Indiana Law Review Indiana Law Review SYMPOSIUM Introduction: A Symposium on the Law of Democracy Michael J. Pitts Keynote Address: What Election Law Has to Say to Constitutional Law Heather K. Gerken The Founders' Bush v. Gore: The 1792 Election Dispute and Its Continuing Relevance Edward B. Foley "Celebrating" the Tenth Anniversary of the 2000 Election Controversy: What the World Can Learn from the Recent History of Election Dysfunction in the United States Nathaniel Persily Public Rights and Private Rights of Action: The Enforcement of Federal Election Laws Daniel P. Tokaji Language Assistance and Local Voting Rights Law Angelo N. Ancheta Reinventing Voting Rights Preclearance Kareem U. Crayton After Citizens United Michael S. Kang Disclosures About Disclosure Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer What Changes Do Recent Supreme Court Decisions Require for Federal Campaign Finance Statutes and Regulations? Allison R. Hayward NOTE Sexting: A Response to Prosecuting Those Growing Up with a Growing Trend Jordan J. Szymialis * INDIANA UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF LAW-INDIANAPOLIS IUPUI Volume 44 No. 1 2010 BNA's Law School Program Multiple platforms, more choices —for staff and students. Delivery of timely information is one of the cornerstones of BNA's success. Now, BNA delivers services electronically, through IP authentication, to all law school faculty staff and their students. By subscribing to any of four law school-wide electronic packages or building your own custom package, you can give your students access to the same valuable information as practicing attorneys. They'll conduct research and follow changes in the law in the same way senior partners do. Your students will not only be prepared for internships and clerkships, they'll be better equipped for any job. To learn more about BNA's law school program, call BNA Customer Service at 800-572-3374 or visit us at www.bna.com/lawschool. 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B.A., Knox College; J.D., University of North Carolina Law School. JONNA KANE MacDOUGALL, Assistant Deanfor External Affairs andAlumni Relations. B.A., M.A., Indiana University; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. JOHNNY Pryor, Assistant Deanfor Student Affairs. B.A., Wittenberg University; J.D., Indiana University Maurer School of Law. CHASTITYTHOMPSON, AssistantDeanforProfessionalDevelopment. A.S., B.A., Alabama State University; M.B.A., Auburn University; J.D., Indiana University School of Law — Indianapolis. MARK V. WUNDER, Assistant Deanfor Development. B.S., J.D., University of Iowa. ELIZABETH ALLINGTON, Director of Communications and Creative Services. B.A., Indiana University; M.A., M. Phil., New York University. TERESA (Terri) J. CUELLAR, Director of Technology Services. B.S., St. Bonaventure University, New York. JOYCE M. HERTKO, Director of Major Gifts. B.A., Knox College; M.S., Western Illinois University; Ph.D., Indiana University. 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B.A., The University ofthe West Indies; J.D., Columbia University School ofLaw; LL.M., New York University School of Law. Robert Brookins, Professor ofLaw. B.S., University of South Florida; J.D., Ph.D., Cornell University. Kenneth D. Chester, Clinical Associate Professor of Law. B.A., Pennsylvania State University; J.D., University of Pittsburgh School of Law. DANIEL H. Cole, R. Bruce Townsend Professor of Law. A.B., Occidental College; A.M., University of Chicago; J.D., Lewis and Clark Law School; J.S.M., J.S.D., Stanford Law School. JEFFREY O. COOPER, Associate Professor ofLaw. A.B., Harvard University; J.D., University of Pennsylvania Law School. ERIC Dannenmaier, Associate Professor ofLaw and Dean 's Fellow. B.A., Drury College; J.D., Boston University; LL.M., Columbia University; M. St., Oxford University. James D. Dimitri, Clinical Professor of Law. B.S., Indiana University; J.D., Valparaiso University School of Law. JENNIFER A. 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B.A., University of Kansas; J.D., University of Cincinnati, College of Law. JOHN LAWRENCE Hill, Professor ofLaw; Adjunct Professor ofPhilosophy andJohn S. Grimes Fellow. B.A., Northern Illinois University; J.D., Ph.D., Georgetown University. LINDA Kelly Hill, M. Dale Palmer Professor ofLaw. B.A., J.D., University of Virginia. MAXHUFFMAN, Associate Professor ofLaw andDean 's Fellow. B.A., Cornell University, J.D., University of Chicago College of Law. LAWRENCE A. JEGEN, III, Thomas F. Sheehan Professor of Tax Law and Policy. A.B., Beloit College; J.D., M.B.A., The University of Michigan; LL.M., New York University School of Law. ROBERT A. Katz, Professor ofLaw andJohn S. Grimes Fellow. A.B., Harvard College; J.D., University of Chicago Law School. Eleanor D. KINNEY, Hall Render Professor of Law, Co-Director of the William S. and Christine S. Hall Center for Law and Health. 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B.A., University of Evansville; J.D., Georgetown University Law School. Susanah M. Mead, Professor ofLaw. B.A., Smith College; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. EmilyMORRIS, Associate Professor ofLawandDean 's Fellow. A.B., Harvard University, J.D., University of Michigan Law School. Novella Nedeff, Clinical Associate Professor ofLaw. B.A., J.D., Indiana University. David ORENTLICHER, Samuel R. Rosen Professor ofLaw and Co-Director ofthe William S. and Christine S. Hall Centerfor Law and Health. A.B., Brandeis University; J.D., M.D., Harvard College. Joanne Orr, Clinical Professor of Law. B.S., Indiana State University; J.D., California Western School of Law. ANTONY PAGE, Associate Professor ofLaw andDean 's Fellow. B. Comm., McGill University; M.B.A., Simon Fraser University; J.D., Stanford Law School. MICHAEL J. PITTS, Associate Professor ofLaw; Dean 's Fellow and John S. Grimes Fellow. B.S.J., Northwestern University; J.D., Georgetown University Law Center. Peter A. Prescott, Associate Professor of Law. B.A., Augustana College; M.S., The University of Chicago; M.P.A., The University of Texas at Austin; J.D., The University of Houston Law Center. Fran Quigley, Visiting Professor ofLaw. B.A., Hanover College; M.A., Indiana University; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. Florence Wagman Roisman, William F. Harvey Professor of Law. B.A., University of Connecticut; LL.B., Harvard Law School. JOAN M. Ruhtenberg, Professor of Law and Director of Legal Analysis, Research and Communication. B.A., Mississippi University for Women; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. JoelM. Schumm, Clinical Professor ofLaw and Director, Judicial Externship Program. B.A., Ohio Wesleyan University; M.A., University of Cincinnati; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. Carlton M. Waterhouse, Associate Professor of Law and Dean's Fellow. B.S., Pennsylvania State University; J.D., Howard University School of Law; MT.S., Emory University, Chandler School of Theology; Ph.D., Emory University. Frances Watson, Clinical Professor of Law. B.S., Ball State University; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. Lloyd T. Wilson, Jr., Professor ofLaw and Co-Director, Chinese Law Summer Program. B.A., Wabash College; M.A., Duke University; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Bloomington. MARY T. WOLF, Clinical Professor ofLawandDirector ofClinical Programs andExternships. B.A., Saint Xavier College; J.D., University of Iowa College of Law. R. George Wright, Lawrence A. Jegen III Professor ofLaw. A.B., University of Virginia; Ph.D., Indiana University; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. Emeriti Faculty Thomas B. Allington, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. B.S., J.D., University ofNebraska; LL.M., New York University School of Law. Edward P. Archer, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. B.M.E., Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute; J.D., LL.M., Georgetown University Law School. JAMES F. BAILEY, III, Professor ofLaw Emeritus and Director ofthe Law Library Emeritus. A.B., J.D., M.A.L.S., The University of Michigan. Clyde Harrison CROCKETT, Professor of Law Emeritus. A.B., J.D., University of Texas; LL.M., University of London (The London School of Economics and Political Science). Debra A. Falender, Professor ofLaw Emerita. A.B., Mount Holyoke College; J.D., Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis. David A. Funk, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. A.B., College of Wooster; J.D., Case Western Reserve University School of Law; M.A., The Ohio State University; LL.M., Case Western Reserve University; LL.M., Columbia Law School. Paul J. Galanti, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. A.B., Bowdoin College; J.D., University of Chicago Law School. Helen P. Garfield, Professor of Law Emerita. B.S.J., Northwestern University; J.D., University of Colorado School of Law. HAROLD GREENBERG, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. A.B., Temple University; J.D., University of Pennsylvania Law School. Jeffrey W. Grove, Professor of Law Emeritus. A.B., Juniata College; J.D., George Washington University Law School. WILLIAM F. HARVEY, Carl M. Gray Professor ofLaw & Advocacy Emeritus. A.B., University of Missouri; J.D., LL.M., Georgetown University Law School. W. William Hodes, Professor of Law Emeritus, A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Rutgers University School of Law—Newark. William Andrew Kerr, Professor of Law Emeritus. A.B., West University; B.S., Duke University; J.D., LL.M., Harvard Law School. William E. Marsh, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. B.S., J.D., University ofNebraska. RONALD W. POLSTON, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. B.S., Eastern Illinois University; LL.B., University of Illinois College of Law. KENNETH M. STROUD, Professor of Law Emeritus. A.B., J.D., Indiana University — Bloomington. JAMES W. TORKE, Carl M. Gray Professor of Law Emeritus. B.S., J.D., University of Wisconsin. JAMES PATRICK WHITE, Professor ofLaw Emeritus. A.B., University of Iowa; J.D., LL.M., George Washington University Law School. LAWRENCE P. Wilkins, William R. Neale Professor ofLaw Emeritus. B.A., The Ohio State University; J.D., Capitol University Law School; LL.M., University ofTexas School of Law. Law Library Faculty JUDITH FORD ANSPACH, Professor ofLaw andDirector, Ruth Lilly Law Library. B.S., M.L.S., Kent State University; J.D., Mississippi College School of Law. DEBRA DENSLAW, Reference Librarian. B.A., Franklin College; M.S., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; J.D., Valparaiso School of Law. Richard Humphrey, Reference Librarian. A.A., Brewton-Parker Junior College; B.A., Georgia Southwestern College; M.L.S., University of Kentucky. WENDELL E. JOHNTING, Assistant Directorfor Technical Services. A.B., Taylor University; M.L.S., Indiana University. CATHERINE LEMMER, Head of Information Services. B.A., Lawrence University; J.D., University of Wisconsin; M.S., University of Illinois. CHRIS E. LONG, Cataloging Librarian. B.A., Indiana University; M.A., Indiana University; M.L.S., Indiana University. Steven R. Miller, Reference Librarian. B.S., Lebanon Valley College ofPennsylvania; M.A., Dominican University; M.S., Northwestern University; J.D., The John Marshall Law School. MAHNAZ K. MOSHFEGH, Serials/Acquisitions Librarian. B.A., National University of Iran; M.S., Tehran University; M.A., Ball State University; M.L.S., Ph.D., Indiana University. Miriam A. Murphy, Associate Director. B.A., Purdue University; J.D., M.L.S., Indiana University—Bloomington. KlYOSHlOTSV, Automated Services and Media Librarian. A.A., Parkland College; A.B., M.S., C.A.S., University of Illinois. Indiana Law Review Volume 44 2010 Number 1 Copyright © 2010 by the Trustees of Indiana University TABLE OF CONTENTS SYMPOSIUM Introduction: A Symposium on the Law of Democracy MichaelJ. Pitts 1 Keynote Address: What Election Law Has to Say to Constitutional Law Heather K. Gerken 1 The Founders' Bush v. Gore: The 1792 Election Dispute and Its Continuing Relevance Edward B. Foley 23 "Celebrating" the Tenth Anniversary of the 2000 Election Controversy: What the World Can Learn from the Recent History of Election Dysfunction in the United States Nathaniel Persily 85 Public Rights and Private Rights of Action: The Enforcement of Federal Election Laws Daniel P. Tokaji 1 13 Language Assistance and Local Voting Rights Law . . . Angelo N. Ancheta 161 Reinventing Voting Rights Preclearance Kareem U. Crayton 201 After Citizens United Michael S. Kang 243 Disclosures About Disclosure Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer 255 What Changes Do Recent Supreme Court Decisions Require for Federal Campaign Finance Statutes and Regulations? Allison R. Hayward 285 NOTE Sexting: A Response to Prosecuting Those Growing Up with a Growing Trend Jordan J. Szymialis 301 Volume 44 Number 1