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Vol 1 | Issue 1 | Apr - Jun 2022                                                                                  Indian J of Pharm Drug Studies | 20  

Original Article 

Preliminary phytochemical, proximate and nutrient analysis indifferent leaf 

extracts of Jatropha curcasL 

Vasthi Kennedy Evanjelene1, Ganesh Velu1 

From, 1Proprietor, General Manager, Alpha Omega Research Foundation, Salem 

Correspondence to: Vasthi Kennedy Evanjelene, Proprietor, Alpha Omega Research Foundation, 16, Anbu Nagar, Gorimedu, Salem, 

India – 636 008. Email - alphaomegabiovision@gmail.com  

ABSTRACT 

The current study looks at the phytochemical analysis, proximate composition, and nutrient content of different Jatropha curcas L. leaf 

extracts in-vitro. Preliminary phytochemical studies were also carried out to identify the classes of compounds found in different J. 

curcas leaf extracts. Proximate analysis (moisture, ash, total protein, fats, fibre, carbohydrate, and energy content) was done using the 

Association of Official Analytical Chemists' methods. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to examine macronutrients (Ca, Mg, 

Na, K) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd).The results of the study revealed that J. curcas has a higher proximate and 

nutrient value, with a strong association between the two. J. curcas has also been discovered to be useful in medicine and food. In 

conclusion, the thesis demonstrated the biological potency of the plant and provided scientific support for its use in Indian medicine. 

Key word: Phytochemical analysis, proximate analysis, Micro and macro nutrients, J. curcas 

edicinal plants play an important role in providing 

primary health care to rural people, and they are 

used by around 80% of the world's marginal 

populations [1]. Plants have been the foundation of many 

traditional medicine systems around the world since the 

beginning of time and have continued to provide mankind 

with new remedies.Because of the unprecedented accessibility 

of complex chemical compounds, a wide range of medicinal 

plants, their distilled constituents, and natural products from 

these plants provide limitless prospects for new drug 

discovery [2] and have also been shown to have beneficial 

therapeutic potential. Plants have medicinal value in the form 

of chemical compounds that have a beneficial physiological 

effect on the human body [3], and since plants synthesize such 

a wide variety of chemical compounds, they have a lot of 

potential for drug discovery and growth [4].Synthetic products 

abound on the market, with high premiums, adverse side 

effects, and environmental consequences [5]  

Medicinal plants and drugs extracted from them, on the 

other hand, are less expensive and have fewer side effects, 

making them common with the public [6]. While non-

nutritive, most photochemical are considered to have disease-

preventive properties. As a result, they provide protection 

against pathogens [7], and samples are a source of sugars, 

minerals, organic acids, dietary fibres, and phenolics, which 

have a wide range of actions, including antioxidants, anti-

mutagenic, cardio preventive, anti-bacterial, and antiviral 

activities [8].Alkaloids, saponins, sugars, glycosides, 

flavonoids, gums, steroids, tannins, phenolic compounds, 

volatile oils, and other phytochemicals are synthesized from a 

variety of medicinal plants and are used to treat a variety of 

ailments [9]. The act of revealing below a certain limit results 

in a consistent manner in a physiologically essential function 

on the life system [10].  

Plant cell metabolic products are active elements in 

medicinal plants, and a trace element plays an important role 

in metabolism [11]. Herbs provide us with nutritional and 

trace elements, as well as chemicals with medicinal value; 

each one plays an important role if a deficiency occurs, as it 

can contribute to irregular body growth [12]. Some essential 

elements have been discovered in the aerial parts of various 

medicinal plants that are used in the treatment of various 

diseases. Some doctors and locals used medicinal plants in 

high concentrations in various ways [13]. The excess of trace 

elements in soil, water, animals, and plants has been directly 

proportional to the pathological state of the human body. Diets 

that are consistently high in a trace element may have an 

impact on the function of certain organs in the body. Five 

medicinal plant species were examined to determine their 

elemental value for this purpose. 

Protein and carbohydrates are essential nutrients for life. 

Protein is essential for nutrient analysis [14]. Carbohydrates 

and proteins are essential nutrients for plants. Nutrients are 

essential for the body's physiological functions. These 

nutrients play an important role in satisfying human needs for 

M 

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Evanjelene & Velu                                                                                                   Jatropha curcasL  

Vol 1 | Issue 1 | Apr - Jun 2022                                                                                  Indian J of Pharm Drug Studies | 21  

energy and life processes.Moisture, ash, crude fibre, protein, 

and carbohydrate were measured in different species by [15]. 

The nutrient and proximate study of selected plant species' 

aerial parts is critical in determining their nutritional value. 

Since a variety of medicinal plant species are also used as 

food in addition to their medicinal benefits, assessing their 

nutritional value may aid in recognising the importance of 

these plants’ species [16].  

Jatropha species are members of the Euphorbiaceae family 

and are used in traditional folklore medicine in Africa, Asia, 

and Latin America to treat a variety of ailments. Physic nut, 

purging nut, or pig nut are both names for J. curcas. Previous 

research has found that J. curcas leaf extract has substantial 

wound healing activity [17], antidiabetic activity [18], 

immunomodulatory effect [19] and antiparasitic/disinfectant 

activity.The plant's bark extract has been shown to have 

wound-healing properties[17] the root isolated fraction has 

been shown to have anti-diarrhoeal properties [20], curcin 

from seeds has been shown to have anti-tumour activity [21], 

and the latex contains alkaloids with anti-cancerous 

properties. The nutritional value of J. curcas medicinal plants 

species was assessed for this reason. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Collection and Extraction of Plant Material: The leaves of 

J. curcas were collected and preserved in the Alpha Omega 

Research Centre (AORC073). The plant materials were 

washed and dried in the shade using running tap water. The 

leaves have been crushed and ground into a coarse powder. 

These coarse powders (25 g) were extracted sequentially using 

Soxhlet instruments in 250ml of each solvent (hexane, diethyl 

ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and aqueous). 

The extracts were processed before being taken up for further 

investigation. The dissolved solvents for these extracts are 

DMSO (dimethyl sufloxide). 

Table 1: Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of J. Curcas 

Class of 

Compounds 
Test Performed 

Extracts 

Hexane 
Diethyl 

ether 
Ethanol 

Ethyl 

acetate 
Acetone Methanol Aqueous 

Alkaloids 
Mayer’s  

Wagner’s  

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

+ 

+ 

++ 

++ 

++ 

++ 

Flavonoids 
H2SO4 

Lead Acetate 

- 

- 

- 

- 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

++ 

++ 

++ 

++ 

Steroids 
Liebermann - 

Burchard 
- - - + + + + 

Terpenoids Salkowski - - - - + + + 

Anthroquinone Borntragers - - - - + ++ ++ 

Phenols 
Ferric Chloride 

Lead Acetate 

- 

- 

- 

- 

+ 

+ 

- 

- 
+ ++ ++ 

Saponin Foam + + - + - - - 

Tannin Braemer’s - - + - + + + 

Carbohydrates Fehling - - + + + + + 

Oils and Resins Filter Paper + + + + - - - 

Note: “+” = Present, “++” = More Active, “-” = Absent 

Phytochemical Screening: All extracts of J. curcas were 

subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis using 

standard methods defined by Brain and Turner [22] Evans [23]. 

Proximate and Chemical Analysis: Each collected plant 

sample was dried in the shade and finely ground to raw flour 

using an electric grinding machine (National Model MX 

491N). The researchers were then carried out using the 

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard 

techniques from [24].The moisture content of the sample was 

measured by drying it in the oven at 105°C until it reached a 

constant weight. The total organic nitrogen value of the 

sample was determined using Micro-apparatus Kjeldahl's to 

determine the crude protein value [25]. The crude lipids were 

extracted in petroleum ether at 40-60°C using the Soxhlet 

apparatus, followed by rot-evaporation of the solvent to 

dryness.Dry result of lipid estimation was ignited for fibre 

content estimation, and the ash contents were calculated and 

taken as equal to fibre contents [26]. The difference method 

was used to quantify the carbohydrate content of each sample 

as stated below: Carbohydrate (%) = 100- (moisture (%) + 

protein percentage (%) + lipid (%) + ash contents (%)). 

Whereas, the energy value of each sample was determined by 

using the following formula: K calories/100 gm = 9 (crude 

fats (%)) + 4 (carbohydrates (%) + proteins (%)) 

Elemental Analysis:The plant was burned to ash, then the ash 

was dissolved in HCl to make it into a solution. The macro- 

and micronutrients were thenmeasured using a Perkin Elmer 

single beam atomic absorption spectrometer.  

Statistical Analysis:Each plant sample was subjected to 

proximate and elemental analysis three times, with the mean, 

standard deviation, and standard error determined for each 

parameter. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to 

conduct inter-element correlation (SPSS V.14) 



Evanjelene & Velu                                                                                                   Jatropha curcasL  

Vol 1 | Issue 1 | Apr - Jun 2022                                                                                  Indian J of Pharm Drug Studies | 22  

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Secondary metabolites found in medicinal plants, such as 

alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and their corresponding active 

metabolites, have a high medicinal value and are commonly 

used in the pharmaceutical and drug industries. (Hexane, 

Diethyl ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and 

aqueous) extracts of J. curcas demonstrate higher yield 

percentages. When compared to other extracts, methanol 

extracts (81.36 percent) and aqueous extracts (80.23 percent) 

have higher yield percentages. This suggests that the essence 

of the solvent accounts for not only the yield of the extracts, 

but also their biological activities. 

Phytochemical Screening 

The phytochemical analysis of various extracts of J. curcasis 

shown in Table 1. The existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, 

steroids, Terpenoids, anthraquinone, phenols, tannins, and 

carbohydrates were reported in the J. curcas methanol and 

aqueous extracts, according to the qualitative findings 

presented in Table 1. Other extracts with mild activity include 

hexane, diethyl ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone. 

When methanol and aqueous extracts were compared to other 

extracts, the researchers discovered that methanol and aqueous 

extracts had more constituents. Plant extracts were subjected 

to phytochemical examination, which indicated the existence of 

constituents with medicinal and physiological properties [27]. 

Phytochemicals such as phenols, tannins, flavonoids, 

saponins, glycosides, hormones, terpenoids, and alkaloids 

were discovered in the plant extracts. Total alkaloids, total 

flavonoids, total phenols, and total tannins were among the 

phytoconstituents investigated quantitatively. Acetone extracts 

have a total alkaloids content of 8.24 ± 0.03 mg/g, methanol 

extracts have a total alkaloids content of 10.22 ± 0.02 mg/g, 

and aqueous extracts have a total alkaloids content of 9.55 ± 

0.04 mg/g.Ethanol extracts have a total flavonoid content of 

4.23 ± 0.03 mg/g, ethyl acetate extracts have a total flavonoid 

content of 4.03 ± 0.03 mg/g, acetone extracts have a total 

flavonoid content of 4.38 ± 0.01 mg/g, methanol extracts have 

a total flavonoid content of 4.75 ± 0.03 mg/g, and aqueous 

extracts have a total flavonoid Total phenols are 7.34 ± 0.04 

mg/g in ethanol extract, 7.57 ± 0.01 mg/g in acetone extract, 

7.95 ± 0.03 mg/g in methanol extract, and 7.87 0.01 mg/g in 

aqueous extract. Total tannins are 2.56 ± 0.03 mg/g in ethanol 

extract, 2.84 ± 0.04 mg/g in acetone extract, 3.24 ± 0.03 mg/g 

in methanol extract, and 2.96 ± 0.02 mg/g in aqueous extract 

(Figure- 1).  

One of the largest and most common classes of plant 

metabolites is phenolic compounds [28].They have biological 

properties such as anti-apoptosis, anti-aging, anti-carcinogen, 

anti-inflammation, anti-atherosclerosis, cardiovascular 

defense, and endothelial function enhancement, as well as 

angiogenesis and cell proliferation inhibition [29]. Medicinal 

plants high in phenolic compounds have been studied for their 

antioxidant properties in several studies. Plants produce 

natural antioxidants in the form of phenolic compounds like 

flavonoid, phenolic acids, and tocopherols [30]. Tannins bind 

to proline-rich proteins, preventing them from being 

synthesised. Flavonoids are hydroxylated phenolic compounds 

that plants produce in response to microbial infection and 

have been shown to have antimicrobial properties in-vitro 

against a wide range of microor-ganisms. Their ability to 

complex with extracellular and soluble proteins, as well as the 

bacterial cell wall, is most likely the reason for their activity. 

They are also strong antioxidants with anticancer properties 

[31]. 

 
Figure 1: Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of J. 

Curcas 

Nutritional Analysis 

Natural plant harvests have long contributed to the isolation of 

modern medicine and continue to plays an important role in 

the discovery of newer medications. Humans consume a wide 

range of plant derivatives as food, drugs, and dietary 

supplements [32].Plants offering rudimentary healthcare to the 

biosphere's outcasts. Plants contained basic nutrients such as 

fats, protein, carbohydrates, and phytochemical inhabitants, 

which are essential medicinally and are responsible for the 

growth and change of living beings. Plants are used to cure 

diseases locally, both raw and in liquid mixtures, without 

regard for their nutritional quality, which is essential for the 

proper physiological functioning of the human body [33].  

 Nutritional and proximate evaluation plays an important 

role in the activities that plants perform in-vivo or in-vitro, 

whether they are used as vegetables or medicines [34].The 

chemical makeup of J. curcas offers useful knowledge 

regarding its medicinal and nutritional properties. The 

moisture, ash, protein, fats, fibre, carbohydrates, and energy 

values of a variety of medicinal plants are shown in table 

below (Figure 2). The moisture content of ethanol extract 

(9.47%), ethyl acetate extracts (9.14%), acetone extract 

(10.66%), methanol extract (12.45%), and aqueous extract 

(12.45%) (13.74 %). 



Evanjelene & Velu                                                                                                   Jatropha curcasL  

Vol 1 | Issue 1 | Apr - Jun 2022                                                                                  Indian J of Pharm Drug Studies | 23  

 
Figure 2: Nutritional Value of J. curcas 

With the aid of a furnace, the percentage of ash was 

calculated at temperatures up to 600 degrees Celsius. Acetone 

extract (12.46 % ash) had the largest proportion of ash, 

followed by ethanol extract (10.13 % ash), ethyl acetate 

extract (9.23 % ash), methanol extract (11.22 % ash), and 

aqueous extract (11.22 percent ash) (10.22 %). Methanol 

extract has a high protein content (16.24%) and a low protein 

content in other extracts, whereas acetone extract has a high-

fat content (7.23 %). The aqueous extract has a high fibre 

content (10.24%), while the methanolextract has a high 

carbohydrate content (88.43%) and a high energy content 

(490.36 Kcal/100g) (Figure - 3).The samples were found to 

be a good source of carbohydrates and to some extent of 

protein.  

 
Figure 3: Energy content of J. curcas 

Plants' nutritional value is determined by quanity of proteins, 

fibre, fats and oils, minerals, vitamins, and water they contain, 

all of which are essential forhuman and animal growth and 

development [35,36] Carbohydrates, fats, and protein are the 

three most important nutrients for survival. The quantity and 

quality of proteins in seeds are critical factors in plant 

selection for nutritional value, systematic classification, and 

plant improvement programmers [37] 

Table 2: Correlation Matrix of Proximate parameters 

Parameters Correlation 

Coefficient 

P value 

Moisture Vs Ash 0.25 0.68 

Moisture Vs Protein 0.93 0.21 

Moisture Vs Fat 0.50 0.39 

Moisture Vs Fiber 0.98 0.003* 

Moisture 

VsCarbohydrate 

0.64 0.24 

Moisture Vs Energy 0.93 0.02* 

Ash Vs Protein 0.44 0.45 

Ash Vs Fat 0.72 0.06 

Ash Vs Fiber 0.35 0.56 

Ash Vs Carbohydrates 0.34 0.57 

Ash Vs Energy 0.15 0.80 

Protein Vs Fat 0.50 0.39 

Protein Vs Fiber 0.94 0.01* 

Protein Vs 

Carbohydrates 

0.84 0.06 

Protein Vs Energy 0.94 0.01* 

Fat Vs Fiber 0.57 0.31 

Fat Vs Carbohydrates 0.13 0.83 

Fat Vs Energy 0.26 0.67 

Fiber Vs Carbohydrates 0.65 0.23 

Fiber Vs Energy 0.90 0.03* 

Carbohydrate Vs Energy 0.81 0.09 

Note: * - P< 0.05 (significant) 

Elemental Analysis 

K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, P, S, and Al were included in all samples 

of medicinal plants, indicating that they are responsible for 

curing a variety of diseases as well as providing animal fodder. 

The elemental contents of the analysed plant J. curcas in 

various extracts such as acetone, methanol, and aqueous 

extracts show a wide range of diversity. Plant species vary in 

the composition of elements and their balanced concentration 

[23]. The macronutrients and micronutrients included in Table 

2 were macronutrients and micronutrients, respectively.Ca, Mg, K, 

Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni are some of the nutrients. 

Methanol extracts contain a lot of nutrients (Table 2). 

Table 3: Concentration of Macro and Micro-nutrients of 

J. curcas in ppm (1 ppm = 1mg) 

Nutrients Acetone Methanol Aqueous 

Ca 3620 5631 4892 

Mg 28243 30125 29426 

K 3105 3486 3251 

Na 253 524 489 

Fe 64.3 98.2 86.6 

Cu 6.5 7.4 7.1 

Zn 25.3 31.4 28.2 

Cr 0.5 1.8 1.2 

Cd 0.3 1.3 0.9 

Pb 0.1 1.1 0.5 

Ni 1.7 2.8 2.1 



Evanjelene & Velu                                                                                                   Jatropha curcasL  

Vol 1 | Issue 1 | Apr - Jun 2022                                                                                  Indian J of Pharm Drug Studies | 24  

Plants naturally produce primary and secondary 

metabolites that plays an important role in controlling some of 

the most important functions for plant growth and 

development. Green leafy plants, for example, contain 

essential minerals such as Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, Cu, Mn, and 

nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and crude fibre 

when eaten as fruit. Plants also contain a large number of 

vitamins and hormone precursors [1] The role of medicinal 

plants in the treatment of various diseases can be seen in their 

widespread use from antiquity to the present day.The 

physicochemical studies are mainly concerned with the 

identification of adulterants as well as the efficacy and purity 

of the drug. Maintaining ionic equilibrium necessitates the use 

of sodium and potassium. This relationship between sodium 

and potassium in foods helps to prevent hypertension and 

atherosclerosis[38]. Calcium is a necessary mineral for strong 

bones and teeth, as well as providing structural rigidity to the 

body and aiding in blood clotting and cellular permeability. 

Manganese is necessary for the structure of enzymes and is 

also essential for the formation of hemoglobin [39] 

Phosphorus, an enzymatic component required for proper 

immune function, energy metabolism, and body acid-base 

balance, is in short supply. 

Table 4: Descriptive Statistics of Nutritional Analysis 

Parameters Mean content Std. Deviation 

Moisture 11.09 1.96 

Ash 10.65 1.23 

Protein 15.51 0.63 

Fat 6.60 0.46 

Fibre 9.78 0.36 

Carbohydrates 71.02 10.21 

Energy Value 419.00 62.59 

Copper is a mineral that is used in many enzymes as a 

structural component. Ceruloplasmin, a critical protein 

involved in iron oxidation, is made up of it. Magnesium is 

essential for bone formation, energy metabolism, and 

enzymatic activity catalysis. As compared to other minerals, 

chromium was found to be moderately poor. It plays a unique 

role in a variety of important functions, including the 

development of muscle mass and the maintenance of blood 

glucose levels .Zinc serves as a stimulator in the pancreas, 

causing beta cells to release insulin and allowing natural 

glucose tolerance to be maintained. It is also essential for 

tissue growth and repair. Iron is needed for the production of 

haemoglobin, the transport of oxygen, and the body's 

immunity [37]. Minerals such as Mn, Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe, Na, K, 

Ca, and traces of chromium, all of which are present in 

prescribed quantities, can be helpful to diabetic patients [40]. 

Furthermore, due to the plant's low lipid content, it may be 

used as a dietary supplement for obese people. Furthermore, 

the total element concentration becomes a significant 

parameter for assessing plant stress, nutritive value, and 

toxicity, as well as a trademark on species-related data [34]. A 

better understanding of the importance of minerals and 

valuable biomolecules in plants paves the way for medicinal 

plants to be used as both food and medicine.Minerals are also 

used by plants as structural components in carbohydrate and 

protein metabolism [35]  

CONCLUSION 

 To summarize, medicinal plants are rich in macro and 

micro secondary metabolites, as well as the potential elements 

needed by living organisms. The current study concludes that 

medicinal plants can plays an important role in the 

maintenance of a healthy life and normal body functioning by 

providing energy-rich nutrients for growth and development 

in medicinal plants' secret form. The plant J. Curcas shows 

best activity in methanol and aqueous extract when compared 

to other extracts. In quantitative analysis methanol shows 

more quantity when compared to ethanol, ethyl acetate, 

acetone and aqueous extracts. Nutritional parameters were 

carried out for moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrates 

and energy in that methanol and aqueous extracts shows 

similar activity.  

The medicinal plants have the ability to provide vital 

nutrients to humans and domestic animals, according to the 

findings. Nutrients of sufficient value are needed to live a 

healthy life and achieve maximum productivity, as in the case 

of animals producing milk. Popular plant species, which 

provide a good quantity of these basic micro and macro 

elements, are included in their diet for this reason. It's worth 

noting that many of these plants are used in high 

concentrations for medicinal purposes by local physicians and 

ordinary citizens. It is therefore recommended that further 

research be done on proximate and elemental analyses of 

widely used plants by local people in order to assess their 

nutritional value and toxicity under a wider range of 

environmental conditions. 

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Evanjelene & Velu                                                                                                   Jatropha curcasL  

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How to cite this article: Vasthi Kennedy Evanjelene, 

Ganesh Velu. Preliminary phytochemical, proximate and 

nutrient analysis indifferent leaf extracts of Jatropha 

curcasL. Indian J Pharm Drug Studies. 2022; 1(1): 20-25. 

Funding: None                  Conflict of Interest: None Stated 

 

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