id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
inlawrev-12060	Broyles, D. Scott	Doubting Thomas: Justice Clarence Thomas's Effort to Resurrect the Privileges or Immunities Clause	2013	45	.pdf	application/pdf	22339	1098	59	The constitutional difficulty facing the nation on the eve of civil war in 1859 involved Congress’s inability to force the states to abide by these privileges and immunities that are fundamental rights by virtue of their being natural rights, as well as rights of United States citizenship.222 Bingham viewed the Fourteenth Amendment as the constitutional cure needed for the injustices attending the (mostly southern) states’ continuing denial of fundamental natural rights, as well as fundamental rights of United States citizenship, even after the conclusion of the Civil War.223 In particular, the Privileges or Immunities Clause was designed to ensure national protection for “the privileges and immunities of all the citizens of the Republic and the inborn rights of every person . . . Bingham was careful, however, to use the word “chiefly” because it made clear what his earlier comments in his 1859 speech had emphasized: “privileges” and “immunities” included fundamental natural rights beyond those enumerated in the Bill of Rights.	cache/inlawrev-12060.pdf	txt/inlawrev-12060.txt