id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
inlawrev-27143	Meyer, Patrick	The Article Contains 400 Calories: A Critique of, and Call for Expansion to, the Menu Labeling Requirements of Section 4205 of the Affordable Care Act	2023	35	.pdf	application/pdf	17275	859	56	THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS 400 CALORIES 93 Stimulus money can be used to invest in digital menu boards, to pay testing companies to evaluate the nutrition content of restaurant food, or to pay for database access to existing nutrition information. [Vol. 56:59 A 2018 article, called “Higher-Calorie Menu Items Eliminated in Large Chain Restaurants” by Bleich et al., found that large chain restaurants reduced calories in their menu offerings as section 4205 of the ACA was about to be implemented in 2018.82 After analyzing over 27,000 menu items of sixty-six of the one hundred largest restaurant chains from 2012 to 2015, the authors found that newly added menu items contained sixty fewer calories (or 12% fewer calories), items that stayed on the menu for all four years of the study contained 102 fewer calories than items that were dropped (about 18% fewer calories), and that restaurants posting menu items had fewer item calories than non-posting restaurants.83 Similar results were found in a 2016 article called “Macronutrient Composition of Menu Offerings in Fast Food Restaurants in the U.S.” by Jarlenski et al.84 The authors analyzed 11,737 menu items from thirty-seven fast food restaurants from 2012 to 2014 and found that new food menu items in 2014 had fifty-two fewer calories than 2012 food items and new beverage items had thirty-six fewer calories than 2012 beverage items.85 The authors simply attributed the decline in calories as part of the general trend that restaurants are employing,86 perhaps because these restaurants were anticipating that these changes would soon be necessitated by the implementation of section 4205, as the Bleich study of sixty-six of the largest chain restaurants noted.87 These recent studies dovetail nicely with a prior summary of recent studies that this author has previously published.88 Studies from other countries have shown that menu labeling is effective.	cache/inlawrev-27143.pdf	txt/inlawrev-27143.txt