id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
ihlr-25462	Fuller, Megan	A Survey of Three Patent-Based Approaches that May Play a Role in Drug Prices	2021	20	.pdf	application/pdf	8905	470	53	This echoed the same position that Justice Ginsburg took when dissenting in Kirtsaeng, where she argued that a foreign sale should not exhaust U.S. copyright protections.56 Regardless, most economists believe that parallel importation will result in more uniform pricing: namely, lower U.S. prices and higher prices abroad.57 In its best-case scenario, the establishment of international exhaustion will align U.S. patent law with free trade principles, decreasing international price discrimination.58 Notably, there is no uniform agreement on this point. This means that, in the past, authorized sales and the corresponding distribution of patented medicines by pharmaceutical manufacturers to countries outside the U.S. (e.g., direct sales of a drug to Canada) would not terminate U.S. patent rights to that drug; or, at least, the law has historically been unclear on this point.18 Therefore, most people believed that re-importation of medicine initially sold or distributed to a foreign country, and then re-imported back into the U.S., would be considered an act of patent infringement.19 This rule is important to pharmaceutical re-importation because prices are lower in Canada and many other foreign countries than they are in the U.S.20 One reason for this is that some governments (e.g., Canada) “are the primary or only payer of health care and in effect [can] dictate the prices of medicines as a condition of market access.”21	cache/ihlr-25462.pdf	txt/ihlr-25462.txt