Indonesian EFL Journal (IEFLJ) p-ISSN 2252-7427, e-ISSN 2541-3635 Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/IEFLJ/index 73 AN ANALYSIS PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES IN ANNETH SONG LYRICS Rahmawati Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan E-mail: rahmawati@unprimdn.ac.id Sinta Parulian Lumban Gaol Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan E-mail: sintalumbangaol12@gmail.com Novia Damayanti Br Hutabarat Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan E-mail: noviadamayanti800@gmail.com Tina Pandiangan Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan E-mail: tinapandiangan316@gmail.com APA Citation: Rahmawati., Gaol, S. P.L., Hutabarat, N. D. B., & Pandiangan, T. (2022). An analysis phrase structure rules in Anneth song lyrics. Indonesian EFL Journal, 8(1), pp. 73-82. https://doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v8i1.5590 Received: 26-09-2021 Accepted: 27-11-2021 Published: 30-01-2022 INTRODUCTION Linguistics is the study of language in all its forms and is thus of direct relevance to all users of language (Rahmawati et al, 2019). In linguistics, the study about the sentence structures of language is syntax. Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in a particular language (Chomsky, 2002:11). Based on the definition above, it can be deduced that syntax is the study of the principle and arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses that form sentences based on grammatical rules. Based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary, a phrase is a combination of two or more words that are non-predictive or not related to a predicate. According to Verspoor & Sauter (2009:118), a phrase that contains more than a word usually has one main word that is the most important one as far as meaning is concerned. A phrase is not a sentence because the condition of a sentence must have a predicate. A phrase is formed by two or more syntactic units which are its elements in a certain form and category as well as a certain order or order. According to Kim and Sells (2008:22) phrases are projected from the lexical categories and divided into five types, as bellow: (1) Noun Phrase (NP). (2) Verb Phrase (VP). (3) Adjective Phrase (AP). (4) Adverb Phrase (AdvP). (5) Prepositional Phrase (PP). Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the types of phrases and the rules of phrase structure in Anneth's song lyrics. Researchers also want to know the extent to which students' ability to know about phrases. Class IX students selected as participants consisted of 59 students at SMP Adventist 2 Medan. The data was obtained by providing questionnaires about what phrases are, types of phrases, and what are sentences. The researcher introduced the types of phrases in the form of tables and tree diagrams. The table form is in the form of the first to the last lyrics, while the tree diagram is made by dividing the large categories into smaller levels, each word in the song lyrics is adjusted to the contents of the table so that it can form phrases and sentences. The types of phrases contained in the song are noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), adverb phrase (AdvP), adjective phrase (AP), and preposition phrase (PP). The basic phrase structure rules in the song are: S : NP (Aux) VP, NP : {Det (Adj) N, Pro, N (PP)}, VP : V (NP) (PP) (Adv), AP : A(PP), AdvP : Aux (AdvP), PP : P (NP). Keywords: phrase; phrase structure rules; song lyrics. https://doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v7i2.4564 Rahmawati, Sinta Parulian Lumban Gaol, Novia Damayanti Br Hutabarat, & Tina Pandiangan An analysis phrase structure rules in Anneth song lyrics 74 The unity between forms, categories, and the arrangement or sequence of these elements builds a structure of phrases in the language concerned. The structure that underlies a sentence or phrase is sometimes called the phrase structure or phrase marker. Phrases are non-predictive word combinations. This means that the phrase consists of only one function, it can consist of a subject only, it can only consist of verbs or it can be started with a preposition. According to Verspoor & Sauter (2009:119), The head of a phrase is realized by a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or preposition. In this study, the writer uses tree diagram theories to analyze sentences. Tree diagrams are a sentence analysis by using the internal hierarchical structure of the sentence as generated by the set of rules (Carnie, 2000:31). According to Bornstein (1977:48), Sentence is the principal unit of syntactic analysis which is easier to see the parts of (phrases) and subpart (part of speech) of the sentence in a tree diagram. A tree diagram of syntax can help to understand the structure of the sentence. Various previous studies have been conducted regarding the utilization of phrase and phrase-structure rules. The first previous study was “Syntactic Analysis on Sentence Pattern in John Denver’s Song Lyrics” written by Christiano (2018). in result findings, The researcher used the theory of sentence patterns which was proposed by Quirk and Greenbaum to find out the types of sentence patterns in the song lyrics, and he used the theory of phrase structure rules from O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba to draw the tree diagram and represent the patterns. The second previous study was conducted by Zulia Fitroh (2019), entitled “A Syntactical Analysis of Phrases Used in Westlife Song Lyrics”. The researcher used the tree diagram theory by Bornstein to analyze sentence patterns and the type of phrase in Westlife song lyrics. In the other previous study conducted by Niswati (2018), the finding of this study show five idiomatic phrases and all of the idiomatic phrases had their own meaning that was different from their lexical meaning. More previous studies about the phrase writer’s discovered from Heryana (2018) that analyze the sentence structures of rap song lyrics using tree diagram and Ulfa Muti’ah Fuad (2021) entitled “A Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Pattern Used in Westlife’s Song Lyrics” that used tree diagram theory by Bornstein to analysis the data. One way that can help readers understand phrases is by introducing song lyrics. Many types of literary works have emerged in the arts, including through prose, poetry, song lyrics, and many others that were poured. However, one of these literary works attracted the writer to study the song lyrics. These days, music plays important role in human being life because every human being’s life is filled with tension. In that situation, people want to relax their minds, so in that movement to listen and sing a song to give relief to their minds. In this study, the writer selects Anneth’s song lyrics as the object. Anneth Delliecia is the new singer under Rans Entertainment who has already released two songs. She is the winner of the Indonesian Idol Junior in 2018. In this research, Anneth’s second single “Mungkin Hari Ini Esok Atau Nanti” will be analyzed. Currently, this song is a trend in Indonesia. Official Music Video “Mungkin Hari Ini Esok Atau Nanti”. has been 101 million viewers. This song also entered the top in platform music, such as Top Hits Indonesia in Spotify, Top Joox, etc. this song was also covered by many other Youtubers. Because this song is a trend now, the writer finds this song interesting to be researched. The lyrics of the song “maybe today, tomorrow or another day” by Anneth Delliecia were chosen because the lyrics in each of her songs contain phrases that can accelerate the swing of the eye from one phrase to the next and include greater use of perspective. So that readers are able to grasp a larger group of words in the form of phrases and able to follow groups of words in the form of sentences at one glance. Actually, there are a lot of students outside who don't really understand the phrases. Maybe many of you already know what a sentence is. But, what about phrases? So in this study, the writer aims to increase students' knowledge in understanding what phrases are and be able to analyze the structure of phrases. Based on the above reasons, we intend to conduct a study on the Anneth Delliecia song entitled “An Analysis Phrase Structure Rules Used in Anneth Song Lyrics”. METHOD This paper uses descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena, and it aims to help us to understand the world in which we live Indonesian EFL Journal (IEFLJ) p-ISSN 2252-7427, e-ISSN 2541-3635 Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/IEFLJ/index 75 and why things are the way they are (Hancock, 2002). The qualitative study aims to understand something specifically, not always looking for the course and effect of something, and to deepen comprehension about something that is studied (Moloeng, 2009:31). The form of description is the result of this qualitative study. In this study, the researcher analyzes a song lyric to find the phrase and the phrase structure rules that are used. Afterward, the writer presents the factual result systematically, so it can be understood easily. According to Ary et al., (2010:32), qualitative data generally take the form of words (descriptions, observations, impressions, recordings, and so on). Arikunto (2010:3) argues that descriptive research is the study intended to investigate the situation, condition, circumstances, events, or other activities, and the result presented in the form of the research report. Thus, in this study, the researcher also used a descriptive research approach so that readers understand more deeply about the phrase, be it the type of phrase, the structure of the phrase, etc. According to Creswell (2007), there are three steps in analyzing the data. (1) The writer watches official music videos “ Maybe today, tomorrow or another day ” from Anneth who has been published by Rans Music on 20 October 2020 on Youtube. (2) The writer then listened carefully and made a transcript of the song’s lyrics. (3) The writer translated the lyrics of the song into English. (4) After that, the writer analyzed the lyrics line by line, then coded the lyrics. After classifying the data, the next steps the writer made a table and type of phrases in Anneth’s song lyrics. After that, the writer shows a tree diagram of the phrases that were used in the lyrics. And then, the writer found phrase-structure rules that were used in Anneth’s song lyrics. For the last steps, researchers asked several questions through a questionnaire about phrases and sentences to the 9th-grade students in SMP Advent 2 Medan. Based on the problem statement in chapter I, the tree diagrams will prove the phrases that are used in Anneth’s song lyrics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The researcher presented the data of the phrase that were found in Anneth’s song lyrics. This analysis includes the types of phrases there are used in the song lyrics and the phrase structure rules using tree diagram theory. As the guidance of this study, the researcher used the tree diagram theory by Chomsky. The researchers describe the data based on the lyrics in the song “Maybe Today, Tomorrow or Another Day”. The song lyrics The writer wrote down song lyrics “Mungkin Hari Ini Esok Atau Nanti” obtained by watching and listening to the Official Music Video of the song on Youtube Rans Music. While doing research, the authors found another video that relates to this song. The authors found Cover Video “Mungkin Hari Ini Esok Atau Nanti” in English Version by Emma Heesters on her Youtube account. Thus the authors decided to use the Cover Video as a song lyrics in English. “Mungkin Hari Ini Esok atau Nanti” Kuhampiri, jalan yang kita lewati setiap har ikita di sini Ku menanti, hadirmu 'tuk kembali, hanya kenangan yang tersisa di sini Namun sekarang kau t'lahpergidan kuyakini kau takkan kembali Mungkin hari ini hari esok atau nanti Berjuta memori yang terpatri dalam hati ini Mungkin hari ini hari esok atau nanti Tak lagi saling menyapa Meski kumasih harapkanmu. Ku menanti, hadirmu 'tuk kembali Hanya kenangan yang tersisa di sini (namun sekarang) Namun sekarang kau t'lah pergi (pergi). Dan kuyakini kau takkan kembali Mungkin hari ini hari esok atau nanti Berjuta memori yang terpatri dalam hati ini Mungkin hari ini hari esok atau nanti, tak lagi saling menyapa Meski kumasih harapkanmu Sesungguhnya hatiku tak sanggup menerima dan lupakan s'galanya, Meski ku masih harapkanmu, kurelakanmu. “Maybe just today, tomorrow or another day” I’m almost on the road that we used to be on. Our day is here I can’t believe it. I will always look forward to your return But till then I know the memories are all that’s left. But now you’re gone yes it’s a fact And for the first time, I know you won’t come back. Rahmawati, Sinta Parulian Lumban Gaol, Novia Damayanti Br Hutabarat, & Tina Pandiangan An analysis phrase structure rules in Anneth song lyrics 76 Maybe just today tomorrow or another day. Millions of memories are in my heart and always here to stay. Maybe just today tomorrow or another day. Even though we cannot say hi. I miss you and I’m still expecting you. Honestly, my loyal heart, won’t be able to accept. And to forget everything, and always here to stay. Type of phrase The researcher makes the type of phrases in Mungkin Hari Ini Esok Atau Nanti lyrics line by line as bellow: Table 1. Type of phrase No Type of Phrase 1 I’m almost on the road that we used to be on AdvP NP VP S 2 Our day is here I can’t believe it NP VP VP S 3 I will always look forward to your return N VP S 4 But till then I know the memories are all that’s left AdvP NP VP S 5 But now you’re gone yes it’s a fact N VP S 6 And for the first time, I know you won’t come back AdvP VP S 7 Maybe just today tomorrow or another day AdvP 8 Millions of memories are in my heart and always here to stay NP PP AdvP VP S 9 Even though we cannot say hi VP S 10 I miss you and I’m still expecting you N VP VP S 11 Honestly my loyal heart won’t be able to accept Adv NP VP S 12 And to forget everything VP 13 And always here to stay VP 14 I have to let you go N VP S The analysis of phrases using tree diagram Chomsky (1957) put simply, syntax studies is how to combine words into bigger linguistic units. In syntax, tree diagrams and labeled bracketing are widely used to characterize the hierarchical structure of phrases or sentences. A tree diagram could be a dimensional diagram used in generative grammar as a convenient suggest that of displaying Indonesian EFL Journal (IEFLJ) p-ISSN 2252-7427, e-ISSN 2541-3635 Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/IEFLJ/index 77 the internal hierarchical structure of a sentence as generated by a group or set of rules. Line 1. I’m almost on the road that we used to be on. Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains three types of phrases, that is Adjective Phrase (AP), Noun Phrase (NP), and Verb Phrase (VP). AP consists of a pronoun (I) plus Aux (am) plus adjective phrase (almost), NP consists of the preposition (to) plus determiner (the) plus noun (road), and VP consists preposition (to) plus verb (be) plus preposition (on). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: SAP + S The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: APNP + Aux + AP, SNP + NP + PP + S, NPP + Det + N, SS + VP, SNP + VP, VPP + V + P Line 2: Our day is here I can’t believe that Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains three types of phrases, that is Noun Phrase (NP), Adverb Phrase (AdvP), and Verb Phrase (VP). NP consists of a noun (our day), AdvP consists of the auxiliary (is) plus adverb (here), and VP consists of a verb (can’t believe). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: S  NP + AdvP + S The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: S  NP + VP + C, AdvP  Aux + AdvP Line 3: I will always look forward to your return Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains two types of phrases, that is Noun Phrase (NP), and Verb Phrase (VP). NP consists of a pronoun (I), and VP consists of verb phrase (look forward) plus verb phrase (to your return). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: S  NP + Aux + VP The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: VP  AdvP + VP, VP  P + N +V Line 4: But till then I know the memories are all that’s left Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains three types of phrases, that is Adverb Phrase (AdvP), Noun Phrase (NP), and Verb Phrase (VP). AdvP consists of adverb (till Rahmawati, Sinta Parulian Lumban Gaol, Novia Damayanti Br Hutabarat, & Tina Pandiangan An analysis phrase structure rules in Anneth song lyrics 78 then), NP consists of determiner (the) plus a noun (memories), and VP consists of auxiliary (are) plus adjective phrase (all that) plus verb phrase (is left). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: S  C + AdvP + S. The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: S S + VP, S  NP + VP + NP, VP  Aux + AP + VP, AP  P + N +V, AP  A + Det, VP  Aux + V Line 5: But now you’re gone yes it’s a fact Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains one sentence and one type of phrase, that is Sentence (S) and Noun Phrase. Sentence consists of (You’re gone), NP consists of a noun (it) plus aux (is) plus noun phrase (a fact). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: S  C + AdvP + S The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: S  S + NP, S  NP + Aux + V, NP  N + Aux + NP Line 6: “And for the first time I know you won’t come back” Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains three types of phrases, that is Adverb Phrase (AdvP), Noun Phrase (NP), and Verb Phrase (VP). AdvP consists of a preposition (for) plus noun phrase (the first time). “for the first time” is actually a prepositional phrase, but when it is put in the sentence “and for the first time I know you won’t come back”, it acts as an adverb phrase. NP consists of pronoun (I), and VP consists of the verb (know) plus sentence (you won’t come back). Phrase structure rules of the sentence are:S  C + AdvP + NP + VP. The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: C  and, AdvP  PP (P + NP), NP  Det + Adj + N, NP  Pro, VP  V + S, S  NP + Aux + VP, NP  Pro, V  V +Adv. Line 7: “Maybe just today, tomorrow or another day” Based on the tree diagram above, the lyrics “maybe just today, tomorrow or another day” contain Adverb Phrase (AdvP). AdvP consists of adverb phrase (maybe just today) plus adverb (tomorrow) plus conjunction (or) plus adverb phrase (another day). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: AdvP  AdvP + Adv + C + AdvP. Line 8: “Millions of memories are in my heart and always here to stay” Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains three types of phrases, that is Indonesian EFL Journal (IEFLJ) p-ISSN 2252-7427, e-ISSN 2541-3635 Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/IEFLJ/index 79 Noun Phrase (NP), Prepositional Phrase (PP), and Verb Phrase (VP). NP consists of a noun (millions) plus prepositional phrase (of memories), PP consists of the preposition (in) plus noun phrase (my heart), and VP consists of adverb phrase (always here) plus verb phrase (to stay). The phrase structure rules of the sentence is: S  NP + Aux + PP + C + VP. The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: NP  N + PP, PP  P + N, Aux PP  P + NP,NP  Det + N C  and + VP, VP  AdvP + VP  P + V Line 9: “Even though we cannot say hi” Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains two types of phrases, that is Noun Phrase (NP), and Verb Phrase (VP). NP consists of pronoun (we), and VP consists of auxiliary (cannot) plus verb (say) plus interjection (hi). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: S  C+NP+VP The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: C  even though, NP  Pro, VP  Aux + V+ Int. Line10. “I miss you and I’m still expecting you” Based on the tree diagram above, two sentences are formed consisting of each type of phrase. The first sentence is "I miss you" which consists of Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb Phrase (VP). NP consists of N (I) and VP consists of V (miss) plus NP (you). The second sentence is "I'm still expecting you" which consists of Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb Phrase (VP). NP consists of N (I) and VP consists of Adv (still), V (expecting), and NP (you). The phrase structure rules of the sentence is: S  NP + VP. The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: S  NP + VP (V+NP), Conj, S  NP + VP (Adv + V + NP) Line 11: “Honestly my loyal heart won’t be able to accept” Based on the tree diagram above, sentences are divided into Adverb Phrase (AdvP), and one sentence (S). AdvP consists of Adverb (honestly) plus a sentence consisting of NP (my loyal heart) plus VP (won’t be able to accept). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: S  AdvP + S The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: S  NP (Det + AP + NP) + VP (VP + VP) VP  AP + VP, VP  PP + VP Line 12: “And to forget Everything” Rahmawati, Sinta Parulian Lumban Gaol, Novia Damayanti Br Hutabarat, & Tina Pandiangan An analysis phrase structure rules in Anneth song lyrics 80 Based on the tree diagram above, the phrase contained is a verb phrase (VP). VP consists of conjunction (And) plus PP consists of preposition (to) plus VP consists of verb phrase plus adverb phrase (forget anything). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: VP  Conj + PP + VP The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: VP  Conj + PP + VP (VP + AdvP) Line 13: “And always here to stay” Based on the tree diagram above, the phrases contained are verb phrases (VP). VP consists of a conjunction (and) plus PP consists of a preposition (to) plus AdvP consists of an adverb (always here) plus a verb phrase consists of a verb (to stay). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: VP  Conj + AdvP + VP The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: VP  Conj + AdvP + VP (VP + AdvP) Line 14: “I have to let you go” Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence generally contains two types of phrases, that is Noun Phrase (NP), and Verb Phrase (VP). NP consists of pronoun (I) plus VP consists of verb phrase plus preposition phrase plus verb phrase (have to let you go). The phrase structure rules of the sentence are: S  NP + VP The pattern of the phrase structure rules above is: S  NP + VP (VP+PP+VP), VP  VP + NP + VP Discussion This research was about An Analysis Phrase Structure Rules Used in Anneth Song Lyrics. This research used a descriptive qualitative research design. Actually, there are a lot of students outside who don’t really understand the phrase. Maybe they know what is sentences, but they don’t know what is the phrase. As a sample, researchers asked several questions about what is phrases and what types of phrases, then what are sentences to the 9th- grade students in SMP Advent 2 Medan. The researchers used a questionnaire as an instrument. Through the questionnaires, from the 59 students, only 6 students know what is phrase. 53 other students state that they do not know the phrase, but know what the sentence is. So in this study, the writer aims to increase students' knowledge in understanding what phrases are and be able to analyze the structure of phrases. In Transformational Grammar (TG) phrase structure is illustrated using tree diagrams called phrasemakers, which show the hierarchical structure of sentences. Phrase structure rules specify the grammatical structures of a sentence. A tree diagram should match the phrase structure rules to be grammatical. The basic or main phrase structure rules are: (1) S  NP (Aux) VP. (2) NP {Det (Adj) N, Pro, N (PP)}. (3) VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv). (4) PP  P (NP). (5) AP  A (PP). All the structure of the rules and the type of phrases used in the Anneth song lyrics "Mungkin Hari Ini Esok Atau Nanti" have been set out in the result findings. The result of this research can be used to motivate the students to master some phrases. Whether it analyzes the structure of the phrase or understands the type of phrase, and it can be used to comprehend the structure of phrases that are used in sentences. CONCLUSION Based on the analysis in the previous chapter, the writer would like to draw some conclusions from a study of the sentence structure of Anneth's song Indonesian EFL Journal (IEFLJ) p-ISSN 2252-7427, e-ISSN 2541-3635 Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/IEFLJ/index 81 lyrics related to theory syntax based on transformational grammar theory using tree diagrams. There are various types of sentence patterns contained in the song, “maybe today, tomorrow or another day” the song found 18 sentence patterns. Those are: Table 2. The sentence patterns No Patterns Total 1. S  NP + VP 9 2. S  NP+PP+VP 1 3 S  CP + AdvP + NP + VP 3 4 S  NP+Aux+ VP 1 5 S  NP + Aux + PP+ C + VP 1 6 S  CP + NP + VP 1 7 S  CP + S 1 8 S  AdvP + S 1 Given the importance of understanding sentence structure in particular in the syntax study, some suggestions are made. ready students conducting research on the same topic is expected to provide a clear understanding of analyzing pop music using syntactic studies. Hopefully, there are other too students who will conduct studies on related topics from different angles, hope there are will be a new finding related to the study of syntax. Finally, the researcher hopes that this research can be used as a reference for those who are interested in studying syntax. ACKNOWLEDGMENT All praise and gratitude to God Almighty for His blessings, as well as support and contributions to (1) Dr. Chrismis Novalinda Ginting., M.Kes as Rector of Prima Indonesia University Medan. (2) Dian Syahfitri, S.S., M.Hum., As Dean of the Teaching and Education Faculty of Prima Indonesia University Medan. (3) Yenita Sembiring, S.S., M. Hum., As Head of the Teaching and Education Study Program of Prima Indonesia University Medan. (4) Madina, S.Pd., MA., as Secretary of English of Faculty of Prima Indonesia University Medan. (5) Rahmawati, S.Pd., M.Si, as the Supervisor. (6) All lecturers at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of Prima Indonesia University Medan. (7) Adelina Ginting S.Pd., as the Principal of SMP Advent 2 Medan. (8) Our parents who help and support us in prayer and materials in completing the journal. (9) Students of SMP Advent 2 Medan as participants in our research. REFERENCES Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Rineka cipta. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education (Eight Ed). Canada: Wadsworth. https://www.amazon.com Bornstein, D. 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