




































Indian Journal of Finance and Banking 

 Vol. 4, No. 4; 2020 

                                       ISSN 2574-6081   E-ISSN 2574-609X 

Published by CRIBFB, USA 

 

48 

EMPIRICAL REVIEW ON THE REGULATIONS, 

INTEGRATIONS OF WORKS AND LOCAL AUTHORIZATION 

AND THE ATTRIBUTES OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS 

AND CONSTRUCTIONS DELAY OF THE ROAD PROJECTS IN 

OMAN 
 

 

Suleiman Said Al Hinai 

PhD Student 

Faculty of Business and Accountancy 

University of Selangor, Malaysia 

E-mail: s.alhinai36yy@gmail.com 

 

Dr. Abul Bashar Bhuiyan 

Associate Professor 

Faculty of Business and Accountancy  

University of Selangor, Malaysia 

E-mail: bashariuk@gmail.com 

 

Dr. Setyawan Widyarto 

Associate Professor and Dean 

Centre for Graduate Studies 

 University of Selangor, Malaysia 

E-mail: swidyarto@unisel.edu.my 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

The prime aims of the study to investigates of empirical articles and reviewed on the moderating 

effects of the regulations, integrations of works and local authorization on the attributes of 

critical success factors and constructions delay of the road projects in Oman. The study used the 

empirical literature from the all relevant online sources and data `231 based as many as 

possible. The findings short listed the consultant related factors, the contractor related factors, 

designed related factors, client related factors, labor related factors, material related issues, 

equipment related issues respectively. Moreover, study also summarized that there are 

moderating effects of the regulations, integrations of works and local authorization on the 

attributes of critical success factors and constructions delay of the road projects in Oman. The 

present study recommends doing a conclusive investigation on the above literature gap by real 

data and justifying above review relationship of moderating effects of the regulations, 

integrations of works and local authorization on the attributes of critical success factors and 

constructions delay of the road projects in Oman.  

 

Keywords: Critical Success Factors, Road Constructions Delay, Oman. 

 

mailto:s.alhinai36yy@gmail.com
mailto:bashariuk@gmail.com
mailto:swidyarto@unisel.edu.my


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INTRODUCTION 

The causes of delays are the primary constraints to achieve the project objectives in the 

developing world.  (Abdel Khalek, Aziz, & Abdeen, 2018).  Alamri, N., et al. in 2017. 

Moreover, delay causes, impacts on the road constructions projects in the Sultanate of Oman 

Oyegoke, A. S. and N. Al Kiyumi in 2017. However, the evaluation of the progress reports on 

the road projects constructed during the period 2011-2015 in Saudi Arabia concluded that delays 

are extensive: the average ratio of planned contract duration to the actual completion time is 

58.24%, ranging from 2% to 172% Mahamid, I. in 2017. Empirical findings also concluded that 

causes of delay have different types of construction, different countries, different periods and 

different number of causes of delay and groups of delays. Therefore, it is important to investigate 

and analyze the causes of delays in road construction (Aziz & Abdel-Hakam, 2016; Elawi, 

Algahtany, & Kashiwagi, 2016). Moreover, studies also summarized about road construction is 

considered as one of the most important industries where are exposed to time and cost overrun or 

both (Bekr, 2015) 

Moreover, studies indicated that owners rank poor communication among project 

participants as the top severe factor affecting the performance in construction projects, followed 

by poor labor productivity and poor planning and scheduling, respectively. However, 

contractors’ point of view, concluded the most severe factor is payments delay, followed by 

escalation of material prices and poor labor productivity, respectively. In case of consultant’s 

issues, there are top three affecting by poor management of planning, scheduling, site  and 

payment delays respectively (Mahamid, 2016). In the same way, causes of project delays was 

experiencing delays from 50% to 150% in KSA.   Alzara, M., et al. in 2016 However, identified 

the cost and time overrun allocated for this type of road projects and cause critical problems for 

both the developer and the contractor in Jordan, which. Al-Hazim, N. and Z. A. Salem in 2015. 

Another study discovered causes of delays in road construction projects considered as 

investments in an unpredictable market in Lebanon. Tarhini, A., et al. in 2015. Moreover, road 

construction projects delay and causes are  differ from one country to another even within the 

same geographic location (Emam, Farrell, & Abdelaal, 2015; R. Hasan, Suliman, & Malki, 

2014).  However, Jarkas, A. M. and J. H. Younes in 2014 revealed about the delays in 

construction projects are global phenomena and the State of Qatar is no exception. Moreover, It 

is the very crucial and important issues to explore on the key determinants of productivity, their 

relationships and the problem categories responsible for delays of the road construction industry 

in Oman. However, Studies also summarized that owners, consultants, contractors, and 

foremen/worker roles and responsibilities, especially of their competencies of professionalism, 

fairness in financial transactions, incompetent skill of supervision materials handle, and 

designing accordingly (Emam et al., 2015). In Jordan construction industry is a major player in 

the economy, generating both, employment and wealth. However, many projects experience 

extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimates (Sweis, Sweis, Abu Hammad, 

& Shboul, 2008) 

There are numerous issues and challenges are facing for road constructions industries in 

all over the countries, especially, improper contract management and some other unexpected 

events, so many claims and disputes are raised by the owner, consultant, and contractor each 

other’s. They are usually accompanied by cost overruns. Moreover, it is debilitating effect on 

clients, contractors, and consultants in terms of growth in adversarial relationships, mistrust, 

litigation, arbitration, cash-flow problems, and a general feeling of trepidation towards each 

other. Nevertheless, it has revealed also caused and effects as time delay in construction projects, 



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50 

size or its experience, Large to small construction firms display greater tendency to time delay, 

few found that tendency of time delay increases with the experience of construction firm and 

others found the converse. There is still debate to summarized influential caused and its effects 

on the road constructions industries. Moreover, there is unique study has explored yet to 

summarized the critical factors in the area of Arab counties. Therefore, the present study taken 

initiatives to evaluate the current status delay level of the constructions of road as well as also 

will identify the critical success factors especially the contactor, owner, consulted, designed, 

client, manpower and resources, material and suppliers and equipment related attributes caused 

delay of constructions of road in Oman. Furthermore, study also will fill-up literature gap by 

applying of government regulations, departmental integrations of works and local authorization 

weather there is moderating effects of the on the attributes of critical success factors and 

constructions delay of the road projects in Oman. 

 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 

Issues Delay of Road Construction in Oman 

Empirical findings revealed that the construction industries in the Gulf cooperative countries are 

facing severe delays due to management, finance, human resources and Empirical findings have 

shown that the construction industry in Gulf cooperative countries faces severe delays due to 

governance, finances, human resources and design problems, planning delays due to project 

management, lack of experience of the contractor, and the order of changes due to owner 

shortage and lack of materials and equipment are in significant problem for delays in project 

delivery in Oman. In the same way, investigation revealed that the causes of delays in Dam 

projects in Oman. There are 60 causes of delay were integrated among Client, Contractor, 

Consultant and External Factors. The results reveal, based on Pareto’s law of 80/20, that the top 

causes behind the delays of Dam construction projects in Oman are: severe weather conditions, 

change orders, uncertainty in ground condition, poor site management, executive bureaucracy in 

client organization, feasibility study did not cover all aspects, mistakes in soil investigation, 

natural effects during construction work, difficulty of defining project requirement, slowness of 

decision making process, delay of obtaining approval from the different government authorities, 

and land acquisition (Alamri, Amoudi, & Njie, 2017).  

Moreover, Gebrehiwet, T. and H. Luo in 2017 investigates the typical causes of delay at 

different stages of construction and its effect in the Ethiopian construction projects. So from the 

overall, the influential causes of delay investigated are corruption, unavailability of utilities at 

site, inflation/price increases in materials, lack of quality materials, late design and design 

documents, slow delivery of materials, late in approving and receiving of complete project work, 

poor site management and performance, late release budget/funds, and ineffective project 

planning and scheduling successively (Gebrehiwet & Luo, 2017).  However, Oyegoke, A. S. and 

N. Al Kiyumi in 2017 identified the causes, impacts and mitigations of delay in megaprojects in 

the Sultanate of Oman. There are 53 questionnaires were received and analysed using the relative 

importance index (RII) method. The five most frequent causes of delay in the Sultanate of Oman, 

in rank order, are: selection of the lowest bid, instead of best bid for the client (RII: 0.698); the 

financial condition of the main contractor (RII: 0.664); delay in decision-making by the client 

(RII: 0.656); and poor construction planning by the main contractor (RII: 0.649). Also, the 

findings indicate that extra cost (RII: 0.754) and project time overrun (RII: 0.724) are the most 

significant effects of the delay in the Oman megaprojects. The use of experienced contractors 

and consultant (RII 0.675), efficient construction planning by the main contractor and effective 



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51 

site management and supervision (RII: 0.667) are essential mitigation methods of construction 

delay in Oman megaprojects. The study recommends three-part novel solutions to mitigate delay 

in the Oman construction industry (Oyegoke & Al Kiyumi, 2017). Moreover, Alzebdeh, K., et al. 

in 2015 examines interpretive structural modelling (ISM) as a viable technique for modelling 

complex interactions among factors responsible for cost overruns in construction projects in the 

Sultanate of Oman. There are four factors were found to be at the root of cost overruns: 

instability of the US dollar, changes in governmental regulations, faulty cost estimation, and poor 

coordination among projects’ parties. Taking appropriate actions to minimize the influence of 

these factors can ultimately lead to better control of future project costs. Thisstudy is of value to 

managers and decision makers because it provides a powerful yet very easy to apply approach 

for investigating the problem of cost overruns and other similar issues (Alzebdeh, Bashir, & Al 

Siyabi, 2015). 

However,  lack of professionalism, fairness in financial transactions, incompetent 

supervisors, lack of materials and incomplete drawing have been found as the top five factors in 

productivity. management, people, cooperation, health and safety, logistics, involvement, 

operational activity, authority, quality and financial conditions (Bierman, O’donnell, Burke, 

McCormick, & Lindsay, 2014). In the same way, other studies examined  the causes of delay in 

construction projects in oil and gas processing facilities in Oman and serves as a case study for 

the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The survey results showed a high degree of 

agreement among the perceptions of project stakeholders, clients, contractors, and consultants on 

the causes of project delay, and there is no evidence to suggest that the causes of project delay 

differ significantly according to organization size or organizational ownership. Moreover, seven 

factors were identified as the major causes of project delay (Ruqaishi & Bashir, 2013)(Alnuaimi, 

Taha, Al Mohsin, & Al-Harthi, 2009). 

 

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 

As study aims to investigate existing available literature for determining of relevant factors that 

have cause and effects on the delay of road construction industry in Oman. Therefore, the study 

uses available sources of existing literature based on the four main keywords ‘critical success 

factors and road construction delay in Oman’, departmental integrations of works on the 

attributes of critical success factors and constructions delay of the road projects in Oman ‘effects 

of the local authorization on the attributes of critical success factors and constructions delay of 

the road projects in Oman ‘  to ensure relevant critical success factors especially the contactor, 

owner, consulted, designed, client, manpower and resources, material and suppliers and 

equipment related attributes caused delay of constructions of road in Oman.  

 

EMPIRICAL REVIEW FINDINGS 

The present study summarized and short listed of the factors in the two categories such as 

internal and external factors have caused to be influenced to delay of road constructions in the 

Arab regions especially in Oman. 

 

Contactor Related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Hamontree, C., et al. in 2018 exploed the list of road construction delay causes gathered from 

literature having different countries. The study indicates that the 5 top factors affecting road 

construction delays are: incomplete drawings, lack of equipment efficiency or financial status of 

contractors, delay in relocating existing infrastructure structures, less of project engineer 



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52 

experiences, and delay in relieving environmental impact, respectively (Hamontree, Thapanont, 

Santi, & Pruethipong, 2018). Mahamid, I. in 2017 identified factors were ranked according to 

their levels of severity, frequency, and importance. Results indicated that the top five important 

factors affecting schedule delay in road construction projects are: improper planning, poor labor 

productivity, additional works, rework, and lack of contractor experience. The study concluded 

that the main effects of schedule delay in road construction projects as assessed by contractors 

are: cost overrun, disputes, arbitration, litigation, and poor quality (Mahamid, 2017).Oyegoke, A. 

S. and N. Al Kiyumi in 2017 identified the five most frequent causes of delay in the Sultanate of 

Oman, in rank order, are: selection of the lowest bid, instead of best bid for the client (RII: 

0.698); the financial condition of the main contractor (RII: 0.664); delay in decision-making by 

the client (RII: 0.656); and poor construction planning by the main contractor (RII: 0.649). Also, 

the findings indicate that extra cost (RII: 0.754) and project time overrun (RII: 0.724) are the 

most significant effects of the delay in the Oman megaprojects. The use of experienced 

contractors and consultant (RII 0.675), efficient construction planning by the main contractor and 

effective site management and supervision (RII: 0.667) are essential mitigation methods of 

construction delay in Oman megaprojects. The study recommends three-part novel solutions to 

mitigate delay in the Oman construction industry (Oyegoke & Al Kiyumi, 2017). 

Santoso, D. S. and S. Soeng in 2016 analyzed factors on the list were land acquisition, 

award of project to lowest bidder, equipment breakdowns, poor site arrangement, management 

and supervision, unexpected ground condition and terrain, low quality of the contractor human 

resources, late progress payments, and low productivity of labor. Recommendations to manage 

the delay factors were presented. Significant relationships between the delay factors and the three 

project objectives also were observed and discussed (Santoso & Soeng, 2016). Shah, R. K. in 

2016 investigated the causes of delays and cost overruns in construction projects in Australia, 

Malaysia and Ghana. However, there are reasons for delays for road construction projects, 

especially wrong planning of contractors, poor construction site, insufficient experience with 

contractors are the most influential factors in Malaysia (Shah, 2016). Bagaya, O. and J. Song in 

2016 identified  the most frequent, severe, and important causes of schedule delays affecting 

financial capability of the contractor, financial difficulties of the owner, equipment availability of 

the contractor, slow payments for completed work, and poor subcontractor performance by the 

contractor. A comparison of the causes of schedule delays in 11 countries to validate the results 

of the study showed that financial capability of the contractor was not only the most encountered 

factor in delays for Burkina Faso’s construction industry, but also appeared in many other Asian 

and African countries (Bagaya & Song, 2016). Bekr, G. A. in 2015 summarized The 65 causes 

compiled through the literature review and the pilot study were classified into four groups (client 

related, contractor related, consultant related and external factors) (Bekr, 2015). Moreover, there 

several studies have the semilar result and support with above review findings accordingly 

(Rahman, Lee, & Ha, 2014), (Mahamid, 2013),  (Rafieizonooz, 2012), (Albogamy, Scott, & 

Dawood, 2012). (Pourrostam & Ismail, 2012),  (Pathiranage, 2011), (Enshassi, Al-Najjar, & 

Kumaraswamy, 2009)(Toor & Ogunlana, 2008). (Assaf & Al-Hejji, 2006). 

 

Owner Related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Guida, P. L. and G. Sacco in 2019  analyzed of schedule delays is a traditional problem in almost 

any project of some dimension and complexity. Assessing schedule delays and allocating them to 

responsible parties and activities is a sensitive problem in project management. In client-supplier, 

i.e. owner-contractor relations, the schedule delays represent a very important issue, often 



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escalating into claims and undermining the commercial outcome of the whole project, involving 

lengthy negotiations and juridical cases, tracing to responsibilities and financial compensations. 

(Guida & Sacco, 2019). Hamontree, C., et al. in 2018 exploed that the delay in construction 

project is an important issue in construction management. This is because delay will cause 

negative impacts on both the owner and the contractor. For owner, it will lead to the late opening 

of new road. For contractor, it will cause extra operating cost. In this paper, therefore, the causes 

of delay in road construction projects are researched (Hamontree et al., 2018). Another study 

done by Islam, M. S. and B. Trigunarsyah in 2017 explored  factors, delay in progress payment 

by owner, contractors’ cash flow problem, improper planning and scheduling, poor site 

management, and change order by (Muhammad Saiful Islam & Trigunarsyah, 2017). 

(Mohammad Saiful Islam, Trigunarsyah, Hassanain, & Assaf, 2015), (Bekr, 2015), (Mohammad 

Saiful Islam et al., 2015),  (Bierman et al., 2014), (Cristóba, 2014),  (Alnuaimi & Mohsin, 2013), 

(Albogamy et al., 2012), (Enshassi et al., 2009),  (Al-Najjar, 2008),  (Assaf & Al-Hejji, 2006). 

However, Bagaya, O. and J. Song in 2016 identified  the most top five most important 

delay factors were ranked as follows: financial capability of the contractor, financial difficulties 

of the owner, equipment availability of the contractor, slow payments for completed work, and 

poor subcontractor performance by the contractor (Bagaya & Song, 2016).  Moverover, Elawi, 

G. S. A., et al. in 2016 identifies 10 risk factors were identified and were grouped into four 

categories. Average delay in infrastructure projects in Mecca was found to be 39%. The most 

severe cause of delay was found to be the land acquisition factor. This highlights the critical land 

ownership and acquisition issues that are prevailing in the city. It is concluded that the majority 

of project delays were caused from the owner's side as compared to contractors, consultants, and 

other project's stakeholders (Elawi et al., 2016). Moreover, there several studies have the semilar 

result and support with above review findings accordingly (Mohammad Saiful Islam et al., 

2015), (Bekr, 2015), (Mohammad Saiful Islam et al., 2015),  (Bierman et al., 2014), (Cristóba, 

2014),  (Alnuaimi & Mohsin, 2013), (Albogamy et al., 2012), (Enshassi et al., 2009),  (Al-Najjar, 

2008),  (Assaf & Al-Hejji, 2006). 

 

Consulted Related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Alamri, N., et al. in 2017 investigate four main categories: Client, Contractor, Consultant and 

External Factors. The collected data was then analysed statistically and ranked according to its 

significance (Alamri et al., 2017). Moreover, Atout, M. M. in 2016 summarized literature about 

the Construction projects in Gulf rejoin presents particular conditions in which the consultant of 

the project has to concentrate during each phase of design to ensure that it will be accomplished 

on time, for example, the unrealistic of project duration, foreign designers and consultants, 

unusual growth of construction industry, the exceptional features of architectural details in the 

design of projects, and international consultant establishments, firms and office. Based on above 

literature this paper investigates the main causes of the delays contributed by the projects 

designers and consultants by representing their roles and responsibilities to hand over the 

projects on time. The outcome and the results of the study is prepared based on the designed 

questionnaires and interviews conducted with many consultants and designers intended to 

identify the causes of delays projects in Gulf region from the viewpoint of the designers. In 

addition, the required preventive actions of the designers are studied to avoid any impacts on the 

progress of the project. The study investigates other factors from the client side, contractor side 

and the appointed project manager might affect the consultant performance on the project (Atout, 

2016). Aziz, R. F. and A. A. Abdel-Hakam in 2016 Analyzed represents consultants, contractors 



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54 

and site as well as design engineers with the exclusion of the owner who represents the 

government in road projects as a party. Revealed the results of serious relationship between 

campaigns and groups between contractors and site / design engineers and between consultants 

and site design engineers and a fairly low correlation between contractors and advisors (Aziz & 

Abdel-Hakam, 2016). Bagaya, O. and J. Song in 2016 identified the most frequent, severe, and 

important causes of schedule delays affecting public constructions projects in Burkina Faso to 

enhance the managerial capability of project managers. This research was conducted by 

questionnaire survey to solicit the causes of schedule delays from 140 Burkinabé experts (clients, 

contractors, and consultants) (Bagaya & Song, 2016). Elawi, G. S. A., et al. in 2016 identifies 

majority of project delays were caused from the owner's side as compared to contractors, 

consultants, and other project's stakeholders. This finding matched with the research findings of 

the Gulf Countries Construction (GCC) Industry's literature. This study fills an important 

practice and research gap for improving the efficiency in delivering infrastructure projects in the 

holy city of Mecca and Gulf countries at large  (Elawi et al., 2016). Another study done by 

Mahamid, I. in 2016 also conducted to investigate the performance in construction projects in 

Saudi Arabia in order to identify the contributors to poor performance and their severity 

according to public owners, contractors and consultants through a questionnaire survey. Inputs of 

consultant’s underline that the top three affecting factors are: poor planning and scheduling, poor 

site management and payments delay respectively. Key project participants and researchers, 

could benefit from the findings and recommendations of this study. Although this study is related 

to views for respondents from Saudi Arabia, other developing countries could benefit from its 

results (Mahamid, 2016). Moreover, there several studies have the semilar result and support 

with above review findings accordingly (R. Hasan et al., 2014; U. Hasan, Whyte, & Al Jassmi, 

2019), (Emam et al., 2015), (Bekr, 2015),(Mohammad Saiful Islam et al., 2015).(Jarkas & 

Younes, 2014),  (Bierman et al., 2014), (Kamanga & Steyn, 2013), (Albogamy et al., 2012). , 

(Assaf & Al-Hejji, 2006), (Faridi & El‐Sayegh, 2006). 

 

Designed related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Atout, M. M. in 2016 summarized literature about the Construction projects in Gulf rejoin 

presents particular conditions in which the consultant of the project has to concentrate during 

each phase of design to ensure that it will be accomplished on time, for example, the unrealistic 

of project duration, foreign designers and consultants, unusual growth of construction industry, 

the exceptional features of architectural details in the design of projects, and international 

consultant establishments, firms and office. Based on above literature this paper investigates the 

main causes of the delays contributed by the projects designers and consultants by representing 

their roles and responsibilities to hand over the projects on time. The outcome and the results of 

the study is prepared based on the designed questionnaires and interviews conducted with many 

consultants and designers intended to identify the causes of delays projects in Gulf region from 

the viewpoint of the designers (Atout, 2016). Bekr, G. A. in 2015 concluded that the most 

effective delay factors affecting the time overrun in the public projects in Iraq are: security 

measures, government change of regulations and bureaucracy, official and non-official holidays, 

low performance of lowest bidder contractors in the government tendering system, design and 

changes by owner, design changes by consultants, delay in progress payments by the owner, 

problems with local community, owner’s lack of experience in construction and economic local 

and global conditions (Bekr, 2015). Emam, H., et al. in 2015 identified major changes in design 

during construction; ineffective planning and scheduling; ineffective control of progress, and; 



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changes in the scope of  projects. Construction projects need to adopt planning and scheduling 

methods that deal with its dynamic and changing nature to create robust programmes with 

buffers to deal with uncertaintie (Emam et al., 2015).  Moreover, there several studies have the 

semilar result and support with above review findings accordingly (Bekr, 2015), (Pourrostam & 

Ismail, 2012)(Alnuaimi et al., 2009) and  (Toor & Ogunlana, 2008). 

 

Client Related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Durdyev, S., et al. in 2018  uncover the most significant factors constraining the SC in Malaysia 

related to government, cost, knowledge and information, workforce, and client and market 

(Durdyev, Ismail, Ihtiyar, Abu Bakar, & Darko, 2018). Morever, Alamri, N., et al. in 2017 

investigate and analyse the causes of delays  60  were integrated in the questionnaires which 

were grouped under four main categories: Client, Contractor, Consultant and External Factors. 

The collected data was then analysed statistically and ranked according to its significance. The 

results reveal, based on Pareto’s law of 80/20, that the top causes behind the delays of Dam 

construction projects in Oman are: severe weather conditions, change orders, uncertainty in 

ground condition, poor site management, executive bureaucracy in client organization (Alamri et 

al., 2017). In the same way, Haugen, A., et al. in 2017 exlored client side as well as 

representatives from the design team and the main contractor. Even though the project is large 

and complex, the client has used design-bid-build (DBB) as project delivery method. By using 

this project delivery method, the client faced several challenges during the early stages of the 

project execution. Some of the client's challenges were shortcomings in the design, as well as 

lack of control of the subcontractors. By involving the contractor's knowledge in the early phase, 

some of the challenges could have been reduced. Since the project will not be fully implemented 

until the spring of 2019, the paper addresses challenges in the early execution phase of the 

project (Haugen, Wondimu, Lohne, & Lædre, 2017). However, Oyegoke, A. S. and N. Al 

Kiyumi in 2017 identified five most frequent causes of delay in the Sultanate of Oman, in rank 

order, are: selection of the lowest bid, instead of best bid for the client (RII: 0.698); the financial 

condition of the main contractor (RII: 0.664); delay in decision-making by the client (RII: 

0.656); and poor construction planning by the main contractor (RII: 0.649). Also, the findings 

indicate that extra cost (RII: 0.754) and project time overrun (RII: 0.724) are the most significant 

effects of the delay in the Oman megaprojects (Oyegoke & Al Kiyumi, 2017). Moreover, there 

several studies have the semilar result and support with above review findings accordingly 

(Mukuka, Aigbavboa, & Thwala, 2015), (Bekr, 2015), (Atibu Seboru, 2015),  (Głuszak & 

Leśniak, 2015),  (Motaleb & Kishk, 2013), (Ruqaishi & Bashir, 2013), (Niazai & Gidado, 2012), 

(Albogamy et al., 2012), (Pourrostam & Ismail, 2012), (Rafieizonooz, 2012),  ( Kaliba, Maya, & 

Mumba, 2009) and (Alnuaimi et al., 2009). 

 

Manpower and Resources Related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Durdyev, S., et al. in 2018 analyses the barriers to the adoption of the triple-bottom line of 

sustainability of the construction sector within the developing country of Malaysia. Findings of 

this paper uncover the most significant factors constraining the SC in Malaysia related to 

government, cost, knowledge and information, workforce, and client and market. The findings 

revealed that clear and effective legislative process is crucial for the enforcement of the 

integration of SC materials and practices as well as economics incentives which will ultimately 

lead to effective implementation of SC initiatives; hence, sustainable economic growth and 

efficient resource (energy, water and material) utilization. It is hoped that the findings provide 



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56 

guidelines for the government authorities so that they invest their efforts and allocate resources 

in more efficient way (Durdyev et al., 2018). Moreover, Ghisellini, P., et al. in 2018 explored the 

construction sector is one of the most impacting economic activities in the world. The results 

show that CP for C&DWM has not been yet fully implemented in construction companies and 

industry mainly due to legislative and economic barriers. Construction companies are also much 

resistant to eco-innovation due to the fact they are only profit driven and lack of awareness of 

environmental protection through C&DWM, as well as lack of culture towards sustainable 

development. A refining of the current C&DWM regulations, laws and policies as well as the 

support of the demand of sustainable buildings are suggested as urgent measures to improve the 

C&DWM by the construction companies and to put the goals of CP, CE and SC at the forefront 

of their business agenda (Ghisellini, Ji, Liu, & Ulgiati, 2018).In the same way, Kong, L., et al. in 

2018 studies identified issues on the supply chain management of precast construction while 

considering time-dependent transportation time and on-site assembly time. There are two main 

contributions of our work. The results also show that the objective of achieving additional 

environmental performance conflicts with that of obtaining economic performance. However, 

sensitivity analysis further shows it is not always true to consider only additional environmental 

performance for the suppliers to achieve ‘green’ value. For a sustainable business, the customer's 

service-JIT delivery should also be considered.  The research contributes to batch delivery theory 

by expanding the approach to a time-dependent delivery model by considering both the 

economic and environmental effects (Kong, Li, Luo, Ding, & Zhang, 2018). However, Mahamid, 

I. in 2017 addressed schedule delay in road construction projects in Saudi Arabia. Results 

indicated that the top five important factors affecting schedule delay in road construction projects 

are: improper planning, poor labor productivity, additional works, rework, and lack of contractor 

experience. The study concluded that the main effects of schedule delay in road construction 

projects as assessed by contractors are: cost overrun, disputes, arbitration, litigation, and poor 

quality (Mahamid, 2017). Moreover, there several studies have the semilar result and support 

with above review findings accordingly (Mohammad Saiful Islam et al., 2015), (Shah, 2014).  

 

Material and Suppliers related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Ghisellini, P., et al. in 2018 explored the construction sector and recommend to  improve its 

environmental performances the sector is innovating in terms of cleaner materials, products and 

processes (Ghisellini, Ripa, & Ulgiati, 2018). Chen, F., et al. in 2018 investigate the structural 

implications and recommended that more focus should be placed on the possible measures, such 

as new structures and materials, to improve the structural integrity and thus the overall pavement 

performance of the integrated system (Chen, Coronado, Balieu, & Kringos, 2018). However, 

Durdyev, S., et al. in 2018 analyses the barriers to the adoption of the triple-bottom line of 

sustainability of the construction sector within the developing country of Malaysia. The findings 

revealed that clear and effective legislative process is crucial for the enforcement of the 

integration of SC materials and practices as well as economics incentives which will ultimately 

lead to effective implementation of SC initiatives; hence, sustainable economic growth and 

efficient resource (energy, water and material) utilization. It is hoped that the findings provide 

guidelines for the government authorities so that they invest their efforts and allocate resources 

in more efficient way (Durdyev et al., 2018). Jiang, W., et al. in 2018 has done an extensive 

study on traditional and novel engineering materials and the increasing demands by growing 

traffic have led to tremendous changes of the function of roads. This study focused on state-of-

the-art research on the performance, applications and challenges of six environment-friendly 



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57 

functional road materials, namely the permeable asphalt concrete, noise-reducing pavement 

materials, low heat-absorbing pavement materials, exhaust gas-decomposing pavement 

materials, de-icing pavement materials, and energy harvesting pavement materials (Jiang, Huang, 

& Sha, 2018).  

Kong, L., et al. in 2018 studies identified issues on the  supply chain management of 

precast construction while considering time-dependent transportation time and on-site assembly 

time. The optimal results show that, compared with the supplier's intuitive minimax optimization 

with deliveries on the earliest due date, there is an average 10.7% reduction of the objective 

value of a one-day assembly task by our proposed method. The results also show that the 

objective of achieving additional environmental performance conflicts with that of obtaining 

economic performance (Kong et al., 2018). However, Tarimo, M., et al. in 2017 examined 

construction and maintenance for the sustainable roads in Serengeti National Park. However, 

road construction in protected areas should be sustainable in terms of availability of quality 

materials within economic haulage distance and the entire construction, operation and 

maintenance process should have less environmental impacts like habitat fragmentation and dust 

pollution. The data collected were from soil material test in the existing borrow pits, traffic 

volume counting, document study and interview with fifty (50) road stakeholder. Results show 

that the current poor performance of the studied road sections may be due to lack of financial and 

human resources, quality gravel materials and existing traffic volume (Tarimo, Wondimu, 

Odeck, Lohne, & Lædre, 2017). Moreover, Gebrehiwet, T. and H. Luo in 2017 investigates the 

typical causes of delay at different stages of construction and its effect in the Ethiopian 

construction projects. They found that  the influential causes of delay investigated are corruption, 

unavailability of utilities at site, inflation/price increases in materials, lack of quality materials, 

late design and design documents, slow delivery of materials, late in approving and receiving of 

complete project work, poor site management and performance, late release budget/funds, and 

ineffective project planning and scheduling successively as unique to the Ethiopian construction 

project (Gebrehiwet & Luo, 2017).  

Mahamid, I. in 2016 also conducted to investigate the performance in construction 

projects in Saudi Arabia . Moreover, results indicate that owners rank poor communication 

among project participants as the top severe factor affecting the performance in construction 

projects, followed by poor labor productivity and poor planning and scheduling, respectively. 

Inputs of contractors indicate that the most severe factor is payments delay, followed by 

escalation of material prices and poor labor productivity, respectively(Mahamid, 2016).  

Moreover, there several studies have the semilar result and support with above review findings 

accordingly (Mukilan & Jayanthi, 2015),  (Jarkas & Younes, 2014), (Bierman et al., 2014), 

(Owolabi James, Amusan Lekan, Oloke, Olusanya, & Tunji-Olayeni, 2014), (Rahman et al., 

2014),  (Kamanga & Steyn, 2013), (Haseeb, Bibi, & Rabbani, 2011), (Pathiranage, 2011),  (Jurf 

& Beheiry, 2010), (Enshassi et al., 2009)(Kaliba, Muya, & Mumba, 2009),  (Al-Najjar, 2008).  

 

Material and Suppliers related Attributes on the Delay of the Road Construction 

Hamontree, C., et al. in 2018 exploed that the delay in construction project The study indicates 

that the 5 top factors affecting road construction delays are: incomplete drawings, lack of 

equipment efficiency or financial status of contractors, delay in relocating existing infrastructure 

structures, less of project engineer experiences, and delay in relieving environmental impact, 

respectively (Hamontree et al., 2018). Moreover, Bagaya, O. and J. Song in 2016 identified the 

top five most important delay factors were ranked as follows: financial capability of the 



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58 

contractor, financial difficulties of the owner, equipment availability of the contractor, slow 

payments for completed work, and poor subcontractor performance by the contractor. A 

comparison of the causes of schedule delays in 11 countries to validate the results of the study 

showed that financial capability of the contractor was not only the most encountered factor in 

delays for Burkina Faso’s construction industry, but also appeared in many other Asian and 

African countries (Bagaya & Song, 2016). However, Santoso, D. S. and S. Soeng in 2016 

analyzed and summarized influencing factors on the list were land acquisition, award of project 

to lowest bidder, equipment breakdowns, poor site arrangement, management and supervision, 

unexpected ground condition and terrain, low quality of the contractor human resources, late 

progress payments, and low productivity of labor. Recommendations to manage the delay factors 

were presented. Significant relationships between the delay factors and the three project 

objectives also were observed and discussed (Santoso & Soeng, 2016). Moreover, there several 

studies have the semilar result and support with above review findings accordingly (Shah, 

2014)(Owolabi James et al., 2014)(Kamanga & Steyn, 2013)(Mahamid, 2013)(Haseeb et al., 

2011)(Kaliba et al., 2009)(Al-Najjar, 2008). 

 

Govt. regulations and laws, departmental integrations local authorization on the attributes 

and the Road Construction delay 

Ahmadabadi, A. A. and G. Heravi in 2019 evaluate the effects of CSFs on the success of PPP 

projects using PLS-SEM. The results confirmed the effect of CSF on project success and showed 

that private sector capability has a direct effect on project success during the construction period 

and government capability is very effective during the project operation stage. In addition, 

investigating the case studies with respect to the introduced model indicated that a transparent 

bidding process, risk allocation, and good partnering are among the CSFs in PPP projects in 

developing countries (Ahmadabadi & Heravi, 2019). However, Mahdi, I. and E. Soliman in 2018 

found about the significant and top ranked delay factors in Arabic Gulf countries. Because of 

most construction projects are challenged with delays which have substantially negative impacts 

to any country. The analysis carried out showed that fourteen delay causes are common in the 

gulf area. The majority of delay factors include shortages of resources, inefficiency of 

management teams and governmental regulation. Analysis showed that significant correlation 

exists between delay causes rankings in Qatar, Kuwait and KSA, while Oman is differing. This 

study is a contribution to the efforts required to mitigate construction industry delays in the 

Arabic gulf countries and other countries with similar conditions (Mahdi & Soliman, 

2018).However, Alamri, N., et al. in 2017 investigate and analyze the causes of delays in Dam 

projects in Oman. An intensive literature review was carried out to identify the causes of delays 

in Dam and infrastructure projects. The results reveal, based on Pareto’s law of 80/20, that the 

top causes behind the delays of Dam construction projects in Oman are: severe weather 

conditions, change orders, uncertainty in ground condition, poor site management, executive 

bureaucracy in client organization, feasibility study did not cover all aspects, mistakes in soil 

investigation, natural effects during construction work, difficulty of defining project requirement, 

slowness of decision making process, delay of obtaining approval from the different government 

authorities, and land acquisition (Alamri et al., 2017). Moreover, there several studies have the 

semilar result and support with above review findings accordingly (Atibu Seboru, 2015), 

(Alzebdeh et al., 2015), (Bekr, 2015) and (Kaliba et al., 2009).  

 
 

 



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59 

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

The prime aims of the study to investigates of empirical articles and reviewed on the moderating 

effects of the regulations, integrations of works and local authorization on the attributes of 

critical success factors and constructions delay of the road projects in Oman. The present study 

summarized and short listed of the factors of the consultant related factors, the contractor related 

factors, designed related factors, client related factors, labor related factors, material related 

issues, equipment related issues respectively. Moreover, study also summarized that there are 

moderating effects of the regulations, integrations of works and local authorization on the 

attributes of critical success factors and constructions delay of the road projects in Oman. 

Especially, the consultant related factors are effects on the delay of projects, in case of delaying 

of approval, inaccurate site investigations and delay inspections, inadequate project management 

assistance, poor of experiences, late reviewing and approval of design, poor communications and 

coordination’s and conflicting consultant vs. design engineer respectively. Moreover, the 

contractor related factors also revealed to cause to delay of road projects by delaying of payment, 

insufficient projects planning and scheduling, inadequate experiences contractors, poor site 

management and supervisions, incompetent project team, inappropriate constructions methods, 

obsolete technology, unreliable subcontractors, frequent changes of subcontractors, poor 

communications and coordination’s with other parties and rework due to errors accordingly. On 

the other hand, designed related factors are also caused to delay road projects by insufficient data 

collections and survey before design, design errors, mistakes and delay in producing of design 

documents, poor use of advanced engineering software, complexity of project design, unclear 

and inadequate details in design drawing and misunderstand of client requirements by designer 

accordingly.  

In the same way, labor related factors are also caused to delay of project by low 

productivity of labor, unqualified and inadequate experiences, low motivation and moral, 

shortages of labor, absenteeism, slow mobilizations labor, labor sticks and personal conflicts 

among labor respectively. However, in case of material related issues also identified which has 

caused to delay road constructions by poor of reliable supplier, escalations of martials prices, 

poor quality of constructions materials, late delivery of materials, shortage of constructions 

materials, poor procurement of constructions materials, changes of materials types and 

specifications and damage of materials etc. Similarly, equipment related issues are considered to 

find the caused to delay of road constructions by inadequate modern equipment’s, low efficiency 

of equipment’s, shortage of equipment, slow mobilizations of equipment, frequent equipment 

breakdown, equipment allocations problem and improper equipment respectively. 

The study also summarized on about the  natural disaster (flood, hurricanes and cyclone 

etc.), conflict, war, global financial crisis, compensation delay to affected property owner, price 

fluctuated, unexpected ground conditions (soil and high-water level), changing of government 

regulations and laws, delays in obtaining permission from municipality, loss of time by traffic 

control and restrictions at job site, problem with inhabitant of community, delays in providing 

service from utilities (water and electricity’s) and accident during constructions respectively. The 

present study also concluded the effects of above factors which have delay road constructions 

through increasing of cost and overrun it, taken overtime, creating of disputes, going for 

lawsuits, finally happing of abandon of projects. Therefore, the present study taken initiatives to 

evaluate the current status delay level of the constructions of road as well as also will identify the 

critical success factors especially the contactor, owner, consulted, designed, client, manpower 

and resources, material and suppliers and equipment related attributes caused delay of 



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60 

constructions of road in Oman. Furthermore, study also will fill-up literature gap by applying of 

government regulations, departmental integrations of works and local authorization weather 

there is moderating effects of the on the attributes of critical success factors and constructions 

delay of the road projects in Oman. The present study recommends doing a conclusive 

investigation on the above literature gap by real data and justifying above review relationship of 

moderating effects of the regulations, integrations of works and local authorization on the 

attributes of critical success factors and constructions delay of the road projects in Oman. 

 

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Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the 

journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative 

Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.09.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.045

