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Online First                                                                                                                      Indian J Pharm Drug Studies | 1  

Original Article 

Alum-based Herbal Handwash: Formulation and Evaluation Study 

Mohit J. Umarkar1, Pawan V. Jibhkate1, Payal G. Thakare1, Nilesh B. Banarase2, Koshish B. Gabhane2, 

Vikrant L. Salode2 

From, 1B. Pharmacy Student, 2Professor, Department of Pharmacy, P.R. Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Talegaon (S.P.), Wardha, India 

ABSTRACT 

Hand washing is one of the most important strategies for preventing the spread of surface-borne diseases. A variety of hand washes 

are currently available on the market, the majority of which are alcohol-based and synthetic. Since synthetic substances can cause 

various allergic reactions among people, as well as roughness of the skin, society's interest has shifted towards the use of herbal hand 

washes. However, in addition to the herbal extracts, we investigated alum as one of the most ancient and effective antimicrobial 

ingredients in hand wash formulations. In this study, F-1 to F-5 formulation batches of hand washes were prepared using a trial and 

error method by varying the quantity of ingredients used. In these formulations, hydro-alcoholic extracts of lemon peels and reetha, as 

well as lemon grass oil as a volatile oil and alum as a mineral, were used as the main constituents, which were analysed by 

phytochemical screening. These formulations were then evaluated using a variety of methods, such as pH, foam height, foam 

retention, skin irritation, stability study, and an antimicrobial assay. According to our findings, the alum-based F-3 formulation 

performed significantly better than the other formulations. With the success of this study, we can conclude that, in the future, as herbal 

drug technology advances, various hygienic and life-saving products will firmly hold their place in human life. 

Key words: herbal extracts, alum, soap base, physical evaluation, antimicrobial  

and hygiene, or washing your hands, is a crucial, 

practical, easy, and reasonable way to stop the spread 

of disease [1]. In the past, the earliest and best 

sources of pharmacologically active compounds were plant 

species. For centuries, bioactive compounds and plant extracts 

have been employed in the preparation of traditional and 

Ayurvedic medicines, foods, natural dyes, and cosmetics for 

the treatment of various illnesses. It has been discovered that 

herbal drugs, which contain a diverse range of bioactive 

compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, 

and alkaloids, have the potential to exhibit effective 

antimicrobial properties in vitro against a broad range of 

microorganisms with relative safety [2-5]. 

Nowadays, people are very much aware of the adverse 

effects of the synthetic materials used in various health 

products. As a result, the demand for herbal products 

worldwide is on the rise. Although on the market, various 

hand wash formulations are available, most of them contain 

synthetic antimicrobials [6-7]. 

So, in this study, the formulation and evaluation of herbal 

hand wash is proposed using various herbal drug extracts, 

volatile oils, and minerals such as lemon peel, reetha, lemon  

Access this article online 

 

Received –  21st June 2024 

Initial Review –  04th October 2024 

Accepted – 08th October 2024 

Quick Response Code 

grass oil, and potassium alum, as they are easily available, less 

expensive, and more efficient with fewer side effects. 

Plants and mineral profile 

Lemon peel (Limonis cortex) is obtained from the fruit of 

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. belonging to the family Rutaceae. It’s 

a small tree, 3–5 m high, cultivated in the countries bordering 

the Mediterranean countries. Dried lemon peel is official in 

the BP and EP. The major chemical constituents of dried 

lemon peels are 2.5% volatile oil, vitamin C, hesperidin, 

flavanone glycosides, and mucilage. In this work, the lemon 

peel extract was used as an antimicrobial agent and as a 

perfuming agent [8]. 

Reetha consists of the fruits of Sapindus mukorossi 

Gaertn., also known as soapnut or washnut, a member of the 

Sapindaceae family. The plant is a deciduous tree that grows 

in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, 

China, Japan, and Pakistan. Saponins, sugars, sesquiterpene 

oligoglycosides, and mucilage are among the most important 

chemical constituents of reetha. It has been used since 

antiquity as a foaming and cleansing agent. Several studies 

have demonstrated its potential for antibacterial, anticancer, 

and hepatoprotective activity. In this work, the reetha extract 

was used as an antimicrobial, foaming, and cleansing agent 

[9]. 

________________________________________________ 

Correspondence to: Nilesh B. Banarase, Department of 

Pharmacy, P.R. Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Talegaon (S.P.), 

Wardha, India 

Email: nbanarase7@gmail.com 

H 

mailto:nbanarase7@gmail.com


Umarkar et al.                                                                                                                     Alum-based Herbal Handwash 

Online First                                                                                                                      Indian J Pharm Drug Studies | 2  

Lemongrass oil is distilled from the Cymbopogon flexuosus 

plant, which belongs to the Gramineae family. Lemongrass oil 

is either reddish yellow or brown. It has an odor similar to 

lemon oil. Lemongrass oil primarily contains citral and 

citronellal (75–85%). Other terpenes found include geraniol, 

nerol, linalool, methyl heptenol, and limonene. It is primarily 

used as a flavoring and perfume agent in soaps and cosmetics. 

In this work, lemongrass oil was used as a perfuming and 

antimicrobial agent [10]. 

Potassium alum, also known as alum, was first mentioned 

in ancient Indian texts such as the Charaka Samhita and 

Sushruta Samhita. In Ayurveda, alum in the form of bhasma, 

known as ‘Sphatika Bhasma’, is used to treat whooping 

cough. It is widely used in the purification of water, leather 

tanning, aftershave lotion, and deodorant. Various studies 

have demonstrated that alum can be effectively used in 

various formulations to kill and control the growth of 

microorganisms. So, in this work, the alum was used as an 

antimicrobial agent [11–12]. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Plant materials, chemicals, and microbes  

For this formulation, lemon and reetha fruits were purchased 

from the local market of Talegaon, District-Wardha (India). 

Lemon grass was obtained from the farm of Talegaon. All 

these plant materials were thoroughly cleaned with distilled 

water after collection and dried in the shed. In the case of 

lemons, after removing their juice, the peels were sundried 

and used. Further, these plant materials were subjected to 

pulverization and extraction to obtain extract and volatile oil. 

Potassium alum (aluminium potassium sulfate purified 

dodecahydrate), hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), 

and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were purchased from CDH 

Fine Chemical, India. Ethanol (purity ≥ 99%) was purchased 

from Alsucrose Corporation, India. A soap base was prepared 

in the laboratory. Throughout the experiment, the double-

distilled water prepared in the laboratory was used. For the 

evaluation of antimicrobial activity, the soil sample was used 

as a source of microbes. 

Preparation of extracts and isolation of volatile oils 

The plant materials, namely lemon peels and reetha, were 

pulverized to a coarse powder after drying. It was then 

extracted with solvent (ethanol: water 50:50) using a Soxhlet 

apparatus. After the extraction, the solvent recovery was 

carried out using a distillation apparatus. Further, the extracts 

were concentrated and dried in a water bath, and the yield was 

noted down. To obtain the lemon grass oil, the Clevenger 

apparatus was used, and the yield was calculated. 

Preparation of soap base 

Take 6 g of cooking fat into an Erlenmeyer flask. Add the 

12.5% NaOH solution prepared in 40 ml of distilled water and 

ethanol (1:1) to the oil and mix thoroughly. Heat the solution 

in a boiling water bath for 45 minutes. After 45 minutes, 

remove the mixture and place the flask in ice-cold water, 

followed by pouring into the 16.5% NaCl solution for 

several minutes. Filter the precipitated soap and wash twice 

with ice-cold water [13]. 

Phytochemical screening 

The prepared extracts were further subjected to phytochemical 

screening for the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, 

alkaloids, saponin glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, 

tannins, and amino acids by various standard procedures [14-

16]. 

Tests for carbohydrates 

Molisch’s test (general test) To 2-3 ml of aqueous extract, add 

a few drops of alpha-napthol solution in alcohol, shake, and 

add conc. H2SO4 from the sides of the test tube. A violet ring 

is formed at the junction of two liquids. 

Fehling’s test (for reducing sugars): Mix 1 ml of Fehling’s A 

and 1 ml of Fehling’s B solution; boil for one minute. Add an 

equal volume of test solution. Heat in a boiling water bath for 

5-10 minutes. First yellow, then brick red precipitate is 

observed. 

Barfoed’s test (for monosaccharides): Mix equal volumes of 

Barfoed’s reagent and test solution in the test tube. Heat in 

boiling water bath for 5 minutes. The solution appears green, 

yellow, or red depending on the amount of reducing sugar 

present in the test solution. 

Bial’s orcinol test (for pentose sugars): To boil Bial’s reagent, 

add a few drops of test solution. Green or purple coloration 

appears. 

Selwinoff’s test (for hexose sugars): Heat 3 ml of Selwinoff’s 

reagent and 1 ml of test solution in a water bath for 1-2 

minutes. A red color is formed. 

Tollen’s phloroglucinol test (for hexose sugars): Mix 2.5 ml 

conc. HCl and 4 ml 0.5% phloroglucinol. Add 1-2 ml of test 

solution. Heat the mixture. Yellow to red color appears. 

Tests for proteins 

Biuret test (general test): To the 3 ml test solution, add 4% 

NaOH and a few drops of 1% CuSO4 solution. Violet or pink 

color appears. 

Million’s test: Mix 3 ml of test solution with 5 ml of Million’s 

reagent. White precipitate obtained. Warm precipitate, turn 

brick red, or the precipitate dissolves, giving a red-colored 

solution. 

Test for sulfur-containing proteins: Mix 5 ml test solution with 

2 ml of 40% NaOH solution and 2-3 drops of 10% lead 

acetate solution. Boil. Solution turns black or brownish due to 

lead sulfide formation. 



Umarkar et al.                                                                                                                     Alum-based Herbal Handwash 

Online First                                                                                                                      Indian J Pharm Drug Studies | 3  

Tests for alkaloids 

For the alkaloidal test, 2 ml of dilute HCl was added to 1 g of 

dry extracts, shaken well, filtered, and used for the following 

tests. 

Mayer’s Test: To 3 ml of the filtrates, add 1 ml of Mayer’s 

reagent (potassium mercuric iodide). The creamy precipitate 

indicates the presence of alkaloids. 

Wagner’s Test: To 3 ml of the filtrates, add 1 ml of Wagner’s 

reagent (iodine in potassium iodide). The reddish brown 

precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. 

Hager’s Test: To 3 ml of the filtrates, add 1 ml of Hager’s 

reagent (saturated picric acid solution). The yellow precipitate 

indicates the presence of alkaloids. 

Dragendroff’s Test: To 3 ml of the filtrates, add 1 ml of 

Dragendroff’s reagent (potassium bismuth iodide). The 

appearance of orange-brown precipitate indicates the presence 

of alkaloids. 

Tests for saponin glycosides 

Foam test Shake a little quantity of extract with water. The 

persistent foam for 10 minutes confirms the presence of 

saponins. 

Haemolysis test: Mix a small amount of extract with blood on 

the slide. The hemolytic zone represents the saponin 

glycosides. 

Tests for steroids 

Salkowski’s test: To the 2 ml test solution, add 2 ml 

chloroform and 2 ml conc. H2SO4. Shake well. The 

chloroform layer appears red, and the acid layer shows 

greenish-yellow fluorescence. 

Legal’s test (for cardenolides): To the 1 ml of test solution, 

add 1 ml of pyridine and 1 ml of sodium nitroprusside 

solution. Pink to red color appears. 

Tests for flavonoids 

Shinoda tests Dissolve the extract in 5 ml of 95% v/v ethanol 

and add a few drops of conc. HCl and 0.5 g of magnesium 

turnings. The pink, crimson, or magenta color represents 

flavonoids. 

Tests for terpenoids 

Salkowaski’s test: To the extract, add 2 ml of chloroform and 

2 ml of conc. sulfuric acid from the side of the test tube. Shake 

it for few minutes. Red color forms. 

Liebermann-Burchard’s test: Dissolve the extract in 

chloroform, add a few ml of acetic anhydride, and heat it. 

Cool it and add a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid from the 

side of the test tube. The blue colour forms. 

Tests for tannins 

Ferric chloride test: With the 5% ferric chloride solution, the 

extract gives a dark green or deep blue color. 

Lead acetate test: Add a 10% w/v solution of basic lead 

acetate in distilled water to extract. Precipitate is obtained. 

Potassium dichromate test: With the extract, potassium 

dichromate solution produces a dark precipitate. 

Gelatin test: Add a 1% w/v solution of gelatin in water 

containing 10% sodium chloride. White precipitate indicates 

presence of tannins. 

Tests for amino acids 

Ninhydrin test: Heat 3 ml of test solution and 3 drops of 5% 

ninhydrin solution in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes. 

Purple or bluish color appears. 

Handwash formulation procedure 

The formulation of alum-based herbal handwash was carried 

out by trial and error method. In brief, a total five formulation 

batches with varying amounts of ingredients were used (Table 

1.1), and the best formulation was finally selected based on 

the various evaluation parameters to produce the bulk 

quantity. 

Table1.1: Formulation of handwash batches by trial and 

error method 

S. 

No. 

Ingredients 

used  

Formulation batches /quantity used 

(mg) 

F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 

1. Potassium 

alum 

400 450 500 550 600 

2. Lemon peel 

extract 

500 650 750 800 900 

3. Reetha 

extract 

500 650 750 800 900 

4. Lemon grass 

oil 

500 600 400 300 250 

5. Soap based 1500 2000 2700 3000 3500 

6. HPMC 200 400 700 800 900 

7. SLS 50 200 350 500 600 

8. Distilled 

water 

q.s. to 100 ml 



Umarkar et al.                                                                                                                     Alum-based Herbal Handwash 

Online First                                                                                                                      Indian J Pharm Drug Studies | 4  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1.1: alum-based handwash formulation (Batch 

F-3) 

In this process, the desired quantity of the soap base in the 

form of powder was allowed to dissolve in the warm water, 

followed by HPMC. The prepared extracts were further 

dissolved in the distilled water and added to the gel prepared 

in the previous step, followed by SLS, potassium alum, and 

lemon grass oil, and the quantity was adjusted with distilled 

water. The formulations were made homogenous at room 

temperature and stored for further studies (Figure 1.1). 

 

Evaluation of prepared handwash 

 

Physical evaluation 

 

The prepared handwash formulations were first evaluated for 

various physical parameters like colour, odour, appearance, 

texture, homogeneity, and grittiness by visual inspection. 

 

pH 

 

The digital pH meter was used for the determination of the pH 

of the various prepared formulations. For this process, a 1% 

handwash solution was used, and readings were recorded at 

room temperature. 

 

Foam height 

 

For the determination of foam height, 1 g of handwash 

formulation was diluted with 50 ml of distilled water in a 500 

ml stoppered measuring cylinder, followed by water up to 100 

ml. Further, the stopper measuring cylinder was shaken 

vigorously for 25 strokes and kept aside for some time, and 

the height of the foam was measured. 

 

Foam retention 

 

To determine foam retention, 1 g of handwash formulation 

was diluted with distilled water in a 500-ml stoppered 

measuring cylinder up to 100 ml. The preparation was then 

shaken vigorously ten times, and the quantity of foam 

produced was measured for four minutes at one-minute 

intervals. 

 

Skin irritation test 

 

To determine whether any skin irritation or redness was 

caused by the prepared handwash formulation, 15 students 

were voluntarily selected. The formulations were applied to 

their skin for 30 minutes, then washed off. During this time, 

any skin irritation or redness that occurred was noted down. 

 

Stability study  

 

The stability of handwash was tested for one month at 5 ± 

3°C, 30 ± 2°C, and 40 ± 2°C, following ICH guidelines. After 

one month, the tested formulation was evaluated for physical 

changes as well as changes in other parameters [17]. 

 

Selection of microbes and antimicrobial assay 

 

For the evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of the 

prepared handwash, a soil sample was used as a source of 

microbes. In this process, a soil sample was prepared by the 

serial dilution method and used. For the antimicrobial assay, 

the agar well diffusion method was used. In brief, the 

sterilized nutrient agar medium plates were spread with the 

diluted soil sample prepared in sterile water using a sterile 

glass spreader. Further, the holes were punched using a sterile 

cork borer, and a volume of 50 μl (0.1%) of prepared 

handwash formulation, marketed handwash formulation, and 

sterile water was filled in each bore. Here, sterile water was 

used as a control and marketed handwash as a standard. The 

plates were incubated at 35-37 °C for 24 hours. After 24 

hours, the diameter of the inhibition zone in mm was 

measured [18]. 

 

RESULT 

After being extracted using ethanol and water, the extractive 

values of the crude drugs, lemon peel, and reetha were found 

to be 3.7% and 4.3%, respectively, upon complete drying on 

the water bath. While the yield of volatile oil from the lemon 

grass using the Clevenger apparatus was found to be 3.4%. In 

order to analyse the classes of chemical constituents present in 

these extracts, various phytochemical tests were carried out. 

The details of the phytochemical screening are tabulated 

below (Table 1.2). 

The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of all the 

phytoconstituents for which the phytochemical screening has 

been conducted except amino acids. 



Umarkar et al.                                                                                                                     Alum-based Herbal Handwash 

Online First                                                                                                                      Indian J Pharm Drug Studies | 5  

Table 1.2: Phytochemical screening of extracts 

Phytoconstituents Tests Lemon peel 

extract 

Reetha 

extract 

Carbohydrates Molisch’s  + + 

Fehling’s + + 

Barfoed’s + + 

Bial’s Orcinol + + 

Selwinoff’s + + 

Tollen’s 

phloroglucinol 

+ + 

Proteins Biuret + + 

Million’s + + 

Sulphur 

containing 

+ + 

Alkaloids Mayer’s + + 

Wagner’s + + 

Hager’s + + 

Dragendroff’s + + 

Saponin glycosides Foam + + 

Haemolysis + + 

Steroids Salkowski’s + + 

Legal’s + + 

Flavonoids Shinoda + + 

Terpenoids Salkowski’s + + 

Liebermann-

Burchard’s 

+ + 

Tannins Ferric chloride + + 

Lead acetate + + 

Potassium 

dichromate 

+ + 

Gelatin + + 

Amino acids Ninhydrin - - 

    + Present ;  - Absent 

 

The evaluation results of the different parameters for the 

prepared formulation batches are as follows: 

 

Physical evaluation 

 

Each of the five formulations had a light buff colour and a 

pleasing scent of lemon peel extract and lemon grass. The 

texture was glossy, non-gritty, and had an opaque appearance. 

The preparations were uniform and simple to clean. 

 

pH 

 

The pH of all the tested formulations was found to be in the 

range of 6.7–7.4, which is within the permissible limit (Table 

1.3). 

 

Table 1.3: Evaluation of prepared formulation batches 

 

Formulation 

batches 

pH Foam height 

(cm) 

Foam retention 

(Min.) 

F-1 6.9 24 8 

F-2 6.9 19 3 

F-3 7.1 32 12 

F-4 6.8 19 5 

F-5 7.4 22 5 

 

Foam height 

The foam height of all the tested formulations of herbal 

handwash was given in the table (Table 1.3). From the 

observation table, it was found that the F-3 formulation has 

good foam height as compared to other formulations. 

Foam retention 

According to the observation table (Table 1.3), the F-3 

formulation has a better retention time than the others, which 

was almost stable for 12 minutes. So, the F-3 formulation can 

be considered good on this parameter as well. 

Skin irritation test 

No irritation or redness to the skin was reported on the 

evaluation of all formulations of handwash. 

Stability 

On testing prepared handwash formulations for one month at 

various conditions, the F-3 formulation was found to be more 

stable as compared to others. Other than the F-3 formulation, 

slight changes in the colour as well as the odour have been 

observed. 

Table 1.4: Antimicrobial assay 

S. 

No. 

Diameter of inhibition zone in (mm) 

Formulation batches 50μl 

(0.1%) 

Standard formulation  

50μl (0.1%) 

1. F-1 11  

 
42 

2. F-2 06 

3. F-3 24 

4. F-4 15 

5. F-5 16 

 

Antimicrobial assay 

The antimicrobial assay revealed that the F-3 handwash 

formulation is effective at inhibiting the growth of 

microorganisms, similar to the marketed product (Table 1.4). As 



Umarkar et al.                                                                                                                     Alum-based Herbal Handwash 

Online First                                                                                                                      Indian J Pharm Drug Studies | 6  

a result, we can conclude that the F-3 formulation is suitable 

for bulk preparation and subsequent application. 

DISCUSSION 

The herbal handwash formulations in this study were made 

with reetha and lemon peel hydro-alcoholic extracts. Lemon 

grass and alum were also utilized as primary ingredients. All 

of the extracts had a similar chemical composition, with the 

exception of the presence of amino acids, as discovered during 

the phytochemical screening process. These phytochemical 

data suggested that the strong antimicrobial activity observed 

in the antimicrobial assay may be attributed to the presence of 

a few key constituents, primarily tannins, saponin glycosides, 

and alkaloids. Additionally, the quality parameters for the 

aforementioned herbal handwash were found to be 

satisfactory. 

CONCLUSION 

With COVID-19, people are becoming more aware of the 

various diseases that spread through skin surfaces, such as 

hands. Hand washing is one of the simplest ways to protect 

ourselves from infectious diseases. Hand wash liquids are 

commonly used in society to provide protection. Various 

handwash formulations with a variety of ingredients are 

available on the market, the majority of which are synthetic or 

alcohol-based. Despite the fact that these formulations have 

passed various quality tests, people prefer formulations 

containing natural ingredients such as herbs, minerals, and 

volatile oils due to their relative non-toxic effects and to 

control the continuous buildup of microbe resistance. So, in 

this study, while keeping this fact in mind, alum-based herbal 

extracts and a volatile oil-containing herbal handwash were 

prepared. The prepared handwash formulation batches were 

tested for a variety of parameters, including antimicrobial 

activity. Among them, we discovered that formulation batch 

F-3 performed exceptionally well in all aspects of the hand 

washing requirement. The antimicrobial assay revealed that F-

3 at 0.1% concentration effectively inhibited the growth of soil 

bacteria. So, to summarize the study, the alum-based herbal 

handwash was successfully developed and tested. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

We are grateful to the college management for providing 

laboratory and library facilities during our course of work. 

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How to cite this article: Mohit J. Umarkar, Pawan V. 

Jibhkate, Payal G. Thakare, Nilesh B. Banarase, Koshish B. 

Gabhane, Vikrant L. Salode. Alum-based Herbal Handwash- 

Formulation and Evaluation Study. Indian J Pharm Drug 

Studies. 2024; Online First. 

Funding: None;                 Conflicts of Interest: None Stated 


