
6276; Jackson, Nov. 5, 2269; Union, Oct. 2, 6541, 6545, Oct. 4, 
6565, Oct. 28, 2085, 2186, 2099½. Q. obtusiloba: Union, Oct. 2, 



Pa1·asitic Fitngi of fllinois. 425 

65JO, Oct. 27,2064. Q. niacroc£tJ1Jct: LaSalle, Sept. 17, 1581; 
U nio11 1 Oct. 21, 19171 Oct. 28, 2090, 2095, 2105. Q. Pri1iits: 
Union (Earle). Q. inibricaria: Union, Nov. 1, 2190, 2191. 
Q. (11ig1·a ? ): Union, Oct. 41 05631 6560, 65771 Oct. 28, 2099, 
2100. Q. coccinea: Pulaski, Nov. 3, 2224:, 2225, Nov. 4, 2241. 
Q. ti11ctoria: Chao1paign, Nov. 9, 2376; U nio11, Oct. 4, 6569, 
6568, ( 6104. ? ) . Q. rubra: McHenry, Aug. 20, 1202, Aug. 27, 
1336, Ang. 31, 1390; La Salle, Sept. 17, 1573, Sept. 20, 6255 ; 
Rock Island, Sept. 231 1635; McLean, Oct. 121 18481 Oct. 18, 
1883, Ang. 1, 2368; Stephenson, Sept. 131 5810; J ersey, Oct. 
12, 6275; Union, Oct. 4, 6555, Oct. 25, 2022, Oct. 28, 2081, 
2004, Nov. 1, 2192. 

This abundant species probably occurs on other ]rinds of 
oalc in tl1is State 1Jesides those mentioned above. Although it 
is exceedingly variable, specimens from the same host species, 
eve11 when collected in widely different localities, show a rather 
surprising agreement in characteristics; and, if varying consid­
erably, it is witl1in much narrower limits than wl1en all the 
forn1s occurring on oak are taken into consideration. Thus on 
QltercltS 1·1tbJ'rt the myceliu1n is confined to tl1e tipper s11rface of 
the leaf, and the appendages are long, three or four times the 
diameter, slender, ancl flexuot1s. The branches of the append­
ages are short, and regularly dicl1otomous. It was this form 
that Cooke and Peck described as M. extensa j and if any of 
theru were worthy of a separate name it would be this one. On 
Q. c1 lba tl1e fungus develops on the under side of the leaf al­
most as often as on the upper side; tl1e perithecia average larger 
than on Q. r1tbra j and tl1e appendages are distinctly sl1orter 
and more rigid, 011ly once and a half or twice as long as the 
diameter, while the branching is broader and more irregular, 
£reqt1ently being exceedingly ornate. If these £orms stood alone 
we sho11ld be justified in giving them different names, but spec­
imens on Q. 11lacroca11Ja, Q. ti1ictoria, etc., present many inter­
mediate forms. On Q. iinbricctria, nigra, and cocci1iea, especially 
when occupying the lower side of the leaf, the appendages are 
very short, often less than the diameter of the perithecium. 
This form is M. abbreviata, Peck. Some of our specimens 
agree perfectly with his description, but others show so many 
intermediate stages between this and the forms~ with longer 



426 Illinois State Labot·atory of Natural HistorJJ. 

appendages, that it is impossible to maintain specific distinc­
tions. Other short-appendaged forms have been called J.tl. ex­
tensa var. brevis by Peck; and Berkeley (Notices of N. A. Fungi) 
has referred specimens on oak (probably of this character) to 
M. penicillata, Lev. ( M. al-ni, (DC.) Winter). In fact, except 
that the spores are usually a little larger, it is almost impossi­
ble to distinguish some of our specimens on oak, from forms of 
this latter species; and so1ne specimens of M. alni on Corylus 
show appendages so long as to resemble the form of M. extensa, 
Peck. This all goes to show tbat the two species are very 
nearly related, and that some forms of each approach the other 
so closely as to make it difficult t0 draw tl1e line between them. 
In the aggregate, however, the form'3 on oak differ so widely 
from those of Jlf. c1,lni, that they must be considered distinct. 
Where tl1e fungt1s occupies both sides of leaves that are woolly 
or hairy beneath, as in Q. inib1·icaria, etc., there is often consid­
erable difference between peritl1ecia from the t1pper and lower 
sides; but where both sides of tl1e leaf are smooth, as in Q. alba, 
very little difference is noticeable. 

M. det1.sissi1na, (Schw.) Peck, cannot be distinguished 
by its peritl1ecia from tl1e ordinary form on Q. 1·ub1~a j bt1t it 
presents some peculiarities of the mycelium, wl1ich, if constant, 
would entitle it to specific distinctness. It has not been fot1nd 
in Illinois. 

All the other observed forms on Qiterc1,r,s must be con­
sidered as forming one widely variable species, and it becomes 
a question of son1e difficulty to decide under what name it 
should be known. If it were n1erely a matter of preference, 
the choice would easily be in favor of llf. extensa, C. & P., both 
from its appropriateness, and because it is so well known. 
Schweinitz, however, (N. A. Fungi, p. 270) has described a 
species on oak as follows:-

Erysiphe quercinum L. v. S., sero autumno non rara in foliis querci­
nis prresertim Bannisteris, Pennsylvania. Hyphasma occupans fere 
totum folium-expansum candicans, tenuissimum, floccis vix distinctis. 
Sporangiolis raris, minutissimis, sparsis nigris, Prresertim loco dis­
tinguenda species. 

This description is not, perhaps, sufficient in itself to 
enable us to determine positively what specimens he had in 



• 

Parasitic Furigi of I llinois. 427 

band, bt1t it contai11s notl1ing to contradict the s11pposi tion 
that t hey belonged to some of the many £orn1s 0£ the species 
under consideratio11 ; and this is so abu11dan t in all parts of tl,e 
country, that there can be no reasonable doubt tl,at the above 
supposition is correct. 

Accepting this view of the case, priority demands tbe use of 
the name given by Schweinitz, rather than tl1e more familiar 
one by Cooke and Peck; hence we write M. q1,{,erci1ia and not 
M. extensa. 

M. elevata, Burrill. 
(Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I ., No. 1, p. 58.) 

Mostly epiphyllous. Mycelium ab11ndant, persistent, fre­
quently covering the leaves for some time before the appear­
ance of perithecia; perithecia usually £e,v, occasionally abund­
ant, 100- 120,u,, reticulations large, evide11t when young; append­
ages 6-12, son1eti1nes more, 3-4 times as long as the diameter 
of the perithecium, hyali11e, slightly colored at base, smooth , 
2- 4 times dichotomous, branches short, not swollen, tips at first 
trt1ncate, divergent, becoming acute and recurved ; asci 4-8, 
ovate, about 33 by 60,u; spores 4-6, mostly 4. 

M. elevata, n. sp. Upper sides of leaves of Catalpa bignonioides. 
Mycelium thin, web-like, rather evanescent. Conceptacles .004 in., 
conspicuously reticulated, raised from the leaf; appendages about 
twelve, colored at base, often simple, son1etin1es branched near the 
base, usually 2 to 4 times dichotomously forked, very long; sporangia 
four, oval, strongly rostrate.- Burrill, 1. c. 

On Octtalpa bigno1iioides: J ackson, Nov. 5, 2256; Union, 
Oct. 2, 6537; Cl1ampaign, Oct. 17, 6571; Oct. 20, 6577. Ca­
talpa s1Jeciosa: Union, Sept. 15 (Earle). 

This species sometimes involves the foliage of an entire 
tree, giving it a gray color noticeable at some distance, and 
causing the leaves to fall prematurely. 

The appendages resemble those of M. vacci1iii: bL1t the 
branches are not swollen and the tips are usually recurved. 

Microsphrera.---. 

Epiphyllous. 
small, 80-100 µ,, 

Mycelium delicate, sub-persistent; perithecia 
reticulations small, indistinct; appendages 



428 fllinois State Laboratory of Natiiral H istory. 

6-10, about equaling the diameter of the perithecit1n1, byaline, 
delicate, three times dichoton1ous, branches widely divergent, 
tips recurved; asci 4-6; spores 5- 6, small, narrowly oblong. 

On S cittellaria laterifl,or·a: Jo Daviess, Sept. 20, 6035. 
This may prove to be new. Tl1 e material at l1and is not 

sufficient for definite detern1in;:ttio11., or £or a full description . 
• 

Conidia-bearing mycelium has been collected on the 
following hosts, 11 ot 1nentionecl t1nder any 0£ the above species. 
In the absence 0£ perithecia it is of course impossible to 
determine ther11. 

On Bitbus st1·igosits: Union, May and June (Earle); 
Champaign ( Bt1rrill). The delicate myceliun1 is often quite 
abundant on tl1e leaves and growing fruit, making the berries 
small and imperfect, or killing tl1em outright. 

On E1:;ilobiu11i pods: Jo Daviess, Sept. 15, 5902. 
On Cacalia cttr1J_Jlicijolia: Rock Island, Sept. 23, 1634; 

Stephenson, Sept. 14, 5864; Union, Oct. 31, 2139. 
On Le1Jtopoda bracliypodct: Union (Earle). 
On Cynoglossit·1n Morisorii: Jackson, Apr. 19, 4194; 

Union, Apr. 24, 4263; La Salle, June 16, 5215; Champaign 
( Burrill). 

On Solu1iit1n Caroline1ise : Union (Earle). 
On ,grass: McLean, J t1ly 5 (Seymour); Champaig11, com­

mou. 

• 



INDEX TO HOST PLANTS. 

Acer saccbarinum .. . ........... . .. 409 
Actinomeris sq uarrosa ........... 405 
.iEscul us ............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 
Agrimonia .......... ................. 400 
Agrimonia Eupatoria .... . ...... 400 
Al nus serru l ata......... .. . . . . . . . . . . 398 
.Ambrosia artemisifolire ........ 405 

trifida .......................... 405 
Ampelopsis quinquefolia ........ 407 
Amphicarprea monoica ... . ....... -103 
Asclepias variegata ...... . ........ 406 
Aster ................................... 405 

1revis....... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 
sagi tti fol i us............... . . . .. . 405 

Astra~alt1s Canadensis ........ ... 403 
glycypbyllus ........ . ......... 419 

Betula nigra ............. .. ......... .. 412 
Bid ens connata.......... .. . . . . . . .. . 401 

f ron dosa . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 
Birch .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 
Brunella vulgaris......... . . . . . . . .. 401 
Cacalia atriplicifolia ............. . . 428 
Cary a alba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 422 
Catalpa bignonioides ........ 411, 427 

speciosa . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 
Ceanothus American us ...... . .. 421 
Celastrus scandens . .. ... . . . . . . . . . 411 
Celtis .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 

occiclentalis .................... 409 
Cephalantbus occidentalis ...... 415 
Ci1·sium discolor .................... 405 
Clarkia .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 
Clematis ....... .. ............... 4021 403 
Compositre .... .......... ....... 4001 406 
COI"ll us .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 

Florida........... ...... .. ........ 411 
Corylus .. . .................. 392, 412, 426 

Americana ......... ..... .. . 4121 422 
Cra t~g us. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 

tomentosa var. pyrifolia 
411, 413 

Cynoglossum Morisoni...... ... . . 428 
Desmorl.ium .................... 416

1 
420 

Canadense .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 416 
cuspidatum .................... 416 
paniculatum .................. 416 

Epigrea repene... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 418 
Epilobium ........................... 428 
Erecbtbites bieracifolia ......... 401 
Euonyn'.lus atropurpureus ...... 421 
Eupatorium purpureum ........ 405 
Eu J)horbia corollata ............... 419 

bypericifolia .................. 419 
Fagus ferruginea ............ 4121 419 
Fraxin us . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 
Gaylussacia resinosa .............. 418 
Geranium maculatum .........• 402 
Gera rdi::i, grandiflora .............. 401 
Gleditscbia tricantl1os ............ 420 
Gooseberry.. .. ..... . ............ ..... 399 
Grape. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 407 
G1·ass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 428 
I-Ielianth us . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . ... .. . . . 405 

decapetalus .................... 405 
rigid us ........................... 405 
tu berosus . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. 405 

Hieracium Canadense ........... 405 
HOJ)S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 395 
Humulus .................... ........ 400 
Hydropl1yllum Vi:rginicum ... 406 
I lex decidua ................. . 411, 422 
J uglans e1:inerea ..................... 422 

uigra............... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 422 
Labiatre . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 
Latl1yrus ........................ 420, 421 

pal ustris . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . 420 
Legum in osre. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 
Leptopoda brachypocla .......... 428 
Lespedeza ............... ~·.. ... .. . . . 420 

capitata . ................... 416, 417 
birta.. . ......................... 416 

Lilac .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 



430 Illi11ois State Labo·rato1·y of Nrtt ttrcrl Hi8to1·,1;. 

Liriodendron .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . 412 
tulipifera .................. 402,411 

Lonicera fla,ra ....................... 421 
Mespil us . ............................. 413 
N abal us .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . 401 
N aprea dioica... ... . .. . . .. .. .. . ..... 405 
Oak ........................ 390, 424-, 426 
CEnothera biennis ................. 403 
0.xalis stricta ........................ 4.16 
Parietaria Pennsylvanica ........ 406 
Phaseolus ............................. 420 

• perenn1s . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . 41fJ 
Pb lox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 

paniculata ............ ........... 406 
p· . 1sum sat1vum ............. .. ...... 403 
Platai1us occidP.ntalis .............. 422 
Populus ........................ 410, 411 

granclidentata ............... 410 
beterophylla ....... .. ......... -!10 
tremuloides .................... 410 

Po ten till a ............................. 400 
Prunus ........................... 413, 414 

.Americana ........ .. .......... . 413 
cerasus....... . . ... . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . 413 

Quercus ................. ... ..... 412, 426 
alba .................... 424, 425, 426 
coccinea .................... 411, 425 
im bricaria ............ ... 425, 426 
laurifolia .......... ..... ......... 398 
macrocarpa ............... 411 , 425 

• 
n1gra . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 
obtusiloba ....................... 424 
palustris .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . 412 
Prinus ........................... 425 
rubra ............ 412, 424, 425, 426 
tinctoria ............ ..... . 411, 425 

. 
''lrens .... ..... u .......... ..... .. . 398 

Ran unculacere........ .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . 403 
R anunculus abortivus ............ 402 
Rhus copallina ..................... 399 

glabra. ........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 
Ri bes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~99 

rotundifolium ................ 399 
Rosa ....................... . . _ .. ... . ..... 399 

luc1da ........................ . ... 399 

Rosacere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 
Ru bus strigosus.... .......... . . . . .. . 428 
Salix .................................... 410 

cordata .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. 410 
petiolarjs ....................... 410 

Sam bucus .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . 422 
8cutellaria laterifl.ora ... ... 404, 428 

parvula .......................... 404 
Sen1pervivum .............. .... ..... 428 
So]an um Ca1·olinense ... ......... 428 
Solidago .............. .................. 405 

Canadensis ..................... 401} 
Sorbt1s .................... .. .... .. . ... . 413 
Stacbys ... ......... ........ ............ 404 

pal ustris .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 404 
Stevia ........................... . ..... 406 
Sy rn p b ori carp11s.. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . 417 

vulgaris ........ , ........ .. ....... 417 
Syri11ga u .. , ... ... ...... . ........... ... 423 

vulgaris ....... .......... .. ... .... 422 
Taraxacum dens-leonis ........... 401 
Teucrium Canadense ...... ...... 404 
Tbalictrum purpurascens ...... 4-02 
Uln1t1s ............................... .. 412 

alata ....................... 408, 411 
.Americana ........ 408, 411, 422 
ca1npestris .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . 408 

Vaccinium ......... .. .......... ... ... 413 
Pe11nsylvanicum .. ..... ....... 418 
vacillans . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. 418 

Verbena ...... ......... ...... ......... 406 
angustifolia ..................... 405 
bracteosa ........ . ............ .. . 
hastata ......................... . 

• str1cta ......... .................. . 
t. . f 1 · ur 1c1 o 1a ..................... .. 

Verno11 ia fasciculata ............. . 
Veronica Virginica ......... .... .. 
Viburnum ...................... .. .. . 

pruni.folium ......... ., ...... .. 
pubescens ............. . . . .... . 

Vicia Americana ............... . . 

Vi tis ......... .. .. ... . , .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · 
X b

. . 
ant 1um strumar1um .......... . 

406 
405 
406 
406 
405 
401 
422 
421 
421 
420 
407 
405 



SYSTEMATIC INDEX . 

(Synonyms in Italics.) 

Alpliitomorpha .................. 392, 398 
adun.ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 
clandestina ....................... 412 
com mun is . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. 402 
depressa .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . 404 
guttata ................... .. 410, 411 
horridula....... . .. .. .. .. . 402, -:1.04 
lamprocarpa .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. 404 
pan,nosa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. . .. .. . 398 
penicillata ....................... 421 
ti·idactyla .. ...... . .. .. ..... .. .. .. 412 

.Ampeloniyces quisqualis ............ 390 
ASCO!I''fCETES ................. 390, 393 
Byssocystis textilis .. .................. 390 
Calocladia . .. . .. .. . .. . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 398 
0ICINOBOLUS ...... ...... ..... .. ....... 391 

Cesatii ..................... ~90, 391 
ftorentinus...... ... ... .. ..... .. ... 390 

COLEOSPORIU~I .. ..................... 400 
Erysibe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 

adun .. ca ........................... 410 
clandestina ..................... 413 
commicnis.................. 402, 404 
depressa .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . 404 
gu ttata.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 
horridula .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. 402, -:I.OJ 
lamprocarpa ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 
obtusata ........................... 410 
nitida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 402 
panrwsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 398 
penicillata .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .... .. .. . 421 
tridactyla .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. ... .. 413 

ERYSIPHE . .. 390, 3921 397, 398, 401 
cichoracearum ... 391, 396, 404 

406 
communis .. ....... 402, 403, 414 
galeopsidis ............... 391, 404 
liriodendri ..................... 401 
'fuckeri ........... ...... . .. ...... 391 

Erysiphe........ .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . 392 
aditnca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 
alni ................................ 421 
ambrosire ..... .... ... ............. . 

·z . aqui egi::e ....................... . 
astei·um .... .. ............. ..... . . 
betulre ............................ . 
cean otlii ....... ... ......... ....... . 

• co1nmunis .. ................... . 
convollluli . ...................... . 
coryli ......... ................ .... . 

404 
402 
404 
421 
421 
402 
402 
411 

raxtrti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 j .. 

horrid it la .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . • . 404 
humi,li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 
labiatarum . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. 404 
lamprocarpa ............... 404, 406 
J[ artii ...... .................. 402, 403 
lllontagnei .. . .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. .. . . 404 
n1ors-uvre..... . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . 399 
obtusata ......................... 410 
o:r:yacanth~........ .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . 412 
phlogis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 
pisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 402 
polygoni .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... 402 
populi ............................. 410 
quercin.uni . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 424, 426 
salicis ............................. 410 

. 91 syr111g:;e , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 
tortili8 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 
vaccinii .................... 417, 418 
vagans............ .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 
verben..~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 
l' ib u r-n i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 

ERYSIPH.E.E .. 087, 390J 393, 394, 397, 
308, 399, 414 

ERYSIPIIELLA. .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. .. .... 398 
aggregata ........................ 398 

Eurotiuni rosaruni .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. 308 
GASTEROMYCETES .................. 392 



432 I llinol'.s State L aboratory of Natural History. 

MICROSPHlERA, .... 392, 397, 414, 427 
alni ...... 415, 421, 422, 423, 426 
Astragali •. ..•..... ...... .. ...... 419 
densissima ... .............. .... 426 
diffusa ... .... ........ 414, 416, 420 
elevata .......... ... ...... .. 415, 427 
erineophila .. ............ 415, 419 
eu pborbire ..... .......... 414, 418 
quercina ... ...... . .. 415, 424, 427 
Ra venelii..... 397, 415, 420, 421 
Russellii .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . 414, 415 

seruitosta ······"········· 414, 415 
symphoricarpi. .. .. ...... 414,417 
vaccinii ........ 414,417,418,427 
abbreviata . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. 424, 425 
extensa ... ...... 424, 425, 426, 427 

var. brevis . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . 426 
Friesii . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 421, 422 
H edwigii . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 
penicillata ... .. 420, 421, 422, 426 
platarti . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 421, 422 
pulch1·a .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . 421 

Van Brun,tiana .... .. ..... .. .... 421, 422 
vibitrtii . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 421 , 422 

Mucor e:rysiphe.. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 
P ERISPORIACE~ • . ..... . ... . . ....... 393 
PERONOSPORA . ... . . . . . ...... . ... .. . . . 395 

fagi ........................... .... . 
se1npervivi .. ............ .... .... . 

. . 1 vitico a ............ , .............. . 

423 
423 
395 

PHYLLACTINIA .•....• .. .. 392, 397, 411 
guttata .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . 411, 412 
s uffulta .............. 396, 411, 414 

PHYTOPHTHORA ... , ....... . ......... 423 
• omni vo1"a .................... . . . 

PLEOCRiET A. •••.•.• • •.......• ♦ ••••••• 

C t ... ur 1s11 ......................... . 

423 
398 
398 

• 

P ODOSPH.2ERA ...... 3881 392, 397, 412 
clandestina . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 413 
Kunzei . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 
minor .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 
1ny1·tillina ......... ......... ...... 413 
oxyacanthre ..... .• . 397, 412, 413 
tridactyla ......... ............ .. . 413 

PYREN0?.1YCETES .. . ................. 393 
8ACCARDIA. ...... ......... 387, 390, 398 

Martii ... .. .................. . ..... 398 
q uercina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39~ 

Sclerotium erysiphe.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 
suffultu,m.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 411 

SPHJEROTHECA ...... 388, 392, 397, 398 
Castagnei ...... 389, 395, 399, 400 
Castagnei .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 400 
bumuli .................. ... . ... .. 400 
mors-u vre ....................... 399 
pannosa . ... . .... .. .. . 387, 398, 399 
pruinosa .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 

U NCINULA .... . ... ...... . .. 392, 397, 406 
aceris . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 
adun,ca .. ..... . ......... 408, 410, 411 
Americana . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 406 
am pelopsidis .... .. ... . .. :396, 406 
Bivonre .... ... . ........ .. ........ 408 
circinata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 408 
flexuosa..... .. . . .. . . . . . . ... . .. . . 408 
heliciformis ... .............. 410, 411 
leuculenta .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . 410 
m acrospora ......... . ..... 407, 408 
pa.rv ula . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 409 
sali cis.. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 409, 41 O 
spiral is .................. .. 406, 407 
sub Ju sea . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . 406 

U REDINElE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . S93 



ERRATA.* 

Page 5, line 3 of table, second column, for 39 read 3 ; line 15, second 
colL11nn for t21 reacl 120. 

l)age 9, line 17. for con,jlr,11,ation, read co11j,1,gation. 
Page 21, li11e 13, for 1-licciocia· read Ricciacece. 
Page 67, line 17 from botto1u, for fraligij'olia rclacl fragilifolia. 
Page 123, line 4 from bottom, and page 126, line 1, for Tricliolem read 

1'r ich ocoleu.'. 
Page 126, line 2, for Tricholea read Trichocolea. 
Page 177, line 16, for Ler.ytliia read Lecytliea. 
Page 333, line 1, after 'fachidius add Lilljeb. 
Page 338, under Daphnella brachyura, line 16, insert Hab.-11assa­

chL1setts (Bir.qe), 11iunesota (Herrir:k). 
Page 340, line 5, for Scapaoleberis read Scapholeberit:: . 
.Prl~e 38~. line 7 from bottom, for carpogoriiu,1n read sporocarp ; lines 

9, 12, 15, for o·,j.qo1iii1,1n react carpogo1iium. 
Page 3Hl, lit1e 1, for Cessatii read Cesati'i. 
Page 400, line 4, for 111yeetiitnii1i conspicuo1ts read Myceli1t1n irtco1i­

spic11otts ; line 14, for coleosporiitni read C'oleospori1tm. 
Page 401, line 9, for conriatus read cori11ata; line 12, for Taraxi,1,-urn 

read 1.'araxacit,m. 
Page -!O , line 15, for macrocarpa read 1nacrospora ). line 18, for Hy­

poltylloi1,s read Hypopliylloits. 
l)ages 470 and 471, l1ead of column 11, for cyprinella read cypri-

nellitS. 
Page 503, lines 8, 14, and 17, for cyprirtella read cyprinellus. 

* 1ror auditional errata see page 2-1,. 

1