Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research 

http://ojs3.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/ijcr Indo. J. Chem. Res., 8(3), 202-209, 2021 

 

DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2021.7-ade  202   
 

Adsorption and Characterization of Activated Sugarcane Bagasse Using Sodium Hydroxide  

 
Ade Priyanto

*
, Malik F., Muhdarina, Awaluddin A.

 

1
Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia 

*
Corresponding Author: ade.priyanto8010@grad.unri.ac.id 

 
Received: November 2020 

Received in revised: November 2020 

Accepted: December 2020 

Available online: January 2021 

Abstract 

Sugarcane Bagasse can be used as an adsorbent both under natural conditions and 

modified by chemical activation using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Activation of 

sugarcane bagasse with NaOH was carried out at variations of 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 

(w/w). The absorption ability of bagasse adsorbent to methylene blue solution was 

carried out with the parameters of variation of contact time (60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 

minutes), adsorbate concentration (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 ppm) and temperature (30, 

40, 50, and 60 
o
C). The adsorbent's characterization included determining the 

functional groups using FTIR, morphology, and mass of elements using SEM-EDX, 

and determining the surface area and volume of adsorbent pores using the BET 

methods. The highest adsorption percentage results were found in the NASB10:1 

adsorbent at 99.50%. The optimum conditions for the NASB10:1 adsorbent are with a 

contact time of 120 minutes, an adsorbate concentration of 50 ppm and a temperature 

of 30 
o
C or 303 K. The NASB10:1 adsorbent has the highest surface area compared to 

other adsorbents, namely 2.803 m
2
/g so that it can perform the maximum absorption 

of methylene blue.  

Keywords: Sugarcane bagasse, chemical activation, FTIR, methylene blue, characterization 

 

INTRODUCTION 

One type of waste that is widely found in the 

community is bagasse. The total production of dry 

bagasse in the world is around 54 million tons per 

year. In 2013, the total area of sugarcane plantations 

in Indonesia was 470.94 thousand hectares. Bagasse 

is biomass with great potential, especially in various 

currently developing studies (Badan Pusat Statistik, 

2015). Bagasse is one of the by-products of 

agricultural waste, can be used both in pure and 

modified form (Renu et al., 2017). Bagasse has a lot 

of fiber, mainly found in the stem. The contents of 

bagasse include cellulose (45%), lignin (18%), and 

hemicellulose (28%) (Pehlivan et al., 2013). 

Cellulose and lignin in bagasse are potentially 

used as an adsorbent (Abou-gamra and Medien, 

2013). Adsorbent from bagasse, which contains 

lignin, can remove the dye in Rhodamine B with an 

optimum adsorption percentage value of 77.6%. 

Adsorbent from bagasse can also remove Fe2 + ion 

content in industrial wastewater and is very efficient 

in absorbing it. The absorption percentage of Fe2 + 

ions from the solution is 95.11% using pure bagasse 

adsorbent (Arkanni et al., 2019). Besides, bagasse can 

remove the Cu metal ions' content with an absorption 

percentage of 96% (Moubarik and Grimi, 2015). 

Esvandiar et al. (2014) conducted a study using pure 

bagasse and activated Carbon from bagasse, which 

resulted in 63% and 97% of Mn (II) absorption. The 

adsorbent from bagasse can be chemically activated 

using an acid or base solution. Bagasse modified with 

an acid solution (HCl) was able to absorb 98.75% 

Cu
2+

 ions. (Yam et al., 2020). Pure bagasse as a 

biosorbent is very useful for absorbing the Reactive 

Red 120 (RRI 120) dye solution with a maximum 

percentage of adsorption of 94.62% (Ahmad et al., 

2018). In another study, Gusmau et al. (2012) used 

bagasse as an adsorbent to absorb the dyes of 

Methylene Blue (MB) and Gentian Violet (GV) with 

adsorption capacity values of 478.5 and 1273.2 mg/g, 

respectively. 

The adsorption process is a phenomenon on the 

surface of a porous solid material with interactions 

involving chemical or physical bonds and occurs in 

liquid or gas conditions. The adsorption process 

depends on the type of adsorbent used. Adsorbent 

must have adequate adsorption capacity, sufficient 

kinetic adsorption, small pore size, large surface area, 

good porosity, high micropore volume, and extensive 

pore network to allow molecules to reach the inside of 

the adsorbent and make the adsorbent suitable for the 

adsorption process (Al-Ghouti and Da'ana, 2020). The 

adsorption process is also proven to be superior in 

dealing with dye waste because it is susceptible and 

straightforward to toxic materials. Although activated 



Ade Priyanto, et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 8(3), 202-209, 2021 

 

DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2021.7-ade  203   
 

Carbon is the most effective for dye adsorption, it has 

several disadvantages: high adsorbent costs, and 

regeneration is expensive and challenging to separate 

powdered activated Carbon from wastewater. 

Therefore, it is necessary to improve its capability and 

effectiveness in the entrapment process at an 

economical and commercial cost (Abou-gamra and 

Medien, 2013). 

The absorption ability of an adsorbent such as 

bagasse will increase when there is an activation 

treatment. The activation stage aims to enlarge the 

adsorbent pores. In general, there are two kinds of 

activation processes, namely chemical and physical 

activation, chemical activation is the process of 

breaking the carbon chain from organic compounds 

with the use of chemicals. Physical activation is the 

process of breaking carbon chains from organic 

compounds with the help of heat, steam and CO2 gas 

(Latupeirissa et al., 2018). 

Zaini et al. (2018) carried out the adsorption of 

manganese (II) in liquid waste using bagasse 

adsorbent, which was influenced by contact time and 

type of activator. The maximum adsorption capacity 

of the adsorbent activation with 0.5 N NaOH was 

1.016 mg / g. Tchoumou et al. (2015) studied the 

adsorption capacity of bagasse modified with HCl and 

NaOH to remove Cu and Ni metals. Research carried 

out at room temperature included the influence of pH, 

contact time, and adsorbent weight. The results 

showed that the increase in pH, contact time, and 

adsorbent increased the adsorbed metal. Other 

observations obtained were that the bagasse modified 

with alkaline was more efficient than HCl, and the 

efficient adsorption results showed Cu (II) > Ni (II). 

Also, Nguyen et al. (2019) compared the adsorption 

capacity of modified bagasse with NaOH, citric acid, 

tartaric acid, and original bagasse (unmodified 

bagasse) with metal cadmium (Cd). The results 

showed an increase in the adsorption capacity after 

the chemical modification process. Modification with 

NaOH has an adsorption capacity of 29.41 mg/g. 

Unmodified bagasse has an adsorption capacity of 

only 18.8 mg/g. The confirmation of the Infrared 

spectrum for modified bagasse showed the addition of 

a carboxyl group's and an ester group's peak at the 

1,738 cm
-1

, thereby increasing the adsorption 

capacity. 

Based on the description above, it seems that 

there have been many studies that show changes in 

the adsorbent's surface after undergoing a 

modification process to increase the ability of the 

adsorption capacity both the value of the adsorption 

capacity and the percentage of absorption. Therefore, 

this research will be activated bagasse with NaOH to 

determine the adsorption ability of them in the 

methylene blue solution and compare the surface 

morphology, functional groups, and surface area of 

bagasse before and after activation. 

METHODOLOGY 

Materials and Instrumentals 

The instrument used in this study were 80 and 

120 mesh sieves (WS Tyler Incorporated USA), 

magnetic stirrer (RSH-1DR), oven (Gallenkamp), 

FTIR (IRPrestige-21), SEM, analytical scales, 

desiccators, pH meters, and other glassware. The 

materials used include bagasse (derived from sugar 

cane traders in Riau University are), Sodium 

Hydroxide, distilled water, and Whatman  filter paper 

42. 

Sample Preparation 

The sample preparation of bagasse waste is 

carried out in several steps, including drying it under 

the sunlight, then cutting it into smaller sizes about 2 

cm, then blending until smooth. The next stage is the 

sample is sieved using 80 and 120 mesh sieves in 

stages. The dimension of the used sample is a sample 

that is between 80 and 120 mesh (passes through the 

80 mesh sieve and is stuck on the 120 mesh sieve). 

The chemical activation process on bagasse uses 

NaOH solution. Bagasse and NaOH were mixed, 

stirring for 3 hours at a temperature of 85 
o
C with 

variations in the ratio of 5: 1, 10: 1, and 20: 1. The 

explanation of this comparison is 5, 10, and 20 grams 

of bagasse in 1 gram of NaOH at a volume of 100 

mL. The next step is filtering the mixture and rinsing 

it with distilled water until the pH is neutral. The 

bagasse adsorbent that has been activated with NaOH 

is dried in an oven at 105 
o
C, then stored in a 

desiccator by providing a sample code: AT, ANSB5:1, 

ANSB10:1, and ANSB20:1 (SB = Sugarcane bagasse, 

NASB = NaOH-Activated Sugarcane Bagasse). 

Adsorbent Characterization 

The Identify of functional groups on pure and 

activated bagasse with NaOH using FTIR 

spectroscopy instruments. Microstructure analysis and 

surface morphology of an adsorbent can use Scanning 

Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX). The surface area 

and pore volume were determined using the BET 

method. 

Sugarcane Bagasse Adsorption Ability by Batch 

Adsorption Method. 

Determining the adsorption capacity of bagasse 

was carried out on different parameters, namely 



Ade Priyanto, et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 8(3), 202-209, 2021 

 

DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2021.7-ade  204   
 

variations in bagasse activation with NaOH, contact 

time, adsorbate concentration (methylene blue), and 

temperature. 

 

Effect of Contact Time 

In this process, 0.1 gram of sugarcane bagasse 

(SB) was mixed with 10 mL of methylene blue 

solution at a concentration of 10 ppm. The mixture is 

stirred using a water bath shaker at a speed of 120 

rpm for 30 minutes at a temperature of 30 
o
C. Then 

centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2000 rpm. The filtrate 

from this treatment was analyzed using a UV-Vis 

spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 660 nm. The 

same treatment was also carried out for each 

adsorbent that was activated with NaOH (NASB5:1, 

NASB10:1, and NASB20:1). Furthermore, the above 

treatment was carried out again on each of the 

adsorbent variations with different times, including 

60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes 

 

Effect of Adsorbate Concentration 

In this process, 0.1 gram of sugarcane bagasse 

(SB) was mixed with 10 mL of methylene blue 

solution at a concentration of 10 ppm. The mixture 

was stirred using a water bath shaker at 120 rpm at 30 
O
C and the previous treatment's optimum time. Then 

centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2000 rpm. The filtrate 

from this treatment was analyzed using a UV-Vis 

spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 660 nm. The 

same treatment was also carried out for each 

adsorbent that was activated with NaOH (NASB5:1, 

NASB10:1, and NASB20:1). Furthermore, the above 

treatment was carried out again on each of the 

adsorbent variations with different MB 

concentrations, including 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 ppm. 

 

Effect of temperature 

In this process, 0.1 gram of sugarcane bagasse 

(SB) was mixed with 10 mL of methylene blue 

solution at the optimum concentration from the 

previous treatment. The mixture is stirred using a 

shaker water bath with a speed of 120 rpm at 30 
o
C 

and with the optimum time in the last treatment. Then 

centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2000 rpm. The filtrate 

from this treatment was analyzed using a UV-Vis 

spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 660 nm. The 

same treatment was also carried out for each 

adsorbent that was activated with NaOH (NASB5:1, 

NASB10:1, and NASB20:1). Furthermore, the above 

treatment was carried out again at each of the 

adsorbent variations with different temperatures, 

including 30, 40, 50, and 60 
o
C. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

The research results discussed in this journal 

include the characterization of bagasse, both pure and 

activated with NaOH. Besides, the ability of bagasse 

adsorption against methylene blue solution was also 

observed with variations in contact time, adsorbate 

concentration, and temperature. The description of the 

results and discussion in this study is as follows: 

 

Determination of Sugarcane Bagasse Functional 

Groups by FTIR Analysis  

The FTIR spectrum results on pure bagasse and 

those activated with NaOH can be seen in Figure 1. 

Based on the FTIR results, it can be seen that there 

are differences in several wavenumbers between pure 

bagasse and the activated. The change in wavenumber 

occurs at 3282.99 cm
-1

, the absorption area of 

hydroxide (–OH) group, the activated bagasse has no 

visible peak in that area. However, at wavenumber 

33747.85 cm
-1,

 there is a broad peak at ANSB5:1 and 

NASB10:1, the O-H functional groups. Sunarsih et al. 

(2020), in the FTIR results of bagasse modified with 

KOH, showed that at a wavenumber between 3000-

3800 cm
-1

, there was a vibration of the O-H functional 

group. These results indicate that hydrogen bonds in  

O-H, both intra-molecular and inter-molecular. 

Therefore, this area describes the relationship of 

cellulose's crystallinity structure that remains the 

same even though it has been modified with NaOH. 

The wavenumber of sugarcane bagasse and 

NaOH-activated sugarcane are in the range C-H 

group's 2900.10 cm
-1

. The wavenumber of sugarcane 

bagasse and NaOH-activated sugarcane (NASB5: 1, 

and NASB10:1) is 2925.17 cm
-1

 and 2906.85 cm
-1

, 

respectively. The wavenumber for the carboxylate 

group (C=O) is in 1732.15 cm
-1

, while the bagasse 

after activation (NASB5: 1, and NASB10: 1) are1703.22 

cm
-1 

and 1734.08 cm
-1

. The C-O group's wavenumber 

does not have the difference, shown in the 

wavenumber 2359.04 cm
-1

. The wavenumbers for 

bagasse without activation and after activation 

(ANSB5:1, and ANSB10:1) are 666.43 cm
-1

; 672.22 cm
-

1
 and 655.83  cm

-1
 are –OCH3 groups, which confirm 

the lignin structure in bagasse. 

 

Microstructure and Surface Morphology 

Observation of Sugarcane Bagasse Adsorbent by 

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) 

The surface morphology of the pure and 

activated bagasse adsorbent can be seen in Figure 2. 

Based on observations, the four samples (SB, 

NASB5:1, NASB10:1, and NASB20:1) have almost the 

same morphology. 



Ade Priyanto, et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 8(3), 202-209, 2021 

 

DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2021.7-ade  205   
 

The results of EDX observations on the surface 

of the adsorbent can be seen in Table 1. Based on the 

results of the EDX analysis on bagasse (SB) samples.  

there are elements of Carbon (C), Calcium (Ca), and 

Oxygen (O). The highest elemental content is C, with 

55.27%, while the lowest element is Ca, about 0.48%. 

The NaOH-activated bagasse with 5:1 and 10:1 

causes Na's appearance, which contains 2.85% and 

2.13%, respectively. However, NASB20: 1 does not 

contain Na because there is too much bagasse mass 

used, about 20 gram. This condition causes Carbon in 

NASB20: 1 to be higher than other variations, about 

56.14%. 

 

 

Determination of surface area and pore volume 

using the BET method  

The results of determining the surface area and 

pore volume of bagasse adsorbent before and after 

activated with NaOH can be seen in Table 2. The 

chemical activation using NaOH increase the 

adsorbent surface area. Based on Table 2, the NaOH-

activated bagasse adsorbent with a variation of 10: 1 

shows the largest surface area, which is 2.803 m
2
/g. 

The total pore volume value of NASB10: 1 adsorbent 

also has the highest value: 8,455 x 10
-3

 cm
3
/g. 

Therefore, activation of bagasse adsorbent with 

NaOH affected the adhesion's surface area and total 

pore volume. 
 

 
Figure 1. Sugarcane Bagasse (SB, NASB5:1, and NASB10:1) FTIR Spectrum 

 

 

 

 

        

          

       

          

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 2. Form of surface morphology adsorbent of sugarcane bagasse (SB) (a), 

NASB5:1 (b), NASB10:1 (c), and NASB20:1 (d). 

 

A B 

D C 



Ade Priyanto, et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 8(3), 202-209, 2021 

 

DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2021.7-ade  206   
 

75.00

80.00

85.00

90.00

95.00

100.00

0 30 60 90 120 150 180A
d
so

p
ti

o
n
 P

e
rc

e
n
ta

g
e
 (

%
) 

Time (minute) 

SB
NASB 5 : 1
NASB 10 : 1
NASB 20 : 1

Table 1. Elemental analysis on the adsorbent surface of sugarcane bagasse 

SB, NASB5:1, NASB10:1, and NASB20:1. 

Adsorbent 
               Elemental Analysis (wt%) 

C Ca O Na 

SB 55.27 0.48 44.25  - 

NASB5:1 43.18 - 44.59 2.85 

NASB10:1 48.44 0.01 49.42 2.13 

NASB20:1 56.14 0.01 43.86 - 

Note : 

SB : sugarcane bagasse 

NASB5:1  : sugarcane bagasse activated by NaOH 5:1 

NASB10:1 : sugarcane bagasse activated by NaOH 10:1 

NASB20:1 : sugarcane bagasse activated by NaOH 20:1 

 

Table 2. Adsorbent texture properties of SB, NASB5:1, NASB10:1, and NASB20:1. 

Adsorbent 
Surface area 

(m
2
/g) 

Total Pore Volume 

(cm
3
/g) 

Average Pore Size 

(Å) 

SB 0.991 3.814 x 10
-3

 1.53878 x 10
2
 

NASB5:1 1.625 4.422 x 10
-3

 1.08858 x 10
2
 

NASB10:1 2.803 8.455 x 10
-3

 1.20631 x 10
2
 

NASB20:1 2.037 4.429 x 10
-3

 8.69527 x 10
2
 

 

 

 

 

 

  

  

  

 

 

 

  

 

Figure 3. The graph of the effect of time variation on the percentage of adsorption on sugarcane                                  

and NaOH-activated sugarcane 

 

Adsorption Process Based on Variations in 

Contact Time, Adsorbate Concentration and 

Temperature. 
Adsorption of pure and activated bagasse NaOH 

on methylene blue was carried out with several 

variations, including contact time, adsorbate 

concentration, and temperature. Table 3 shows that 

the results of the treatment of the variations in the 

adsorbent's contact time show that the optimum time 

varies for each adsorbent used, which is between 60 

to 120 minutes. Pure and NASB20:1 occurs the 

maximum uptake with an adsorption percentage of 

about 96.73 and 97% at 90 minutes. The fast contact 

time occurred in activated bagasse adsorbent with 

NaOH5:1, 60 minutes, so the adsorption percentage 

was 87.27%. The highest adsorption percentage value 

of all adsorbent variations was at NASB10:1 at 99.50% 

with a longer contact time of 120 minutes. According 

to Ngapa and Ika (2020), in general, the longer the 

contact time between the adsorbent and the adsorbate, 

the more adsorbed the adsorbate will be. The contact 

between the adsorbent and the adsorbate increases the 

percentage of absorption power in each bagasse 

variation. When it reaches the optimum time, it will 

cause a slight decrease in absorption power 

percentage at the next time variation. This condition 

happens because all active sites of the adsorbent are 

saturated, so that the adsorption capacity has 

decreased. Besides, the bond between the ions in 

methylene blue and the active site of the bagasse 



Ade Priyanto, et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 8(3), 202-209, 2021 

 

DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2021.7-ade  207   
 

76.00

78.00

80.00

82.00

84.00

86.00

88.00

90.00

92.00

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

A
d
sr

o
p
ti

o
n
 P

e
rc

e
n
ta

g
e
 (

%
) 

Adsorbate Concentration (ppm) 

SB

NASB 5 : 1

NASB 10 : 1

NASB 20 : 1

adsorbent is weak, so that the ions will easily escape 

back into the solution (Talhutu et al., 2019).  

Gusmao, et al. (2012) states that the amount of 

dye adsorbed at equilibrium shows the dye's 

maximum adsorption. The uptake of the dye on the 

activated bagasse occurs rapidly at an early stage 

(starting from the lowest time), and after that, it slows 

down until it reaches equilibrium. This condition is 

because many available adsorbent surface sites are 

still empty at the initial stage. They begin to be filled 

with adsorbate ions until all of the adsorbent surface 

sites are entirely filled. Therefore, after reaching 

equilibrium, the dye's absorption decreases due to the 

absence of any more empty surface sites for adsorbate 

to fill. Following the results obtained on the variation 

of the adsorption contact time for the NASB10:1 

adsorbent, it can be seen that the adsorption 

percentage increases starting at 30 to 120 minutes, 

namely 99.50%. When the contact time was increased 

to 180 minutes, the adsorption percentage decreased 

to 95.04%. 

The data of table 4 shows the adsorption 

percentage value obtained by varying the adsorbate 

concentration (Methylene Blue). NaOH-activated 

bagasse with variations in the ratio of 5:1 and 20:1 

has a high adsorption percentage at a concentration of 

40 ppm. The ability to absorb the power, respectively, 

was 89.19% and 90.44%. However, the optimum 

concentration for pure bagasse and 10:1 NaOH-

activated was 50 ppm with adsorption percentages of 

89.48% and 90.98%, respectively. Based on the above 

results, it can be concluded that the optimum 

concentration-time, which has the largest adsorption 

percentage, is NASB10:1 adsorbent with a 

concentration value of 50 ppm. Increasing the 

concentration of adsorbate, it will cause the ability to 

absorb it will be even higher. However, when it 

reaches the optimum concentration, the absorption 

power percentage has decreased in all types of 

adsorbents used. This condition reveals that the 

adsorption capacity of an adsorbent has gradually 

reduced.

Table 4. The Adsorption Sugarcane bagasse and NaOH-activated sugarcane bagasse in Methylene Blue with 

various adsorbate concentrations  

(T = 30 
o
C, m = 0.1 g, Co = 10.3198 mgL

-1
, v = 120 rpm, V = 0.01 L). 

Number 

Adsorbate 

Concentration 

(ppm) 

Adsorption Percentage (%) 

SB NASB5:1 NASB10:1 NASB20:1 

1 10 80.36 79.82 86.35 77.65 

2 20 81.92 80.20 87.05 78.48 

3 30 84.13 86.37 89.41 88.28 

4 40 86.92 89.19 89.56 90.44 

5 50 89.48 88.07 90.98 89.71 

6 60 86.39 79.12 84.93 80.09 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4. The graph of effect of adsorbate concentration variation on the percentage of adsorption on  

sugarcane and NaOH-activated sugarcane. 

 

 

 

 



Ade Priyanto, et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 8(3), 202-209, 2021 

 

DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2021.7-ade  208   
 

60.00

64.00

68.00

72.00

76.00

80.00

84.00

88.00

92.00

96.00

300 310 320 330 340

A
d
so

p
ti

o
n
 P

e
rc

e
n
ta

g
e
 (

%
) 

Temperature (oK) 

SB

NASB 5 : 1

NASB 10 : 1

NASB 20 : 1

Table 5.  Adsorption of pure and NaOH-activated bagasse in Methylene Blue with temperature variations  

(m = 0.1 g, v = 120 rpm, V = 0.01 L). 

Number 
Temperature  

(K) 

Adsorption Percentage (%) 

SB NASB5:1 NASB10:1 NASB20:1 

1 303 87.05 88.82 90.75 89.56 

2 313 85.09 85.01 87.05 82.36 

3 323 79.31 74.88 82.55 77.08 

4 333 68.92 67.54 78.85 70.47 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 5. The graph of the effect of temperature on the percentage of adsorption on sugarcane and NaOH-activated 

sugarcane. 
 

Adsorption of pure and NaOH-activated bagasse in 

Methylene Blue by varying the temperature can be 

seen in table 5. The optimum adsorption of all 

adsorbents is obtained at 30 ᵒC (303 K). The highest 

adsorption percentage is 90.75% (NASB20:1), and the 

lowest is 87.05% (SB). Based on the data in table 5, it 

can be concluded that the increasing temperature in 

the adsorption process causes the adsorption 

percentage value to decrease. Based on the data 

obtained, it shows that the temperature is inversely 

related to the absorption power. This condition 

indicates that the adsorption process is exothermic, 

possibly because the higher temperature causes 

methylene blue's solubility to increase. The attraction 

between the solution and the solvent is stronger than 

the solution adsorbent. As a result, the solute is more 

challenging to absorb.

 

CONCLUSION 

Bagasse can be used as an adsorbent by carrying 

out chemical activation using NaOH with variations 

5:1 (NASB5:1), 10:1 (NASB10:1), and 20:1 (NASB20:1). 

The adsorbent surface area's characterization results 

obtained the highest value for the NASB10:1 type of 

adsorbent than other adsorbents, namely 2.803 m
2
/g. 

NASB10:1 adsorbent can perform adsorption 

maximally in the methylene blue solution with an 

adsorption percentage of about 99.50%. The optimum 

conditions for NASB10:1 adsorbent are contact time of 

120 minutes, adsorbate concentration of 50 ppm, and 

temperature 30 
o
C or 303 K. Bagasse adsorbents, pure 

and NaOH-activated, are effectively in absorbing 

methylene blue dye. The adsorption percentage 

obtained is very high for all absorbents that have been 

activated with NaOH, and the variation in parameters 

is about 70.0% - 99.0%. 

 

 

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2+

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