




































INDIAN JOURNAL OF FINANCE AND BANKING 14(2) (2024), 1-7 

1 

 

                         FINANCE AND BANKING 
                                                             IJFB VOL 14 NO 2 (2024) P-ISSN 2574-6081  E-ISSN 2574-609X     

           Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijfb 

               Published by American Finance & Banking Society, USA 

PRACTICALITIES OF AGENT BANKING FOR FINANCIAL 

INCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS OF BANGLADESH       

        
 Mohammad Rezaul Kabir (a)  Kaniz Fatema (b)   Ashok Bijoy Das (c)1   Nityananda Chandra Barman (d) 

 

(a) Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Sylhet International University, Sylhet, Bangladesh; E-mail: rezaul_ru@yahoo.com 
(b)Associate Professor, Department of Humanities, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; E-mail: 

kanizfatema8220@yahoo.com 
(c) Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Sylhet International University, Sylhet, Bangladesh; E-mail: dashokbijoy@gmail.com 
(d)Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Sylhet International University, Sylhet, Bangladesh; E-mail: hrmfamily4266@gmail.com 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 
 

 

Article History: 
 

Received: 14th September  2024 

Reviewed & Revised: 14th September 

to 10th December 2024 

Accepted: 18th December 2024 

Published: 20th December 2024 

 
Keywords: 

 

Agent Banking, Rural Financial Inclusion,  

Agent, Outlets, Correlation. 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

G21, G51, G53, C87 

 

 
Peer-Review Model:  

 

External peer review was done through  

double-blind method. 
 

 
  

 
A B S T R A C T 
 
Agent banking is an indispensable part of the inclusive banking system for advancing greater financial 

inclusion in Bangladesh. These services represent the new extension of branch banking, offering formal 

banking services in rural regions at a low cost via agents and outlets. The purpose of this study is to 

examine the agent banking practical uses to meet the financial services needs of the rural population in 

Bangladesh. Moreover, this study investigates the relation between agent banking presence in rural 

areas and its uses. Five years of secondary data regarding agent banking have been collected from the 

statistics department of Bangladesh Bank and presented in tabular form. Besides, to portrait the real 

picture of practical uses of agent banking, a rural user’s case study has been used in this study. 

Descriptive with an analytical approach has also been used to analyze the data. Besides, correlation 

analysis has also been used to measure the relation between agents, outlets, and rural practices. This 

study found that agent banking services are practically used in rural areas for deposit collection, loan 

disbursements, remittance services, and utility bill payment. Moreover, it has discovered a favorable 

relationship between agent banking presence and useful applications in rural areas. The practical 

applications of the agent banking have advanced significantly in rural areas and included those who 

were previously denied access to these financial services. While the number of agents and outlets are 

not sufficient, total rural account holders in agent banking remain low compared to the rural adult 

population. 

 
 

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee American Finance & Banking Society, USA. This article is an open-
access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC 

BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).                           

 

INTRODUCTION 

People in the rural area are still deprived of the benefits of financial inclusion advancement. Most of the rural people like 

farmers, day laborers, fishers and others are illiterate, and not accustomed to using formal financial services due to the lack 

of financial products that meet their needs. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure the socio-economic safety of rural people, and 

they face challenges to meet food security, healthcare facilities, and children's education. The inclusive financial system is 

crucial for reducing household financial vulnerability, stimulating economic development, eliminating poverty, and 

enhancing people's quality of life (CGAP/World Bank, 2012).  

 As a part of inclusive financial system, agent banking has gained acceptance as a workable and beneficial approach 

to rural communities of certain nations. The main goal of agent banking is to help rural communities conduct their essential 

business through a formal framework by offering regular banking services with the assistance of agents.  

Financial organizations have found that agent banking is a useful tool for cutting operational expenses. The 

emergence of agent banking has also helped banks reach potential customers, ensuring effective financial inclusion, which 

is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the economy and improving the lives of the poorer segments of the population 

living in rural and remote areas. The agent banking has worked wonders in several developing countries in different parts 

of the world like Brazil, Columbia, Peru, Malaysia, Kenya, etc. (Khanam, 2022; Ho, 2017). Financial services have also 

been expanded in a number of nations, including Pakistan, India, the Philippines, Uganda, Kenya, Malaysia, and South 

Africa, by using the agent banking model (Ndungu & Njeru, 2014). 

                                                      
1Corresponding Author: ORCID ID: 0009-0001-0992-9399 

© 2024 by the authors. Hosting by American Finance & Banking Society. Peer review under responsibility of American Finance & Banking Society, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v14i2.2266 
 

To cite this article: Kabir, M. R., Fatema, K., Das, A. B., & Barman, N. C. (2024). PRACTICALITIES OF AGENT BANKING FOR FINANCIAL 

INCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS OF BANGLADESH. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 14(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v14i2.2266 

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1521-7133
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v14i2.2266
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3737-7580
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0992-9399
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0796-494X


Kabir et al., Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 14(2) (2024), 1-7 

 

2 

Bangladesh Bank launched agent banking in the country in 2013 to include the underserved population who 

typically reside in rural areas that are difficult for the official banking networks to access banking services. In Bangladesh, 

Bank Asia was the first to introduce agent banking. Bangladesh Bank (BB) created the agent banking rules in order to 

guarantee security, boost client confidence, maintain control, and counsel banks on the ins and outs of agent banking. 

Bangladesh Bank defines the agent banking services outside of the traditional banking structure through a branchless process 

and hiring agents under a reasonable agency agreement, the central bank's goal is to serve the underserved and impoverished 

segments of the population, with a focus on geographically dispersed locations (Bangladesh Bank, 2018).  

As of December 31, 2023, 31, nationalized and private commercial banks are offering agent banking services to 

poor and hardworking Bangladeshis through 18,469 outlets, 13,242 agents (Bangladesh Bank, 2023). An authorized agent 

provides all banking services, which include utility bill payment, loan disbursement, deposit collection, and inward 

remittance collection. The third-party owner acting as this agent is in charge of handling banking operations on the bank's 

behalf. The objective of this study is to identify whether agent banking is practically used by unbanked people in rural areas 

of Bangladesh. To justify the objective, this study sequentially presented an introduction, a review of the literature, 

objectives, methods, data analysis, results and discussion, and, finally, a conclusion and recommendations. 
 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

The agent banking is one of the important and ground-breaking techniques that have always brought rural people under one 

roof of banking services. Agent banking has been a revolutionary inclusion in the financial system of Brazil as the agents 

deal with almost everything like bills and pension payments, cash deposits, withdrawals, and money transfers. Agent 

banking already signs a significant impact in Nigeria, Kenya, and Malaysia (Achugamonu et al., 2016). Many nations, like 

Kenya, Colombia, Brazil, Pakistan, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Mexico, and Argentina and others have embraced the idea 

of agent banking and are seeing great success in the area of financial inclusion (Mahmood & Sarker, 2015). The features of 

agent banking have been highlighted to financial inclusion in many developing areas such as Latin America, Asia, and South 

Africa (Villasenor et al., 2015; Wairi, 2011).  

 The recent expansion of agent banking market in Bangladesh are remarkable and it’s had good prospects for the 

future. Users of agent banking obtain a specific number of banking solutions through a bank's agent. This method is 

becoming more and more popular as a convenient way for customers to receive financial services and as a cost-effective 

distribution network for the bank (Pervin & Sarker, 2021; Bizah et al., 2017; Chaia et al., 2010). The overall circumstances 

of agent banking for financial inclusion in Bangladesh are constructive. It found relationship between agent banking and its 

financial inclusion, stressing its dependability and efficacy as a means of fostering financial depth across the nation's 

unbanked regions. The report also emphasizes how agent banking might guarantee financial services to the underprivileged 

in rural areas and contribute to Bangladesh's overall development (Nisha et al., 2020; Siddiquie, 2014).  

 The majorities of rural people of Bangladesh have lack access to banking services; whereas the agent banking 

activities easily reached in rural areas and make a link between these people and financial services. (Ahmed & Ahmed, 

2018; Khanam, 2022). Agent banking could support the financial inclusion to the poor of urban and rural areas of 

Bangladesh. People can now access a number of financial services in rural areas instead of having to travel to cities (Uddin, 

2020; Afzal, 2016). The unbanked populace in rural areas is now able to do financial transactions with assistance of agents 

at a convenient time and location that works for them. In addition, the study indicated that the banks had positive agent 

banking coverage as well as an increasing growth rate in the number of agents and outlets. In contrast to their urban 

counterparts, rural residents are willingly utilizing the banking services provided by the agents in their vicinity, and they are 

also making deposits and obtaining loans from these agents (Chakrobortty & Sultana, 2023). Due to the lack of formal 

financial services, agent banking can be a more convenient way to financially integrate rural communities of Bangladesh. 

Authorized banking agents can provide people with banking services such as loans, deposits, fund transfers, and utility 

payments (Uddin & Sultana, 2019).  

 Numerous factors are crucial in explaining the rise in agent banking, including low transaction costs, keeping agent 

locations close to clients, adhering to early opening and late closing times in order to serve clients through agent banking 

and deliver services faster than the branch, creating a user-friendly environment that anyone can access at any time, and 

more (Khan & Khan, 2014; Hansen, 2013). The research was conducted between 2015 and 2020, and the results indicated 

that agent banking had positive growth in both urban and rural areas. The research utilized a combination of the pooled OLS 

and random effect model to demonstrate the significant impact of deposit quantities and remittance flows through agent 

banking in Bangladesh. This study also found the impact of the number of agent bank accounts on the volume of deposits 

and remittances. Agent banking services such as deposit collections, bill payment options, and loans for rural residents; 

remittance services could be used by rural people gradually under current agent banking operations (Amir, 2021).  

 The study showed how agent banking services have evolved, leading to an increase in the number of accounts 

opening, the unbanked becoming more incorporated into the banking system, boosting the economy, and achieving the goals 

of financial inclusion. They employed an empirical model, and the results indicate that the number of agents, deposit 

amounts, and inward remittances all positively affect the quantity of new accounts opened (Ahmed & Ahmed, 2018; 

Ogbebor, 2015). In order to avoid having to invest heavily in infrastructure to expand an entire branch, banks are increasingly 

interested in agent banking as a means of connecting geographically dispersed customers through digitalized services and 

connecting remote areas through the exploration of new market segments (Ayegbeni, 2020; Santu et al., 2017).
 
According 

to another study, there is a chance that external factors like governmental, economic, and political policies will interact with 

agent banking to promote financial inclusion (Hossain et al., 2021; Afande & Mbugua, 2015).
 
 In addition, banks can use 

this fixed cost structure to reach potential consumers such as low-income and rural residents by giving the agents some 



Kabir et al., Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 14(2) (2024), 1-7 

 

3 

operating authority without having to pay for expensive branch management (Cámara et al., 2015; Chaia et al., 2010). 

Individuals with low incomes and disadvantages can benefit from agent banking, which makes it easier for them to take out 

loans and make deposits, paving the road for financial inclusion (Hannig & Jansen, 2010). 

 Agent banking and financial institutions relate to women's empowerment. The study employed a quantitative 

research approach and discovered that, agent banking moderates the positive impact of financial inclusion on social and 

economic empowerment. According to these findings, when financial institutions give priority to the growth of agent 

banking, women's power is strengthened through financial inclusion (Sohrab et al., 2023; Rahman, 2016). The extent of 

financial inclusion through agent banking is significant and it’s had some obstacles in Bangladesh. It is demonstrated that 

banks may motivate their customers with a variety of cost-benefit packages, which benefit both the clients and the banks. 

The benefits include less expensive account maintenance, proximity to the customer's home, less expensive transportation, 

shorter wait times than in branches, the ability to transfer money between accounts within the same bank and other banks, 

and increased accessibility for the very poor and illiterate who may have felt intimidated in branches. Achieving client trust, 

processing credit files effectively, and maintaining the internal relationships between branches and agents are some of the 

other difficulties. Financial inclusion is also positively and significantly correlated with the availability of liquidity, 

geographic coverage, prices, and security of agent banking services. Ultimately, there are determined that the most effective 

approach to financial inclusion is for agent banks to cover a larger geographic area (Rahman, 2019; Ahmed & Ahmed, 2018; 

Ferdous et al., 2015).  

 According to the above analysis of the literature, a several studies has been done both nationally and internationally 

on the financial inclusion of agent banking, but not much has been done on the practical uses of agent banking of 

Bangladesh's rural areas. Consequently, this study has made a valuable contribution to finding out the practical uses of agent 

banking in rural areas of Bangladesh. 

The main objective of this study is to assess the practicalities of agent banking in rural areas for financial inclusion, 

focusing on its availability, accessibility, and usage. Moreover, the study aims to measure the relationship between the 

presence of agent banking activities and the practical uses by users. 
 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

This exploratory study is based on secondary data that was gathered from Bangladesh Bank websites. Secondary data have 

been used and gathered from the Bangladesh Bank Statistics Department throughout a five-year period, from 2019 to 2023. 

Additionally, this study has used one rural agent banking user experiences as a case analysis to portray agent banking real 

practices pictures in rural areas of Bangladesh. Besides, agent banking information has been collected from commercial 

banks' annual reports. Moreover, reports and journal papers have been gathered and evaluated from internet sources. Mixed 

method approach applied in this study to come up with research objectives. Tabular data with descriptive analysis is used 

to present the secondary data. The relationship between the availability and practical uses of agent banking has been 

measured using the coefficient of correlation. 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

Table 1. Agent and Outlet availability in rural areas 

 
Year Rural 

Agent* 

Growth** No of agent per 

Union 

Parshid** 

No of Rural adult 

people for per 

agent** 

Rural 

Outlet* 

Growth** No of outlet 

per Union 

Parshid** 

No of 

Rural 

adult 

people for 

per 

outlet** 

2023 13,242 2.50% 3.00 5180 18,469 2.75% 4.12 3650 

2022 12,910 8.90% 2.88 5291 17,974 8.32% 4.01 3,800 

2021 11,854 34.58% 2.64 5740 16,593 18.51% 3.70 4,100 

2020 8,808 35.40% 2.00 7478 14,001 46.13% 3.1 4,704 

2019 6,505 40.52% 1.45 9899 9,581 51.80% 2.10 6,721 

Sources: *Statistic Department, Bangladesh Bank, ** Authors’ calculation 
 

                 The total number of agent and outlets stood at 13,242 and 18,469 at the end of 2023. A year ago, the respective 

number was only 12,910 and 17,974. Historical values in Table-1 show that the number of rural agents and rural outlets has 

increased year by year, resulting in a decrease in the number of villages per agent and per outlet, as well as a decrease in the 

number of rural adults per agent and per outlet over time. 

     
Table 2. Rural Accessibility in agent banking 

 
 

Year 

Rural Account Holders 

Male* Female* Others* Total* Growth** Average account holders per village** 

2023 8,692,749 9,479,017 253,558 18,425,324 22.27% 211 

2022 7,287,788 7,576,218 204,497 15,068,503 24.33% 173 

2021 5,682,319 6,024,875 412,500 12,119,694 45.00% 139 

2020 4,143,662 3,967,932 246,572 8,358,166 91.93% 96 

2019 2,376,326 1,914,134 64,305 4,354,765 112.58% 50 

Sources: *Statistic Department, Bangladesh Bank, ** Authors calculation 
 



Kabir et al., Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 14(2) (2024), 1-7 

 

4 

              Nearly 18,425,324 accounts have been opened through 13,242 rural agents and 18,469 rural outlets of 31 schedule 

banks. The account opening growth rate remarkably increased over the last five years, reaching 22.27% in 2023. The average 

number of account holders per village also increased from 2019 to 2023, with 211 account holders per village in 2023. This 

increase in account openings indicates a significant potential to bring the rural unbanked population under the umbrella of 

formal banking services, which will help achieve the SDGs by 2030. 
 

 

Table 3. Practical Usages of banking products 

 
Period Agent A/C 

Rural 

deposit (in 

Tk. 000)* 

Agent A/C 

wise 

average 

rural 

deposit (in 

Tk. 000)** 

Rural 

loans (in 

Tk. 000)* 

Agent 

A/C wise 

average 

rural 

loan** 

Rural 

Utility bills 

payments* 

Agent A/C wise 

average rural 

utility bills 

payments** 

Inward 

Foreign 

Remittance* 

Agent A/C wise 

average rural 

foreign 

remittance** 

2023 3154948550 171.228 61449620 3335 12658510 687 263662250 14310 

2022 2641847430 175.322 46508810 3086 13093820 869 277459600 18413 

2021 1875584760 154.755 24911440 2055 13482610 1112 271915590 22436 

2020 1034967570 123.827 8644070 1034 9423560 1127 251139920 30047 

2019 475369490 109.160 2237940 513 7100540 1630 70368620 16159 

Sources: *Statistic Department, Bangladesh Bank, ** Authors calculation 

 

Table 3 showed that deposit collection soared from Tk. 475,369,490 thousand in year 2019 to Tk. 3,154,948,550 

thousand at the end of year 2023. Account wise average amount of deposit was Tk. 109.160 thousand in year 2019, which 

grown up to Tk. 171.228 thousand at the end of year 2023.  

 Agent banking also provides loan services to rural users. The amount of loan sanctioned through agent banking in 

rural area is amounted to Tk. 2,237,940 thousand in the year 2019.It is observed from table 3 that over the last five years, 

the amount of loan disbursement has dramatically increased to Tk. 61,449,620 thousand at end the year 2023. Although the 

loan disbursement value remains very low compared to the deposit collection value, the account-wise disbursement value 

has made considerable progress year on year.  

 Agent banking rural account holders uses their accounts for utility bills payment purpose also. In the year 2023, 

users paid utility bills the amount Tk. 12,658,510 thousand, while this amount was Tk. 13,093,820 thousand in the year 

2022.  

 The agent banking also simplified the remittance inflow to the country, as the people in remote areas can now 

easily avail such services for receiving foreign remittances without requiring a visit to bank branches. The government of 

Bangladesh has also provided a 2 percent cash incentive to the remitter.  

 According to the Bangladesh Bank, from the period of 2019 to 2023, the growth of the inward remittance through 

the agent banking system was not steady. The inward remittances amounted to Tk. 263,662,250 thousand in 2023 and Tk. 

277,459,600 thousand in 2022. On the other hand, the average remittance per account has gradually decreased over the 

period from 2019 to 2023. The agent banking services enable rural users to send their hard-earned money to their family 

smoothly through the formal financial system. 

 
 

Table 4. Agent banking number of transactions and amount of transactions 

 
Year No of Transactions* Growth** Per Account wise 

average 

transactions** 

Number of 

Transactions (in 

Tk. 000)* 

Growth** Per account wise 

average amount of 

transaction** 

2023 148099923  6.18 8 6427310130 20.00 348,830 

2022 139476698 27.88 9 5353845120 48.93 355,300 

2021 109065861 64.67 9 3594766190 55.86 296,605 

2020 65516231 80.30 8 2306348780 150.66 275,939 

2019 36337232 ------- 8 920076330 ------ 211,280 

Sources: *Statistic Department, Bangladesh Bank, ** Authors calculation 
 

 Table 4 presented the statistical data provided by the central bank, from 2019 to 2023; the total number of 

transactions through agent banking has increased gradually each year. At the end of 2023, the number of transactions was 

148,099,923 and yearly average number of transactions per account was 8, while the transactions amounted to Tk. 

6,427,310,130 thousand and the yearly average of transactions per account amounted to Tk. 348.830. 

 Mrs. Serina is a rural agent banking user who shares her experience with how agent banking is practically used in 

her personal financial management. 
 

Serina is a 30-year-old homemaker and lived in a village in Shariatpur District. She is the mother of a six-year-

old son and a three-year-old daughter. Her spouse has lived in Malaysia for the past 15 years. Her spouse 

deposits money into her agent bank account once or twice a month to support the family's needs. She withdraws 

money two or three times monthly, depending on her necessities. She mentioned that every month she uses her 

agent bank account for receiving remittances, making deposits, and paying utility bills. She also uses agent 

banking to send money to friends and family. Before creating an agent bank account, she had to go to Upazila 

Sadar once or twice a month to withdraw money from banks. Her village is 4 kilometers away from Upazila 



Kabir et al., Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 14(2) (2024), 1-7 

 

5 

Sadar. She needed four or five hours for roundtrip journeys. Now agent banking relieves her of the hassle of 

formal and informal financial services, making her more attentive to personal financial management. It is more 

convenient and secure, and saves time. [Interviewed on 25th May 2024] 
  

 Like Serina, thousands of rural agent banking users practically use these services in their personal financial 

management. Agent banking has the potential to be an effective solution for assisting users in more efficient money 

management and achieving their financial objectives. These financial services removed the time and distance barriers, and 

as a result, not only females but also males were given more time for better money management.  

 
 

Table 5. Coefficient of Correlation  

 
Correlation between Coefficient of Correlation P value Significance Level 

Agent, Outlet and Account Number 0.966 0.0211 ** 

Agent, Outlet and Deposits 0.956 0.0201 ** 

Agent, Outlet and Loans 0.903 0.051 ** 

Agent, Outlet and Utility 0.792 0.0132 * 

Agent, Outlet and Remittance 0.887 0.050 * 

Source: Calculated by using SPSS version 22. 

NB: *** indicate significant difference at 1% (p<0.01) level of significance, ** indicate significant difference at 5% (0.001≤p<0.01) level of significance, 
* indicate significant difference at 10% (0.05≤p<0.0.1) level of significance and NS indicate insignificant difference 
 

                  This section examines the relationship between agent banking agents, outlets and each of the agent banking 

practices variables (agent account holders, deposit, loans, utility bills payments, remittance). Pearson correlation has been 

used as a parametric test to examine the relationship among variables in this study. The Pearson correlation (in table 5) 

coefficients indicate each variable, agent account holders, deposit, loans, utility bills payments, remittance have significant 

positive correlation with number of agents, and outlets. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the agent banking has 

a strong influence on rural population in terms of banking practices, especially on increasing deposits collection and loan 

disbursement; utility bills payment; remittance collection. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

This study provides information regarding the practicalities of agent banking in rural areas in Bangladesh. It has been found 

that every district, upazila, and union have the presence of agent banking services. Rural males and females used these 

services to meet their basic financial needs. As a result, both the number of transactions and the volume of transactions have 

increased. Correlation results showed the positive relationship between rural agents, outlets, and practices in rural areas of 

Bangladesh. The aim of these services is not just to maximize profits but also to provide banking services to the unbanked 

population for the country's general development. Additionally, agent banking allows banking services to be extended 

outside of physical banking buildings, which aids a sizable segment of the populace in meeting their financial demands in 

the dispersed area. Since most of the unbanked people live in rural areas, it should be open to more agents to encourage 

them to become banked. In the case of account opening, most banks require a minimum deposit, which should be reviewed 

to make agent banking more attractive and inclusive.  

 Also, banks should extend their service facilities which will enable people to open and operate accounts remotely. 

Moreover, awareness campaigns highlighting the benefits of using agent banking should be arranged at regular intervals. 

Furthermore, there will have to be a strong, independent, proficient and unbiased regulatory body that will supervise all the 

activities of agent banking and adopt innovative and time-tested policies to make it a successful journey. 

 Since agent banking is an emerging sector gaining burgeoning attention from rural people for meeting their 

financial needs, banks are required to resolve issues related to conventional banking and institutional inertia to ensure fast, 

efficient, and timely service. The agent banking system needs to be digitalized using various technological innovations. The 

system needs to be made interoperable. Strong collaboration between the agent banking and micro-merchants needs to be 

established to ease the loan disbursement among rural people. Also, the government should provide policy support and other 

forms of aid to make the agent banking system a game-changer for the rural economic landscape. This study has some 

limitation because only used five years of secondary data and a case study. Primary information’s like questionnaire surveys, 

FGDs, and key informant interviews have not been used.  

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.R.K., K.F., A.B.D. and N.C.B.; Methodology, M.R.K.; Software, M.R.K.; Validation, M.R.K.; Formal 

Analysis, M.R.K., K.F., A.B.D. and N.C.B.; Investigation, M.R.; Resources, M.R.K.; Data Curation, M.R.K.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, 
M.R.K.; Writing – Review & Editing, M.R.K.; Visualization, M.R.K.; Supervision, M.R.K.; Project Administration, M.R.K.; Funding Acquisition, 

M.R.K., K.F., A.B.D. and N.C.B. Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups 
or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research.  

Acknowledgements: Not applicable.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 

due to restrictions.  
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

 



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