id sid tid token lemma pos inlawrev-2661 1 1 indiana indiana PROPN inlawrev-2661 1 2 law law PROPN inlawrev-2661 1 3 review review VERB inlawrev-2661 1 4 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 5 joint joint ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 6 participation participation NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 7 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 8 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 1 9 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 10 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 11 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 12 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 13 : : PUNCT inlawrev-2661 1 14 balancing balance VERB inlawrev-2661 1 15 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 16 interests interest NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 17 ^'in ^'in NUM inlawrev-2661 1 18 light light NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 19 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 1 20 reason reason NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 21 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 1 22 experience experience NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 23 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 1 24 i. i. NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 25 introduction introduction NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 26 since since SCONJ inlawrev-2661 1 27 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 28 adoption adoption NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 29 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 1 30 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 31 federal federal ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 32 rules rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 33 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 1 34 evidence evidence NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 35 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 1 36 1975 1975 NUM inlawrev-2661 1 37 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 1 38 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 39 supreme supreme PROPN inlawrev-2661 1 40 court court PROPN inlawrev-2661 1 41 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 1 42 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 43 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 1 44 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 1 45 has have AUX inlawrev-2661 1 46 twice twice ADV inlawrev-2661 1 47 had have VERB inlawrev-2661 1 48 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 49 opportunity opportunity NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 50 to to PART inlawrev-2661 1 51 recognize recognize VERB inlawrev-2661 1 52 a a DET inlawrev-2661 1 53 joint joint ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 54 participation participation NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 55 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 56 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 1 57 the the DET inlawrev-2661 1 58 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 59 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 60 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 61 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 1 62 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 1 63 federal federal ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 64 criminal criminal ADJ inlawrev-2661 1 65 cases case NOUN inlawrev-2661 1 66 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 2 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 2 2 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 3 declined decline VERB inlawrev-2661 2 4 both both PRON inlawrev-2661 2 5 times^ times^ PROPN inlawrev-2661 2 6 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 2 7 thereby thereby ADV inlawrev-2661 2 8 allowed allow VERB inlawrev-2661 2 9 a a DET inlawrev-2661 2 10 split split NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 11 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 2 12 authority authority NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 13 to to PART inlawrev-2661 2 14 develop develop VERB inlawrev-2661 2 15 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 2 16 the the DET inlawrev-2661 2 17 circuit circuit NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 18 courts court NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 19 with with ADP inlawrev-2661 2 20 respect respect NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 21 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 2 22 the the DET inlawrev-2661 2 23 recognition recognition NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 24 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 2 25 such such DET inlawrev-2661 2 26 an an DET inlawrev-2661 2 27 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 2 28 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 3 1 this this DET inlawrev-2661 3 2 split split NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 3 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 3 4 evidenced evidence VERB inlawrev-2661 3 5 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 3 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 3 7 recent recent ADJ inlawrev-2661 3 8 decision decision NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 9 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 3 10 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 3 11 re re ADJ inlawrev-2661 3 12 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 3 13 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 14 subpoena subpoena PROPN inlawrev-2661 3 15 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 3 16 states.^ states.^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 17 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 3 18 that that DET inlawrev-2661 3 19 case case NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 20 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 3 21 the the DET inlawrev-2661 3 22 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 3 23 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 3 24 court court PROPN inlawrev-2661 3 25 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 3 26 appeals appeal NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 27 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 3 28 the the DET inlawrev-2661 3 29 second second ADJ inlawrev-2661 3 30 circuit circuit NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 31 vacated vacate VERB inlawrev-2661 3 32 a a DET inlawrev-2661 3 33 district district NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 34 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 35 order order NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 36 which which PRON inlawrev-2661 3 37 found find VERB inlawrev-2661 3 38 the the DET inlawrev-2661 3 39 defendant defendant NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 40 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 3 41 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 42 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 3 43 contempt contempt NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 44 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 3 45 refusing refuse VERB inlawrev-2661 3 46 to to PART inlawrev-2661 3 47 answer answer VERB inlawrev-2661 3 48 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 3 49 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 50 questions question NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 51 concerning concern VERB inlawrev-2661 3 52 her her PRON inlawrev-2661 3 53 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 54 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 3 55 alleged allege VERB inlawrev-2661 3 56 conspiracy conspiracy NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 57 to to PART inlawrev-2661 3 58 communicate communicate VERB inlawrev-2661 3 59 national national PROPN inlawrev-2661 3 60 defense defense PROPN inlawrev-2661 3 61 information information NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 62 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 3 63 a a DET inlawrev-2661 3 64 foreign foreign ADJ inlawrev-2661 3 65 government government NOUN inlawrev-2661 3 66 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 4 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 4 2 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 4 3 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 4 4 alleged allege VERB inlawrev-2661 4 5 to to PART inlawrev-2661 4 6 have have AUX inlawrev-2661 4 7 participated participate VERB inlawrev-2661 4 8 with with ADP inlawrev-2661 4 9 her her PRON inlawrev-2661 4 10 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 4 11 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 4 12 the the DET inlawrev-2661 4 13 illegal illegal ADJ inlawrev-2661 4 14 activities activity NOUN inlawrev-2661 4 15 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 4 16 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 5 1 * * PUNCT inlawrev-2661 5 2 her her PRON inlawrev-2661 5 3 attempt attempt NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 4 to to PART inlawrev-2661 5 5 invoke invoke VERB inlawrev-2661 5 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 5 7 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 5 8 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 5 9 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 10 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 5 11 rejected reject VERB inlawrev-2661 5 12 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 5 13 the the DET inlawrev-2661 5 14 federal federal ADJ inlawrev-2661 5 15 district district NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 16 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 17 based base VERB inlawrev-2661 5 18 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 5 19 the the DET inlawrev-2661 5 20 view view NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 21 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 5 22 the the DET inlawrev-2661 5 23 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 24 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 5 25 subject subject ADJ inlawrev-2661 5 26 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 5 27 an an DET inlawrev-2661 5 28 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 29 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 5 30 joint joint ADJ inlawrev-2661 5 31 participation participation NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 32 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 5 33 criminal criminal ADJ inlawrev-2661 5 34 activity activity NOUN inlawrev-2661 5 35 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 5 36 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 6 1 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 6 2 appeal appeal NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 3 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 6 4 the the DET inlawrev-2661 6 5 second second ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 6 circuit circuit NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 7 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 8 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 6 9 appeals appeal NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 10 held hold VERB inlawrev-2661 6 11 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 6 12 the the DET inlawrev-2661 6 13 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 14 against against ADP inlawrev-2661 6 15 adverse adverse ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 16 spousal spousal NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 17 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 18 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 6 19 not not PART inlawrev-2661 6 20 subject subject ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 21 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 6 22 such such DET inlawrev-2661 6 23 an an DET inlawrev-2661 6 24 exception.^ exception.^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 25 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 6 26 so so ADV inlawrev-2661 6 27 holding holding NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 28 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 6 29 the the DET inlawrev-2661 6 30 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 31 aligned align VERB inlawrev-2661 6 32 itself itself PRON inlawrev-2661 6 33 with with ADP inlawrev-2661 6 34 decisions decision NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 35 from from ADP inlawrev-2661 6 36 the the DET inlawrev-2661 6 37 third third ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 38 circuit.^ circuit.^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 39 the the DET inlawrev-2661 6 40 second second ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 41 circuit circuit NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 42 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 6 43 holding holding NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 44 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 6 45 however however ADV inlawrev-2661 6 46 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 6 47 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 6 48 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 6 49 direct direct ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 50 conflict conflict NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 51 with with ADP inlawrev-2661 6 52 decisions decision NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 53 from from ADP inlawrev-2661 6 54 the the DET inlawrev-2661 6 55 seventh seventh ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 56 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 6 57 tenth tenth ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 58 circuit circuit NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 59 courts court NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 60 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 6 61 appeals appeal NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 62 that that PRON inlawrev-2661 6 63 held hold VERB inlawrev-2661 6 64 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 6 65 joint joint ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 66 participation participation NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 67 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 6 68 criminal criminal ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 69 activity activity NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 70 rendered render VERB inlawrev-2661 6 71 the the DET inlawrev-2661 6 72 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 6 73 inoperative inoperative ADJ inlawrev-2661 6 74 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 7 1 * * PUNCT inlawrev-2661 8 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 8 2 conflict conflict NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 3 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 8 4 these these DET inlawrev-2661 8 5 decisions decision NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 6 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 8 7 rooted root VERB inlawrev-2661 8 8 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 8 9 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 8 10 the the DET inlawrev-2661 8 11 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 8 12 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 8 13 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 14 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 8 15 sometimes sometimes ADV inlawrev-2661 8 16 referred refer VERB inlawrev-2661 8 17 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 8 18 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 8 19 courts court NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 20 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 8 21 commentators commentator NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 22 as as SCONJ inlawrev-2661 8 23 the the DET inlawrev-2661 8 24 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 25 against against ADP inlawrev-2661 8 26 adverse adverse ADJ inlawrev-2661 8 27 spousal spousal NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 28 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 29 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 8 30 the the DET inlawrev-2661 8 31 anti anti ADJ inlawrev-2661 8 32 - - ADJ inlawrev-2661 8 33 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 8 34 facts fact NOUN inlawrev-2661 8 35 privilege privilege VERB inlawrev-2661 8 36 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 9 1 ^in ^in ADP inlawrev-2661 9 2 re re VERB inlawrev-2661 9 3 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 9 4 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 9 5 matter matter NOUN inlawrev-2661 9 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 9 7 673 673 NUM inlawrev-2661 9 8 f.2d f.2d NUM inlawrev-2661 9 9 688 688 NUM inlawrev-2661 9 10 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 9 11 3d 3d NUM inlawrev-2661 9 12 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 9 13 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 9 14 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 9 15 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 9 16 cert cert NOUN inlawrev-2661 9 17 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 9 18 denied deny VERB inlawrev-2661 9 19 sub sub PROPN inlawrev-2661 9 20 nom nom PROPN inlawrev-2661 9 21 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 9 22 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 9 23 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 9 24 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 9 25 doe doe PROPN inlawrev-2661 9 26 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 1 459 459 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 2 u.s u.s PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 3 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 4 1015 1015 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 5 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 6 1982 1982 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 7 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 8 ; ; PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 9 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 10 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 11 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 10 12 trammel trammel PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 13 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 14 583 583 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 15 f.2d f.2d NOUN inlawrev-2661 10 16 1166 1166 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 17 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 18 l(hh l(hh PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 19 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 10 20 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 21 1978 1978 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 22 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 23 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 24 aff'd aff'd NOUN inlawrev-2661 10 25 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 10 26 other other ADJ inlawrev-2661 10 27 grounds ground NOUN inlawrev-2661 10 28 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 29 445 445 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 30 u.s u.s PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 31 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 10 32 40 40 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 33 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 34 1980 1980 NUM inlawrev-2661 10 35 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 10 36 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 1 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 2 755 755 NUM inlawrev-2661 11 3 f.2d f.2d NUM inlawrev-2661 11 4 1022 1022 NUM inlawrev-2661 11 5 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 6 2d 2d NUM inlawrev-2661 11 7 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 11 8 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 9 1985 1985 NUM inlawrev-2661 11 10 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 11 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 12 vacated vacate VERB inlawrev-2661 11 13 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 11 14 moot moot ADJ inlawrev-2661 11 15 sub sub NOUN inlawrev-2661 11 16 nom nom PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 17 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 18 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 19 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 20 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 11 21 koecher koecher PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 22 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 23 106 106 NUM inlawrev-2661 11 24 s. s. PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 25 ct ct PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 26 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 11 27 1253 1253 NUM inlawrev-2661 11 28 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 29 1986 1986 NUM inlawrev-2661 11 30 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 11 31 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 12 1 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 13 1 i i PRON inlawrev-2661 13 2 d. d. PROPN inlawrev-2661 13 3 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 13 4 1022 1022 NUM inlawrev-2661 13 5 - - SYM inlawrev-2661 13 6 23 23 NUM inlawrev-2661 13 7 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 14 1 7/7 7/7 NUM inlawrev-2661 14 2 re re ADP inlawrev-2661 14 3 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 14 4 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 14 5 subpoena subpoena NOUN inlawrev-2661 14 6 koecher koecher NOUN inlawrev-2661 14 7 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 14 8 601 601 NUM inlawrev-2661 14 9 f. f. PROPN inlawrev-2661 14 10 supp supp PROPN inlawrev-2661 14 11 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 15 1 385 385 NUM inlawrev-2661 15 2 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 15 3 s.d.n.y s.d.n.y PROPN inlawrev-2661 15 4 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 15 5 1984 1984 NUM inlawrev-2661 15 6 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 15 7 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 15 8 vacated vacate VERB inlawrev-2661 15 9 sub sub PROPN inlawrev-2661 15 10 nom nom PROPN inlawrev-2661 15 11 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 1 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 16 2 re re ADP inlawrev-2661 16 3 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 16 4 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 16 5 subpoena subpoena PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 6 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 7 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 8 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 9 755 755 NUM inlawrev-2661 16 10 f.2d f.2d NOUN inlawrev-2661 16 11 1022 1022 NUM inlawrev-2661 16 12 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 13 2d 2d NUM inlawrev-2661 16 14 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 16 15 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 16 1985 1985 NUM inlawrev-2661 16 17 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 18 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 19 vacated vacate VERB inlawrev-2661 16 20 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 16 21 moot moot ADJ inlawrev-2661 16 22 sub sub NOUN inlawrev-2661 16 23 nom nom PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 24 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 25 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 26 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 27 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 16 28 koecher koecher PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 29 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 30 106 106 NUM inlawrev-2661 16 31 s. s. PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 32 ct ct PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 33 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 16 34 1253 1253 NUM inlawrev-2661 16 35 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 36 1986 1986 NUM inlawrev-2661 16 37 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 16 38 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 1 7/1 7/1 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 2 re re VERB inlawrev-2661 17 3 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 17 4 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 17 5 subpoena subpoena PROPN inlawrev-2661 17 6 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 17 7 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 17 8 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 9 755 755 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 10 f.2d f.2d NOUN inlawrev-2661 17 11 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 17 12 1025 1025 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 13 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 14 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 15 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 17 16 re re ADP inlawrev-2661 17 17 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 17 18 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 17 19 matter matter NOUN inlawrev-2661 17 20 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 21 673 673 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 22 f.2d f.2d X inlawrev-2661 17 23 688 688 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 24 ; ; PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 25 appeal appeal NOUN inlawrev-2661 17 26 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 17 27 malfitano malfitano NOUN inlawrev-2661 17 28 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 29 633 633 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 30 f.2d f.2d ADP inlawrev-2661 17 31 276 276 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 32 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 33 3d 3d NUM inlawrev-2661 17 34 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 17 35 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 36 1980 1980 NUM inlawrev-2661 17 37 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 17 38 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 1 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 2 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 3 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 4 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 18 5 clark clark PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 7 712 712 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 8 f.2d f.2d NOUN inlawrev-2661 18 9 299 299 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 10 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 11 7th 7th ADJ inlawrev-2661 18 12 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 18 13 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 14 1983 1983 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 15 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 16 ; ; PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 17 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 18 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 19 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 18 20 trammel trammel PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 21 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 22 583 583 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 23 f.2d f.2d NOUN inlawrev-2661 18 24 1166 1166 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 25 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 26 10th 10th ADJ inlawrev-2661 18 27 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 18 28 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 29 1978 1978 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 30 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 31 ; ; PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 32 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 33 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 34 v. v. PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 35 van van PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 36 drunen drunen PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 37 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 38 501 501 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 39 f.2d f.2d NUM inlawrev-2661 18 40 1393 1393 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 41 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 42 7th 7th ADJ inlawrev-2661 18 43 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 18 44 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 18 45 1974 1974 NUM inlawrev-2661 18 46 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 18 47 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 19 1 645 645 NUM inlawrev-2661 19 2 646 646 NUM inlawrev-2661 19 3 indiana indiana PROPN inlawrev-2661 19 4 la la PROPN inlawrev-2661 19 5 w w PROPN inlawrev-2661 19 6 review review NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 7 [ [ X inlawrev-2661 19 8 vol vol NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 9 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 19 10 19:645 19:645 NUM inlawrev-2661 19 11 the the DET inlawrev-2661 19 12 courts court NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 13 ' ' PART inlawrev-2661 19 14 contrasting contrast VERB inlawrev-2661 19 15 views view NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 16 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 19 17 the the DET inlawrev-2661 19 18 public public ADJ inlawrev-2661 19 19 policy policy NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 20 underlying underlie VERB inlawrev-2661 19 21 the the DET inlawrev-2661 19 22 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 23 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 19 24 the the DET inlawrev-2661 19 25 varied varied ADJ inlawrev-2661 19 26 means mean NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 27 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 19 28 dealing deal VERB inlawrev-2661 19 29 with with ADP inlawrev-2661 19 30 the the DET inlawrev-2661 19 31 countervailing countervail VERB inlawrev-2661 19 32 interests interest NOUN inlawrev-2661 19 33 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 20 1 this this DET inlawrev-2661 20 2 note note NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 3 will will AUX inlawrev-2661 20 4 analyze analyze VERB inlawrev-2661 20 5 the the DET inlawrev-2661 20 6 development development NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 7 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 20 8 the the DET inlawrev-2661 20 9 joint joint ADJ inlawrev-2661 20 10 participation participation NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 11 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 12 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 20 13 the the DET inlawrev-2661 20 14 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 20 15 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 20 16 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 17 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 20 18 examine examine VERB inlawrev-2661 20 19 the the DET inlawrev-2661 20 20 reasoning reasoning NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 21 behind behind ADP inlawrev-2661 20 22 the the DET inlawrev-2661 20 23 conflicting conflict VERB inlawrev-2661 20 24 decisions decision NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 25 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 20 26 light light NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 27 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 20 28 the the DET inlawrev-2661 20 29 recognized recognize VERB inlawrev-2661 20 30 justifications justification NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 31 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 20 32 the the DET inlawrev-2661 20 33 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 20 34 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 21 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 21 2 note note NOUN inlawrev-2661 21 3 will will AUX inlawrev-2661 21 4 propose propose VERB inlawrev-2661 21 5 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 21 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 21 7 joint joint ADJ inlawrev-2661 21 8 participation participation NOUN inlawrev-2661 21 9 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 21 10 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 21 11 the the DET inlawrev-2661 21 12 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 21 13 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 21 14 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 21 15 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 21 16 abrogated abrogate VERB inlawrev-2661 21 17 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 22 1 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 22 2 place place NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 3 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 22 4 the the DET inlawrev-2661 22 5 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 22 7 the the DET inlawrev-2661 22 8 federal federal ADJ inlawrev-2661 22 9 courts court NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 10 should should AUX inlawrev-2661 22 11 adopt adopt VERB inlawrev-2661 22 12 a a DET inlawrev-2661 22 13 systematic systematic ADJ inlawrev-2661 22 14 procedure procedure NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 15 to to PART inlawrev-2661 22 16 weigh weigh VERB inlawrev-2661 22 17 conflicting conflicting ADJ inlawrev-2661 22 18 interests interest NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 19 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 22 20 order order NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 21 to to PART inlawrev-2661 22 22 circumvent circumvent VERB inlawrev-2661 22 23 the the DET inlawrev-2661 22 24 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 25 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 22 26 cases case NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 27 where where SCONJ inlawrev-2661 22 28 the the DET inlawrev-2661 22 29 public public ADJ inlawrev-2661 22 30 interest interest NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 31 mandates mandate VERB inlawrev-2661 22 32 the the DET inlawrev-2661 22 33 admission admission NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 34 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 22 35 compelled compel VERB inlawrev-2661 22 36 spousal spousal NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 37 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 22 38 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 23 1 ii ii X inlawrev-2661 23 2 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 23 3 historical historical ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 4 development development NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 5 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 23 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 23 7 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 8 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 9 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 10 through through ADP inlawrev-2661 23 11 1975 1975 NUM inlawrev-2661 23 12 an an DET inlawrev-2661 23 13 analysis analysis NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 14 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 23 15 the the DET inlawrev-2661 23 16 joint joint ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 17 participation participation NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 18 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 19 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 23 20 the the DET inlawrev-2661 23 21 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 22 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 23 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 24 requires require VERB inlawrev-2661 23 25 a a DET inlawrev-2661 23 26 recognition recognition NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 27 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 23 28 there there PRON inlawrev-2661 23 29 are be VERB inlawrev-2661 23 30 two two NUM inlawrev-2661 23 31 distinct distinct ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 32 evidentiary evidentiary NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 33 privileges privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 34 based base VERB inlawrev-2661 23 35 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 23 36 the the DET inlawrev-2661 23 37 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 23 38 relationship relationship NOUN inlawrev-2661 23 39 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 24 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 24 2 two two NUM inlawrev-2661 24 3 privileges privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 4 evolved evolve VERB inlawrev-2661 24 5 from from ADP inlawrev-2661 24 6 different different ADJ inlawrev-2661 24 7 policy policy NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 8 considerations consideration NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 9 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 24 10 are be AUX inlawrev-2661 24 11 subject subject ADJ inlawrev-2661 24 12 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 24 13 different different ADJ inlawrev-2661 24 14 exceptions.^ exceptions.^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 15 the the DET inlawrev-2661 24 16 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 24 17 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 24 18 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 19 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 20 prohibits prohibit VERB inlawrev-2661 24 21 the the DET inlawrev-2661 24 22 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 23 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 24 24 a a DET inlawrev-2661 24 25 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 26 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 24 27 an an DET inlawrev-2661 24 28 ex ex NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 29 - - NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 30 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 31 regarding regard VERB inlawrev-2661 24 32 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 24 33 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 34 which which PRON inlawrev-2661 24 35 arise arise VERB inlawrev-2661 24 36 out out ADP inlawrev-2661 24 37 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 24 38 the the DET inlawrev-2661 24 39 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 24 40 relationship relationship NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 41 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 24 42 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 24 43 ° ° NUM inlawrev-2661 24 44 because because SCONJ inlawrev-2661 24 45 the the DET inlawrev-2661 24 46 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 47 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 24 48 intended intend VERB inlawrev-2661 24 49 to to PART inlawrev-2661 24 50 promote promote VERB inlawrev-2661 24 51 communication communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 52 between between ADP inlawrev-2661 24 53 spouses spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 54 without without ADP inlawrev-2661 24 55 fear fear NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 56 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 24 57 disclosure disclosure NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 58 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 24 59 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 60 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 24 61 the the DET inlawrev-2661 24 62 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 63 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 24 64 possessed possess VERB inlawrev-2661 24 65 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 24 66 the the DET inlawrev-2661 24 67 communicating communicating NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 68 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 24 69 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 24 70 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 25 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 25 2 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 25 3 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 25 4 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 25 5 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 25 6 to to PART inlawrev-2661 25 7 which which PRON inlawrev-2661 25 8 this this DET inlawrev-2661 25 9 note note NOUN inlawrev-2661 25 10 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 25 11 addressed address VERB inlawrev-2661 25 12 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 25 13 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 25 14 more more ADV inlawrev-2661 25 15 sweeping sweeping ADJ inlawrev-2661 25 16 than than ADP inlawrev-2661 25 17 the the DET inlawrev-2661 25 18 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 25 19 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 25 20 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 26 1 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 26 2 bars bar VERB inlawrev-2661 26 3 the the DET inlawrev-2661 26 4 prosecution prosecution NOUN inlawrev-2661 26 5 from from ADP inlawrev-2661 26 6 compelling compel VERB inlawrev-2661 26 7 a a DET inlawrev-2661 26 8 defendant defendant NOUN inlawrev-2661 26 9 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 26 10 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 26 11 to to PART inlawrev-2661 26 12 testify testify VERB inlawrev-2661 26 13 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 26 14 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 26 15 any any DET inlawrev-2661 26 16 facts fact NOUN inlawrev-2661 26 17 contrary contrary ADJ inlawrev-2661 26 18 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 26 19 the the DET inlawrev-2661 26 20 defendant defendant NOUN inlawrev-2661 26 21 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 26 22 interest interest NOUN inlawrev-2661 26 23 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 27 1 '^ '^ VERB inlawrev-2661 27 2 the the DET inlawrev-2661 27 3 predominant predominant ADJ inlawrev-2661 27 4 justification justification NOUN inlawrev-2661 27 5 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 27 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 27 7 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 27 8 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 27 9 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 27 10 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 27 11 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 27 12 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 27 13 preserves preserve VERB inlawrev-2661 27 14 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 27 15 harmony harmony NOUN inlawrev-2661 27 16 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 27 17 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 28 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 28 2 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 28 3 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 28 4 currently currently ADV inlawrev-2661 28 5 held hold VERB inlawrev-2661 28 6 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 28 7 the the DET inlawrev-2661 28 8 witness witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 28 9 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 28 10 » » PUNCT inlawrev-2661 28 11 8 8 NUM inlawrev-2661 28 12 j. j. PROPN inlawrev-2661 28 13 wigmore wigmore PROPN inlawrev-2661 28 14 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 28 15 evidence evidence NOUN inlawrev-2661 28 16 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 28 17 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 28 18 2227 2227 NUM inlawrev-2661 28 19 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 28 20 2332 2332 NUM inlawrev-2661 28 21 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 28 22 mcnaughton mcnaughton PROPN inlawrev-2661 28 23 rev rev VERB inlawrev-2661 28 24 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 28 25 1961 1961 NUM inlawrev-2661 28 26 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 28 27 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 1 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 2 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 3 see see VERB inlawrev-2661 29 4 blau blau PROPN inlawrev-2661 29 5 v. v. PROPN inlawrev-2661 29 6 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 29 7 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 29 8 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 9 340 340 NUM inlawrev-2661 29 10 u.s u.s PROPN inlawrev-2661 29 11 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 29 12 332 332 NUM inlawrev-2661 29 13 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 14 1951 1951 NUM inlawrev-2661 29 15 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 16 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 17 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 29 18 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 29 19 between between ADP inlawrev-2661 29 20 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 29 21 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 29 22 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 29 23 are be AUX inlawrev-2661 29 24 privileged privileged ADJ inlawrev-2661 29 25 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 29 26 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 30 1 this this DET inlawrev-2661 30 2 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 30 3 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 30 4 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 30 5 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 30 6 does do AUX inlawrev-2661 30 7 not not PART inlawrev-2661 30 8 prevent prevent VERB inlawrev-2661 30 9 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 30 10 about about ADP inlawrev-2661 30 11 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 30 12 which which PRON inlawrev-2661 30 13 were be AUX inlawrev-2661 30 14 not not PART inlawrev-2661 30 15 intended intend VERB inlawrev-2661 30 16 to to PART inlawrev-2661 30 17 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 30 18 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 30 19 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 31 1 see see VERB inlawrev-2661 31 2 pereira pereira PROPN inlawrev-2661 31 3 v. v. PROPN inlawrev-2661 31 4 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 31 5 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 31 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 31 7 347 347 NUM inlawrev-2661 31 8 u.s u.s PROPN inlawrev-2661 31 9 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 31 10 1 1 NUM inlawrev-2661 31 11 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 31 12 1954 1954 NUM inlawrev-2661 31 13 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 1 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 2 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 32 3 made make VERB inlawrev-2661 32 4 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 32 5 presence presence NOUN inlawrev-2661 32 6 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 32 7 third third ADJ inlawrev-2661 32 8 party party NOUN inlawrev-2661 32 9 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 32 10 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 32 11 intended intend VERB inlawrev-2661 32 12 to to PART inlawrev-2661 32 13 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 32 14 conveyed convey VERB inlawrev-2661 32 15 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 32 16 third third ADJ inlawrev-2661 32 17 party party NOUN inlawrev-2661 32 18 are be AUX inlawrev-2661 32 19 not not PART inlawrev-2661 32 20 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 32 21 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 22 ; ; PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 23 tabbah tabbah PROPN inlawrev-2661 32 24 v. v. PROPN inlawrev-2661 32 25 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 32 26 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 32 27 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 28 217 217 NUM inlawrev-2661 32 29 f.2d f.2d ADP inlawrev-2661 32 30 528 528 NUM inlawrev-2661 32 31 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 32 5th 5th ADJ inlawrev-2661 32 33 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 32 34 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 35 1954 1954 NUM inlawrev-2661 32 36 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 37 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 38 statements statement NOUN inlawrev-2661 32 39 not not PART inlawrev-2661 32 40 intended intend VERB inlawrev-2661 32 41 to to PART inlawrev-2661 32 42 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 32 43 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 32 44 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 32 45 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 33 1 see see VERB inlawrev-2661 33 2 generally generally ADV inlawrev-2661 33 3 8 8 NUM inlawrev-2661 33 4 j. j. PROPN inlawrev-2661 33 5 wigmore wigmore PROPN inlawrev-2661 33 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 33 7 supra supra PROPN inlawrev-2661 33 8 note note NOUN inlawrev-2661 33 9 9 9 NUM inlawrev-2661 33 10 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 33 11 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 33 12 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 33 13 i'i'il i'i'il PROPN inlawrev-2661 33 14 - - PUNCT inlawrev-2661 33 15 liax liax PROPN inlawrev-2661 33 16 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 34 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 34 2 8 8 NUM inlawrev-2661 34 3 j. j. PROPN inlawrev-2661 34 4 wigmore wigmore PROPN inlawrev-2661 34 5 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 34 6 supra supra PROPN inlawrev-2661 34 7 note note NOUN inlawrev-2661 34 8 9 9 NUM inlawrev-2661 34 9 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 34 10 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 34 11 2340 2340 NUM inlawrev-2661 34 12 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 34 13 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 34 14 ^see ^see NUM inlawrev-2661 35 1 generally generally ADV inlawrev-2661 35 2 i i PRON inlawrev-2661 35 3 d. d. PROPN inlawrev-2661 35 4 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 35 5 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 35 6 2227 2227 NUM inlawrev-2661 35 7 - - SYM inlawrev-2661 35 8 45 45 NUM inlawrev-2661 35 9 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 36 1 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 36 2 v^. v^. PROPN inlawrev-2661 36 3 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 36 4 2228 2228 NUM inlawrev-2661 36 5 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 36 6 216 216 NUM inlawrev-2661 36 7 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 37 1 professor professor NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 2 wigmore wigmore PROPN inlawrev-2661 37 3 noted note VERB inlawrev-2661 37 4 a a DET inlawrev-2661 37 5 second second ADJ inlawrev-2661 37 6 justification justification NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 7 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 37 8 the the DET inlawrev-2661 37 9 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 10 : : PUNCT inlawrev-2661 37 11 there there PRON inlawrev-2661 37 12 exists exist VERB inlawrev-2661 37 13 a a DET inlawrev-2661 37 14 ^^natural ^^natural ADJ inlawrev-2661 37 15 repugnance repugnance NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 16 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 37 17 every every DET inlawrev-2661 37 18 fair fair ADJ inlawrev-2661 37 19 - - PUNCT inlawrev-2661 37 20 minded minded ADJ inlawrev-2661 37 21 person person NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 22 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 37 23 compelling compel VERB inlawrev-2661 37 24 a a DET inlawrev-2661 37 25 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 26 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 37 27 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 28 to to PART inlawrev-2661 37 29 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 37 30 the the DET inlawrev-2661 37 31 means mean NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 32 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 37 33 the the DET inlawrev-2661 37 34 other other ADJ inlawrev-2661 37 35 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 37 36 condemnation condemnation NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 37 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 37 38 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 37 39 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 37 40 compelling compel VERB inlawrev-2661 37 41 the the DET inlawrev-2661 37 42 culprit culprit NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 43 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 37 44 the the DET inlawrev-2661 37 45 humiliation humiliation NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 46 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 37 47 being be AUX inlawrev-2661 37 48 condemned condemn VERB inlawrev-2661 37 49 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 37 50 the the DET inlawrev-2661 37 51 words word NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 52 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 37 53 his his PRON inlawrev-2661 37 54 intimate intimate ADJ inlawrev-2661 37 55 life life NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 56 partner partner NOUN inlawrev-2661 37 57 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 37 58 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 38 1 i i PRON inlawrev-2661 38 2 d. d. PROPN inlawrev-2661 38 3 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 38 4 217 217 NUM inlawrev-2661 38 5 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 38 6 emphasis emphasis NOUN inlawrev-2661 38 7 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 38 8 original original ADJ inlawrev-2661 38 9 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 38 10 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 39 1 although although SCONJ inlawrev-2661 39 2 wigmore wigmore PROPN inlawrev-2661 39 3 characterized characterize VERB inlawrev-2661 39 4 this this DET inlawrev-2661 39 5 argument argument NOUN inlawrev-2661 39 6 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 39 7 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 39 8 the the DET inlawrev-2661 39 9 real real ADJ inlawrev-2661 39 10 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 39 11 sole sole ADJ inlawrev-2661 39 12 strength strength NOUN inlawrev-2661 39 13 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 39 14 the the DET inlawrev-2661 39 15 opposition opposition NOUN inlawrev-2661 39 16 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 39 17 abolishing abolish VERB inlawrev-2661 39 18 the the DET inlawrev-2661 39 19 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 39 20 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 39 21 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 39 22 he he PRON inlawrev-2661 39 23 rejected reject VERB inlawrev-2661 39 24 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 39 25 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 39 26 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 39 27 not not PART inlawrev-2661 39 28 1986 1986 NUM inlawrev-2661 39 29 ] ] PUNCT inlawrev-2661 39 30 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 39 31 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 39 32 al al PROPN inlawrev-2661 39 33 only only ADV inlawrev-2661 39 34 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 40 1 '^ '^ PROPN inlawrev-2661 40 2 thus thus ADV inlawrev-2661 40 3 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 40 4 a a DET inlawrev-2661 40 5 defendant defendant NOUN inlawrev-2661 40 6 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 40 7 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 40 8 unable unable ADJ inlawrev-2661 40 9 to to PART inlawrev-2661 40 10 prevent prevent VERB inlawrev-2661 40 11 voluntary voluntary ADJ inlawrev-2661 40 12 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 40 13 against against ADP inlawrev-2661 40 14 him he PRON inlawrev-2661 40 15 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 41 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 41 2 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 3 ceases cease VERB inlawrev-2661 41 4 to to PART inlawrev-2661 41 5 exist exist VERB inlawrev-2661 41 6 when when SCONJ inlawrev-2661 41 7 circumstances circumstance NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 8 lead lead VERB inlawrev-2661 41 9 the the DET inlawrev-2661 41 10 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 11 to to PART inlawrev-2661 41 12 recognize recognize VERB inlawrev-2661 41 13 an an DET inlawrev-2661 41 14 exception exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 15 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 41 16 the the DET inlawrev-2661 41 17 privilege,'^ privilege,'^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 18 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 41 19 under under ADP inlawrev-2661 41 20 such such ADJ inlawrev-2661 41 21 circumstances circumstance NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 22 the the DET inlawrev-2661 41 23 witness witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 24 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 25 may may AUX inlawrev-2661 41 26 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 41 27 compelled compel VERB inlawrev-2661 41 28 to to PART inlawrev-2661 41 29 testify testify VERB inlawrev-2661 41 30 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 41 31 facts fact NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 32 adverse adverse ADJ inlawrev-2661 41 33 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 41 34 the the DET inlawrev-2661 41 35 defendant defendant NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 36 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 41 37 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 42 1 '^ '^ VERB inlawrev-2661 42 2 the the DET inlawrev-2661 42 3 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 42 4 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 42 5 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 42 6 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 42 7 linked link VERB inlawrev-2661 42 8 historically historically ADV inlawrev-2661 42 9 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 42 10 the the DET inlawrev-2661 42 11 rule rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 42 12 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 42 13 spousal spousal ADJ inlawrev-2661 42 14 incompetency incompetency NOUN inlawrev-2661 42 15 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 43 1 '^ '^ AUX inlawrev-2661 43 2 the the DET inlawrev-2661 43 3 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 43 4 emerged emerge VERB inlawrev-2661 43 5 late late ADV inlawrev-2661 43 6 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 43 7 the the DET inlawrev-2661 43 8 sixteenth sixteenth ADJ inlawrev-2661 43 9 century century NOUN inlawrev-2661 43 10 ' ' PART inlawrev-2661 43 11 * * PUNCT inlawrev-2661 43 12 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 43 13 thus thus ADV inlawrev-2661 43 14 antedated antedate VERB inlawrev-2661 43 15 the the DET inlawrev-2661 43 16 rule rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 43 17 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 43 18 spousal spousal ADJ inlawrev-2661 43 19 incompetency incompetency NOUN inlawrev-2661 43 20 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 43 21 at at ADV inlawrev-2661 43 22 least least ADJ inlawrev-2661 43 23 half half DET inlawrev-2661 43 24 a a DET inlawrev-2661 43 25 century century NOUN inlawrev-2661 43 26 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 44 1 '^ '^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 2 both both PRON inlawrev-2661 44 3 evolved evolve VERB inlawrev-2661 44 4 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 44 5 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 44 6 least least ADJ inlawrev-2661 44 7 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 44 8 part part NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 9 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 44 10 from from ADP inlawrev-2661 44 11 the the DET inlawrev-2661 44 12 common common ADJ inlawrev-2661 44 13 law law NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 14 fiction fiction NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 15 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 44 16 '' '' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 44 17 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 18 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 44 19 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 20 were be AUX inlawrev-2661 44 21 not not PART inlawrev-2661 44 22 distinct distinct ADJ inlawrev-2661 44 23 individuals individual NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 24 but but CCONJ inlawrev-2661 44 25 a a DET inlawrev-2661 44 26 unified unified ADJ inlawrev-2661 44 27 whole whole NOUN inlawrev-2661 44 28 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 45 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 45 2 ^ ^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 3 ° ° ADP inlawrev-2661 45 4 parties party NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 5 were be AUX inlawrev-2661 45 6 considered consider VERB inlawrev-2661 45 7 incompetent incompetent ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 8 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 45 9 witnesses witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 10 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 45 11 common common ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 12 law law NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 13 because because SCONJ inlawrev-2661 45 14 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 45 15 their their PRON inlawrev-2661 45 16 strong strong ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 17 motive motive NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 18 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 45 19 misstatement.^ misstatement.^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 20 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 45 21 thus thus ADV inlawrev-2661 45 22 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 45 23 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 45 24 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 45 25 but but CCONJ inlawrev-2661 45 26 a a DET inlawrev-2661 45 27 short short ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 28 step step NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 29 to to PART inlawrev-2661 45 30 declare declare VERB inlawrev-2661 45 31 spouses spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 32 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 45 33 parties party NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 34 incompetent incompetent ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 35 under under ADP inlawrev-2661 45 36 the the DET inlawrev-2661 45 37 anciently anciently ADV inlawrev-2661 45 38 settled settle VERB inlawrev-2661 45 39 concept concept NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 40 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 45 41 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 45 42 oneness oneness NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 43 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 45 44 law.^^z law.^^z NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 45 because because SCONJ inlawrev-2661 45 46 the the DET inlawrev-2661 45 47 common common ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 48 law law NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 49 rule rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 50 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 45 51 interested interested ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 52 persons person NOUN inlawrev-2661 45 53 were be AUX inlawrev-2661 45 54 incompetent incompetent ADJ inlawrev-2661 45 55 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 45 56 gradually gradually ADV inlawrev-2661 45 57 abrogated,^^ abrogated,^^ ADJ inlawrev-2661 46 1 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 46 2 might might AUX inlawrev-2661 46 3 well well ADV inlawrev-2661 46 4 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 46 5 thought think VERB inlawrev-2661 46 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 46 7 incompetency incompetency NOUN inlawrev-2661 46 8 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 46 9 one one NUM inlawrev-2661 46 10 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 46 11 to to PART inlawrev-2661 46 12 testify testify VERB inlawrev-2661 46 13 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 46 14 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 46 15 against against ADP inlawrev-2661 46 16 the the DET inlawrev-2661 46 17 other other ADJ inlawrev-2661 46 18 would would AUX inlawrev-2661 46 19 likewise likewise ADV inlawrev-2661 46 20 more more ADJ inlawrev-2661 46 21 than than ADP inlawrev-2661 46 22 a a DET inlawrev-2661 46 23 sentiment sentiment NOUN inlawrev-2661 46 24 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 46 25 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 46 26 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 46 27 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 46 28 not not PART inlawrev-2661 46 29 posit[ing posit[e VERB inlawrev-2661 46 30 ] ] PUNCT inlawrev-2661 46 31 any any DET inlawrev-2661 46 32 direct direct ADJ inlawrev-2661 46 33 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 46 34 practical practical ADJ inlawrev-2661 46 35 consequence consequence NOUN inlawrev-2661 46 36 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 46 37 evil evil NOUN inlawrev-2661 46 38 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 46 39 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 47 1 i i PRON inlawrev-2661 47 2 d. d. PROPN inlawrev-2661 47 3 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 47 4 •trammel •trammel PROPN inlawrev-2661 47 5 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 47 6 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 47 7 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 47 8 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 47 9 445 445 NUM inlawrev-2661 47 10 u.s u.s PROPN inlawrev-2661 47 11 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 47 12 40 40 NUM inlawrev-2661 47 13 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 47 14 1980 1980 NUM inlawrev-2661 47 15 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 47 16 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 48 1 see see VERB inlawrev-2661 48 2 also also ADV inlawrev-2661 48 3 infra infra VERB inlawrev-2661 48 4 text text NOUN inlawrev-2661 48 5 accompanying accompanying ADJ inlawrev-2661 48 6 notes note NOUN inlawrev-2661 48 7 74 74 NUM inlawrev-2661 48 8 - - SYM inlawrev-2661 48 9 81 81 NUM inlawrev-2661 48 10 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 2 8 8 NUM inlawrev-2661 49 3 j. j. PROPN inlawrev-2661 49 4 wigmore wigmore PROPN inlawrev-2661 49 5 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 6 supra supra PROPN inlawrev-2661 49 7 note note NOUN inlawrev-2661 49 8 9 9 NUM inlawrev-2661 49 9 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 10 § § NOUN inlawrev-2661 49 11 2239 2239 NUM inlawrev-2661 49 12 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 13 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 14 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 15 see see VERB inlawrev-2661 49 16 shores shore NOUN inlawrev-2661 49 17 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 49 18 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 49 19 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 49 20 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 21 174 174 NUM inlawrev-2661 49 22 f.2d f.2d PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 23 838 838 NUM inlawrev-2661 49 24 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 25 841 841 NUM inlawrev-2661 49 26 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 27 8th 8th ADJ inlawrev-2661 49 28 cir cir NOUN inlawrev-2661 49 29 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 49 30 1949 1949 NUM inlawrev-2661 49 31 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 32 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 33 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 34 the the DET inlawrev-2661 49 35 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 49 36 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 37 not not PART inlawrev-2661 49 38 being be AUX inlawrev-2661 49 39 within within ADP inlawrev-2661 49 40 the the DET inlawrev-2661 49 41 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 49 42 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 49 43 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 50 1 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 51 1 stood stand VERB inlawrev-2661 51 2 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 51 3 the the DET inlawrev-2661 51 4 same same ADJ inlawrev-2661 51 5 position position NOUN inlawrev-2661 51 6 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 51 7 any any DET inlawrev-2661 51 8 other other ADJ inlawrev-2661 51 9 victim victim NOUN inlawrev-2661 51 10 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 51 11 another another PRON inlawrev-2661 51 12 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 51 13 criminal criminal ADJ inlawrev-2661 51 14 act act NOUN inlawrev-2661 51 15 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 51 16 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 51 17 the the DET inlawrev-2661 51 18 matter matter NOUN inlawrev-2661 51 19 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 51 20 the the DET inlawrev-2661 51 21 state state NOUN inlawrev-2661 51 22 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 51 23 right right NOUN inlawrev-2661 51 24 to to PART inlawrev-2661 51 25 compel compel VERB inlawrev-2661 51 26 her she PRON inlawrev-2661 51 27 to to PART inlawrev-2661 51 28 testify testify VERB inlawrev-2661 51 29 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 51 30 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 51 31 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 52 1 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 52 2 ^see ^see NUM inlawrev-2661 53 1 generally generally ADV inlawrev-2661 53 2 8 8 NUM inlawrev-2661 53 3 j. j. PROPN inlawrev-2661 53 4 wigmore wigmore PROPN inlawrev-2661 53 5 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 53 6 supra supra PROPN inlawrev-2661 53 7 note note NOUN inlawrev-2661 53 8 9 9 NUM inlawrev-2661 53 9 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 53 10 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 53 11 2227 2227 NUM inlawrev-2661 53 12 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 53 13 211 211 NUM inlawrev-2661 53 14 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 54 1 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 54 2 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 54 3 see see VERB inlawrev-2661 54 4 bent bent ADJ inlawrev-2661 54 5 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 54 6 allot allot NOUN inlawrev-2661 54 7 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 54 8 21 21 NUM inlawrev-2661 54 9 eng eng PROPN inlawrev-2661 54 10 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 54 11 rep rep PROPN inlawrev-2661 54 12 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 54 13 50 50 NUM inlawrev-2661 54 14 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 54 15 ch ch NOUN inlawrev-2661 54 16 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 54 17 1580 1580 NUM inlawrev-2661 54 18 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 54 19 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 55 1 privileges privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 55 2 have have AUX inlawrev-2661 55 3 been be AUX inlawrev-2661 55 4 traced trace VERB inlawrev-2661 55 5 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 55 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 55 7 roman roman ADJ inlawrev-2661 55 8 law law NOUN inlawrev-2661 55 9 where where SCONJ inlawrev-2661 55 10 the the DET inlawrev-2661 55 11 basis basis NOUN inlawrev-2661 55 12 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 55 13 excluding exclude VERB inlawrev-2661 55 14 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 55 15 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 55 16 twofold twofold ADV inlawrev-2661 55 17 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 56 1 first first ADV inlawrev-2661 56 2 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 56 3 there there PRON inlawrev-2661 56 4 existed exist VERB inlawrev-2661 56 5 a a DET inlawrev-2661 56 6 general general ADJ inlawrev-2661 56 7 moral moral ADJ inlawrev-2661 56 8 duty duty NOUN inlawrev-2661 56 9 not not PART inlawrev-2661 56 10 to to PART inlawrev-2661 56 11 violate violate VERB inlawrev-2661 56 12 the the DET inlawrev-2661 56 13 underlying underlying ADJ inlawrev-2661 56 14 fldelity fldelity NOUN inlawrev-2661 56 15 upon upon SCONJ inlawrev-2661 56 16 which which PRON inlawrev-2661 56 17 protected protect VERB inlawrev-2661 56 18 relationships relationship NOUN inlawrev-2661 56 19 were be AUX inlawrev-2661 56 20 built build VERB inlawrev-2661 56 21 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 57 1 second second ADJ inlawrev-2661 57 2 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 57 3 a a DET inlawrev-2661 57 4 member member NOUN inlawrev-2661 57 5 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 57 6 a a DET inlawrev-2661 57 7 family family NOUN inlawrev-2661 57 8 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 57 9 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 57 10 an an DET inlawrev-2661 57 11 interested interested ADJ inlawrev-2661 57 12 party party NOUN inlawrev-2661 57 13 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 57 14 could could AUX inlawrev-2661 57 15 not not PART inlawrev-2661 57 16 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 57 17 believed believe VERB inlawrev-2661 57 18 because because SCONJ inlawrev-2661 57 19 he he PRON inlawrev-2661 57 20 had have VERB inlawrev-2661 57 21 a a DET inlawrev-2661 57 22 strong strong ADJ inlawrev-2661 57 23 motive motive NOUN inlawrev-2661 57 24 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 57 25 misstatement misstatement NOUN inlawrev-2661 57 26 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 58 1 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 58 2 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 58 3 unknown unknown ADJ inlawrev-2661 58 4 whether whether SCONJ inlawrev-2661 58 5 the the DET inlawrev-2661 58 6 roman roman ADJ inlawrev-2661 58 7 concept concept NOUN inlawrev-2661 58 8 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 58 9 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 58 10 influenced influence VERB inlawrev-2661 58 11 the the DET inlawrev-2661 58 12 recognition recognition NOUN inlawrev-2661 58 13 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 58 14 the the DET inlawrev-2661 58 15 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 58 16 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 58 17 england england PROPN inlawrev-2661 58 18 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 59 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 59 2 policies policy NOUN inlawrev-2661 59 3 underlying underlie VERB inlawrev-2661 59 4 the the DET inlawrev-2661 59 5 privileges privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 59 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 59 7 however however ADV inlawrev-2661 59 8 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 59 9 are be AUX inlawrev-2661 59 10 remarkably remarkably ADV inlawrev-2661 59 11 similar similar ADJ inlawrev-2661 59 12 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 60 1 see see VERB inlawrev-2661 60 2 radin radin PROPN inlawrev-2661 60 3 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 60 4 the the DET inlawrev-2661 60 5 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 60 6 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 60 7 confidential confidential ADJ inlawrev-2661 60 8 communications communication NOUN inlawrev-2661 60 9 between between ADP inlawrev-2661 60 10 lawyer lawyer NOUN inlawrev-2661 60 11 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 60 12 client client NOUN inlawrev-2661 60 13 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 60 14 16 16 NUM inlawrev-2661 60 15 calif calif PROPN inlawrev-2661 60 16 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 61 1 l. l. PROPN inlawrev-2661 61 2 rev rev PROPN inlawrev-2661 61 3 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 61 4 487 487 NUM inlawrev-2661 61 5 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 61 6 1928 1928 NUM inlawrev-2661 61 7 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 61 8 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 62 1 '' '' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 62 2 reutlinger reutlinger NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 3 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 62 4 policy policy NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 5 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 62 6 privacy privacy NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 7 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 62 8 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 62 9 prerogatives prerogative NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 10 : : PUNCT inlawrev-2661 62 11 a a DET inlawrev-2661 62 12 critical critical ADJ inlawrev-2661 62 13 examination examination NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 14 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 62 15 the the DET inlawrev-2661 62 16 proposed propose VERB inlawrev-2661 62 17 federal federal ADJ inlawrev-2661 62 18 rules rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 19 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 62 20 evidence evidence NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 21 as as SCONJ inlawrev-2661 62 22 they they PRON inlawrev-2661 62 23 affect affect VERB inlawrev-2661 62 24 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 62 25 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 26 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 62 27 61 61 NUM inlawrev-2661 62 28 calif calif NOUN inlawrev-2661 62 29 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 63 1 l. l. PROPN inlawrev-2661 63 2 rev rev PROPN inlawrev-2661 63 3 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 63 4 1353 1353 NUM inlawrev-2661 63 5 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 63 6 1363 1363 NUM inlawrev-2661 63 7 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 63 8 1973 1973 NUM inlawrev-2661 63 9 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 63 10 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 64 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 64 2 although although SCONJ inlawrev-2661 64 3 the the DET inlawrev-2661 64 4 two two NUM inlawrev-2661 64 5 concepts concept NOUN inlawrev-2661 64 6 are be AUX inlawrev-2661 64 7 often often ADV inlawrev-2661 64 8 combined combine VERB inlawrev-2661 64 9 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 64 10 confused confused ADJ inlawrev-2661 64 11 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 64 12 they they PRON inlawrev-2661 64 13 are be AUX inlawrev-2661 64 14 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 64 15 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 64 16 fact fact NOUN inlawrev-2661 64 17 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 64 18 different different ADJ inlawrev-2661 64 19 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 64 20 both both DET inlawrev-2661 64 21 policy policy NOUN inlawrev-2661 64 22 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 64 23 effect effect NOUN inlawrev-2661 64 24 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 65 1 under under ADP inlawrev-2661 65 2 the the PRON inlawrev-2661 65 3 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 65 4 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 65 5 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 66 1 rule rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 2 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 66 3 incompetency incompetency NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 4 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 66 5 testimony testimony NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 6 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 66 7 not not PART inlawrev-2661 66 8 a a DET inlawrev-2661 66 9 matter matter NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 10 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 66 11 choice choice NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 12 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 66 13 either either CCONJ inlawrev-2661 66 14 witness witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 15 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 66 16 party party NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 17 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 18 ; ; PUNCT inlawrev-2661 66 19 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 66 20 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 66 21 simply simply ADV inlawrev-2661 66 22 forbidden forbid VERB inlawrev-2661 66 23 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 66 24 as as SCONJ inlawrev-2661 66 25 would would AUX inlawrev-2661 66 26 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 66 27 that that PRON inlawrev-2661 66 28 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 66 29 a a DET inlawrev-2661 66 30 person person NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 31 incapable incapable ADJ inlawrev-2661 66 32 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 66 33 expressing express VERB inlawrev-2661 66 34 himself himself PRON inlawrev-2661 66 35 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 66 36 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 66 37 understanding understand VERB inlawrev-2661 66 38 the the DET inlawrev-2661 66 39 duty duty NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 40 to to PART inlawrev-2661 66 41 tell tell VERB inlawrev-2661 66 42 the the DET inlawrev-2661 66 43 truth truth NOUN inlawrev-2661 66 44 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 67 1 the the DET inlawrev-2661 67 2 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 67 3 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 67 4 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 67 5 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 67 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 67 7 other other ADJ inlawrev-2661 67 8 hand hand NOUN inlawrev-2661 67 9 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 67 10 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 67 11 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 67 12 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 68 1 could could AUX inlawrev-2661 68 2 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 68 3 waived waive VERB inlawrev-2661 68 4 by by ADP inlawrev-2661 68 5 the the DET inlawrev-2661 68 6 party party NOUN inlawrev-2661 68 7 spouse spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 68 8 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 68 9 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 68 10 subject subject ADJ inlawrev-2661 68 11 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 68 12 certain certain ADJ inlawrev-2661 68 13 exceptions exception NOUN inlawrev-2661 68 14 .... .... PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 1 * * PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 2 ' ' PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 3 i i PRON inlawrev-2661 69 4 d. d. PROPN inlawrev-2661 69 5 ^'^in ^'^in PROPN inlawrev-2661 69 6 re re PROPN inlawrev-2661 69 7 grand grand ADJ inlawrev-2661 69 8 jury jury NOUN inlawrev-2661 69 9 matter matter NOUN inlawrev-2661 69 10 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 11 673 673 NUM inlawrev-2661 69 12 f.2d f.2d X inlawrev-2661 69 13 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 69 14 696 696 NUM inlawrev-2661 69 15 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 16 adams adams PROPN inlawrev-2661 69 17 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 18 j. j. PROPN inlawrev-2661 69 19 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 20 dissenting dissent VERB inlawrev-2661 69 21 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 69 22 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 70 1 ^'c ^'c PROPN inlawrev-2661 70 2 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 71 1 mccormick mccormick PROPN inlawrev-2661 71 2 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 71 3 evidence evidence NOUN inlawrev-2661 71 4 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 71 5 66 66 NUM inlawrev-2661 71 6 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 71 7 144 144 NUM inlawrev-2661 71 8 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 71 9 cleary cleary PROPN inlawrev-2661 71 10 2d 2d PROPN inlawrev-2661 71 11 ed ed NOUN inlawrev-2661 71 12 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 71 13 1972 1972 NUM inlawrev-2661 71 14 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 71 15 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 2 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 3 if if SCONJ inlawrev-2661 72 4 they they PRON inlawrev-2661 72 5 were be AUX inlawrev-2661 72 6 admitted admit VERB inlawrev-2661 72 7 to to PART inlawrev-2661 72 8 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 72 9 witnesses witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 72 10 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 72 11 each each DET inlawrev-2661 72 12 other other ADJ inlawrev-2661 72 13 they they PRON inlawrev-2661 72 14 would would AUX inlawrev-2661 72 15 contradict contradict VERB inlawrev-2661 72 16 one one NUM inlawrev-2661 72 17 maxim maxim NOUN inlawrev-2661 72 18 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 72 19 law law NOUN inlawrev-2661 72 20 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 21 nemo nemo PROPN inlawrev-2661 72 22 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 72 23 propria propria PROPN inlawrev-2661 72 24 causa causa PROPN inlawrev-2661 72 25 testie testie PROPN inlawrev-2661 72 26 esse esse PROPN inlawrev-2661 72 27 debit debit NOUN inlawrev-2661 72 28 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 29 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 30 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 31 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 72 32 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 73 1 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 73 2 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 73 3 no no DET inlawrev-2661 73 4 one one NOUN inlawrev-2661 73 5 ought ought AUX inlawrev-2661 73 6 to to PART inlawrev-2661 73 7 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 73 8 a a DET inlawrev-2661 73 9 witness witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 73 10 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 73 11 his his PRON inlawrev-2661 73 12 own own ADJ inlawrev-2661 73 13 case case NOUN inlawrev-2661 73 14 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 73 15 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 73 16 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 73 17 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 74 1 1 1 NUM inlawrev-2661 74 2 e. e. PROPN inlawrev-2661 74 3 coke coke PROPN inlawrev-2661 74 4 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 74 5 a a DET inlawrev-2661 74 6 commentarie commentarie NOUN inlawrev-2661 74 7 upon upon SCONJ inlawrev-2661 74 8 littleton littleton PROPN inlawrev-2661 74 9 66 66 NUM inlawrev-2661 74 10 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 74 11 1628 1628 NUM inlawrev-2661 74 12 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 74 13 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 75 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 75 2 c. c. PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 3 mccormick mccormick PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 4 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 75 5 supra supra PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 6 note note PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 7 21 21 NUM inlawrev-2661 75 8 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 75 9 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 75 10 144 144 NUM inlawrev-2661 75 11 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 75 12 648 648 NUM inlawrev-2661 75 13 indiana indiana PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 14 la la PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 15 w w PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 16 review review PROPN inlawrev-2661 75 17 [ [ X inlawrev-2661 75 18 vol vol NOUN inlawrev-2661 75 19 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 75 20 19:645 19:645 NUM inlawrev-2661 75 21 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 75 22 discarded discard VERB inlawrev-2661 75 23 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 76 1 nevertheless nevertheless ADV inlawrev-2661 76 2 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 76 3 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 76 4 lingered linger VERB inlawrev-2661 76 5 because because SCONJ inlawrev-2661 76 6 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 76 7 a a DET inlawrev-2661 76 8 second second ADJ inlawrev-2661 76 9 reason reason NOUN inlawrev-2661 76 10 adduced adduce VERB inlawrev-2661 76 11 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 76 12 its its PRON inlawrev-2661 76 13 support support NOUN inlawrev-2661 76 14 — — PUNCT inlawrev-2661 76 15 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 76 16 fosters foster VERB inlawrev-2661 76 17 domestic domestic ADJ inlawrev-2661 76 18 harmony harmony NOUN inlawrev-2661 76 19 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 76 20 prevents prevent VERB inlawrev-2661 76 21 discord discord NOUN inlawrev-2661 76 22 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 76 23 a a DET inlawrev-2661 76 24 relationship relationship NOUN inlawrev-2661 76 25 fundamental fundamental ADJ inlawrev-2661 76 26 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 76 27 society society NOUN inlawrev-2661 76 28 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 77 1 ^"^ ^"^ PROPN inlawrev-2661 77 2 thus thus ADV inlawrev-2661 77 3 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 77 4 it it PRON inlawrev-2661 77 5 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 77 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 77 7 and and CCONJ inlawrev-2661 77 8 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 77 9 an an DET inlawrev-2661 77 10 extent extent NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 11 still still ADV inlawrev-2661 77 12 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 77 13 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 77 14 considered consider VERB inlawrev-2661 77 15 to to PART inlawrev-2661 77 16 be be AUX inlawrev-2661 77 17 based base VERB inlawrev-2661 77 18 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 77 19 sound sound ADJ inlawrev-2661 77 20 public public ADJ inlawrev-2661 77 21 policy.^^ policy.^^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 22 the the DET inlawrev-2661 77 23 much much ADV inlawrev-2661 77 24 anticipated anticipate VERB inlawrev-2661 77 25 demise demise NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 26 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 77 27 the the DET inlawrev-2661 77 28 spousal spousal NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 29 incompetency incompetency NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 30 disqualification disqualification NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 31 came come VERB inlawrev-2661 77 32 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 77 33 the the DET inlawrev-2661 77 34 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 77 35 states states PROPN inlawrev-2661 77 36 supreme supreme PROPN inlawrev-2661 77 37 court court PROPN inlawrev-2661 77 38 's 's PART inlawrev-2661 77 39 1933 1933 NUM inlawrev-2661 77 40 decision decision NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 41 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 77 42 funk funk NOUN inlawrev-2661 77 43 v. v. ADP inlawrev-2661 77 44 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 77 45 states.^^ states.^^ PUNCT inlawrev-2661 78 1 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 78 2 funky funky ADJ inlawrev-2661 78 3 the the DET inlawrev-2661 78 4 petitioner petitioner NOUN inlawrev-2661 78 5 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 78 6 convicted convict VERB inlawrev-2661 78 7 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 78 8 federal federal ADJ inlawrev-2661 78 9 district district NOUN inlawrev-2661 78 10 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 78 11 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 78 12 conspiracy conspiracy NOUN inlawrev-2661 78 13 to to PART inlawrev-2661 78 14 violate violate VERB inlawrev-2661 78 15 the the DET inlawrev-2661 78 16 prohibition prohibition NOUN inlawrev-2661 78 17 law law NOUN inlawrev-2661 78 18 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 79 1 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 79 2 his his PRON inlawrev-2661 79 3 trial trial NOUN inlawrev-2661 79 4 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 79 5 the the DET inlawrev-2661 79 6 petitioner petitioner NOUN inlawrev-2661 79 7 called call VERB inlawrev-2661 79 8 his his PRON inlawrev-2661 79 9 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 79 10 to to PART inlawrev-2661 79 11 testify testify VERB inlawrev-2661 79 12 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 79 13 his his PRON inlawrev-2661 79 14 behalf behalf NOUN inlawrev-2661 79 15 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 79 16 but but CCONJ inlawrev-2661 79 17 she she PRON inlawrev-2661 79 18 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 79 19 not not PART inlawrev-2661 79 20 allowed allow VERB inlawrev-2661 79 21 to to PART inlawrev-2661 79 22 do do VERB inlawrev-2661 79 23 so so ADV inlawrev-2661 79 24 pursuant pursuant VERB inlawrev-2661 79 25 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 79 26 her her PRON inlawrev-2661 79 27 disqualification disqualification NOUN inlawrev-2661 79 28 as as ADP inlawrev-2661 79 29 an an DET inlawrev-2661 79 30 incompetent incompetent ADJ inlawrev-2661 79 31 witness witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 79 32 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 80 1 ^^ ^^ PUNCT inlawrev-2661 80 2 the the DET inlawrev-2661 80 3 fourth fourth ADJ inlawrev-2661 80 4 circuit circuit NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 5 affirmed affirm VERB inlawrev-2661 80 6 the the DET inlawrev-2661 80 7 conviction.^^ conviction.^^ NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 8 the the DET inlawrev-2661 80 9 supreme supreme PROPN inlawrev-2661 80 10 court court PROPN inlawrev-2661 80 11 granted grant VERB inlawrev-2661 80 12 certiorari certiorari NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 13 to to PART inlawrev-2661 80 14 decide decide VERB inlawrev-2661 80 15 * * PUNCT inlawrev-2661 80 16 * * PUNCT inlawrev-2661 80 17 whether whether SCONJ inlawrev-2661 80 18 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 80 19 a a DET inlawrev-2661 80 20 federal federal ADJ inlawrev-2661 80 21 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 22 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 80 23 the the DET inlawrev-2661 80 24 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 25 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 80 26 the the DET inlawrev-2661 80 27 defendant defendant NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 28 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 80 29 trial trial NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 30 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 80 31 a a DET inlawrev-2661 80 32 criminal criminal ADJ inlawrev-2661 80 33 offense offense NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 34 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 80 35 a a DET inlawrev-2661 80 36 competent competent ADJ inlawrev-2661 80 37 witness witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 38 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 80 39 his his PRON inlawrev-2661 80 40 behalf behalf NOUN inlawrev-2661 80 41 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 81 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 81 2 ^^ ^^ CCONJ inlawrev-2661 81 3 the the DET inlawrev-2661 81 4 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 5 noted note VERB inlawrev-2661 81 6 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 81 7 * * NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 8 * * PUNCT inlawrev-2661 81 9 a a DET inlawrev-2661 81 10 rule rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 11 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 81 12 evidence evidence NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 13 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 81 14 one one NUM inlawrev-2661 81 15 time time NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 16 thought think VERB inlawrev-2661 81 17 necessary necessary ADJ inlawrev-2661 81 18 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 81 19 the the DET inlawrev-2661 81 20 ascertainment ascertainment NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 21 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 81 22 truth truth NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 23 should should AUX inlawrev-2661 81 24 yield yield VERB inlawrev-2661 81 25 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 81 26 the the DET inlawrev-2661 81 27 experience experience NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 28 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 81 29 a a DET inlawrev-2661 81 30 succeeding succeed VERB inlawrev-2661 81 31 generation generation NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 32 whenever whenever SCONJ inlawrev-2661 81 33 that that DET inlawrev-2661 81 34 experience experience NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 35 has have AUX inlawrev-2661 81 36 clearly clearly ADV inlawrev-2661 81 37 demonstrated demonstrate VERB inlawrev-2661 81 38 the the DET inlawrev-2661 81 39 fallacy fallacy NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 40 or or CCONJ inlawrev-2661 81 41 unwisdom unwisdom NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 42 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 81 43 the the DET inlawrev-2661 81 44 old old ADJ inlawrev-2661 81 45 rule rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 81 46 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 82 1 '*^ '*^ PROPN inlawrev-2661 82 2 ° ° PROPN inlawrev-2661 82 3 after after ADP inlawrev-2661 82 4 observing observe VERB inlawrev-2661 82 5 the the DET inlawrev-2661 82 6 * * NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 7 * * NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 8 manifest manifest ADJ inlawrev-2661 82 9 incongruity incongruity NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 10 * * NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 11 * * NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 12 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 82 13 preventing prevent VERB inlawrev-2661 82 14 a a DET inlawrev-2661 82 15 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 16 from from ADP inlawrev-2661 82 17 testifying testify VERB inlawrev-2661 82 18 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 82 19 behalf behalf NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 20 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 82 21 her her PRON inlawrev-2661 82 22 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 23 while while SCONJ inlawrev-2661 82 24 permitting permit VERB inlawrev-2661 82 25 the the DET inlawrev-2661 82 26 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 27 to to PART inlawrev-2661 82 28 testify testify VERB inlawrev-2661 82 29 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 82 30 himself,^ himself,^ PROPN inlawrev-2661 82 31 ' ' PART inlawrev-2661 82 32 the the DET inlawrev-2661 82 33 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 34 held hold VERB inlawrev-2661 82 35 that that SCONJ inlawrev-2661 82 36 spouses spouse NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 37 are be AUX inlawrev-2661 82 38 competent competent ADJ inlawrev-2661 82 39 to to PART inlawrev-2661 82 40 testify testify VERB inlawrev-2661 82 41 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 82 42 favor favor NOUN inlawrev-2661 82 43 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 82 44 one one NUM inlawrev-2661 82 45 another another DET inlawrev-2661 82 46 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 83 1 ^2 ^2 PUNCT inlawrev-2661 83 2 the the DET inlawrev-2661 83 3 question question NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 4 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 83 5 whether whether SCONJ inlawrev-2661 83 6 a a DET inlawrev-2661 83 7 wife wife NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 8 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 83 9 a a DET inlawrev-2661 83 10 competent competent ADJ inlawrev-2661 83 11 witness witness NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 12 against against ADP inlawrev-2661 83 13 her her PRON inlawrev-2661 83 14 husband husband NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 15 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 83 16 the the DET inlawrev-2661 83 17 trial trial NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 18 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 83 19 which which PRON inlawrev-2661 83 20 he he PRON inlawrev-2661 83 21 is be AUX inlawrev-2661 83 22 charged charge VERB inlawrev-2661 83 23 with with ADP inlawrev-2661 83 24 a a DET inlawrev-2661 83 25 criminal criminal ADJ inlawrev-2661 83 26 offense offense NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 27 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 83 28 left leave VERB inlawrev-2661 83 29 open open ADJ inlawrev-2661 83 30 until until ADP inlawrev-2661 83 31 1958 1958 NUM inlawrev-2661 83 32 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 83 33 when when SCONJ inlawrev-2661 83 34 the the DET inlawrev-2661 83 35 court court NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 36 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 83 37 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 83 38 hawkins hawkins PROPN inlawrev-2661 83 39 v. v. PROPN inlawrev-2661 83 40 united united PROPN inlawrev-2661 83 41 statesj^^ statesj^^ PRON inlawrev-2661 83 42 clearly clearly ADV inlawrev-2661 83 43 set set VERB inlawrev-2661 83 44 forth forth ADP inlawrev-2661 83 45 the the DET inlawrev-2661 83 46 rule rule NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 47 that that PRON inlawrev-2661 83 48 controlled control VERB inlawrev-2661 83 49 the the DET inlawrev-2661 83 50 marital marital ADJ inlawrev-2661 83 51 testimonial testimonial ADJ inlawrev-2661 83 52 privilege privilege NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 53 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 83 54 the the DET inlawrev-2661 83 55 following follow VERB inlawrev-2661 83 56 twenty twenty NUM inlawrev-2661 83 57 - - PUNCT inlawrev-2661 83 58 two two NUM inlawrev-2661 83 59 years year NOUN inlawrev-2661 83 60 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 84 1 ^"^ ^"^ PROPN inlawrev-2661 84 2 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 84 3 hawkins hawkin NOUN inlawrev-2661 84 4 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 84 5 the the DET inlawrev-2661 84 6 petitioner petitioner NOUN inlawrev-2661 84 7 was be AUX inlawrev-2661 84 8 arrested arrest VERB inlawrev-2661 84 9 for for ADP inlawrev-2661 84 10 violating violate VERB inlawrev-2661 84 11 the the DET inlawrev-2661 84 12 mann mann PROPN inlawrev-2661 84 13 act act NOUN inlawrev-2661 84 14 after after ADP inlawrev-2661 84 15 transporting transport VERB inlawrev-2661 84 16 a a DET inlawrev-2661 84 17 girl girl NOUN inlawrev-2661 84 18 from from ADP inlawrev-2661 84 19 arkansas arkansas PROPN inlawrev-2661 84 20 to to ADP inlawrev-2661 84 21 oklahoma oklahoma PROPN inlawrev-2661 84 22 to to PART inlawrev-2661 84 23 have have VERB inlawrev-2661 84 24 her her PRON inlawrev-2661 84 25 engage engage NOUN inlawrev-2661 84 26 in in ADP inlawrev-2661 84 27 prostitution prostitution NOUN inlawrev-2661 84 28 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 85 1 despite despite SCONJ inlawrev-2661 85 2 the the DET inlawrev-2661 85 3 ^"5 ^"5 PUNCT inlawrev-2661 85 4 b. b. PROPN inlawrev-2661 85 5 jones jones PROPN inlawrev-2661 85 6 , , PUNCT inlawrev-2661 85 7 commentaries commentary NOUN inlawrev-2661 85 8 on on ADP inlawrev-2661 85 9 the the DET inlawrev-2661 85 10 law law NOUN inlawrev-2661 85 11 of of ADP inlawrev-2661 85 12 evidence evidence NOUN inlawrev-2661 85 13 § § PROPN inlawrev-2661 85 14 2128 2128 NUM inlawrev-2661 85 15 at at ADP inlawrev-2661 85 16 4000 4000 NUM inlawrev-2661 85 17 - - SYM inlawrev-2661 85 18 01 01 NUM inlawrev-2661 85 19 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 85 20 2d 2d NUM inlawrev-2661 85 21 ed ed NOUN inlawrev-2661 85 22 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 85 23 1926 1926 NUM inlawrev-2661 85 24 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 85 25 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 85 26 ^"290 ^"290 PUNCT inlawrev-2661 86 1 u.s u.s PROPN inlawrev-2661 86 2 . . PROPN inlawrev-2661 86 3 371 371 NUM inlawrev-2661 86 4 ( ( PUNCT inlawrev-2661 86 5 1933 1933 NUM inlawrev-2661 86 6 ) ) PUNCT inlawrev-2661 86 7 . . PUNCT inlawrev-2661 87 1 " " PUNCT inlawrev-2661 87 2 /