Indiana Law Review wm^mfimiam^i'^''t:^':'-^ • /. ARTICLES What Price Belonging: An Essay on Groups, Community, and the Constitution James W. Torke Expectations, Loss Distribution and Commercial Impracticability Steven Walt Religious Civil Rights in Public High Schools: The Supreme Court Speaks on Equal Access Richard F. Duncan NOTES Copyright Ownership of Commissioned Computer Software in Light of Current Developments in the Work Made for Hire Doctrine Section 4(f)(2) of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act: No Justification? Public Employees Retirement System v. Belts Exclusion From Medicare: Building a Case for Physicians Career Move. No doubt you plan to start a successful legal career soon, so here's a tip: Start reading Law Week now. While you're still in law school. Why? Because top attorneys nationwide read Law Week every week, and as you know, it's never a bad idea to follow in the footsteps of the best. But more importantly — Law Week gives you complete coverage of today's most important cases, with immediate notification of precedent- setting court decisions in every legal field, plus unparalleled Supreme Court reporting. Indeed, Law Week puts you on the cutting edge of American law. What better way to start a successful legal career. Make your move now. Ask your professor for details on Law Week^s low student rates today. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 1231 25th Street. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 202/452-4200 The United States LawWeek REVIEWS ^^^^n|k ^ Search thousands of law review and bar journal / ^ |\ I articles effortlessly onWESTLAW! It's like having I 11 ^ I a staff of experts always at your command. To f I ^1 answer your questions on Taxation, Business ^^^^ I y^ Regulation, Bankruptcy, Securities, and more! WESILM! Find relevant articles instantly Search the full text ofarticles using descriptive words, titles, author's names, topics or any combination. Whenyouwant to knowwhatthe experts sayon your subject, turn to WESTLAW. Find out more by contacting your West Sales Representative or by calling 1-800-328-0109 (or 0-612-688-3654 collea in MN). WESTLAW. Key Number Power. A Winning Tradition. © 1990 West Publishing Company 9204-8B/1-90 WESTLAW Please enter my subscription to the INDIANA LAW REVIEW NAME ADDRESS Enclosed is $ Bill me for _ Mail to: for subscriptions. subscriptions. INDIANA LAW REVIEW INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW -INDIANAPOLIS 735 West New York Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 Subscription Rates (one year): Regular, $22; Foreign, $25 (4 issues) Single Issue, $7; Survey Issue $15.00 Indiana Lai^i^ Revieir Volume 24 1990 Number 1 Copyright © 1990 by the Trustees of Indiana University TABLE OF CONTENTS Articles What Price Belonging: An Essay on Groups, Community, and the Constitution James W. Torke 1 Expectations, Loss Distribution and Commercial Impracticability Steven Walt 65 Religious Civil Rights in Public High Schools: The Supreme Court Speaks on Equal Access Richard F. Duncan 1 1 1 Notes Copyright Ownership of Commissioned Computer Software in Light of Current Developments in the Work Made for Hire Doctrine Michael B. McNeil 135 Section 4(0(2) of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act: No Justification? Public Employees Retirement System v. Betts Catherine R. Urban 161 Exclusion from Medicare: Building a Case for Physicians //// E. Workman 197 Volume 24 1990 Number 1 ® The entire text of this Law Review is printed on recycled paper. &Cr-2.0(olO Indiana Law Review (ISSN 0090-4198) Published four times a year by Indiana University. Editorial and Business Offices are located at: Indiana Law Reivew 735 W. New York Street Indianapolis, IN 46202 (317) 274-4440 Subscriptions. The current subscription rates are $22.(X) per four-issue volume (domestic mailing) and $25.00 (foreign mailing). Unless the Business Office receives notice to the contrary, all subscriptions will be renewed automatically. Address changes must be received at least a month prior to publication to ensure prompt delivery and must include old and new addresses and the proper zip code. Single and Back Issues. Current single regular issues may be obtained from the Law Review Business Office for $7.00. Current Survey issues may be purchased for $15.00. Please enclose payment with order. Complete sets and single issues of prior volumes are also available from the Law Review Business Office. Unless a claim is made for nonreceipt of issues within one year of the mailing date, we cannot guarantee supplying the issues without charge. Manuscripts. The Indiana Law Review invites submission of unsolicited manuscripts. All citations should conform to A Uniform System of Citation (14th ed. 1986). Manuscripts should be triple-spaced with wide margins. The Indiana Law Review, as a matter of policy, promotes the use of gender-neutral language, and alternate use of the female or male pronoun is intended to refer to both female and male. Copyright. All articles Copyright 1990 by The Trustees of Indiana University, ex- cept where otherwise indicated. All rights reserved. Opinions expressed are those of the contributor and are not presented as the views of the Indiana Law Review, its editors, or Indiana University School of Law-IndianapoHs. Indiana Laiv Revieiv Volume 24 1990 Editor-in-Chief Angela K. Wade Executive Managing Editor Kathleen A. Hash Executive Editor Articles Edwin J. Broecker Executive Editor Notes and Topics Laura E. Steinfeld Articles Editors Annette T. Brogden Larry L. Morris Natalee A. Roknich Curtis E. Shirley Michele B. Sowers Suzann M. Weber Jerome A. Ziemer Note Development Editors Janet S. Dowling S. Daniel Harbottle Lori Carver Praed Jeffrey W. Short Elizabeth L Van Tassel Jill E. Workman Associate Editors Matthew J. Becker Robert T. Buday Joseph G. Eaton Christopher J. Franzmann Katharine M. Gardner Sandra L. Gosling William Hammel Tammy E. Hinshaw Jeffrey G. Jackson Jan K. Keefer Elizabeth H. Knotts Michael B. McNeil Janet Marin Derek J. Meyer James R. Meyer, Jr. David D. Robinson James R. Taylor Stephen P. Ullrich Catherine R. Urban Gail M. Valentine Mark A. Voigtmann John W. Woodard Editorial Assistant Amy Morrison Grubbs Faculty Advisor Debra A. Falender Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis 1989-90 ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS AND FACULTY Administrative Officers Thomas M. Ehrlich, President of the University and Professor of Law. LL.B., Harvard University. Gerald L. Bepko, Vice-President, Indiana University; Chancellor, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis and Professor of Law. J.D,, IIT/Chicago-Kent College of Law; LL.M., Yale University. Norman Lefstein, Dean and Professor of Law. LL.B., University of Illinois; LL.M., Georgetown University. Thomas B. Allington, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Law. J.D., University of Nebraska; LL.M., New York University. Arlene G. Anderson, Assistant Dean for Student Affairs. J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis . JoNNA M. Kane, Assistant Dean for Administration. J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. JoNi D. Thompson, Assistant Dean for Development. M.S., Ball State University. Angela M. Espada, Director of Admissions. J.D., Indiana University-Bloomington. Faculty Thomas B. Allington, Associate Dean and Professor of Law. B.S., J.D., University of Nebraska; LL.M., New York University. Edward P. Archer, Professor of Law. B.M.E., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; J.D., LL.M., Georgetown University. James F. Bailey, III., Professor of Law and Director of Law Library. A.B., J.D., M.A.L.S., University of Michigan. Gerald L. Bepko, Vice President, Chancellor and Professor of Law. B.S., Northern Illinois University; J.D., IIT/Chicago-Kent College of Law; LL.M., Yale University. Paul N. Cox, Professor of Law. B.S., Utah State University; J.D., University of Utah; LL.M., University of Virginia. Clyde Harrison Crockett, Professor of Law. A.B., J.D., University of Texas; LL.M., University of London (The London School of Economics and Political Science). Debra a. Falender, Professor of Law. A.B., Mount Holyoke College; J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis . Margaret M. Frisbie, Visiting Assistant Professor of Law. B.S., Northwestern University; J.D., University of Kentucky. David A. Funk, Professor of Law. A.B., College of Wooster; J.D., Case Western Reserve University; M.A., The Ohio State University; LL.M., Case Western Reserve University; LL.M., Columbia University. Paul J. Galanti, Professor of Law. A.B., Bowdoin College; J.D., University of Chicago. Helen P. Garfield, Professor of Law. B.S.J., Northwestern University; J.D., University of Colorado. Harold Greenberg, Professor of Law. A.B., Temple University; J.D., University of Pennsylvania. Jeffrey W. Grove, Professor of Law. A.B., Juniata College; J.D., George Washington University. Frances W, Hardy, Clinical Assistant Professor of Law. B.S., Ball State University; J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. Willlam F. Harvey, Carl M. Gray Professor of Law. A.B., University of Missouri; J.D., LL.M., Georgetown University. Paul T. Hayden, Assistant Professor of Law. B.A., Yale University; J.D., University of California, Los Angeles. W. Willlam Hodes, Professor of Law. A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Rugters Newark.* Lisa C. Ikemoto, Assistant Professor of Law. B.A., University of California, Los Angeles; J.D., University of California, Davis; LL.M., Columbia University. Lawrence A. Jegen, III., Thomas F. Sheehan Professor of Tax Law and Policy. A.B., Beloit College; J.D., M.B.A., The University of Michigan; LL.M., Harvard University. Henry C. Karlson, Professor of Law. A.B., J.D., LL.M., University of Illinois. William Andrew Kerr, Professor of Law. A.B., West Virginia University; J.D., LL.M., Harvard University; D.B., Duke University. Eleanor D. Kinney, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Law and Health. B.A., Duke Universty; M.A., University of Chicago; J.D., Duke University; M.P.H., University of North Carolina. Walter W. Krieger, Associate Professor of Law. A.B., Bellarmine College; J.D., University of Louisville; LL.M., George Washington University. Norman Lefstein, Dean and Professor of Law. LL.B., University of Illinois; LL.M., Georgetown University. David P. Leonard, Professor of Law. B.A., University of California at San Diego; J.D., University of California, Los Angeles.** Deborah McGregor, Lecturer in Law. B.A., University of Evansville; J.D., Georgetown University. WiLLLAM E. Marsh, Professor of Law. B.S., J.D., University of Nebraska. SusANAH M. Mead, Professor of Law. B.A., Smith College; J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis . MiRA MiHAJLOviCH, Lccturer in Law. B.A., Indiana University; M.P.A., University Texas; J.D., Indiana University-Bloomington. Mary H. Mitchell, Professor of Law. A.B., Butler University; J.D., Cornell Law School. James P. Nehf, Assistant Professor of Law. B.A., Knox College; J.D., University of North Carolina. Thomas R. Newby, Lecturer in Law. A.B., J.D., Indiana University-Bloomington. KiMBERLY E. O'Leary, CHnical Assistant Professor of Law. B.A., Oberhn College; J.D., Northwestern University. David R. Papke, Professor of Law and American Studies. A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale University; M.A., in American Studies, Yale University; Ph.D. in American Studies, The University of Michigan. Ronald W. Polston, Professor ofLaw. B.S., Eastern Illinois University; LL.B., University of Illinois. Joan M. Ruthenberg, Director of Legal Writing. B.A., Mississippi University for Woman; J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. David E. Sorkin, Lecturer in Law. B.S. Bus., B.A., Indiana University; J.D., Harvard Law School. Kenneth M. Stroud, Professor of Law. A.B., J.D., Indiana University-Bloomington. James W. Torke, Professor of Law. B.S., J.D., University of Wisconsin. Joe a. Tucker, Assistant Professor of Law. B.A., University of Houston; J.D., University of Texas. James Patrick White, Professor ofLaw and Consultant on Legal Education to the American Bar Association. A.B., University of Iowa; J.D., LL.M., George Washington University. Lawrence P. Wilkins, Professor of Law. B.A., The Ohio State University; J.D., Capital University Law School; LL.M., University of Texas. Mary T. Wolf, Director of Clinical Programs. B.A., Saint Xavier College; J.D., University of Iowa College of Law. Emeriti Agnes P. Barrett, Associate Professor Emerita. B.S., J.D., Indiana University. Cleon H. Foust, Professor Emeritus. A.B., Wabash College; J.D., University of Arizona. John S. Grimes, Professor of Jurisprudence Emeritus. A.B., J.D., Indiana University. Mevlin C. Poland, Cleon H. Foust Professor ofLaw Emeritus. B.S., Kansas State University; LL.B., Washburn University; LL.M., University of Michigan. R. Bruce Townsend, Cleon H. Foust Professor ofLaw Emeritus. A.B., Coe College; J.D., University of Iowa. Special Visiting Adjunct Professor Thomas F. Schornhorst, Professor ofLaw Indiana University-Bloomington. B.A., Univer- sity of Iowa; J.D., George Washington University. Adjunct Faculty Michael Brown, J.D., Indiana University-Bloomington. Leslie DuVall, J.D. Indiana University-Bloomington. Ralph Hall, J.D., University of Michigan. Robert Hartley, J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. Grant Hawkins, J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. Thomas Henry, J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. SwADESH Kalsi, LL.M., George Washington University. Larry Landis, J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. John Maley, J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. Neil Shook, J.D., Indiana University-Indianapolis. Law Library Staff James F, Bailey, III, Professor ofLaw and Director ofLaw Library , A.B., J.D., M.A.L.S., University of Michigan. MiNDE C. Glenn, Assistant Directorfor Readers' Services. B.A., Western Michigan Univer- sity; M.L.S., Indiana University. Wendell F. Johnting, Assistant Director for Technical Services, A.B., Taylor University; M.L.S., Indiana University. Mahnaz K. Moshfegh, Acquisition/Serials Librarian. B.A., National University of Iran; M.S., Tehran University; M.A., Ball State University; M.L.S., Ph.D., Indiana University. KiYOSKi Otsu, Computer System Specialist and Catalog Librarian A.A., Parkland College; A.B., M.S., C.A.S., University of Illinois. Terence Rose, Reference Librarian. M.L.S., B.G.S., University of Michigan. * On leave Fall, 1990. ** On leave 1990-1991.