




































Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 

 Vol. 7, No. 1; 2021 

                                       ISSN 2574-6081   E-ISSN 2574-609X 

Published by CRIBFB, USA 
 

38 

A STUDY ON SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE OF E-COMMERCE 

ADOPTION IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR THROUGHOUT 

THE COVID-19: BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS 

 
P. Madhu Kumar Reddy 

Ph.D. Research Scholar 

K.L.U. Business School  

KLEF (Deemed to be University) 

Greenfields, Vaddeswaram 

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India 

E-mail: madhukumarreddy@gmail.com 

  

Dr. A. Rama Kumar 

Professor  

K.L.U. Business School 

KLEF (Deemed to be University) 

Greenfields, Vaddeswaram, 

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India 

E-mail: ark6466@kluniversity.in 

 

ABSTRACT 

Agriculture is the solution to the overall development of any country. The internet lasts to 

become more widespread among people who transact with the agricultural business of any type. 

The incomplete health crisis about COVID 19 has affected all communities Frontline Health 

Responders are a priority for countries in saving the lives of the people suffering from this 

disease. The government has taken action since the Coronavirus hit created an extraordinary 

situation. India initially announced a three-week nationwide lockdown until the middle of April, 

after that was extended to achieve satisfactory control of the virus outbreak. In these tough times 

how Indian farmers react to the crisis and the actions taken by the government to help farmers 

across the country. The main objective of the study is to analyze the impact of e-commerce on the 

agricultural sector throughout the Covid 19 pandemic. The study employs samples from farmers 

of the Warangal and Nalgonda districts. The purpose of the study is to examine the E-commerce 

sources selected for the agriculture sector and Reasons for using e-commerce in the agriculture 

and Overall satisfaction on utilization of e-commerce in agriculture sector throughout covid-19. 

The result reveals that farmers started benefiting from the use of e-commerce in their 

agriculture. The findings of the study suggest that government should take little more initiation 

in training and supplying them with agricultural inputs with subsidies. The study briefly explains 

the Objectives, Hypothesis, Data analysis, Impact, Role, Benefits, and Limitations of E-

Commerce in the agricultural sector throughout covid-19.  

 

Keywords: E-Commerce, Agricultural Sector, COVID 19, Impact, Benefits, and Limitations. 

 

JEL Classification Codes: J43, N5, Q13, L81, P32. 

mailto:ark6466@kluniversity.in


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INTRODUCTION 

Many companies started searching for solutions to overcome the effects of covid-19.  “The new 

normal” COVID 19 changed the transition to a digital future globally.  Current developments in 

information technology have caused important economic significances. COVID 19 pandemic 

raised one of the challenges for the agricultural e-commerce business. E-commerce is one of the 

genuine outcomes of information technology that has many advantages like world trading, 

removing temporal and spatial constraints, reduced costs of purchased resources, increased sales, 

easy access to information, an essential decline in transaction costs, and the time of transaction. 

One of the inconveniences faced by agricultural production is procuring raw materials, 

marketing, and customer satisfaction. Even though the total revenue of agricultural production 

within humankind is high, farmers’ revenue is low down, and in some cases, the farmers’ profits 

are on the edge of zero or maybe negative.  

 

Origin of E-Commerce 

Still, in this pandemic situation, some of the Indian farmers won’t have awareness of Modern 

Agriculture. In India, there is a huge scope for Modern Techniques in Agriculture, if we observe, 

gradually the farmer is going ahead showing interest in the Modern methods. Yet, this increase is 

not enough comparing with the other countries. The main reason behind this is often the shortage 

of awareness among the farmers. Electronic commerce becomes evident in the 1990s, and its 

exercise has improved in a short time. The majority of companies are having an online spirit. 

Conducting business on the web is important these days. Everything from food and garments to 

entertainment and furniture is regularly bought online3. Amazon and Flipkart are the major 

companies having business by using E-commerce. These companies allow customers to purchase 

different types of goods and services online. Consumers have several payment options, as well as 

choices for how their products are delivered. 

 

E-Commerce in Agriculture 

E-Commerce has flourished a major break in the agriculture sector. Now a day’s internet 

becomes more popular among all customers. Some people use the internet for agriculture or 

irrigation. The farmers are becoming aware of the use of software and hardware. The thing 

which is needed is the internet with both the parties’ i.e. the one that is buying and therefore the 

one that is selling. 

 

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 

Zeng et al. (2017) authors considered the firm-level adoption of internal and external factors 

affecting agricultural food e-commerce. They discussed the five typical e-commerce models 

which are very commonly adopted these days. They identified 4 types of adopters; they are 

agribusiness firms, e-commerce firms, agricultural cooperatives, and individual farmers at the 

firm level. The authors finally indicated about the adoption and development of e-commerce is a 

modern way of influencing food systems and market entrance for smallholders. 

Yadav and Sharma (2015) study has reviewed 110 research papers on agriculture credit. 

The focus was on determinants of sources and the amount of agriculture credit.  According to the 

study, agriculture has been given more priority in recent years. The government also focused on 

institutional credit and took many policy measures to improve financial inclusion. 

Dsouza and Joshi (2014) authors discussed briefly the framework for rural agriculture e-

commerce. The authors pointed out two main factors for developing the framework. They are 



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40 

better farming practices and well-planned marketing of agricultural products. With these factors 

and frameworks, the development of agriculture e-commerce is possible. 

Carpio et al. (2013) this is a case study that discusses the market makers. The authors 

framed a market makers producer logic model that represents the intakes and outputs in the long 

and short run. They analyzed many categories of businesses participating in market makers. 

They evaluated the impact of market makers on the producers and farmer’s markets. They 

suggested lessons for e-commerce development and evaluation in the future. 

Nadarajan and Ismail (2011) authors discussed the e-commerce framework for rural 

agriculture and the application of e-commerce components in agriculture. The agricultural e-

commerce application consists of six features, which were discussed in the study. The authors 

discussed promotional techniques in agriculture and foreword of online trade exchange platforms 

for improving sales and marketing for the supply chain and the effectiveness of agricultural 

products. 

            The research gap identified is very fewer studies are carried out based on analyzing the 

benefits and limitations of e-commerce adoption in the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. 

The study tries to cover the research gap with few more samples. Based on this literature and 

research gap few objectives were framed. 

 

PROBLEM STATEMENT 

The study explains the problems faced by the farmers due to covid-19 from the selected areas. 

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 

 To analyze the influence of e-commerce adoption on the agricultural sector throughout 

covid-19.  

 The study explains the role of e-commerce adoption in the agricultural sector.  

 The study analyses the Benefits and Limitations of E-Commerce in the agricultural sector 

throughout covid-19. 

 

HYPOTHESIS 

 There is no significant influence of e-commerce adoption on the agriculture sector 

throughout covid-19 

 There is no significant influence of e-commerce on benefits towards the agriculture sector 

throughout covid-19. 

 There is no significant influence of e-commerce on limitations towards the agriculture 

sector throughout covid-19. 

 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

Sources of Data 

 

Primary Data 

Data has been gathered from 160 farmers in the districts of Warangal and Nalgonda. Interacted 

with the farmers who are using and who are not using e-commerce in the agriculture sector. 

 

Secondary Data 

Data from websites, journals, and books are used for the study. 

 



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Scope of the Study 

The scope of the study is restricted to analyzing the services rendered by E-Commerce to the 

agriculture sector in few districts of Telangana state. Data was gathered from 160 farmers 

through a telephone survey and a few by personal interaction because of Covid-19. The data was 

gathered in the month of August 2021. A few aspects like impact, role, benefits, and limitations 

are discussed. 

 

Sample Size 

The population for the present study is the farmers of Warangal and Nalgonda. As collecting data 

from the farmers became very tough in this pandemic, Responses were received from 160 

farmers from two districts. For the present paper, a convenience random sampling technique was 

used. 

 

Tools Used For the Study 

Tools like Percentage analysis, Chi-Square, and ANOVA were used with the help of SPSS. 

 

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 

Table 1.Tabular representation of Demographic factors which are considered for the study 

 

Demographic 

factors Objects No. of Answerers Valid Percentage 

Gender Male 94 59 

  Female 66 41 

  Total 160 100 

Age 18-25 years 21 13 

  26-30 years 44 28 

  31-40 years 51 32 

  41-50 years 27 17 

  51-60 years 4 3 

  60+ years 13 8 

  Total 160 100 

Educational 

qualification Post graduate 31 19 

  Under graduate 41 26 

  Secondary 38 24 

  Primary 27 17 

  Others 23 14 

  Total 160 100 

Period of using e-

commerce in 

agriculture sector Less than 1 year 22 14 

  1-2 years 48 30 



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  2-3 years 52 32 

  3-4 years 29 18 

 

Above 4 years 9 6 

 

Total 160 100 

 Marital Status Married 98 61 

 

Unmarried 62 39 

 

Total 160 100 

E-commerce 

sources selected 

for agriculture 

sector 

Amazon 

 71 44 

 

Flipkart 

 49 31 

 

Snapdeal 

 23 14 

 

Shopify 

 8 5 

 

eBay 

 4 3 

 

Others 5 3 

 

Total 160 100 

 

Interpretation: Table 1 explains the demographic factors of the respondents; the total sample 

size is 160. Out of the total sample size, 59% of the respondents are Male population and 41% of 

the samples have been gathered from the Female population. The male farmers who do farming 

are more when differentiated from the female farmers. But when differentiated to earlier years 

female farmers are escalating. The majority of them are from the age limit of 31-40 years, then 

by 26-30 years. This indicates that many youngsters are taking farming as their profession. Most 

of the farmers have finished their under graduation and few completed their secondary education. 

Lack of employment opportunities during Covid times is also a reason for the shift of many 

people to agriculture. 32% of the farmers are taking the help of e-commerce in agriculture for 2-

3 years, then by 1-2 years. Almost 61% of the respondents are married, and 39% are unmarried. 

Amazon and followed by Flipkart are the major sources selected for the agriculture sector. 

 

Table 2. Reasons for using e-commerce in agriculture 

 

Reasons for using e-commerce in agriculture Number Percentage 

Eradicate intermediaries  34 21 

Improves income to the farmers  37 23 

Decreases wastage  43 27 

Providing fresh products to the customers  46 29 

Total 160 100 



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Interpretation: Table 2 represents the reasons for using e-commerce in the agriculture sector. 

Many of the farmers decided that providing fresh commodities to the customers and followed by 

decreasing wastage. Later it improves income to the farmers and eradicates intermediaries.   

 

Table 3. Overall satisfaction on utilization of e-commerce in agriculture throughout covid-19 

 

Overall satisfaction on utilization of e-

commerce in agriculture sector after covid-19 Number Percentage 

Very satisfied  93 58 

Satisfied 40 25 

Neutral 18 11 

Dissatisfied 9 6 

Total 160 100 

 

Interpretation: Out of 160 farmers 58% of farmers are extremely fulfilled with the overall 

satisfaction on utilization of e-commerce in the agriculture sector throughout covid-19, and few 

25% respondents are satisfied. Among the total farmers, 6% of them are dissatisfied with the 

services. 

 

Table 4. Impact of e-commerce adoption on agriculture sector throughout covid-19 

 

Chi-Square Tests 

 Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 

Pearson Chi-Square 32.393a 32 .447 

Likelihood Ratio 37.630 32 .227 

Linear-by-Linear Association 7.847 1 .005 

N of Valid Cases 160   

 

Symmetric Measures 

 Value Approx. Sig. 

Nominal by 

Nominal 

Phi .450 .447 

Cramer's V .225 .447 

N of Valid Cases 160  

 

 

Interpretation: Chi-Square is a single value that explains how much difference exists between 

the observed values and the expected values. Here in this case we can conclude that no 

relationship exists between the variables. Since the p values are 0.447 which is greater than 0.05. 

The null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected at a 5% level of 

significance, therefore the power of alliance among variables is very low. There is no significant 

difference in e-commerce adoption in the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. 

 

 

 



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Table 5. Impact of E-commerce on benefits of the agricultural sector throughout covid-19 

 

Chi-Square Tests 

 Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 

Pearson Chi-Square 76.271a 30 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 89.227 30 .000 

Linear-by-Linear 

Association 
9.915 1 .002 

N of Valid Cases 160   

 

Symmetric Measures 

 Value Approx. Sig. 

Nominal by 

Nominal 

Phi .690 .000 

Cramer's V .399 .000 

N of Valid Cases 160  

 

 

Interpretation: Since the p values are 0.000 which is less than 0.05. The null hypothesis is 

rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance, therefore the 

strength of association between variables is very strong. There is a significant difference in e-

commerce adoption on benefits of the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. 

 

Table 6. Impact of E-commerce on Limitations to the agricultural sector throughout covid-19 

 

Chi-Square Tests 

 Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 

Pearson Chi-Square 61.377a 57 .322 

Likelihood Ratio 65.998 57 .194 

Linear-by-Linear 

Association 
5.746 1 .017 

N of Valid Cases 160   

 

Symmetric Measures 

 Value Approx. Sig. 

Nominal by 

Nominal 

Phi .619 .322 

Cramer's V .358 .322 

N of Valid Cases 160  

 

 

Interpretation: Since the p values are 0.322 which is greater than 0.05. The alternate hypothesis 

is rejected and the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance, therefore the strength 

of association between variables is very low. There is no significant impact of e-commerce on 

Limitations towards the agriculture sector throughout covid-19.  

 

 



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Table 7. Tabular representation of the influence of e-commerce on benefits of agriculture sector 

throughout covid-19 

Test of Homogeneity of Variances 

 

Levene 

Statistic 

df1 df2 Sig. 

35.630 3 156 .000 

 

ANOVA 
 

 Sum of 

Squares 

df Mean 

Square 

F Sig. 

Between 

Groups 
5.834 3 1.945 4.725 .003 

Within Groups 64.205 156 .412   

Total 70.039 159    

 

Interpretation: Here in this case the table 5 represents how e-commerce influences the benefits 

towards the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, we will 

accept the alternate hypothesis at a 5% level of implication concerning e-commerce which 

influences benefits towards the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. Therefore there is a 

significant influence of e-commerce on the benefits of the agriculture sector throughout covid-

19. The factors considered are a decrease in farmer’s efforts, Time saving process, better 

marketing and exposure, and selling products directly to the customers. 

 

Table 8. Tabular representation of the influence of e-commerce on limitations of agriculture 

sector throughout covid-19 

Test of Homogeneity of Variances 
 

Levene 

Statistic 

df1 df2 Sig. 

1.825 3 156 .145 

 

ANOVA 
 

 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 

Between 

Groups 
12.290 3 4.097 4.239 .007 

Within Groups 150.764 156 .966   

Total 163.053 159    

 

Interpretation: Here in this case the above table represents how e-commerce influences the 

limitations towards the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. Since the p-value is less than 

0.05, we will accept the alternate hypothesis at a 5% level of significance concerning e-

commerce which influences limitations towards the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. 

Therefore there is a significant influence of e-commerce on limitations of the agriculture sector 



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throughout covid-19. The factors like high maintenance cost, lack of experts, no proper market, 

and shortage of suppliers. 

 

IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR THROUGHOUT 

COVID- 19 

There was a significant impact of e-commerce in the Agriculture sector in the last few decades. 

Several actions had Government flourished since the Coronavirus attack and created this 

pandemic situation. After the nationwide lockdown, the Indian Finance Minister has announced 

and declared an INR 1.7 trillion package, to protect the vulnerable sections including farmers out 

of which Rs 2000 to farmer’s bank accounts to support farmers under the scheme of PM-KISAN. 

Agricultural e-commerce helped farmers to eliminate intermediaries, which resulted in increased 

income to the farmers by reducing wastage. They can deliver fresh commodities to the 

customers.  

             To take care of weakness destructibility population, Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan 

Yojana (Prime Minister Scheme for the welfare of the poor), additional grain allotments to the 

registered beneficiaries were also announced for the next three years. A separate PM-CARES 

(Prime Minister Citizens Assistance and Relief in Emergencies); created the fund to assist cash 

and food to the persons engaged in the informal sectors, preferable migrant labours. State-wise 

guidelines were issued by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), for the farmers 

during the lockdown period. The advisory also mentioned various practices during harvest and 

threshing of various rabi (winter-sown) crops as well as post-harvest, storage, and marketing of 

the farm produce. The RBI also announced specific measures that specify the “burden of debt 

servicing” due to COVID 19. Banking institutions also granted agriculture loans and crop loans 

for a moratorium of three months with a 3 percent concession on their interest rate for crops up 

to Rs 3 lakh.  

 

ROLE OF E-COMMERCE ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR THROUGHOUT 

COVID-19 

 A rapid increase in the practice of digital technology like digital payments made farmer’s 

purchases easy.  

 Due to the restrictions in meeting and social distancing e-commerce platforms 

highlighted indispensable digital transactions have accelerated to the small holder’s 

farmers to the digital payments and consumer-used online payments.   

 E-Commerce plays a major role for the farmers to develop and market their products 

globally even in this pandemic situation. 

 By the end of June 2021, certain measures had extended and observed a rise in the usage 

of E-commerce in the agriculture sector. 

 There is an enhancement in the E-commerce models for better performance of the 

businesses throughout this pandemic situation.  

 A new boom in the partnerships has extended during Covid-19. 

 Huge demand and order for organic products were received at the marketplace through 

digital channels without any significant marketing campaigns during the pandemic.  

 Farmers can sell their products directly to their customers without any intermediaries 

during this pandemic. 

 Getting raw materials like seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides have become easy for the 

farmers with the help of e-commerce during the pandemic. 



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 E-Commerce helped the customers in getting agricultural products directly from the farm. 

                     Meanwhile, several organizations were shut down in this lockdown situation. 

Customers started moving towards e-commerce for acquiring their requirements. This benefited 

the farmers who are using e-commerce to sell their products to their customers without any 

intermediaries.                           

 

BENEFITS OF E-COMMERCE ON AGRICULTURE AFTER COVID-19 

 The use of e-commerce can control the efforts of farmers. 

 It is a process that saves the time of the farmers by using e-commerce in farming. 

 E-commerce helped farmers in searching for machines that can replace human resources 

like machines for sowing the seeds, cutting the crops, removing the weeds, etc6. 

 Improved irrigational technology.  

 Farmers initiated better marketing and exposure to the price. 

 There are many facilities in online trading and E-Commerce for farmers. 

 As people started giving priority to healthy products, Farmers started organically 

producing the products. 

 

LIMITATIONS OF E-COMMERCE TO AGRICULTURE THROUGHOUT COVID-19 

 The cost of maintenance became very high. 

 Lack of experts who explain the usage of e-commerce during the pandemic. 

 Most of the farmers are illiterates so they are unable to use the services of e-commerce 

during the pandemic. 

 As most of the farmers are illiterates the time taken for them to understand the use of e-

commerce during pandemics became highly tough. 

 The challenge of managing perishable products became more complex in this pandemic.  

 Agricultural products during the pandemic did not have a proper market. 

 Lack of better and spontaneous agricultural practices 

 Lack of healthier marketing techniques exposure and pricing during the pandemic 

 Lack of improved networking and communication 

 Lack of enhanced depiction at various opportunities, establishments, and platforms, etc. 

 

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 

 Because of the lack of practical knowledge and pandemic situations, the farmers were not 

able to handle the machines properly. 

 Even the value of maintenance became additionally high. 

 As most of the farmers are illiterates, more time was taken by them to understand the use 

of e-commerce throughout covid-19. 

 Lack of proper internet in villages may be an obstacle. 

 

CONCLUSION 

Many of the farmers believe in providing fresh commodities to the customers and followed by 

decreasing wastage. Later it improves income to the farmers and eradicates intermediaries.  The 

majority of the farmers are extremely fulfilled with the overall satisfaction on utilization of e-

commerce in the agriculture sector. With analysis, it reveals that there is no significant difference 

in e-commerce adoption in the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. The results represent that 

there is a significant difference in e-commerce adoption on benefits of the agriculture sector, but 



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48 

there is no significant impact of e-commerce on Limitations towards the agriculture sector 

throughout covid-19. Factors like a decrease in farmer’s efforts, Time saving process, better 

marketing and exposure, and selling products directly to the customers have a positive influence 

on the benefits of the agriculture sector throughout covid-19. The factors like high maintenance 

cost, lack of experts, no proper market, and shortage of suppliers have a significant influence on 

limitations of the agricultural sector throughout covid-19. 

With the enhancement in the technology used for agriculture, we can help the farmers 

know what is happening around the world. There may be drawbacks with it but it seems to be 

that, technology provides enhanced advantages in many cases. But we could reduce the gap of 

these drawbacks by implementing a better platform for farmers and educate them on solutions 

for the drawback. When strategies are properly maintained, this would see a drastic change in 

our agriculture sector, improving the standard of living of the farmers. As discussed, when 

farmers are well taught about the usage of e-commerce which can be used in replacing the 

traditional equipment that results in drastic improvement in farming. In this pandemic, the 

government should take preventative measures and educate the farmers in using e-commerce for 

farming.  

 

Authors’ Contribution: We are happy that authors have contributed to the study in different 

ways at different times.  

 P. Madhu Kumar Reddy: Theoretical background, Introduction, review of literature, and 

analysis of the data, Research methodology, data collection. 

 Dr. A. Rama Kumar: Discussion of the results.  

 

Conflict of Interest:  The study is free with conflicts of interest in authors.  

 

Funding Acknowledgement:  The study has no explicit funding for its author’s individual/ 

personal capacity.  

REFERENCES 

Carpio, C. E., Isengildina-Massa, O., Lamie, R. D., & Zapata, S. D. (2013). Does E-Commerce 

Help Agricultural Markets? The Case of Market Maker, A publication of the 

Agricultural & Applied Economics Association. 

 

Dsouza, D. J., & Joshi, H. G. (2014). Development of agricultural e-commerce framework for 

India, a strategic approach. International Journal of Engineering Research and 

Applications, 4(11). 

 

Ehmke, C., Ernst, S. C., Hopkins, J. W., & Tweeten, L. G. (2001). The market for e-commerce 

services in agriculture (No. 374-2016-19866). Retrieved from 

https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/20523/files/sp01eh01.pdf 

 

Nadarajan, S. V., & Ismail, R. (2011). E-Commerce framework to improve rural agriculture 

sector in Cambodia. In International Conference on E-business, management and 

Economics (Vol. 25, pp. 287-291). 

 

https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/20523/files/sp01eh01.pdf


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49 

Yadav, P., & Sharma, A. K. (2015). Agriculture credit in developing economies: A review of 

relevant literature. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(12), 219-244. 

 

Zeng, Y., Jia, F., Wan, L., & Guo, H. (2017). E-commerce in agri-food sector: a systematic 

literature review. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 20(4), 439-

459. 

 

APPENDICES 

1. Name: 

2. Gender: 

1) Male [    ] 

2) Female [   ] 

3. Age: 

1) 18-25 years [   ] 

2) 26-30 years [   ] 

3) 31-40 years [   ] 

4) 41-50 years [   ] 

5) 51-60 years [   ] 

6) 60+ years 

4.  Educational qualification 

1) Post graduate [   ] 

2) Under graduate [   ] 

3) Secondary [   ] 

4) Primary [   ] 

5) Others [   ] 

5. Period of using online banking 

1) Less than 1 year [   ] 

2) 1-2 years [   ] 

3) 2-3 years [   ] 

4) 3-4 years [   ] 

5) More than 4 years [   ] 

6. Marital Status 

1) Married [   ] 

2) Unmarried [   ] 

7. E-commerce sources selected for agriculture sector 

1) Amazon [   ] 

2) Flipkart [   ] 

3) Snapdeal [   ] 

4) Shopify [   ] 

5) eBay [   ] 

6) Others [   ] 

8. Reasons for using e-commerce in agriculture 

1) Eradicate intermediaries [   ] 

2) Improves income to the farmers [   ] 

3) Decreases wastage [   ] 

4) Providing fresh products to the customers [   ] 



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9. Overall satisfaction on utilization of e-commerce in the agriculture sector through covid-

19 

1) Very satisfied [   ] 

2) Satisfied [   ] 

3) Neutral [   ] 

4) Dissatisfied [   ] 

10. E-commerce 

1) Buying of goods and services [   ] 

2) Selling of goods and services [   ] 

3) Reducing intermediaries [   ] 

4) Transmitting of funds [   ] 

11. Benefits to farmers through Covid-19 

1) Decreased in farmers efforts [   ] 

2) Time-saving process [   ] 

3) Better marketing and exposure [   ] 

4) Sell products directly to the customers [   ] 

12. Limitations to farmers through Covid-19 

1) High maintenance cost [   ] 

2) Lack of experts [   ] 

3) No proper market [   ] 

4) Shortage of suppliers [   ] 

 

 

Copyrights 

Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the 

journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative 

Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) 

 

 

 

 

 
 


