BULLETIN
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NATURAL HISTORY.

Champaign, Illinois.

VOLUME II

Abtklk VIll. Os tuk Food Relations of Fresh-Water

Fishes: A Summary and Discussion.

1 ^ >. A. FORBES.

1888.

I \V. FRANKS & SONS, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

PEORIA, ILLINOIS.



Article VIII.

—

On the Food Relations of

a Summary and Discussion.— By S

The principal object of the research reported in the series

of papers* of which this is the concluding number, is to

determine more precisely than has hitherto been done the rela-

tions to nature of the various genera and families of the fishes

of an interior region. This purpose has led especially to a study

of the food relations of the groups, for through these, chiefly,

fishes exert their influence on the outer world, and are them-

selves impressed in turn ; and thus have appeared a number of

subordinate considerations having a bearing, more or less

direct, on the main intention of the study.

An examination of the special relations of their food and

feeding structures gives us clues, not only to the present

significance of fishes, but also to their past effect on life at

large, showing how they must have modified the course of

evolution; and the occasional occurrence in a fish of food pre-

hensile structures out of present relation to its feeding habits,

may throw light on the history of its group, indicating condi-

tions of existence once normal to it but now outgrown.

Evidence of similar application may also be obtained by a

comparison of the food of the young and of the adult.

The feeding apparatus exhibits some of the most significant

examples of correlation of structure, important to an acquaint-

ance with the course of development in fishes, but not compre-

hensible without a knowledge of the food for whose appropria-

* Published at intervals from 1877 to 1888, in the first and second

volumes of the Bulletin of this Laboratory, an follows: "The Food

of Illinois Fishes" (Vol.1.. No. 2, pp. 71-89), "The Food of Fishes "

(No. 3, pp. 18-G5), " On the Food of Young Fishes" (No. 3, pp. 6(3-79),

"The Food of the Smaller Fresh-Water Fishes" (No. 6, pp. 65-94),

The First Food of the Common White-fish, (No. 6, pp. 95-109), and

"Studies of the Food of Fresh-Water Fishes" (VoUI., Art. VII.,

pp. 433-173).



476 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

tion it is adapted. I need hardly recall the fact that the

defensive apparatus of one species may have its explanation

only in the raptatorial structures of another.

We shall find also in a study of the food evidence of the

indirect but powerful action of a number of external conditions

which take effect only through the food relation, and are

incomprehensible ur perhaps unnoticed unless this is under-

stood — conditions of climate, season, locality, and the like;

and especially may we hope for this when we remember that

the distribution and abundance of a species may be determined,

not so much by ordinary conditions, as by those prevailing at

critical intervals, periods of stress, when a slight advantage

or a trivial disability may have prolonged and multiplied effects.

As the range of a plant is often limited, not by the average

temperature of the year, but by the extremes of cold or heat, so

the existence of an animal may be decided by the presence or

absence of some structural modification adapted to carry it

safely through a single brief period of unusual scarcity or of

extraordinary competition.

That the study here set forth should give us details not

to be otherwise obtained of the struggle for existence among

fishes themselves, goes without saying; and that it may thus

explain some peculiarities of distribution, seems also probable.

I have thought it not impossible that by taking into account

all the data collected, and the mass of related facts, structural,

biological, and other, that materials might be found bearing

on the interesting question of the precedence in time and the

relative evolutionary importance of desire and effort on the

one hand and structural aptitudes on the other.

Among the purely practical results to be anticipated, are a

more accurate knowledge of the conditions favorable to the

growth and multiplication of the more important species; the

ability to judge intelligently of the fitness of any body of water

to sustain a greater number or a more profitable assemblage of

fishes than those occurring there spontaneously; guidance as

to the new elements of food and circumstance which it will be

necessary to supply to insure the successful introduction into

any lake or stream of a fish not native there; and a clear recog-

nition of the fact that intelligent fish culture must take into



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 477

account the necessities of the species whose increase is desired,

through all ages and all stages of their growth, at every season

of the year, and under all varieties of condition likely to

arise. We should derive, in short, from these and similar re-

searches, a body of full, precise, and significant knowledge to

take the place of the guess-work and empiricism upon which

we must otherwise depend as the basis of our efEorts to main-

tain the supply of food and the incitement to healthful recrea-

tion afforded by the waters of the State.

As a contribution to the general subject, I present herewith

a summary account of the food of twelve hundred and twenty-

one fishes obtained from the waters of Illinois at intervals from

1876 to 1887, and in various months from April to November,

These fishes belonged to eighty-seven species of sixty-three

genera and twenty-five families. They were derived from

waters of every description, ranging from Lake Michigan to

weedy stagnant ponds and temporary pools, and from the Mis-

sissippi and Ohio Rivers to the muddy prairie creeks, and the

rocky rivulets of the hilly portions of the State. Nine hundred

and fourteen of the examples studied were practically adult, so

far as the purposes of this investigation are concerned, the

remaining three hundred and seven being young, in the first

stage of their food and feeding habits. More than half these

young belonged to a single species,— the common lake white-

fish,— but the remainder were well distributed.

I have arranged the matter under the following general

heads: (1) a summary statement of the food, so made as to

exhibit {a) the kinds and relative importance of the principal

competitions among fishes and (6) the relative value to the prin-

cipal species of fishes of the major elements of their food; (2) a

brief account of the food of the young; (3) an examination of

the permanency and definiteness of distinctions with respect to

food, between different species, and also between higher groups;

(4) a review of the structures of fishes related to food prehen-

sion and to their feeding habits; and, finally, (5) a classified

list of the objects detected in the food of fishes, with a state-

ment, against each object, of the species feeding on it and the

number of specimens in which it was found.



478 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

THE FOOD OF ADULT FISHES.

An analysis of our facts made with reference to the kinds

of fishes eating each of the principal articles in the dietary of

the class and showing the relative importance of these elements

in the food of the various species, will exhibit the competitions

of fishes for food more clearly and precisely than my earlier

discussions, and also the nature and the energy of the restraints

imposed by fishes on the multiplication of their principal food

species.

PISCIVOROUS FISHES.

The principal fish-eaters among our species— those whose

average food in the adult stage consists of seventy-five per

cent, or more of fishes— are the burbot\ the pike-perch^ or wall-

eyed pike, the common pike^ or "pickerel," the large-mouthed

black bass,* the channel cat," the mud cat,*^ and the gars.^

Possibly also the golden shad* will be found strictly ichthy-

ophagous, this being the case with the four specimens which I

studied.

Those which take fishes in moderate amount — the

ratios ranging in my specimens from twenty-five to sixty-

five per cent.— are the war-mouth (Chsenobryttus), the

blue-cheeked sunfish,** the grass pickerel,^" the dog-fish," the spot-

ted cat,^'' and the small miller's thumVl The white" and strip-

ed bass,'^ the common perch,^* the remaining sunfishes (those

with smaller mouths), the rock bass," and the croppie,^nake

but few fishes, these making, according to my observations,

not less than five nor more than twenty-five per cent . of their

food.

Those which capture living fishes, to a trivial extent,

at most, are the white perch or sheepshead,^'' the gizzard

1 Lota maculosa, ^gtizostedion vitreum. ^Esox lucius. *Mi-

cropterus salmoides. ^ Ictalurus furcatus. "^ Laptops olivaris. 'Lepi-

dosteus. ^ Clupea chrysochloris. ^Lepomis cyanellus. lo Esox vermic-

ulatus. "Amiacalva. ^^ jctalurus punctatus. i^uranidea richard-

sonii. i^Koccus chrysops. ^^ Roccus interruptus. ^^Perca lutea.

"Ambloplites rupestris. i^Pomoxys. i" Aplodinotus.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 479

shad/ the suckers,'"' aud the shovel fish^ among the larger

species; the darters/ the brook silversides,^ the stickleback,"

the mud minnows,' the top minnows,** the stonecats,'^ and
the common minnows'" generally, among the smaller kinds.

Our eight specimens of the toothed herring" had taken no

fishes whatever; while our nineteen examples of the pirate

perch'" had eaten only two per cent.

Rough-scaled fishes with spiny fins (Acanthopteri) were

eaten by the miller's thumb, the common pike, the wall-eyed

pike, the large-mouthed black bass, the croppies, the dog-fish,

the common perch, the burbot, the bull-head,'' the common sun-

fish (Lepomis jjallidus), the small-mouthed black bass,'* the grass

pickerel, the gar, and the mud cat (Leptops). Among these, the

common perch and the sunfishes'"' were most frequently taken—
doubtless owing to their greater relative abundance— the perch

occuring in the food of the burbot, the large-mouthed black

bass, and the bull-head; and sunfishes in both species of the

wall-eyed pike, the common pike, the gars, pickerel^ bull- heads,

and mud cat. Black bass were taken from the common pike

(Esox), the wall-eyed pike (Stizostedion), and the gar.

Croppie and rock bass I recognized only in the pike. Even

the catfishes (Siluridas) with their stout, sharp, and poisoned

spines, were more frequently eaten than would be expected,

—

taken, according to my notes, by the wall-eyed pike, both black

bass, and the mud-cat (the latter a fellow species of the family).

The soft-finned fishes were not very much more abundant,

on the whole, in the stomachs of other species than were those

with ctenoid scales, spiny fins, and other defensive structures,

—

an unexpected circumstance which I cannot at present explain,

because I do not know whether it expresses a normal and fixed

relation, or whether it may not be due to human interference.

It will be shown, however, under another head, that even when

the primitive order of nature prevails, the relative numbers of

soft-finned and predaceous fishes vary greatly from year to

year under the influence of varying circumstances.

1 Dorosoma cepedianum. - Catostomatidte. ^Polyodou spathula.

^Etheostomatinse. ^Labidesthes sicculus. ^Eucalia inconstans.

^ Umbra limi. ^Zygonectes. ''Noturus. i" Cyprinidae. "Hyodon
tergisus. 12 ^pjiredoderus sayanus. ^^ Amiurus nebulosus. "Microp-

terus dolomiei. i^ Centrarchidse.



480 Illinois State Laboratori/ of Natural History.

Only the catfishes seem to have acquired defensive struct-

ures equal to their protection, the predatory apparatus of the

carnivorous fishes having elsewhere outrun in development the

protective equipment of the best-defended species.

Among the soft-finned fishes the most yaluable as food

for other kinds is the gizzard shad (Dorosoma),— this single

fish being about twice as common in adults as all the minnow
family taken together. It made forty per cent, of the food of

the wall-eyed pike; a third that of the black bass; nearly

half that of the common pike or "pickerel"; two thirds that

of the four specimens of golden shad examined; and a third of

the food of the gars. The only other fishes in whose stomachs

it was recognized were the yellow cat (Amiiirus natalis) and

the young white bass (Roccus). It thus seems to be the especial

food of the large game fishes and other particularly predaceous

kinds.

The minnow family ( Cyprinidse) are in our waters especially

appropriated to the support of half-grown game fishes, and

the smaller carnivorous species. They were found in the wall-

eyed pike, the perch, the black bass, the blue-cheeked sunfish,

the croppie, the pirate perch, the pike, the little pickerel,'

the chub minnow,^ the yellow cat, the mud cat, the dog-fish,

and the gar.

Suckers (Catostomatidte) I determined only from the pike,

the sheepshead, the blue-cheeked sunfish, the yellow cat,

and the dog-fish (Amia). Buffalo'^ and carp* occurred in the

pike, the dog-fish, and the above sunfish.

MOLL.USK EATERS.

The ponds and muddy streams of the Mississippi Valley are

the native home of mollusks in remarkable variety and num-
ber, and these form a feature of the fauna of the region not

less conspicuous and important than its characteristic and lead-

ing groups of fishes. We might, therefore, reasonably expect to

find these dominant groups connected by the food relation; and

consistently with this expectation, we observe that the sheeps-

head, the cat-fishes, the suckers, and the dog-fish find an impor-

1 Esox vermiculatus. ^Semotilus. ^Ictiobus. ^Carpiodes.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 481

tant part of their food in the molluscan forms abundant in the

waters which they themselves most frequent. The class as a

whole makes about one fourth of the food of the dog-fish and the

sheepshead,— taking the latter as they come, half-grown and
adults together,—about half that of the cylindrical suckers,— ris-

ing to sixty per cent, in the red horse,^— and a considerable ratio

(fourteen to sixteen per cent.) of the food of the perch, the

common catfishes (Amiurusand Ictalurus). the small-mouthed

sunfishes, the top minnows, and the shiner (Notemigonus).

Notwithstanding the abundance of the fresh water clams

or river mussels (Unio and Anodonta), only a single

river fish is especially adapted to their destruction, viz.,

the white perch or sheepshead; and this species derives, on

the whole, a larger part of its food from univalve than from

bivalve mollusks, the former being eaten especially by half-

grown specimens, and the latter being the chief dependence of

the adults.

The ability of the catfishes to tear the less powerful

clams from their shells has been especially discussed in an-

other paper* containing the details of the food of the family.

Even the very young Unios were rarely encountered in the food

of fishes, my notes recording their presence in only three sun-

fishes, a brook silversides, and a perch. Large clams were

eaten freely by the full-grown sheepshead— whose enormous

and powerful pharyngeal jaws with their solid pavement teeth

are adapted to crushing the shells of mollusks — and by

the bull-heads (Amiurus), especially the marbled cat.' The

small and thin-shelled Spha^riums are much more frequent

objects in the food of mollusk-eating fishes than are the Unios.

This genus alone made twenty-nine per cent, of the food of

our one hundred and seven specimens of the sucker family, and

nineteen per cent, of that of a dozen dog-fishes. Among the

suckers it was eaten greedily by both the cylindrical and the

deep-bodied species, although somewhat more freely by the

former. Even the river carp,^ with its weak pharyngeal jaws

and delicate teeth, finds these sufiicient to crush the shells of

Sphaerium, and our nineteen specimens had obtained about

• Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., pp. 457, 458.

i|Moxostoma. ^ Amiurus marmoratus. ^ Carpiodes.



482 Illinois State Lahoratorij of Natural History.

one fourth of their food from this genus. Besides the above

families, smaller quantities of the bivalve moUusks occurred in

the food of one of the suufishes (Lepomis pallidus) and—
doubtless by accident only— in the gizzard shad.

The gasteropod moUusks (snails of various descriptions)

were more abundant than bivalve forms in the sheepshead and

the sunfishes and all the smaller fishes which feed upon Mol-

lusca, but less abundant in the suckers and the catfishes. In the

sheepshead they made one fifth of the food of the twenty-five

specimens examined, but the greater part of these had not yet

passed the insectivorous stage, this being much longer con-

tinued in the sheepshead than in many other fishes. A few of

these univalve Mollusca occurred in the food of the common
perch and in certain species of sunfishes, especially in the super-

abundant bream or pumpkin-seed. They made fifteen per cent,

of the food of the minute top minnows, and occurred in smaller

quantities among the darters, the grass pickerel, the mud min-

nows, and the cyprinoids. The heavier river snails, Vivipara

and Melantho, were eaten especially by the cylindrical suckers,

and the catfishes. The delicate pond snails (Succinea, Limnsea,

and Physa) were taken chiefly by the smaller mollusk-eating

fishes,— a few of them also by the catfishes and the suckers.

Further particulars concerning the molluscan food may be

obtained by the interested reader from the list of food elements

at the end of this article.

INSECTIVOROUS SPECIES.

It is from the class of insects that adult fishes derive the

most important portion of their food, this class furnishing, for

example, forty per cent, of the food of all the adults which I

examined.

The principal insectivorous fishes are the smaller species,

whose size and food structures, when adult, unfit them for the

capture of Entomostraca, and yet do not bring them within

reach of fishes or Mollusca. Some of these fishes have peculiar

habits which render them especially dependent upon insect

life,— the little minnow Phenacobius, for example, which, ac-

cording to my studies, makes nearly all its food from insects

(ninety-eight per cent.) found under stones in running



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 483

water. Next are the pirate perch, Aphredoderus (ninety-one

per cent.), then the darters (eighty-seven per cent.), the crop-

pies (seventy-three per cent.), half-grown sheepshead (seventy-

one per cent.), the shovel fish (fifty-nine per cent.), the chub

minnow (tifty-six per cent.), the black warrior sunfish (Cheeno-

bryttus) and the brook silversides (each fifty-four per cent.), and

the rock bass and the cyprinoid genus Notropis, (each fifty-two

per cent.)

Those which take few insects or none are mostly the mud-

feeders and the ichthyophagous species, Amia (the dog-fish)

being the only exception noted to this general statement. Thus

we find insects wholly or nearly absent from the adult dietary of

the burbot, the pike, the gar, the black bass, the wall-eyed

pike, and the great river catfish, and from that of the hickory

shad^ and the mud-eating minnows (the shiner, the fat-head,'

etc.). It is to be noted, however, that the larger fishes all go

through an insectivorous stage, whether their food when adult

be almost wholly other fishes, as with the gar and the pike, or

moUusks, as with the sheepshead. The mud-feeders, however,

seem not to pass through this stage, but to adopt the

limophagous habit as soon as they cease to depend upon Ento-

mostraca.

Terrestrial insects, dropping into the water accidentally or

swept in by rains, are evidently diligently sought and largely

depended upon by several species, such as the pirate perch, the

brook minnow, the top minnows or killifishes (cyprinodonts),

the toothed herring and several cyprinoids (Semotilus, Pimeph-

ales, and Notropis).

Among aquatic insects, minute slender dipterous larvae,

beloQging mostly to Chironomus, Corethra, and allied genera,

are of remarkable importance, making, in fact, nearly one tenth

of the food of all the fishes studied. They are most abundant

in Phenacobius and Etheostoma, which genera have become

especially adapted to the search for these insect forms in shal-

low rocky streams. Next I found them most generally in the

pirate perch, the brook silversides, and the stickleback, in which

they averaged forty-five per cent. They amounted to about

one third the food of fishes as large and important as the red

* Dorosoma. - Pimephales.



484 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

horse and the river carp, and made nearly one fourth that of

fifty-one buffalo fishes. They appear further in considerable

quantity in the food of a number of the minnow family (No-

tropis, Pimephales, etc.), which habitually frequent the swift

water of stony streams, but were curiously deficient in the

small collection of miller's thumbs (Cottidse) which hunt for

food in similar situations. The sunfishes eat but few of this

important group, the average of the family being only six per

cent.

Larvae of aquatic beetles, notwithstanding the abundance

of some of the forms, occurred in only insignificant ratios, but

were taken by fifty-six specimens, belonging to nineteen of the

species,— more frequently by the sunfishes than by any other

group. The kinds most commonly captured were larvae of

Gyrinidae and Hydrophilidae; whereas the adult surface beetles

themselves (Gryrinus, Dineutes, etc.) — whose zigzag-darting

swarms no one can have failed to notice— were not once

encountered in my studies.

The almost equally well-known slender water-skippers (Hy-

grotrechus) seem also completely protected by their habits and

activity from capture by fishes, only a single specimen occurring

in the food of all my specimens. Indeed, the true water bugs

(Hemiptera) were generally rare, with the exception of the

small soft-bodied genus, Corisa, which was taken by one

hundred and ten specimens, belonging to twenty-seven species,

— most abundantly by the sunfishes and top minnows.

From the order Neuroptera fishes draw a larger part of

their food than from any other single group. In fact, nearly

a fifth of the entire amount of food consumed by all the adult

fishes examined by me consisted of aquatic larvae of this order,

the greater part of them larvae of day fiies (Epheraeridae), prin-

cipally of the genus Hexagenia.* These neuropterous larvas

were eaten especially by the miller's thumb, the sheepshead,

the white and striped bass, the common perch, thirteen species

of the darters, both the black bass, seven of the sunfishes, the

rock bass and the croppies, the pirate perch, the brook sil-

versides, the sticklebacks, the mud minnow, the top min_

* The winged adults of tMs and related genera are often called

" river flies " in Illinois.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 485

nows, the gizzard shad, the toothed herring, twelve species

each of the true minnow family and of the suckers and buffalo,

five catfishes, the dog-fish, and the shovel fish,— seventy species

out of the eighty-seven which I have studied.

Among the above, I found them the most important food

of the white bass, the toothed herring,the shovel fish (fifty-one

per cent.), and the croppies; while they made a fourth or more
of the alimentary contents of the sheepshead (forty-six per

cent.), the darters, the pirate perch, the common sunfishes

(Lepomis and Chsfinobryttus), the rock bass, the little pickerel,

and the common sucker (thirty-six per cent).

Ephemerid larvas were eaten by two hundred and thirteen

specimens of forty-eight species— not counting young. The
larva3 of Hexagenia, one of the commonest of the '' river flies,"

was by far the most important insect of this group, this alone

amounting to about half of all the Neuroptera eaten. They
made nearly one half of the food of the shovel fish, more than

one tenth that of the sunfishes, and the principal food resource

of half-grown sheepshead; but were rarely taken by the sucker

family, and made only five per cent, of the food of the catfish

group.

The various larva? of the dragon flies, on the other hand,

were much less frequently encountered. They seemed to be

most abundant in the food of the grass pickerel, (twenty-five

per cent. ), and next to that, in the croppie, the pirate perch, and

the common perch (ten to thirteen per cent.).

Case-worms (Phryganeida?) were somewhat rarely found,

rising to fifteen per cent, in the rock bass and twelve per cent,

in the minnows of the Hybopsis group, but otherwise averaging

from one to six per cent, in less than half of the species.

THE CRUSTACEAN ELEMENT.

Of the four principal classes of the animal food of fishes;

viz., fishes, mollusks, insects, and Crustacea, the latter stand third

in importance according to my observations, mollusks alone

being inferior to them. That insect larva? should be more

abundant in the food of fresh-water fishes than are crustaceans,

is a somewhat unexpected fact, but while the former made about



486 Illinois State Lahoratori/ of Natural History.

twenty-five per cent, of the food of our entire collection, the

crustaceans amounted to only fourteen per cent. These divide

conveniently into crayfishes, the medium-sized, sessile-eyed

crustaceans (Isopoda and Amphipoda), and Entomostraca.

The so-called fresh-water shrimps (Palasmon and Palsemonetes)

appeared so rarely in the food that they need scarcely be taken

into the account.

Crayfishes made about a sixth of the food of the burbot;

about a tenth that of the common perch, a fourth that of half

a dozen gars, not far from a third that of the black bass, * the

dog-fish, and our four rock bass. Young crayfishes appeared

quite frequently in some of the larger minnows (Semotilus and

Hybopsis), and also in catfishes, especially the pond and river

bull-heads, averaging nearly fifteen per cent, of the entire

food of the two most abundant species.

The small, sessile-eyed crustaceans eaten by fishes were

nearly all of four species; viz., Allorchestes dentata,— exces-

sively abundant in the northern part of the State,— a species

of Gammarus not uncommon in running streams, and two

representatives of the isopod genera Asellus and Mancasellus.

To fishes at large, this group is of little importance; but the

perch of northern Illinois finds about one third of its food

among them, and the common sunfishes (Lepomis) eat a con-

siderable ratio (eleven per cent,). The miller's thumb of

southern Illinois seems also to search for them among the

stones.

The little Allorchestes mentioned above I found in a single

white bass, in eleven of the common perch, in one of the largest

darters, in five young black bass, in seventeen sunfishes of

various species, in the rock bass, the pirate perch, a single

grass pickerel and six top minnows, in only two of the true

minnow family, in two only of the sucker tribe, in seventeen

catfishes,— mostly young or of the smallest species,— in a

single dog-fish, and in a single spoon-bill.' The common

* Our specimens— especially of the small-mouthed black bass—
were too few in number to make this average reliable.

1 Polyodon.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 487

Asellus, or water wood louse, was less generally eaten; by only

two of the miller's thumb, a single sheepshead, a white bass,

four perch, two young black bass, eight sunfishes (Lepomis),

two pirate perch, a grass pickerel, three small catfishes, and

a dog-fish.

The minute crustaceans commonly grouped as Entomos-

traca are a much more important element. Among full-

gi'own fishes, I find them especially important in the shovel

fish,— where they made one third the food of the speci-

mens studied,— in the common lake herring,^ in the brook

silversides (forty per cent.), in the stickleback (thirty per

cent.), in the darter family (eleven per cent.), and in the

mud minnows (ten per cent.). The perch had taken scarcely

a trace of them. Among the sunfishes at large they were

present in only insignificant ratio; but two genera (Pomoxys

and Centrarchus), distinguished by long and numerous rakers

on the anterior gill, had derived about one tenth of their food

from these minute crustaceans. In the early spring especially,

when the backwaters of the streams are filled with Entomos-

traca, the stomachs of these fishes are often distended with the

commonest forms of Cladocera.

Notemigonus and Notropis among the minnows, repre-

sented in my collections by one hundred and twenty-five and

one hundred specimens respectively, had obtained about a sixth

of their food from Entomostraca.

Ten per cent, of the food of the sucker family consisted of

them, mostly taken by the deep-bodied species Carpiodes and

Ictiobus, in which they made a fourth or a fifth of the entire

food. This fact is explained, it will be remembered, by the

relatively long, slender, and numerous gill-rakers of these fishes.

Large river-buffalo were occasionally crammed with the smal-

lest of these Entomostraca,— the minute Canthocamptus, only

a twenty-fifth of an inch in length.

I have several times remarked the peculiar importance of

Entomostraca to the shovel fish,— one of the largest of our

fresh-water animals,— a fact accounted for by the remark-

able branchial strainer of this species, probably the most

efficient apparatus of its kind known to the ichthyologist. Here,

^Coregonus artedi.



488 Illinois State Laljoratorij of Natural History.

again, the smallest forms were tiie most abundant. Generally,

however, the Cladocera were more common than the other

orders, the bivalve Cypris (most frequent in the mud) being

much less abundant in the food. I have shown elsewhere,* at

length, that Entomostraca compose by far the greater part of

the food of young fishes of all descriptions,— with the partial

exception of the sucker family, the young of which feed largely

on still more minute organic forms,— and present an abstract

of these facts in this article under another head.f

Particulars concerning the use of this abundant and varied

group as food for fishes, are so numerous as to make them diffi-

cult to summarize, and the interested reader is again referred

to the detailed list accompanying this paper.

VERMES AS FOOD FOR FISHES.

Probably to those accustomed to the abundance of true

worms (Vermes) in marine situations, no feature of the poverty

of fresh-water life will be more striking than the small number

of this subkingdom occurring in the course of miscellaneous

aquatic collections in the interior. Similarly we notice that in

the food of fishes the occurrence of Vermes is so rarely noticed

that they might be left out of account entirely without appre-

ciably affecting any of the important ratios.

The minnows (cyprinoids) had eaten more of them than

any other family,— three per cent, of the fQod of twenty-two

specimens of Semotilus being credited to them, and one per

cent, of that of thirteen specimens of Pimephales, besides a

trace in the food of Notropis. More precisely analyzed, we
find that a single Nais, a Lumbriculus, two examples of Gordius

(doubtless taken as insect parasites) and several minute roti-

fers (wheel-animalcules) are the forms upon which this esti-

mate is based.

A trace of Vermes likewise appears in the food of suckers,

— mostly a polyzoan species (Plumatella) and minute rotifers

sucked up with the mud.

« Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist, Vol. I., No. 3, pp. 75, 76.

t See pp. 495 and 496.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 489

Catfishes alone seem purposely to eat leeclies, these occur-

ring in nine specimens of three different species of this family,

and also in one common sucker and in a single shovel fish.

This leech last mentioned and a small quantity of Plumatella

were the only Vermes eaten by the shovel fishes which I

examined.

A planarian worm occurred in one small stone cat, while

rotifers were recognized in a common minnow, eight young

red-horse, six young chub suckers,^ five of the common sucker,"

a single Carpiodes (young), and seven young buffalo. Polyzoa

were noted, in addition to the instances above mentioned, in

four common sunfishes, the croppie, and seven buffalo.

SPONGES AND PROTOZOA.

One of the fresh water sponges (Spongilla) had been eaten

in considerable quantities by two examples of the spotted cat

taken in September, but this element was not encountered

elsewhere in my studies.

That the minutest and simplest of all the animal forms,

far too small for the eye of a fish to see without a microscope,

should have been recognized in the food of seventeen species of

fishes is, of course, to be explained only as an incident of the

feeding habit. It is possible, however, that these Protozoa,

where especially abundant, may be recognized in the mass by

the delicate sensory structures of the fish; and they seem in

most cases to have been taken with mud and slime rich in

organic substances, As most of them are extremely perishable,

and can scarcely leave a trace a few seconds after immersion in

the gastric juices of the fish, it is probable that they contribute

much more generally than our observations indicate to the food

of some fishes, especially to those which feed upon the bottom.

Young suckers under six inches in length clearly take

them purposely, substituting them in great part for the Ento-

mostraca taken by other fishes of their size and age.

I detected Protozoa in the food of several genera of

Cyprinidse, in the young of buffalo, the river carp, the chub

sucker, the red horse, the stone roller,' in the common sucker,

^Erimyzon sucetta. ^Catostomus teres. ''Hypentelium.



490 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

in a single gizzard shad, in a stone cat, and in a top minnow.

The commonest forms, as would be supposed, were those pro-

tected by permanent shells; viz., Difflugia, Centropyxis, Arcella,

and the like; but occasionally specimens of Actinosphserium,

Euglena, and Dinobryon were present and recognized.

SCAVENGERS.

The only scavenger fishes of our collection were three

species of the common catfishes; the spotted cat, the yellow

cat, and the marbled cat,— all of which had eaten dead animal

matter, including pieces of fish, ham, mice, kittens, and the

like. A single large-mouthed black bass had likewise eaten

food of this description.

VEGETABLE FEEDERS.

Considering the wealth of vegetation accessible to aquatic

animals, and the fact that few other strictly aquatic kinds

have the vegetarian habit, it is indeed remarkable that the

plant food of fishes is an unimportant part of their diet. Taking

our nine hundred specimens together, the vegetation eaten by

them certainly would have amounted to less than ten per cent,

of their entire food, and excluding vegetable objects apparently

taken by chance, it probably would not reach five per cent.

The greatest vegetarians are among the minnow family,

largely in the genera Hybopsis, Notemigonus, and Semotilus,

thirteen specimens of the first and twenty-five of the second

having taken about half their food from vegetable objects.

One hundred and twelve Notropis, twenty-two Semotilus,

eighteen Hybognathus, and nine Campostoma, had found in

the vegetable kingdom a fourth or fifth of their food. Count-

ing each genus as a unit, I find that the family as a whole

obtained from plants about twenty-three per cent, of its food.

The little Phenacobius, already reported as strictly insectiv-

orous, was the only one studied in which vegetation can scarcely

be said to occur.

The mud minnows (Umbridifi) are also largely vegetarian

(forty-one per cent.) ; and likewise the cyprinodonts, the vegeta-



Fooil Relations of Fresh-Wafer Fishes. -491

ble average in the food of thirty-three specimens being seven-

teen per cent. Plant structures made about one fourth the

food of seven sticklebacks.

Certain of the sunfishes evidently take plant food pur-

posely, on occasion, this making, for example, nearly a tenth

of the food of forty-seven specimens of Lepomis. Among the

larger fishes, the principal vegetarian is the gizzard shad, in

which this eleoaent was reckoned at about a third,— taken,

however, not separately, but with quantities of mud. A con-

siderable part of it was distillery slops obtained near towns.

The buffalo fishes are likewise largely vegetarian, more

than a fourth of their food coming from plants,— about a

third of this in our specimens, refuse from distilleries. Vege-

tation made a tenth of the food of the larger genera of cat-

fishes (Amiurusand Ictalurus),— some of it distillery refuse,

—

and nearly as large a ratio of that of the great Polyodon.

Not infrequently, terrestrial vegetable rubbish— seeds of

grasses, leaves of plants, and similar matter— was taken in

quantity to make it certain that its appropriation was not acci-

dental.

Besides a great variety of Alga3, both filamentous and uni-

cellular, including considerable quantities of diatoms, the prin-

cipal plant forms found in the food of fishes were the duck-

weeds Lemna and Wolfiia. The deep-bodied suckers, especially,

occasionally take quantities of these little plants during the

autumnal months.

MUD.

The principal mud-eating fishes are the gizzard sliad, the

common shiner, and the genera of minnows belonging to the

groups with elongate intestines and cultrate pharyngeal teeth;

viz., Pimephales, Hybognathus, Chrosomus, and Campostoma.

Much mud was taken also by the cylindrical members of the

sucker family, but apparently as an incident to their search for

mollusks.



492 Illinois State Lahoratonj of Natural History.

SUMMARY OF THE FOOD OF THE YOUNG.*

By an examination of three hundred and seven specimens,

representing twenty-seven species, twenty-six genera, and twelve

families of Illinois fishes, I learn that the food of many species

differs greatly according to age, and that, in fact, the life of

most of our fishes divides into at least two periods, and that of

many into three, with respect to the kinds of food chiefly

taken.

In the first of these periods a remarkable similarity of food

was noticed among species whose later feeding habits are widely

different. The full grown black bass, for example, feeds prin-

cipally on fishes and crayfishes, the sheepshead on mollusks,

and the gizzard shad on mud and Algge, while the catfishes are

nearly omnivorous; yet all these agree so closely in food when

very small, that one could not possibly tell from the contents

of the stomachs which group he was dealing with.

I will now summarize the facts concerning the earliest

food of the principal species, taken seriatim.

The food of six common perch (Perca Intea) from an

inch to an inch and a quarter long, consisted wholly of Ento-

mostraca (ninety-two per cent.) and minute larvse of Chiron-

omus. No very small white bass (Labracidse) were found, the

youngest being an inch and a quarter long. Half the food of

this consisted of Entomostraca, and the other half of minute

gizzard shad. Forty-three sunfishes (Centrarchidse) from five

eighths of an inch to two inches long, had made ninety-six per

cent, of their food of Entomostraca and the small larvse of

gnats (Chironomus) already mentioned, seventy per cent, of

the first and twenty-six of the second. This group comprised

five specimens of black bass under three quarters of an inch

in length, two rock bass of similar size, two of the large-

mouthed sunfish (Chasnobryttus) from seven eighths of an

inch to an inch long, nineteen of the commoner sunfishes

(Lepomis) ranging in length from an inch to two inches, five

of the genus Centrarchus, one inch and under, four croppies

* For detailed treatment of this topic see Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat.

Hist., Vol. I., No. 3, p. 66, and No. 6, p. 95.



Food ReJafions of Fresh-Wafer Fishes. 493

(Pomoxys) from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a

half, and six indeterminable specimens, probably Lepomis, from
seven sixteenths to five eighths of an inch long. A single

sheepshead an inch and an eighth in length had eaten Chiron-

omus larvae (seventy-five per cent.) and larvae of the "river

fly" (Hexagenia). A single grass pickerel about an inch and
a quarter long had taken about sixty per cent, of its food from
Eutomostraca and young Amphipoda, the remainder consisting

of little fishes.

The first food of the common white-fish was determined

experimentally, the breeding habits of this species making
direct observation impossible. Three hundred and forty very

young fry fed with fragments of the brook shrimp, Gammarus,
in a hatching house, were examined in January, 1881, and

thirty-five of them, which had apparently taken food, were dis-

sected. Minute fragments of Gammarus were found in but

eighteen of these, while five contained minute insect larvaj,

four, Entomostraca, and eight, small particles of vegetation,

—

objects accidentally conveyed to them in the water of the

hatching house. In two hundred and forty-two others, con-

fined in spring water; only eight were found to have eaten

anything, and these had taken only Alga3 and vegetable frag-

ments. In February of the same year, fourteen specimens,

confined in a small aquarium and supplied with living objects,

plant and animal, from stagnant pools, were proven to feed

freely upon the smallest Entomostraca presented to them,

—

chiefly Cyclops and Canthocamptus, ten of the fourteen eating

Cyclops, three Canthocamptus, and one a specimen of each.

A little later, a more extensive experiment was conducted

by means of a large aquarium, in which there were placed sev-

eral hundred fry, kept constantly supplied with all the living

objects which a fine gauze net would separate from the waters

of Lake Michigan. Of one hundred and six of these, dissected

within the following fortnight, sixty-three had taken food con-

sisting almost wholly of the smallest Entomostraca occurring

in the Lake (a minute Cyclops and a slender Diaptomus).

The other objects encountered were rotifers, and diatoms and

other unicellular Algie, appearing, however, in such trivial

quantity as to contribute nothing of importance to the sup-

port of the fry.



494 Illinois State Lahoratonj of Natnral History.

A dozen specimens of small gizzard shad, ranging in length

from four fifths of an iuch to nearly two inches, had eaten

about ninety per cent, of Entomostraca, two per cent, of

Chironomus larva3, and, for the remainder, Algse.

The true minnows (Cyprinidge) seem to agree with the

suckers in the more minute character of their early food. Six

examples— three eights to three fourths of an inch long— too

small to determine, but apparently belonging to the genera

Minnilus, had eaten Entomostraca, Chironomus larvae, many
Protozoa, and unicellular Algae, a few filamentous Algse and

minute fungi and fungus spores, a water mite, and a few acci-

dental insects. In several specimens of the common chub min-

now (Semotilus), from five eighths of an inch to an inch in

length, seven per cent, of the food was Entomostraca, and the

remainder consisted of filamentous Algse. It should be noted,

however, that twenty per cent, of that of the smallest speci-

men, which was five eighths of an inch long, was Cyclops, and

it may be that Semotilus lives wholly on Entomostraca at first,

merely changing its habit earlier than most of its allies. Two
other minnows of the genus Notropis, an inch and a half in

length, had eaten nothing but Entomostraca. The Cyprinid^,

like the sucker family, are toothless when young.

Thirty young suckers were studied, representing five

genera of their family. The very smallest were found feed-

ing on Entomostraca only, and it is possible that these usually

form the first food of the family; but later they resort to

elements still more minute: viz., rotifers. Protozoa, and uni-

cellular Algae, quantities of which were found in the intestines

of young suckers six inches or more in length. • Young stone

rollers (Hypentelium) not more than an inch and a half long,

had taken chiefly larvae of Chironomus (ninety per cent.), the

remaining tenth being principally Entomostraca. A single

small black sucker (Minytrema) had eaten little but Cyclops.

Four chub suckers (Erimyzon), two three quarters of an inch,

and two an inch and a quarter long, had eaten only Entomos-

traca and a trace of water mites. In two larger specimens,

however, still minuter forms were the leading feature of the

food, including rotifers. Protozoa, and unicellular Algae. An-
other example, three inches long, had eaten a trace of



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 495

Chironomus larvte, but for all the rest, one of the smallest of

the Entomostraca (Canthocaraptus). Ten young red horse

(Moxostoma), varying in length from an inch to two and
three fourths inches, had fed largely upon Protozoa,— especially

the largest of the specimens,— but the smallest of them had
taken a considerable amount of Entomostraca,—notably the

bivalve cyprids occurring on the bottom. Two of the com-
monest buffalo fish (Tctiobus), seven eighths of an inch long,

had eaten most freely of ujnicellular Alga3 (sixty-three per

cent.), the remainder of the food consisting of rotifers and
Entomostraca. Four of the river carp (Carpiodes), seven

eighths of an inch to two inches long, had fed like the

preceding, except that the Entomostraca amounted to nearly

half the food, while the rotifers were comparatively few.

Young catfishes, only three eighths of an inch in length,

belonging to the genus Amiurus, but quite too small to be

specifically determinable, were filled with various Entomostraca

and Chironomus larvas. Other examples of this genus, making
thirteen in all, none longer than an inch and five eighths, had
fed almost wholly on Entomostraca and larvas of Chironomus,

the latter, however, composing seventy-four per cent, of the

food of all, and the former eighteen per cent. Six small stone

cats (Noturus), varying in length from seven eighths of an

inch to one and a half inches, had taken more Chironomus
larvae and scarcely any Entomostraca.

A single dog-fish (Araia), one and three fourths inches

long, had eaten seventy per cent, of Entomostraca, a few

larvffi of Chironomus, some small crustaceans, and aquatic

insects. Others of the species, under an inch in length, had

the intestine packed with Entomostraca. Of the common river

gars one, an inch and a quarter long, had filled itself with

minute Entomostraca, while two other specimens had eaten

only the smallest fry of fishes.

To recapitulate, I find that, taking together the young
of all the genera studied, considering each genus as a unit, and

combining the minute dipterous larva? with the Entomostraca

as having essentially the same relation, about seventy-five

per cent, of the food taken by young fishes of all descriptions

is made up of these elements.



496 Illinois State LahoratoDj of Natural History.

From the above it is clear that young fishes in general

depend at first on Entomostraca and certain small insect larvae

(chiefly those of two genera of gnats), beginning with the

smallest of these forms, or with those especially exposed to

their attack. One-celled plants and animals are also eaten

freely by the young of two of the largest families.

Correlated with these facts, I find that two at least of the

genera, 'which are toothless when adult, have minute raptatorial

teeth in this early stagte; viz., Coregonus and Dorosoma. Other-

wise young fishes have no apparatus specially adapted to

the capture of their minute prey, but this is brought within

their reach merely by their own small size and the correspond-

ing minuteness of their structures of food prehension. Later,

as the larger species grow, this apparatus becomes too coarse

to retain objects so minute, but other food resources are made

available, usually through some adaptive modification of the

fishes themselves.

In other words, one-celled organisms and Entomostraca are

the natural, and practically the only, food of an undifferenti-

ated small fish; and to be at liberty to grow, the fish must

either change its food (as is usually done) or must develop a

special apparatus (commonly a set of fine long gill-rakers)

for the separation of Entomostraca from the waters in which

they swim.

Of the fishes which emerge from this earliest stage, through

increase in size with failure to develop alimentary structures

especially fitted to the appropriation of minute animal forms,

some become mud-eaters, like Campostoma and the gizzard

shad; a few apparently become vegetarians at once; but most

pass into or through an insectivorous stage. After this a few

become nearly omnivorous, like the bull-heads; others learn to

depend chiefly on molluscan food,— the sheepshead and che

red horse species,— but many become essentially carnivorous.

In fact, unless the gars are an exception, as they now seem to

be, (attacking young fishes almost as soon as they can swallow,)

all our specially carnivorous fishes make a progress of three

steps, marked, respectively by the predominance of Entomos-

traca, of insects, and of fishes, in their food; and the same is

true of those strictly fitted for a molluscan diet.



Food Rdationfi of Fresh-Waffr Fishes. 497

While small fishes of all sorts are evidently competitors

for food, this competition is relieved to some extent by differ-

ences of breeding season, the species dropping in successively

to the banquet, some commencing in very early spring, or even,

like the white-fish, depositing their eggs in fall, that their

young may be the first at the board, while others delay until

June or July. The most active breeding period coincides,

however,with that of the greatest evolution of Entomostraca

in the backwaters of our streams; that is, the early spring.

That large adult fishes, with fine and numerous rakers on

the gills— like the shovel-fish and the river carp— may com-

pete directly with the young of all other species, and tend to

keep their numbers down by diminishing their food supply—
especially in times of scarcity— is very probable, but is not

certainly true; for these larger fishes have other food resour-

ces also, and may resort to Entomostraca only when these are

superabundant, thus appropriating the mere excess above

what are required for the young of other groups.

ON THE DEFINITENESS AND PERMANENCY OF
THE FOOD HABITS OF FISHES.

It is always posssible that the seemingly specific differences

of food exhibited by data derived from miscellaneous collec-

tions not strictly comparable as to dates and localities, are

really due to diiierences of circumstance aifecting the represent-

atives of the species, and not to differences in the food habits

or the regimen of the species in general. Date, locality, and

other circumstantial conditions, may have more to do with the

distinctions of food detected than structure and specific habit.

It is true that the probability of such errors of inference is

reduced to a minimum where alimentary peculiarities can be

clearly correlated with peculiarities of structure, as has usually

been done in my discussions; but to test still further the dis-

tinctness of species and genera with respect to food habits and

preferences, I have assorted my observations according to dates

and localities of the collections on which they were made and

have compared species with species as occurring under the



498 Illinois State Lahorntonj of Natural Histonj.

same general conditions and at the same time. If perch and

catfishes caught in the same haul of the seine show more

marked differences in food between the two groups than those

exhibited by the individuals of each group among themselves,

the probability is considerable that the differences are specific

instead of accidental; and such probability becomes greater the

greater the number of species found to present corresponding

differences under corresponding circumstances. Although it

was rarely the case that examples enough of two or more spec-

ies comparable as to size and range had been taken at the same

time and place to afford a tolerable average of the food under

local conditions, yet a sufficient number of such cases was

found to give a considerable amount of evidence on this point.

Thus three specimens of the marbled cat, Amiurus mar-

moratus, taken at Peoria, Nov. 1, 1878, had derived nine tenths

of their food from Hexagenia larvse, the remainder consisting

of leeches and a few spiders; while eight specimens of the

large-mouthed black bass, Micropterns sahnoides, taken at the

same time and place, had eaten nothing but the young gizzard

shad (Dorosoma).

Comparing the food of four examples of the channel cat

(Ictalurus pundatus) with seven croppies (Pomoxys), both

taken at Peoria, Apr. 10, 1878, I found that aquatic insects

made ninety-eight per cent, of the food of the latter, seventy

per cent, being Hexagenia larvae, while only sixty-two per cent,

of the food of the catfishes consisted of insects (ephemerid

larvae twenty-eight per cent.), the remainder consisting of

vegetation and scraps of dead fishes,

A contrast equally decided is shown by three specimens of

the gizzard shad (Dorosoma) and four of the rock bass (Ainblo-

pUtes rupestris)^ all obtained at Ottawa, July 8, 1879. The

former had swallowed large quantities of fine mud containing

about twenty per cent, of minutely divided vegetable debris,

while the latter had fed wholly upon insects, fishes, and cray-

fishes,— the first chiefly aquatic larvae.

Even in the shallow muddy pools left behind in the retreat-

ing overflow of the Mississippi in southern Illinois, fishes of the

same size but differing widely in alimentary structures exhibit

corresponding differences in the selections made from the



Food Belations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 499

meager food resources of their localities. Two of the comnjon

blunt-jawed minnows (HijbognatJiNS nnchalis) had fed here

almost wholly upon mud mixed with Algte and miscellaneous

vegetation; while three of the little pirate perch (Aphredod-

erus) had eaten little but (Jhironomus larva, half the food of

one of the specimens being wholly small fishes, and insignif-

icant quantities of Entomostraca occurring in the stomachs of

the others.

A small collection, made from the Little Fox River, in

White county, in southern Illinois, Oct. 5, 1882, of four speci-

mens each of Labidesthes and Zi/gonectes notatus enables us to

bring into comparison the food of two extremely different

species taken together from the same pools in a running stream.

The Labidesthes, although predaceous in habit and feeding

most commonly upon Entomostraca, was here giving its atten-

tion wholly to terrestrial insects,— more than two thirds of

them winged Chironomus; while the Zygonectes had eaten in

addition to thirty-seven per cent, of terrestrial insects (scarcely

any of them Chironomus imagos), about thirty per cent, of

aquatic vegetation, nine per cent, of Entomostraca, eleven per

cent, of aquatic insects, and fourteen per cent, of mollusks.

These differences in food have no apparent relation to the

essential structural differences of the species, but must be

considered an illustration of the various effect of like conditions

when applied to different species.

On the other hand, three bull-heads (Amiurus nehulosus)

and six common perch (Perca) taken from Fox River, at

McHenry, May 9, 1880, did not differ remarkably in food, both

groups having eaten crayfishes, mollusks, aquatic insects, and

vegetation. One of the catfishes had taken another fish, and

one had eaten leeches. It is to be noted, however, that these

species are both bottom feeders, and that both lots of these

specimens had taken about the average food of their kind.*

The above are examples of the food relations of fishes

widely separated from each other in the classification and

decidedly different in alimentary structures and in feeding

habits. Illustrations of the differences in food apparent in

* See Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 3, p. 35.



500 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural Itistory.

species allied in classification but differing with respect to the

structures concerned in the appropriation of food are given by

the following examples.

Two species of minnows, Chrosomus erythrogaster and

Semotilus atromaculatus— the first represented by fourteen speci-

mens, and the second by six, all collected from a small tributary

of the Fox, near Piano, Sept. 8, 1882— were brought into com-

parison with reference to their food, with the result that the

characteristic differences of the species, as shown in the general

discussion of the group published in our Bulletin 6, Vol. L,

were clearly manifested by this small number. In the former

lot seventy-five per cent, of the food was mud, the remainder

being indiscriminate vegetable debris; while in the latter the

entire mass consisted of insects (chiefly terrestrial) except a

single insect parasite (Grordius).

From one of the permanent ponds or so-called lakes of

southern Illinois, covered in September with a film of Wolffia

and other vegetation, three specimens of Gambusiapatruelis and

five of Umbra ^imi were examined. The former had eaten little

but Wolffia, which amounted to more than ninety per cent, of

the food, the remainder consisting of Entomostraca, mollusks,

and aquatic insect larvae, while the Wolffia made less than

sixty per cent, of the food of the Umbra,— about one fourth

consisting of Entomostraca, and the remainder of unrecognized

insects.

Two minnows of similar range {Phenacobius mirabilis

and Notropis whipplei) agree essentially in gill structure

and pharyngeal teeth, and differ but little in the relative

length of intestine; and they have consequently been placed by

me in the same alimentary group.* They are unlike, however,

in the form of the mouth and in their haunts and feeding habits.

This difference is reflected in the food of a small collection

made in the Galena River, in April, 1880, three specimens of

Phenacobius having eaten only aquatic larvae and pupae (nearly

all chironomid), while the food of the Notropis, represented

by six specimens, was of a varied character, containing

few aquatic larvae (only one per cent, of Chironomus), but con-

sisting chiefly of miscellaneous collections of terrestrial insects,

* Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Yol. I., No. 6, p. 76.



Food Belations of Fresh-Wafer Fishes. 501

seeds and anthers of terrestrial plants, and other accidental

rubbish.

From a collection made at Henry, Illinois, Nov. 1, 1887,

four specimens of croppie {Pomoxys nigromaculatus) are

comparable with five sunfishes (Lepomis pallidus), and
three large-mouthed black bass {Micropterns salinoides) may
be compared with three striped bass {Bocciis cJirysops). Eighty-

four per cent, of the food of the Pomoxys consisted of Hex-
agenia larvae, an additional six per cent, being other aquatic

larvae, and the remaining ten per cent, consisting of fishes;

while the Lepomis had eaten but twelve per cent, of Hex-
agenia larva3, eight per cent, of other aquatic insects, and no

fishes at all, — the remaining elements being terrestrial insects

(about one fourth), worms (Nais and Lumbriculus, fifteen per

cent.), and mollusks (thirty-seven per cent.).

The black bass had eaten chiefly fishes and a mouse,

together with a few aquatic insects; while the food of the

striped bass was nearly all ephemerid larvae with only a ti-ace

of fishes.

A collection of small fishes, made from Mackinaw Creek,

in Woodford county, August 20, 1879, affords an interesting

opportunity to compare the food of a number of the smaller

species (cyprinoids, darters, etc.). About half that of four

specimens of Notropis megalops collected there, consisted of

insects, the remainder being terrestrial and aquatic vegetation;

and substantially the same statement may be made with respect

to six specimens of Notropis whippJei.,— these two species

belonging respectively to the third and fourth groups of my
paper on the " Food of the Smaller Fresh Water Fishes."*

Two specimens of Hyhopsis bigtittatus^ on the other

hand, had eaten only aquatic vegetation; and two examples of

Phenacobius — a species extremely darter-like in its haunts and

habits — had taken only Chironomus larvae.

The darters were represented by four examples of Bole-

osoma and six of Hadropterus, the former and smaller species

having eaten mostly Chironomus larvae and Entomostraca, —
eighty-nine per cent, and eleven per cent, respectively, —
while the larger had taken only aquatic larvae,— nearly all

ephemerids.

* Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 6, p. 76.



502 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Finally, eight of the slender, active, and wholly predaceous

little brook silversides (iy«5?(^es^Aess/cc?*ZMs) had eaten a single

fish, fourteen per cent, of Entomostraca, and about eighty per

cent, of insects— somewhat more than half of aquatic origin. In

brief, the structures of Labidesthes, the habits of Phenacobius

and the darters, and the differences in size of the species of

Boleosoma an(J Hadropterus were all reflected in the food of this

little group.

The obverse fact of the unifying effect of similarity of

alimentary structures is apparently shown by a small collection

of minnows, all belonging to the first two groups of the paper

cited above*, made from an extremely muddy little creek in

Jersey county, which contained no visible vegetation and few,

if any, Entomostraca. Twelve of these fishes, representing the

genera Campostoma, Pimephales, Hyborhynchus, Hybognathus,

and Notemigonus, agreed in food almost precisely, all having

swallowed the fine mud of the creek bottom, with a slightly

varying admixture of unicellular Algse and vegetable debiis.

As an example of a contrast between two species agreeing

in alimentary structures, but differing in size and somewhat,

also, in habitual range, we may take three examples of Notropis

lieterodon and three of Notropis inegalops, captured at

McHenry, May 8, 1880. More than half the food of the latter

group consisted of vegetation, and of the former only

ten per cent. The remaining ninety per cent, of the food of

lieterodon was Entomostraca ; but these were not represented at

all in the megalops^ the remaining food of these specimens

consisting of insects and araphipod Crustacea.

Sensible and even conspicuous differences in food often

appear between groups which are neither widely separate in

classification nor yet distinguished by marked differences in

alimentary structures, as between species of the same genus.

Sometimes these are apparently due to differences in habit with

respect to the search for food; but sometimes seem dependent

upon distinction of habit or preferences even more obscure.

Six specimens of the channel cat {Ictalurus pimctatus),

taken at Peoria, October 6, 1887, had eaten insects, mollusks,

and vegetation at the rate of forty-one, nineteen, and forty

per cent, respectively, the vegetation being nearly all Cladoph-

* See the preceding page.



Food Relations of Fresh- Wrifry Fishes. 503

ora and Potamogeton; while the same number of bull-heads

{A7)iiiinis nehulosus) had derived thirty-seven per cent, of

their food from insects, and sixty-three per cent, from mol-

lusks. The difference here was substantially a larger ratio of

mollusks for Amiurus, replacing the vegetable food of the

Ictalurus group. By a comparison of these differences with

those detected between the species at large, as explained on

pages 456-461, it will be seen that the former do not represent

the specific differences in food, but simply give evidence that

two species may be differently affected by the same conditions.

Other specific differences in the same genus are shown by

the collections made Oct. 27, 1875, from Peoria Lake. Eight

examples of the wall-eyed ^\Vq (Siizostedion vitreum) had eaten

only soft-finned fishes,— excepting one small sunfish, — while

four of ten specimens of the related species S. canadense^ had

eaten spiny-finned fishes, and in only three were the fishes

recognizable as belonging to the soft-finned species. Three

specimens of Micropterus taken with the above had eaten cray-

fishes and fishes (including a catfish).

Among my specimens of the sucker family ( Catostomatidge ),

a lot obtained at Quincy, Aug. 25, 1887, are comparable for the

present purpose. Four examples each of Ictiohus xnis and T.

cyprineJJa presented a decided contrast with respect to the

elements of their food, that of I. nnts consisting almost wholly

of Chironomus larva3, with large quantities of dirt, while three

of the specimens of I. cijprineUa had eaten scarcely anything

but Algse, ninety per cent, of the food of the fourth being

Chironomus larvfe, and the remainder, larvf« of Neuroptera,

—

Hexagenia and Corydalis.

On the other hand, two small collections of the same

species made at Peoria, Oct. 9, 1878 — four of /. nnis and five

of /. CijprineUa— exhibit similar food, composed chiefly of

Entomostraca, Chironomus larvaj, distillery waste (meal, etc.),

and aquatic vegetation. The Nrns group alone had eaten Ento-

mostraca, these being replaced in the other by a larger quantity

of meal.

The facts above recited are evidence that fishes are not

mere animated eating-machines, taking indiscriminately and

indifferently whatever their structures fit them to capture, to



504 Illinois State Lahoratory of Natural History.

strain from the waters, or to separate frora the mud, but that

psychological preferences as well as physical capabilities have

something to do with their choice of food.

THE STRUCTURES OF ALIMENTATION.

A brief review of the principal facts respecting the struct-

ures of alimentation in fishes will be necessary to exhibit

clearly the relation of habit and organization in this particular.

These structures may be conveniently divided into those

of search., of prehension., of mastication., and of digestion.

Means of defence and escape may also properly be mentioned,

as belonging to the obverse side of the food relation.

Structural peculiarities relating to the methods and situa-

tion of the search for food are illustrated by the barbels of the

catfishes and the sturgeons, the shovel of Polyodon, the square

head of the stone roller, the flat heads of the top minnows, and

the pointed snouts of the darters,— which fit them for prying

about between and under stones in running water. Similarly

related, are the bare breasts of many darters and the large

pectoral fins of the stone roller and Phenacobius.

The structures of food prehension are the lips, the jaws,

the teeth, and the gill-rakers, with which should be considered,

perhaps, the gill slit or branchial opening. The sucking lips

of the Catostomatidse, organs of touch as well as of prehension,

are of course related to the mud-searching habit of these fishes,

the protractile jaws aiding in this use. The stout wide jaws of the

catfishes, with their wide bands of minute, pointed teeth, are

probably to be understood as an apparatus for seizing, holding,

and pulling about relatively large objects, whether hard or soft,

and are perhaps most useful in feeding upon mollusks. The

very large but weak jaw of the shovel fish is explained by the

minute character of its food, which offers no resistance, but

necessitates the passage of large quantities of water through

the mouth; while the long and slender jaws of the long-nosed

gar (Lepidosteus) armed with several rows of acute raptatorial

teeth, are the best apparatus in our waters for the destruction

of a relatively small but active living prey.



Food Belations of Fresh-Wafov Fishes. 505

The teeth of our fresh-water fishes are always pointed and

acute, there being no examples of pavement teeth or cutting

incisors among them, such as are found in several marine

forms, nor are there any instances of either jaw being toothed

and the other not. The evanescent teeth of the young of

several species which become toothless when mature, are some-

times to be understood as rudiments, as in the shovel fish, and

sometimes as related to the early food, as in the white-fish and

the gizzard shad.

The gill-rakers of fishes vary widely in number, length, and

usefulness, but are as important and significant as any other

part of the feeding apparatus. As they oppose the only

obstacle to the escape through the gill slit, of objects which

enter the mouth with the water of respiration, they set the

minimum of size for objects of the fishes' food, the only excep-

tion to this rule being afEorded by the few fishes which

swallow mud with little or no discrimination.

They are usually arranged in two rows on each gill arch,

with frequently one also on the pharyngeal, behind the last gill

slit. Occasionally only one row is developed on each gill (lake

"herring"), and commonly the second row, if present, is less

prominent than the first. The shovel fishes are, however, an

exception to this latter statement, for in them both rows are

equally and remarkably developed. As the anterior rakers

guard the relatively large passage-way between the foremost

gill and the opercle, while the other rows merely prevent the

escape of objects between the several pairs of gills, the anterior

row is almost invariably longer than the remaining series. The

shovel fish and the gizzard shad are exceptions. The rakers of

this row are commonly longest in the middle of the arch,

shortening toward each end; but the particulars of this disposi-

tion depend on the length and shape of the arch and the con-

cavity of the inner surface of the opercle. In the gizzard

shad, however, the short but very numerous and fine gill-rakers

project in a nearly horizontal direction.

The gill-rakers, when short and ineffective, are often armed

with minute denticles, variously arranged, but are never

branched or pinnate. In several of the sucker family, the

rakers of the lower horizontal arm of the arch are represented



506 Illinois State Lahoratnnj of Natural History,

by a thick, broad pad, transversely ridged (the ridges represent-

ing the separate rakers) so that when approximated these

structures form a continuous floor for the sides of the buccal

cavity. The rakers may vary in number in different species

from ten or twelve in a series, as in some sunfishes, to more

than five hundred, as in the shovel fish; and in length from

mere tubercles, to two or three times the length of the cor-

responding filaments of the gill. Rarely they are completely

wanting, as in the pike. The anterior row is commonly so set

upon the arch as to be obliquely divaricated by the separation

of the branchial structures, being thus automatically adapted

to the. respiratory movements.

They are little developed in young fishes, the small bran-

chial arches and the narrow slits between them serving to sep-

arate from the water the minute objects of the earliest food.

Their development with the growth of the fish simply enables

it to retain as elements of its dietary, objects which the coarse-

ness of its branchial structures would otherwise compel it to

forego.

Concerning their relations to food prehension, we may say

in general that if numerous, long, and fine, they indicate the

importance of Entomostraca to the fish. If less numerous,

but moderately long and stout, in a fish of medium size, we
may presume that insects form a considerable ratio of the food.

If wanting, or rather short and strong, the presumption is

(except for the smaller fishes) that the species is either pisciv-

orous or feeds largely upon mollusks, the dental and pharyngeal

apparatus easily showing which.

The pike-perch (Stizostedion ) is somewhat remarkable in

the fact that although strictly piscivorous when adult, it has

long and strong gill-rakers, much longer in fact than in the

less piscivorous related species, the common perch. In this

case the rakers seem to have been retained, and even further

developed, as a basis of attachment for several rather large

recurved teeth borne on their inner surfaces, useful in preventing

the escape of a living prey.

The masticatory apparatus of fishes (sometimes wanting)

comprises always a pair of pharyngeal bones,— the lower pharyn-

geal jaws, a pair of modified branchial arches. These are



Food Belafions of Fresh-Wafer Fishes. 507

commonly opposed by superior pharyngeals, which most fre-

quently consist of osseous and cuticular thickenings of the

upper ends of the gill arches,— sometimes of only one or two,

as in the catfish family, sometimes of all, as in the sunfishes.

In the cyprinoids, the upper pharyngeal is a quadrate or tri-

angular pad, rarely, if ever, toothed, borne upon an oblique,

expanded process of the basioccipital. In the sucker family

the sickle-shaped lower pharyngeals act against a more or less

indurated palatal arch supported by the same cranial process,

the firmness and width of this hardened band varying with the

development of the lower arches of the apparatus. In most

of the Acanthopteri and in the catfish family the lower pharyn-

geals have a fusiform outline, varying in width according to

the food, the upper surface set with minute denticles, sharp-

pointed in the insectivorous species, more or less blunt and

conical in those which take a considerable percentage of mol-

luscan food. The immense development of these structures in

the sheepshead (Aplodinotus), as a crushing apparatus for

MoUusca, is too well known to require description. In the

Catostomatidffi the number of teeth may vary from thirty or

less to two hundred or more, reduction in number going with

increase in size (especially in the lower part of the arch,)

both being related to an increased importance of molluscan

food.

In the cyprinoids or minnow family, this is practically an

insectivorous apparatus, except in some of the species with very

long intestine and the limophagous habit, where it seems useful

chiefly as a means of grinding up the mud ingested.

In the piscivorous species, and in those with highly devel-

oped gill-rakers, the lower pharyngeals are commonly slight and

insignificant; but in the former group the upper pharyngeals

may be preserved and enlarged as a basis for the insertion

of hooked teeth, to aid in the retention of their struggling

prey.

Concerning the digestive structures, I will only remark

that the fishes with the longest intestine are mud-feeders, as a

rule, and that in one of them, — the gizzard shad, a mud lover,

par excellence^— the pharyngeal jaws (which in the mud-eating

cyprinoids are evidently used to grind the food) are function-



508 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

ally replaced by a bulbous, muscular stomach, the pharyngeals

themselves being reduced to thin and delicate plates, scarcely

better than rudiments.

In this connection the adult size of the fish ought always

to be mentioned, since this has, perhaps, at least as much to do

with the food as any structural endowment, and frequently, in

fact, has had a determining influence on the latter. Many
fishes can enjoy the advantages of large size only on condition

that they acquire some new capacity of food prehension, adapt-

ing them to new food relations. Simple and symmetrical

growth of a small fish would render it incapable of straining

out Entomostraca without fitting it for the appropriation of

any other food, except, perhaps, the larger Crustacea and some

aquatic insects; and beyond this insectivorous stage nothing is

possible without new adaptations.

CORRELATIONS OF ALIMENTARY ORGANS.

Correlations of structure may be either mediate or imme-

diate, in the latter case modification of one organ being directly

dependent on modification of another, and in the former both

parties to the correlation being modified by a common
cause. The immediate class of correlations are rela-

tively few and simple in the alimentary structures of fishes,

while several of the mediate class are less obvious and more

suggestive. That a fish with canine teeth has a strong jaw is

a less interesting fact than the weakness of the jaw in one with

long and numerous gill-rakers, or the incompatibility of canine

teeth and heavy lower pharyngeals. The first is an immediate

adaptive adjustment which a child might foresee, while the

others are to be understood only when the peculiarities of the

food are known to which both owe their character. The weak jaw

of the shovel fish and the slight lower pharyngeals of the pike-

perch illustrate the law of disuse (especially when we take into

account the teeth of the young in the former and the large

pharyngeals of the common perch), and the branchial appar-

atus of the shovel fish and the canine teeth of the pike-perch are

examples of special adaptation to particular kinds of food.



Food Relations of Fresh- Wafer Fishes. 509

Some mediate correlations are inverse, others coincident,

the related structures varying oppositely or in the same direction.

An interesting inverse correlation is exhibited by the gill-

rakers and the pharyngeals in the suckers; as the former

lengthen and multiply, the latter become weaker and bear

smaller and more numerous teeth. The cause of this corre-

lation is seen in the food, the species with heavy pharyngeals,

few and large pharyngeal teeth, and few and short gill-rak-

ers being mollusk feeders, and the other group depending

largely on insects and crustaceans and using mollusks sparely,

and then only the small and thin-shelled sorts. A similar in-

verse relation is seen between the large mouths and the weak

pharyngeals of many piscivorous fishes; between the weak

pharyngeals and the muscular stomach of the gizzard shad; and

between the long gill-rakers and the rudimentary pharyngeals

of the shovel fish. Such correlations are often evidence of a

specialization and corresponding limitation of the feeding habit,

— the increased efficiency of one structure corresponding to the

increased importance to the fish of the related kind of food, and

the defective development of the correlated structure indicating

an abandonment of the food for whose appropriation it was

especially fitted. On the other hand, the absence of these in-

verse correlations marks an omnivorous habit,— as in the cat-

fishes, whose jaws, teeth, gill-rakers, and pharyngeals are all

moderately developed, while the food is correspoudingly indis-

criminate.



DETAILED RECAPITULATION OF DATA.*

ANIMAL FOOD.

Bead animal matter : 1 Micropterus salmoides, Nov.; 6 Ictalurus

punctatus, Mar., Apr,, June, Aug.; 2 Amiurus natalis,

May; 1 A. marmoratus, Oct.

Tadjjoles: 2 Esox verruiculatus, June, July.

FISHES.

Ctenoid fishes : 1 Uranidea richardsoni, Aug.; 1 Esox lucius,

Sept.

Cycloid fishes: 1 Stizostedion canadense, Nov.; 1 Esox lucius,

May, Nov.; 2E. vermiculatus, July; 1 Ictalurus punctatus,

Aug.

ACANTHOPTERI.

Undetermined: 11 Stizostedion canadense, June; 1 Micropterus

salmoides, Nov.; 3 Pomoxys, Oct., Nov.; 1 Esox lucius,

Sept.; 1 Amia calva, Oct.

Aplodinotus yrunniens: 2 Stizostedion canadense, Oct.

Percidm: 1 Perca lutea. May.

Perca lutea: 8 Lota maculosa, Nov.; 1 Micropterus salmoides,

May; 1 Amiurus nebulosus. May.

Etheostomatince : 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.

Etheostoma: 1 Perca lutea, Oct.

Percina caprodes: 1 Micropterus dolomiei, June.

* The figures in the following lists show the number of exam-
ples of the species of fish in which the given food element was de-

tected.

Where a family or other general name above that of a species

occurs in the body of the list, the data placed against it are to be

understood as relating only to specimens of the group not further

determined; the species names, for example, placed against the family

names Percidee, Cyprinidpe, and the like, indicate the species and
specimens in whose food undetermined examples of those families

were noted— the more precise determinations being given lower down.



Food Belations of Fresh-Wafer Fishes. 511

Boleosoma maculatum : 1 Pomoxys, Mar.

Centrarchlncc: 1 Stizostedion cauadeuse, Nov.; 1 S. vitreum,

Oct.; 4 Esox lucius, Sept., Oct.; 1 E. vermiculatus, 5 in.,

Oct.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, Aug.

Micropterus : 1 Esox lucius, Nov.; 1 Lepidosteus platystomus,

June.

M. dolomiei: 1 Stizostedion canadense, Nov.; 1 Esox lucius,

Nov.

Lepomis: 1 Leptops olivaris, Aug.

Amhloplites rnpestris: 1 Esox lucius, Nov.

Pomoxys : 1 Esox lucius, Sept.

HAPLOMI.

Gamhusia patruelis : 1 Esox vermiculatus, July.

ISOSPOKDTLI.

Coregonus artedi: 1 Lota maculosa, Nov.

C. clupeiforniis : 1 Lota maculosa, Nov.

Dorosoiiia cepedianuni : 2 Roccus iuterruptus, yg. ; 4 Stizoste-

dion canadense, Oct., Nov.; 7 S. vitreum, Apr., Oct.; 8

Micropterus salmoides, Nov.; 16 Esox lucius, Sept., Oct.;

2 Clupea chrysochloris, Sept., Oct.; 1 Amiurus natalis,

Oct.; 1 Lepidosteus platystomus, Sept.; 2 L. osseus, July.

Hijodon: 1 Esox lucius.

EVEKTOGKATHI.

Cypriiiidce: 2 Stizostedion vitreum, Oct.; 4 Perca lutea. May,

Oct.; 1 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 1 Lepomis cyanellus;

1 Pomoxys, Oct.; 1 Aphredoderus sayanus, July; 3 Esox

lucius, Nov.; 2 E. vermiculatus, July, Oct.; 1 Semotilus

atromaculatus, July; 1 Amiurus natalis, Aug; 1 Leptops

olivaris, Aug.; 2 Amia calva. May; 1 Lepidosteus platys-

tomus, June; 1, l;f in., June; 1 L. osseus, July; 1, 2 in.,

July.

Semotilus atromaculatus: 1 Stizostedion vitreum, Oct.

Notropis: 1 Pomoxys, Mar.

N. hudsonius: 1 Esox lucius, Nov.

Campostoma anomalum: 1 Micropterus salmoides, Nov.

Catosfomatidce: 1 Aplodinotus grunniens, Sept.; 1 Esox lucius,

Sept.; 1 Amiurus natalis, Aug.



512 Illinois State Laboratonj of Natiiml History.

Ictiohus: 1 Lepomis cyanellus, July; 2 Esox lucius, Nov.; 1

Amia calva.

I. bnbalus: 1 Esox lucius, Sept.

Carpiodes: 1 Esox lucius, Nov.

NEMATOGNATHI.

Siluridce: 1 Stizostedion canadense, Nov.; 1 Micropterus sal-

moides, Oct.

Amiurus: 1 Stizostedion canadense, Oct.; 1 Leptops olivaris,

Aug.

Noturus fiavus : 1 Micropterus dolomiei; June.

MOLLUSCA.

GASTEROPODA.

Fleurocera : 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Sept.

Amnicola: 4 Lepomis gibbosus, May, July, Aug.; 1 L. notatus,

Sept.; 1 L. pallidus, Oct.; 2 Placopharynx carinatus, Oct.;

1 Moxostoraa, Nov.; 1 M. macrolepidotum, Sept.; 1 Miny-

trema melanops, Oct.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.; 3

Amiurus nebulosus. May, Aug., Oct.

Somatogyrus: 3 Moxostoma macrolepidotum, Sept.

Valvata tricarinata : 1 Perca lutea, May; 2 Lepomis gibbosus,

May; 2 Notemigonus chrysoleucus. May; 1 Placopharynx

carinatus, Oct.; 2 Moxostoma macrolepidotum, Sept; 1

Ictiobus urus, Aug.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, July.

V. sincera: 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.

Vivipara: 2 Lepomis pallidus, July, Nov.; 1 Moxostoma aure-

olum, June; 3 M. macrolepidotum, Sept., Oct.; 1 Ictiobus

bubalus, Oct.; 7 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr., Sept., Oct.; 2

Amiurus natalis, Oct.; 1 A. raarmoratus, Oct.; 1 Amia
calva, Aug.

Melantho: 1 Moxostoma, Nov.; 3 M. macrolepidotum, Oct.;

7 Ictalurus punctatus, Sept., Oct.; 1 Amiurus natalis, Oct.;

1 A. nebulosus, Oct.

M. decisa: 2 Aplodinotus grunniens, Oct.

Lioplax subcarinata: 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Sept.

Succinea: Perca lutea, Aug.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 513

Limncea: 1 Notropis whipplei, Apr.; 1 Moxostoma macrolepi-

dotum, May.

Fhfjsa: 1 Leponiis ^bbosus, yg.; 2 L. pallidus, Nov.; 1 Umbra
limi, Sept.; 3 Gambusia patruelis, Sept., Oct.; 1 Zygo-

uectes dispar, July; 3 Z. notatus, Sept., Oct.; 1 Moxostoma

raacrolepidotum. May; 2 Amiurus natalis, 2y- in., July; 3

A. nebulosus, Aug., Sept.; 1 A. marmoratus, Aug.

P. heterostropha : 2 Perca lutea. May; 1 Araiurus nebulosus, Oct.

PJanorhis: 1 Aplodinotus gruuniens, June; 1 Lepomis gib-

bosus, July; 1 L. notatus, Sept.; 1 L. pallidus, Nov.; 1

Umbra limi, July; 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.; 1 Zygo-

nectes dispar, July; 2 Fundulus diaphanus, June, Oct.; 2

Moxostoma macrolepidotum, May, Sept.; 2 Ictiobus buba-

lus, Oct.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.; 1 Amia calva, Aug.

P. deflectus, yg.: 1 Notemigouus chrysoleucus. May.

Ancijlus: 1 Percina caprodes, Aug.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Sph(erium: 2 Aplodinotus grunniens, June, Oct.; 1 Perca

lutea, Oct.; 1 Lepomis pallidus, Oct.; 1 Dorosoma cepedi-

anuDi; 1 Placopharynx carinatus, Oct.; 4 Moxostoma,

June; 1 M. aureolum, June; 3 M. macrolepidotum, June,

Sept.; Minytrema melanops, Sept., Oct.; 2 Hypentelium

nigricans, Aug.; 1 Catostomus teres, Oct.; 3 Ictiobus

velifer, Aug., Oct.; 7 I. bubalus, Aug., Oct.; 4 I. urus,

Aug., Nov.; 2 I. cyprinella, June, Oct.; 13 Amiurus nebu-

losus, May, Sept., Oct.; 1 A. marmoratus, Oct.; 2 Amia

calva, Sept.

S. sulcatum: 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 4 Amiurus nebulo-

sus, Sept.; 1 A. marmoratus, Aug.

Pisidium: 1 Fundulus diaphanus, June; 1 Amiurus nebulosus,

Sept.

Unionidxe: 1 Lepomis notatus, Sept.; 1 Labidesthes sicculus,

Oct.; 1 Ictiobus urus, Apr.; 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Sept.;

2 Amiurus nebulosus. May, Oct.; 1 A. marmoratus, Oct.

Vnio: 1 Aplodinotus grunniens, June; 1 Perca lutea. May; 2

Lepomis gibbosus, yg.; 1 Moxostoma macrolepidotum.

May; 1 Catostomus teres, June.

Anodonta: 2 Aplodinotus grunniens, June; 1 Lepomis mega-

lotis, June; 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Aug., Oct.



514 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

INSECTA.

Eggs: 4 Lepomis gibbosus, yg.; 1 L. pallidus, July; 1 Hyodon

tergisus, Oct.; 1 Notropis hudsonius, June; 1 N. strarai-

neus, Apr.; 1 Amiurus natalis, Nov,

Pupa\' 1 Perca lutea, Oct.; 1 Hadropterus plioxocephalus,

Apr.; 1 Notropis megalops, June; 1 N. whipplei, Aug.

Larva': 1 Uranidea richardsoni, Aug.; 1 Micropterussalmoides,

yg.; 1 Lepomis pallidus, yg.; 2 L. megalotis, June; 1 L.

cyanellus, yg.; 1 Ambloplites rupestris, July; 1 yg.; 1

Umbra limi, Sept.; 1 Zygonectes notatus, Sept.; 1 Doro-

soma cepedianum, 2| in., July; 1 Semotilusatromaculatus,

July; 1 Notropis megalops, June; 1 N, whipplei, June; 1

Moxostoma aureolum, June; 1 M. macrolepidotum. May;

1 Ictiobus uras, Aug.; 2 I. cyprinella, July; 2 Ictalurus

punctatus, Apr., June; 2 Amiurus natalis, 2-2^- in., July.

Terrestrial: 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, July; 3 Hyodon tergisus,

May, June, Aug.; 3 Notropis megalops, May, July, Aug.;

1 N. whipplei, June; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 1 I. cyp-

rinella, Oct.

Terrestrial pupa\- 1 Notropis analostanus, Oct.

Aquatic: 1 Notropis whipplei, June; 2 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.;

1 Ictalurus punctatus, Sept.; 1 Polyodon spathula, Aug.

Aquatic larvce: 3 Uranidea richardsoni, Aug.; 1 Lepomis gib-

bosus, yg.; 1 L. notatus, Sept.; 1 L. pallidus, July; 3

Aphredoderus sayanus, Sept.; 1 Semotilus atromaculatus,

May; 1 Hybopsis biguttatus, Aug.; 3 Notropis megalops,

May, June; 3 N. whipplei, Apr., June; 1 N. lutrensis,

July; 1 N. heterodon; IHypentelium nigricans, Aug.; 1

Ictiobus velifer, Oct.; 1 I. urus, Aug.; 1 I. cyprinella, Oct.;

1 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.; 1, 2| in., Sept.; 2 Noturus

gyrinus, June; 1 Polyodon spathula, June.

HYMENOPTERA.

Undetermined: 2 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 Pomoxys, May; 1

Labidesthes sicculus, Oct.; 4 Zygonectes notatus, July,

Sept., Oct.; 1 Semotilus atromaculatus, June; 1 Notropis

atherinoides, Apr.; 1 N. megalops, June; 1 N. whipplei,

Apr.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water FisJws. 515

Apis meJlifica: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Ma}' ; 1 let al urns punctatus,

Oct.

Sphegidoi: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Larradci montana: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Formicida' : 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 Centrarchus macrop-

terus, July; 1 Coregonus artedi, 6 in., Aug.; 3 Seniotilus

atromaculatus, July, Aug.; 1 Notropis megalops, July; 3

N. whipplei, Aug.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.; 1, 3i in.,

Sept.

Myrmicida'i 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept. ; 1 Zygonectes notatus,

Sept.; 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.; 1 Tctalurus punctatus,

Oct.

Solenopsis: 1 Zygonectes notatus, July.

Clialcididw: 2 Labidesthes sicculus, Oct.; 1 Fundulus diaph-

anus, Oct.

Eurijtominai: 1 Clupea chrysochloris, 2^ in., Sept.

Ichneimionidm : 1 Lepomis pallidus, July.

Amhlyteles subnifiis: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Undetermined: 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.; 2 Hyodon tergisus,

Oct.; 1 Hybopsis biguttatus, Nov.; 3 Notropis megalops,

July, Aug.; 1 N. whipplei, June.

Larva': 3 Lepomis pallidus. May, July, Nov.; 1 Ambloplites

rupestris, yg.; 1 Semotilus atromaculatus, July; 1 Hybopsis

biguttatus, June; 1 Notropis atherinoides, Apr.; 2 N.

whipplei, Aug.; 1 Pimephales promelas. May; 1 Ictalurus

punctatus, Oct.

Heterocera: 1 Notemigonus chrysoleucus, July.

DIPTERA.

Terrestrial: 2 Lepomis cyanellus, yg.; 6 Labidesthes sicculus,

June, Aug., Oct.; 1 Coregonus artedi, 2 in., Aug.; 1 Clupea

chrysochloris, 2| in., Sept.; 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.; 2

Notemigonus chrysoleucus, Sept.; 3 Semotilus atromacu-

latus, June, Sept.; 2 Notropis atherinoides, July; 2 N.

whipplei, Aug.; 2 N. heterodon. May, July; 1 Moxostoma

macrolepidotum, Sept.; 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.; 1

Amiurus nebulosus, 2 in., Aug.; 1 Noturus flavus, Oct.; 1

Polyodon spathula, Aug.



516 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Aquatic larva': 2 Uranidea richardsoni, Aug.; 2 Aplodinotus

grunniens, June, Sept.; 1 Roccus chrysops, Nov.; 1 Ethe-

ostoma fusiforme, July; 3 E, cceruleum, June, July; 2

E. zonale, June; 1 Hadropterus phoxoeephalus, Apr.; 1

Percina caprodes, Aug.; 1 Boleosoma maculatum, July;

1 Ammocrypta pellucida, June; 2 Lepomis gibbosus,

yg.; 1 L. megalotis, June; 1 L. cyanellus, yg.; 2 Cha3no-

bryttus gulosus, yg., 1 Ambloplites rupestris, July; 3

Pomoxys, Apr. ; 5 Aphredoderus sayanus, Sept. ; 4 Eucalia

inconstans, Oct.; 1 Umbra limi, July; 1 Gambusia patrue-

lis, Sept.; 4 Zygonectes notatus, June, Sept., Oct.; 7

Fundulus diaphanus, June, Oct.; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum,

2^ in., July; 1 yg.; 1 Hybopsis biguttatus, Sept.; 1

Notropis atherinoides, Aug.; 2 N. megalops. May; 4 N.

whipplei, June; 1 N. stramineus, Apr.; 4 N. heterodon,

May, July; 1 Pimephales promelas. May; 1 Placo-

pharynx carinatus, Oct.; 1 Moxostoma, Nov.; 1 M. aure-

olum, June; 5 M. macrolepidotum, June, Sept., Nov.;

1, 2 in., July. 1 Minytrema raelanops, Oct.; 1 Erimyzon

sucetta, 3|in.; 2 Hypentelium nigricans, Aug.; 8 Icti-

obus velifer, Apr., July, Oct.; 1 I. bubalus, Oct.; 7 I. urus,

Apr., June, July, Aug., Oct., Nov.; 4 I. cyprinella, Apr.,

June, July, Oct.; 12 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr., May, June,

Aug., Oct.; 1, 2| in., Sept.; 4 Amiurus, yg.; 1 A. natalis

2^ in., July; 2 A. nebulosus, Oct.; 3 Noturus gyrinus,

May, Oct.; 2 Polyodon spathula. May, June.

Nemocera: 2 Notropis atherinoides, Aug.; 4 N. whipplei. May;
1 N. heterodon, May.

Brachycera: 4 Labidesthes sicculus, Oct.; 1 Zygonectes nota-

tus, Sept.; 5 Notropis whipplei. May, June.

SimiiUum, larvce: 1 Eucalia inconstans, June; 1 Notropis

atherinoides, Apr.; 2 N. whipplei, June.

Bibio albipennis: 1 Notropis atherinoides. May.
CuUcidw: 1 Alvarius punctulatus, May; 1 Lepomis cyanellus,

yg.; 1 Aphredoderus sayanus, July; 1 Zygonectes notatus,

June; 1 Clupea chrysochloris, 2| in., Sept.; 2 Notropis

atherinoides, July; 1 Noturus gyrinus, Sept.

Culicidm, larvce: 2 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 1 M. salmoides,

yg.; 1 Polyodon spathula, May.



Food Relations of Fresh- Water Fishes. 517

Corethra, larvm: 1 Pomoxys, Oct.; 4 yg.; 7 Aphredoderus
sayanus, Aug., Sept.; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, yg.; 2
Amiurus nebulosas, Aug.; 1 A. marmoratus, Oct.; 3 Poly-
odon spathula, May, Aug.

Chironomida-: 3 Aplodiuotus grunnieus, yg.; 1 Roccus inter-

ruptus, yg.; 17 Labidesthes sicculas, .June, Aug., Oct.; 2

Zygonectes notatus, Oct.; 1 Fundulus diaplianus, Oct.; 1

Phenacobius mirabilis, Oct.; 1 Notropis heterodon. May;
2 Ictiobus urus, Aug.

Chironomidce, larrce and piqxe: 3 Aplodinotus grunnieus, jg.;

1 Roccus interruptus, yg.; 1 Roccus chrysops, Nov.; 2 yg.;

1 Perca lutea, May; 6 yg.; 8 Alvarius punctulatus, May,
June; 3 Etbeostoma fusiforme, July; 2 E. jessia', Sept.;

6 E. caTuleum, June, July, Aug.; 5 E. lineolatum,

Apr., May, June, July; 2 E. zonale, June; 3 Hadrop-

terus aspro, Aug.; 2 H. phoxocephalus, Apr., Aug.; 9

Percina caprodes, Apr., Aug., Sept.; 1 Boleosoma cani-

•urura; 9 B. maculatum, Apr., July, Aug.; 2 Crystallaria

asprella, June; 3 Ammocrypta pellucida, June; 2 Microp-

terus dolomiei, yg.; 2 M. salraoides, yg.; 3 Leponiis gib-

bosus, May, July, Aug.; 13 yg.; 1 L. notatus, Sept.; 2 L.

pallidus, July, Nov.; 11 yg.; 4 L. megalotis, June; 5 L.

cyanellus, yg.; 4 Cht^nobryttus gulosus, yg.; 3 Amblop-
lites rupestris, yg.; 7 Pomoxys, Apr., May, Nov.; 13 yg.

;

2 Centrarchus macropterus, July; 4 yg.; 8 Aphredoderus

sayanus., Aug., Sept.; 1 Labidesthes sicculus, July; 5

Eucalia inconstans, June; 2 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 2

Dorosoma cepedianum, 2^-5^ in., July, Oct.; 1 yg.; 1

Hyodon tergisus, 2^ in., June; 1 Cyprinidiie, yg.; 1 Note-

migonus chrysoleucus, July; 3 Hybopsis biguttatus, June

Sept.; 9 Phenacobius mirabilis, Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct.; 3

Notropis, yg.; 5 N. whipplei, Apr., June, July; 1 N. hud-

sonius. May; 4 N. heterodon, A})r., July; 1 Campostoma

anoraalum, Sept.; 2 Placopharynx carinatus, Oct.; 1 Mox-

ostoma, June; 1 yg.; 3 M. aureolum, Apr.; 7 M. macro-

lepidotum. May, Aug., Sept., Nov.; 3, 1^-21 in., July,

Aug.; 2 Minytrema melanops, Oct.; 2 Erimyzon sucetta,

l|-3 in., Oct.; 5 Hypentelium nigricans, Aug.; 10 yg.; 1

Catostomus teres, Oct.; 11 Ictiobus velifer, Mar., June, July,



518 lUinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Aug., Oct.; 14 I. bubalus, Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct.; 10 I.

urus, July, Aug., Oct.; 6 I. cyprinella, June, July, Aug.,

Oct.; 12 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr., Aug., Sept.; 3, 2^4 in.,

June, Sept.; 9 Amiurus, yg.; 5 A. natalis, 2-3| in., July,

Oct.; 3 A. nebulosus, Sept., Oct.; 2, 2|-3-|in., June, Aug.;

4 A. marmoratus, Oct.; 2 Noturus, yg.; 11 N. gyrinus.

May, Aug., Sept., Oct.; 2 Amia calva, June, Sept.; 1 yg.;

5 Polyodon spathula, Aug., Sept., Nov.

Tipididce: 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.; 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.;

1 Notropis atherinoides, Apr.

Tipulidce., larvw: 1 Notropis atherinoides, Apr.

Tipulidce, eggs: 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.; 1 Hyodon tergisus,

Oct.

Tahanus, larvce: 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.; 1 Amiurus neb-

ulosus. May.

Muscidce: 1 Clupea chrysochloris, 2^ in., Sept.; 1 Hyodon ter-

gisus, Oct.

Muscidce., larvae: 1 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.

COLEOPTERA.

Larvce: 1 Roccus chrysops, Nov.; 1 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.;

1 Lepomis pallidus, July; 1 Ambloplites rupestris, yg.; 2

Pomoxys, Apr., May; 1 Notropis whipplei, June; 1 Icti-

obus urus, July; 1 Noturus, yg.

Terrestrial : 3 Lepornis pallidus, July, Nov.; 1 Dorosoma cepe-

dianum, July; 2 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.; 1 Seraotilus atro-

maculatus, July; 1 Hybopsis biguttatus, Sept.; 1 Notropis

atherinoides. May; 1 N. megalops, July; 1 N. whipplei,

Aug.; 1 Moxostomamacrolepidotum, Aug.; 3 Hypentelium

nigricans, Aug.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 1 Amiurus mar-

moratus, Aug.; 1 Polyodon spathula, Nov.

Aquatic: 1 Hyodon tergisus. May.

Aquatic larvce: 1 Aphredoderus sayanus, Oct.; 2 Hypentelium

nigricans, Aug.; 1 Ictiobus cyprinella, July; 1 Noturus

gyrinus, May.

Cicindelidce: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Carahidce: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 Notropis atherinoides,

Apr.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus,

July.



Food Relationa of Fnak- Water Fishes. 519

Carabidce, larvre: 1 Ictiobus iirus, July.

Clirina : 1 Hyodon tergisus, Aug.

Bemhidium: 1 Notropis atherinoides, May.

Pterostichns sai/i : 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Harpalini: 2 Lepomis pallidus, July, Nov.

Agonoderiis pallijjes : 1 Ambloplites rupestris, July; 1 Hyodon
tergisus, Aug.; 1 Notropis atherinoides, Apr.; 1 Ictalurus

punctatus, May.

Harpalns: 1 Semotilus atromaculatus, Sept.

Stenolophus : 1 Hyodon tergisus, Aug.

Anisodactylus discoideus: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 Hyodon
tergisus, Oct.

Haliphis : 1 Leporois notatus, Sept. ; 1 Semotilus atromaculatus,

Aug.

Cnemidotus IS-j^nnctatus: 1 Lepomis notatus, Sept.

Dytiscidce: 1 Lepomis cyanellus, yg.; 1 Ambloplites rupestris,

.Tuly.

Dijtiscldw, larva': 2 Micropterusdolomiei, yg.; 1 Lepomis pal-

lidus, July; 1 Pomoxys, Apr.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.;

1 Amiurus nebulosus, Oct.

Hi/drojjorus undidatus: 1 Ambloplites, yg.

H. Jnjhridns: 1 Lepomis notatus, Sept.

Coptotomus interrogaUis : 1 Lepomis pallidus, July; 1 Polyodon

spathula. May.

Ctjhister fimhriolatus : 1 Hyodon tergisus, Aug.

Gyrinidw: 1 Amiurus nebulosus, Aug.

Gyrin'uhe, larva'.- 1 Aplodinotus grunniens, Oct.; 3 yg.; 2

Lepomis pallidus, July, Nov.; 1 yg.; 1 L. megalotis, June;

4 Pomoxys, Apr., Nov.; 1 Notropis megalotis, Apr.; 1

Moxostoma macrolepidotum, Sept.

HijdropJuUdw: 2 Lej^omis gibbosus, May, Aug.; 1 yg.; 1

Lepomis pallidus, May, July; I Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.;

1 Semotilus atromaculatus, Sept.

HijdropliiUdre, larva': 2 Aplodinotus grunniens, yg.;l Microp-

terus dolomiei, yg.; 1 Lepomis pallidus, July, Oct.; 2 Placo-

pharynx carinatus, Oct.; 2 Moxostoma macrolepidotum;

Sept.; 2 Ictiobus bubalus, Apr., Oct.; 1 Amiurus marmor-

atus, Aug.

Hijdrophilxs: 1 Lepomis cyanellus.



520 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

H. nimhatus: 1 Leponiis pallidas, July; 1 Ambloplites rupes-

tris, July; 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

H. glaber: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Berosus striatus: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Philhydrus : 3 Zygonectes notatus, Sept., Oct.

Silvanus: 1 Notropis atherinoides, Aug.

Histeridm: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Heterocerus : 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.

H. undatus: 1 Ictiobus urus, July.

Staphylinidm : 1 Lepomis cyanellus, yg.; 2 Zygonectes notatus,

Oct.; 1 Fundulus diaplianus, Oct.; 1 Coregonus artedi, 6 in.,

Aug.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus. May.

Stapliylinns tomentosus : 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.

Elateridce: 1 Lepomis pallidus, July; 1 Zygonectes notatus,

July.

Drasterius elegans: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Aug.

LampyridcB: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Scarabceido': 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 Semotilus atromacu-

latus, July; 1 Notropis atherinoides, Apr.; 1 N. megalops,

July.

Aphodius finietarius: 1 Lepomis pallidus. May; 1 Hyodon ter-

gisus, Oct.

A. inquinatus: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 Notropis athe-

rinoides, Oct.; 1 Polyodon spathula, Nov.

Melolonthina,': 1 Notemigonus chrysoleucus, July.

Anomala binotata: 1 Chsenobryttus gulosus.

Chalepns trachypygus: 2 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Tetramera: 1 Dorosoma eepedianum, July.

Chrysomelidce: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 L. megalotis, June;

1 Semotilus atromaculatus, July.

Cryptocephalus 4-macidatus : 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.

Colaspis brunnea: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Aug.

Doryphora 10-lineata: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.

Diabrotica 12-punctata : 2 Lepomis pallidus, Nov^.

D. vittata: 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.

D. longicornis : 1 Hyodon tergisus, Aug.

Halticini: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.

Disonycha limbicollis: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Anthicidw : 1 Coregonus artedi, 6 in., Aug.



Food Relations of Freah-Water Fishes. 521

Rhynchophom : 1 Notropis megalops, July; 2 N. hudsonius,
May.

R. brevirosfres: 1 Notropis hudsouius, May.
Curculionidce : 1 Lepomis pallidas, Nov.

Macrops: 2 Hyodon tergisus, Aug., Oct.

Spheyioiihorus ochrens: 1 Hyodou tergisus, Oct.

HEMIPTERA.

Terrestrial: 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.; 2 Notropis megalops,

June, Aug.; 1 Ictiobus cyprinella, Oct.

Aquatic: 1 Zygonectes notatus, Oct.; 1 Notemigonus chryso-

leucus, Sept.; 1 Notropis atlierinoides, July; 1 N. hud-

sonius. May; 1 Hypentelium nigricans, yg.

Heteroptera: 1 Micropterus saliuoides, yg.; 1 Zygonectes no-

tatus, Sept.; 1 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 1 Notropis

atherinoides, May.

Terrestrial Heteroptera: 1 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 1 Hy-
odon tergisus, Oct.

Amnestns: 1 Coregonus artedi, 6 in., Aug.

Pentatomidce : 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 Hyodon tergisus,

Oct.; 1 Tctaluru« punctatus, May.

Podisas: 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.

Euschistus: 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.

Coreidce: 1 Poraoxys, June.

Lygandce: 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.

Li/gus pratensis: 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.

Triphleps insidiosn><: 1 Clupea chrysochloris, 2| in., Sept.

Tingitidw: 1 Zygonectes notatus, Sept.

Piesma: 1 Notropis whipplei, Aug.

Tingis: 2 Zygonectes notatus, Sept.

Coriscusferns: 1 Zygonectes notatus, Sept.; 1 Hyodon tergisus,

Aug.

Melanolestes picipes : 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.

Hijgrotrechus: 1 Arabloplites rupestris, yg.

Zaitha Jiuminea: 1 Micropterus salmoides, Nov.; 2 Hyodon

tergisus, Oct.

Nepa: 1 Lepomis pallidus. May.

Ranatra: 1 Lepomis pallidus, July.

Notoneda: 1 Micropterus salmoides, yg.



522 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Plea: 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept. ; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, May.

Corisa: 2 Perca lutea, yg.; 2 Hadropterus aspro, Aug.; 2 Per-

cina caprodes, July, Sept.; 6 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 5

M. salmoides, yg.; 4 Lepomis pallidus, June, July, Nov.; 4

yg.; 1 Lepomis megalotis, June; 5 L. cyanellus, yg.; 1

Cheenobry ttus gulosus, Oct.; 1 yg. ; 1 Ambloplites rupestris,

yg.; 4 Poraoxys, Apr., May.; 4yg. ; 1 Centrarchus irideus,

yg. ; 3 Aphredoderus sayanus, July, Sept. ; 1 Esox vermicu-

latus, 4 in., June; 1 Zygonectes dispar, July; 2 Z. notatus,

Sept., Oct.; 1 Dorosoma cepedianura July; 3 Semotilus

atromaculatus, July, Sept. ; 1 Notropismegalops, Aug.; IN.
whipplei, July; 2 Ictiobus urus, July, Aug.; 2 I. cyprinel-

la, July; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.; 1 Amiurus nebu-

losus, Oct.; 1 Amia calva, June; 1 yg.; 1 Polyodon

spatbula, Aug.

C. alternata : 1 Perca lutea, yg. ; 3 Micropterus salmoides, yg.;

1 Pomoxys, Apr.; 3 Zygonectes notatus, Sept.; 1 Ictalurus

punctatus, Apr.; 1 Polyodon spatbula, May.

C. signata: 4 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.

C. tumida: 2 Perca lutea, yg.; 1 Hadropterus aspro, Aug.; 8

Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 3 M. salmoides, yg.; 1 Lepomis

pallidus, Nov.; 1 L. megalotis; 1 L. cyanellus; 1 yg.; 1

Chsenobryttus gulosus; 2yg.; 3 Ambloplites rupestris, yg.

;

1 Pomoxys, July; 1 yg.; 1 Centrarchus irideus, July; 1

Hyodon tergisus, 2| in., June; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, 3-|

in., June.

Homoptera: 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.; 1 Coregonus artedi,

Oct.; 1, 6 in., Aug.; 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.; 2 Notropis

whipplei, Apr., Aug.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, May.

Tettigonince : 1 Labidesthes sicculus, Oct.; 1 Zygonectes nota-

tus, Oct.

Diedrocephala mollipes: 1 Coregonus artedi, Oct.

Ti/phlocgba: 1 Coregonus artedi, 2 in., Aug.; 1 Clupea chrjso-

chloris, 2^ in., Sept.

Aphididce: 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.; 3 Zygonectes notatus,

Sept., Oct.; 1 Notropis, yg.; 3 N. atherinoides, July, Aug.

Aphis: 1 Labidesthes sicculus, Oct.; 1 Zygonectes notatus,

Oct.

Thrips: 1 Labidesthes sicculus, Oct.; 1 Zygonectes notatus,

Oct.; 1 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 1 Moxostoma, yg.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 523

ORTHOPTEEA.

Undetermined: 1 Hyodoii tergisus, 2J in., June; 1 Amiurus
marmoratus, Aug.

Acridida': 1 Roccus interruptus, May; 3 Seraotilus atroraacu-

latus, Sept. ; 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.

Tettigind': 1 Ictalurus punctatus, June.

Tettix: 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.

Tettigidea : 1 Lepomis pallidus, June, Nov.

Lociistidrf: 1 Lepomis pallidus. May; 2 Semotilus atromacu-

latus, Sept.

Phaneroptera curvicauda: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.

Nemohius vittatns: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.

Blatta: 1 Ictalurus punctatus, June.

NEUROPTERA.

Larvoi: 2 Roccus chrysops, yg.; 1 Lepomis gibbosas, June; 1

L. pallidus, yg.; 1 Chienobryttus gulosus, yg. ; 1 Arablop-

lites rupestris, yg.; 1 Aphredoderus sayan us, -luly; 1

Semotilus atromaculatus. May; 2 Hybopsis biguttatus,

Aug., Sept.; 1 Phenacobius mirabilis, Oct.; 5 Notropis

megalops, May, June; 2 N. whipplei, Apr., July; 1 Moxos-

toma macrolepidotum, Sept.; 1 Ictiobus velifer; 1 I. cypri-

uella, July.

Terrestrial : 1 Ictiobus urus, Aug.

Plirgganeidd-: 1 Lepomis pallidus, July; 1 Ambloplites rupes-

tris, July; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 1 t. urus, Aug.

Phryganeida', larvrn: 2 Perca lutea. May; 2 Etheostoma coeru-

leum, June; 1 Percina caprodes, Apr.; 2 Lepomis gibbosus.

May; 1 L. megalotis, July; 4 Hybopsis biguttatus, Aug.,

Sept.; 1 Phenacobius mirabilis, Apr.; 3 Notropis atheri-

noides, July, Aug.; 4 N. megalops, Apr. June; 1 N.

stramineus, Apr.; 3 Ictiobus velifer, Aug., Oct.; 5 I.

bubalus, Aug., Oct.; 7 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr., May,

Aug.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, May; 1 Noturus gyrinus,

May; 3 Polyodon spathula, June, Aug., Sept.

Leptoceridce, larvce: 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.; 1 Ictalurus

punctatus, Oct.



524 Illinois State Lahoratorij of Natural History.

Leptocerics, larvw: 1 Lepomis gibbosus, July; 1 Ictiobus bu-

balus, Oct.

Sialidce, larva': 1 Ictiobus cyprinella, July; 1 Ictalurus punc-

tatus, Aug.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, Oct.; 2 A. mamoratus,

Oct.

Sialis infumata: 3 Lepomis pallidus, May, Aug.

Corydalis, larvw: 1 Lepomis cyanellus, Apr.; 1 Ictiobus cya-

nellus, Aug.

Corydalis cornutus, larva'.• 1 Pomoxys, Oct.

Odonata, larvce: 1 Labidesthes sicculus, July; 4 Esox vermicu-

latus, June, Oct.; 1, 4 in., June; 1 Polyodon spathula,

May.

Libellulince., larvw: 4 Aplodinotus grunniens, Sept.; 5 Perca

lutea, Mar., May; 2 Lepomis gibbosus, May; 5 L. pallidus.

May, Oct.; 1 L. cyanellus, Apr.; 1 yg. ; 1 Ambloplites

rupestris, July; 1 Pomoxys, May; 1 Aphredoderus say-

anus, Oct.; 1 Esox lucius, Aug.; 1 E. vermiculatus, 2| in.,

June; 2 Ictiobus bubalus, Aug., Oct.; 1 I. urus, Aug.; 6

Ictalurus punctatus. Mar., Apr., May, Sept.; 2 Amiurus

nebulosus, May; 2 Amia calva, May, Aug.

Agrionina', larwe: 3 Perca lutea, Mar., May; 1 yg.; 1 Ha-

dropterus aspro, Aug.; 2 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 1 M.

salmoides, Nov.; 2 Lepomis gibbosus, yg.; 3 L. pallidus,

May, June, July; 1 yg.; 3 Chsenobryttus gulosus, yg.; 1

Ambloplites rupestris, July; 9 Pomoxys, Mar., April,

May; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, yg,; 2 Ictalurus punctatus,

Mar., Apr.

Agrion., larva': 1 Roccusinterruptus, May; 1 Labidesthes siccu-

lus, June; 3 Esox vermiculatus, June, July; 1, 2f in.,

June; 1 Zygonectes notatus, Sept.; 1 Moxostoma, June;

1 M. macrolepidotum, Aug.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 2

Ictalurus punctatus, Apr.; 1 Polyodon spathula. May,

E'pliemeridw : 1 Roccusinterruptus, May.

Ephemeridw.^ larvce: 1 Aplodinotus grunniens, yg. ; 5 Roccus

chrysops, Nov.; 2 Perca lutea. May; 3 yg. ; 1 Alvarius

punctulatus. May; 3 Btheostoma fusiforme, July; 2 E.

jessiae, Sept.; 2 E. coeruleum, July, Aug.; 4 E. line-

olatum, Apr., June; 6 Hadropterus aspro,' July, Aug.;

5 H. phoxocephalus, Apr., Aug.; 1 Percina caprodes,

July, Aug.; 1 Boleosoma camurum; 1 B. maculatum,



Food Relations of Fresh- Water Fishes. 525

Aug.; 2 Aramocrypta pellucida, June; 3 Micropterus dol-

omiei, yg.; 3 M. salmoides, yg.; 1 Lepomis gibbosus, Aug.;

5 yg.; 2 L. pallidus, July, Aug.; 3 yg.; 1 L. megalotis,

July; 3 L. cyanellus, Apr.; 5 yg.; 2 ChaBnobryttus gulosus,

yg.; 2 Ambloplites rupestris, .July; 3 Ponioxys, Mar., Apr.

;

2 yg.; 2 Centrarchus irideus, July; 1 yg.; 3 Aphredoderus

sayanus, July, Sept., Oct.; 2 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 2

Hyodon tergisus, June; 1 Hybopsis biguttatus, June; 3

Notropis atherinoides, Apr., Aug., Oct.; 1 N. raegalops,

July; 2 N. whipplei, .Tune; 1 N. hudsonius, Aug.; 2 N.

straniineus, July; 1 N. heterodon, Sept.; 2 Moxostoma
macrolepidotum, Aug., Sept.; 2 Hypentelium nigricans,

Aug.; 1 yg. ; 3 Ictiobus bubalus, Apr., Oct.; 3 I. urus,

June, Aug.; 1 I. cypriuella, July; 13 Ictalurus punc-

tatus. Mar., Apr., May, Aug.; 1, 2^ in., Oct.; 1 Amiurus

natalis, 3^ in., Oct.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, 2 in., Aug.; 1

Noturus, yg.; 6 N. gyrinus, May, Oct.; 1 Amia calva,

June; 4 Polyodon spathula, May, June, Aug., Sept.

C(ems, larvd': 2 Placopharynx carinatus, Oct.; 5 Hypentelium

nigricans, Aug.; 1 Polyodon spathula, May.

Baetis, larva': 1 Lepomis pallidus, June; 1 Ambloplites rupes-

tris, July.

Hexagenia^ larva': 15 Aplodinotusgrunniens, June, Sept., Oct.;

4 yg.; 1 Roccus interruptus, Oct.; 2 R. chrysops, Sept.,

Oct.; 1 Perca lutea, Oct.; 4 yg. ; 1 Hadropterus phoxo-

cephalus, Aug.; 1 Lepomis gibbosus. May; 2 L. pallidus,

Nov.; 1 L. cyanellus, Apr.; 2 Clicunobryttus gulosus, Oct.;

18 Pomoxys, Mar., Apr., -lune, July, Oct., Nov.; 3 Aphre-

doderus sayanus, Sept.; 1 Esox vermiculatus, July; 3

Hyodon tergisus, Aug., Oct.; 1 Notropis megalops, Aug.;

2 N. hudsonius, June, Aug.; 1 Hypentelium nigricans,

Aug.; 1 Ictiobus urus, Nov.; 2 L cyprinella, Aug.; 7

Ictalurus punctatus, Apr., Oct.; 1, 4 in., Sept.; 4 Amiurus

natalis, Oct., Nov.; 4 A. nebulosus. May, Oct.; 7 A. raar-

moratus, Oct., Nov.; 4 Polyodon spathula. May, June,

Sept., Nov.

THYSANURA.

Fodnra: 3 Labidesthes sicculus, Aug., Oct.



526 Illinois State Lahoratorij of Natural Histori/.

ARACHNIDA.

Undetermined: 1 Hyodon tergisiis, Oct.

Araneina: 4 Lepomis pallidus, Oct., Nov.; 2 Labidesthes sic-

culus, June, Oct.; 1 Eucalia inconstans ; 3 Zygonectes

notatus, June, Oct.; 1 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 1 Doro-

soma cepedianum, July; 1 Clupea chrysochloris, 2^ in.,

Sept.; 1 Hyodon tergisus, Oct.; 1 Notropis atherinoides,

Apr.; 1 N. whipplei, Apr.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.; 1

Amiurus natalis, Oct.; 2 A. niarmoratus, Nov.

Terrestrial Araneina: 3 Labidesthes sicculus, Aug., Oct.

A carina: 2 Umbra limi, July; 1 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 1

Noteraigonus chrysoleucus, July; 1 Notropis megalops,

Aug.; 2 N. heterodon, May, July; 1 Ictiobus urus, Aug.;

1 I. cyprinella, Oct.

Hydraclinida' : 1 Lepomis pallidus, July, Nov.; 5 yg.; 1 Cen-

trarchus irideus, yg.; 1 Labidesthes sicculus, June; 1

Umbra limi, July; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, July; 2 Mox-
ostoma macrolepidotum, 2^-2§ in., Aug.; 2 Erimyzon

sucetta, yg.; 1 Hypentelium nigricans, yg.; 1 Catostomus

teres, Aug.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 2 L cyprinella, July;

1 Polyodon spathula, Aug.

Hydrachna : 1 Ambloplites rupestris, July.

Atax: 1 Lepomis pallidus, yg.

CRUSTACEA.

DECAPODA.

Cambariis: 1 Perca lutea. May; 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; 1 L.

cyanellus; 2 Ambloplites rupestris, July; 3 Semotilus

atromaculatus; 2 Hybopsis biguttatus, Sept., Nov.; 1

Ictiobus urus, Aug.; 3 Ictalurus punctatus, Apr., May,

June; 4 Amiurus natalis, May, Aug.; 6 A. nebulosus. May,

Aug.; 1, 3| in., June; 11 Amia calva, Apr., May, June; 1

Lepidosteus platystomus, Apr.

C. virilis: 2 Perca lutea, May; 1 Anguilla rostrata, Aug.; 4

Amia calva, May.



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 527

C. propimiHus : 3 Lota maculosa, Nov.; 2 Micropterus dolomiei,

June.

C. immimis: 1 Micropterus salmoides, Oct.

C. obesus: 1 Amia calva, Apr.

Palcemonetes exilipes: 1 Perca lutea; 1 Lepomis cyanellus; 1

Amiurus natalis, 2 in., July.

AMPHIPODA.

Gammarus, yy.: 2 Alvarius punctulatus.

Gammarusfasciatus : 1 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.

Cranyonyx: 1 Alvarius punctulatus, June; 1 Ictiobus cypri-

nella, July; 1 Amia calva, June.

C. yracilis: 1 Umbra limi, Sept.; 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.;

1 Zygonectes notatus, June.

Allorchestes dentata: 1 Roccus interruptus. May; 7 Perca lutea,

Mar., May, Aug.; 4 yg,; 1 Percina caprodes, Aug.; 5

Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 2 Lepomis gibbosus, Aug.;

3yg.; 8 L. pallidus. May, June, July, Aug.; 1 yg.; 2 L.

megalops, June; 1 Ambloplites rupestris, yg.; 1 Centrar-

chus irideus, yg.; 1 Aphredoderus sayanus, Oct.; 1 Esox

vermiculatus, yg. ; 6 Fundulus diaphanus, June, Oct.; 1

Notropis megalops, May; 1 N. heterodon. May; 1 Placo-

pharynx carinatus,Oct.; 1 Ictiobus velifer, Oct.; 1 Tctalurus

punctatus. May; 1, 4 in., June; 2 Amiurus, yg.; 1 A.

natalis, 2-| in., July; 3 A. nebulosus. May; 9 Noturus

gyrinus. May, Aug., Oct.; 1 Amia calva, June; 1 Polyodon

spathula, May.

TSOPODA.

Asellus: 2 Uranidea richardsoni, Aug.; 1 Aplodinotus grun-

niens, Apr.; 1 Roccus chrysops; 3 Perca lutea. Mar., Aug.;

1 yg.; 2 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 2 Lepomis gibbosus.

May, Aug.; 4 L. pallidus. May, Aug.; 1 L. raegalotis, June;

1 L. cyanellus, yg. ; 2 Aphredoderus sayanus, July, Aug.;

1 Esox vermiculatus, July; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, 3| in.,

June; 2 Noturus gyrinus, June, Aug.; 1 Amia calva, June.

Mancasellus tenax: 3 Perca lutea, Mar.; 1 yg.



528 Illinois State Lahorafory of Natural History.

Entomostraca.

Eggs: 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, Oct.

CLADOOERA.

Daphnella: 1 Percina caprodes, Sept.; 1 Pomoxys, yg.; 1 No-
tropis heterodon, July; 1 Ictiobus cyprinella, July.

Daphniid(e: 1 Roccus interruptus; yg.; 1 Stizostedion vitreum,

yg. ; 5 Perca lutea, yg.; 2 Percina caprodes, Aug.; 4 Cen-

trarchinge, yg.; 1 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 4 M. salmoides,

yg.; 2 Lepomis gibbosus, yg.; 2 L. pallidus, yg.; 3 L. cya-

nellus, yg.; 1 Arabloplites rupestris, yg.; 2 Pomoxys, Mar.;

4 yg.; 1 Eucalia inconstaus, June; 2 Zygouectes notatus,

June; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, June; 1 Notemigonus

chrysoleucus, Sept.; 1 Notropis atherinoides, Oct.; 1 N.

whipplei, Aug.; 1 Hypentelium nigricans, yg.; 1 Ictiobus

urus, Aug.; 1 Amiurus, yg.; 2 Polyodon spatliula, Aug.

Daphniidce^ eggs: 1 Ictiobus urus, Aug.; 1 Polyodon spathula,

Aug.

DapJinia: 3 Perca lutea, yg.; 1 Percina caprodes, Aug.; 1 Cen-

trarchinae, yg. ; 2 C}ia3nobryttusgu]osus, yg.; 1 Zygonectes

notatus, Sept.; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, 5^ in., Oct.; 3 yg.;

1 Ictiobus velifer, yg.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, 4 in., June;

1 Amiurus natalis, 2g in., Oct.; 1 A. nebulosus, 3^ in., June.

Daphnia^ eggs: 1 Coregonus artedi.

D.pulex: 1 Perca lutea, yg.; 1 Lepomis pallidus, yg.; 1 Labi-

destlies sicculus, Aug.; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, yg.; 2

Notemigonus chrysoleucus, July; 1 Polyodon spathula,

June.

D. hyalina: 4 Labidesthes sicculus, June, Aug.

D. retrocurva: 3 Labidesthes sicculus, June.

Simocephalus : 3 Lepomis gibbosus, yg. ; 3 L. pallidus, yg.; 3

Chsenobryttus gulosus, yg.; 4 Pomoxys, Mar., Apr.; 3 yg.;

2 Notropis heterodon. May, July; 1 Ictiobus velifer, Mar.;

3 Ictiobus urus, Apr., Aug.; 2 I. cyprinella, Apr.; 3 Ami-

urus, yg.; 2 Notropis gyrinus, Oct.

Simocephalus^ eggs: 1 Ictiobus urus, Aug.

S. vetulus: 1 Pomoxys, Mar.



Food Belationa of Fresh- Water Fishes. 529

S. americanus: 1 Perca lutea, yg.; 1 Alvarius punctulatus,

May; 3 Micropterus salnioides, yg.; 1 Leponiis cyanellus,

yg.; 4 Pomoxys, yg.; 1 Centrarchus irideus, yg.; 1 Labides-

thes sicculus, Aug.; 1 Esox verraiculatus, yg.; 1 Dorosoma
cepedianura, yg.; 1 Ictiobus velifer, Apr.; 2 Amiurus, yg.;

1 A. natalis, 3-| in., Oct.; 1 Amia calva, June; 1 yg.

Ceriodaphnia : 1 Ictiobus urus, Aug.; 1 Amiurus, yg.

C. dentafa: 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, yg.

Scapholeberis : 1 Amia calva, yg.

S. mucronatiis: 1 Erirayzon sucetta, yg.; 1 Ictiobus velifer, yg.;

2 Amiurus, yg. ; 1 A. iiebulosus, 31 in., June; 1 Amia calva,

June; 1 Lepidosteus platystomus, yg.

Macrofhn'x Jaticornis: 1 Boleosoma maculatum, July; 3 Amiu-
rus, yg.; 2 A. natalis, 2| in., July.

Bosmina: 2 Perca lutea, yg.; 1 Centrarchina3, yg.; 4 Lepomis

pallidus, May; 2 Chasuobryttus gulosus, yg.; 1 Pomoxys,

June; 1 yg.; 5 Labidesthes sicculus. June, Aug. Oct.; 1

Eucalia inconstans, June; 1 Coregonus artedi; 1 Dorosoma
cepedianuni, 5;^ in., Oct.; 8 yg.; 1 Cyprinida3, yg.; 2 No-
temigonus chrysoleucus, Sept.; 2 Notropis atherinoides,

Nov.; 2 Ictiobus, yg.; 3 I. velifer, Mar., Sept., Oct.; 2 I.

bubalus, Oct.; 2 I. urus, Oct.; 4 I. cyprinella, Apr., May,

Oct.; 5 Polyodon spathula, May, June, Aug.

B. longirostris: 4 Micropterus salmoides, yg.; 2 Dorosoma
cepedianum, yg. ; 2 Notropis atherinoides, Oct.

Iliocryptus: 1 Notropis heterodon; July; 1 Ictiobus bubalus,

Sept.

Lynceidd': 1 Perca lutea, yg.; 1 Alvarius punctulatus, May;
1 Cha3nobryttus gulosus, yg.; 1 Labidesthes sicculus, June;

1 Umbra limi, Sept.; 1 Zygonectes dispar, July; 4 Z. nota-

tus, June, Sept., Oct.; 1 Moxostoma, yg.; 1 M. macrolepi-

dotum, Sept.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, 1^ in.; 1 Ictiobus velifer,

Oct.; 2 I. bubalus, Sept., Oct.; 3 I. cyprinella, Apr.

Chijdoncs: 3 Perca lutea, yg.; 4 Alvarius punctulatus. May;
1 Centrarchina?, yg.; 1 Micropterus salmoides, yg.; 5 Lepo-

mis gibbosus, yg.; 3 L. cyanellus, yg. ; 1 Cha^nobryttus

gibbosus; 1 yg.; 8 Pomoxys, yg.; 1 Labidesthes sicculus,

Oct.; 6 Eucalia inconstans, June; 1 Esox vermiculatus,

yg.; 1 Umbra limi, Sept.; 2 Zygonectes notatus, Sept., Oct.;



530 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

2 Fundulas diaplianas, Oct.; 2 Dorosoma cepedianum, yg,;

1 Notemigonus chrysoleucus, Sept.; 2 Notropis atheri-

noides, Oct.; 1 N. megalops, May; 1 N. whipplei; 5 N. hud-

sonius, June, July; 10 N. heterodon, May, July, Sept.;

2 Erimyzon sucetta, yg.; 1 Carpiodes, Apr.; 1 Ictiobus

urus, Aug.; 2 I. cyprinella, July; 2 Amiurus, yg.; 1 A.

nebulosus. May; 1, 2 in., Aug.; 3 Noturus gyrinus, Oct.;

1 Amia calva, June; 1 yg.; 1 Polyodon spatliula. May.

C. denticulatus : 1 Pomoxys, yg.

C. sphericus: 1 Coregonus artedi.

Pleuroxus: 1 Perca lutea, yg.; 2 Micropterus salmoides, yg.; 1

Lepomis gibbosus, yg.; 2 L. pallidus, yg.; 2 L. cyanellus,

yg.; 1 Chgenobryttus gulosus, yg.; 1 Ambloplites rupestris,

yg.; 2 Pomoxys, yg.; 1 Labidestbes sicculus, Oct.; 1 Zygo-

nectes notatus, Sept.; 1 Notropis beterodon, Sept.; 4 Mox-

ostoma macrolepidotum, 2^2| in., Aug.; 2 Erimyzon.

sucetta, yg.; 1 Ictiobus cyprinella, July; 1 Amiurus, yg.;

3 Noturus gyrinus, Oct.

P. dentatus: 1 Lepomis pallidus, yg. ; 1 Notropis beterodon,

July; 2 Amiurus, yg.

Alona: 1 Lepomis pallidus, Aug.; 3 yg.; 1 Pomoxys, yg.; 1 Cen-

trarchus irideus, yg.; 1 Labidestbes sicculus, Oct.; 3 Umbra
limi, Sept.; 3 Fundulus diapbanus, Oct.. 2 Dorosoma

cepedianum, July; 1 yg.; 1 Notropis budsonius, June; 4

N. beterodon. May, July; 1 Moxostoma, yg.; 1 M. macro-

lepidotum, Sept.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, yg. ; 7 Hypentelium

nigricans, yg.; 2 Catostomus teres, June, Aug.; 3 Carpio-

des, Apr., July, Oct.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Apr.; 2 I .cypri-

nella, July; 3 Amiurus yg.; 1 Noturus gyrinus, Oct.

Acroperus: 1 Notropis beterodon, May.; 2 Ictiobus cyprinella,

July; 3 Amiurus natalis, 2-2gin., July.

A. lencocephalus : 1 Zygonectes notatus, Oct.; 1 Fundulus

diapbanus, Oct.; 1 Notropis megalops, Aug.; 1 N. bete-

rodon, May.

Camptocercus macrurus: 2 Fundulus diapbanus, Oct.

Eurycercus: 1 Pomoxys, yg.; 1 Labidestbes sicculus, June; 1

Fundulus diapbanus, June; 1 Polyodon spatbula, May.

Eurycercus lamellatus: 1 Percina caprodes, Aug.; 1 Microp-

terus salmoides, yg. ; 2 Lepomis pallidus, yg.; 1 Amiurus, yg.



Food Belations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 531

Leptodora: 1 Roccus interruptus, yg. ; 1 Micropterus salmoides,

yg.: 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, yg.; 1 Hyodon tergisus,

June: 1 Amiurus nebulosus, Aug.; 1 Polyodon spathula,
Aug.

OSTRACODA.

Cypridce: 1 Stizostedion vitreum, yg,; 1 Alvarius punctulatus;

1 Percina caprodes, Aug.; 1 Centrarchiua3, yg.; 8 Lepouiis
gibbosus, yg.; 2 L. pallidus, .July, Aug.; 2 yg.; 1 L.

cyanellus, yg.; 3 Centrarchus irideus, yg.; 1 Notropis
heterodon, July; 3 Moxostoma, yg.; 2 M. macrolepidotum,

1^-22 in., July, Aug.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, l^Mn.; 1 yg.:

1 Hypentelium nigricans, yg.; 4 Carpiodes, Mar., Apr.,

Aug.; 2 yg.; 2 Ictiobus cyprinella, July; 2 Amiurus, yg.;

3 A. natalis, 2-2^- in., July.

Cypris: 3 Perca lutea, yg.; 1 Percina caprodes, Aug.; 1 Lepo-
niis pallidus, May; 1 yg.; 1 L. cyanellus, yg.; 1 Pomoxys,
Apr.; 1 yg.; 1 Centrarchus irideus, yg.; 2 Aphredoderus

sayanus, Sept.; 1 Eucalia inconstans, Oct.; 6 Umbra limi,

Sept.; 2 Zygonectes notatus, Sept., Oct.; 3 Fundulus
diaphanus, Oct.; 4 Dorosoma cepedianum, Apr., July, Oct.;

1 yg. ; 1 Notemigouus chrysoleucus, Sept.; 1 Notropis

megalops, Aug.: 4 N. heterodon, May, July, Sept.; 1

Pimephales notatus, Sept. ; 1 Moxostoma, yg. : 1 M. macro-

lepidotum, 2 in., July; 1 Minytrema melanops, Oct.; 1

Catostomus teres, Aug.; 1 Carpiodes, June; 5 Ictiobus

bubalus, Apr., Oct.; 3 I. urus, Aug., Oct.; 3 I. cyprinella,

Apr., June; 1 Amiurus, yg.; 1 A. natalis, 2^ in., July; 3

Noturus gyrinus, May, Aug. ; 2 Polyodon spathula, June,

Aug.

C. vidua: 1 Eucalia inconstans; 1 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.;

2 Notropis hudsonius, July.

Candona: 1 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct. : 1 Noturus gyrinus.

C. bifasciata: 2 Amiurus, yg.

COPEPODA.

Nauplius: 1 Erimyzon sucetta, yg.

Cyclops: 1 Aplodiuotus grunniens, yg.; 2 Roccus interruptus,

yg.; 7 Perca lutea, yg.; SJAlvarius punctulatus. May, June;



532 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

1 Etlieostoma lineolatum, July: 2 Hadropterus aspro,

Aug,; 1 Percina caprodes, July; 3 Boleosoma maculatuni,

July, Aug.; 4 Centrarchinas, yg.; 1 Micropterus dolomiei,

yg.; 8 M. salruoides, yg.; 13 Lepomis pallidus, yg.; 5 L.

cyanellus, yg. ; 4 Chaenobryttus gulosus, yg. ; 2 Ambloplites

rupestris, yg.; 3 Pomoxys,Apr., June; 15 yg.; 2 Centrarchus

irideus, July; 4 yg. ; 3 Aphredoderus sayanus, Aug., Sept.;

3 Eucalia inconstans; 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.; 2 Zy-

gonectes notatus, Sept., Oct.; 1 Coregonus artedi; 1 Doro-

soma cepedianum, July; 1, 5i in., Oct.; 10 yg.; 4 Notemig-

onus chrysoleucus, July, Sept.; 2 Setnotilus atromaculatus,

July; 1 Phenacobius mirabilis, Sept.; 2 Notropis whipplei,

June; 1 N. stramineus, Apr.; 12 N. heterodon, Apr., May,

July, Sept.; 1 Moxostoma, yg.; 1 M. macrolepidotum, Sept.;

2,2^-2|-in., Aug.; 1 Minytremamelanops, Oct. ; 1 Erimyzon

sucetta, If in.; 3 Hypentelium nigricans, yg.; 1 Catos-

tomus teres, June; 8 Carpiodes, Mar., Apr., July, Aug.,

Oct.; 2yg.; 10 Ictiobus bubalus, Apr., Sept., Oct.; 1 yg.;

3 I. urus, Apr., Aug., Oct.; 4 I. cyprinella, Apr., June,

July; 11 Amiurus, yg. ; 2 A. natalis, 2-2^ in., July; 2 A.

nebulosus, 2-3| in., June, Aug.; 2 Noturus, yg.; 6 N.

gyrinus, Oct.; 1 Amia calva, June; 1 yg. ; 3 Polyodon

spathula, June, Aug.

C. thomasi: 1 Labidesthes sicculus, Aug.

Canthocamptus : 1 Labidesthes sicculus, Oct.; 1 Notropis

stramineus, Apr.; 1 N. heterodon, May; 1 Erimyzon

sucetta, 3 in., Oct. ; 1 Hypentelium nigricans, yg. ; 6 Car-

piodes, Mar., Apr., June, Oct.; 1 yg.; 10 Ictiobus bubalus,

Apr., Oct.; 1 I. urus, Oct.; 1 I. cyprinella, Oct.; 2 Noturus

gyrinus, Oct. ; 1 Polyodon spathula, May.

Diaptomus: 1 Perca lutea, yg. ; 1 Labidesthes sicculus, Aug.; 1

Notropis atherinoides, Nov.; 1 N. heterodon, July; 1

Amiurus nebulosus, Aug.

Epischura lacustris: 3 Labidesthes sicculus, June, Aug.

Limnocalanus : 1 Labidesthes sicculus, Aug.



Food delations of Frcsh-V^afer FisJies. 533

VERMES.

Polyzoa: 3 Lepomis pallidas, May, Aug., Oct.; 1 Pomoxys, yg.
Pectinatella magnifica: 1 Lepomis pallidus, yg.; 7 Ictiobus

bubalus, Oct.

FhimateUa: 1 Placopharynx carinatus, Oct.; 3 Ictiobus buba-

lus, Oct.; 1 I. cypriuella, Oct.; 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Sept.;

1 Polyodon spathula, May.

Hirudinei: 1 Catostonius teres, Oct.; 3 Ictalurus puuctatus,

Apr., June; 1 Aniiurus nebulosus, May; 5 A. niarmoratus,

Oct., Nov.; 1 Polyodon spathula, May.
Chidopoda: 1 Aphredoderus sayanus, Sept.

Naididw: 1 Pimephales promelas, Aug.; I Moxostoma macro-

lepidotura, 2 in., July.

Lumbricidiis: 1 Notropis megalops, June.

Luuibrlcus : 1 Lepomis pallidus, Nov.; lyg.

Nematoda: 1 Amiurus nebulosus, Aug.

Gordius: 2 Semotilus atromaculatus, Sept.; 1 Ictalurus punc-

tatus, Oct.

Angidllulidce: 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Apr.; 1 I. cyprinella, June.

Rotifera: 1 Notropis heterodon, July; 1 Moxostoma, yg.: 3 M.

macrolepidotum, 2,^—2| in., Aug.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta,

1| in.; 1 yg.; 2 Catostomus teres, June, Aug.; 1 Carpiodes,

yg.; 1 Ictiobus, yg.; 1 I. bubalus, yg.

Anunra: 2 Erimyzon sucetta, yg.; 2 Ictiobus, yg.; 2 I. buba-

lus, yg.

Brachionus : 1 Ictiobus, yg.

Metopidea: 1 Moxostoma, yg.; 3 M. macrolepidotum, 2^^-2| in.,

Aug.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, 1;-| in.: 1 yg.; 2 Catostomus

teres, June, Aug.
Rotifer vulgaris: 1 Catostonius teres, June.

Planaria: 1 Notarus gyrinus, Oct.

PORIFERA.

Spongilla: 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Sept.



534 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

PROTOZOA.

Dinohryon : 1 Ictiobus, yg.

Euglena viridis: 4 Notropis, yg.

E. acus: 3 Notropis, yg.

Actinosphcerium: 2 Ictiobus, yg.

Centropyxis : 1 Carpiodes, Apr.

C. ecornis: 1 Notropis heterodon, July.

Arcella: 1 Erimyzon sucetta. If in.; 2 yg.; 1 Carpiodes, yg.; 1

Ictiobus, yg.

A. discoides: 1 Ictiobus, yg.

A. vulgaris: 1 Ictiobus, yg.

Difflngia: 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, July; 1 Notropis, yg.; 3 N.

heterodon, May, July; 1 Pimephales notatus, Aug.; 1

Campostoma anomalum, Aug.; 3 Moxostoma, yg.; 5 M.

macrolepidotum, 1^2f in., July, Aug.; 1 Erimyzon su-

cetta, 1| in.; 2 yg.; 4 Hypentelium nigricans, yg.; 2 Catos-

tomus teres, June, Aug.; 4 Carpiodes, Apr., Oct.; 1 yg.; 2

Ictiobus urus, Aug., Oct.; 2 I. cyprinella, July; 1 Noturus

gyrinus, Oct.

D. glohulosa: 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.

VEGETABLE FOOD.

Seeds: 3 Fundulus diaphanus, Oct.; 1 Semotilus atroniaculatus,

July; 1 Notropis atherinoides, July; 2 N. niegalops, Apr.,

Aug.; 6 N. whipplei, Apr., June, Aug.; 3 N. heterodon,

May; 1 Moxostoma, yg.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Apr.

Com meal (distillery slops): 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, July;

1 N. whipplei, Aug.; 1 Moxostoma macrolepidotum, Sept.;

3 Ictiobus urus, Oct.; 4 I. cyprinella, Oct.; 2 Ictalurus

punctatus, Aug., Oct.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, Sept.; 1 A.

marmoratus, Oct.

Exogeme: 6 Notropis megalops, June; 1 N. hudsonius, June; 1

Ictalurus punctatus, Apr,

Endogenw: 1 Micropterus dolomiei, yg.; 3 Notropis megalops,

June, July.



Food Belations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 535

Fungi: 3 Notropis, yg.; 1 N, raegalops, Aug.; 1 Hybognathus
nuchalis, Aug.; 1 Chrosomus erythrogaster, Sept.; 2

Ictiobus, yg.

Terrestrial vegetation: 1 Centrarchina?, yg.; 1 Poraoxys, Apr.;

1 Esox vermiculatus, June; 1 Hybopsis biguttatus, Sept.;

3 Notropis atherinoides, Apr., May; 4 N. megalops, Apr.

Aug.; 3 N. whipplei, Apr., Aug.; 1 N. heterodon, Sept.;

1 Pimepbales notatus, Aug.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Sept.; 1

I. urus, July; 1 I. cyprinella, June; 4 Ictalurus punctatus,

Mar., Apr., Aug.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, May; 1 Polyodon

spatbula. May.

Gramine(i\ seeds: 2 Notemigonus chrysoleucus, May, Aug.;

7 Hybopsis biguttatus, .Tune, Aug., Sept.; 1 Notropis

whipplei, Apr.; 3 N. stramineus, Apr., July; 2 I. bubalus,

Apr., Oct.; 1 I. urus, July.

Setaria, seeds: 1 Catostomus teres, Oct.

Aquatic vegetation: 2 Notemigonus chrysoleucus, Aug.; 4

Notropis megalops, Apr., July, Aug.; 3 N. hudsonius, June;

1 Chrosomus erythrogaster, June ; 1 Campostoma anomalum

,

Sept.; 1 Placopharynx carinatus, Oct.; 1 Moxostoma

aureolum, Apr.; 2 M. macrolepidotum, May, Sept.; 1 Hy-

pentelium nigricans, Aug.; 5 Carpiodes, July, Oct.; 8

Ictiobus bubalus, Apr., Aug., Oct.; 3 I. urus, July, Oct.;

4 I. cyprinella, Oct.; 4 Ictalurus punctatus, Aug.: 1 Ami-

urus natalis, 3| in., Oct.; 1 Amia calva, Aug.; 2 Polyodon

spathula. May, June.

AQUATIC PHiENOGAMIA.

Mijriophylhim: 1 Lepomis gibbosus. May.

Cerat02)htjlhm : 1 Lepomis pallidus, May; 2 Pomoxys, Apr.,

May.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus. May.

Lemna: 1 Umbra limi, Sept. ; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, July;

1 Placopharynx carinatus, Oct.: 2 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.;

1 I. urus, Aug.; 1 I. cyprinella, Oct.; 4 Ictalurus puncta-

tus, Sept., Oct.; 1 Amiurus natalis, Oct.

L. trisulca: 1 Pomoxys, May.

L. minor: 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.



536 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Wolffia : 1 Lepomis pallidas, yg. ; 1 Apliredoderus sayanus,

Sept.; 7 Umbra limi, Sept. ; 4 Garabusia patruelis, Sept.;

1 Zj^gonectes notatus, Sept.; 1 Dorosoma cepedianum,

July; 1, 2| in., July; 1 Placopharynx' carinatus, Oct.; 1

Moxostoma macrolepidotum, Sept.; 1 Erimyzon sueetta,

If in.; 2 Carpiodes, Oct.; 11 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct.; 2 I.

urus, Oct. : 1 Amiurus natalis, Oct. ; 2, 2-2g^ in., July.

Naias flexilis : 3 Lepomis pallidus, May, July, Nov.

Potamogeton • 1 Ambloplites rupestris, yg. ; 1 Notropis meg-

alops, Apr. ; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, Oct. ; 3 Ictalurus punctatus,

June, Sept.; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, May; 1 A. marmoratus,

Oct.; 9 Polyodon spathula. May.

P. gramineus : 2 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.

AQUATIC CRYPTOGAMIA.

Chara: 1 Lepomis gibbosus, July; 1 Moxostoma macrolepi-

dotum, June; 1 Amiurus nebulosus, July.

Algm^ filamentous : 3 Percina caprodes, Aug.; 2 Lepomis

gibbosus, June, Aug.; 1 yg. ;9 L. pallidus, July, Aug., Oct.,

Nov.; 1 Pomoxys, July; 1 Aphredoderus sayanus, Sept.;

4 Eucalia inconstans, Oct.; 1 Garabusia patruelis, Sept.;

9 Zygonectes notatus, Sept., Oct.; 1 Fundulus diaphanus,

Oct.; 2 Dorosoma cepedianum, June, July; 3 Notemigonus

chrysoleucus, Aug., Sept.; 4 Semotilus atromaculatus,

July; 3 Hybopsis biguttatus, Aug.; 4 Notropis, yg.; 1 N.

atherinoides, Aug.; 8 N. megalops, Apr., May, June; 7 N.

whipplei, Apr., May, June, Aug.; 7 N. hudsonius, May,

June, July; 2 N. heterodon, Apr., May; 3 Pimephales

notatus, July, Oct.; 1 Hybognathus nuchalis, May; 2

Chrosomus erythrogaster, Sept.; 7 Campostoma anomalum,

Aug., Sept.; 2 Moxostoma, yg.; 1 M. macrolepidotum,

Sept.; 1 Erimyzon sueetta, July; 2 Catostomus teres, June,

Aug.; 3 Ictiobus bubalus, Aug. Oct.; 3 I. urus, Aug.; 4

I. cyprinella, June, Aug.; 3 Ictalurus punctatus, Oct.; 1

Amiurus nebulosus, May; 1, 2 in., Aug.; 1 Noturus, yg.;

2 N. gyrinus, May; 3 Polyodon spathula. May, June, Aug.

Algce^ unicellular : 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, July; 2 Notropis,

yg.; 2 N. virhipplei; 1 N. hudsonius, July; 1 Pimephales



Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes. 537

promelas, Aug.; 1 Moxostoma, yg.; 1 Ictiobus, yg.; 1 I.

bubalus, yg. ; 1 I. urus, Aug. ; 1 I. cyprinella, Aug.

Chidophora : 4 Ictalurus puiictatus, Oct.

C. fjlomerata: 1 Notropis megalops, June.

Vaucheria : 1 Ictiobus urus, Aug.; 1 Ictalurus punctatus, Aug.

Scenedesmiis: 2 Ictiobus cyprinella, Aug.

Protococcus: 1 Dorosoma cepedianum, 2| in., July; 1 Erimyzon

sucetta, 1^ in.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, yg.; 1 I. cyprinella,

Aug.

Glwocystis : 1 Notropis whipplei, Apr.

Spirogyra: 1 Semotilus atromaculatus, July; 2 Notropis, yg.;

1 N. whipplei, Apr.

Diafomacea' : 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.; 3 Dorosoma cepedi-

anum, Apr., July; 1, 2^ in., Jaly; 2 Notemigonus chryso-

leucus, Aug.; 3 Notropis, yg.; 2 N. megalops. May; 2 N.

whipplei. May; 2 N. hudsonius, June, July; 5 N. hete-

rodon, May, July, Sept.; 1 Pimephales notatus, July; 2

Hybognathus nuchalis. May, Sept.; 1 Chrosomus erythro-

gaster, Sept.; 1 Campostoma anomalum, Sept.; 1 Moxos-

toma, yg.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, July; 1 yg.; 5 Hypentelium

nigricans, yg.; 1 Catostomus teres, June; 3 Carpiodes,

Mar., Sept., Oct.; 2 yg.; I Ictiobus bubalus, Aug; 4

I. urus, June, Aug.; 3 I. cyprinella, Apr., Aug.; 1 Amiurus

nebulosus, 2 in., Aug; 1 Polyodon spathula, June.

Pinnidaria : 1 Gambusia patruelis, Sept.

Pleurosigma : 1 Moxostoma macrolepidotum,.2| in., Aug.

Cymafopleura : 3 Notropis, yg.

Desmideo': 1 Notropis megalops. May; 1 Pimephales notatus,

Aug.; 2 Moxostoma, yg. ; 1 M. macrolepidotum, 2^ in., Aug.

Closteriiim : 3 Notemigonus chrysoleucus, Sept.; 4 Notropis,

yg.; 2 Moxostoma, yg.; 5 M. macrolepidotum, 2-2| in.,

July, Aug.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, 1? in.; 2 yg.; 2 Hypen-

telium nigricans, yg.; 2 Catostomus teres, June, Aug.; 1

Ictiobus, yg.; 1 Carpiodes, yg.; 1 Ictiobus bubalus, yg.; 1 I.

cyprinella, Aug.

Cosmaritmi : 4 Notropis, yg.; 1 M. macrolepidotum, 2^- in.,

Aug.; 1 Erimyzon sucetta, 1| in.; 2 yg.

Staiirastrwn: 1 Erimyzon sucetta, yg.; 1 Ictiobus cyprinella,

Aug.



538 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

Nostoc: 2 Ictiobus cyprinella, Aug.; 1 Polyodon spathula, Aug.

Oscillaria : 1 Chrosomus erythrogaster, Sept.; 1 Ictiobus, yg.

Chroococcus : 1 Erimyzon sucetta, If in. ; 1 yg.

Dirt: 10 Dorosoma cepedianum, Apr., June, July, Oct.; 4,

2|-5i in., July, Oct.; 1 Clupea chrysochloris. If in., June;

10 Notemigonus chrysoleucus, July, Aug., Sept.; 3 Hy-

bopsis biguttatus, Aug., Sept.; 2 Phenacobius mirabilis,

Sept., Oct.; 1 Notropis hudsonius, May; 1 N. heterodon,

Sept.: 8 Pimephales notatus, July, Aug., Sept., Oct.; 4 P.

promelas, May, Aug.; 8 Hybognathus nuchalis. May, Aug.,

Sept., Oct.; 3 Chrosomus erythrogaster, June, Sept.; 9

Campostoma anomalurn, Aug., Sept.; 3 Moxostoma, June;

2 M. aureolum, June; 3 M. niacrolepidotum, June, Sept.;

2, 2^2| in., Aug.; 1 Minytrema melanops, Sept.; 1

Erimyzon sucetta, July; 6 Carpiodes, Mar., Apr., July,

Oct.; 5 Ictiobus urus, Aug.; 1 I. cyprinella, Aug.; 1

Amiurus nebulosus, Sept.



Note.— The articles collected in this volume were published

separately, as follows: Article I, October, 188-4; Article II,

March, 1885 ; Article III, August, 1885; Article IV, June, 1886;

Article Y, October, 1886; Article VI, July, 1887; Article VII,

April, 1888; Article VIII, July, 1888.



EKEATA.^^

Page 5, line 3 of table, second column, for 39 read 38 ; line 6, second
column for 121 read 120.

Page U, line 17. for conjunction read conjuyation.

Page 21, line 13, for Ricciaci<v read Ricciacea'.

Page 67, line 17 from bottom, for fraligifolia read fraqilifolia.

Page 123, line 4 from bottom, and page 12(5, line 1, for Tricholeoi read
TrichoGolea\

Page 126, line 2, for Tricholea read Trichocolea.

Page 177, line 16, for Lecythia read Lecythea.

Page 333, line 1, after Tachidius add Lilljeb.

Page 33S, under Daphnella brachyura, line 16, insert ffa6.—Massa-
chusetts (Birge), Minnesota (Herrick).

Page 340, line 5, for Hcapaoleberis read Seapholeberis.

Page 389, line 7 from bottom, for carjiogonium read sporocarp ; lines

9, 12, 15, for ojgonium read carpogonmm.
Page 391, line 1, for Cessatii read Cesatii.

Page 400, line 4, for Myceliumin conspicuous read Mycelium incon-

spicuous ; line 14, for coleosporium read Coleosporitun.

Page 401, line 9, for connatas read connnta; line 12, for Taraxicum
read Taraxacum.

Page 408, line 15, for macrocarpa read macrospora; line 18, for Hy-
pohyllous read Hypophyllous.

Pages 470 and 471, head of column 11, for cyprinella read cypri-

nellus.

Page 503, lines 8, 14, and 17, for cyprinella read cyprinellus.

For additional errata see page 247.