Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research http://ojs3.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/ijcr Indo. J. Chem. Res., 10(2), 93-96, 2022 DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2022.10-ind 93 The Ecofriendly Biosorbent of Methylene Blue Using Banana Peels Waste Indri Susanti 1* , Rendy Muhamad Iqbal 2 , Novia Amalia Sholeha 3 , Khusnul Fatimah Putri 4 1 Department of Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Lamongan Islamic University, Jl. Veteran No. 53A Lamongan, Indonesia 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Universitas Palangka Raya, Kampus UPR Tunjung Nyaho, Palangka Raya 73111, Indonesia 3 College of Vocational Studies, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jl. Kumbang No. 14, Bogor, Indonesia 4 Department of Science Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Lamongan Islamic University, Jl. Veteran No. 53A Lamongan, Indonesia * Corresponding Author: indri_susanti@unisla.ac.id Received: August 2022 Received in revised: August 2022 Accepted: August 2022 Available online: September 2022 Abstract This research aimed to synthesize and characterize the properties of green banana peel waste to be used as adsorbent material. The green banana peel waste was prepared by sieved to be banana powder and then characterized by XRD, FTIR, XRF, and TGA. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue was tested using a simple method, the “batch method”, with further analysis by spectrophotometry UV-Vis. The XRF results of green banana peel showed that most of the composition is potassium and phosphorus. The methylene blue adsorption capacity of banana peel material is up to 75.10% with 0.5 grams of adsorbent, which is more significant than in the banana peel, which is 68.04% with 0.2 grams. Keywords: Green banana peels, adsorption, methylene blue, UV-Vis, adsorbent. INTRODUCTION Methylene blue (MB) is one of the thiazine/cationic dyes most commonly used for colouring among all other dyes of its category. It is selected to represent a group of dyes commonly large in molecular size and complicated to be degraded in the natural environment. It is generally used for dyeing cotton, wool, silk, textiles and leather, printing calico and biological staining (Jawad et al., 2018). The disposal of MB dyes into rivers, groundwater systems, and other water sources represents a severe pollution problem. Several technologies have been developed for dye removal, including coagulation (Hashem & Amin, 2016), adsorption (Çatlıoğlu et al., 2021), photocatalytic degradation (Iqbal et al., 2021). Among these methods, adsorption has shown to be the simplest to apply, efficient and cost-effective to MB removal using adsorbent material. Using natural waste as adsorbent is an effort to make adsorbents cheaper. Biosorbent does not require expensive cost, and is also easy to treat and can be obtained from agricultural or plantation waste. Biomass from agricultural waste has been studied as a renewable energy source and new product. Several studies have carried out the adsorption of methylene blue with natural ingredients such as papaya seeds (Rafatullah et al., 2010), rice husk (Costa & Paranhos, 2019), bagasse (Mpatani et al., 2020), hazelnut shell (Latupeirissa et al., 2018), sugarcane bagasse (Priyanto et al., 2021), orange peels (Kamsonlian et al., 2011), banana peels (Kamsonlian et al., 2011), corn cobs (Alfiany & Bahri, 2013), bark skin (Turmuzi & Syaputra, 2015), and slacca peel (Klemantan, Kristianto, and Arie 2020). Banana is a widely grown tropical fruit cultivated in over 130 countries. The average weight of a fruit is 125 g (fruit content: approximately 75% water and 25% dry matter) (Pathak & Mandavgane, 2015). Furthermore, banana peels contain galacturonic acid, which acts as a compound that can adsorb dyes (Susanti & Santoso, 2020). Therefore, this research was conducted adsorption of methylene blue using the banana peel as an adsorbent. METHODOLOGY Materials The materials used in this research were green banana peels waste collected from Kembangbahu Lamongan, methylene blue (0.3% p.a, Merck), and aquadest (UD Sumber Ilmiah Persada, Surabaya, Indonesia). While the tools used in this research were analytical balance, the batch method set (beaker glass, stirrer, separating funnel, and filter paper), Indri Susanti et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 10(2), 93-96, 2022 DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2022.10-ind 94 diffractometer type XPert MDP, XRF diffractometer, and FTIR spectrophotometer. Methods Banana peel waste as a raw material in this research was cut and sieved to become banana peel powder. Banana peel powder was washed with distilled water, dried under the sun for seven days then denoted as BP. The BP was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) to analyze the composition phase and the crystallite materials. The sample was oven dried at 100°C. The XRD characterization was done using diffractometer type XPert MDP with Cu- Kα radiation, operating voltage of 40kV, 30mA current, and recorded on 2θ of 5-100°. The FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) was studied to analyze the functional groups in BP materials. The BP material was crushed and prepared with KBr forming pellets. Using an FTIR spectrophotometer, the spectra were recorded in the frequency range of 400-4000 cm - 1 . Furthermore, the BP material was also synthesized by XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) to analyze the compounds of BP material. The measurement was done with an operating voltage of 30kV and time analysis for 60 seconds. Methylene Blue Adsorption Test The BP materials are prepared to be an adsorbent in methylene blue adsorption. The methylene blue adsorption test was tested by batch methods and performed at various times and masses of adsorbent. The concentration of methylene blue was measured using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis corresponds with previous research (Ngapa and Ika, 2020). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characterization of BP BP material was prepared in this research characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) to analyze the phase composition and the crystallite materials, FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) to analyze the functional groups, and XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) to analyze the compounds of BP material. The XRD characterization of BP material is presented in Figure 1. Based on the XRD patterns of BP, BP showed a hump which indicated an amorphous material due to the composition of BP, such as lignin, pectin and hemicelluloses, with previous literature (Xue et al., 2019). The FTIR characterization of BP material is shown in Figure 2 and aims to elucidate the material's molecular structure. Figure 1. XRD pattern of BP material Figure 2. FTIR Spectrum of BP material Based on the FTIR, the BP material showed a small absorption peak in 920 cm -1 , which was attributed to the C-H vibrations of carbohydrates; the band at 1055 cm -1 was associated with the C-O-C the band at 1253 cm -1 corresponded to the C-O vibrations. The high intensity of the peaks at 1611 cm -1 corresponded to carboxylic groups in the ionic form. The peak at 2933 cm -1 corresponds with –CH vibrations in aliphatic hydrocarbons, and the peak at 3419 cm -1 was associated with –OH from pectin structure or water adsorption O-H groups (Pavia et al., 2000) (Dmochowska et al., 2020). 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 200 400 In te n si ty 2( o ) BP 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 % T ra n sm it ta n c e Wavenumber (cm -1 ) BP Indri Susanti et al. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 10(2), 93-96, 2022 DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2022.10-ind 95 Table 1.XRF Analysis of Materials Oxide Concentration (%) P2O5 2.4 SO3 0.43 K2O 96.5 MnO 0.2 Fe2O3 0.21 CuO 0.05 Rb2O 0.004 Re2O7 0.2 The XRF of BP composition analysis is shown in Table 1. The BP materials had large quantities of K2O (96.5%) and P2O5 (2.4%). In comparison, the minor compositions of BP were SO3, MnO, Fe2O3, CuO, Rb2O, and Re2O7. It indicated that the main composition of the green banana peel was potassium and phosphorus. Methylene Adsorption Test on BP Material The adsorption test of BP material was carried out with a simple “batch method” at various contact times to determine the time equilibrium, as shown in Figure 6 (Moubarak et al., 2014). The trend is increased adsorption capacity with longer contact time and higher adsorbent mass. However, the adsorption process was still not constant at a time of 50 minutes which means the adsorption test can be carried out until the contact time is above 50 minutes. Figure 3. Methylene Blue Adsorption on BP Material Table 2. Methylene blue adsorption on BP Material Mass of BP (gram) MB Adsorption Capacity (%) 0.2 68.04 0.5 75.10 Based on Figure 3 and Table 2, BP has the highest adsorption capacity of methylene blue in the value of 68.04% and 75.10% in 0.2 grams and 0.5 grams adsorbent, respectively. It was implied that using the adsorbent mass of 0.5 grams proved that a more significant amount of methylene blue was adsorbed. CONCLUSION This research showed that BP material had large quantities of K2O and P2O5, which are 96.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The result was also showed that methylene blue can be absorbed by BP material up to 75.10% with 0.5 gram of adsorbent, which greater than 0.2 gram, which is only 68.04%. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity was increased alongside the contact time. 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