indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 40-43 40 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.159 page: 40 – 43 education on the fulfillment of balanced nutrition and my plate contents for students of smpn 7 kendari lisnawaty1, rizki eka sakti octaviani2, yusuf sabilu3 1,2,3nutrition study program, halu oleo university, indonesia corresponding author: lisnawaty; email: lisnawaty@uho.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: adolescents, balanced nutrition, content of my plate. received : 14 january 2020 revised : 28 january 2021 accepted : 07 february 2021 to achieve optimal nutritional status, a country needs guidelines for balanced nutrition. one of the visualizations of balanced nutrition messages is 'my dinner plate' which shows the serving of food and drinks at each meal. the purpose of this service program is to provide information and knowledge about the fulfillment of balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate to adolescents, especially students of smpn 7 kendari. the target of this program is students of smpn 7 kendari, especially those in class vii. this program consists of counseling through power points and videos on general guidelines for balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate, discussions and questions and answers, and distributing pre-post questionnaires. the results of this activity were as many as 44 students as respondents consisting of 31.8% male students and 68.2% female students. the mean knowledge of the sample before the extension was 4.50 with a standard deviation of 1.535. meanwhile, after counseling, the average sample knowledge increased to 7.64 with a standard deviation of 1.293. the results of statistical tests showed that the value of p = 0.000 where the value of p = <0.05, it can be concluded that there is an effect of counseling on the fulfillment of balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate. there needs to be further counseling and mentoring activities so that the knowledge gained can be applied in daily life. introduction adolescence is a transitional age from childhood to adulthood characterized by rapid physical growth and psychological development (mary, 2002). the adolescent age category starts from 10 years to 21 years (adiningsih, 2002). problems related to food consumption are the very diverse habits of adolescents towards the food they consume, such as indifference, to the choice of food they consume even though it is not by nutritional needs, overeating, following the trend with fast food without paying attention to the adequacy of the nutrition they need, forgetting time to eat because of dense activities and so on (moehji, 2003). to achieve optimal nutritional status, a country needs guidelines for balanced nutrition. it is not only enough to be printed, but the guidelines for balanced nutrition need to be socialized so that they can become guidelines for eating people in a balanced diet. one of the visualizations of balanced nutrition messages is 'my dinner plate' which shows the serving of food and drinks at every meal (notoatmodjo, 2007). according to the general guidelines for balanced nutrition (pugs) the composition of dishes must consist of rice, side dishes, vegetables, and fruits which are naturally very high in value, namely staple foods as a source of energy, side dishes as a source of protein and fat, vegetables and fruit as a source of minerals and vitamins. the practice of balanced nutrition is a response to knowledge and attitudes towards balanced nutrition which includes consuming a balanced diet and having a healthy lifestyle (supariasa, 2012). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.159 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.159 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.159 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.159 mailto:lisnawaty@uho.ac.id https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 40-43 41 the contents of my plate describe healthy and balanced food, starting from 4 healthy 5 perfect which cannot be sufficient so that it is complemented or transformed by balanced nutrition guidelines with 10 basic messages. the current guidelines for balanced nutrition are focused on four things, namely various kinds of food, drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day, physical activity as well as weighing height and weight, and equipped with handwashing with soap (ctps). the contents of my plate refer to one plate divided into two, 50 percent fruit and vegetable plate, the other 50 percent consists of 1/3 side dish and 2/3 carbohydrates. many factors influence the practice of balanced nutrition, including gender, age, and socioeconomic status, place of residence, family habits, knowledge, and attitudes towards balanced nutrition. from the description above, one of the factors related to nutritional problems is knowledge. knowledge is the result of "knowing" and this occurs after a person senses a certain object, at the time of sensing to produce that knowledge is strongly influenced by the intensity of perceptual attention to the object and most of the human knowledge is obtained through the eyes and ears (wawan & dewi, 2012). one of the factors that influence knowledge is education. education is an effort to develop personality and abilities inside and outside the school and lasts a lifetime, and from this education, a person will get information. one of the media to convey and get information is counseling. the extension is all means or efforts to display information messages that the communicator wants to convey so that targets can increase their knowledge, which in turn is expected to change their behavior towards health positively (notoatmodjo, 2007). methods of implementation the activities carried out in the community service are: 1. extension with the lecture method, namely the delivery of material orally by face-to-face with the audience, the material presented is general guidelines for balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate. 2. discussion and question and answer. the extension team opens discussions or questions and answers with extension participants to provide responses and questions that are relevant to the extension material. 3. documentation, namely the extension team showing some documentation regarding general guidelines for balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate. 4. evaluation, namely by looking at the average change in knowledge based on the answers to the pre-post counseling questionnaire and using the paired t-test to see whether or not there is an effect on changes in knowledge. results and discussion table 1. distribution of respondents by gender no gender total percents 1. boys 14 31,8 % 2. girls 30 68,2 % total 44 100 % based on table 1, it is known that the number of students who became respondents was female (68.2%). table 2. the influence of extension on student knowledge variable n mean sd se limit upper limit lower p-value after 44 4,50 1,535 0,327 -3,753 -2,520 0,000 before 7,64 1,293 02,76 table 2 shows that the mean knowledge of the sample before an extension was 4.50 with a standard deviation of 1.535. meanwhile, after counseling, the average sample knowledge increased to 7.64 with a standard deviation of 1.293. the results of statistical tests showed that the value of p = 0.000 where the value of p = <0.05, it can be concluded that there is an effect of counseling on the fulfillment of balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 40-43 42 this is in line with the theory of knowledge is a domain of things that can shape behavior. knowledge is the result of knowing and occurs after people sense a certain object, most of the knowledge is obtained through the eyes and ears (notoatmodjo, 2007). participants' knowledge increases after receiving nutritional counseling so that nutrition counseling can change the eating behavior of adolescents to better according to the 10 general guidelines for balanced nutrition in which there is a concept of recommended food composition to ensure a balance of nutritional substances so that they can supplement nutritional substances which it contains. based on the results of this activity, it turned out that many respondents had a poor level of knowledge about balanced nutrition general knowledge. this is due to the lack of education and education on balanced nutrition general knowledge. without knowledge, a person does not have a basis for making decisions and determining action on the problem at hand. the knowledge in question is knowledge about balanced nutrition, where this knowledge affects attitudes and behavior in choosing food which in turn will affect the nutritional status of the individual concerned (chatlin, 2010). nutritional knowledge has an important role in shaping a person's eating habits because this will affect a person in choosing the type and amount of food consumed. a person who is based on good nutritional knowledge will pay attention to the nutritional state of each food he consumes. nutritious food is not expensive and delicious food. however, these nutritious foods are foods that can meet the required nutrients. with the aim that these foods provide the appropriate nutrition needed by the body or often called balanced nutrition (almatsier, 2011). in this activity, it was found that balanced nutrition counseling had a significant level of knowledge with a p-value of 0.000. there is a significant influence in this study because the media used other than slide media also uses video media. in theory, it is said that video added in verbal messages can increase motivation to receive messages and remember them better because video media offers more interesting and less interesting information by displaying motion, pictures, and sound (cotento, 2007). the results of this service are in line with the results of previous studies which show that the use of balanced nutrition counseling edutainment for young women for video media is more effective in understanding balanced nutrition for young women. meanwhile, comic media is not effective in understanding the fulfillment of balanced nutrition as measured by the difference in the magnitude of the pretest n-gain with the posttest videos and comics (yuliati, drajat, & tutiek, 2014). some literature shows that providing nutrition education with the lecture method can increase the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of elementary school students (sartika, 2012). also, balanced nutrition education conducted at elementary schools in cilincing district is quite effective in increasing understanding of balanced nutrition in elementary school children (palupi, martien, & prita, 2018). nutrition education can also use other media. as in previous studies, it shows that there are differences in knowledge before and after health education (syafrawati, 2019). besides, there is an increase in understanding and improving behavior after being given counseling (kasuma, nila, & dkk, 2018). conclusion providing education on the fulfillment of balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate through powerpoint media and videos can increase students' knowledge. the provision of education that is carried out continuously is expected to increase knowledge and ultimately will influence the attitudes and actions of students to be able to implement life behaviors following the guidelines for balanced nutrition and the contents of my plate. there needs to be further counseling and mentoring activities so that the knowledge gained can be applied in everyday life. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 40-43 43 acknowledgments the implementation of community service activities cannot be separated from the cooperation and support of various parties. the writer's team's gratitude goes to the principal, teachers, and seventh-grade students of smpn 7 kendari as well as the village and the entire community of anggalomelai village, abeli district, kendari city who have helped make our service activities successful. references 1. almatsier, s. (2011). prinsip dasar ilmu gizi. jakarta: pt. gramedia pustaka utama. 2. chatlin, i. (2010). gambaran status gizi dan tingkat pengetahuan gizi seimbang siswa sdn 121 manado. manado: fkm universitas sam ratulangi. 3. cotento, i. (2007). nutrition education: linking research, theory, and practice. sudbury: jones and bartlett publishers. 4. kasuma, nila, & dkk. (2018). penyuluhan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada siswa sekolah dasar sdn 03 alai kota padang dalam rangka memperingati world oral health day tahun 2017. warta pengabdian andalas. 5. moehji. (2003). ilmu gizi, edisi 2. jakarta: papar sinar sinanti. 6. notoatmodjo, s. (2007). kesehatan masyarakat ilmu dan seni. jakarta: rineka cipta. 7. palupi, k., martien, s., & prita, d. (2018). edukasi gizi seimbang pada anak sekolah dasar di kecamatan cilincing jakarta utara. abdimas. 8. sartika, r. (2012). penerapan komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi gizi terhadap perilaku sarapan siswa sekolah dasar. national public health journal, 76-82. 9. supariasa, d. (2012). pendidikan dan konsultasi gizi. jakarta: egc. 10. syafrawati. (2019). upaya menurunkan dampak negatif gadget melalui media promosi kesehatan pada siswa sdn 01 sawahan kota padang. jurnal hilirisasi ipteks. 11. wawan, a., & dewi, m. (2012). eori dan pengukuran pengukuran sikap dan perilaku manusia. yogyakarta: nuha medika. 12. yuliati, drajat, p., & tutiek, r. (2014). efektivitas penggunaan edutainment konseling gizi terhadap pemahaman pemenuhan gizi seimbang pada remaja putri. jurnal pendidikan matematika dan sains, 160-166. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 124 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.195 page: 124 – 133 sustainability implementation of ui green metric world university rankings energy & climate change (ec) indicators: a case study of muet gymnasium fitness facility arsal mehmood1, toussef ali shahani2, murtaza ali khuharo3 1,2,3department of electrical engineering, mehran university of engineering & technology, sindh, pakistan corresponding author: arsal mehmood; email: f16el74@students.muet.edu.pk a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: carbon dioxide, renewable energy source, sustainability, technoeconomic analysis. received : 15 march 2021 revised : 05 june 2021 accepted : 11 june 2021 mehran university of engineering & technology is a public university established in 1973. wit seventeen faculties of multi-disciplines and having more than 7,500 students, muet has made lots of achievements. in 2019, muet is ranked 271 in the world, 2nd in pakistan, 1st in sindh province, and slotted 275th in terms of energy and climate change (ec) indicators implementations on sustainable development by ui greenmetric world university rankings. ui greenmetric is a sustainabilitybased ranking whose aim is to provide rankings of universities all over the world based on their efforts for the implementation of pre-define indicator criteria. one of the criteria for this ranking is the energy and climate change (ec) indicator which had a most 21 percent weightage. in this review, this paper presents a detailed analysis for the implementation of ec indicators of ui greenmetric world university rankings to reduce carbon dioxide footprints and maintain sustainability at muet gymnasium fitness facility. in this mechanism, an energy efficient flywheel-based kers (kinetic energy recovery system) bicycle generator is designed and developed. additionally, a techno-economic (energy, cost and co2 emission saving) beneficial analysis of generators with their usage as a free renewable energy source to overcome luminosity demand of muet gymnasium fitness facility by an efficient led lighting system and their relative relation with the ec indicator implementation is also discussed. introduction pakistan is the fifth most populous country in the world. electricity is the basic need of human life. with the growing population, the need for renewable electrical power and its usage is also increasing day by day. every year the consumption rate of electricity is increasing globally, but in pakistan, the production rate is not growing sufficiently which consequently resulted in load shedding and an increase in electricity price levels. besides, fossil fuel cost is increasing day by day as well as government is also taking steps to make use of renewable sources. today climate change is the biggest threat we faced. so, now it is time to gives attention to generating power through renewable energy sources, instead of conventional energy sources (pangaribuan, 2018). according to national electric power regulatory authority (nepra) annual report 2018-2019. figure 1 show the total energy division of pakistan in mega watt from the different energy source. from the below figure it is observed that most of the electricity in pakistan is generated from thermal energy sources and we know that thermal sources are responsible for global warming and climate change (shenoy, 2018). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:f16el74@students.muet.edu.pk https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 125 figure 1. represents overall installed capacity of pakistan. figure 2. represents overall installed capacity of pakistan. figure 2 shows the main one of the main elements that pakistan is listed in the global longterm climate risk index (cri) top 10 countries (megalingam, 2012). in paris agreement 2015, united nations framework convention on climate change (ufccc) presents the idea that developing countries needed to utilize environmentally friendly technologies to contribute to reducing emissions and prevent the world from global warming (united nations climate change conference, 2015). for that we need to focus on finding alternative renewable energy power plants, especially environmentally green and eco-friendly (f. s. prabowo, 2018). one type of an environmentally friendly clean and green energy power plant is an off-grid eco-friendly flywheel fitness exercise static kers bicycle generator (chalermthai, 2015). the human body can produce a significant amount of energy and human muscle activity has the potential to produce power that can be used for low power applications especially lighting load applications. the use of exercise equipment for green energy sources would be an exciting experience for participants as well as it provides a means to generate power along with cycling indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 126 exercise (megalingam, pedal power generation, 2015). flywheel-based kers bicycle generator can tap human energy to produce electricity quickly and efficiently. the primary function of the flywheel is to works as an energy accumulator and to reduce the fluctuation in speed. it absorbs the energy when demand is less and releases the same when it is required, which is the technical and engineering aspect of harvesting energy (uddin, 2015). this flywheel technology inherits many advantages that are environmentally friendly and has low maintenance, long life with no degradation. that is why even nasa (national aeronautics and space administration) glenn research center has employed flywheel energy storage systems for over three decades (suhalka, 2014). the objective of this research is to develop a practical prototype of an off-grid green harvesting bicycle generator with a highly efficient flywheel energy storage system, which could act as well as an off-grid battery charging system. this model will be proposed as a technological solution to minimize and to overcome the lighting load demand dependency of muet gymnasium on water & power development authority (wapda) and it will be suggesting as a proposal for the implementation of ui green metric (uigm), energy and climate change (ec) indicators (zaman, 2017). figure 3 represents energy and climate change indicator of universitas indonesia green metric world university ranking. figure 4 represents criteria and indicators of universitas indonesia green metric world university ranking (ui green metric) according to the ranking released by universitas indonesia green metric in 2019, muet is 271st worldwide, 2nd in all over pakistan while 1st in sindh province university rankings. although, in terms of implementing energy and climate indicators of uigm they listed muet 275th best globally. figure 5. represents global ranking of mehran university of engineering & technology in green metric world university(ui greenmetric, 2019) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 127 figure 6 represents global ranking of mehran university of engineering & technology in green metric world university for the implementation of energy and climate change indicators (ui greenmetric, 2019). our proposed mechanism is beneficial in maintaining sustainability and improving global ranking through the implementation of ec indicators. alternatively, this research also gives a comparative analysis of the present less efficient 60 watts tube light lighting system with the highly efficient 6 watts led lighting system in terms of electrical energy unit consumption saving, its cost saving, and its related green house gases (ghg) emission saving. methods in human life, electricity is the basic requirement. every year electricity consumption is increasing by 10% but when there is no simultaneous increase in production, and then the consequences resulted in the form of increased electricity prices and load shedding. alongside the availability of fossil fuels is getting reduced. in this case study, we have proposed the general technique to produce electricity from mechanical energy. the concept of this study is to use the wasted kinetic energy in the gymnasium while work out to produce electricity. figure 7. research methodology framework. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 128 table 1. research flow diagram data collection & surveys in this review, a survey is performed for the data collection from muet gymnasium fitness facility. the questionnaire method is used for the determination of gym operating hours, operating sessions, power ratings present appliances, overall load demand, lighting load demand in the respective sessions, quantity of luminosity appliances, frequency of peoples in the respective sessions, and their equipment’s of concern. table 2. data collection from gymnasium fitness facility table 3. represents operating hours of gymnasium. table 4. represents load demand of fitness facility. data analysis the results of the collected data analysis are as follows: table 5. represents classifications of pmdc generators with present and proposed lighting capacity. pedaling • it converts potential energy to variable mechanical energy and this v.m.e is converted to variable rotational energy (v.r.e) or variable kinetic energy (v.k.e) flywheel • a flywheel is a heavy rotating body which acts as a reservior of energy. • it stores v.k.e and convert to constant and fluctuation free k.e or r.e. generator • converts constant rotational energy(c.r.e) of flywheel to electrical energy. charge controller • a charge controller limits the rate at which electronic current is added or drawn from electric battery. it prevents overcharging and may protect against overvoltage. battery • store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy. 6 w led • series connected 6 watts led to overcomes the luminosty demends of muet gymnasium under operating sessions. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 129 system designing design of the proposed system is given by: figure 8. represents proposed system design with 250w pmdc, 24 v battery, charge controller, switches and series connected 6w 40 led (1st session 15 led + 2nd session 25 led) fitness facility through frizing software. prototype internal mechanism figure 9. represents prototype model internal mechanism. hardware model components confurigation the below figure represents the basic configuration of the “off-grid green energy harvesting (eh) flywheel based bicycle generator” with specialized and unique flywheel energy accumulation technology integration. figure 10. represents hardware model of an off-grid eco-friendly green energy harvesting (eh) flywheel based bicycle generator. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 130 results and discussion the main objective of this prototype development research is to initiate a self-sufficient gymnasium phenomenon that can sustain its alllighting load by the utilization of waste mechanical energy during workout and convert it down into electrical energy. this project presents an economical and technological solution of load shedding and as well as it could serve as a backup energy resource or uninterruptable power supply (ups) by using the battery. additionally, power production by the flywheel-based bicycle generator provides us an opportunity to minimize atmospheric pollution which is nowadays a government policy. a flywheel-based bicycle generator is very cheap. since we know that cost of fossil fuel is increasing day by day and this project is not depending on those. it serves dual purposes benefits simultaneously. firstly, physical fitness through exercise of muscles, and legs. secondly, green, and eco-friendly power generation through those healthy activities at the same time. calculations for energy saving the initial result of the study for energy-saving and its cost-saving is given by the formula as: c = a – b(1) a= (1st session operating hours × sum of 60 w connected load operates in 1st session) + (2nd session operating hours ×sum of 60 w connected load operates in 2nd session) b= (1st session operating hours × sum of 6 w connected load operates in 1st session) + (2nd session operating hours × sum of 6 w connected load operates in 2nd session) figure 11. represents60 w tube light lightening system load consume (a). figure 12. represents6 w led lightening system load consume (b). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 131 figure 13. energy consumption saving by using 6 w led system c = (a-b). table 6. represents initial results of the study for energy saving. calculations for cost saving cost saving d, 𝐃 = 𝐂 × 𝛄 (error! bookmark not defined.) c = energy unit saving (daily/weekly/monthly) 𝛾 = cost per price of a single unit of energy figure 14. represents cost saving (1 unit = 18 rupees in pakistan) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 132 table 5. represents initial results of the study for cost saving calculations for co2 emission saving primary electricity production in pakistan from thermal (oil, natural gas, etc.) as shown in figure1, and 1kwh = 0.001mwh since, energy produces in this proposed “off-grid ecofriendly bicycle generator” is 100% green. so, there is no co2 emission. therefore, the amount of co2 emission saving through a proposed idea as compared to 60 w tube light system is given by the formula as: co2 emission saving = energy consumes while 60w system operates in kwh ×co2 emission factor for solar, wind, or other sources × 0.001 mwh per kwh. the co2 factor for wind and solar is 0.600-ton co2 per megawatt-hours. while its value for other sources is 0.501-ton co2 per megawatt-hours according to the asian development bank (asian development bank, 2017). figure 15. represents carbon dioxide co2 emissions. figure 16. represents co2 emission in 6 w led system for wind and solar emission factor=0.600tco2 per mwh (wind & solar). table 6. represents initial results of the study for co2 emission saving indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 124-133 133 table 8. represents overall results. conclusion in 2017, there were more than 201 thousand fitness and health clubs worldwide. along with solar and wind source. we need to focus on some other alternative source of energy. as the population is increasing drastically. so, need to utilize those sources as a source of opportunity, as they can work as small power plants for energy. pakistanis are facing an electricity crisis whereas higher electricity tariffs are another burden for the consumers. higher education commission of pakistan provides students’ academic as well as some extra-curriculum opportunities for the grooming of generation. however, they fetch funding from government. mehran university has a gymnasium fitness facility where enough electricity is consumed which could be met through a unique and innovative alternative energy generation prospective to save energy, cost, green house gas (ghg)emission by the implementation of uigm energy & climate indicators through a feasibility analysis approach. references 1. international conference on environment and electrical engineering (eeeic). 2. megalingam, r. k. (2012). pedal power generation. 3rd international conference $n emerging trends in engineering and technology. 3. megalingam, r. k. (2015). pedal power generation. 4. pangaribuan, p. (2018). eco-electric energy generator system using human exercise activities. matec web of conferences. 5. shenoy, b. b. (2018). human muscle energy harvesting: models and application for low power loads. 8th ieee india international conference on power electronics (iicpe). 6. suhalka, r. (2014). generation of electrical power using bicycle pedal. 7. uddin, m. h. (2015). harvesting green energy from wastage energy of human activities using gymnasium bicycle at chittagong city. 3rd international conference on green energy and technology (icget). 8. zaman, k. m.-u. (2017). generation of electrical power using gymnasium bicycle. ieee region 10 humanitarian technology conference (r10-htc). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 89-94 89 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.212 page: 89 – 94 analyze economic empowerment of fisherman community in margasari village, east lampung annissa valentina1, kusuma wardany2, sulis anjarwati3 1,2,3university of nahdlatul ulama lampung, indonesia corresponding author: annissa valentina; email: nisavalen26@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: coastal community, fisherman, participation, strategy. received : 22 april 2021 revised : 22 may 2021 accepted : 04 june 2021 this research aim to know empowerment community of fisherman in margasari village, labuhan maringgai, lampung timur. it affected the improvement life quality of the community of fisherman, through participation that means they realized development activity did not only about government either community participation for quality improvement. this research is field research. method research that is used in this research is the qualitative approach. analysis of data used was qualitative with the conclusion of data used inductive. this research indicates that the empowerment level in this village is very low because fisherman did not include in empowerment activity. most of the fishermen need to be empowered but need a strategy that involved not only one step of implementation but also planning, implementation, until evaluation. introduction coastal area and ocean have strategic meaning for the indonesian future as the biggest archipelagic state in the world. most coastal areas community are fisherman under poverty economically and socially. economic limitations seemed to little fisherman income level. social limitations as the implications of social economy, it is poverty. one of the poverty of coastal area communities is lowlevel education, knowledge, and skill. based on data from the central bureau of statistics (statistik, 2020), the indonesian poor community reached 26, 42 million people, and 63,47 % of those are people who lived in the coastal area and rural area. ironically, with great potency, fisherman community welfare still lived under and identic with poverty. development of ocean and fishery as an effort of fisherman community welfare and fish cultivator, fulfill the nutrient need of community, expand work field, and running business opportunity for increasing income in a rural area (bappenas, 2014). the activity of fishery demand can explore production potency and increased productivity of fishery resources. fishery products are expected to increase community income. one of the efforts for it is community empowerment/group for transformed growth community as community real strength, for protect and waged a struggle of value and significance in whole life aspects. community empowerment means the increased ability or increased autonomous community include individual and social institutions strengthening (rizki, 2017). this activity a learning process for the increased capability of business actors of ocean and fishery in developing business fishery for increased income and welfare. fisherman and community in the coastal area generally is the part of the lowest level poor community and often be the first most suffer victim caused by its helplessness and vulnerability. it happened in the community of fisherman in margasari village, lampung timur. fishermen had to face income indeterminacy and pressure of long fishing lack season, and financial management and production marketing result indeterminacy and others pressure and exploitation along with the development of fishery modernization sector. community of fisherman identically with the poor community because of minimum fishery product indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:nisavalen26@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 89-94 90 and catching tool and marketplace or improper fish auction place. the condition of the community of fisherman is generally marked by some characteristics, such as poverty, health, and culture compared to other communities. social-culture backwardness, the low of coastal area human resources as left behind community group as economically and socially because of most of the people only elementary school graduate, and low function of group usaha bersama (kub), institution of kemoneyan mikro (lkm), or community organization capacity. the community lived properly because of participation toward designed development planning and determined purposed by the planner. level participation community determined by the community will forbear development cost such as money and power in the development program. from the description above, the researcher is interested to know more about economic empowerment in margasari village, labuhan maringgai, lampung timur. methods this research was descriptive. it gave as accurate a description about an individual, situation, indication, or certain group. to make easier data collection in the field, the researcher used the data collection method as following: 1. this observation did through the researcher's been at the research location and only did when the research was implemented and did not involved with activities related to the research problem. 2. the interview did with a kind interview that used in this research was lead-free interview brought complete and specific question also freely asked and the question still be developed as a given answer to the informant that in this research 5 fisherman and 5 village apparatus) 3. survey with the shared questioner to people as randomly to get secondary data before the data analysis step, the researcher processed collection data, then the researcher analyzed and interpreted it. after data collected then be classified as a discussed problem, then it be analyzed. in data analysis, the researcher used the qualitative data analysis method. it was inductive with special fact stepped thought, concrete reality been arranged generalization. this method is used to know the condition of real empowerment of the fisherman community in margasari village, labuhan maringgai. results and discussion based on observation, conditions economically based on income depend on fisheries resources in a certain season. this season was the west season (harvest), and the east season (low harvest/ “paceklik”). this research did on the east season when fishermen still are difficult to get fisheries resources. besides, a situation of covid-19 pandemic, fisherman income very few compared than expected. it happened because of the minimum consumer. they also followed weather as an absence to fishing in the rainy season. the observation did with the observed daily life of a fisherman, most of them fishing in a certain season. fishermen who had been boss or seafood collector, their income different with small fisherman. besides fishing activity, they also catch rajungan. some fishermen repaired net or boat, and some of them that followed organization and some people stayed at home for a repaired net for fishing next days. basically, most people (especially men) in margasari village worked as a fisherman and most of them rely on seafood and village government attention. physically, condition of the economy most people lived in margasari village still be under poverty. their income was minimum for daily life. based on fact, the condition that happened to most of the people in margasari village indicated a tendency that of the difficulties in life and poverty. based on raymond firth in sutawi and david darmawan (kompas, 2003), poverty of fisherman had characteristics, first, the income of fisherman was daily raised and its amount hard to be determined because it depends on the season and status of fisherman. second, generally, low level of education fisherman and children. third, fisherman more related to the exchange economy because the product was not a staple food. fourth, the fishery sector needs a great degree of investment than other business sectors. kelima, fisherman life under poverty included by susceptibility. based on the phenomenon above, in some cause of poverty, that conspicuous was work relationship between fisherman as owner with smallholder fisherman in the fishing organization, especially for very affected indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 89-94 91 result toward high-low income smallholder fisherman (saidi, 2014). economic empowerment in margasari village empowerment is a process of transfer power, strength, or ability. it did by other parties outside that empowerless one. this term could not be defined that empowerless community did have zero power, but need to be charged. economic empowerment of fisherman community was activity did by people or institution to the community of fisherman for being powered or increased. the essence of empowerment based on ambar teguh sulistiyani (2004: 79) as a condition or climate creation or that possible community be enabling. winarni in sulistiyani (2004: 79) said that the essence of empowerment includes three things, they were: enabling, empowering, and autonomous creation. while empowerment in a coastal area, based on kusnadi (2009) empowerment community of fisherman means is planned, systematic, and continuous conscious effort for setup social, economic, and political autonomous community of fisherman with managed potence resources owned for reach continuous social welfare. in empowerment need systematic condition and process in empowerment for community economy especially for community poverty, such as the community of traditional fisherman in a rural area. result of collecting data through interviews with fisherman, empowerment activity in margasari village still be less optimum. community or people who lived in this area were less participation for development activity seemed on a situation that only certain people participated in the followed activity of empowerment started from planning, implementation, until evaluation. fishermen prefer work hardly than only listened less positive think. most of the fishermen did not know the well name of empowerment in margasari village. it was not being socialized well by fishermen. with followed empowerment program based on fisherman, empowerment program did not affect economic welfare while there was economic aid such as tool and hulling machine for fish. but in the fact, tools given only sprawl in the warehouse did not use or considered as an unuseful thing. fishermen could not reuse it. based on data, previous, empowerment communities of fisherman had been formed, it had a meeting between fisherman, apparatus and empowerment agent, but most of the fisherman only listen, did not active to give a response or feedback for the best result as participation in activity or program. no effective socialization from village government, only as information which community of fisherman asked for formed a group for any program from central/local government. based on hasan ubaidillah as a fisherman asked about his participation in an empowerment program that did not optimum yet in preparation, implementation, and evaluation aspect. the empowerment program is purposed to empower or assist coastal area communities (roslinawati, 2013). but the result of research, information obtained in activity economic empowerment in margasari village did not give benefit for members, this matter indicated that purpose of economic empowerment for empowered coastal area community a line with the perception of informant about the role of program, as an instrument for the determined deficiency for evaluation with the result that community of fisherman in margasari village had high spirit economic empowerment. besides, it is an instrument of work seriousness. there were some obstacles to the empowerment program was less consciousness of the community for active participation, the government gave effective and efficient to the purpose assist where it was not appropriate with expectation and need of fisherman. fishermen wish they would be empowered with the assist in modern fishing tool form. obstacles and strategy of empowerment fisherman in margasari village these were some factors as obstacles in effort for empowerment by formal institutions for increased welfare coastal area community or fishery margasari village: 1. low quality of human resources (element); community of fisherman in margasari village as a target of empowerment generally as a traditional fisherman of education and lowincome community. with kind of condition, they only need to answer the question “how could i live, how could i fulfill a prime daily need?” physiologically, the community of fisherman felt satisfied fastly with everything reached, they did not interested in any kind of rule, advice/suggestion, and as include empowerment program by government or indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 89-94 92 formal institutions. condition of fettered social of economic and condition of nature caused the community of fisherman satisfied fastly as mentally with the condition of the economy family and did not have a significant view about future. low level of human resources graded from education aspect that generally exist as characteristic of the community of traditional fisherman. this condition did not only because of the psychology factor but because of accessibility of education medium as generally still be minimum and need additional cost. empowerment program for the community that understood social economy and culture aspect that able resolved obstacles of human resources. 2. direct assist that any judgment from the community of traditional fisherman generally that government aid with anything that distributed did not need to be returned. it caused minimum aid utilizing and be dependent. minimum socialization and approach toward target community as one of the reasons about that judgment other than the traditional culture that regards that free economic aid distribution was government duty and because of low-level education. 3. lack of accompaniment; for socialization, facilitation, and accompaniment, generally empowered by pemberdayaan pendamping program (tpp) or program empowerment each location of the community. but in margasari village there was no empowerment facilitator, but the only coordinator from the regency official of lampung timur. 4. “tengkulak” and “rentenir”; one ignored fact that condition of the social economy community of traditional fisherman in most of the coastal area in indonesia still be a target of the program that generally still be bounded as moral in patron-client tradition. patron as the capital owner had been given freedom for the client in resources fish management, and be restraint difficult to be freed. everybody knew well that relationship between patron and client as a bound need each other. each client in the fishery business that fulfilled by a patron as capital owner. because of that, empowerment programs that able to struggle in strategy community necessary fulfillment that can run and succeed. related to empowerment coastal area community, the is some strategy that can do for empowered coastal area community were: 1. strategy of facilitation 2. strategy of education 3. strategy of persuasive 4. strategy of dominance management based on community as one of the approaches of natural resources management put knowledge and environment consciousness local community as basic of management. the community did have much deficiency especially in the level of education, the consciousness of environmental significance, finance/capital, etc. formulation of model economic empowerment traditional fisherman should attention to their characters because as geographically they as a community with certain culture certain that be differentiation with other social groups (kusnadi, 2009), and they were do-or-die, bright, persevering to fight and secured from cycle fetter of poverty, it was poverty itself. between three groups (farm worker, peasant, and fisherman) in a rural area that most poor, fisherman still be most difficult, because of they as most of the evicted group that from the local area-farming local area. the concept of empowerment in a discourse of development community is always connected with autonomous, participation, networking, and justice concept. basically, empowerment is put on strength of the individual and social level. empowerment means the behavior of strong mental (hikmat, 2001). from the empowerment concept above, community empowerment in coastal areas and ocean as community empowerment coastal area for gave benefit and managed fishery and ocean resources as optimal and conservation as an effort increased their welfare. the essence of four strategy empowerment was the way or best management that should do for coastal area community will and able managed own resources. nikijuluw explained three forms of management fishery and ocean resources, it was management fishery resources based on community (pspbm), management resources fishery by government, and co-management (integration pspbm and management fishery resources by the government). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 89-94 93 as known, the success of empowerment did not only organized by the government or community but a collective activity that the result could make prosperity for the whole stratum of the community. there were supporting factors and obstacles factors for been observed and resolved. other supporting factors were consciousness concept had been built in every kind of activity that appropriate with existing law and rule, ecotourism potency and fishery resources, well active village apparatus and self-preparation of elementary school for self-motivation and guidelines, and practice. conclusion fisherman empowerment in margasari village did not along have been because of only did as socialization. fisherman also did not include in planning, implementation, and evaluation step. the intensity of dialogue between village government with fisherman 100% less. as known that the success of empowerment di not only attempted by the government or community, but a collective activity that result could make the community be prospered for the whole community. this matter needs to be resolved by the synergy between government such as village apparatus and other related instance. ngo or enterprise, campus, and community of fisherman itself who cared. references 1. adisasmita, rahardjo. (2006). rural and urban development (in indonesia: pembangunan pedesaan dan perkotaan. yogyakarta: graha ilmu 2. ambar, teguh sulistiyani. (2004). partnership and models of empowerment. in indonesia: kemitraan dan model-model pemberdayaan. yogyakarta: gava media. 3. aprillia theresia. (2015). development based community. in indonesia: pembangunan berbasis masyarakat. bandung: alfabeta. 4. conyers, diana. (1994). social plan in third world: an introduction (in indonesia: perencanaan sosial di dunia ketiga: suatu pengantar). yogyakarta: gadjah mada university press. 5. isbandi rukminto adi. (2007). plan of partisipatory based community asset: from thinking to implementation (in indonesia: perencanaan partisipatoris berbasis aset komunitas: dari pemikiran menuju penerapan). jakarta: fisip universitas indonesia press. 6. keputusan menteri kelautan dan perikanan nomor 18 tahun 2004 tentang pedoman umum pelaksanaan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir. 7. kusnadi (2009). empowerment of fisherman and & coastal area economy dynamics (in indonesia: keberdayaan nelayan & dinamika ekonomi pesisir). ar-ruzz media publisher. yogyakarta. 8. mardikanto, totok and soebianto, poerwoko. (2012). community empowerment in perspective of public policy (in indonesia: pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam perspektif kebijakan publik). bandung: cv alfabeta. 9. messie, nawir. (2004). environmental policy analysis and approach. materials of analisis dan formulasi kebijakan pembangunan wilayah pesisir dan lautan. program studi pengelolaan sumberdaya pesisir dan lautan sekolah pasca sarjana ipb. bogor. 10. ramhanto, d and purwaningsih, e. (2016). empowerment of coastal area community in untungjawa island as effort to increase of fisherman sense of justice and autonomy (in indonesia: pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir pulau untung jawa dalam upaya meningkatkan kesadaran hukum dan kemandirian nelayan). adil: jurnal hukum, vol. 07, no. 1 11. rizki, erviria. (2017). participation of fisherman community in economic empowerment of sukajaya village, lempasing, teluk pandan, pesawaran (in indonesia: partisipasi masyarakat nelayan dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi di desa sukajaya lempasing kecamatan teluk pandan kecamatan pesawaran). lampung: uin raden inten. 12. roslinawati. (2013). response of community to economic empowerment coastal area community program in donggala (in indonesia: persepsi masyarakat terhadap program pemberdayan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir kabupaten donggala). jurnal academica, fisip untad. vol.05, no. 02 oktober 2013. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 89-94 94 13. saidi, muhammad. (2014). model of economic community development (in indonesia: model pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat). die journal ilmu ekonomi dan manajemen. vol. 10 no. 01. page. 39-48. 14. sen s, nielsen jr. (1996). analysis of fisheries co-management arrangements: a research framework. ifm, denmark and iclarm, philippines research proposal. 15. suparjan & hempri suyatno. (2003). development of community from development to empowerment (in indonesia: pengembangan masyarakat dari pembangunan sampai pemberdayaan). yogyakarta: aditya media. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 77-81 77 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.167 page: 77 – 81 ensuring economic growth through the development of digital technologies in uzbekistan mirzakarimova muyassar muminovna1, narmanov ulugbek abdugapparovich2 1,2national university of uzbekistan, tashkent, uzbekistan corresponding author: narmanov ulugbek abdugapparovich; email: rivaldo1986@yandex.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: e-business; economic modernization; global crisis; government programs; mobilization. received : 14 february 2021 revised : 23 february 2021 accepted : 25 february 2021 development of the digital economy in the period of the global pandemic is one of the issues of strategic importance for uzbekistan, like other countries, which determines its world-wide competitiveness, and through this, it shows that it is necessary to address the issues of socio-economic development of the country. the gradual transition to a digital economy in uzbekistan will help solve many economic and promising problems and ensure economic growth. a number of issues and challenges have been addressed in terms of ensuring economic growth through the development of the digital economy and its economic significance. introduction the twenty-first-century movement towards advanced technology in telecommunication, information, and innovations brought up the concepts of digital technology and the digital economy (afonasova, et al., 2018). the latest digital technologies play an important role in stimulating the economic growth of countries and integrated macroregions, while the digital economy is growing many times faster than the traditional economy. much of this growth is based and supported by modern technologies, including the rapidly evolving information and telecommunications technologies (tumanyan, 2019). although the pandemic is coming up with a global crisis and challenges, it is creating a better opportunity for the development of the digital economy. in the present case, the compensation for the damage caused by the coronavirus pandemic after the situation has stabilized will take some time. the situation in the world economy is also deteriorating day by day. many experts predict that the second and third quarter will pass completely with a major decline. in a state of crisis, the sectors involved in exports have received considerable damage. in the case of quarantine, all services were forced to limit their activities. it is known that this will cause significant damage to the economy. today, the active use of information and communication technologies contributes to the development of new information networks, secure access through innovation to network technologies, the development of human resources, the active use of it in the public sector, and the provision of services necessary to increase the level of accessibility of public services for all citizens (molchanova, 2020). similarly, in the field of tourism, there are, of course, some delays. it has to do with human health, and human life is paramount. it is clear that the countries that are not currently pursuing a serious policy on the coronavirus pandemic and are ignoring it, are only laying the groundwork for a stronger future crisis. choosing the right path can help you get through the crisis more easily. taking into account current global trends, the rapid use of ict in uzbekistan in all spheres of society, as well as the overall development of digital technologies will accelerate innovation and the global economy. transforms into a driving force of rapid entry and integration. to this end, the republic is taking urgent measures but high efficiency in these processes cannot be achieved without the initial scientific basis and scientific research. with the transition of our country to the digital economy, the digital economy in many countries implies new indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.167 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.167 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.167 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.167 mailto:rivaldo1986@yandex.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 77-81 78 forms of economic relations and governance, not only new forms of consumer communication and electronic payments, but also the entire industry. with the development of information technology today, new directions of employment are emerging. employers can hire employees voluntarily and at will, and the difference in geographical location and time does not matter. employees can perform their duties remotely using information technology and can perform the assigned task at any time without leaving home. methods one of the important features that distinguish the digital economy from traditional and other economies is that information is presented as a separate component of production costs, as well as an important element of the market mechanism and a separate type of economic activity. thus, in a traditional economy, the leading sector of production is mining, while in industrial production, processing, in the digital economy, knowledge generation and information, and especially science, are the leading sectors (otakuzieva, 2020). the economy is going through an important period of change, digitalization, mobilization of all sectors, the introduction of artificial intelligence in the industry. the need to develop a new economy becomes even clearer by 2022, when the digital sector is projected to account for almost a quarter of world gdp. mobile payment systems can be considered as a modern version of the digital economy. we all know that customers' smartphones are linked to bank accounts. this allows customers to make online purchases and transfer money freely using mobile devices. the latter circumstance is related to the current level of technological effectiveness of the economy, although even technologically backward countries can demonstrate a growth rate that exceeds the growth rate of developed countries (tukhtabaev, 2020). the introduction of the digital economy in developed countries has already begun. in the context of globalization of the world economy and the development of technology, the economic development of uzbekistan cannot be achieved without the development of the digital economy. the digital economy is an economic activity based on digital technologies, related to e-business, ecommerce, producing, and providing digital goods and services. in this case, payments for economic services and goods are made via electronic money. the concept of digital economy is based on the transition from the atom to the bit, that is, from the smallest chemical particle to the electronic unit. the digital economy is a system of economic, social, and cultural communication based on the use of digital technologies. it is sometimes referred to as the internet economy, the new economy, or the web economy. in 1995, american programmer nicholas negroponte coined the term “digital economy”. the term is now used by politicians, economists, journalists, and entrepreneurs around the world. in 2016, the world bank published the first report on the state of the global digital economy. the term “digital economy” is entering all sectors. this, in turn, will significantly improve people's living standards. it is no exaggeration to say that uzbekistan's choice of the digital economy is a big step towards a complete and comprehensive positive change in the country's economy. modernizing and diversifying the economy and ensuring high economic growth through increasing labor productivity also requires the use of many factors. one of them is the digital economy. the discipline provided in this economic environment will certainly create the appropriate conditions for the modernization of the economy. increased labor productivity is also a product of the above modernization. at the same time, it can also be seen as a means of eliminating the shadow economy. because, firstly, all transactions will be registered electronically, and secondly, everything will be transparent. in addition, the use of new it in production will reduce the cost of products and services and increase competitiveness. as long as our economy is not competitive and the laws of the market are not fully enforced, the results of economic reforms will not be significant. the number of countries with developed digital economies is also growing. the “digital” countries today are norway, sweden, and switzerland. the top 10 countries with digital economies include the united states, britain, denmark, finland, singapore, south korea, and hong kong. as a result of studying the world experience, it is clear that in countries with developed digital economies, the rules of the state market “game” in indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 77-81 79 the digital economy creates the same, equal and accessible conditions for all participants in the game. that is, they are all equal, whether they are big or small. therefore, in the development of the digital economy, the state should create equal conditions for all, make market rules, laws, and contracts as transparent as possible, the law should give freedom to game participants based on market demand, i.e. be able to predict market development trends, and adopt the necessary regulations. like the rest of the world, uzbekistan is developing a digital economy. with the introduction of information technology into our daily lives, many opportunities are being created for ordinary people. however, it should be noted that the digital economy in uzbekistan is developing several times slower. that is, there are opportunities, there are the necessary resources, but the level of development is much lower than in other countries. results and discussion the higher the diversification and dynamics of the economy, the greater the unique information flow inside and outside the country, and the more significant the information traffic within national economies. as a result, the digital economy is growing rapidly in markets with large numbers of participants and it services. according to statistics, in january-september 2020, the share of communication and information services in the total volume of market services increased to 6.0% (5.6% in january-september 2019). the share of computer programming, consulting services in the total volume of communication and information services increased by 0.8% compared to the corresponding period of 2019 and amounted to 7.5%, as well as the share of information services increased by 1.2% to 4.7%. the largest share of computer programming and consulting services was recorded in tashkent 94.4%. this is due to the fact that most of the companies and organizations operating in this area are registered in the region (state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan, 2020). according to the analysis of leading international organizations, the digital economy will increase gdp by at least 30%, while eliminating the shadow economy. turning to international practice, today the digital economy is not limited to the field of ecommerce and services, but to every aspect of life, in particular, health, science and education, construction, energy, agriculture, and water management, is rapidly entering the fields of transport, geology, cadastre, archives, internet banking and others, and in each of them is giving its high results. the government's provision of eservices and e-products to its citizens is a key part of the digital economy extensive development of this sector in our country will eliminate the scourge of corruption. the world bank's digital dividends study shows how important the digital economy is in developing countries' economies. in particular, a 10% increase in internet speed will lead to gdp growth. in developed countries, the figure is 1.21 percent, while in developing countries it is 1.38 percent. this means that if the speed of the internet doubles, gdp will increase by 13-14% (world bank, 2020). in the 21st century, digital technology has engulfed people everywhere. they are being used to increase productivity by reducing human labor. the digital economy helps to reduce the cost of providing services, provides access to exports through e-commerce, and positively affects the flow of investment and, in general, economic activity. the development of the digital economy leads to the following advantages: (1) increase labor efficiency in production; (2) increased competitiveness of companies; (3) reduction of costs in production; (4) the emergence of new modern professions; (5) overcoming poverty and loss of social inequality. the first and most important factor in the sustainable development of the digital economy is the creation of a modern ict infrastructure. a number of large-scale projects have been implemented in our country in this direction. the efficiency of the digital economy is affected not only by the coverage of information technology and the availability of infrastructure but also by standard economic criteria such as the business environment, human capital, and successful management tools. consequently, economic development relies on them, which means that these criteria continue to play an important role in the development of the digital economy. here are some of the obstacles to the development of the digital economy in uzbekistan: (1) low speed and poor quality of the internet; (2) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 77-81 80 monopoly in many areas; (3) low computer literacy of citizens; (4) lack of transparency in legislation; (5) lack of it specialists; (6) slow development of science and especially the exact sciences. in a rapidly changing situation under the influence of the global pandemic, many countries are moving towards the development of digital technologies, especially the active use of artificial intelligence. therefore, the creation of smart cities in some countries begins with government programs and initiatives to digitize itself, and then the transition to a digital form of information transfer to other areas of life. in the traditional economy, the main role in the relationship between producer and buyer was played by the manufacturer, as he belonged to the generation of product ideas. the buyer made a selection from the list of benefits already produced and offered by the manufacturer. in the digital economy, the modern buyer has the opportunity to become a participant in the process of creating new consumer value, generate ideas for new products and services (andreeva & mizova, 2018). the digital economy is used to express two different concepts. first, the digital economy is a modern stage of development characterized by the predominance of the benefits of creative labor and information. second, the digital economy is a unique concept, the object of study of which is the information society. in today's fast-paced global economy, the digital economy is in its infancy, and the transition to the digital information age is only a few decades away. in the process of such rapid changes in the world community and the aggravation of competition, without the widespread introduction of innovations and digital technologies, the sustainable development of the country's economy in the near and far future, the inability to ensure its competitiveness, is the same reality, which, in turn, requires the imposition of scientific and practical efforts. the digital transformation is an opportunity to be welcomed, but it also brings certain challenges that need to be managed. generally speaking, the digital transformation is changing the world faster than many rules and regulations have evolved. governments can benefit from mechanisms to periodically review their regulatory frameworks and, where appropriate, update them to ensure that they are well suited to the increasingly digitalized world (khotamov & olimov, 2020). the digital economy is a major ally of corruption and the black economy. because numbers seal everything, store it in memory, and provide information quickly when needed. in such a situation, it is impossible not to hide any information, to make secret transactions, not to give full information about this or that activity, the computer will show everything. the abundance and structure of the data prevents fraud and deception because it is impossible to deceive the system. as a result, it is impossible to launder "dirty money", steal funds, spend them inefficiently and aimlessly, exaggerate or hide them. this will increase the flow of legal funds into the economy, taxes will be paid on time and correctly, budget allocations will be transparent, funds directed to the social sphere will not be stolen, schools, hospitals, the money allocated to the roads will be fully paid. conclusion in the context of the global pandemic, the development of the digital economy and digital technologies will serve as a catalyst for all innovative solutions, opening up a vast field of information technology that needs to be used for the development of the nation and the state. digitization of all sectors of the economy is a prerequisite for integration into the world community, gaining a foothold in the world market, economic development, and the creation of conveniences for the population. through the massive introduction and application of digital technologies in uzbekistan, the economy of its regions will also show better results, increasing the investment attractiveness of the regions. in addition, the population of the russian regions will improve in terms of information knowledge, which contributes to the improvement of the educational environment, as a result of which the quality of future specialists will increase. it is important to improve the digital economy through the development of the digital sector of the national economy, the scientific and practical study of its social, economic, political, and legal foundations. in short, the introduction of the digital economy in our country is in the interests of the economy, the accuracy and realism of its indicators, the elimination of false numbers. ensures the same indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 77-81 81 interest of the subjects (from the state to the following enterprises, even individual entrepreneurs). the digital economy appears as a factor of economic growth in uzbekistan and its regions, representing a special digitalization system. the above studies show that the use of digital technologies will lead to an improvement in the economic condition of the country, both in the external and in the internal structure. the transition to a digital economy will increase the chances of eliminating the shadow economy. because, firstly, all transactions are recorded electronically, and secondly, everything is transparent. in addition, the use of new it in production will reduce the cost of products and services and increase competitiveness. references 1. afonasova m.a., panfilova, e.e., galichkina m.a. (2018). social and economic background of digital economy: conditions for transition. european research studies journal. volume xxi, special issue 3,292-302. 2. andreeva a.n., mizova e. m. (2018). digital economy: new business opportunities. journal of economy and business, vol.4. 19-20. 3. khotamov i.s., olimov m. (2020). main direc a in directions of devel tions of developing digi oping digital econom al economy in the y in the context of ensuring the economic security of country. economics and innovative technologies. volume 2020, number 2. 1-7. 4. molchanova s.m. (2020). use of modern information technologies to ensure sustainable economic growth innovative development trajectory of modern science: formation, development, forecasts.22-25. 5. otakuzieva z.m. (2020). the digital economy and its in uzbekistan development tendencies. scientific electronic journal economy and innovative technologies. no. 2, march-april, 2020.162-174. 6. state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan 2020. 7. tukhtabaev j. sh. (2020). the role of the digital economy in ensuring the economic security of the country. science problems.2020. -№ 1. 81-87. 8. tumanyan y. r. (2019). digitalization of the economy as a factor of stimulation economic growth and solving social problems. state and municipal administration. scholarly notes. 2019. no. 2. 170-174. 9. world bank 2020. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 173 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.889 page: 173 – 180 algorithms for the generation of an electronic customized answer booklet for universities doreck nduhukire1, evarist nabaasa1, deborah natumanya1 1mbarara university of science and technology, uganda corresponding author: deborah natumanya; email: deborahnatumanya@must.ac.ug a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: algorithms, electronic answer booklet, electronic examinations. received : 31 march 2023 revised : 17 may 2023 accepted : 30 june 2023 academic institutions in uganda are accustomed to using pen-on-paper exams where students are given an answer booklet at the time of the exam. universities frequently use customized answer booklets which help to lower the prevalence of exam fraud among students. universities continue to encounter the challenge of examining summative questions like essays after the migration to electronic examinations brought about by the covid-19 social distancing effects due to the lack of a customized electronic answer booklet. the primary goal of this research was to design algorithms for a customized electronic answer booklet. these algorithms went through six stages, starting with analyzing the problem and ending with developing the algorithms. the design, analysis, and coding of four algorithms i.e. cover page, single empty page, adding a page, and watermark addition algorithms was completed. the designed electronic personalized answer booklet is dynamic in nature and supports page addition, text crossing out or rubbing, and navigating through the electronic question paper. any academic institution may utilize this electronic answer book. introduction during the three-year covid-19 epidemic phase, academic institutions, particularly universities, were forced to make a major transformation from traditional pen-on-paper exams to electronic exams (gudel, 2022; revilla-cuesta, skaf, varona, & ortega-lópez, 2021). traditional pen on paper is the act of examinations where students are presented with hard copy question papers and answer booklets where to write their corresponding answers (guimarães et al., 2018; sindre & vegendla, 2015) while electronic examinations refer to the act of using electronic devices to take on an examination which may or may not be limited by location (bashitialshaaer, alhendawi, & lassoued, 2021; rajala et al., 2016). electronic learning was quickly adopted by schools to ensure continuity of instruction in the hopes that the situation that had caused school closure, distance learning, and the university to resume normal operations would calm down (karakose, 2021; tadesse & muluye, 2020). unfortunately, it lasted longer, necessitating the need for electronic assessment to conduct progressive assessments that included course work, assignments, and exams (kahunde, ogwang, maya, paul lakuma, & sserunjogi, 2022; ssenkusu, ssempala, & mitana, 2022). as they offered a platform for creating brief tests or quizzes, the electronic learning platforms that were being used to conduct electronic learning sessions could easily allow progressive assessment (garcía-alberti, suárez, chiyón, & mosquera feijoo, 2021; singh, steele, & singh, 2021). however, providing summative or end-of-semester exams presented a dilemma, and most universities were forced to cease examinations as a result of the absence of an appropriate method or platform (guangul, suhail, khalit, & khidhir, 2020; noorbehbahani, mohammadi, & aminazadeh, 2022). more so, the university answer booklet's standards were not met by the text editors or writing programs like microsoft word that were readily available. in light of this, the goal of this project indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:deborahnatumanya@must.ac.ug https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 174 was to design algorithms for a customized electronic answer booklet that supports free electronic handwriting. universities frequently used hardcopy answer books, and the proposed algorithms were to electronically convert the hardcopy answer book while keeping all of the answer book's rules. the answer booklet is divided into various sections, including the face page, blank pages, header, and footer. each of these sections also includes a variety of components: the face page has tables that hold various vital details about the student, including their name, program, course name, course code, exam date, etc.; exam score information, including the marks given for each question and the overall score; instructions, which explain how to use the booklet; a header (the student's number); and a footer (booklet serial number and list of questions attempted). methods an algorithm, according to (levitin, 2008), is described as a series of clear instructions for resolving a problem, or for attaining the desired result for any valid input in a predetermined amount of time. algorithms are viewed as methodical approaches to issues. these solutions are not the answers; rather, they are detailed directions for finding the answers. a typical process for designing and assessing algorithms is shown in figure 1 as a series of steps. figure 1. steps followed in the design of algorithms all of the information on each page of the hard copy answer booklet was noted down for consideration after rigorous analysis. the information on each page was eventually organized into groups based on the various functions it performs to create a reasonable workload from which an algorithm could be developed. for the electronic answer booklet, the following algorithms had to be taken into account: cover page, empty page, adding an empty page, and watermark addition. given the nature of the problem that needed to be solved, the divide-and-conquer design technique was used to guide the creation of these algorithms (osa et al., 2018). the divide and conquer technique uses a top-down strategy that involves splitting the large problem into smaller ones and then solving each one on its own, recursively. after then, the solutions are blended to find one that addresses the original issue. the single empty page algorithm, cover page algorithm, method for adding an empty page, and algorithm for watermark insertion were among the algorithms designed. the steps of each algorithm were afterward documented and confirmed or examined for accuracy by two professionals in the field of algorithm design, one of whom was a computer scientist and the other a mathematician. the decide on: algorithm design technique design an algorithm prove correctness analyze the algorithm code the algorithm understand the problem indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 175 algorithms' worst-case complexity was also evaluated as part of the analysis. the algorithms were later developed to create an electronic exam answer booklet. in this study, an algorithm's complexity is defined as a measurement of how long it takes to run given an input of size n. the complexity measured in this study focuses less on how long an algorithm really takes to run and more on how much labor it involves. to find areas where the algorithms needed to be improved, complexity was measured. based on the worst-case scenario, a theoretical analysis of time efficiency was conducted. in worstcase scenario analysis, the execution time of an algorithm is estimated at its maximum bound when it is fully supplied with inputs. the complexity of each method was calculated by calculating the number of basic operations repeated in relation to the size of the input. the operation that was deemed to be fundamental was the one that made the biggest difference in how long the algorithm took to run. to better understand how well the planned algorithms performed, a worst-case complexity analysis was conducted. this provided a foundation for future efficiency improvements. the equation below was used to calculate the worst-case complexity of each of the algorithms. w (n) = maxt (i) i dn where: dn was the set of inputs of size n for the problem under consideration, i was an element of dn. t(i)was the number of basic operations performed by the algorithm on input i. the function w is called the worst-case complexity of the algorithm. w(n) is the maximum number of basic operations performed by the algorithm on any input of size n. following the above function, a basic operation for each algorithm was identified and complexity w(n) for each algorithm was calculated. results and discussion the divide and conquer technique is a topdown strategy in which an issue is broken down into smaller sub-problems that are solved on their own to arrive at a solution for the larger problem. as seen in figure 2 below, the divide and conquer strategy was used to successfully complete the electronic answer booklet task. figure 2. electronizing the electronic examination answer booklet hard copy university answer booklet university electronic answer booklet cover page empty page adding an empty page watermark indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 176 cover page algorithm input: th = header, tf=footer, t=table, c=cells, col= columns, set p {p1, p2, p3, …, pn} = paragraphs output: pn customized cover page of the answer script booklet: 1: open directory f and edit its empty page pn 2: n  i 3: create a tuple y = (th, tf, t, c, col, p) 4: initialize elements of y 5: create a table th = (th, colh, celh, caph) 6: initialize elements of th 7: create a table tf = (p, tf, colft, cf) 8: initialize elements of tf 9: create a table t = (p1, p2, p3, t1, col1, cap1, cel 1, l) 10: initialize elements of t 11: add tf, ft, and t to pn 12: update pn and stop this algorithm creates the cover or face page of the examination answer booklet. the face page contents like the students’ details, examiners remarks, footer, and header are added by this algorithm by the use of tables. worst case analysis; w(n)=6n because there are 6 maximum basic operations at lines 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. single empty page algorithm input: n = number of pages, f = file directory output: (single empty page) 1: create a tuple t (n, f, i) 2: if f doesn’t exist then 3: create directory f 4: n  i and i = 0 5: else 6: overwrite existing directory 7: n = i 8: create pn 9: save pn into f 10: exit this algorithm generates an empty page of an answer booklet and stores the empty page in a file directory. from the single empty page algorithm, worst case complexity: w(n)=n, this is because the algorithm executes the basic operation only once at line 8 adding a page input: fi = pages number; f= directory; nxtp = next page output: f with page pn 1: n  (i + 1) 2: nxtp  false 3: if n > 0 then 4: initialize nxtp = true 5: if nxtp then 6: insert nth page 7: create table th=(celh, capth, colh) 8: initialize elements of th 9: create table tb=(celb, colb) 10: initialize elements of tb 11: create table tf=(celf, colf captf) 12: initialize elements of tf 13: add th, tb, and tf to pi + 1 end if end if 14: end indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 177 a student can add a page in the answer booklet with the help of this algorithm. this is done by open and empty page and giving it properties like the header, body, and footer. its maximum number of basic operations are 4 at lines 4,7,9 and 11. therefore, worst case complexity: w(n)=4n. watermark addition algorithm input: w = watermark, f = file directory, i = page number output: file pn with customized answer booklet page with a watermark logo. 1: open f and edit its page pn 2: n  (i + 1) 3: initialize w to watermark.png 4: if pi <=pn then 5: add w to page pn 6: update pn and stop this algorithm adds a watermark within the examination answer booklet. for this to happen, an answer booklet file is opened and a watermark which is the university logo is added as an image. worst case complexity; w(n)=n, this is because the algorithm executes the basic operation only once at line 5. algorithm coding the algorithms were programmed to produce a comprehensive, university-specific electronic answer booklet. the answer booklet was created to work in a dynamic setting where the booklet's page count might be expanded using a button-activated new page addition method. in case a mistake was made, the booklet also allows the user/student to wipe out material and cross out pages. the student can effortlessly flip between the question paper and answer booklet at the same time. below are sample images of the customized electronic answer booklet. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 178 the designed algorithms underwent validation, coding, and efficacy testing. the worst-case scenario for each algorithm was measured to serve as a foundation for future enhancements to the algorithms, enhancing their effectiveness and efficiency. this was done using the most fundamental operations that an algorithm could possibly perform in the worst-case situation, such as adding an empty page to an answer booklet. we determined the upper bound on each algorithm's execution time for the worst-case complexity study. we needed to understand the scenario in which most operations are carried out. the worst case was estimated for each algorithm and is shown in the results section above. the electronic answer booklet was created with the following features, including a face page that includes the university logo, university name, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 179 examination instructions, student information, a section for internal examiners' scored marks and external examiners' comments, booklet serial number, and academic year. as soon as a student logs into the examination system, the system instantly fills out the face page information. the following pages of the answer booklet that the student can edit include a text area where they can write all of their answers, a header with buttons for erasing and canceling, a text field for each attempted question, and a footer with buttons for the next question, previous question, and add a new page. a student can use the electronic free handwriting function to write in the electronic answer book, use an eraser, and even cancel an entire page if they make a mistake. the margins on the left and right of the student's answer booklet are restricted and cannot be written in; however, the lecturer may alter these margins. conclusion this study sought to electronicize the regularly used hard copy examination answer booklet that would be utilized in the framework designed for electronic examinations (natumanya & nabaasa, 2022). the algorithms are prepared to be implemented in the framework because they have been fully developed and analyzed as evidenced by the findings reported above. the algorithms were developed, and the answer booklet output is highly interactive because students may write in it, mark it with a pen, cross things out, and add blank pages, while lecturers can grade the answer script without changing the students' responses. references 1. bashitialshaaer, r., alhendawi, m., & lassoued, z. (2021). obstacle comparisons to achieving distance learning and applying electronic exams during covid-19 pandemic. symmetry, 13(1), 99. 2. garcía-alberti, m., suárez, f., chiyón, i., & mosquera feijoo, j. c. (2021). challenges and experiences of online evaluation in courses of civil engineering during the lockdown learning due to the covid-19 pandemic. education sciences, 11(2), 59. 3. guangul, f. m., suhail, a. h., khalit, m. i., & khidhir, b. a. (2020). challenges of remote assessment in higher education in the context of covid-19: a case study of middle east college. educational assessment, evaluation and accountability, 32(4), 519-535. 4. gudel, h. (2022). after a 2-year lockdown, schools in uganda have reopened–but for many it may be too late. lse covid-19 blog. 5. guimarães, b., ribeiro, j., cruz, b., ferreira, a., alves, h., cruz‐correia, r., . . . ferreira, m. a. (2018). performance equivalency between computer‐based and traditional pen‐and‐paper assessment: a case study in clinical anatomy. anatomical sciences education, 11(2), 124-136. 6. kahunde, r., ogwang, a., maya, d., paul lakuma, c., & sserunjogi, b. (2022). school reopening in uganda after the covid-19 lockdowns: preparedness, attrition, challenges and prospects for recovery. 7. karakose, t. (2021). the impact of the covid19 epidemic on higher education: opportunities and implications for policy and practice. educational process: international journal, 10(1), 7-12. 8. levitin, a. (2008). introduction to design and analysis of algorithms, 2/e: pearson education india. 9. natumanya, d., & nabaasa, e. (2022). an electronic examinations framework with electronic free handwriting. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2(2), 88-92. 10. noorbehbahani, f., mohammadi, a., & aminazadeh, m. (2022). a systematic review of research on cheating in online exams from 2010 to 2021. education and information technologies, 1-48. 11. osa, t., pajarinen, j., neumann, g., bagnell, j. a., abbeel, p., & peters, j. (2018). an algorithmic perspective on imitation learning. foundations and trends® in robotics, 7(1-2), 1-179. 12. rajala, t., kaila, e., lindén, r., kurvinen, e., lokkila, e., laakso, m.-j., & salakoski, t. (2016). automatically assessed electronic exams in programming courses. paper presented at the proceedings of the australasian computer science week multiconference. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 173-180 180 13. revilla-cuesta, v., skaf, m., varona, j. m., & ortega-lópez, v. (2021). the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic and its social impact on education: were engineering teachers ready to teach online? international journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 2127. 14. sindre, g., & vegendla, a. (2015). e-exams versus paper exams: a comparative analysis of cheating-related security threats and countermeasures. paper presented at the norwegian information security conference (nisk). 15. singh, j., steele, k., & singh, l. (2021). combining the best of online and face-to-face learning: hybrid and blended learning approach for covid-19, post vaccine, & post-pandemic world. journal of educational technology systems, 50(2), 140-171. 16. ssenkusu, p. m., ssempala, c., & mitana, j. m. v. (2022). the impact of covid-19 on schools: a critical analysis. american journal of educational research, 10(4), 253-256. 17. tadesse, s., & muluye, w. (2020). the impact of covid-19 pandemic on education system in developing countries: a review. open journal of social sciences, 8(10), 159-170. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 59-64 59 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.173 page: 59 – 64 leisure time habits of bed students in sagaing university of education yar zar chit department of educational psychology, sagaing university of education, myanmar corresponding author: yar zar chit; email: yarzar02@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: entertainment; habit; leisure; relaxation. received : 14 february 2021 revised : 20 february 2021 accepted : 25 february 2021 this study investigated the leisure time habits of bed students from sagaing university of education in myanmar. a total of 400bed students in sagaing university of education participated in this study. descriptive research design and survey method were used. “leisure time: activities and satisfaction” section from “issp 2007 leisure time and sports questionnaire” was adapted and used to collect the required data. findings from questionnaire surveys revealed that students commonly used their leisure time for relaxation and entertainment (67.25%). it was also found that there was a significant difference in students’ leisure time habits by gender at 𝛼 =0.01 level. moreover, by four habits, male students used more leisure times for physical, emotional, and social activities because their mean values are significantly different at 𝛼 =0.01 level. in the total mean scores, since second-year students’ mean scores are highest, they used mostly their leisure times among students (mean=37.38). the mean and percentage of “to relax” are 2.82 and 16.40% and so it is highest among reasons. moreover, the mean and percentage of “lack of time due to school” are 1.76 and 14.75% and so it is highest among limitations. this study hopes to give some ideas to support students’ leisure activities. introduction nearly twenty-four hundred years ago, aristotle posed the question “what is the good life?” he described the good life as eudoimonia, or the well-lived life. aristotle’s word for this type of happiness, eudaimonia can be translated as “human flourishing.” according to aristotle, eudaimonia involves a life filled with good works. honor, wealth, and power are not important, but, rather, happiness is created by activity that causes people to act in accordance with virtues they possess. a well-lived life is possible if a person has the ability to choose and engage in worthy pursuits. for him, unhappiness is when he cannot do good things. aristotle mused that “happiness is thought to depend on leisure; for we are busy that we may have leisure, and make war that we may live in peace”. he believed that freedom from having to be occupied was leisure, and leisure was a necessary condition for happiness. according to aristotle, eudaimonia can only occur if people have leisure, or time to freely choose activities for themselves (archibald, 2008). leisure has been defined using multiple definitions as can be seen in the literature. most inquiries into the history of thinking about leisure begin with classical greek philosophy, specifically aristotle (driver, brown, & peterson, 1991). aristotle defined leisure as the state of being free from the necessity of being occupied and is characterized by the performance of activity “for its own sake or as its own end”. normative denotations of leisure have traditionally been expressed in terms of free time or activity, and some scholars have added state of mind as an alternative definition of the word (parr & lashua, 2004). to sum up the variance in definitions, leisure has been viewed historically in three ways: as experience, activity, or time. whereas, recreation is defined as voluntary, non-work activity that is organized for the attainment of personal and social benefits including restoration and social cohesion (kelly & godbey, 1992). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.173 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.173 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.173 mailto:yarzar02@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 59-64 60 to understand and explain students’ leisure habits, it is necessary to employ the grounded theory. hence, the theory of flow (csikszentmihalyi, 1975) was chosen. the theory of flow (csikszentmihalyi, 1975) examined a variety of activities that appear to be highly enjoyable and intrinsically motivated, such as artistic creativity, work expected to provide great amounts of satisfaction such as composing music and teaching, and serious leisure activities like rock climbing, chess, and dance. individuals experience optimal flow when their perceptions of what challenges and skills are equally balanced. challenge is caused by external conditions, and the ability to handle them contributes to the "flow" experienced by the participant, and hence the degree of satisfaction gained; whereas skill comprises a function of innate ability, experience, and learning. ryan (1991) argued that the concept of “flow” can also be used in leisure studies to explain various behaviors and affective outcomes when a tourist is faced with a range of challenges that arise from being in a new place, or when faced with the unfamiliar. adolescence is a time when young people begin to spend less time at home and more time socializing out of the home with peers. as youths are more energetic, and most of them cannot endure staying at home, sometimes young people’s inappropriate behaviors during their leisure activities can commit crimes at leisure places. leisure is characterized as specific types of activities (e.g., attending a movie); as time free from obligations (e.g., the amount of time not spent in paid employment and taking care of home, family, and oneself); as meaningful and satisfying experiences (e.g., feelings of satisfaction, fun, excitement and/or belonging); or as some combinations of activities, time and experiences (mannell and kleiber, 1997, as cited in carroll, 2008). the higher quality of leisure life, the healthier teenagers for our society. the amount of time young people spend away from work and school work varies significantly across populations and regions. differences exist within the developing world. in developing country populations, boys tend to have significantly more leisure time than do girls, as the latter spend more time in household labor than do their male counterparts. in the developed world, about half of american young people’s waking hours are free, and european adolescents seem to have about the same or slightly less leisure time, while asian young people appear to have a quarter to a third of their time for leisure (world youth report, 2003). the recent academic interest in the youth population has shown a significant increase in research pertaining to leisure. for example, carr and axelsen (2009) claimed that there is extensive literature about the leisure choices of young people. in reference to the study by mannell and kleiber (1997), leisure is a vital lifestyle component, and that lifestyle balance people seem to have difficulty achieving. therefore, students incline to gain benefits from leisure activities such as reducing academic stress (misra and mckean, 2000) and motivating academic achievement (bergin, 1992). therefore, this study focuses on the leisure time habits of bed students and hopes to give some ideas to support students’ leisure activities. methods the participants of the research were taken from sagaing university of education by using the simple random sampling technique. the participants were 400 bed students (200 male and 200 female). bed students from first year to fifth year (80 students from each year) were selected for the present study. in this study, descriptive research design and survey method were mainly used. leisure time: activities and satisfaction” section from issp (international social survey programme) 2007 leisure time and sports questionnaire was adapted and used to collect the required data. this questionnaire was developed by the representative experts from issp countries. this questionnaire was adapted to the myanmar version and got the content validity from the experts of the educational psychology department in sagaing university of education. its reliability is 0.76. there are three parts of this questionnaire. they are (1) leisure activities, (2) reasons for doing them, and (3) limitations for doing them. the leisure activities were classified into four components: physical (4 items), mental (3 items), emotional (5 items), and social activities (4 items). data collection procedure: firstly, some reference books and research papers were read for literature review. then, a research instrument was prepared. after modifying the instrument based on indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 59-64 61 experts' reviews, the required data were collected. participants completed the demographics section of the questionnaire followed by the leisure time questionnaire. after collecting the required data, they were analyzed and wrote a report about research findings. after collecting the required data, quantitative data analyses were performed by using descriptive statistics and an independent sample ttest. results and discussion descriptive statistics of students’ leisure time habits: according to table 1, the mean percentage of emotional activities is the highest (67.25%) and that of social activities is the lowest (46.5%). therefore, the students commonly used their leisure time for relaxation and entertainment. table 1 descriptive statistics for students’ leisure habits physical mental emotional social mean 8.83 6.25 13.45 7.44 std. deviation 1.814 2.118 2.102 2.293 mean percentage 55.19% 52.08% 67.25% 46.5% comparison of male and female students’ leisure time habits: to find out gender differences in students’ leisure time habits, descriptive analysis was made. the means and standard deviations of male and female students were reported in table 2. table 2 descriptive statistics for students’ leisure habits by gender gender physical mental emotional social total male mean 9.35 6.47 14.09 8.48 38.39 std. deviation 1.842 2.220 2.214 2.202 5.521 female mean 8.30 6.02 12.82 6.39 33.54 std. deviation 1.632 1.994 1.775 1.875 5.022 table 2 also showed that there was a slight difference in mean scores by gender in students’ leisure time habits. again, to find out the significant difference, independent samples t-test was used. it was reported in table 3. according to table 3, it was found that there was a significant difference in students’ leisure time habits by gender at 𝛼 =0.01 level. therefore, male students seem to use more leisure time than female students. by four habits, male students used more leisure times for physical, emotional, and social activities than females because their mean values are significantly different at 𝛼=0.01 level. however, there is no significant difference in mental activities. moreover, male students more used their time to take leisure activities. table 3 independent samples t-test results for students’ leisure habits by gender variable t df p physical 4.761 398 .000 mental 1.679 398 .094 emotional 5.011 398 .000 social 8.073 398 .000 total 7.275 398 .000 comparisons of students’ leisure time habits by grade: table 4 showed the comparison of students’ leisure time habits by grade. in physical and social activities, second-year students’ mean scores are highest and so they more used their leisure time for these activities than others. however, in mental and emotional activities, fourthyear students’ mean scores are highest and so they more used their leisure time for these activities than others. in the total mean scores, since second-year students’ mean scores are highest, they used mostly their leisure times among students (mean=37.38). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 59-64 62 table 4 comparisons of students’ leisure habits by grade grade physical mental emotional social total first year mean 9.18 6.32 12.68 7.38 35.56 std. deviation 1.650 2.152 2.123 2.329 5.234 second year mean 9.28 6.48 13.68 7.94 37.38 std. deviation 1.841 2.358 2.208 2.622 6.925 third year mean 8.48 5.74 13.54 7.36 35.12 std. deviation 1.344 1.712 2.224 2.008 4.543 fourth year mean 8.16 6.66 14.02 7.18 36.02 std. deviation 1.973 2.191 1.974 2.362 6.345 fifth year mean 9.04 6.04 13.34 7.32 35.74 std. deviation 1.989 2.080 1.791 2.114 5.638 reasons for doing leisure activities: to study the some reasons for doing leisure activities of students, descriptive statistic was used. according to table 5, the mean and percentage of “to relax” are 2.82 and 16.40% and so it is highest among reasons. therefore, it can be said that the students mostly used their leisure time to relax their tension. moreover, the mean and percentage of “to kill time” are 1.40 and 8.14% and so it is lowest among reasons. therefore, it can be said that the students seldom used their leisure time to waste their time. table 5 descriptive statistics for reasons of doing leisure activities mean percentage std. deviation to relax 2.82 16.40% .470 to have fun and excitement 2.72 15.82% .524 to improve creativity 2.43 14.14% .625 to improve social relations 2.72 15.82% .545 to maintain health and beauty 2.49 14.49% .718 to kill time 1.40 8.14% .659 to learn a skill 2.61 15.18% .600 limitations for doing leisure activities: to study the some limitations for doing leisure activities of students, descriptive statistic was used. according to table 6, the mean and percentage of “lack of time due to school” are 1.76 and 14.75% and so it is highest among limitations. therefore, it can be said that some school works limits students’ using leisure time. moreover, the mean and percentage of “lack of time due to friend commitments” are 1.64 and 13.75% and so it is second highest among reasons. therefore, it can be said that participating in their friends’ works sometimes limits students’ using leisure time. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 59-64 63 table 6 descriptive statistics for limitations of doing leisure activities mean percentage std. deviation lack of time due to school 1.76 14.75% .811 lack of time due to work 1.14 9.56% .434 lack of time due to family commitments 1.32 11.06% .630 lack of time due to friend commitments 1.64 13.75% .675 lack of time due to volunteering 1.59 13.33% .702 i have difficulty managing my free time 1.59 13.33% .787 i don’t have time for a long enough session 1.49 12.49% .641 i don’t want to do leisure activities 1.40 11.74% .647 conclusion the importance of leisure-time habits in the psychological, cognitive, and physical development of young people is recognized in all societies. leisure-time activities include games, sports, cultural events, entertainment, and community service. appropriate leisure programs for youth are elements of any measure aimed at fighting social ills such as drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, and other deviant behavior. while leisure programs can contribute greatly to the development of the physical, intellectual, and emotional potential of young people, they should be designed with due care and concern so that they are not used as a means for excluding youth from participating in other aspects of social life or for indoctrinating them. leisure-time activity programs should be made freely available to young people. the main aim of this study was to investigate the leisure time habits of bed students in sagaing university of education, myanmar. therefore, to study the students’ leisure time habits, descriptive statistics of students’ leisure time habits, comparison of students’ leisure time habits by gender and grade, descriptive statistics for reasons and limitations to do leisure time activities were analyzed. according to the findings of the research, the students commonly used their leisure time for relaxation and entertainment (67.25%). according to the result, it was found that male students seem to use more leisure time than female students. moreover, by four habits, male students used more leisure times for physical, emotional, and social activities than females. however, there was no significant difference in mental activities. again, in physical and social activities, second-year students’ mean scores were highest and so they more used their leisure time for these activities than others. however, in mental and emotional activities, fourth-year students’ mean scores were highest and so they more used their leisure time for these activities than others. in the total mean scores, since second-year students’ mean scores were highest, they used mostly their leisure times among students (mean=37.38). finally, the mean and percentage of “to relax” were 2.82 and 16.40% and so it is highest among reasons. therefore, it can be said that the students mostly used their leisure time to relax their tension. however, the mean and percentage of “to kill time” were 1.40 and 8.14% and so it is lowest among reasons. therefore, the students seldom used their leisure time to waste their time. moreover, the mean and percentage of “lack of time due to school” were 1.76 and 14.75% and so it is highest among limitations. therefore, it can be said that some school works limits students’ using leisure time. the mean and percentage of “lack of time due to friend commitments” were 1.64 and 13.75% and so it is second highest among reasons. therefore, participating in their friends’ works sometimes limits students’ using leisure time. according to this study, bed students from sagaing university of education commonly do emotional leisure activities such as watching television, going to the movies, listening to music, and using the internet. however, they seldom do social activities such as getting together with relatives and friends and doing volunteering indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 59-64 64 services. it may be because students used more leisure time by using mobile phones and watching tv. therefore, they may be absent to participate in social activities. moreover, they thought that they have no time to do leisure habits because of many school works and their friends. this point is showing that they need to manage systematically their time. according to this study, the following suggestions would be given. 1. students should be encouraged to participate in social activities in their leisure time. 2. female students should be encouraged to use their time in not only studying but also doing leisure habits. 3. second-year students might be trained for future sport matches and physical races. 4. fourth-year students might be trained for competitions about mental and entertainment. 5. students should be trained and counseled to be able to manage their time through discussions, talks and if possible, students counseling centers. 6. some appropriate leisure time programs should be developed in the university campus. references 1. archibald, kari. (2008). leisure time and human happiness. free press. 2. bergin, d. a. (1992).leisure activity, motivation, and academic achievement in high school students. journal of leisure research, 24(3), 225-239. 3. carr, n., and axelsen, m. (2009). international and domestic university students’ leisure behaviour: a comparative analysis. annals of leisure research, 12(1), 47-64. 4. carroll, leanne. (2008). a qualitative exploration of teenage leisure time in socially deprived areas of belfast. https://www.qub.ac.uk/quest 5. csikszentmihalyi, m. (1975).beyond boredom and anxiety.jossey-bass. 6. driver, b. l., brown, p. j., & peterson, g. l. (1991).benefits of leisure.venture publishing, inc. 7. kelly, j. r., & godbey, g. (1992). the sociology of leisure. venture publishing, inc. 8. mannell, r.c., and kleiber, d.a. (1997).a social psychology of leisure. venture publishing. 9. misra, r., and mckean, m. (2000). college students’ academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. american journal of health studies, 16(1), 41-51. 10. parr, m. g., & lashua, b. d. (2004). what is leisure? the perceptions of recreation practitioners and others. leisure sciences, 26(1), 1-17. 11. ryan, c. (1991). recreational tourism: a social science perspective. routledge. 12. world youth report (2003). rethinking leisure time. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents /ch08.pdf http://www.qub.ac.uk/quest http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ch08.pdf http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ch08.pdf indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 45-50 45 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.681 page: 45 – 50 antimicrobial resistant bacteria isolated from intensive care units eman muftah elzouki1, najah ahmeda ibrahim2, salwa muftah eljamay3, aisha m. bojazyah4 1department of lab medicine college of medical technology derna, libya 2department of medical care college of medical technology derna, libya 3department of public health college of medical technology derna, libya 4faculty of medicine, derna university, libya corresponding author: salwa muftah eljamay; email: salwaeljamay@cmtd.edu.ly a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: bacterial, ccu, grampositive, gram-negative, icu. received : 29 september 2022 revised : 23 february 2023 accepted : 25 february 2023 aimed to determine the kind of microorganisms probably to be gifted inside the indepth care unit and the suitable antibiotics for them. methods use the duration between october and december 2021 . the samples had been carried from surfaces and in the icus of al wahada hospital in derna city libya. result: the percent and the type of pathogenic agent isolated from intensive care units (icu & ccu) the highest percent for gram-positive bacteria at 47%, then gram-negative at 19% and fungi at 7.0%, and the percent for there is no presence of pathogenic agent by 27% the bacterial spp, types, numbers, and that the highest percent for grampositive bacteria (staphylococcus epidermidis.20 (39.22%) staphylococcus aureus 29 (56.86%). as for the gram-negative bacteria, the highest percentage for klebsiella pneumonia is 8(40%), and escherichia coli 9 (45%). as for the fungi, candida albicans 2(25%), aspergillus flavus 6(75%). the surface which has the highest contamination with many types of bacteria were beds then tables, cabinets, and covers of baskets, nbg was the most common bacterium found on all surfaces, followed by s. epidermidis, s. aureus, e. coli, and k. pneumonia. pseudomonas aeruginosa, s. epidermidis, and s. aureus were all drug resistant., as for klebsiella pneumonia resistant to most of the antibiotics, streptococcus spp resistant to many antibiotics except ctx, col, caz, imip, which is sensitive, and escherichia coli and resistant for rest of antibiotic. the conclusion that gram-negative bacteria are the most microorganisms that survive on different surfaces despite changes in environmental conditions which make them resistant to antibiotics. introduction because of their underlying diseases and exposure to different intrusive medical equipment, patients admitted to intensive care units (icus) are predisposed to multiple nosocomial infections (agana et al., 2017). (1). frustrated, many academics have issued warnings about the growing usage of antimicrobials and the rise of antibiotic resistance in the majority of the world's countries (2). today, the development of multidrug-resistant (mdr) gram-negative and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) bacteria should be a large contamination manipulation committee (3). furthermore, they have an impact on passive; outcomes, and boom within the length of significant care unit stay and clinical institutions (4-6). many studies have also shown that managed antibiotic usage results in enhanced microorganism sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs (7-9). the growth of resistant bacteria and their negative influence on impacted person survival and healthcare costs necessitates antimicrobial susceptibility testing in every clinic and clinic that allows you to control contamination. therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the appropriate antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial bacteria and moses traces from surfaces and medical devices indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:salwaeljamay@cmtd.edu.ly https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 45-50 46 isolated from al-wahada hospital derna/two libya's intensive care units. methods the study was carried out over three months (between october and december 2021), with samples taken from surfaces and scientific apparatus in the icus of al wahada hospital in derna city, libya. sample collection options for surfaces and scientific instruments (table 1) were obtained by swabbing the same ancient iso/dis 14698-1. before usage, sterile cotton swabs were wet with nutrient broth. for flat ground, the swabs were used to create areas (10 cm2) with parallel spaced stripes by rotating them slightly, and then, on the same area, one-of-a-kind stripes perpendicular to the first ones were completed. for unusual surfaces, the entire ground was transformed into a sample. each sample was placed in its container and swiftly transported to the laboratory (norme iso/dis 14698-1, 1999). a total of 108 samples were collected. as a result, the swabs were now seeded on four-way media (cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agarcled) a non-selective macconkey agar, mannitol salt agar (msa) selective for staphylococcus, cetrimide agar for the selective isolation of p. aeruginosa), and sabouraud dextrose agar (sda) for isolated fungus. the quadrants approach was used regularly to complete streaks. the inoculation plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 °c. fungiisolated inoculation plates were incubated at 25 °c for forty-eight hours. hours. (pittet et al., 1999). (pittet et al., 1999). following the incubation period, the appearance, size, and coloration of the colonies were observed, and purification of each colony was conducted on nutrient agar. identification of bacterial traces: all isolated traces were gram-stained and identified using standard procedures. catalase and coagulase (kateete et al., 2010) (oxoid staphytect plus dr0850) were employed to identify staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus). enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli traces were tested for oxidase before identification using api 20 e biomerieux, france). all fungus isolates on sda plates were inspected under a microscope. all isolates that were smooth, wet, and convex on sda with a yeast-like odor and creamy-white color were then evaluated microscopically using a moist mount preparation. candida spp. has been identified as large budding yeast cells with or without pseudohyphae. candida spp. isolates were then tested using the api 20 candida system (biome'rieux-france). all mold isolates on sda plates were macroscopically examined for colony growth rates, color, texture, floor, and pigmentation. microscopic examination a wet mount using a forty x objective lens was also used to view the size and shape of conidiophores and phialides, as well as the association of spores. colonies having a rapid growth rate, a downy to powdery texture, a yellow-green hue, a light or yellowish reverse, and conidial heads with difficultwalled conidiophores particularly around the vesicle, with uninervate and biseriate phialides a. flavus was identified by rounded conidia with tough walls and brown sclerotia developed in a few isolates. results and discussion the type of surfaces and the number of samples in icu & ccu were the highest numbers for tables then cabinets, commodities, and beds by 8 shown in table 1. table 1. sites sampling in two intensive care units surfaces samples no tables 12 cabinets 8 refrigerators 4 commodinos 8 treatment trolleys 2 beds 8 cover of baskets 2 x-ray stand 2 bed sheets 6 chairs 4 main doors 4 bathroom's doors 3 walls inside bathroom 4 walls outside bathroom 4 central floor 6 corner of wall 6 fluids stands 6 light power keys 4 e.c.g 2 sphygmomanometer 1 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 45-50 47 surfaces samples no mechanical ventilation 2 monitoring machines 4 instruments 4 ultraviolet lamp 2 the percent and the type of pathogenic agent isolated from intensive care units (icu & ccu) lustrated in figure 1, that the highest percent for gram-positive bacteria at 47%, then gram-negative at 19%, and fungi at 7.0%, and the percent for there is no presence of pathogenic agent by 27% figure 1. gram-negative, gram tremendous microorganisms and fungi remoted from distinctive websites of in-depth care units the spp of bacterial, types, numbers, and percentages can be illustrated in table 2, that the highest percent for gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus epidermidis.20 (39.22%) staphylococcus aureus 29(56.86%). as for the gram-negative bacteria, the highest percentage for klebsiella pneumonia is 8(40%), and escherichia coli 9 (45%). as for the fungi (candida albicans 2(25%), aspergillus flavus 6(75%). table 2. percent of bacterial strains and fungi isolated from two intensive care units microbe bacterial species no. percent (%) gram negative bacteria klebsiella pneumonia escherichia coli pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 9 3 40 45 15 grampositive staphylococcus epidermidis. 20 39.22 microbe bacterial species no. percent (%) bacteria staphylococcus aureus streptococcus 29 2 56.86 3.29 fungi candida albicans aspergillus flavus. 2 6 25 75 n0 microbial growth 29 total 108 as for the types of bacteria on different surfaces in intensive care units (icu & ccu) that`s shown in figure 2 that the surface which has the highest contamination with many types of bacteria were beds then tables, cabinets, and cover of baskets, as for the bacteria most prevalent on all surfaces was nbg followed by s. epidermidis, s. aureus, e. coli, and k. pneumonia. figure 2. types of bacteria on different surfaces in both intensive care units gram positive bacteria 47% gram negative bacteria 19% fungi 7% n0 microbial growth 27% no. 12 8 4 8 2 8 2 2 6 4 4 3 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 1 2 4 4 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 4 4 7 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 0510152025 tables cabinets refrigerators commodinos treatment trolleys beds cover of baskets x-ray stand bed sheets chairs main doors bathroom's doors walls inside bathroom walls outside bathroom central floor corner of wall fluids stands light power keys e.c.g sphygmomanometer mechanical ventilation monitoring machines instruments ultraviolet lampno. k. pneumonia e. coli p. aeruginosa s. epidermidis. s. aureus streptococcus c. albicans aspergilla flavus. aspergilla flavus. nbg indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 45-50 48 the antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the two intensive care units (ccu & icu) in table (3) shows that pseudomonas aeruginosa, s. epidermidis, and s. aureus were resistant to all antibiotics, while klebsiella pneumonia was resistant to most antibiotics but sensitive to others. for kf, col, caz, ts, cn, about streptococcus spp resistant to many antibiotic except ctx, col, caz, imip, which is sensitive, and escherichia coli sensitive to kf, col, caz, ts, cn, and resistant to rest of antibiotic. table 3. gram-negative bacterial strains obtained from two intensive care units show antibiotic resistance. bacterial species t z b c t x c ip k f c o l c a z t s im ip m e m c n a k n e t f f t a m c a m p c r o escherichia coli r r r s s s s r r s r r r r r r r klebsiella pneumoniae r r r r r s r s r r r r r r r r pseudomonas aeruginosa r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r s. epidermidis. r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r s. aureus r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r streptococcus spp r s r r s s r s r r r r r r r r r the gift has a take an observation become done on a complete of 108 swab samples that had been accrued from icus in al-wahada hospital. about 73% of the samples had been microbial boom and 27% had a non-microbial boom. figure (1) indicates that the very best percent of remoted bacterial swab samples become discovered from a gram-nice microorganism (47%), accompanied by the aid of using gram-bad microorganisms (18.5%) and fungi (7.5%). regarding the superiority of microorganism lines and fungi remoted from each in-depth care gadget, the end result discovered that e. coli has an excessively wide variety of gram-bad microorganisms (45%), than klebsiella pneumonia (40%), at the same time as gram-nice staphylococcus aureus greater than one-half (56%) of gram-nice microorganism, on the subject of nonbacterial boom the end result stated the 29 wide variety of samples had been now no longer have any bacterial boom figure (2) concerning to varieties of microorganism on one of a kind surfaces in each in-depth care gadgets the researchers observed the subsequent aspects; s. epidermis (26) and s. aureus (23) had been excessive numbers of all varieties of microorganism table (3). tables 2-3 provide information on the outcomes of the in vitro susceptibility testing. the six bacterial strains recovered from major care equipment proved multi-resistance to the investigated medicines, with mdr gram-bad bacilli predominating. gram-positive bacteria have shown extraordinary resistance to all antibiotics antibiotic resistance characteristics of grampositive bacterial isolates from the intensive care unit 1. legend: ak, amikacin; amc, amoxicillinclavulanic acid; amp, ampicillin; atb, antibiotic; caz, ceftazidim; cip, ciprofloxacin; col, colistin; cro, ceftriaxone; ctx, cefotaxim; esbl, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; ff, fosfomycin; intermediate; mdr, multidrugresistant; mem, meropenem; nd, not determined; imp, imipenem; kf, cefalotin; mem, meropenem; nd, not determined; net stands for netilmicin; r stands for resistant; and s is for sensitive. t, tetracycline; ts, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; tzp, piperacillin-tazobactam, tetracycline, tetracycline, tetracycline. the testing of these antibiotics is not recommended due to the use of the antibiogram committee of the french society for microbiology standards, they have a study accepted as true with previous have a study (eljamay, 2019; eljamay et al, 2020; eljamay et al, 2022). conclusion the gram-poor microorganism is the most common type of microorganism that lives on special surfaces, despite changes in environmental conditions that cause them to become antibiotic resistant. the surface which has highest contamination with many types of bacteria were beds then tables, cabinets, and covers of baskets, as for the bacteria most prevalent on all surfaces was nbg followed by s. epidermidis, s. aureus, e. coli, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 45-50 49 and k. pneumonia for kf, col, caz, ts, cn, about streptococcus spp resistant for many antibiotics except ctx, col, caz, imip, which is sensitive, and escherichia coli sensitive for kf, col, caz, ts, cn, and resistant for rest of antibiotic. references 1. aburas, o. a., dhaw, a. m., boras, e., eljamay, s. m., & elhsadi, r. a. a. (2022). how of covid-19 epidemic spread and the effect of heritance factor. data sciences indonesia (dsi), 2(2), 76-83. 2. agaba p, tindimwebwa j, kwizera a. (2017) nosocomial bacterial infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients in ugandan intensive care units: a cross sectional study. j. bmc research notes. 10 (349), 2695-5. 3. almasaudi s (2018) acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology and resistance features. saudi journal of biological sciences, 25(3), 586-596. 4. e. m. elzouki, n. a. ibrahim, s. m. eljamay, a. (2022). comparative study of disinfectants for cleaning intensive care unit surfaces, african journal of advanced pure and applied sciences (ajapas), 1 (4), 227–230. 5. eljamay sm, alsheek am, al awkally na, elmesoury sy. (2022). the awareness of housewives on the quality of healthy food. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2(3). 6. eljamay sm, elkhailani wk, eljamay fm, sassi km. (2020). relationship between obesity (bmi) and anaemia (hb%) in derna city libya. galanakis, c. m. (2020). the food systems in the era of the coronavirus (covid19) pandemic crisis. foods, 9(4). 7. eljamay, s. m., younis, m. m., & elgebaily, e. s. m. (2022). the relationship of d-dimer level with various diseases. data sciences indonesia (dsi), 2(2), 50-59. 8. eljamay, sm. (2019). escherichia coli bacteria infection in females urinary tract. jj nepho urol , 6 (2) 043. 9. fareha hamd younis, salwa muftah eljamay, amna mansour eldali. (2020). the rate of fast-food consumption among teenagers in derna city libya. al-mukhtar journal of sciences, 35 (1), 13-18. 10. guo l., qin h, zhang y, zhang s, zhao z. (2019) construction of risk prediction model for nosocomial infection in intensive care unit. chinese journal of nosocomiology, 28 (8), 1240-45. 11. h. khalifa, n. m. al-awkally, s. m. eljamay, oral delivery of biologics: recentadvances, challenges, and future perspectives, african journal of advanced pure and applied sciences (ajapas), 1 (2), 1-6. 12. linchuan w, kai-ha z, wei c, yan y, si-fang f. (2019) epidemiology and risk factors for nosocomial infection in the respiratory intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in china. bmc infectious diseases, 19 (145), 3772-2. 13. marco c, meghan l, cheon j, julia m, kristen g, bonnie l, lona m. (2021) not too close! impact of roommate status on mrsa and vre colonization and contamination in nursing homes. j. antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 10 (104), 00972-1. 14. patients. infect control hosp epidemiol. 41(11): 1258-1265. ca-sfm (2020) recommandations eucast pour la réalisation de l’antibiogramme. société française microbiol. 15. po ying c, sharmila s, anjanna k, sasheelas, ponnampalavanar, oon tek ng, kalisvar m. (2020) the role of hospital environment in transmissions of multidrug-resistant gramnegative organisms. j. antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 9 (29), 0658-1. 16. sanjay m, ajay m, elina p, ankita t (2019) detection of extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing e. coli and klebsiella spp. in effluents of different hospitals sewage in biratnagar, nepal. bmc res notes j. 12(641) 17. shemse s, woldaregay a, aminu s, tewachew a, zelalem d, wude m, adane m, tamrat a (2020) bacterial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from inanimate hospital environments at tikur anbessa specialized teaching hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia. j infect drug resist. 13: 4439-48. 18. younis fh, eljamay sm. (2019). fast food consumption among teenagers aged between indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 45-50 50 (13 to 25) years old and their effect on health in derna libya. j regen biol med. 1(1):1-8. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 144-150 144 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.272 page: 144 – 150 the willingness of residents to pay for improving air quality sana akhtar1, aiman riaz2, faiza noor3, umaima zainab4, faryal asim5 1-5department of environmental sciences, kinnaird college for women university, pakistan corresponding author: aiman riaz; email: aiman.riazen@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: linear regression, particulate matter, southern lahore, total suspended solids, willingness to pay. received : 29 may 2021 revised : 13 june 2021 accepted : 14 june 2021 air pollution has become one of the major emerging issues of the 21st century. it is a serious problem for almost every developing country. due to the rapid increase in population and industrialization, the problem of air pollution has become more serious. various environmentalists and scientists have conducted a variety of studies and surveys to know about the current situation and further how to deal with these situations. therefore, this paper aims to analyze the willingness of people living in the southern region of lahore to pay for improving the air quality. statistical package for social sciences software (version 20.0) was applied to determine the relationship between willingness to pay and powerful factors. a short time later stepwise, a linear regression model was built to determine the amount of positive willingness to pay and to predict the mean value of willingness to pay. the frequency and percentage of each variable were also determined through spss. the results revealed that out of 400 questionnaires filled by the citizens 82% of the citizens of southern lahore showed positive response as they were in favor of willingness to pay for improved air quality which shows their deep concern about the rising issue. and only 18% were not ready for willingness to pay for improved air quality, the only reason for this negative response was the unawareness among the citizens. this shows that more awareness is required to create more knowledge among the citizens of southern lahore that bad air quality has so many depressing impacts on their health and well-being. introduction air pollution has become one of the major emerging issues of the 21st century. it is a serious problem for almost every developing country. due to the rapid increase in population and industrialization, the problem of air pollution has become more serious. according to who (2016), air pollution has been the reason for the death of about 6.5 million people annually around the world. about 40-80% of air pollution in developing countries is due to vehicular emissions. almost 88% of this ambient air pollution results from low and middle-income countries. particulate matter (pm), hydrocarbons, carbon mono oxide (co), and nitrogen oxides (nox) are major sources of air pollution. particulate matter (pm2.5 and pm10) is particularly responsible for various respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer (hamid, et al., 2019). overpopulation has effect air quality in many ways; a major concern is the increasing use of transportation linked to overpopulation. vehicles emit a lot of particulate matter (pm 10 and 2.5) as well as so, no, and co that pollutes the air. in the developing countries especially the increase in urbanization and its traffic is contributing a lot to the levels of air pollution. air pollution has deleterious effects on human health. air contaminants like airborne particulate matter (pm), ozone (o3), volatile organic compounds (vocs), and co, nox, and sulfur dioxide (so2) are considered as the primary pollutants emitted directly from the burning of fossil fuels (clarke, et al., 2014). asia is severely affected by air pollution. according to the world air quality report (2019), south asian cities are the most polluted in the world. india, pakistan, and bangladesh have been indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:aiman.riazen@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 144-150 145 the most affected countries. people living in these countries are facing severe health risks due to air contamination (ali & athar, 2008). in pakistan, over-population is causing an increase in urbanization, industrialization, energy consumption, and transportation. the urge for more urban areas is causing severe air quality issues in developing countries. the lack of air monitoring and management systems is giving rise to poor traffic, poor planning, and poor maintenance of vehicles. the currently existing cities of pakistan are expanding leading to the increased fuel consumption, power generation, and residual heating. industrialization is also one of the major sources of air pollution (filippini & martínez-cruz, 2016). ali et. al. (2015) reported that the infrastructure of lahore consists of about 1244.41 km2 of metaled roads. due to this much heavy traffic, the city is facing severe air quality problems and the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases has been increased (bonzini, et al., 2010). a study performed in lahore by hamid., et al. in 2009, reported that elevated levels of tsp, co, and no along major intersections of road have adverse impacts mainly due to increasing traffic load. this indicates a severe need for adaptation of air quality management strategies and programs for improving the quality of ambient air (liu, et al., 2018). willingness to pay (wtp) for clean air is considered an important parameter for the trade-off between environmental laws and economic growth. wtp is an act in which people are asked either they’re willing to pay for a product. it is mostly used in the field of economics so that, an average price should be developed by the company in the market for a product. several researchers have started to apply the wtp principle in an environment for obtaining clean air and water. many kinds of research of wtp related to clean air have been made around the world as in united stated, bangkok, china, some northern european countries, and in pakistan as well. due to increased world economics, the problem of air pollution has become a more concerning issue. china constitutes about 17% of the annual deaths due to air pollution in the world. different researches have been performed to observe the relationship between economics and the environment. research conducted by kumar in india showed that health status is affected by the wtp (akhtar, et al., 2017). a research carried out in lahore by s. akhtar et; al. showed that people are willing to pay for improving the air quality. there are several ways for performing wtp such as the contingent valuation method (cvm). in this method, the consumer is supplied with hypothetical chances to buy items (desauziers, 2004). the main objective of this research is to analyze the willingness of people living in the southern region of lahore to pay for improving the air quality. methods study area description the capital of punjab is found 31.55°n, 74.36°e, and is a socially rich, socially different, and most welloff city of pakistan. which contributes $58.14 billion to the gdp every year. southern lahore considers as a real part of the low-pay settlement with the high populace thickness space of lahore pakistan. this locale of lahore is quite possibly the most recent assembled zones. aside from present green belts, high population demonstrates the high number of transport. the southern piece of the city, specifically, is seeing a dangerous development with different lodging plans building up their essence in the once ignored piece of lahore; giving enormous freedoms to benefiting reasonable yet luxurious private facilities the significant offenders in decaying the air nature of southern lahore territory are businesses, cars, and progressing development task new societies and projects factories since 2010. the significant poisons in the space were nox, sox, pm2.5, and all were surpassing national ambient air quality standards (naaqs), because of high population thickness, and the quantity of individuals who are presented to air contamination is very enormous. as air contamination causes genuine monetary misfortune henceforth interest in contamination control advances is expanding while the public tension on nearby government is mounting to make quick alleviation moves to get serious toxin levels. this huge degradation of air quality is likewise presenting inescapable health impacts on the occupants. henceforth the region has been decided for the valuation of family wtp for improved air quality. questionnaire and study plan the investigation was based on a close and personal review of randomly chose 400 families. respondents were needed to react to an altered pretested survey. the study was directed in march 2021. the survey was separated into 3 segments. area indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 144-150 146 i comprised of inquiries concerning socioeconomics including sex, age, month-to-month pay, marital status, number of family individuals, calling. segment ii involved respondent's abstract views about the air nature of their space and their respiratory wellbeing. while the last segment contained the unexpected valuation question. as is notable. there are a few estimates that could be taken to improve the degree of air quality in southern, lahore. among potential measures are; the establishment of exhaust systems on all gas vehicles constructed in 1990 and later, the formation of non-traffic territories, the elaboration of gas without lead, the utilization of green transports, improved street foundation, and so forth as referenced before, the utilizations of these actions cause an expense which straightforwardly or by implication will be paid by us. this installment could be through: costlier vehicles expanded fuel (gas and diesel) costs and public vehicle charges. assume the specialists introduced a program that would diminish the degree of barometrical tainting by half. statistical analysis spss 20.0 was applied to determine the relationship between wtp and powerful factors. after starting statistical analysis, linear regression was utilized to recognize the factors that impact the respondent's official decision on wtp. a short time later stepwise, a linear regression model was built to determine the amount of positive wtp and to predict the mean value of wtp. the frequency and percentage of each variable were also determined through spss. results and discussion a survey was conducted among the citizens of southern lahore to know about the levels of air and noise pollution, with its effect on the citizens and their willingness to pay (wtp) for better air and noise conditions in the area under study i.e. table (4.1). the population of the study included 210 males (52.2%) and 190 females (47.8%) which is a total of 400 people. the targeted population was people that were directly exposed to air and noise pollution. the area covered in southern lahore included busy roads, factories, hospitals, shops, and residential areas. table 1. demographic information of respondents characteristics frequency percentages % mean ±s. d gender male female 210 190 52.2 47.8 1.49 ± .500 age 15 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 30 30 above 109 141 91 59 27.0 37.3 23.0 13.8 2.24 ± .978 education secondary undergraduate graduate postgraduate 70 148 140 42 18.0 36.5 33.3 12.3 2.40 ± .920 occupation student housewife employed unemployed 171 59 147 23 42.8 15.0 36.3 6.0 2.06 ± .995 marital status single married divorced widowed separated 217 142 25 11 5 53.8 36.5 6.0 2.3 1.5 1.62± .820 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 144-150 147 number of household members 2 to 4 members 5 to 7 members 8 to 11 members more than 11 96 211 78 15 24.8 51.7 20.0 3.5 2.02±.767 monthly income less than 35000 36000-65000 66000-85000 86000 and above 51 87 112 150 11.5 20.5 26.2 39.8 2.91±1.043 common disease pollen allergy bronchitis asthma some other disease related to the atmospheric contamination none 101 62 117 33 87 26.3 14.5 28.3 8.3 22.8 2.86±1.450 the age of 109 (27%) people in the survey were between 15 to 20, 141 (37.3%) ranged from 21 to 25 years, 91 (23%) people were between 26 to 30 and the rest 59 (13.8%) people were above 30 years old. among the citizens, about 42.8% were students, and their education level varied from secondary to post-graduation. among these 42.8% students, 18% students were from secondary level, 36.5% were undergraduate, 33.3% were graduate and 12.3 were postgraduate. among the rest of the population, 15% were housewives, 36.3% were employed and only 6% were unemployed. moreover, about 53.8% of citizens of southern lahore were single while 36.5% were married the rest were divorced, widowed, and separated. out of these people, 53.8% had families with 5-7 members, 24.8% had 2-4 members, 20.0% had 8 to 11 members, and 3.5% people had more than 11 family members. the average number of family members per household was 2.02. the monthly income of household among 11.5% people was >35000 rs, 20.5% people had income ranging 36000 – 65000, 26.2% had about 66000-85000 and 39.8% had income 86000 and above. this shows nearly half of the population was male and another half female, among them majority were being in their 20s having a good education, more family members and good monthly income. furthermore, people experienced different diseases due to air pollution, among them about 14.5% had bronchitis, 26.3% had pollen allergy, 28.3% suffered asthma, and 8.3% people had issues while there were 22.8% who according to them were not affected by it. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 144-150 148 table 2. people wtp for improved air quality in the southern lahore variable frequency percentage (%) are you wtp for the improvement in lahore’s air quality? yes no 329 71 82.8 18.3 wtp per month 1000 to 5000 5000 to 10,000 5000 to 10,000 315 64 21 78.3 16.5 5.3 moreover, out of the total 400 respondents, 329 showed positive responses for wtp for improved air quality in lahore. this makes a positive response of 82.8%. out of these 329 people, only 21.8% of people were willing to pay rupees 5000-10000 for improved air quality whereas 78.3% said they will pay 1000-5000 for better air quality. the positive response towards wtp in dealing with atmospheric conditions can be because about 43.8% of people think that every citizen can contribute towards it individually and 25.8% think decontamination commissions can play a role. it can also be because to majority people leaving a better environment to future generation was important while to only 1.5% of people leaving behind a better environment was not a concern at all. while on the other hand, the negative response can be due to the people (30.5%) who say that it’s the responsibility of the government to deal with these severe atmospheric conditions. when asked if the government has given attention to atmospheric conditions in their respective areas only 12.5% of people authorities were paying attention to the problem. the basic reason for not contributing a higher amount for the better environment while having a high monthly income can be because maintaining a lifestyle is more important at present than investing in managing the environmental conditions, lack of awareness regarding the effects of these issues or the fact that how hard it is to support the high number of family members as most of the respondents had with that income they earn monthly due to the economic status of the country. the t-test regression model further helps in explaining the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable. and for this reason, the linear regression model was run on the data obtained from the questionnaire conducted under the study area to find out the relationship of independent variable with dependent factor which was positive wtp. the independent variables include education, gender, age, no. of household members, monthly income, air pollution, and the diseases people suffer from. the statistical analysis showed that [table-3] as the monthly income increases the willingness to pay for improved air quality also increases. further, the analysis showed a negative relation of positive with the no. of household members and positive relationship with the air pollution, monthly income, and the diseases the citizens and their families suffer from. with the increase of atmospheric diseases, the citizens were more willing to pay for improved air quality. the results were similar to another study conducted in mexico city, it was observed that the respondents that are aware of the bad air quality and its consequences on the environment were more willing to pay for its improvement as compared to the un-awarded citizens which pay only a slight notice to its improvement. the results were positive to an extent because citizens who were not even quite educated were aware of the bad air quality and were ready for wtp phenomenon. another key factor, which was similar between both the studies was that the citizens that were either suffering from the impacts of bad air quality or one of their family member were suffering from asthma or various respiratory illnesses showed more consideration towards wtp for improved air quality than the citizens with fewer impacts. the household income was also a major factor in contributing to wtp for improved air quality because citizens with lower income were less likely to pay or pay very little as compared to the citizens with high income (ali, et al., 2015). another similar study was conducted in china, according to which it was observed that the residents of the city were ready for wtp for indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 144-150 149 improved air quality, as they were quite aware of the consequences because of massive news on the televisions and internet. similar things were faced by the residents under the current study, they were aware because of hearing the impacts on the newspapers, televisions, internet, and different brochures distributed by the government and private sectors. the citizens of china were also in favor of utilizing public transport more often as compared to using their private vehicles for daily uses. moreover, it was also observed that that the average wtp for self-protection after information disclosure was significantly higher than that before information disclosure. table 3. linear regression model of positivity of wtp variables coefficient s. e gender -.007 .038 age -.041 .028 do you think that lahore (your area) is suffering from some environmental problems? .012 .027 air pollution .000 .022 marital status .025 .025 monthly income .005 .018 number of household members -.009 .029 education .010 .030 disease you and your family suffer from? .056 .020 determinant amount of wtp for the study of environmental valuation, regression models are used. the stepwise regression model was performed using spss 20.0 for determining the amount respondents that are willing to pay. the independent's variables having a significant impact on the positive wtp included disease citizens and their family suffers from, if yes then which environmental problem is the most vulnerable, what degree of importance do you place on the problem of air pollution compared to other problems such as delinquency, unemployment, inflation, and water contamination and not with the monthly as it was included in the explanatory table. the explanatory variables in stepwise regression are not directly affecting the dependent variables but are somehow linked systematically with variables that are affecting the dependent variable. table 4. stepwise linear regression model model explanatory variables coefficient se t sig 1 (constant) disease you and your family suffer from? 1.108 .057 .063 .017 18.399 3.002 .000 .004 2 (constant) disease you and your family suffer from? if yes then which environmental problem is the most vulnerable? 1.019 .052 .064 .076 .016 .032 13.813 2.798 2.113 .000 .006 .035 3 (constant) disease you and your family suffer from? if yes then which environmental problem is the most vulnerable? what degree of importance do you place on the problem of air pollution compared to other problems such as delinquency, unemployment, inflation and water contamination? 1.125 .063 .091 -.090 .084 .013 .031 .035 13.496 3.287 2.831 -2.675 .000 .001 .005 .008 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 144-150 150 conclusion this survey conducted included those questions that help to measure the citizen's wtp for air quality improvement. in southern lahore unique variety of appealing results for wtp for improved air quality was observed. moreover, out of 400 questionnaires that were filled by the citizens 82% of the citizens of southern lahore showed positive response as they were in favor of wtp for improved air quality which shows their deep concern about the rising issue. and only 18% were not ready for wtp for improved air quality, the only reason for this negative response was the unawareness among the citizens. according to them, it is the duty of the government to pay for clean air and not theirs. furthermore, the household income and symptoms of respiratory illnesses and opinions on current air quality governed citizen’s decision to pay. the results further showed that age, gender, and family size were not interlinked with the positive response of wtp for improved air quality. therefore, it can be concluded that unlike most of the developing countries pakistan is also suffering from environmental pollution and its intense impacts on human beings but the people of pakistan are well aware of these impacts and are already facing the consequences as most of the people are suffering from respiratory illnesses like bronchitis, asthma, wheezing, cough and chest congestion. this leads to a higher level of people were wtp for improved air quality. furthermore, these results provided important evidence for researchers and decision-makers to mitigate better air pollution control projects and strict enforcement of environmental laws for keeping the level of pollutants low in the air. more researchers are required to divert their attention on this rising issue as it is the basic need of the hour to provide the citizens with the best and economical air quality control projects that lessen the increasing health diseases. references 1. hamid, a., akhtar, s., atique, s. a., huma, z., uddin, s. g. m., asghar, s. (2019). ambient air quality & noise level monitoring of different areas of lahore (pakistan) and its health impacts. polish journal of environmental studies, 28(2), 623-629. 2. clarke, k., kwon, h., choi, s. (2014). fast and reliable source identification of criteria air pollutants in an industrial city. atmospheric environment. 94, 239-248. 3. ali, m., & athar, m. (2008). air pollution due to traffic, air quality monitoring along three sections of national highway n-5, pakistan. environmental monitoring and assessment, 136(1-3), 219–226. 4. filippini, m., martínez-cruz, a.l. (2016). impact of environmental and social attitudes, and family concerns on willingness to pay for improved air quality: a contingent valuation application in mexico city. latin american economic review, 25 (7), 5. bonzini, m., tripodi, a., artoni, a., tarantini, l., marinelli, b., bertazzi, p. a., apostoli, p., & baccarelli, a. (2010). effects of inhalable particulate matter on blood coagulation. journal of thrombosis and haemostasis: jth, 8(4), 662–668. 6. liu, r., liu, x., pan, b., zhu, h., yuan, z., & lu, y. (2018). willingness to pay for improved air quality and influencing factors among manufacturing workers in nanchang, china. sustainability, 10(5), 1613. 7. akhtar, s., saleem, w., nadeem, v., shahid, i., ikram, a. (2017). assessment of willingness to pay for improved air quality using contingent valuation method. global journal of environmental science and management, 3(3), 279-286. doi: 10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.03.005 8. v desauziers. (2004). traceability of pollutant measurements for ambient air monitoring,trac trends in analytical chemistry,23(3): 252-260. 9. ali, z., rauf, a., sidra, s., nasir, za., colbeck, i (2015). air quality (particulate matter) at heavy traffic sites in lahore, pakistan. journal of animal and plant sciences, 25 (3). 644 648. issn 1018-7081 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 52-58 52 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.157 page: 52 – 58 bureaucracy involvement in local election in konawe selatan district m. najib husain1, muh. nasir2, suryani b.b3 1department of communication science, universitas halu oleo, indonesia 2department of political science, universitas halu oleo, indonesia 3department of public administration, universitas halu oleo, indonesia corresponding author: m. najib husain; email: muh.najib.husain@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: bureaucracy, local election, konawe selatan district. received : 28 december 2020 revised : 21 january 2021 accepted : 08 february 2021 local election often makes the bureaucratic apparatus face a dilemma, between being neutral or being involved in politics. ideally and based on the rules of law, bureaucracy is required to behave professionally and neutral from politics. despite that in reality it is difficult for the bureaucratic apparatus to be neutral, moreover when they are faced with the temptations and pressures of power. this article highlights the involvement of bureaucracy in local election in konawe selatan district, by outlining the modes of bureaucratic involvement and identifying factors of bureaucratic involvement. this study found that the bureaucrats involved in the local election were state civil servants and village government officials. factors that encourage bureaucratic involvement are: the status of incumbent regional head candidates who remain active during the implementation of the elections, the lure of promotion for the bureaucratic apparatus, weak sanctions by the state civil apparatus commission and regional head candidates, and weak supervision and enforcement of election supervisory agencies (bawaslu and ranks). introduction the truth is, the bureaucracy is required to be neutral, and become a mediator between the interests of society and the state. this understanding develops from the ideal type of webber bureaucracy, where the bureaucracy is filled by personally free individuals (thoha, 2009). however, in reality, bureaucracy is difficult to be free. in the momentum of the local election, the bureaucratic apparatus often faces a dilemma, to have a neutral attitude or is involved in politics. both of these options do not provide certainty for the bureaucratic apparatus, being neutral or not neutral, and the consequences can have bad implications, or otherwise make the individual bureaucrats become decent (career-wise). in contrast to that, institutionally, the involvement of the bureaucracy in politics has certainly had bad implications for the continuity of democracy. the hierarchical and solid nature of the bureaucracy will be very effective if it is used as an instrument of power. moreover, the bureaucracy has monopoly power in terms of expertise and information that can free them from political control and protect the scope of bureaucratic assignments. with this capacity, the bureaucracy can act as a tool for expanding the domination of state power and state repression. in this condition, democracy will putrefaction. the portrait of bureaucracy as an instrument of power is a common phenomenon in indonesia. in the old order era, the composition of the bureaucracy was filled by political partisans (rozi, 2006). in the new order era, the involvement of bureaucracy in politics was very strong. bureaucracy, military, and golkar were used by soeharto as instruments to maintain power (suryadinata, 1992). the fall of soeharto did not necessarily break the close relationship between bureaucracy and politics. on the contrary, the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.157 mailto:muh.najib.husain@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 52-58 53 relationship between bureaucracy and politics has only changed places, from previously controlled centrally, now spreading in local government units, along with granting decentralization to the regions. the implications of this decentralization have given rise to many little soeharto's at the local level, where in practice the power is completely and partially reproduced, the new order's ways of seizing and maintaining power, one of which is politicizing the bureaucracy. several studies on the involvement of the bureaucracy in the local political arena have become interesting findings in reading indonesian politics at the sub national level in banten, bureaucratic politicization is used by incumbents as an instrument to win the local election (hamid, 2011). a similar phenomenon is also found in takalar district and jambi province. between bureaucracy and politics, a kind of patronage interrelationship is built, where politicians (incumbents) use the bureaucracy to win the pilkada, and bureaucrats provide support to get a position (agustino, 2014). 2013). the phenomenon of bureaucratic involvement is also found in konawe selatan district. the involvement of the bureaucracy in the momentum of the local election is a recurring incident. referring to the bawaslu report, violations of bureaucratic involvement rank first, from various types of violations in the simultaneous local election held in 2020. then this article aims to describe the model of bureaucratic involvement and identify the bureaucratic neutrality factors in the konawe selatan district. methods this study used a qualitative descriptive method (creswell, 2014). data collection techniques were carried out through library research. literature study is carried out by tracing written sources from various sources: books, journals, bawaslu reports, and mass media reports related to the involvement of the bureaucracy in the pilkada. furthermore, qualitative data analysis was carried out (miles and huberman, 2005). the series of data analysis activities began with organizing data, sorting through it, looking for and finding patterns, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. results and discussion in general, based on the findings and reports of bawaslu, the types of local election violations in konawe selatan district consist of nine forms, namely involvement of the state civil apparatus (asn), violations involving election administrators, the involvement of village heads and their apparatus, campaign advertisements in the mass media, money politics, use of public facilities, the politicization of religious groups, races and groups (sara), campaign outside the schedule and election law-breaking. of the nine types of violations, asn involvement ranked first, were of the 244 findings and reports, 58% or 142 cases involved asn involvement. furthermore, consecutively, violations involving election organizers (24%), involvement of village heads, village officials, and village local assistants (9%), off-schedule campaigns (3%), money politics (3%), use of public facilities (1%), election crimes (1%), campaign advertising in the media (1%) and politicization of sara (0.01%). picture 1. election 2018 violation classification in konawe selatan district source: bawaslu sultra (reprocessed) 2020. as the table above shows that the involvement of the bureaucracy in the pilkada is the type of violation that most often occurs in konawe selatan district. if classified in more detail, the bureaucracy involved consists of: state civil servants/civil servants (asn/pns) and village government officials (village heads, village officials, and village local assistants). the involvement of the two levels of bureaucracy, if added together, 142 1 8 58 1 1 8 22 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 asn involvement campaign advertising in the media money politics violations involving election … use of public facilities politicization of sara off-schedule campaigns involvement of village heads and … election law-breaking indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 52-58 54 contributed to 67.21% of the types of violations in the local election in konawe selatan district. this indicates that the bureaucratic apparatus in konawe selatan district is very actively involved in the politics of regional head elections. picture 2. number of cases according to bureaucratic classification. source: bawaslu sultra (reprocessed), 2020. asn necessities to maintain neutrality (not getting involved in politics) have been contained in various laws and regulations, including constitution number 5 of 2014 concerning state civil service, government regulation number 42 of 2004 concerning corps soul development and civil servant code of ethics, circular minister of administrative reform and bureaucratic reform (menpan-rb) ri number: b/71/m.sm.00.00/ 2017 regarding the implementation of neutrality for asn at the 2018 concurrent election, 2019 legislative general election, and presidential and vice general election president of 2019, as well as government regulation number 53 of 2010 concerning civil servant discipline. constitution number 5 of 2014 concerning state civil servants, explains that in carrying out their duties and responsibilities as asn, one of the principles that must be upheld by the state civil apparatus is to uphold the principle or belief of neutrality. article 2 letter f of constitution number 5 year 2014 concerning state civil servants explains that what is meant by the principle of neutrality is that every asn employee does not take sides with any form of influence, and does not take sides with the interests of anyone. deviation from the neutrality principle by the state civil apparatus is a form of ethical and disciplinary violations. furthermore, article 3 letter b of the asn constitution states that asn as a profession is based on the principles of the code of ethics and code of conduct. furthermore, article 5 paragraph (2) letter l states that the asn code of ethics and code of conduct contains behavior regulation, so that asn employees implement the provisions of laws and regulations regarding asn employee discipline. the necessities for civil servants (pns) in maintaining ethics are contained in government regulation number 42 of 2004 concerning corps spirit development and civil servant code of ethics, article 11 letter c, that in terms of ethics towards themselves, pns are required to avoid conflicts of personal interest. group or group. the necessities that explain in more detail about the ethics of civil servants are contained in the circular of the minister of administrative reform and bureaucratic reform (menpan-rb) ri number: b /71/m.sm.00.00/2017 dated 27 december 2017 regarding the implementation of neutrality for asn at election implementation simultaneously in 2018, the 2019 legislative general election, and the 2019 presidential and vice-presidential election. through this circular, the points prohibited for civil servants from committing actions that indicate involvement in practical politics/affiliation with political parties include: 1. pns are prohibited from making approaches to political parties related to their proposed plans or other people as candidates for regional head/deputy regional head; 2. pns are prohibited from placing banners/ billboards promoting themselves or others as candidates for regional head/deputy regional head; 3. civil servants are prohibited from declaring themselves as candidates for regional head/ deputy regional head.; 4. civil servants are prohibited from attending the declaration of the candidate pair/candidate pair for regional head/deputy regional head with or without using the attributes of the candidate pair/political party attributes; 5. pns are prohibited from uploading, responding (such as likes, comments, and the similar), or 87% 13% asn village heads, village officials and village local assistants indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 52-58 55 spreading pictures/photos of the regional head candidate/candidate pair, vision, and mission of the regional head candidate pair/candidate pair through online media and social media; 6. pns are prohibited from taking photos together with the prospective regional head/deputy regional head candidates by following the hand symbol/gesture used as a form of partiality; 7. pns are prohibited from becoming speakers/ resource persons at political party meeting activities; other provisions that obligate pns to act neutral are contained in government regulation number 53 of 2010 concerning civil servant discipline, article 3 point (4) that pns is obligated to obey all provisions of laws and regulations. furthermore, article 4 number (1) contains prohibitions for civil servants to abuse their authority. the provisions of these two articles reinforce the norms of the state civil apparatus law for civil servants to act according to the outlined provisions. deviation from the provisions of these articles, it can be categorized that the involvement of the state civil apparatus in politics (pilkada) is a form of non-neutrality of asn. meanwhile, the provisions, the prohibition for village heads and village officials are contained in constitution of the republic of indonesia number 6 of 2014 concerning villages article 29 letter j, that the village head is prohibited from participating and/or being involved in general election campaigns and/or regional head elections. furthermore, article 51 letter j, states that village officials are prohibited from participating and/or being involved in the general election campaign and/or regional head elections. furthermore, the prohibition for village assistants is contained in the circular of the director of village community empowerment and the directorate general of ppmd, ministry of disadvantaged villages no. 727/dpmd.6/xi/2016 on 7 november concerning standard operating procedures for guidance and control of professional assistants, and contract agreements. through this circular, village assistants are required to maintain professional behavior and ethics, including avoiding conflicts of interest, not being allowed to hold public positions/management of political parties, being neutral and impartial. the various modes of involvement of the bureaucratic apparatus in the momentum of the local election in konawe selatan district vary greatly, include: 1. post photos and comments on social media that lead to support or side with one of the candidate pairs; 2. the use of candidate pairs' campaign attributes, such as wearing clothes and installing stickers; 3. attending campaign activities, face to face, socialization, visit residential areas (blusukan), and withdrawal of serial numbers of candidate pairs; 4. following the declaration and convoy of candidate pairs. 5. following religious meetings held by pairs of candidates; 6. launching of the candidate pair program; 7. meetings in political party offices attended by the state civil apparatus; 8. advertising in the mass media; 9. involvement as a volunteer team for candidate pairs and administrators of political parties; 10. attending the inauguration of the candidate pair volunteer team and the establishment of the winning post; 11. socializing candidate pairs. based on the distribution of areas, findings, and reports on the involvement of the bureaucracy in the simultaneous regional elections held in 2020 in konawe selatan district, this refers to the bawaslu report, where the tendency of bureaucratic officials to provide support to incumbent candidates or incumbent families. apart from supporting the incumbent, the bureaucratic apparatus also provides support to former superiors in the bureaucracy. theoretically, as many scientists have argued (weber, 1966; albrow, 1996; halevi, 1983; wright, 1992) bureaucracy is described as a modern organization that has a professional and neutral character from political interests. in fact, in the context of public administration, frank j. goodnow indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 52-58 56 drew a clear line between bureaucracy and politics by saying that, although both are in the realm of government, politics and administration play different functions. politics plays a function related to expressing the will of the state (expression the state will), while administration plays a function related to the problem of implementing state policies (the execution of these policies) (goodnow, 1900, in shafritz & hyde, 1997). however, in reality, the bureaucracy cannot fully fulfill the ideal type as imagined by scientists to be neutral from politics. it is undeniable that bureaucracy was born as a result of the complexity of life in modern society. as a complex organization, bureaucracy is a reflection of the various interests that exist in society. each of these interests competes for a comfortable position. therefore political support is a necessity to occupy a position bureaucracy or in implementing a policy. as a result, the face of the bureaucracy cannot be separated from the existing political configuration. it is as if it has become a general axiom that the bureaucracy in indonesia cannot escape from political influence. the history of this nation has shown that bureaucracy has always been a tool for the political interests of the rulers power, to carry out development programs, but also to be actively involved in the political arena. at that time, the bureaucracy was more widely used as an instrument to maintain a single majority for the political power of the rulers (golongan karya). through a concept called mono-loyalty, bureaucratic networks from the center to the regions were actively involved as pendulum votes in every general election that took place during the new order regime. in the new order era, the bureaucracy was not only not neutral, but also became an inseparable part of political interests. a gleam of hope emerged when the 1998 reform in socio-political life in the country took place. the reform movement in the political field required the bureaucracy to be more professional and neutral in political affairs. bureaucratic reform required the bureaucracy to be more creative, and innovative in responding to developments and dynamics of modern society. one of the most prominent changes in this era is the empowerment of the local bureaucracy in the regions, by providing sufficient space for regions to make decisions regarding programs in their regions. however, these changes appear to be merely moving the locus of the problem of bureaucratic neutrality from the center to the regions. if in the past the bureaucracy was a tool of political interests of the central rulers, nowadays the bureaucracy is mostly used by local political authorities to gain and maintain power. the bureaucracy becomes increasingly prevalent during the implementation of regional head elections. towards the implementation of the regional head elections, candidates for regional heads, especially incumbents, involve bureaucratic officials to get as many votes as possible. witnessing the conditions that have occurred in several regional elections, it is difficult to expect a bureaucracy that is sterile from political interests. several factors cause bureaucratic neutrality in the implementation of the pilkada, first, the status of the incumbent regional head candidate who remains active during the election. with a position that remains active during the elections, incumbent candidates are freer to move the bureaucratic apparatus in the interest of winning themselves. it is not difficult to distinguish between the role of a regional government and the position as a candidate for regional head. therefore, the incumbent candidate should be inactive during the implementation of the election. secondly, the lure of promotion for the bureaucratic apparatus. this factor is one of the triggers for the involvement of the bureaucratic apparatus or asn in supporting one of the candidates, especially the incumbent candidate. the hope of obtaining or a higher promotion makes the bureaucratic apparatus involved, both directly or indirectly in helping to win certain regional head candidates. third, related to the second factor, the weakness of sanctions by the state civil apparatus commission. the sanctions given to non-neutral bureaucratic apparatus, especially from the state indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 52-58 57 civil apparatus commission, do not cause a deterrent effect. in the case found in konawe selatan district, bureaucrats who were proven to be involved only received light sanctions, in the form of warnings to be careful and maintain professional ethics. meanwhile, the heaviest sanctions found were in the form of a public apology statement. the sanction did not provide a deterrent effect on the contrary, it makes bureaucrats become e more and more immune. even some asn who have been involved in the pilkada, get promotion after the election is over. on the other hand, the existence of the state civil apparatus commission appears to have a weakness in imposing sanctions on regional heads, who give promotions to asn who have been involved in ethical violations. fourth, the weak supervision and enforcement of the election supervisory agency (bawaslu and its staff). various forms of violations, including the involvement of the bureaucratic apparatus in the elections, always occur in each election implementation. this of course reflects the lack of supervision of the competent institutions, namely bawaslu and its staff. bawaslu as a supervisory agency supposedly had anticipated violations like this so they would not be repeated. the oversight's negligence was easily exploited by the incumbent to mobilize the bureaucratic apparatus to win the election battle. in terms of prosecution, bawaslu also seems difficult to rove and ensnares regional head candidates who use bureaucratic politicians. the obstacles experienced by bawaslu come from internal and external. internally, bawaslu has limited human resources both in quantity and quality (competence). in terms of quantity, bawaslu staff resources are very limited and are faced with a large number of reports and findings. meanwhile, the competence of election supervisory commissioners has not received maximum support from the secretariat, due to the uneven competence of secretariat staff in understanding the rules, and weak legal analysis. as a result, the handling of violations is still very simple, so sometimes it cannot convince the police, and the prosecutor's office for cases of criminal election that are handled. from externally, bawaslu is not supported by laws and regulations that can impose severe sanctions on candidates for regional heads who use bureaucracy as a political tool. fifth, the fifth factor is related to the fourth factor, namely the weak sanctions for regional head candidates that involve the bureaucracy. bureaucratic involvement that keeps repeating itself due to the light sanctions imposed on regional head candidates. as stipulated in the local election constitution number 10 of 2016, article 189 that a regional head candidate who involves the bureaucracy, is subject to a minimum of one-month imprisonment, and a maximum of 6 months, and a minimum fine of six hundred thousand rupiah, and at the most six million rupiah high. the criminal sanctions should be even more severe and be accompanied by administrative sanctions that can have a deterrent effect, such as cancellation of nominations, support for the inauguration, and dismissal of regional heads who are proven to move the bureaucracy. if the above factors have not been resolved, it is difficult to expect a neutral bureaucracy in the regional elections. this condition will have further effects, both for the professionalism of the bureaucracy and the quality of democracy. the involvement of the bureaucracy in politics in general and the elections in particular will make the bureaucratic performance unprofessional, so that public services will be disrupted. in terms of the quality of democracy, the involvement of the bureaucracy in the elections will create unfair competition, which injures the integrity of the implementation of the elections. thus it is difficult to produce democratic elections. all this will lead to the emergence of elected regional heads who are not qualified. conclusion the involvement of the bureaucracy in local election in konawe selatan district is generally found in the state civil apparatus (asn) and village government officials (village heads, village indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 52-58 58 officials, and village assistants). the various modes of involvement include: a. post photos and comments on social media; b). use of campaign attributes; c). attending campaign activities, face to face, socialization, and blusukan of candidate pairs; d). following the declaration and convoy of candidate pairs; e). program launching; f). meetings in political party offices; g). advertising in the mass media; h). involvement as a volunteer team; i) attendance at the volunteer team inauguration; j). socializing; k) attending the serial number revocation activity. it appears that the involvement of the bureaucracy in the pilkada has a very close relationship with the incumbent candidate. meanwhile, the factors that encourage bureaucratic involvement in local election in konawe selatan district are: first, the status of incumbent regional head candidates who remain active during the implementation of the elections; second, the lure of promotion for the bureaucratic apparatus; third, weak sanctions from the state civil apparatus commission; fourth, weak supervision and enforcement of election supervisory institutions (bawaslu and its staff); fifth, weak sanctions for regional head candidates. therefore this study provides recommendations, including deactivation of incumbent regional head candidates, sanctions for asn involved in pilkada and regional head candidates involving the bureaucracy, and strengthening the quality of bawaslu resources. references 1. agustino, leo. (2014). patronase politik era reformasi: analisa pilkada di kabupaten takalar dan provinsi jambi. jurnal administrasi publik, 11 (2). 2. albrow, martin. (1996). birokrasi. yogyakarta: tiara wacana. 3. bawaslu kabupaten konawe selatan. (2018). laporan akhir penangangan pelanggaran pemilihan gubernur dan wakil gubernur, bupati dan wakil bupati, serta walikota dan wakil walikota tahun 2018. 4. creswell, j. w. (2014). research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). london: sage. 5. halevy, eva etzioni. (1983). bureaucracy and democracy a political dilemma. london: routledge kegan paul. 6. hamid, abdul. (2011). politisasi birokrasi dalam pilkada banten 2006. jurnal ilmu administrasi negara, 11 (2), 97 -110. 7. heilbroner, robert l. (1982). terbentuknya masyarakat ekonomi. jakarta: ghalia indonesia. 8. hill, larry b. (ed). (1992). the state of publicbureaucrac. new york: m. e. sharpe inc. 9. miles, matthew b. and a. michael huberman. (2005). analisis data kualitatif. jakarta: ui press. 10. rozi, syafuan. (2006). zaman bergerak, birokrasi dirombak: potret birokrasi dan politik indonesia. jakarta: lipi & pustaka pelajar. 11. shafritz, jay m and albert hyde c. (1997). classic of public administration. forth worth, harcourt brace colkeges publisher. 12. sihotang, lia eldest. (2013). birokrasi dalam pemilihan kepala daerah (studi kasus: ketidaknetralan birokrasi dalam pemilihan kepala daerah kota pekanbaru tahun 2011). tesis: universitas gadjah mada. 13. suryadinata, leo. (1992). golkar dan militer: studi tentang budaya politik. jakarta: lp3es. 14. thoha, miftah. (2009). birokrasi pemerintah indonesia di era reformasi. jakarta: kencana. 15. weber, m. (1946). from max weber: essay in sociology. new york: oxford university press. 16. wright, vincent (ed). (1992). comparative government and politics an introduction. london: the macmillan pres ltd. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 82-88 82 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.192 page: 82 – 88 preserve and promote the values cultural belief of the khmer people in an giang province, vietnam nguyen chi hai department of national defense education, an giang university; viet nam national university ho chi minh city vnuhcm, vietnam corresponding author: nguyen chi hai; email: nchai@agu.edu.vn a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: an giang province, cultural beliefs, spiritual life, the khmer people. received : 14 march 2021 revised : 11 may 2021 accepted : 04 june 2021 cultural belief is a unique feature that has an important value in the spiritual life of the khmer people in an giang province. it is a bold combination of indigenous and religious colors, most of the khmer in an giang believe in buddhism, taking it as one of their ways of life, as solid spiritual support to adjust behavior, and handling interpersonal, interpersonal, and social relationships. cultural beliefs have created for the khmer in an giang to have a rich, unique spiritual life, bringing their own identity, contributing to diversity in the culture of the country. the article aims to highlight the manifestations of cultural belief and point out the values of cultural belief in the spiritual life of khmer people in an giang province, offering some solutions to contribute to preserving, preserving the cultural belief of the khmer people. thereby, to preserve and promote cultural beliefs in the spiritual life of the khmer people in an giang province in the trend of international integration. introduction cultural belief has long been a problem that many scientists are interested in both theory and practice, it is the spiritual need of a part of the people, and it is related to all fields of social life, affects morality, economy, society, and other human activities. cultural belief is closely linked to the daily life of each person, each ethnic group. the khmer people in vietnam have many cultural traditions, in which cultural beliefs have a very important place in their spiritual life, bearing indigenous and religious colors (hanh, 2013). the khmer people in an giang province always preserve their cultural characteristics, beliefs, and customs. during the development of the community of ethnic groups in an giang, khmer culture has exchanged and linked with other cultures, contributing to forming an enriching and diversifying culture of the nation. international integration and socio-economic development in vietnam have brought many great opportunities. on the other hand, it can erase the cultural identity of each ethnic group, fade the traditional cultural values, the national solidarity declines. therefore, to preserve the cultural identity of the khmer people, we need to have an overview of the current situation, and appropriate solutions for the inheritance and effective promotion of cultural values their traditions. methods to have a research basis to clarify the problem posed, we have collected verification information from many sources. secondary data we have collected from official legal authorities such as the people's committee of an giang province, department of culture, sports and tourism of an giang province, department of ethnic affairs of an giang province. primary data we have collected data from the survey, get opinions from experts. the paper is done based on analytical, synthesized, and logical methods. we have consulted many valuable documents. we used interviews and surveys in localities where there are a large number of khmer people. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:nchai@agu.edu.vn https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 82-88 83 results and discussion cultural beliefs cultural beliefs contain sacred values for human spiritual life. belief is a system of human beliefs about the sacred, natural or social phenomena related to their lives to ask for the protection and help of whom from super objects pictures that people worship. culture is what people create to form social values and standards in the process of working, practical activities, with specific characteristics of each ethnic group (thinh, 2016). these standard values influence and regulate the psychological, behavioral, ethical life and activities in all areas where human presence is present. in vietnam, cultural beliefs have been interested and researched by scientists. in fact, cultural beliefs have been formed based on beliefs and people have used different means to denote that belief. cultural beliefs are the connection from a certain form of belief, and it integrates other cultural values including monuments, festivals, legends, performing arts (thinh, 2016). cultural beliefs are a set of values of human directions and ways of dealing with the supernatural or social world related to their life. these directions and ways of conduct reflect the physical and spiritual conditions corresponding to the natural and social environmental conditions of a residential community. cultural beliefs are approached from tangible cultural values, intangible culture through worship facilities, worship rituals, folk anecdotes, places, rituals, festivals. it is related to all forms of human beliefs including natural cult beliefs, the cult of man; the divine cult, which exists not only in abstract form but also exists in practical ways and behaviors (hai, 2020). expression of cultural belief in the spiritual life of khmer people 1. cultural belief in typical festivals and customs the pithi chol chnam thmay is called the khmer new year celebration. it is the biggest celebration of their year, taking place in mid-april of the calendar, the khmer are influenced by brahmanism, so the khmer celebrate the new year differently the kinh ethnic and chinese. on the occasion of the ceremony, families prepare a tray, light incense, and light candles to bring the old fairy back to heaven, and welcome the new fairy to earth. after that, the khmer will shower and wash, bring the tray to the pagoda, and celebrate the new year procession. families will offer rice to the monks. they will do a sand-mountain ceremony to pray for good weather and good crops. the khmer prepares fragrant water (including rainwater and fresh flowers), they bring it to the temple to bathe the buddha. after the buddha bathing ceremony, the khmer also hold a bathing ceremony for the elderly monks in the pagoda (thang, 2015). finally, the khmer performs the ritual of bathing buddha at home. all children and grandchildren in a family spread flower mats, invite grandparents, parents to sit down. they want to be forgiven by their parents for the shortcomings and mistakes that have occurred during the past year, they promise to correct them. after reciting the prayers, everyone will wish for the new year the whole family will always have much luck, joy, peace, and happiness. after that, children and sons will use water to bathe their grandparents and parents to express their gratitude for the merit of being born and nurtured. the okombok festival (moon worshiping ceremony) is held in october according to the lunar calendar every year (in december of the solar calendar), exactly on the night of the 15th october of the lunar month, before the moon reaches the top of its head, the khmer gather at temple grounds or house-to-house, or many houses gather in a place to the ceremony together. the khmers see the moon as a god that regulates the crops of the year. therefore, they use agricultural products including sticky rice to make rice flakes, coconut, banana, sweet potato, taro, and cakes to the moon god. everyone sat with their hands folded, facing the moon for the ceremony. when the moon was high, people started burning incense and lamps and invited the elderly, the most prestigious person in the village to conduct the ceremony (hung, 2019). the host prayed and he expressed the khmer's gratitude to the moon-god, they prayed to the moon-god to accept the gift and give everyone health, and the harvest would be healthy. after the ceremony, the children were invited to eat rice flakes, the host asked the children to come close to him and clasped his hands towards the moon, then he took the rice flakes and some other offerings for the children to eat. he patted the back and asked indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 82-88 84 the children what they wanted. the khmer believe that the children's answers will be the beliefs and motivations of the adults next year. the pithi sene don ta (ancestor ceremony), is one of the three biggest traditional festivals of the year of the khmer in an giang, the ceremony has the same meaning as the vu lan ceremony of the vietnamese. it is a ceremony held to commemorate the merits of grandparents, parents, and relatives, give thanks to the deceased and bless the survivors, while creating bonds between friends, relatives, and the whole community copper. according to the custom and custom of the khmer, there is no annual death anniversary date for the dead. the khmer thought that ancestor worship was not important, because they thought that there was no connection between the living and the dead, the ancestor's soul could not give them anything they wanted. the ordination is only aimed at thanks to the blessing of the spirit of the deceased. the pithi sene don ta ceremony is a folk traditional ritual with the unique and unique beauty of the khmer. these special features are reflected in the social and moral values of the khmer. stemming from the mindset of living standards between people and the right social ethics. the khmer festival has become an invisible cord connecting the human community, creating great social values. these values are expressed as the relationship of blood, lineages, village, regions and ethnic communities, religious communities, and relationships within the national community (thang, 2015). the pithi sene don ta ceremony, the traditional cultural identity of the khmer is clearly formed, that is, the qualities including customs festivals pagodas monks are an inseparable cultural and spiritual symbol of the khmer community, it creates cultural beauty in cultural and rituals because it is oriented towards the roots. moral values in the pithi sene don ta feast of the khmer always show human behavior towards people and people to the world around them. 2. cultural beliefs in community activities of khmer people the khmer in an giang, the form of community living is a popular and traditional form of upland residents. the khmer live concentrated on the foothills of the mountain, the edge of the forest. they have a sense of solidarity, protection, and mutual assistance in the khmer community. the relationship between members of the villages is one of equality and mutual support. everyone in the village is obliged to abide by the rules and regulations of the village to protect security and order and contribute to the service of the pagoda (hai, 2020). it can be understood that, in the forms of community activities, buddhist activities play an important role, it is the factor that holds the community together firmly. therefore, the khmer pagoda was built not only to meet the needs of religious and belief activities but also the needs of education and socio-cultural activities of residents. the value of cultural belief in the spiritual life of the khmer people cultural beliefs always play an important role in the spiritual life of the khmer people. the khmer appeared early in the an giang land, many pagodas of the khmer people on this land, proved for that. the khmer have created for themselves an identity, a separate religious culture. research about the cultural beliefs of the khmer an giang often refers to buddhist beliefs, folk beliefs. however, determine the value of these forms of belief as necessary, to continue to research, preserve and promote. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 82-88 85 table 1. average population by locality, khmer in an giang province numerical order administrative units the average population in 2018 the khmer people amount of people percentage 1 long xuyen city 280.426 556 0,2 2 chau doc city 112.024 112 0,1 3 tan chau an phu district 172.359 135 0,1 4 phu tan district 209.806 134 0,1 5 chau phu district 246.112 669 0,3 6 tinh bien district 121.308 35.657 29,4 7 tri ton district 132.803 45.180 34 8 chau thanh district 170.817 3.602 2,1 9 cho moi district 346.854 159 0,1 10 thoai son district 181.194 4.689 2,6 11 an phu district 180.013 158 0,1 total 2.153.716 91.051 4,2 the cultural beliefs of the an giang khmer in the process of formation and development have contributed to the creation of traditional khmer values including belief, love for people, filial piety, community, diligence, hard work. these are very valuable values that need to be inherited and promoted. therefore, the research on the values cultural beliefs of the khmer to promote the positives. the pagoda is a place to connect khmer people. they complement each other in the process of existence and development. buddhist philosophy has become the main idea in the ideology of the khmer, they put all their faith in buddhism, the convergence point is the pagoda and monks. the khmer have a concept that if they go to the temple and do good deeds, they will enjoy merit. most of the khmer people, voluntarily thought they were followers of buddhism. they voluntarily associate their life with the temple from birth to death. in fact, most of the khmer, since their birth, have followed their family towards buddhism (thanh, 2019). when boys grow up, they often go to the temple to study and they are educated in the buddhist spirit. the khmer often think that they only go to the temple to study to have knowledge and virtue. buddhism plays an important role in educating and forming the personality and people of the khmer people. the humane philosophy and the concept of cause and effect of buddhism have profoundly influenced the perception of all members of the khmer family, and in the khmer ethnic community, making everyone good direction, good work (hung, 2019). good deeds have made the soul of the khmer people untouched by the temptation of money and material. it can be affirmed that the pagoda is the living center of buddhism. all activities of buddhist beliefs are carried out in the pagoda. therefore, buddhists are very attached to the pagoda, and the pagoda has a special role in the cultural and religious life of the khmer people. in addition to holidays, when there are fun things or something difficult, the khmer people always turn to the pagoda. in the khmer family, relatives have conflicts, they ask the pagoda for help and settlement. therefore, the pagoda is considered a place to mediate disputes in each khmer community. everything complicated and troublesome is discussed at the pagoda. the pagoda also plays a role as a center for preserving and promoting the language, customs, and traditional morals of the khmer people. the khmer an giang has learned the ethnic script first comes from the pagoda. khmer pagoda plays an important role and position in the life of the khmer, it is associated with all cultural, spiritual activities, beliefs, religions, and festivals of the nation. the khmer said that buddhism and the nation coexisted, so theravada buddhism and the khmer people in an giang had a bond. the khmer's religious beliefs are deep and steadfast. when the khmer died, their sons and children brought the dead's remains to the temple. because the last wish of the khmer people indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 82-88 86 is to “rest under the shade of the bodhi tree” when they die. wealthy khmer families often ask the temple to allow them to build a tower in traditional architecture so that they can keep the remains of theirs (hung, 2019). table 2. number of pagodas, monks comparison between an giang and mekong delta numerical order administrative units number of khmer people number of pagodas number of monks 1 an giang province 91.051 65 580 2 cuu long river delta 1.183.458 446 7.433 in addition, the values of cultural beliefs are also reflected in the position of a monk. the chairperson of a pagoda is the solidarity center of the whole village, with the absolute respect of the people. buddhist monks are not only those who carry out the mission of buddhism, guide religious activities but also guide and organize cultural and educational activities for the community (quang, 2011). or to put it another way, theravada buddhism has a very high educational function. therefore, the cultural, religious beliefs, national traditions with rich festivals have merged with each other. these values can be clearly seen in some content. theravada buddhism dominated the entire spiritual life of the khmer in an giang. most of the khmer people believe and act according to the buddhist teachings, it helps people to do good deeds, accumulate merit, towards the roots, to show humanity, it is a fine tradition passed down for many generations. pagoda for the khmer was a sacred place and associated with their daily life, it was not only a place for religious activities but also a place of community activities, a place of learning, playing, and entertainment. in addition, the pagoda is also a place to share joys, sorrows, difficulties in life, it is a place to preserve and promote moral values, it preserves the traditional cultural values of the ethnic. all young people in the khmer families, who are 12 years or older, must enter the temple to practice religion (no time limit). all men must be literate of their people, it shows their feelings and responsibilities to the nation so that they pay homage to the buddha, and at the same time to accumulate merit and accumulate knowledge for themself (hanh, 2013). the khmer do not distinguish between religious festivals or folk festivals. all festivals are held at the pagoda and the monk is the most important person for the khmer. this special feature has made a cultural heritage, the values cultural beliefs preserved and passed down through many generations. solutions to preserve and promote cultural beliefs of khmer people 1. socio-economic development, improvement of material life for khmer people preserving and promoting traditional cultural values of the khmer people is a difficult and longterm content, it cannot be a subjective and willful product, but it depends on the level of economic development, into specific local situations and conditions. to effectively develop socio-economic areas of the khmer people, it is necessary to well implement the contents of the planning, arrange suitable concentrated residential areas, ensure that the khmer people develop production in accordance with the special characteristics ethnic scores, regions (thuy, 2012). the state should step up the work of hunger eradication and poverty reduction, address pressing housing issues, productive land, domestic water, and infrastructure for khmer people. local authorities focus on building essential infrastructure, promoting the efficiency of works, effectively exploiting the potentials and strengths of the region. places of worship, pagodas, community activities, or structures damaged or degraded must be repaired promptly (hop, 2019). improving material life for the khmer is an important job. if there is a standard of living that meets the essential needs of material life, then khmer ethnic people can raise their awareness, selfconsciously preserve and promote their traditional cultural identity, and they will respect, pride, and cherish the traditional cultural values (minh, 2018). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 82-88 87 table 3. number of poor households in an giang province an giang province years early 2016 end of 2016 end of 2017 poor households the khmer 6.949 6.268 5.432 percentage 32,29% 27,76% 24,85% raising awareness of preserving and promoting cultural beliefs of khmer people only when khmer people understand their position and role in preserving and promoting values in cultural beliefs will they actively selfimplement effectively. if they themselves do not have a sense of preserving, inheriting, promoting, it will fade or lose cultural values is inevitable. we need to carry out a campaign to preserve and promote the cultural identities of the khmer ethnic groups in an giang, if there is an impact from many directions, it will be an advantage for higher efficiency. develop a sense of community, from ethnic consciousness to national consciousness through traditional culture. since then, the effectiveness of the work of preservation and inheritance has been enhanced and has practical significance in social life. education to raise awareness for khmer people about the meaning of preserving good cultural values of the khmer people, we need to promote well the role of the elderly and reputable people in the village. they are the ones who retain the most traditional cultural values, have the experience and reputation to organize cultural beliefs activities, are the pillars of cultural activities, high-value voices, and are respected in the community (quang, 2011). they are a group of people with an irreplaceable role in propagating and educating, preserving traditional cultural identity. the main way to preserve and promote the traditional culture of the khmer people in an giang is through propaganda, advocacy, education, and persuasion. therefore, the state management agency on culture and information to the khmer ethnic minority areas living focus on continuously opening propaganda waves in all forms to raise awareness of the whole society about the preservation, inheritance, and promotion of their traditional cultural values. local authorities should pay attention to the young generation, who is the most sensitive to all changes. in many ways, young generations of the khmer can explore and contact traditional cultural heritages in many ways. thereby, forming pride, eliminating inferiority complex, considering preserving, inheriting, and promoting the traditional cultural values of our people is a sacred and honorable task of their generation. conclusion cultural belief is a social phenomenon with inheritance and sustainability, it always exists in the flow of the movement and development of history society. each ethnic group, with its conditions and history, has a traditional culture with its own characteristics, long-standing and stable, that is the national cultural identity. the khmer people in an giang, are people with a rich, long-standing, and very unique culture, the preservation, and inheritance of their cultural values have become necessary under the conditions current. the khmer ethnic community in an giang province together with their religious, beliefs has contributed to the richness of cultural and religious life in vietnam. as an ethnic minority, living alternately with other ethnic groups in the region, the khmer people always show their spirit of solidarity and harmony with each other, and they still maintain their characteristics in cultural beliefs of their people, creating distinctive features bearing traditional cultural colors of the khmer people in an giang province. due to the low living standards of the khmer people in an giang province. so a part of the khmer have not thought about and are not interested in preserving and promoting the cultural values of the nation, they have not been aware of the values culture and they are also not aware of the important role of religious culture in life. the trend of globalization is also one of the reasons leading to the change of values that gradually erode the cultural identity of the khmer ethnic people. if we do well the content to preserve and promote the values in the cultural beliefs, we can not only preserve the distinct and proud cultural features of the khmer people but also promote indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 82-88 88 strength contributes to building a bold, advanced vietnamese culture. references 1. hai, n.c., & thanh, n.h. (2020). the values of cultural beliefs from traditional festivals among the khmer mekong delta study typical traditional festivals. international journal of philosophy, no.4. p. 89-94. doi: 10.11648/j.ijp.20200804.11. 2. hanh, p.t.p. (2013). khmer culture in the south the beauty of the vietnamese cultural identity. ha noi: national political publishing house. 3. hop, m.p. (2019). solutions for the sustainable socio-economic development on khmer community in the southern vietnam. agu international journal of sciences, vol. 7(2), 68-78. 4. hung, t.t. (2019). theravada buddhism in southern khmer culture. ha noi: social science publishing house. 5. minh, l.t., & cop, n.v. (2018). some major solutions to improve the effectiveness of poverty reduction policies in the khmer ethnic minority in an giang today. an giang university journal of science, vol. 19 (1), 47 58. 6. quang, h.t. (2011). cultural values khmer in the mekong delta. ha noi: national political publishing house. 7. thang, v.v., cuong, n.h., & tho, n.t.n. (2015). traditional festivals in the south west khmer pagodas view from value perspectives. journal of science, an giang university, part a: social sciences, humanities and education, vol. 1(1), 1-8. 8. thanh, n.v. (2019). the value of the traditional ethics of the south khmer community through their relationship with nature. european journal of social sciences studies, volume 4, issue 4: 191-199. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3405440. 9. thinh, n.d. (2016). the beliefs of all ethnic groups in vietnam. ha noi: social science publishing house 10. thuy, t.n. (2012). poverty reduction strategies in an ethnic minority community: multiple definitions of poverty among khmer villagers in the mekong delta, vietnam. asian social science. doi:10.5539/ass.v8n6p196. url: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n6p196 11. tuyen, n.q., & mai, n.t.n. (2016). poverty assessment and analysis of factors affecting income of the poor khmer households in loan my village, tam binh district, vinh long province. global journal of human social science: economics, volume 16, issue 1, version 1.0. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 194-200 194 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.878 page: 194 – 200 the influence of chatgpt on social science students: insights drawn from undergraduate students in the united states mohaimenul islam jowarder department of management information system, lamar university, united states corresponding author: mohaimenul islam jowarder; email: mohaimenulislamvisa@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: chatgpt, influence, social science, undergraduate students, united states. received : 24 march 2023 revised : 10 june 2023 accepted : 30 june 2023 recently, the artificial intelligence known as chatgpt has turned into a global sensation, especially among students. this research paper investigates the influence of this ai-powered chatbot, on undergraduate social science students based on insights drawn from semi-structured interviews. the study aims to understand the level of awareness, adoption, perceived usefulness, and impact of chatgpt on academic performance. 200 undergraduate students were selected and verbatim transcription was used and later thematic analysis was implemented. we implied our custom code to analyze the data based on sample collection from the students. the findings indicate that most of the participants were aware of chatgpt and had used it for academic work. perceived usefulness and ease of use were found to be significant factors that influenced the adoption of this technology. social influence was also found to be a significant factor, with peer recommendations playing a role in shaping students' attitudes toward new technology. chatgpt had a positive impact on the academic performance of the participants, particularly in assisting them in understanding difficult concepts and providing them with relevant study materials. the study suggests that chatbots can be valuable tools for learning and academic assistance, particularly in disciplines such as social science that require extensive research and analysis. the findings provide useful insights for educators and researchers seeking to integrate chatbots into existing teaching and learning methods to optimize their benefits. more research is needed to assess the future impacts on students and the education sector alike. introduction technology has become an integral part (rokan & monang, 2023) of our lives (simeone et al, 2022; anderson & horrigan, 2016; muydinovich et al, 2022) including education (anderson, 2016; andre et al, 2015; jobirovich, 2022). in recent years (urbina et al, 2022; romero-martin et al, 2022, khosravi et al, 2022), especially during and after covid-19, the integration of artificial intelligence (ai) and machine learning (ml) has become increasingly relevant in various fields (lee & hwang, 2022). while technology has been implemented by schools (chen et al, 2015; dichey & dicheva, 2017) management (olimov & mamurova, 2022; bakker et al, 2015; buchanan et al, 2013; cassidy et al, 2016; centre for postsecondary research 2016; centre for postsecondary research, 2017) for a variety of tasks such as multimedia purpose (wei, 2022), the main purpose was to automate the process and immerse the students with the novel technological revolution (ashrafzadeh & sayadian, 2015; chawinga, 2017). one of the most significant applications of ai is chatbots, which have been developed to assist users with information, customer service, and problemsolving. chatbots are designed to interact with humans through natural language and aid, making them a popular tool for organizations and individuals. the latest development of this technology in education is chatgpt, an ai software that has caused a stir globally. the integration of ai has significantly impacted various fields, including healthcare, education, and communication. in the education indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:mohaimenulislamvisa@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 194-200 195 sector (evans, 2014), ai tools such as chatbots have been developed to assist students in their learning process (dyson et al, 2015; greenwood et al, 2016). chatbots are designed to provide students with personalized support, feedback, and guidance. additionally, chatbots can help students improve their cognitive abilities by providing them with new insights and knowledge (farley, 2013). chatgpt is a recent ai-powered chatbot developed by openai, designed to engage with users and provide them with a human-like conversation experience. it was trained with large datasets, which enables it to understand and respond to natural language effectively. chatgpt has been widely used by individuals and organizations to assist with information, customer service, and problem-solving. additionally, chatgpt has been used in the education sector to assist students in their learning process. the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of chatgpt on social science students. the specific research objectives were to perceive the context and extent of the student’s submission in academia and how this technology has affected their learning habits, both academically and technologically. methods this study utilized a qualitative research design, and the data were collected through semistructured interviews. the study was conducted on social science students from a leading university in the united states, stony brooks university. the participants were selected through purposive sampling, which ensured that the participants had used chatgpt before. additionally, the participants were required to be undergraduate students from the social science faculty. a total of 200 participants were selected for this study from stony brooks university’s undergraduate programs in social science disciplines. the participants were interviewed in person, and the interviews were audio-recorded with the participant's consent. the interviews were conducted in a neutral environment to ensure that the participants were comfortable and could provide honest responses. the interviews were conducted in a semi-structured format, which allowed the participants to share their experiences and perceptions holistically. we also conducted focused group discussions (fgds) the data collected from the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. thematic analysis is a method used to identify patterns, themes, and meanings in qualitative data. the data were analyzed inductively, which involved identifying patterns and themes that emerged from the data. the data analysis process involved several stages. first, the transcripts were read several times to familiarize the researchers with the data. second, the data were coded, which involved assigning labels to specific words or phrases that captured the meaning of the data. third, the codes were grouped into categories based on their similarities and differences. fourth, the categories were refined, and the themes were identified. finally, the themes were interpreted, and the findings were presented. results and discussion we analyzed the variety of data collected from the participants regarding this novel software and how this is affecting their mindset as well as other aspects of education. the results showed a variety of reasons which assisted the study to progress and critically examine the context of influence on social science students. level of awareness of chatgpt among social science students the study aimed to determine the level of awareness among social science students. through semi-structured interviews, the researchers discovered that more than 90% of the participants were aware of this radical technology. however, the level of awareness varied among the students. some had heard but had not used it, while others had used it before. in a study conducted by (hew et al, 2016), the results were similar to our findings showing improved performance. from (hew et al, 2016), researchers demonstrated that the use of aided technology can enhance learning awareness since the information is condensed from external sources. our results also find the same similarity when we conducted interviews with the participants of our program. those who had not used before were aware of its existence due to the publicity surrounding it. this software had been featured in news articles, social media platforms, and other online forums. the participants had come across indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 194-200 196 while browsing the internet or through recommendations from their peers. on the other hand, many who had used this software before were aware of its capabilities and features. they had interacted and understood its functions. the participants who had used before had a better understanding of its potential to assist them with their academic work. from (hewege et al, 2013), we discovered students often depend on technology to assist themselves with assignments which were also evident in our study. overall, the study revealed that social science students had a high level of awareness of chatgpt. the participants were aware of due to its publicity and recommendations from peers. additionally, the majority who had used chatgpt before had a better understanding of its features and capabilities. the high level of awareness among social science students suggests this is a popular tool among students. perceiving the usefulness of chatgpt another objective of the study was to assess the perceived usefulness of this software's implications among social science students. through the semi-structured interviews, the researchers found that the participants perceived it to be a useful tool for academic work. the students reported that it was useful in assisting them with their coursework. they found it to be a convenient tool to use, as it provided them with instant responses to their queries. a study conducted by the researcher showed (hou et al, 2015), instant responses, whether in classes or through online medium enables cognitive development for students. the participants also reported that it had assisted them in understanding difficult concepts, and it had provided them with alternative explanations to concepts they had struggled to understand. furthermore, it was found to be a useful tool for revising for exams in our analysis. by providing them with study materials, such as past exam papers and revision notes. the respondents stated it helped them to prepare for exams by providing them with relevant information. a similar study (xue & wang, 2022) also found technology to be useful when used for preparation purposes. in this aspect, chatgpt is considered ahead of the competitors due to its instant responses. overall, this was perceived to be a useful tool for academic work by the research sample. the convenience and the instant responses it provided were significant factors that influenced the respondents' perceptions. the ability to assist the participants in understanding difficult concepts and providing them with relevant study materials also contributed to the participants' perception as a useful tool. factors leading to the adaptation of this software the study aimed to identify the factors that influenced the adoption among social science students as well. one factor that influenced the adoption was the perceived usefulness of the tool. the people who found it to be a useful tool were more likely to adopt it confirming past studies (ibanez et al, 2014). they reported that it had assisted them in their academic work, and they found it to be a convenient tool to use. another factor that influenced the adoption was the ease of use, indicating who found it to be easy to use were more likely to adopt it. the students reported a userfriendly interface, and they did not have to spend a lot of time trying to figure out how to use it. the availability of alternative tools (junco et al, 2013; kidd et al, 2016) was another factor that influenced the adoption. the majority who did not have access to alternative tools were more likely to adopt chatgpt. we discovered it was the only available tool that could assist them in their academic work. finally, social influence was another factor that influenced the adoption. the students who had received recommendations from their peers were more likely to adopt. they reported that they had received positive feedback from their peers, which had influenced their decision to adopt the tool. impacts on academic performance the study aimed to examine the impact on the academic performance of social science students as well. the students reported that it had assisted them in understanding difficult concepts and had helped them to revise for exams. the explanations provided them with alternative scenarios to concepts they had struggled to understand, and it had also provided them with relevant study materials. furthermore, it saved them time when researching for their coursework by providing them with instant responses to their queries, which saved indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 194-200 197 them time that they could use to work on other aspects of their coursework (kipcha et al, 2016). overall, it had a positive impact on their academic performance. chatgpt assisted them in understanding difficult concepts, helped them to revise for exams, and saved them time when researching for their coursework. we have also divorced a few negative impacts where students would simply turn in their assignments with this software. however, most us universities imply intelligent software such as honorlock, proctorio, and even blackboard has built-in smart functions which can detect computedgenerated contents. many students said they have submitted assignments but got zero and even provided examples where graduate students also did the same. in our response, they stated they first got the concept of automating the tasks from graduate students. the study found that most of the participants were aware of chatgpt and had used it for academic work. the students stated that it was a convenient tool to use, and they appreciated the instant responses that it provided. this finding is consistent with the rapid growth in the use of chatbots in recent years found in other research (boyle et al, 2016; chang & wei, 2016) as they offer quick and convenient solutions to various problems. moreover, we discovered in our paper that the perceived usefulness played a significant role in the adoption of the tool. the students who found this technology to be a useful tool for academic work were more likely to adopt it. it was evident that it was particularly useful for assisting students in understanding difficult concepts, providing them with relevant study materials, and saving them time when researching for coursework. this finding supports the notion that chatbots can be valuable tools for learning and academic assistance, particularly in disciplines such as social science that require extensive research and analysis. the study identified that simplicity of use was another significant factor that influenced the adoption. people who found it to be easy to use were more likely to adopt it. this discovery emphasizes the importance of user-friendliness in technology adoption, particularly in academic contexts (reeder & lee, 2022) where students may not have a lot of time to figure out how to use a new tool. additionally, social influence played a role in the adoption of this artificial intelligence. respondents who had received recommendations from their peers were more likely to adopt the tool which suggests that peer recommendations can be influential in shaping students' perceptions and attitudes towards new technology (george & george, 2023). the study also revealed a positive impact on the academic performance of the participants with some negatives as well. chatgpt assisted the participants in understanding difficult concepts, revising for exams, and saving them time when researching for coursework, supporting the notion that chatbots can be valuable tools for enhancing academic performance, particularly in disciplines that require extensive research and analysis. however, it is important to note that chatgpt should not be seen as a substitute for critical thinking and independent learning. while it can assist students with their academic work, students should still engage in critical thinking and independent learning to develop their knowledge and skills. a significant portion of the students stated they frequently use this software to bypass the exams and class assignments which require a thorough understanding of a context. conclusion technology has been influencing our lives in unthinkable ways since the beginning of the pandemic. the education sector was completely reorganized, and this novel artificial intelligence is the latest addition. this paper provides valuable insights into the influence of chatgpt on social science students, drawing from the perspectives of undergraduate students. the findings reveal it was a useful tool for academic work, with a positive impact on academic performance. the study also identified factors that influenced the adoption of chatgpt. including perceived usefulness, ease of use, and social influence. we discovered chatbots can be valuable tools for learning and academic assistance, particularly in disciplines such as social science that require extensive research and analysis (chan, 2023). however, it is essential to emphasize that autogenerating intelligent software such as chatgpt should not be seen as a substitute for critical thinking and independent learning (limna et al, 2022; holmes & tuoumi, 2022). we discovered indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 194-200 198 many students were rigorously engaged with the software and instead of exploring external scholarly resources (malinka et al, 2023) such as journals and publications, they would depend on chatgpt for their academic purpose. in the long term, this could harm and obstruct their intelligence growth (xia et al, 2022; zhao et al, 2023). students should still engage in critical thinking and independent learning to develop their knowledge and skills. overall, this scientific study highlights the potential of chatbots in enhancing the 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(2023). a comprehensive ai policy education framework for university teaching and learning. international journal of educational technology in higher education, 20(1), 1-25. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 111-117 111 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.905 page: 111 – 117 towards achieving electronic human resource management: challenges facing public enterprises in adopting technology arvid muzanenhamo1, sabina duduzile khazamula2, mathias imbayarwo1 1department of applied management, durban university of technology, south africa 2department of public management, regenesys, south africa corresponding author: arvid muzanenhamo; email: arvid263@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: digitalization, human resource management, organizational effectiveness, state-owned enterprise. received : 22 april 2023 revised : 10 june 2023 accepted : 14 june 2023 this study examined the challenges that are faced by south african public enterprises in implementing digitalization in the human resource management (hrm) department. a qualitative research approach was used with data obtained using structured interviews from a public enterprise, and human resource practitioners were used to conduct interviews in this study. purposive nonprobability sampling was applied in engaging 15 participants in a public corporation and data was analyzed using thematic analysis. the study revealed that hrm departments do not entirely make use of technology in their operations. the inability to use technology is due to a lack of in-house digital training, and the organization’s inability to quickly swiftly respond to environmental changes due to bureaucratic structure. it was therefore recommended that public entities embark on extensive employee digital training and implementation of effective internal digital systems for organizational effectiveness. introduction coupled with globalization and demographic changes, digital technologies have radically altered the way we live, work, conduct business, and communicate (thite 2022). in response to external environmental changes and demands, the human resource function has slowly but steadily evolved from labor welfare to personnel administration to strategic hr and now to digital or smart hr (bondarouk, ruel, and parry 2017). however, digital implementation in public corporations is very slow leading to inefficiencies which is a concern as these entities have the mandate to support economic development. according to oecd (2017), gas and electricity, telecoms, transportation, and other utility sectors account for 51% of all soes with finance being the largest individual sector, accounting for 26% of soes by value. these entities’ assets were valued at $13 trillion in the year 2000 and ballooned to $45 trillion in 2018, accounting for about half of the global gdp (international monetary fund, 2020). soes are therefore vital entities seen as custodians, saviors, and protectors of the welfare of the state and means of delivering services to the masses (ngubane, 2017). despite the popularity that these entities have, mainly from politicians, soes, particularly in african countries deteriorated into havens of nepotism, corruption, favoritism, backwardness, and centers of unemployment (world bank, 2014). state-owned companies over the years have been susceptible to, among other pitfalls, inefficiency, creation of monopolies, siphoning of public funds, political interference, and public sector dominance in the economy (chilunjika & mutizwa, 2019; lin, lu, zhang, & zheng, 2020). the importance of state-owned enterprises and their role and rate of adopting technology is debatable. on one hand, soes are seen as drivers of innovation and innovative policies, given their capacity to stretch beyond the objective of profit maximization and maximization of social welfare. due to their sheer size, soes are bound to enjoy economies of scale indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 111-117 112 that smaller private companies are not well resourced to achieve (tonurist & karo, 2016). it is logical to see soes as having the impetus to become centers of technological innovation given their dominance in certain industries with little or no competition and a large base of customers. to increase profit margins, many firms have explored different types or ways to innovate (chen, 2017). technical innovation is related to the primary work activity of an organization, producing changes in its operating systems (damanpour and aravind, 2012). soes are under increasing pressure to adopt new technologies. this pressure is coming from a variety of sources, including shareholders, customers, and governments. state-owned companies are forced to adapt due to external pressures from macroeconomic shifts in global foreign trade policies, global workforce rebalancing, supply chain disruptions from environmental disasters, and staff reductions (wang, 2010). most recently, the covid-19 pandemic forced many companies to adopt technologies that could enable staff to work from home. despite this perpetual pressure, soes often face challenges when it comes to adopting new technologies. these constraints can be categorized into operational issues, technical issues, human issues, and financial issues (magutu, & lelei, 2010). similarly, sun, and medaglia, (2019) grouped these into social challenges; economic challenges; ethical challenges; political, legal, and policy-related challenges; organizational and managerial challenges; and data challenges. knowledge of the factors inhibiting the adoption of technology by soes is pivotal in mapping a road map for these entities to be transformed into centers of innovativeness and technological advancement. employees in state-owned companies can become resistant to change, as they are used to the current way of doing things. this resistance can make it difficult to implement new technologies. in many cases, state-owned companies are resistant to change because they are reluctant to embrace new technologies that may be disruptive to their existing business models. resistance to change can manifest in several forms that can be covert (passive resistance) or overt (active resistance). magutu and lelei (2010), cited a lack of technological expertise, inadequate staffing, skills shortages, lack of leadership, lack of training, and resistance to change as some of the human-related challenges in adopting new technology. resistance to change has been identified as one of the contributors that cause organizations to fail to implement change (kotter and cohen, 2002). in a study conducted by sun and medaglia, (2019), on the challenges of soes in adopting artificial intelligence (ai) technology, it was discovered that the adoption process was hampered by human resource (hr) level factors. these include the shortage of skilled personnel and the purported threats of the possible replacement of the labor force by ai technology and resistance to data sharing. there were also reports of skills shortages within soes (magutu & lelei, 2010; sun & medaglia, 2019). the challenge of skills shortage in soes can be considered artificial, given that management and employees are appointed on political merit. according to ngubani (2017), effective communication can be used as a tool or an enabler of managing change, in this instance, involving technological adoption by soes. magutu and lelei (2010) in their study of the challenges of the adoption of information systems in soes discovered that some technical factors affect soes during the process of adopting the technology. soes in some instances have no suitable structures for the new technology, absence of it and other technology standards, poor information systems, challenges in data conversion, and incompatible systems. soes may also experience technological compatibility issues which refer to the ability of technological systems to communicate, interact, and share data across networks and between software (lekara, 2019). the existing policies, systems, contracts, standardization, and personnel issues should be designed in a way that is compatible with the technological systems that an organization desires to adopt. this compatibility should be addressed and factored in early on in the planning process. given that soes are not profit-driven (chilunjika & mutizwa, 2019), this may act as a disincentive for these entities to promote the adoption of new technologies. many soes, specifically in developing countries are known for their loss-making tendencies and for burdening the taxpayer (chilunjika & mutizwa, 2019; bowman, 2020). this inability of some soes to self-sustain financially poses a risk to the ability of these indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 111-117 113 entities to adopt new technology. soes experience challenges associated with corruptive practices such as fraud, embezzlement, bribery, and extortion, which result in the funneling, diversion, and misappropriation of funds otherwise intended for reinvestment into the business. it is established that when management in soes is perceived to be corrupt this will make it difficult for these entities to become fully transparent and financially accountable to the public (wadesango, nhubu, & satande, 2021). according to the imf (2022), soes fail to perform efficiently in the process of delivering to their public reflecting that the government’s policy mandates often lack appropriate funding and transparency. this translated directly or indirectly into, government budgets and balance sheets deficits. financial struggles experienced by soes have far-reaching consequences on the ability of these government entities to keep themselves up to date with technological developments in their respective industries. the performance and strategic planning of soes are strongly influenced by the government and in countries where there is political instability, the continuity of these entities is negatively impacted. ogohi (2014) noted that whenever there is a change in government, this unexpectedly affects the performance and operations of soes as some governments may focus primarily on policies that will enhance the survival of their political parties. for many soes, the government has full ownership, therefore has complete oversight of their operations, and can intervene at any time to preserve either the survival of the regime or public interests. this external influence, unfortunately, affects soes negatively, more so regarding strategic decisions such as rolling out new technologies (dimgba, 2011). in many countries, soes are often managed, at times remotely by party leaders, ministers, and politically connected individuals who pose a huge risk to the survival of the company due to their influence and position (bajpai & myers, 2020). in addition, there is a lack of transparency in the process of assessing, shortlisting, and selecting candidates through independent institutions, exposing the soes to politicized outcomes. when these entities, have priorities, such as adopting new technology, this may not materialize, for example, when politicians want certain services to be provided to their voters for free during times of elections. bajpai & myers, (2020) further advanced that the board of directors for soes constitutes individuals that are politically connected and have little or no obligation to execute the director’s duty of care. the adoption of new technology in soes may not occur if it does not yield short-term benefits to the politically connected elites. adoption of new technology is also difficult for sectors that deal with rapidly changing technology where such technologies are constantly and swiftly updated due to their nature, making existing technologies obsolete. these rapidly changing technologies are influenced by existing systems, timeframes, standardization, fiscal concerns, and organizational and individual technology expertise (lekara, 2019). for soes, this challenge is compounded by the bureaucratic nature of decision-making, which often involves a long and dragged approval process from the government. the concept of soes is enshrined within the socialist ideology which seeks to annihilate the dominance of capitalism in the economy (chilunjika & mutizwa, 2019). a study by dlamini, zogli, and muzanenhamo (2021) discovered that soes are mainly using manual systems which cause delays in the delivery of services. firms that innovate can improve their performance, remain competitive, and deliver value for their stakeholders (karabulut, 2015). innovation is often seen as the new channel through which performance can be improved across several industries (maghsoudi et al., 2016), including parastatals. therefore, this study analyses the factors that hinder the implementation of technology in public enterprises, specifically, in the human resource management department. methods this study was done using a qualitative research method and data was collected using structured interviews. a case study for the research was a selected south african state agency located in pretoria. non-probability sampling method was applied, and purposive sampling was adopted. wagner, kawulich, and garner (2012) stated that with purposive sampling, the researcher relies on their own experience, previous research, and ingenuity to find the participants in such a manner indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 111-117 114 that they can be considered to be representative of the population. fifteen human resource professionals were used in this study and in-depth interviews were used to gather data. the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. results and discussion the researcher interviewed 15 individuals who were willing to participate in this study. the duration of each interview session was between 25 to 30 minutes. the interviews were conducted in the company premises on appointments. substantial responses indicate the causes of the lack of technology in public enterprise. this was confirmed by the following sub-themes and responses: theme 1: understaffed and red tape it was revealed that the public entity does not have enough employees in the department. this seems to limit employee capability to meet deadlines and the lack of technology is contributing to employee frustration due to work overload. in addition, this may lead to employee burnout and dissatisfaction among employees in an organization. it is very possible that if the organization was using technology, it would have been able to minimize the effects of understaffing. the bureaucratic nature of public enterprises contributes heavily to the lack of technology as there are too many levels involved in the process. a respondent noted that: we are short staffed which is a major problem, as a result, there is a lot of job overlapping which leads to personnel doing staff, not their role but i mean we are staff so we work as a team that wants to deliver, we get job overloaded and exhausted as we have to meet the deadlines and i feel there are too many red tapes around it. another respondent strongly explained the effects of work overload due to manual systems: i think technology is great because it reduces workload, when applications are sent they need to be captured manually which is cumbersome, but with technology, it automatically kicks out candidates who do not meet the requirement and it produces the report. technology is very key so we need to embrace it. this is in line with grobler et al.’s (2012) argument that electronic hrm does not only lead to improved services and cost reduction but also to the goal of achieving organizational competitiveness. theme 2: lack of technological commitment data revealed that public enterprises seem to be comfortable with the traditional ways of conducting business. this is an expected result knowing that public organizations have bureaucratic structures which have a low level of flexibility which leads to the lack of compatibility of the actual structure to the innovative strategy. this may be due to the monopolistic nature of other public entities as they do not face too much competition. moreover, rigid policies may act as a barrier to innovation and affect citizens who rely on quality services from such companies. a respondent noted that: i think is critical with technology moving fast nowadays we need to keep abreast with technology otherwise will remain behind and it will be a dead zone it is critical for us to keep up with the technology changes and then implement them so unfortunately is something that is not a critical matter at our space, i wish it could be taken seriously. another response confirmed this: we are mainly still in old age because we are applying the traditional approach in the sense that every advertised post needs to be responded to by writing a letter and attaching the certificate which becomes a huge bundle of documents and is manually and after the closing date everything needs to be captured manually into a spreadsheet which labor intensive, then is the selection panel which done manually and time-consuming. marler and parry (2016) provided that in organizations where the administrative function is dominant, there is a need to build an efficient administrative infrastructure, namely tracking job requisitions, managing employee payroll, benefits programs, and employment equity compliance. theme 3: fear of digital systems data revealed that employees still have a fear of moving to digitalization. this may be due to the existence of many baby boomers in public entities, who may have not yet embraced digitalization. employees and their organizations have different views and acceptance levels of digitalization as highlighted by shea et al, (2014) the assessment for organizational readiness to innovate or change is considered a multilevel construct capable of being conducted at an individual or organizational level. the results also show that the organization once made a little effort to bring some form of indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 111-117 115 digitalization and the effort may have been thwarted by the lack of organizational commitment to create awareness of the importance of technology to its employees. a respondent noted that: we have an oracle system with function recruitment but we not using it, we tried with the it positions but still, it went to the manual way of doing things, so i think people are scared to adopt the technology. another respondent noted that: it is a pity because the system is there and some of the recruitment could be done in-house. theme 4: lack of employee training following the above theme, it is also showing that employees do not have adequate digital training to effectively use existing forms of digitalization in the organization. there seem to be problems with resources for the effective implementation of technology. this means that the organization may be experiencing a deficiency in the provision of physical resources, human resources, and ensuring the right information and technology. public organizations are financed from the state budget, which repeatedly faced difficulties in realizing higher levels of income, as a result of high level of informality. a respondent below made a very strong explanation: we don’t cope because we have the system but we are not familiar with it, that is why we outsource. another respondent confirmed the need to learn new systems below: the time is now and especially coming from covid-19 we need to learn new methods of working and the easier one is communicating through technology even interviews themselves can be done virtually and fast-tracked and when now when we talk about being agile this is one of the things was agility is needed. thite, kavanagh, and johnson (2012) argued that due to technological advancements, the time for administrative tasks is decreasing, thereby allowing human resource professionals to deal with more complex strategic activities. this entails that the human resources department, through executive support, needs to rethink the way hr is organized and delivers its services to the organization. conclusion data revealed that the organization under study lacks the capacity to implement technology. this may be due to a lack of finance as a result of a lack of managerial support to obtain relevant systems for organizational effectiveness. the public entity does not have enough employees in the hrm department. this seems to limit employee capability to meet deadlines and the unavailability of technology is contributing to employee frustration because of work overload. if the organization was using technology, it would have been able to minimize the effects of understaffing such as work overload. the bureaucratic structure contributes immensely to the lack of technology as there are too many levels involved in decision-making. data revealed that public enterprises seem to be comfortable with the traditional ways of conducting business; this may be due to the monopolistic nature of other public entities as they do not face too much competition from private sector organizations. the technophobia aspect has been revealed as a source of the lack of digitalization in public enterprise. this may be due to the existence of baby boomers in many public entities. data revealed that the entity made some effort to implement digitalization but lacks commitment to training its employees. consequently, employees do not have adequate knowledge to effectively use existing technology in the organization to benefit the organization. it is therefore recommended that the organization involve its stakeholders in system analysis and technology needs. this helps management to get input from stakeholders, especially employees, and suppliers of goods and services. the public entity needs to minimize bureaucracies during the implementation of technology which is a major reason for slow implementation of digital systems. enhancement of planning and coordination of adopting new technology is necessary. this reduces levels of demotivation among stakeholders who participate in digital implementation programs. capacity building by training the users and building the necessary technological infrastructure is of paramount importance. when users, especially employees do not know how to use new systems, it disregards the need to have technology in the organization. references 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(2010). administrative reform in china: past, present, and future. southeast review of asian studies, 32(1), 100-119. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 31-37 31 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.692 page: 31 – 37 human resource management and digitalization in a south african public enterprise arvid muzanenhamo1, edward rankhumise1 1tshwane university of technology, south africa corresponding author: arvid muzanenhamo; email: muzanenhamoa@tut.ac.za a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: digitalization, human resource management, state-owned enterprise. received : 20 october 2022 revised : 14 february 2023 accepted : 17 february 2023 although digitalization has been experienced in many business operations, we are still lacking complete knowledge of the impacts of the application of these technological operations in human resource management (hrm) at both an individual level and organizational level. this paper, therefore, seeks to clarify the importance of digitalization to organizations and the challenges facing hrm due to the lack of digitalization. this paper is a study carried out in a south african public enterprise to identify the organizational effects of lack of digitalization in the human resource management department. qualitative research was applied and interviews were used to gather data from human resource professionals and section managers in a public corporation. twenty-four individuals were purposively chosen for data collection. the research discovered effects such as lack of digital training, the occurrence of errors, service delays, and the possibility of employee burnout due to manual systems used to serve a large organization. the discussion provided in this study would strengthen the body of knowledge on the importance of digitalization in public enterprises, especially public organizations that have a role to protect national security. introduction one of the most innovative methods of managing employees efficiently is using the world wide web for human resource applications. electronic human resource management (e-hrm) involves an extensive range of operations, from creating organizational human resource strategies and guidelines accessible through its intranet to effectively managing and deploying the strategic skills of the firm (grobler et al, 2012). in the past several decades, technology has had a dramatic impact on human resource management (hr) processes and practices (stone and dulebohn, 2013. ruël and van der kaap (2012), provided that electronic hrm is a term that includes all possible integration mechanisms and contents that exist between hrm and information systems that aim to generate value inside and across companies for targeted workers and leadership. e-hrm is thus regarded as a way of applying human resource plans, practices, and procedures in organizations by way of a mindful and directed backing of the complete use of web-based technology channels (poisat and mey, 2017). also, several researchers stated that e-hrm is becoming common and has the potential to provide amazing changes in organizations (marler and fisher, 2010; ruël and kaap, 2012; kaur, 2013, strohmeier and kabst, 2014; nivlouei, 2014; fındıklı and bayarçelik 2015). nevertheless, e-hrm is taken for granted as a driving force behind hrm value creation (shah, michael, and chalu, 2020). this has created challenges in public sector organizations which this study aims to reveal. human resource practices that were considered in cultures that believe in command and control are now creating new strategies that involve more employee motivation, collaboration, and communication coupled with new expectations, new working measures, and the amalgamation of new digitization such as e-hrm (warnich, carrell, elbert and hatfield, 2022). many years ago, hrindonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:muzanenhamoa@tut.ac.za https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 31-37 32 related information was mainly paper-based. with companies fighting to streamline information and the desire to have readily available data, the use of human resource information systems has become popular. however, we need to keep in mind that in south africa this aspect may take some years to have an impact (warnich, carrell, elbert, and hatfield, 2022). this has led to this study focusing on south african public enterprises as they experience slow technological adaptation and determine the challenges they are facing in this digital era. tsegay and singh (2020) stated that previous studies have paid little attention to public service in developing countries contexts. this is supported by bruton et al (2015) that there was not much attention and consideration paid to hybrid organizations that have characteristics of both profit and non-profit, thus state-owned enterprises (soes) are considered hybrid organizations because they do not only pursue financial obligations, they also seek to achieve public and non-profit goals. it is broadly recognized that the performance of public sector organizations has become a very important issue in this knowledge-based economy (vermeeren, 2014). public service organizations are owned by the government and are funded by organs that provide basic services to citizens of the country (obiageli et al., 2016; knies et al., 2017). consequently, the welfare of every nation depends on the performance of public service organizations (knies et al, 2017). all organizations regardless of size, do have operations of human resources conducting numerous people-related functions. as we move towards digitalization, technology is impacting hrm roles and altering the execution of personnel activities on daily basis. today, human resource departments have extended their purview and are adopting e-hrm systems for catering to the needs of the organization. consequently, the role of hr professionals is also undergoing transition and the focus is shifting from ‘operational’ to ‘strategic’ aspects and leading to new challenges. a study by gopal and juneja (2017), which examined the status, trends, advantages, challenges, and implications of e-hrm in india found that traditional hrm activities that focus on the collection of information, endorsements, and process flows have been recently replaced by human resource digitization. furthermore, innovative hrm roles are replacing current jobs which focus on analytics, program management, vendor management, employee experience, and management of productivity (gopal and juneja 2017). the main objective of electronic human resource management is to make human resource management a strategic partner in the organization. a study by marler and fisher (2013), showed that empirical and theoretical investigation in this area is still in its early development. hence, this study aims to show the effects of a lack of digitalization in hrm activities, which impact the strategic role of hrm. reduction of costs through streamlining of human resource operations, improved efficiencies, and minimized redundancy through the provision of better delivery of hrm services and transformation of the hrm function to a strategic business partner are the stated organizational goals for electronic human resource management investments (farndale, paauwe, and hoeksema, 2009; marler and fisher 2013; fındıklı and bayarçelik, 2015). today technology has impacted every sphere of management. organizations are rapidly adopting e-hrm to gain a competitive advantage and cater to the needs of the hrm team (thite et al, 2012). gopal and juneja (2017) suggested that e-hrm is a term that identifies a form of technology that enables hr professionals to integrate an organization’s human resource strategies and processes to improve overall hr delivery. in india, many medium and large companies adopted e-hrm in the last decade and also adopted various technologies to cater to their human resources needs. it has been suggested that contemporary human resource practitioners need to create a technology-based culture for greater impact in the organization. this helps them to adjust their roles and support the organizational goals by promoting a culture of digitalization (people matter, 2017). in many organizations in developing economies, several hrm practices have been adopted based on the experiences and initiatives of western counterparts. however, studies on developing countries show a lacuna between the linking of hr strategies with business strategies and despite the implementation of hrd systems, a focused and integrated approach like in the western countries is still needed (gopal and juneja, 2017). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 31-37 33 a study by parry (2011) found that electronic human resource management may help human resource practitioners to add and improve their value in the organization by becoming more strategic. a similar study by poisat and mey (2017) which identified the major contemporary areas of ehrm research and examined the link between ehrm and organizational productivity, found that electronic human resource management led to strategic advantages such as productivity improvement. this suggests that electronic human resource management can be used to transform human resource professionals from transactional work to more strategic and value-added activities in the organization (parry 2010). one of the important objectives of electronic human resource management is thus to contribute to the strategic alignment of the hrm function. in this regard, electronic human resource management systems help to provide management with data that is reliable and accurate about their employees which may prove crucial in business decisions (ghazzawi, al-khoury, and saman, 2014). this study aims to provide insights into the importance of digitalization to organizations; and the implications of the lack of digitalization in public enterprises through a case study conducted in johannesburg, south africa. methods this study was done using a qualitative research method and data was collected using structured interviews. a case study for the research was a selected south african state agency located in johannesburg. non-probability sampling method was applied, and a technique called purposive sampling was adopted. wagner, kawulich, and garner (2012) stated that by using purposive sampling, the researcher can rely on his or her own experience, past research, and ingenuity. employees such as human resource professionals and departmental supervisors were used in this study. data were obtained by the use of in-depth interviews. according to du plooy-cilliers et al, (2014), in-depth interviews permit the study to obtain answers from participants and gather more opinions and beliefs about a specific phenomenon. the thematic analysis method was used to analyze data, and wagner, kawulich, and garner (2012) provided that thematic analysis assists the researcher to gain knowledge of some phenomenon by taking into consideration how participants are experiencing that phenomenon. nvivo software was used in this study and it assisted in organizing data, facilitating data analysis, identifying themes, and generating conclusions. results and discussion the researcher interviewed twenty-four people who volunteered to contribute to this study. each interview session lasted between 25 to 30 minutes. the interviews took place on the premises of the organization. substantial responses from participants are showing that the lack of digitalization in the hrm department is one of the reasons for human resources' ineffectiveness in fulfilling its role in the organization. the hr component is still very manual in its operations. hr professionals expressed great disappointment in the lack of technological aspects in their department. this results in delays, losing good candidates, exhaustion and employee burn-out, and making errors in serving the organization. thus, nivlouei, (2014) provided that organizations can find themselves in never-ending competition with respect to customers with high expectations in performance, quality, and low cost. the following sub-themes and responses confirmed the implications of the lack of technology: lack of employee management system training despite having some systems such as the employee management system, nobody really understands its abilities or operations. this entails that employees do not have adequate skills and knowledge on how to use the existing operating systems. this may be caused by a lack of employee training on new employee management systems that are introduced to the organization. a respondent noted that: we have ems (employee management system) but we don’t know what ems does, all we do is just push papers. that’s what l have picked up so l would say we haven’t been playing that role. another response stated that: we are not there yet; however, we have identified a good technology system as a gap and currently reviving that section. a study by dlamini, zogli, and muzanenhamo (2021), muzanenhamo & dlamini (2022) released that some human resource professionals in state-owned enterprises are still indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 31-37 34 lacking the latest technological systems in their departments. errors in data capturing the lack of technology in the organization has caused a human error, where practitioners make some mistakes in data capturing. this is due to the large volumes of data being handled manually by human resources professionals. such data-capturing mistakes may affect the credibility of the organization and lead to employee frustration. furthermore, unreported data-capturing mistakes can lead to a wrong analysis of the organizational status as they may generate unreliable data. a respondent noted that: there are many things that l am doing manually. in doing reports there are things that l should do in 30 minutes but l end up taking 4 hours. for me a system has to work 100%, if it is less than 100% then it’s not effective because if l put one wrong number, it messes up the whole report. another respondent stated that: somebody could say but l don’t think they are coping because they are errors on certain here and there. that’s due to the fact that the organization is big, the manual work towards reporting can cause you to do such errors. it’s not because we are not capable, we just don’t have functions or things in place to provide the outcome of the required results. marler and parry (2016) stated there is a need to build an efficient administrative infrastructure in firms where the administrative function is dominant. delays in service delivery the need for technology ranks very highly, as it presents a challenge to effectiveness. everything is manually based and tasks that could take minutes are taking hours. human resource-related reports are taking time to be processed as they are done manually due to the lack of technological equipment in the department. this may have a huge impact on other departments that rely on human resource reports/data in the organization. a respondent noted: yes, we are fine. but the challenge is that we still have a lot of projects to improve the technology. currently, we are still using a lot of paper which can be slow. it’s something that we are currently working on. another respondent stated that: the main challenge that l see affecting the hr department is that they are still using a manual process which causes them to take more time in offering services to the company. this is in line with grobler et al.’s (2012) argument that electronic hrm does not only lead to improved services and cost reduction, but also to the goal of achieving organizational competitiveness. employee exhaustion and burn-out data revealed that due to the lack of systems, hr staff are overworking manually. they are working harder rather than smarter and this is causing staff burnout. this may be a source of dissatisfaction among human resource professionals as data revealed high labor turnover in the hrm department. a respondent noted that: this hr, the staff members here don’t have the capacity but if we had proper systems in place it will be okay. it might look like we are coping, as much as we are coping on a face value which is the observation, behind the scene the work we are expected to do, l feel like l am suffocating, like l am going to burn out. this is because it’s just too many people to serve and l feel if we had certain systems in place which depend on the company to purchase those systems we might function a lot better and quicker and less exhausted. another respondent stated that: and that is only depended on the fact that most of the reports that you require will be like a press-a-button situation and then you get what you are looking for instead of going manually and working with things like excel, which can be really exhausting. we are coping with people that we work face to face with but at the back end what we need to report on becomes really exhausting. thite, kavanagh, and johnson (2012) argued that due to technological advancements, the time for administrative tasks is decreasing, thereby allowing human resource professionals to deal with more complex strategic activities. this entails that the human resources department, through executive support, needs to rethink the way hr is organized and delivers its services to the organization. losing good candidates the lack of technological systems is in turn causing slow recruitment processes and has a ripple effect whereby good candidates are lost as they take up positions in other organizations. this causes inefficiencies in other departments as they continue to work with inadequate staff. a respondent noted that it: definitely because other companies that have sophisticated hr indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 31-37 35 systems can fill vacancies quicker may be within a month. for example, we did an interview with another person in december 2019 and the document was still in circulation and was only signed this week (28 february 2020). the person is already with another company. there is also a memorandum that we need to print out for the line manager to sign, the divisional manager has to sign, the hr manager signs, the executive of corporate services signs, the cfo signs, and the ceo. so that 6 people signing a hard copy document and that where a lot of time is taken. if one of them is on leave or in a meeting and you can’t get hold of them that document doesn’t go anywhere. if it was online people can just approve from where ever they are. poisat and mey (2017) stated that an integrated hris, with appropriate technology, is vital in organizations as it permits the acquisition, storage, analysis, and flow of human resources information, enabling a quick response to organizational needs. conclusion data showed that the response time to queries that are related to employee records was very poor. human resources professionals are taking more time to respond to employees’ needs and challenges due to the lack of technology in the hr department. this further irritates employees, leading to high levels of dissatisfaction in the organization. moreover, the lack of digitalization has caused delays in finalizing recruitment processes due to the manual systems currently used in the organization. human resource professionals are required to download and print the cvs of candidates before calling them for interviews which is a cumbersome process. additionally, the final endorsement of appointments is done manually by many relevant individuals in the organizational hierarchy. the manual processes become too long, thereby causing the organization to lose potential candidates as they quickly get jobs in other organizations that have quick recruitment and selection processes. data revealed the occurrence of mistakes in data capturing as human resource professionals capture data manually for an organization with many employees. this may reduce employee satisfaction as well as organizational integrity. lastly, due to the use of a manual system in the department, human resource professionals handle large volumes of data manually. a very strong response indicated a possibility of employee burnout due to the use of manual systems. this has the potential of high labor turnover as employees become frustrated and demotivated. however, data revealed that the organization has employee management system (ems) facility in the human resource department but not many employees know how to use it. this suggests a lack of organizational change to digitalization as there is a possibility of a lack of digital training to move away from a manual system. it is therefore recommended that the organization implements digitalization; which is electronic human resource management in their human resource department as an innovative approach in this fourth industrial revolution. this can be effectively done by making use of external change agents who are knowledgeable about organizational development in the digitalization space. implementing digitalization in a support department like human resources assists the organization to gain a competitive advantage and maintain its integrity. this should be followed by robust employee digital training to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. this also reduces employee burnout and errors in information capturing and improves employee satisfaction in the organization. references 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(2022). human resource management in south africa. seventh edition. cengage learning. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 1 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.160 page: 1 – 11 assessment of “musa spp” fibre inclusion on the strength and sorption properties of cement bonded particle board jacob mayowa owoyemi1, adigun hazzan opeyemi2 1forestry and wood technology department, nigeria 2federal university of technology akure, nigeria corresponding author: adigun hazzan opeyemi; email: ahazzan23@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: banana stem, cbbp, fibre inclusion, sorption and strength properties. received : 15 december 2020 revised : 25 january 2021 accepted : 07 february 2021 the increase in demand for wood for various purposes has put serious pressure on nigeria’s forest with its attendant fall in the supply of solid wood for construction purposes. as an alternative, non-woody material like banana stem fibre is being investigated for the production of cement bonded particle board (cbpb). the sorption and strength properties of cbpb from musa spp fibre were assessed. the board samples were formed using cement to materials mixing ration of 2:1 and 3:1 and blending proportions of sawdust and banana fibre using ordinary portland cement as a binder. physical and mechanical properties of boards produced from stem using were investigated. the influence of blending proportion (b.p) and mixing ratio (mr) on density, water absorption (wa), thickness swelling (ts), linear expansion, modulus of rupture (mor), and modulus of elasticity (moe) were determined. the results of sorption properties showed that for immersion at 24, 48, and 72 hours, wa, ts, and le decreased with an increase in mixing ratio. moe mean values ranged between 293.65 and 2367.01 n/mm2 for 2:1 and 250.99 and 2009.28 n/mm2 for 3:1 while mor values ranged between 2.55 and 7.592 n/mm2 for 2:1 and ranged from 0.55 to 1.40 n/mm2 for 3:1 respectively. the result proved that banana fibre is suitable for the production of panel products with enhanced strength properties. introduction today, the multi-faceted demand for woodproducts by the growing population has resulted in over-exploitation and declined forest resources (owoyemi et al., 2010). as a result, the panel-board industry is showing an increasing interest in the utilization of wastes from sawmills and furniture mills in the production of panel-boards to mitigate the rate of forest exploitation and to promote sustainable forest management. studies conducted in the past have shown that wood-wastes and agricultural residues such as wheat straw (mantanis and berns, 2001), maize (ajayi, 2010), maize stalk (ajayi, 2002), yam stem (ajayi, 2006), and bamboo (papadopoulos et al., 2004) are suitable for particleboard production. particle board (pb) is a composite material and engineered wood products produced from sawdust, chips of wood, sawmill shavings, and a synthetic resin, glue, or other suitable binders (bruce, 2000). the constituents are pressed in wide flat boards or sheets of uniform cross-section and thickness under pressure and heat in a suitable mold after mixing. in particle board production, the original longitudinal grain arrangement of solid wood is reformed by gluing wood particles together so that they criss-cross each other to form a network of structures with no general grain direction (adejoba et al., 2009). the manufactured board in final form thereby retains few properties of the original wood and because of the manufacturing indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.160 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.160 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.160 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.160 mailto:ahazzan23@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 2 process, gains new and different properties (wood handbook, 1999). the utilization of agricultural residues and pozzolan cement in the manufacturing of ceilingboard is a suitable alternative to sawn timber, sawdust, among others (owoyemi et al., 2010) thereby, forests are managed sustainably. the pozzolan-bonded board is useful as a construction material in regions where fire and moisture interdict the utilization of resin-bonded particleboard (aruwajoye, 2008). banana pseudo-stem is the part of banana plant observed as trunk, they are fleshy, consist of water, and anatomically lack vascular bundles like the sclerenchyma, parenchyma that are found in a tree. the pseudo-stem can support a bunch weight of 50kg or more, they are usually left on the field after harvesting where it deteriorates rendering it as waste material. post-harvest banana pseudo-stem residues are potential raw material for particleboard production in some areas of the country where it’s available in large quantities e.g. ogun, ondo, ekiti, edo, and cross-river (ajayi, 2003). proper management and utilization of agricultural residues could generate employment opportunities, increase the economic standards of farmers and provide other services for the public and industries. this may be the best option for mitigating global climate change. however, utilization of the renewable resources in cementbonded boards could be a suitable alternative in furniture industries (aladenola et al., 2008). a wide variety of production variables determine the physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded wood composites. among those, wood/cement ratio, density, type and percent accelerators used, particle geometry, wood species, amount of water, pre-treatment of wood, chemical composition of wood, composition of cement was reported to be of primary importance (frybort et al., 2008). the objective of this study was to investigate the inclusion of banana pseudo-stem in cement bonded board, its physical and mechanical properties as reinforcing material was assessed in combination of the residue with gmelina arborea sawdust from sawmill industry at diverse mixing ratio and different blending proportions. methods procurement of raw materials banana pseudo-stem residue (plate 1) was sourced from a farm in awule rural settlement in akure, ondo state, nigeria, and gmelina arborea sawdust was obtained from a wood processing company in akure, ondo state, nigeria. the residues were processed at the wood composite laboratory of the federal university of technology, akure, nigeria. calcium chloride an additive to increase the strength and improve the dimensional stability of the boards was purchased from a scientific chemical laboratory while ordinary portland cement was purchased from fresh consignment. picture 1. collection and storing of residue indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 3 preparation of material a wooden mold of 220 × 220 × 8 mm was constructed at the department of forestry and wood technology’s wood and furniture workshop at the federal university of technology, akure, and utilized as the frame for mat formation. the bio-fibre material from banana pseudostem was cut to fiber lengths of 50mm, immersed in water for 72hours to facilitate the process of fermentation for quality board production. the extracted fibre was milled in a milling machine, washed, and pre-treated in hot water for 24hours to remove the inhibitory content. the fiber was rinsed thrice and sun-dried to reduce the moisture content to 15%, then sealed in a jute-bag for conditioning. similarly, gmelina arborea sawdust was pretreated in boiled water for 30mins at a temperature of 900c to remove the inhibitory substances that may likely affect the setting of the cement used as a binding agent (ajayi, 2005). it was washed and air dried to attain a moisture content of 12% before utilization. board formation the blending proportion of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 0:100 fibre/sawdust with cement/ material and mixing ratio of 2:1 and 3:1 were used for the production of the board. the weight (gram) of the required quantity of banana pseudo-stem fiber and the binding agent (cement) were taken with the use of weighing balance, the chemical additive (cacl2) 3%, and water was added after which it was mixed in the stated ratio and cast into the wooden-mold frame and covered with polythene sheets to enhance easy removal. they were then pressed to the required thickness. the board was removed after 24 hours and stacked in the rack for 21 days of curing. all sample boards were produced according to the stated method with three replicates each per treatment. parameters tested the board edges were trimmed with a circular saw machine to avoid edge effect and then cut into required sizes of 50 ×50 × 8mm and 195 ×50 × 8mm for physical and mechanical tests respectively according to astm (2005) standard for particle board test. physical test: water absorption test the percentage water intake for different mixing ratios was calculated after 24, 48, and 72 hours soaking time using: wa (%) = 𝑤2−𝑊 1 𝑊1 × 100 1 ............................ (eqn.1) where: w1= initial weight of the board (g) w2 = weight of board after immersion in water (g) thickness swelling test thickness swelling (ts) after 24, 48, and 72 hours immersion in water was calculated using; ts % = 𝑇 2 –𝑇1 𝑇1 ×100......... .......................... (eqn.2) where: t2= thickness of the board after water immersion (mm) t1= the initial thickness of the board (mm). linear expansion test the test-samples were immersed in water for 24, 48, and 72 hours. the linear change in each sample was measured after immersion. the percentage linear expansion was determined using the formula; l.e % = 𝐿 2 –𝐿1 𝐿1 ×100.....................................eqn (3) where l2 = length of the board after water immersion (mm) l1= initial length of the board (mm) mechanical test: modulus of rupture test (mor) and modulus of elasticity test (moe) the two tests were determined by three-point loading on universal testing machine by applying load at the center of each board sample with the aid of an electro-mechanical motor to the point when failure occurred. the ultimate load (p) and the slope were recorded and estimated using: mor = 3𝑃𝐿 2𝐵𝐻 2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .......................... eqn (4) moe = 𝑃𝐿3 4 𝐵𝐻𝐷3 ............................................ eqn (5) where mor: l = span between centre of support (mm) b = width of test specimen (mm) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 4 h = thickness of test specimen (mm) p = ultimate failure load (n) moe: l = span between center of support (mm) b= width of test specimen (mm) p= ultimate failure load (n) h= increase in deflection d= thickness of the specimen (%) experimental design for the purpose of this study, 2×5 factorial experiment in completely randomized design with 5levels of factor a (blending proportion) and 2 levels of factor b (mixing ratio) replicated three times for each treatment combination. the experiment was designed to include the following production variables: 1. board density:1100 kg/m3(nominal density) 2. blending proportion: 100:0, 90:10,80:20,70:30 and 0:100 depicting sawdust to banana pseudostem fibre mixing ratio of cement to sawdust at 1. 2:1 and 3:1 depicting cement to mixture of sawdust + banana pseudo-stem fibre 2. additive concentration at a level of 3% of cement weight in each board. 3. pressing pressure: 1.23n/mm2 4. board size: 220 × 220 × 8mm results and discussion water absorption the mean values for mixing ratio 2:1 after immersion in water for 24 hours ranged between 22.10 and 47.90%, values between 24.87 and 50.93% were recorded for 48hours while a range of 26.07% and 52.93% were recorded for 72hours water-immersion cycle. similarly, mean values for mixing ratio 3:1 after immersion in water for 24 hours ranged between 19.69 and 42.54% and between 23.44 and 46.81% for 48hours while 26.41 and 50.56 % was obtained for 72 hours water-immersion cycle for the blending proportions as shown in (figure 1) the analysis of variance (anova) carried out at 95% probability level (table ii) showed that mixing ratio, blending proportion and immersion period have significant effect on water absorption after 24, 48 and 72hours. the duncan multiple ranged test (dmrt) for wa showed that there were significant difference between boards of blending proportion of 100:0,80:20,70:30,90:10when subjected to the three (3) time intervals (24,48 & 72 hours) respectively as shown in table 4. water absorption is a physical property related to the dimensional stability of the boards, which gives an idea of how cement-bonded boards behave when exposed to severe humidity conditions, it is especially important in boards for external purposes. wood water relation is the most indicative feature of wood with a major influence on dimensional stability and board durability. results obtained for board samples showed increases in the rate of water absorption after 24, 48 and 72 hours cycles from boards produced with 100%sawdust, mixture of sawdust, and banana stem to boards produced with100% banana stem. this corroborates with the findings of owoyemi and ogunrinde (2013), which revealed that; “water absorption decreased with increase m.r while board density increased with increase in m.r.” the boards with b.p 0:100 at m.r 3:1 is more porous because of the increased quantity of banana fibrelengths in it. the inter-flake was filled with water thereby opened the void-spaces and contributed to the weight of the boards. figure 1: chart showing water absorption test 0 20 40 60 2 4 h rs 4 8 h rs 7 2 h rs 2 4 h rs 4 8 h rs 7 2 h rs (2-1) (3-1) (100:0) (90:10) (80:20) (70:30) (0:100) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 5 table 1: anova table for water absorption water absorption source of variation sum of squares df mean square f-cal sig. mixing ratio 2592.02 1 2592.02 25.97 0.01 blending proportion 6321.91 4 1580.48 15.84 0.01 time 1428.42 2 714.21 7.16 0.01 mixing ratio * blending proportion 3462.56 4 865.64 8.67 0.01 mixing ratio * time 135.42 2 67.71 0.68 0.51 blending proportion * time 774.71 8 96.84 0.97 0.50 mixing ratio * blending proportion * time 472.49 8 59.06 0.59 0.78 error 11976.68 120 99.81 total 27164.21 149 thickness swelling the mean values for cement-bonded board of mixing ratio (mr) 2:1 ranged between 0.89 and 1.92% after 24 hrs immersion in water. for 48 hours, mean values ranged between 1.82 and 2.94 % while soaking for72 hours ranged between 2.16 and 3.38 %. for boards with mr 3:1, mean values after 24 hours ranged between 0.59 and 1.98 %, 48 hours immersion-cycle recorded values between1.15 and 3.5 %. while 72 hours water-immersion cycle ranged between 1.31% and 4.00% (figure 2). analysis of variance carried out at 95% probability level (table iii) showed that mixing ratio does not have a significant effect on t.s but blending proportion and soaking time have a significant effect on thickness swelling after 24,48 and 72hours. a follow-up analysis conducted with duncan multiple ranged test(dmrt) on the boards showed that boards produced with a blending proportion of 100:0 have the highest rate of thickness swelling (i.e. swells rapidly) while there is a significant difference between the other boards of b.p (80:20,70:30, 90:10, 0:100) at 24,48 and 72 hours water-immersion cycle (table 4). thickness swelling is a physical property for assessing the dimensional stability of the boards, it shows how cement-bonded boards perform under severe humidity conditions; it is especially useful in boards for external purposes. thickness swelling value increases with an increase in fibre content of the board and decreases with an increase in sawdust. similarly, t.s decreases with increasing cement to fibre ratio. this assertion corroborates with the works of ajayi, (2003) which stated that cement-bonded particleboard made at b.p 100:0 of sawdust to banana flakes with m.r 3:1 of cement to cellulosic materials produced the least thickness swelling of 0.27 %. this finding is also in agreement with previous work on composites board by owoyemi and ogunrinde (2012) on flexural and thickness swelling properties of paper cement board made from waste paper that thickness swelling (tsw) for the boards produced with the highest m.r 2:1 cement paper ratio showed the least thickness swelling”. this observation as found in this research-work may be as a result of a reduction in cement paste mixed with sawdust and banana pseudo-stem fibres rendering water to penetrate the uncoated space of the experimental boards. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 6 figure 2: chart showing thickness swelling test table 2: anova table for thickness swelling thickness swelling source of variation sum of squares df mean square f-cal sig. mixing ratio 1.0 1 0.96 0.34 0.56 blending proportion 30.0 4 7.51 2.63 0.04 time 59.5 2 29.74 10.41 0.01 mixing ratio * blending proportion 16.6 4 4.16 1.46 0.22 mixing ratio * time 0.4 2 0.19 0.07 0.94 blending proportion * time 4.7 8 0.58 0.20 0.99 mixing ratio * blending proportion * time 3.7 8 0.46 0.16 1.00 error 342.9 120 2.86 total 458.8 149 linear expansion the le mean values for test-samples produced with a mixing ratio of 2:1 after 24 hours waterimmersion cycle ranged between 0.12% and 0.67% and l.e mean values of 0.20% and 0.28% was determined after test-samples were immersed in water for 48hours while boards immersed in water for 72hours ranged between mean values of 0.28% and 0.75% respectively. boards of mixing ratio 3:1 was subjected to a similar linear expansion test and its mean values ranged between 0.10% and 0.63% after 24 hours immersion-cycle while the test-samples were determined with mean-values ranged between 0.16% and 0.77% after 48hours water-immersion cycle. finally, boards immersed in water for 72 hours ranged between mean values of 0.28% and 0.75% respectively for the blending proportions (figure 3). the analysis of variance carried out at 95% probability level (table 3) show that mixing ratio does not have a significant effect on t.s but blending proportion and time have a significant effect on thickness swelling after 24, 48, and 72 hours water immersion cycle. a follow-up analysis was conducted with duncan multiple ranged test (dmrt) on the test samples where boards produced with blending proportion of 100:0 have high linear expansion while there is a significant difference between the other boards of blending proportion 80:20, 70:30, 90:10, 0:100 after water absorption at 24, 48 and 72 hours cycle (table 4). linear expansion is a function of the performance of cement-bonded boards when used in severe humidity prone environment, boards for 0 1 2 3 4 5 (3:1) (2:1) (100:0) (90:10) (80:20) (70:30) (0:100) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 7 external purposes are often subjected to this physical test. the relationship between wood and water is the most significant feature of wood with a major influence on dimensional stability. linear expansion decreased from boards produced from pure cement and sawdust (b.p 100:0) to boards from pure cement and banana pseudo-stem fibres (b.p 0:100) as a result of the non-inclusion of banana pseudo-stem fibres in the structural integrity of boards produced with only sawdust. figure 3: chart showing linear expansion test table 3: anova table for lineae expansion linear expansion source of variation sum of squares df mean square f-cal sig. mixing ratio 0.09 1 0.09 1.14 0.29 blending proportion 5.86 4 1.46 18.64 0.01 time 0.93 2 0.46 5.91 0.00 mixing ratio * blending proportion 0.28 4 0.07 0.90 0.47 mixing ratio * time 0.01 2 0.01 0.08 0.93 blending proportion * time 0.05 8 0.01 0.08 1.00 mixing ratio * blending proportion * time 0.05 8 0.01 0.08 1.00 error 9.42 120 0.08 total 16.77 149 table 4: duncan multiple ranged test for w.a, t.s & l.e blending proportion water absorption thickness swelling linear expansion 100:0 22.76a 1.32a 0.25a 90:10 30.88b 1.98ab 0.41b 80:20 38.05c 2.64b 0.24a 70:30 30.62b 2.35b 0.22a 0:100 42.35d 2.26b 0.75c density the mean values for density of boards produced with cement/fibre mixing ratio of 2:1 ranged between 980.00 to 1,140.00 kg/m3 while the mean values for density of boards produced with mixing ration 3:1 ranged between 1,010.00 and 1,360.00 kg/m3 (figure 4) the result of anova (table 5) showed that blending proportion and 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 l.e(2-1) l.e(3:1) (100:0) (90:10) (80:20) (70:30) (0:100) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 8 mixing ratio has a significant effect on the density of the boards produced. density refers to the mass or weight of materials per unit volume is very significant in the determination of strength and water holding capacity of the board. these works reveal that as board density increases, wa, ts, moe, and mor decreased which corroborates with the findings of ajayi (2005) that board density has a significant effect on cement-bonded boards reinforced with fibrous materials. figure 4: chart showing density test table 5: anova table for density density source of variation sum of squares df mean square f-cal sig. mixing ratio 2.23 1 2.23 30.52 0.02 blending proportion 4.87 4 1.22 16.63 0.01 mixing ratio * blending proportion 1.90 4 4.75 6.49 0.03 error 2.93 40 7.32 total 1.19 49 mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced board modulus of rupture the mean values for mor ranged between 2.55 to 7.59 n/mm2 for mixing ratio 2:1 while the mean values for mor ranged between 0.55 to 1.46 n/mm2 for mixing ratio 3:1 by the blending proportions used for the production respectively (figure 6). the analysis of variance (table 6) showed that the mixing ratio is not significant on mor and blending proportion is significant for the modulus of rupture. figure 5: modulus of rupture of boards at different mixing ratios 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 (100:0) (90:10) (80:20) (70:30) (0:100) density(2:1) density(3:1) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 100-0 90-10 80-20 70-30 0-100 mor(2:1) mor(3:1) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 9 table 6: anova table for modulus of rupture mor source of variation sum of squares df mean square f-cal sig. mixing ratio 467735.16 1 467735.16 1.70 0.20 blending proportion 19280000.00 4 4820207.77 17.51 0.03 mixing ratio * blending proportion 1909289.49 4 477322.37 1.73 0.162 error 11010000.00 40 275355.26 total 32670000.00 49 modulus of elasticity the mean values for moe for boards with mixing ratio 2:1 ranged between 293.65 to 2367.01 n/mm2 while boards with mixing ratio 3:1 ranged between 250.99 to 2009.28 n/mm2 for 100-0 and 0100 sawdust/fibre blending proportions respectively as used for the production (figure 6). the analysis of variance (table 7) showed that the mixing ratio had no significant effect on moe while the blending proportion had a significant effect on the modulus of elasticity. figure 6: modulus of elasticity of boards table 7: anova table for modulus of elasticity moe source of variation sum of squares df mean square f-cal sig. mixing ratio 2.43 1 2.43 1.1 0.31 blending proportion 126.49 4 31.62 13.8 0.02 mixing ratio * blending proportion 10.88 4 2.72 1.2 0.33 error 91.51 40 2.29 total 231.30 49 modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity is mechanical properties depicting the strength of board products, they give an idea of how cementbonded boards behave when subjected to tensile stress and suggest the maximum load such boards can withstand before deformation simultaneously. the tests on the board samples revealed that boards produced with mixing 3:1 tends to be the strongest due to more availability of short fibres of (50mm) in the structural integrity of the boards i.e filled the pore space. this assertion correlates with the opinion of badejo et al., (2011) research on cement bonded board. they opined that boards produced from short fibres length had better mechanical properties 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1 2 3 4 5 6 b.p moe(2:1) moe3:1) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 10 conclusion the use of agricultural residues as reinforcers in cement bonded board produced with sawdust has performed best in use. it is also a good strategy towards sustainable forest management and a feasible alternative to curtail the effects of overexploitation of trees thus reducing pressure on the forests. boards produced with banana-stem fibres have demonstrated good strength properties. the results from this work showed that the physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded board can be improved when a minimum fibre-lengths included. this research work confirmed the possibilities of utilization of agricultural residues usually disposed of as waste on farms. it revealed that boards produce from blending proportion 90:10 had better physical performance and high strength properties. references 1. adejoba, o.r, s.o badejo, o.n. oladele and o.t babalola. (2008). evaluation of cement bonded particle board production from lesserused wood species. proceedings of 3rd int’l conference of west african society of agric engineers & 9th int’l conference of nigeria institute of agric. engrs. oau ile ife. pg 261265. 2. ajayi b. (2003). assessment of dimensional stability of cement-bonded particleboard from post-harvest banana stem residues and sawdust in proceedings of 12th world forestry congress, 21st-28th september 2003 at quebec city, canada. vol.a. pp.157 3. ajayi b. (2006). inorganic-bonded manufacture from yam (dioscorea rotundata) strand.10th in. inorganic bonded fibre composites conference. november 15th-18th, sao paulo, brazil. 4. ajayi b. (2010). durability characteristics of cement-bonded particle boards manufacture from maize stalk residue. journal of forestry research. 22(1):111-115. 5. ajayi, b. (2002). preliminary investigation of cement-bonded particleboard from maize stalk residues. nigeria journal of forestry. 32 (1), 33-37. 6. american society for testing and materials, (2005). american society for testing and materials, annual book of astm standards.100 barr harbor dr., west conshohocken, pa 19428.astm d570-98. 7. arunwajoye a.s. (2008). variation in strength and dimensional stability of plastic bonded composites produced from bamboo.2008 8. badejo s.o, bayeiwu r.a, adejoba o.r and adelusi e.a., dimensional stability of building blocks produced from wood waste and sand. 2011. 9. bruce r. hoadley. (2000). understanding wood: a craftsman’s guide to wood technology (newtown, ct: taunton press), 235 bayasi, z.2003. “recycled cellulose fibres” concrete int.25:66-70. 10. erakhrumen aa, areghan se, ogunleye mb, larinde sl, odeyale oo. (2008). selected physico-mechanical properties of cement bonded particle board made from pine (pinus caribea m.) sawdust-coir (cocus nucifera l.) mixture. scientific research and essay, 3(5):197-203. 11. frybort s, mauritz r, teishinger a (2008). muller u. cement bonded composites: a mechanical review. bioresources. 3 (2), 602626. 12. mantanis, g and j. berns, strawboards bonded with urea formaldehyde resins. 35th intl. particleboard/composite mat. sym. wsu, pullman, usa april (2001). 13. mohanty, a.k, m. misra, & l.t. drzal. (2001). surface modification of natural fibres and performance of the resulting biocomposites: an overview. composite interfaces, 8 (5), 313-343 14. owoyemi, j.m., fuwape j.a and o.s olaniran. (2010). the role of wood preservation in sustainable supply of forest products. in: popoola, l; idumah, f.o.; adekunle, v.a.j and azeez, i.o (eds) 15. rokiah,h., a.h siti hazneza, s.othman, i.norli, i.m. hakimi, m.j. hasnah, and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 1-11 11 u.salmiah. (2009) extractable formaldehyde from waste medium density fibreboard.. journal of tropical forest science. 21(1), 2533. 16. saffari, m. (2011). effects of hardener type and particles size on formaldehyde emission, 2011 international conference on environment science and engineering ipcbee 8:242-244 vol. 96:977-983. 17. wood handbook. (1999). wood as an engineering material. washington d.c.usda 466 pp. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 38-44 38 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.703 page: 38 – 44 covid-19 impacts on the livelihoods and mental well-being of rickshaw pullers in bangladesh mohaimenul islam jowarder department of management information system, lamar university, united states corresponding author: mohaimenul islam jowarder; email: mohaimenulislamvisa@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: covid-19, livelihoods, mental well-being; rickshaw-pullers. received : 29 october 2022 revised : 02 february 2023 accepted : 08 february 2023 the novel covid-19 pandemic has affected people from all walks of life. while much research has been carried out to perceive the psychological effects on diverse aspects of society, the informal labor sector did not receive any recognition. in this research, rickshaw pullers in bangladesh, an informal labor sector, who were severely affected by the novel pandemic were scientifically studied through a qualitative analysis followed by a purposive sampling methodology. this article features an in-depth interview conducted by 12 respondents about their experience during the covid-19 pandemic. the study revealed that the pandemic has increased the level of mental depression, anxiety, and loss of livelihood among rickshaw pullers. access to livelihoods was impacted adversely in most scenarios as found evident by our analysis. we explored their understanding of this phenomenon and examined the effects on their livelihoods and mental well-being made by the covid19 pandemic. more studies should be conducted to perceive the psychological and societal impacts of informal labor in bangladesh regarding this global pandemic aftermath. introduction rickshaw-pullers in bangladesh is the most vulnerable group of people who earn their livelihoods by transporting passengers from one end of the city to another. despite the high volume of public transportation (ahmed et al, 2020) such as buses, people significantly rely on the marginal community for their transportation (asian development bank, 2012). even after from early morning to late at night, without any breaks and all season around, the rickshaw pullers barely earn the minimum livelihood to provide provisions for their respective families (islam et el., 2016; bangladesh bureau of statistics, 2015). historically (finance, 2017), the peripheral group in bangladesh has been ignored by all mainstream provisions (mujeri, 2019; omosa, 1998). the government has always emphasized mainstream sectors (son, 2013; hossain et al, 2018) which left this community such as the rickshaw pullers and garments sector (uddin, 2013) also known as rmg being neglected (raihan et al, 2018). rickshaw pullers have been all around the nation since the beginning of 1971 (sadekin et al, 2014). while their methods have changed, the structure of receiving payment has not been upgraded for decades (buheji et al, 2020), even in neighboring countries such as india as well (chitlangia, 2020). even during natural calamities, it has been observed that the poor populace is the least expected to receive aid (ibrahim et al, 2020). while much research has been undertaken to perceive the existing scenario superficially (paul et al, 2020; shammi et al, 2020), no focus has been given to understanding how rickshaw pullers are living their lives in the aftermath of covid-19 (iecdr, 2020). as rickshaw pullers live from hand to mouth, cutting down on their economic earnings significantly affected their living conditions during the pandemic (mannan et al, 2021). many vague researches even emerged citing there has been no shortage of food supply, while the world population was spending a day without eating adequate meals (vos et al, 2020). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 38-44 39 the novel coronavirus disease, globally known as covid-19 (obi, et al., 2020; kashif, et al., 2020; abd-alrazaq et al, 2021; cheng et al, 2021), began affecting people in the first quarter of 2020 severely (gao et al, 2021) although it was initially identified in wuhan china (gao et al, 2020) in 2019 (fan et al, 2020). in january 2020, the world health organization (who) identified this disease as a global pandemic and named it covid-19 (world health organization, 2020a). to contain the spread of this pandemic, the government initiated a nationwide lockdown (reza et al, 2020). as the streets became dramatically empty due to stringent lockdown measures, rickshaw pullers struggled to provide the minimum provisions (pprc bigd, 2020). the transportation system experienced a dramatic decline in all nations including bangladesh (karim et al, 2020) during this lockdown, and rickshaw pullers were no exception (rahman, 2020). since they have been left behind (hossain et al, 2019), this article aimed to perceive the impacts on livelihoods and mental health on the lives of deprived and marginalized rickshaw pullers during the covid-19 pandemic in bangladesh. according to who (world health organization, 2020b), the first reported and confirmed coronavirus case in bangladesh officially occurred on march 8, 2020, in dhaka city. the people of bangladesh, regardless of societal status experienced mental disorders, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. domestic violence reached alarmingly high during the lockdown periods. (sifat, 2020a). many studies have estimated that in bangladesh, a quarter of the rickshaw-puller population suffers from severe mental disorders, anxiety, and traumas as they struggle to feed their families in their day-to-day lives. health experts opine that more than 300 million people worldwide have covid-19 fear. they also forecasted that it increases mental trauma as people fear the loss of their livelihoods (sifat, 2020b). inevitably, failure to cope with the financial challenges to earn a livelihood has been found to directly contribute to mental traumas (shah, 2020). according to sakamoto et al. (2020), the worst affected victims of the novel coronavirus pandemic are the slum dwellers. as most slum dwellers live on their daily earnings for their basic nutritional needs, it also has been hampered drastically. renowned bangladeshi newspaper, the daily star (2020) reported that more than 14 percent of lowincome wagers have no food in their home. the coronavirus has affected their ability to search for food and their livelihoods safely and independently due to lockdowns and many respondents also implied as rickshaw pullers are the worst victims of this scenario. the urban poor population in bangladesh earns less than 250 bangladeshi taka per day, which is equivalent to only 3 united states dollars, even after working more than 12 hours of a shift without lunch breaks. most of this urban poor populace dwells in slum areas and they hold diverse occupations to support their families the new york times, 2020), for instance, garment workers, bus drivers, or rickshaw-pullers. in one study, it has been found that rickshaw pullers are only earning 20 percent of their previous earnings during the covid-19 pandemic (monjour, 2020). the study also revealed that the majority of the rickshaw pullers were suffering from severe anxiety and mental traumas due to the low volume of passengers and were afraid for their safety in the empty streets during their rides. in a fateful turn of events, a young rickshaw-puller even took his own life on april 2020, after failing to provide for his family month after month which received international media attention portraying the pathetic livelihoods situations and mental stress of the rickshaw-pullers in bangladesh (bhuiyan et el., 2020). as the global pandemic spread, the supply chain was restricted and the price of commodities increased rapidly, putting even more pressure on marginalized communities such as rickshaw pullers in bangladesh (kamal, 2020). unfortunately, no governments or private initiatives have been found to appropriately address this marginalized sector as they have been left behind to fend for themselves (riaz, 2020). according to sakamoto et al. (2020), the worst affected victims of the novel coronavirus pandemic are the slum dwellers. as most slum dwellers live on their daily earnings for their basic nutritional needs, it also has been hampered drastically. renowned bangladeshi newspaper, the daily star (2020) reported that more than 14 percent of lowincome wagers have no food in their home. the coronavirus has affected their ability to search for food and their livelihoods safely and independently due to lockdowns and many respondents (jowarder, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 38-44 40 2022) also implied as rickshaw pullers the worst victims of this scenario. methods a qualitative study was carried out followed by a purposive sampling method. an extensive interview of 12 rickshaw pullers was carried out which demonstrated evidence based on inductive reasoning from the selected primary data. furthermore, secondary data derived from materials such as government documents, newspapers, conference proceedings, reports, scholarly articles, and journals related to rickshaw pullers in bangladesh have been thoroughly authenticated for data triangulation. three focused group discussions (fgds) were carried out for more spontaneous participation of the respondents. comparisons were identified by consistently balancing the perceptions of the participants throughout the study. the research maintained the precision of the rickshaw pullers' sufferings and their narratives through verbatim transcriptions. with the progress of the study, patterns and variations in data emerged which assisted the researcher to determine the precise situations of the livelihoods and mental well-being of rickshaw pullers during the covid-19 pandemic. results and discussion results and the livelihoods of rickshaw pullers were severely impacted by the global pandemic. as this is one of the most vulnerable communities in bangladesh that lack access to basic commodities and government aid, coronavirus swept a devastating blow to their lives. not only have they lost the majority of their livelihoods as social distancing began to coerce by the government, but the majority of the participants also reported they have lost their savings as well to support themselves during the unemployment period in the pandemic. from the research, we have found that coronavirus has negatively impacted many aspects of livelihoods such as assistance, provision of public goods at a reduced price, and access to basic sanitary products as well. many participants complained that they have been left over by the governments as not much public aid has reached them. many also reported incidents where the allotted money for the slum dwellers, basically the rickshaw pullers and other marginalized groups, have been absorbed by other public measures such as implementing isolation measures. the employment office also did not provide any help during the covid-19 situation when the lockdown was imposed as pulling rickshaws is their only source of income. there has been causing them mental traumas as they are uncertain of their future. from riaz (2020) and world health organization (2020a), we can find there are five key aspects or pillars in the sustainable livelihoods approach which is the prerequisite for maintaining the basic standards of living for the populace experiencing chronic or long-term poverty or disadvantages. from the research, we have found that rickshaw pullers lost all channels to access the key aspects of livelihood which are human capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital respectively. social capital, however, remained consistent throughout the pandemic period. many respondents stated as they are poor and do not have a standard medium of banking such as a bank account or savings, they are always excluded from access to social capital. one participant of 40-year-old rickshaw puller abdur rahman stated, “i have been pulling rickshaws throughout my life. it is my only source of income and i do not know any other skills. i could easily make around 400 takas but now my pulling job has been at a halt. during the covid-19 pandemic, i had to sell my rickshaw for money to feed my family. at present, i do not know where to go and what to eat tomorrow as i have no income during the lockdown. i am now living off my savings. i could not buy any small tools which i can use to make something to earn money. i feel my access to physical capital has been cut off. i feel low every day and my mood is always distressed. i argue with my family over petty things.” another young rickshaw puller sadrul also mentioned his impact on livelihoods. according to his statement, sadrul used to earn 500 takas per day before the pandemic. as the pandemic began and the lockdown was initiated, he only earns now 200 takas per day. he added that he could only pull his rickshaw within the narrow streets and avoid main roads due to law enforcement to avoid capture. he is always in fear of getting caught. it was evident from his words that his livelihoods were severely indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 38-44 41 impacted and his mental health was affected as well. 30-year-old rickshaw puller matin, explaining his mental health mentioned, “i used to go up every day and start pulling rickshaws for 18 hours. as the lockdown began, the owner has taken the rickshaw from us as we cannot give the daily rent. i am now working as a waiter in a restaurant in my locality to support my family. i cannot stand all day long serving the table. this hurts my back. the money i earn is pathetic but still, i must work. i have no idea where i will get the rent for my house. my physical health is degrading due to the excessive mental pressure i am taking every day. my son’s school has been stopped and i do not know whether i can educate him. all these tensions are eating me inside out.” a young rickshaw puller, aged 25, kamal miah said, “before the coronavirus pandemic, i was living happily with my family. i went out every day and earned money to buy the necessities. i could even visit public hospitals in an emergency. however, things took a turn for the worse as soon as the lockdown was implemented. my house rent began to get due, and the prices of groceries skyrocketed. i could not earn much during the lockdown and now i am sick with illness and bedridden with debts with nowhere to go and pull my rickshaw which would fetch me money. the government does not provide monetary benefits, but i have expenses. i am sick in my stomach thinking about money.” a startling discovery was made in this research when we began to go in-depth with the participants. many rickshaw pullers admit to doing wrongdoings to earn money. most of them have resorted to petty crimes to make their living. this is evident in the country as well when bangladesh began to experience high-intensity of crimes in business and residential areas during the lockdown. when inquired if they have received any governments financial assistance during the period, all of them denied ever receiving any such assistance. they stated that the denial of public goods to the poor community has left them feeling deprived and unwanted in society. many also explained that they are planning to move out of city areas and go back to their village since the living cost is rising every day due to the pandemic but earnings have come to a halt. most of them stated they cannot take the mental pressure being exerted onto them due to loss of livelihoods and unable to earn money. it wase is eminent from the research that access to livelihood was severely impacted for this marginal community. this study reflects the context of rickshaw pullers in bangladesh, a group that is poor and marginalized, and systematically neglected by society. it should be noted that rickshaw pullers are one of the most vulnerable and seriocomically disadvantaged groups in the context of bangladesh. they do not have the means nor the assistance to provide for themselves unless they can pull their rickshaws. this community is cut off from the social safety net and they are affected drastically. all the respondents in this study spoke spontaneously about their sufferings related to livelihoods. it is of utmost significance that this fear of losing employment is also causing them mental trauma and distress. this forgotten community suffers from anxiety, mental trauma, depression, and even sleep deprivation. many young rickshaw pullers said they cannot sleep thinking about how they are going to make money. as this job is physically demanding, most of them require staying physically fit by consuming fresh groceries. since the pandemic, they are out of jobs and the money earned is all spent on the house rent, let alone properly buying groceries. this malnutrition is causing them to become physically weak and they fear whether they can pull rickshaws to their fullest potential if the situation improves. rickshaw pullers belong to the informal labor group in society. commonly, they do not get any government privileges as the other groups do. in this global pandemic, society did not look upon themselves and assisted to go through this extreme situation. most participants in the focused group discussions stated they felt like unwanted visitors instead of citizens who belong to this motherland. this had made them pass many sleepless nights. usually, they are the only breadwinners in the family. hence rickshaw pullers are worried and always tense thinking about the bleak future. before the covid-19 outbreak, rickshaw pullers were living happily and had adequate monetary access to provide for the minimum quality of life. though they are on the periphery of society, they were content with what they have. most of them earned 500 to 800 takes depending on the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 38-44 42 volume and area of passengers but they were all without thinking of uncertainty and anxiety. many had their sons going to school but all changed with the beginning of the pandemic. the implementation of the lockdown cut off their livelihoods completely. with the stringent lockdown initiation, many tried to pull rickshaws covertly but with no vein as they cannot find passengers. the loss of livelihoods began to negatively affect their mental well-being as well. many began to have depression, anxiety, and even suicides become common among them (islam et el., 2016). hence, the rickshaw pullers have reduced freedom, reduced livelihood opportunities, and even have greater negative impacts on the mental well-being of their health. conclusion this scientific study provides a holistic perception of the rickshaw pullers community in bangladesh and the impacts of covid-19 on their livelihoods as well as on their mental well-being. in addition to that, consistent clinical assistance through trained professionals should be rendered to rickshaw pullers during hardships. it is the responsibility of the policymakers, ngos, and think tanks as well to reform and rebuild the economy and society with a more multidimensional inclusive theory rather than a conventional growth-centric theory to ensure their access to basic amenities. widespread awareness is needed for mental wellbeing as it is considered taboo in our society. the government should provide free counseling services and financial assistance to rickshaw pullers to support themselves in distress. it is also recommended to develop basic need programs under social safety programs for the rickshaw pullers. further empirical studies are encouraged to explore this phenomenon and plausible resolutions. references 1. abd-alrazaq a, schneider j, mifsud b, alam t, househ m, hamdi m, shah z. 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(2020b). who bangladesh covid-19 morbidity and mortality weekly update. retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/searo/bangladesh/covid-19-whobangladesh-situation-reports/who-update-2520200817.pdf?sfvrsn=500afa3b_2 https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-spreads-no-major-concern-global-food-security-yet https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-spreads-no-major-concern-global-food-security-yet https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_2 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_2 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_2 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/bangladesh/covid-19-who-bangladesh-situation-reports/who-update-25-20200817.pdf?sfvrsn=500afa3b_2 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/bangladesh/covid-19-who-bangladesh-situation-reports/who-update-25-20200817.pdf?sfvrsn=500afa3b_2 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/bangladesh/covid-19-who-bangladesh-situation-reports/who-update-25-20200817.pdf?sfvrsn=500afa3b_2 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/bangladesh/covid-19-who-bangladesh-situation-reports/who-update-25-20200817.pdf?sfvrsn=500afa3b_2 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 12-18 12 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.161 page: 12 – 18 is geothermal power plant (pltp) on mount slamet necessary? biko nabih fikri zufar1, ahmad fadli azami2 1,2gadjah mada university, indonesia corresponding author: biko nabih fikri zufar; email: bikonfz@mail.ugm.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: conflict, geothermal, phenomenology. received : 12 december 2020 revised : 21 january 2021 accepted : 07 february 2021 this article intends to reflect on the construction of a geothermal power plant (pltp) on mount slamet. the construction of the pltp has been rejected by the banyumas community, especially the slope communities there. during the exploration process for the power plant, the people on the slopes of mount slamet experienced various impacts. starting from the murky water, forest animals entering the villages, so that material losses cannot do business. this article reviews the phenomenology of how important the development of pltp is in the midst of a surplus of electricity in java island. the findings in this article identify flaws in procedures from planning to implementation. the plan is to do legal acrobatics so that it is easy to get project permits. when doing exploration, it has a significant impact on the community on the slopes of mount slamet. therefore the article tries to provide suggestions or input to local and central governments for; make an objective environmental impact analysis (amdal), involve professional parties to conduct academic studies, involve the community or ngos when determining the pltp project, conduct intensive and periodic outreach to the community, and provide compensation to the affected communities. introduction the world is currently experiencing an energy crisis; indonesia is one of the countries that are worried about this condition. according to the indonesian ministry of foreign affairs on its website, there was a growth in demand in 2011 of 1.7%, and an increase in production only increased by 0.9%. petroleum reserves were decreasing (ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of indonesia, 2019). this was similarly stated by reuters analysts in cnn's news reporting that oil prices were at us $ 65.02/barrel in 2019 (cnn indonesia, 2019). this price is the lowest price in the last 16 months. in addition to the fact that the world oil price continues to decline and world oil reserves continue to decrease, indonesia has begun to shift the use of non-renewable energy to using renewable energy. another factor is that indonesia agreed with the paris agreement. the paris agreement is one of the conferences discussing climate change, the aim of which is to oversee the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in effect in 2020. inevitably, indonesia agrees with the issue of climate change and reduces the amount of fuel subsidies (renner, lay, & schleicher, 2018). after participating in and agreeing on the contents of the paris agreement, indonesia made legal products resulting from the ratification of the agreement, namely; law number 21 of 2014 concerning geothermal energy. since then indonesia has been aggressively hunting for geothermal energy. geothermal energy is energy that is in the bowels of the earth. geothermal energy has been used as a power plant since 1913. italy is a country that initiated the use of geothermal energy, and then in 1958, new zealand used it as a power plant (saptadji, 2008). in indonesia, geothermal search activities were first carried out in kamojang crater in 1918. not long after, in 1926-1929, five wells indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.161 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.161 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.161 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.161 mailto:bikonfz@mail.ugm.ac.id https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 12-18 13 were drilled to produce hot steam. however, due to the world war and the independence war, these exploration activities were stopped. it was not until 1972 that indonesia carried out extensive exploration activities. through the directorate of volcanology and pertamina, assisted by the governments of france and new zealand, a geothermal search survey was carried out throughout indonesia. the result is that there are 217 geothermal potential prospects in indonesia, then this survey is continued. the results are 256 geothermal potential prospects. consisting of 84 prospects in sumatra, 76 prospects in java, 51 prospects in sulawesi, 21 prospects in nusa tenggara, 5 prospects in kalimantan, 15 prospects in maluku, and 3 prospects in papua (saptadji, 2008). the large amount of geothermal potential has made indonesia intensify the development of pltp on various islands, one of which is mount slamet. mount slamet is an active volcano in westerncentral java, with an altitude of 3428 masl in five districts, namely; banyumas, brebes, purbalingga, pemalang, and tegal. it has a fairly even distribution of tropical rainforests around it. however, from the other 4 districts, tropical rainforests in banyumas are better preserved (lipi, lppm unsoed, 2012). the function of the tropical rain forest on mount slamet is for catching rain and storing water that can be used by the surrounding community. slope communities are very dependent on nature, water supplies are used for agriculture, livestock, or even tofu production houses. behind the magnificent tropical rainforest is rich in benefits, there is a geothermal potential that is being targeted by various investors. the winner of the investor is pt sejahtera alamenergi (sae). through his president director, daniel moelk said that one well has the potential to produce 6-7 mw, in one location 4-6 wells will be made (mongabay, 2018). the target is that this pltp in 2021 can produce 220 mw of electricity; the process has been started since last june 2011. this development activity is not merely sudden without cause. the country has launched it through the master plan for the acceleration of indonesian economic development (mp3ei). in its clause, geothermal is the focus of the country in pursuing the need for total electricity production using renewable energy for 2025 (coordinating ministry for economic affairs, 2011). in order for this target to be implemented, the state has made two major stages of electricity production (mary, armawi, hadna, &pitoyo, 2017). in 2017 the country is optimistic about setting its target to occupy the second position in the world with a capacity of 1800 mw. the target for the next stage is to become first in the world in terms of the use of renewable energy with a capacity of 35,000 mw. pltp gunungslamet is one of the development projects that also contributed to some of the electricity production targets. however, it seems that the plan has actually resulted in a number of major impacts so that it is further away from his goals. one example occurred at pltp mataloko east nusa tenggara. even though they have pocketed the amdal, the impact is still felt by the people there. there was pollution and sprayed mud near the power plant project, and damaged the community's rice fields, causing losses (rosary & sikka, 2015). it is also possible that this could happen at the gunungslamet pltp. it is necessary if the construction of this pltp project is criticized in depth through this paper. this paper aims to provide an explanation and consideration of industrialization around the community, the focus is on pltp. in addition to providing written criticism, it will also provide suggestions to the government or the state to make wise use of nature. therefore, as much as possible industrialization does not have a detrimental impact on society, because the goal of development is to make society prosperous. not, on the contrary, it will cause trouble for the community and cause future disasters or threats. theoretically, capitalism continued to develop over time, the beginning of the emergence of capitalism was marked by the outbreak of the industrial revolution in england. at that time the form of production began to transform itself more indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 12-18 14 effectively and efficiently. machines replace human resources so that the production process is faster. according to marx, the production process is not only used as a fulfillment of the necessities of life, but also to seek the maximum profit process through the results of this production (marx, 1991). therefore, commodity makers are not able to enjoy the results of their labor. there is no stopping in the production process; marx calls it an anarchic process of production. the cycle of this industry can actually plunge capitalism into its crisis hole. like it or not, capitalism looks for ways so as not to be trapped in a crisis. in addition, the industry continues to accumulate excessively. like it or not, some competition in the body of capitalism occurs and has caused some capitalists to go bankrupt. capitalism seems to have learned from the mistakes it made so that capitalists get a new method, namely the amalgamation of capital. this phase was called by lenin as imperialism. imperialism has five main features of production concentration, capital merger, capital export, the formation of world associations, and the last feature is the division of world territories (lenin, 2017). the industrial phase today is the highest stage of capitalism because imperialism is able to control production from upstream to downstream. we can clearly see these features in the condition of corporations that intervene in every infrastructure development in indonesia. the mp3ei policy is the main foundation for the state to carry out its development project mission. geothermal projects are also the main target of the country in this project. of course, it is not without reason, the state has an excuse in addition to the decreasing use of fossil fuels, it also mentions it to be used as a process to fulfill the amount of electric power nationally. the proceeds from the electricity are distributed to the public by pln (hariyadi, 2015). in the future, the community will buy this power as usual. if we observe that the construction of this pltp is in line with the process of capital accumulation within the body of imperialism itself. this accumulation is carried out by a process or way of looting, the rights to ownership change along with the accumulation process. rossa luxemburg said that in the process there would be expropriation of other people's property (luxemburg, 1968). then the exchange of commodities turns to exploitation, and equality turns to class power. the proof is that the community was forced to provide customary land and supporting facilities for this pltp project. if you look at the context of the pltp on mount slamet, the state must be able to provide hundreds of hectares to the success of its program. the existence of financial capital is evidenced by a number of foreign loans in the mp3ei project. adb (asian development bank) provides a loan of 400 million united states dollars (setiawan, 2014). this loan has reasons to boost economic growth which is starting to slow down. the slowdown in economic growth is seen from the lack of infrastructure support in indonesia. therefore, adb provided an injection of funds that was not small in nominal terms. this loan means to be able to invite investment so that indonesia can provide the facilities and infrastructure for the investment. sure enough, the pltp on mount slamet is able to attract foreign investors who work together with national businesses. the tender for the pltp project was won by pt sejahtera alamenergi (pt sae). pt sae is a combination of two companies, namely a german foreign company called steag gmbh and pt trinergy from indonesia. the largest shareholding is owned by steag gmbh with the amount of 75%, while the remaining 25% is owned by pt trinergy. these patterns can be analyzed using imperialism theory. development does not only mean the welfare of the community. but on the other hand, this infrastructure development can remove part of the community from their livelihoods, their place of residence, or worse, it can cause disaster. this is because the pltp project can be assessed if it has projected opposite profits, or if the community bears more losses. this analysis can indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 12-18 15 be used to review the usefulness of the pltp project in mount slamet. methods this paper uses a phenomenological methodology. the methodology is considered appropriate for use because phenomenology is a method of descriptive analysis through the depths of all forms of consciousness and experience. through phenomenology, he hopes to be able to explain social phenomena or phenomena that exist in the community in the context of the pltp project development on mount slamet. according to alfred schutz, phenomenology is a process of meaning that comes from the individual or collective senses (ritzer, 2012). therefore, meaning can be divided into two poles, individual meaning or collective meaning. this paper is the result of the author's individual interpretations in seeing the phenomenon of the construction of the pltp project on mount slamet. the task of a phenomenologist is of course to reveal and explain a phenomenon in verstehen (understanding) (hasbiansyah, 2008). to borrow weber's term, a meaning is identified as a motive for action. heidegger argues that the phenomenon comes from the term phaino, which means light that displays itself in itself (moustakas, 1994). it means the phenomenon of an event within the meaning of the individual. matters related to social phenomena from the construction of pltp on mount slamet can be explained as much as possible by the author. because the author was part of the reality, the writer's perception at that time until today was against the construction of the project. phenomenologists as much as possible explain phenomena through witnessing directly or exploring the language expressed. it must also be open to the reality of every possible series of meanings. thus, it is sufficient for phenomenologists to open up reality and explain it without rushing to conclusions. all explanations are explained for the world that is experienced alone. results and discussion in 2010 president susilo bambang yudhoyono made a long-term plan for indonesia. he called this plan the master plan for the acceleration and expansion of the indonesian economy (mp3ei). this program was ratified using presidential decree number 32 year 2011 concerning the master plan for the acceleration and expansion of the indonesian economy 2011-2015. this program certainly requires a lot of money; the government has a foreign investment target of idr 4,934 trillion. therefore sby in his speech at the 2013 apec meeting in nusa dua bali invited various investors from all over the world to invest in indonesia through this program. in this program, national electricity production can be accelerated in various ways. one of them is geothermal, because it is considered capable of supporting 40% as electric fuel (coordinating ministry for economic affairs, 2011). geothermal project development is spread across indonesia starting from merauke, biak, sorong, jayapura, andai, nabire, and north maluku. however, in 2016 the plan was extended throughout indonesia, one of which is mount slamet (pwc indonesia, 2016). the plan is that the pltp project on mount slamet is able to contribute 220 mw. but on the other hand, indonesia has a surplus of electricity; even in an area the surplus has reached 75% (husaini, 2019). of course, this is in line with the explanation (lenin, 2017), if capitalism will experience a condition called overproduction. this overproduction begins with the accumulation of excess capital, when it experiences overproduction in electricity and the distribution of capital to other industries. the reason is that amidst the electricity surplus, it is still not able to support the electricity load if there is an electric car; therefore geothermal contributes 40% of the total electricity demand in indonesia. whatever the risk, the geothermal project must be intensified. geothermal is considered as clean energy because it is considered to emit 1800 lower carbon dioxide from burning coal and 1600 times lower indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 12-18 16 than burning petroleum (pwc indonesia, 2016). as an energy that is considered environmentally friendly, indonesia then chooses it as an energy fuel. the pltp project on mount slamet has begun to run after pt sae holds a geothermal permit (ipb) based on ministerial decree and mineral resources number 1557 k / 30 / mem / 2010, then updated to decree of the minister of energy and mineral resources number 4557 k / 30 / mem / 2015. the decree gave pt sae a permit for an area of 24,660 ha as the geothermal working area (wkp). in fact, 90% of the area of mount slamet is a protected forest area. mount slamet in it still has 40 flora species that need to be made for conservation (kalima, 2007). pt sae to continue running its project must obtain a borrowing and use of forest area permit (ippkh) from the ministry of forestry as of 22 august 2014 covering an area of 44 ha. however, the ippkh area changed on 5 october 2016 to 488.28 ha. in this condition, whatever the obstacles to export capital must be carried out so that every obstacle is in the process of capital accumulation (harvey, 2010). the temporary development of the pltp project in mount slamet is still in the exploration stage. this stage has several activities, namely; construction of well pads, construction of roads for access to well pads, land clearing for pipe installation, disposal areas, reservoirs, and temporary structures. this stage requires 675.7 ha which will be used to build 8 wellpad. the presence of geothermal projects in this exploration stage has a real impact on the community. protected forest ecosystems that are disturbed due to land clearing are turbid water. turbid water is caused by an avalanche of infrastructure residues. this is felt by the people around the prukut river and the tepus river. this phenomenon certainly disrupts the activities of the surrounding community, their daily activities are threatened. worse yet, the people in the cilongok area experience losses in tofu and fishery production businesses (darmawan, 2018). this chaos occurred from november 2016 to march 2017. this project represents the accumulation of capital through plunder. this condition has been criticized by a civil society organization called the alliance to save slamet, but instead of getting a response, the state seemed to allow and repress the masses of action on october 10, 2017. the state has an important role in smoothing the pltp project to run obediently. a country with a monopoly on violence and the rule of law. because capitalist development is very dependent on the state (harvey, 2010). the goal is to maintain capitalistic logic and power even though they are not directly proportional. accumulation requires confrontation and conquest so that all aspects of society and culture have been achieved. that is not until there, the problem stopped in this pltp project. during the exploration stage habitat defragmentation also occurs. these wild animals come out of their habitat due to deforestation in the protected forest area of mount slamet. the village on the edge of the forest is certainly a target for these animals. some are targeting the residents' agricultural fields or plantations. animals that often come out of their habitat, namely; wild boar and deer. however, it does not rule out other animals. residents were accidentally seen by forest fringe communities, namely tigers and monkeys (fuadi, hamdani, & ahmad, 2017). in addition to environmental impacts, geothermal can create social impacts. moreover, this project only uses ukl-upl, not amdal. the possibilities for mitigating the effects are getting smaller. in the fig congress in australia in 2010, reflecting on greater olkaria geothermal, geothermal can cause problems to the community, namely; tourism, wildlife conservation, education, agriculture, culture, beauty and scenery, labor, energy and economy, health, and transportation (oduor, 2010). several impacts have occurred and are felt by the community. the country once again does not see what the reality of the future will be. in fact, instead, maximizing individual benefits by indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 12-18 17 packaging helps the public interest (kristeva 2015), in electricity affairs through this project activity. the public interest is often misunderstood by the state. this pretext is used to smooth out any foreign projects or investments. the state form makes it easier for all licensing matters which are considered as obstacles. this is reflected in jokowi's speech at the apec ceo summit, jokowi encourages all state apparatus to quickly complete permits and provide business facilities. this is in line with marx's theory which calls the state the dominant class tool (budiman, 2003). the state is doing a patchwork of legal products to make this project smooth. the patchwork meant that this pltp project should not be allowed to run. but in practice, the state is changing rapidly to keep this project going. law no. 27 of 2003 on geothermal energy states that pltp activities are categorized as mining activities. on the other hand, article 38 paragraph 4 of law no. 41/1999 concerning forestry states that "in protected forest areas it is prohibited to carry out mining with an open mining pattern". the purpose of open mining (surface mining), which means mining that is carried out above the ground. it is different if the mining is closed, the conditions are necessary to create a tunnel to reach the deposits in the earth. because pltp is an open-pit mining activity, it automatically violates the provisions of the law on geothermal. protected forest referred to refers to article 1 paragraph 8 of law no. 41 year 1999 on forestry. protection forest has the main function of protecting life support systems to regulate water, prevent flooding, control erosion, prevent seawater intrusion, and maintain soil fertility. if you continue to carry out mining activities in protected forest areas, it can have an impact on ecosystem damage. in order to remove these barriers, the state has revised laws and regulations relating to geothermal energy. the state made a new legal product on geothermal energy replacing the previous law, namely law no. 21 of 2014 on geothermal. the law states that pltp project activities are environmental services and are not considered mining. therefore, geothermal projects can be carried out in protected forests with a lease-to-use forest area scheme. this deregulation scheme facilitates pltp activities in indonesia that are inside protected forests. once again this phenomenon explains the state as the dominant class tool. not paying attention to the impact or effects of development, for the sake of public interest, all means must be done. even though you have to play legal acrobatics to overcome obstacles (ahmad, 2017). conclusion after analyzing the pltp phenomenon in mount slamet, it can be concluded that the pltp project has major problems in planning and implementation. at the beginning of planning the pltp project in mount slamet, it was necessary to do legal acrobatics and obtain permits easily. when doing exploration, there are impacts that are detrimental to the community. the state seemed to close its eyes to the reality that was happening. it is necessary to replace fossil resources with renewable sources. this means that the project is flawed in every way and needs to be reviewed. references 1. renner, s., lay, j., & schleicher, m. 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(1991). capital a critique of political economy. in k. marx, the process of capitalist production as a whole (vol. iii). london: penguin classics. 8. hariyadi. (2015). optimalisasi peran panas bumi dalam kerangka undang-undang panas bumi. p3di. 9. ritzer, g. (2012). teori sosiologi. (w. a. djohar, ed., & r. w. saut pasaribu, trans.) yogyakarta: pustaka pelajar. 10. hasbiansyah. (2008). pendekatan fenomenologi: pengantar praktik penelitian dalam ilmu sosial. mediator. 11. moustakas, c. (1994). phenomenological research methods. sage publication. 12. luxemburg, r. (1968). the accumulation of capital. (schwarzschild, trans.) new york: monthly review press. 13. setiawan, a. (2014, 09 13). dukung perbaikan infrastruktur di indonesia, adb beri pinjaman 400 juta dollar as. retrieved 09 25, 2019, from sekretariat kabinet republik indonesia: https://setkab.go.id/dukung-perbaikaninfrastruktur-di-indonesia-adb-beri-pinjaman400-juta-dollar-as/ 14. cnn indonesia. (2019, 09 02). harga minyak dunia melompat di sepanjang pekan lalu. retrieved 09 19, 2019, from cnn indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20190 902065004-85-426671/harga-minyak-duniamelompat-di-sepanjang-pekan-lalu 15. darmawan. (2018, 09 26). pasca keruhnya sungai krukut, pltpb geothermal baturraden, apa kabar? retrieved 09 19, 2019, from mongabay: https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/09/26/pascakeruhnya-sungai-krukut-pltpb-geothermalbaturraden-apa-kabar/ 16. rosary, e. d., & sikka. (2015, 12 28). bau belerang sumur pltp ini dikeluhkan warga. retrieved 09 20, 2019, from mongabay: https://www.mongabay.co.id/2015/12/28/baubelerang-sumur-pltp-ini-dikeluhkan-warga/ 17. kementerian luar negeri republik indonesia. (2019, 09 02). sustainable energy dan ketahanan energi nasional. retrieved 09 30, 2019, from kementerian luar negeri republik indonesia: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/102/halaman_ list_lainnya/sustainable-energy-dan-ketahananenergi-nasional 18. pwc indonesia. (2016). power in indonesia investment and taxation guide. jakarta: pwc. 19. husaini, a. (2019, 07 11). halo, pasokan listrik kini sudah surplus loh, mari mulai investasi. retrieved 09 20, 2019, from kontan.co.id: https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/halopasokan-listrik-kini-sudah-surplus-loh-marimulai-investasi 20. harvey, d. (2010). imperialisme baru: genealogi dan logika kapitalisme kontemporer. yogyakarta: resist book. 21. kalima, t. (2007). keragaman jenis dan populasi flora pohon di hutan lindung gunung slamet. jurnal penelitian hutan dan konservasi alam. 22. fuadi, m., hamdani, d., & ahmad, p. m. (2017). selamatkan gunung slamet dari ancaman pltpb baturraden. banyumas. 23. oduor, j. a. (2010). environmental and social considerations in geothermal development. environment and energy: policy and practice. sydney: federation internationale des geometres. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 105-112 105 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.237 page: 105 – 112 developing interactive learning multimedia for mathematics subject in junior high school grade viii student east lombok samsul lutfi1, kholida ismatulloh2, yosi nur kholiso3 123department of informatics education, universitas hamzanwadi, indonesia corresponding author: samsul lutfi; email: samsullutfi17@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: interactive learning, learning outcome, mathematics, multimedia. received : 06 may 2021 revised : 07 june 2021 accepted : 11 june 2021 this study aims to: (1) produce interactive multimedia products for mathematics subject in smp grade viii students (2) find out the quality of the product. this research was a research and development approach (r & d) by adapting alessi and trollip development model that is planning, design, and development. the validation process for the product is done by the alpha test stage, beta test, and product trial. the results of the research show that: (1) the developed product is interactive learning multimedia on mathematics subjects in the form of application with * .swf format. and * .exe, (2) interactive learning multimedia developed is feasible to be used as a supporter of learning with an average score of 3.31 from media experts with the category of ‚good‛, 3.6 from material experts with the category of "very good", and 3.8 from users with the category ‚very good‛. introduction the era of globalization is the 21st century full of challenges in various fields of life, including education. we are faced with demands for the importance of quality human resources and being able to compete. (gravemeijer et al., 2017) state that quality human resources (hr) can understand their knowledge, apply that knowledge in life and benefit themselves and the surrounding community and have more creative, critical, and professional abilities. the right effort to prepare quality human resources and the only place that plays an important role in building high-quality human resources in education. one of the sciences that underlie the development of technology in mathematics. mathematics is one of the compulsory subjects in junior high schools. mathematics plays a very important role in the field of education. mathematics is very supportive and greatly contributes to the achievement of educational goals in general (yeh et al., 2019). so that mastery of mathematics can be said as one of the key success factors in one's life. as in the (national council of teachers of mathematics (nctm) 1998); (gravemeijer et al., 2017), this states that to open various kinds of opportunities, the key is to master mathematics. the statement above was also strengthened by (aharoni, charbit, and howard, 2015); (li and schoenfeld, 2019); (rach and ufer 2020) this shows that mathematical knowledge is a key factor needed in every field of science (especially science). likewise, (siagian, 2016) also emphasized that mathematics is the main key of other knowledge learned in school. this means that by mastering mathematics, students will find it easier to learn the material in other subjects. mastery of mathematics will provide benefits for individuals, both in personal life and society. the benefits can be felt include: (1) can open various employment opportunities and promotion of positions (national council of teachers of mathematics (nctm) 1998), and (2) able to make the right decision to solve every life problem (national council of teachers of mathematics (nctm) 1998). likewise, (miranda and wimbarti, 2012) also said, mathematics is a subject that needs to be mastered by students from elementary school to tertiary level to make it easier for them to understand other subjects. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:samsullutfi17@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 105-112 106 the description of the importance and benefits obtained when mastering mathematics should be able to be realized by the public, especially the educated. it should also be used as motivation to pay greater attention to mathematics. but how will people get the most out of learning mathematics, if their views still consider mathematics as a difficult, less interesting, and dizzying subject. in fact, according to them, mathematics is a ‚scary‛ lesson (grootenboer and marshman, 2016). these negative views result in the low quality of mathematics education, especially in indonesia. data from the international statistics center for education survey of 48 countries in mathematics learning, indonesia ranks 36th below iran and bahrain (mullis and martin, 2019). this fact provides a clear picture that the quality of education in indonesia is still low, especially in mathematics. then various efforts are needed to improve the quality of education in indonesia, especially in mathematics. the effort must certainly involve all parties involved (such as schools, local governments, central government). lamb et al. (2012) state that many factors determine student success in learning mathematics. in general, students 'mathematics learning outcomes are influenced by two factors, namely students' internal factors and external factors. referring to (haryudo et al., 2019), internal factors come from students themselves, including from physical and psychological aspects. physiological aspects are aspects that concern the physical condition of students. psychological aspects are aspects that include the level of intelligence, interests, talents, attitudes, motivation, and students’ perceptions of mathematics learning. external factors are factors that originate from outside students themselves which include social and non-social environmental factors. social environmental factors are related to the quality of interaction with teachers, administrative staff, and classmates. non-social factors are factors related to the strategies and methods used in learning mathematics. the success of the teaching process is not only determined by the role of the teacher in implementing the learning process, but various other elements also have a role in shaping the quality of educational outcomes, these elements include the use of information technology as a learning tool. information and communication technology has been widely used in teaching and learning so that the quality of education goes hand in hand with technological developments. based on temporary observations at smp negeri 3 selong, the learning process carried out by the teacher during the mathematics lesson was mostly found as some facts as follows: (1) students find it difficult to understand concrete mathematics material; (2) teachers rarely use tools or media that can clarify students' descriptions of concrete material; (3) students are not actively participating in the learning process; 4) the implementation of learning is only centered on the teacher; 5) students only record material given by the teacher; 6) the teacher lacks encouragement and motivation for students to learn; 7) learning resources that are used are still lacking namely only using textbooks and student worksheets. from the description above it can be concluded that the teacher in carrying out mathematics learning is often carried out by only transmitting knowledge or only providing information through word of mouth. this means that the teacher is very active here, while the students only passively take notes and listen so that the activity and creativity of the students are less visible (nugraha, supriadi, and anwar, 2014). this method does not attract the attention of students and causes boredom in students, so the need for innovative learning media in mathematics. that is because students are quite difficult to understand if the teacher only uses the lecture learning model so that students can only imagine and imagine the subject matter without knowing the actual conditions. to overcome these problems, teachers need to develop new learning strategies to promote students to learn mathematics. facilitating student learning is the main task of the teacher. therefore, teachers are not only required to create a comfortable and interesting learning atmosphere and create learning methods suitable for each student's situation, but also need to find relevant, effective, and efficient learning media. therefore, the methods and methods adopted will truly conform to the development of students who have become educational themes and objects in the future. research shows that the use of computer technology in this case interactive learning multimedia both online and offline has a positive indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 105-112 107 effect to increase learning interest, understanding, and learning outcomes of students in mathematics (kannan, sivapragasam, and senthilkumar, 2015). the positive influence is not only for mathematics, but also affects other subjects, such as; english (ampa et al., 2013), history (putra, 2013); deaf primary school students (ampuch et al., 2014); computer networks (fuad and ghufron, 2014), and english (susanti et al., 2020). the use of computer technology is one solution that is feasible to be implemented to improve students’ cognitive abilities which in turn will improve their learning outcomes. although many studies show the positive effect of using multimedia learning on learning activities, other studies show that the use of multimedia learning does not affect the interests, understanding, and learning outcomes of students (susanti et al., 2020) (vilardi and rice, 2014). so it can be stated that the use of learning multimedia will not automatically benefit learning activities (schnotz and rasch, 2005), depending on how the learning multimedia is developed and who uses it (schnotz and rasch, 2005). the application of multimedia learning will be effective if in its development using guidelines in designing designs (yuksel arslan, 2012) and requires a correct understanding of how the principles of people in learning (yuksel arslan, 2012) (alessi and trollip, 2001). in this manner, instructors should utilize learning media that makes the learning interaction fascinating, yet in addition, gives space to understudies to be imaginative and effectively included all through the learning cycle (brown and green 2016) (kholisho, marfuatun, and lutfi, 2020). so intellectual, emotional, and psychomotor parts of understudies can grow ideally at the same time without misshaping one of them. among the intriguing learning media that can be utilized by educators in the homeroom for learning math is intuitive sight and sound. the word mixed media is identified with the utilization of composing, pictures, slides, sound, and different types of visual items in giving messages to pc clients (alessi and trollip, 2001). the advancement of learning multimedia innovation has guaranteed tremendous potential in changing the way a person learns, obtains data, transforms data, etc. multimedia also gives teachers the freedom to create learning strategies to get maximum results. especially for students, with the media, they are demanded that it is easier to get data because it is not focused on the content of the book. with the presence of multimedia humans can interact with computers through media images, text, audio, animation, and video. these multimedia components that produce a multimedia work, they are received by users through a computer (hanum, 2013). interactive is the interaction between multimedia itself and the user (user). so, the presence of interactive multimedia learning is expected to spur student learning outcomes. in addition to instructional media, another factor that can encourage children to improve their learning outcomes is the existence of internal motivating factors within students, known as learning motivation. self-learning motivation according to (khan and masood, 2015) is the overall driving force within students that lead to learning activities, which ensures continuity of learning activities and which gives direction to learning activities, so that the desired goals of the learning subject can be achieved (arief and isnan, 2020). so, with the motivation to learn students have the stimulation and drive to continue to spur their achievement and compete in a class with their fellow friends. based on the description of the mathematics learning problems above and the development of technology that has not been used optimally in the world of education, research needs to be held to create a learning media that contains mathematics material for eighth-grade junior high school students which is then implemented in a study entitled ‚development of interactive learning multimedia in mathematics subjects for class viii middle school students‛ which will be trialed to selong 3 middle school students as a sample. this learning media aims to improve students' understanding of mathematics subject matter. methods the research and development model is adapted from the multimedia for learning development model of alessi and trollip. version of (alessi and trollip, 2001) is a multimedia development model oriented to learning software. the development procedure adopted from the model of (alessi and trollip, 2001) consists of 3 stages, namely planning, design, and development. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 105-112 108 evaluation is carried out in 3 stages, namely (1) alpha testing, which aims to validate products developed by material experts and instructional media experts, (2) beta testing, which is rainy to find out the responses of students as users of the developed learning multimedia. the product is the result of the development process that has been carried out and tested with the following stages: alpha testing alpha testing in this study was conducted on experts in 3 fields, namely testing of research instruments, media experts, and material experts. instrument testing serves to assess the feasibility of the instrument before it is used in research data collection. media expert testing functions to assess the feasibility of the media. that is in terms of the appearance and running of the program. material expert testing functions to provide a media assessment of the material contained in the media. beta testing beta testing aims to test software, this will be tested on a group of users without any control from the developer. beta testing is conducted on 8thgrade students of smp negeri 3 selong. this trial was conducted on 28 students to find out the quality of media or products. the data analysis technique used is to analyze data collected quantitatively and qualitatively, namely: (1) data obtained from questionnaires are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed and converted to qualitative data on a scale of 1-4 (likert scale), then described to determine the quality of the media being developed. scores obtained from the likert scale are analyzed and converted to four criteria by reference cited by the ministry of national education, as presented in table 1. table 1. convert the likert scale to four criteria no score interval criteria 1 𝑀𝑖 + 1,5𝑆𝐷𝑖 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑖 + 3,0 𝑆𝐷𝑖 very good 2 𝑀𝑖 + 0 𝑆𝐷𝑖 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑖 + 1,5 𝑆𝐷𝑖 good 3 𝑀𝑖 − 1,5 𝑆𝐷 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑖 + 0 𝑆𝐷𝑖 enough 4 𝑀𝑖 − 3,0 𝑆𝐷𝑖 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑖 − 1,5 𝑆𝐷𝑖 less (2) quantitative data obtained from student learning outcomes tests are calculated using the analysis of the t-test test with the help of the program (spss 21 for windows). results and discussion test data product trials are part of formative evaluations that function to find deficiencies in the products being developed. in this study, trials that have been carried out are alpha testing and beta testing. alpha testing alpha testing involves material experts and media experts. material experts play a role in evaluating the suitability of the material. whereas the role of media experts is to evaluate the interactive learning multimedia display and the functioning of each component contained in interactive learning multimedia such as navigation, animation, and simulation. material expert testing material testing aims to obtain data on the feasibility of the material presented in the mathematics learning media application. material experts provide assessments and advice on the material presented in the application. media validation was carried out by 2 material expert lecturers using a likert scale of 1 to 4. the results of tests conducted by material experts are can be seen in table 2 below: table 2. material expert rating scores assessment aspect average feasibilty criteria learning 3.30 good material 3.32 good result 3.31 good based on table 2 obtained an evaluation of learning media by material experts, from the learning aspect of 3.30 and the material aspect of 3.32, so that the average score obtained was 3.1. based on the above calculation, the material expert assessment of multimedia interactive learning mathematics gets an average score of 3.1. then the grouping of criteria based on table 1. for the material presented in this learning media is in the ‚good‛ category to be used. media expert testing the multimedia application of mathematics learning is tested on media experts before being tested on students. the aspects tested are aspects of navigation, convenience, writing, and appearance. media validation was carried out by two expert lecturers using a likert scale of 1 to 4. the scores obtained can be seen in table 3 below. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 105-112 109 table 3. media expert rating scores assessment aspect average feasibilty criteria navigation 4 very good ease 3.6 very good writing (text) 3.5 good display 3.5 good result 3.6 very good based on the data obtained in table 3 the average multimedia learning score obtained from the navigation aspect is 4, the convenience aspect is 3.6, the writing aspect (text) is 3.5, and the display aspect is 3.5. based on the average score of the four aspects obtained a final score of the feasibility of the media of 3.6. thus, this multimedia learning criteria can be said in the ‚very good‛ category. beta testing beta testing is conducted on 8th-grade students of smp negeri 3 selong. this trial was conducted on 28 students. following are the data obtained from the beta test: table 4. respondent assessment results assessment aspect average feasibility criteria ease 3.9 very good motivation 3.8 very good victory 3.7 very good usefulness 3.8 very good result 3.8 very good based on table 4 the feasibility percentage score obtained from the aspect of convenience is 3.9, the motivation aspect is 3.8, the attractiveness aspect is 3.7, and the benefit aspect is 3.8, so the final percentage is 3.8. thus, based on the criteria table for the feasibility of multimedia learning in table 1, it can be said that this media is in the ‚very good‛ category to use. product test result description development multimedia learning descriptions the research method used in this research is research and development (r&d) of developing media through an analysis phase that includes problem analysis and needs analysis. the second stage is the design phase which includes making flowcharts, storyboards, and interface designs. then the third stage is the stage of media development which includes material collection, product manufacture, code writing, alpha testing, revision, and beta testing. this product development utilizes adobe flash cs 6 software, using the action script 3.0 programming language. the result of this multimedia development is in the form of an * .swf format application. and *.exe. with device specifications for running, it as follows: (1) operating system; (2) at least 1 gb ram; (3) screen with a resolution of 10 inches. description of eligibility for mathematics learning multimedia to assess the feasibility of the product, the validity was conducted by the material experts and the media experts. the experts provide advice on products that are developed if deemed still not feasible. for product trials, product tests were conducted on grade viii junior high school students. in this trial, instruments were used using a scale score of 1-4 for material experts and media experts while for students using a scale of 1 to 4 according to predetermined guidelines. based on the results of the feasibility assessment of the experts and students are described as follows: media expert the assessment conducted by media experts includes an assessment of navigation, convenience, writing, and display aspects to assess the product that has been developed. from the results of the assessment, revisions were made according to suggestions. (praheto et al., 2019) the results of the assessment of media experts found the average score of the feasibility of the media from the navigation aspect of 4 with a very good category, aspects of convenience for 3.6 with a very good category, a writing aspect of 3.5 with a good category, and a display aspect of 3.5 with a category well. based on the scores of the four aspects, the average final score of the media was obtained as 3.6. thus, the feasibility category of this learning media can be said in the ‚very good‛ category to be used. material expert the assessment conducted by the material expert includes an assessment of the learning aspects and aspects of the material whether in accordance with the material being taught or not. from the results of the assessment, revisions were made according to suggestions. the results of the assessment of learning media by material experts, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 105-112 110 from the learning aspects of 3.30 with good categories and the material aspects of 3.32 with good categories, so that the average final score of 3.6 is obtained. thus, the mathematics learning media in the ‚very good‛ category is used. student assessments by students include aspects of convenience, motivation, attractiveness, and usefulness. from the assessment of these aspects, the percentage of eligibility score obtained from the aspect of convenience was 3.9 with a very good category, a motivation aspect of 3.8 with a very good category, and attractiveness aspect of 3.7 with a very good category, and a usefulness aspect of 3.8 with very good category, so the average final score of 3.8 is obtained. thus, based on it can be said that learning media in the category of ‚very good‛ to be used in helping students learn mathematics (abdulrahaman et al., 2020). thus, according to students, the media are made easy to use, can motivate learning, interesting, and useful or help students in learning. conclusion the ends that can be drawn from the exploration did are as the following: first, the item was created by adjusting the advancement model alessi trollip (2001), which comprises three phases, in particular arranging, plan, and improvement. the aftereffects of the item as programming with the arrangement *.swf, and *.exe. second, the consequences of the item achievability test are as per the following: (1) the aftereffects of the appraisal of media specialists got the normal score of the media attainability of the route part of 4, the comfort part of 3.6, the composing part of 3.5, and the showcase part of 3, 5 dependent on the score of the four viewpoints, the normal last score of the media got is 3.6 with the class ‚very good‛; (2) assessment of learning media by material specialists got a normal score from the learning part of 3.30 and a material part of 3.32, so the normal last score of 3.31 was acquired with the classification ‚good‛; (3) the aftereffects of the evaluation by 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learning 13(1):16–28. 30. yeh, charles y. c., hercy n. h. cheng, zhi hong chen, calvin c. y. liao, and tak wai chan. 2019. ‚enhancing achievement and interest in mathematics learning through math-island.‛ research and practice in technology enhanced learning 14(1). 31. yuksel arslan, pelin. 2012. ‚a review of multimedia learning principles: splitattention, modality, and redundancy effects.‛ mersin üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi dergisi 8:114–22. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 44 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.162 page: 44 – 51 sexual socialization: a seamless approach in de-emphasizing rape scourge in nigeria ajiboye babatope matthew department of peace and conflict studies, federal university oye-ekiti, nigeria corresponding author: ajiboye babatope matthew; email: babatope.ajiboye@fuoye.edu.ng a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: de-emphasizing, rape scourge, seamless approach, sexual socialization. received : 11 january 2020 revised : 29 january 2021 accepted : 07 february 2021 rape, a mammoth epidemic notoriously having its tentacles covering everywhere like a speed of light that travels through cable implanted in a conduit pipe enclosed in an edifice. this scourge has unmasked its ugly face; of no value nakedness and spiteful fang on the nation in no undersized gauge, thereby consuming and reducing her women-folk to nothing but ciphers of humanity even in their own home; their dignity alienated, emotionally and psychologically dehumanized, made to struggle with societal stigmatization and above all, condemned to a lifetime melancholy trauma. it is on this foundation the paper explores how sexual socialization as a strategy could be utilized in stemming the further increase of the scourge and to ensuring a haven for everyone irrespective of gender. a secondary source was adopted for data collection; it also made use of qualitative analysis which invariably led to inferences drawn and coherent conclusion achieved. findings revealed that the level of enlightenment and strategy towards rape curtailment in nigerian society has been so low. the paper recommends that parents must be on their guard by ensuring that children receive sound sexual socialization from home fronts. the paper concluded that rape has been a colossal cankerworm rattling the nation. introduction rape is not only considered a destructive crime against victims but also seen as a menace, monster, and nightmare that bedevil the entire female-folk and by extension represents serious malady to the internal workings and social configuration of any society. a shocker to the spine was made public when one of the disheartening experiences of rape scenario in nigeria was aptly reported in year 2007 by amnesty international in one of its publications when a rape victim was interviewed as saying: “there were three men, i have pains even today, they used my daughter too, and she is 12 years old. they also raped my sister. another man raped a woman who was four months pregnant and she lost the child. they were military men. everyone in the village saw them, they didn’t hide, they didn’t care, i didn’t tell the police because i feared them” (amnesty international, 2007). with few exceptions and in most cases, the victims of rape menace throughout the ages have always been the female folk in many societies. an indicator of this attendant fact is that women have always been seen as the weaker vessel, this has however made them to be easily browbeaten, beleaguered, and subjugated by their opposite sex (male). hence, it is appropriate to stress that rape is one of the too numerous gender-based violence (suppression of female folk), others being female genital mutilation, domestic violence, deprivation of girl’s education, forced or child marriage etcetera. though, the last two of this violence are most rampant in the northern part of nigeria and so many other africa countries too, thus making it a pandemic phenomenon that has its dreadful mask covering the faces of nearly every society and tying indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.162 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.162 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.162 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.162 mailto:babatope.ajiboye@fuoye.edu.ng https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 45 the hands of every nation against their back, it is better imagined than experienced. beyond the metaphorical representation of the scourge, rape cases in nigeria are fast spreading like what could be compared to a typical harmattan bush fire ravaging everywhere. according to a bombshell released recently by nigeria’s minister of women affairs and social development, mrs. dame paulen tallen, while launching the sex offenders register seen as the government’s strategy to deal with the issue of rape in the country, argued that “about two million nigerians (mainly women and girls) are raped every year” (nextier, 2020). as a result, it has developed into a turbulent, striking, and dramatic occurrence for everyone associated with the realm, the dreadful trend has assumed a niggling dimension lately because the scourge is no longer restricted to a particular age as babies, girls and elderly women are susceptible to this scourge. it therefore becomes very difficult to situate and explain the phenomenon of rape within a certain age paradigm. nonetheless, it does not take away anything from the positions of scholars and intellectuals on what rape characterizes. for instance, chiazor et.al (2016) conceptualized rape to mean the act of forcefully having sex with someone against their will or the act of sexual penetration by one person against another person without the consent of the victim. in a similar vein, onyejekwe (2008) defined rape as one of the most pervasive forms of violence against women and a crime in which the assailant uses sex to inflict humiliation on the victim or exact power and control over the victim. reasoning from the background that the act of rape is never an appetizing experience, it is an unholy and wicked act that causes a variety of traumas such as psychological, mental, emotional, physical dehumanization, and societal stigmatization of victims for crime they do not commit. though there have been articles and literature trailing the endemic scourge, but as versatile and prolific as most of these scholars appear in their expositions of the scourge, there still exists a vacuum when it comes to adopting a strategy capable of tackling and curbing the rape scourge headlong in nigerian society. therefore, a response in form of sexual socialization of citizens against the scourge could not be more timing than now. it is against this backdrop that the study seeks amongst other things to educate the populace on how sex socialization as a strategy could be amplified to tame the rape scourge in nigerian society. the trust is however premised on the conviction that a social problem is best tackled at the deep-seated or fundamental stage of the social strata, thereby saving the entire humanity from being infiltrated by the phenomenon on a bothersome range. methods the methodology adopted was exploratory analytical technique; a secondary source was used for data collection. this was done via library materials, books, journals, magazines, conference papers, periodicals, and other works applicable to the study. internet resources were also found helpful for the inquiry. the gathered data were critically and thoroughly analyzed which led to an objective conclusion. the significance of the study draws its strength from the fact that the rape epidemic is one that currently rattles nigeria as a nation in no small measure. as such, a quagmire that has not witnessed enough enlightenment, education, and sensitization of the citizenry on the maladies the scourge portends for everyone most especially the womenfolk of the society. this study however proves to be a horizon awakening of not only the stakeholders but also everyone in the march and war against this wicked phenomenon. the study is therefore bent on setting the pace and model for researchers; it will as well be of immense value in the hands of policymakers, stakeholders, and nongovernmental organizations (ngos) on how best to stem the tide of rape and to a very large extent nicking the phenomenon in the bud, thus, invariably making the society a safe and peaceful one for everyone irrespective of gender. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 46 results and discussion clarification of rape phenomenon crafting out a clear-cut explanation of the concept of rape is expected to at least be supported by a well-structured, thought out, and sound argument for the phenomenon of this enormity. in tandem with this fundamental requirement, there can hardly be a better starting point or approach to the discourse than the one offered by the black’s law dictionary, 9th edition: rape is conceived as: (1) “at common law, unlawful sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman through force and against her will. the common-law crime of rape required at least a slight penetration of the penis into the vagina”. (2) “unusual sexual activity with a person without consent and usually by force or threat of injury”. going by the above definitions, it could be deduced that it is very much possible for a man to rape his lawful wife in as much as the man applies force or pressure to have his way through and her consent bypassed. though rape existing between husband and wife may not be recognized as a crime by the nigerian legal framework (law), yet such a man who coerces his wife against her wish could still be arraign for assault which would be determined by the degree of force. still, in a bid to establish a convincing clarity as regards the notion, the nigerian criminal code act becomes handy and sacrosanct. it espouses rape act as: a person who has unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or girl, without her consent, or with her consent, if the consent is obtained by force or employing threat or intimidation of any kind, or by fear of harm, or using false and fraudulent representation as to the nature of the act, or in the case of married woman, by personating her husband, is guilty of an offense which is called rape (criminal code act, 2004). in cognizance of thoughts and opinions put forward by scholars towards a robust and intelligibility as regards explanation of rape, it becomes imperative at this juncture to accommodate and highlight some of such insightful thoughts of these scholars. for chukuma (2013 cited in omoniyi, 2017:2) rape may involve unlawful behavior or action such as making a child touch, suck or caress one’s private parts to derive sexual pleasure. it should be noted that once the law of love is violated in any lovemaking, even if it is within marriage, it is equally an act tantamount to rape. chiedu (2012) considered rape as the crime of forcefully having sex with someone against the person’s wish. coming from the insights of these scholars, it is crystal clear that the rape issue cannot be trivialized or swept under the carpet because it affects race, tribe, and class. in a nutshell, it is a global phenomenon, and of course in nigeria, it is more on the rise lately. theoretical base for rape this study scrutinized several theories in a bid to finding a suitable, convincing, and realistic base for the endemic rape scourge in nigeria and dire resolve to embrace sexual socialization as a tactic in its mitigation. two theories were found relatively important in this regard. the theories are; selfcontrol theory and social learning theory. self-control theory (sct) the self-control theory emanated from the works of gottfredson &hirschi (1990) labeled low self-control theory which has since been rephrased and popularized as self-control theory. the duo theorists put forward that, given that criminal acts offer instantaneous pleasure, criminals will no doubt choose to engage in them because they are not able to control or defer pleasure (e.g., rape). also, the proponents argued that committing a crime is simple, thrilling, effortless, and painless to the committer but parenthetically spells pain to the violated which is summed up in an african proverb as, "the axe forgets but the tree remembers". to gottfredson & hirschi (1990), individuals with low self-control will be more impulsive, adventurous, self-centered, and have fewer skills, they will be more likely to engage in crime because of its perceived benefits. thus, it could be categorically stated that individuals with low self-control are susceptible or strongly prone to committing rape against females in every society and nigeria inclusive. because their belief is anchored on the fact that the male sex indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 47 drives or urges are uncontrollable, therefore, they are not to be held accountable for their actions. this position rightly explains why there is so much crime of rape in the nigerian society because more men have low self-control. also, it is in tandem with the argument of gottfredson & hirschi (1990, p. 89) that, men, who have low self-control and are not able to control their sex drive may obtain “sex without courtship” which is also regarded as rape. social learning theory (slt) the earlier proponents of social learning theory are julian rotter, robert sears, walter mischel, and ronald akers. however, albert bandura (1977) changed the dynamics through the study of modeling (vicarious learning) as a form of social learning. the major postulation of the theory is that individuals learn some manners through observing, copying, and imitating other people’s behaviors. the social learning theory also holds that positive/negative rewards may influence on the learners. in other words, there can be an encouragement for the learners to replicate the learned behaviors of the role model peradventure the positive rewards outweigh the negative rewards of practicing such socially undesirable behaviors. according to ellis (1989), social learning of rape is accommodating of the idea that social and cultural learning are fundamentally responsible for rape, owing to the pervasiveness of cultural and societal attitudes that encourage men to sexually exploit women and for women to accept that exploitation. the foregoing magnificently summarizes the cultural and social outlook of rape and similar crimes in nigerian. while there have been some punishments for whoever that engaged in the act, yet, it is so glaring that perpetrators of the humanly heinous crime have not been fatally dealt with thereby making others still follow-suit in the practice. had it been there is commensurable punishment accompanying the commission of such crime, there could have been a significant low level as regards the social learning of others replicating such behaviors. articulated factors spurring rape scourge in nigerian society the rape scourge in nigeria cannot be attributed or pin down to a particular factor or cause. in essence, it is caused by many factors. the following factors are adduced as contributing to the startling increase in the number of rape cases in nigeria in recent times. tradition of silence the habits of silence arising from both the victims and the public against the scourge have been partly responsible for the exponential increase in rape cases in nigerian society. the silence may have been occasioned by the castigation, public embarrassment, and intimidation that await the victims who voiced out their awry and gory experience in the hands of their violator. the law enforcement agencies (police) that are expected to bring succor to the victims in trying moments like this are even part of those who are bringing untoward humiliation to the victims. also, the fact that people consider rape as bringing shame and disgrace to the family of such victims unavoidably makes the violated victim silent and by so doing, the perpetrators are meant to walk away scot-free without any punishment which would have deterred the would-be perpetrator from engaging in such dastard act. group influence another cause that is responsible for the occurrence of rape in nigerian society is the peer association or group influence. the influence peer can have on an individual’s lifestyle is so huge, this informed the proverbial saying that show me your friend and i will tell you the kind of person you are. that is, from the type of traits and characters exhibited by one’s friends, the other person may have the same character. it is said that most youths are led into this act by their peers. it is figured in their desperation to gain approval of their peers and also to be seen as socially belonging to the click, they result into doing all manner of social vices like prostitution, cybercrime (yahoo-yahoo), rape, and others. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 48 indecent dressing one other factor promoting rape in the nation is indecent dressing from the female folk. as a result of modernization and acculturation of other cultures into our system, it has seriously spelled doom for our culture whereby our mode of dressing has long been relegated and theirs get promoted, therefore, the habit of indecent dressing among the youths of nowadays is traceable to the assimilation of such dresses which encourages exposure of various sensitive part of female which ordinarily should have been covered by polite and modest dresses. according to mofoluwawo and oyelade (2012), indecent dressing that exposes the erogenous zones of female attracts undue attention from males which do lead to sexual harassment that at times leads to rape. so, indecent dressing to a very large extent could be tantamount to the promotion of the rape scourge in society. globalization and civilization one of the side effects of globalization is the encouragement of rape in societies. it can be argued that globalization is a consistent force propelling social vices of which rape is notable. this is made possible through the interconnectivity of the world via the acceleration in information communication technology (ict). for instance, nude pictures, pornographic films, erotic magazines, and sexually graphic music are all being gotten from the internet even at their convenience. so, many of these morally bad habits are cultivated, domesticated, and practice as a result of contact with these heinous materials gotten from the internet. decline in moral values it is noticeable nowadays that there is no more regard for cherished values of the past. the relegation of those values has resulted in a disjointed society whereby all manners of vices are perpetrated without recourse for punishment. that is the more reason parents are engaging in an affair with their biological children, pastors running after female members of their church, lecturers pressurizing their students for sex in exchange for marks. all these are pointer to the decline in moral values in the society. effects of rape scourge on victims it is a popular saying that, there cannot be smoke without fire. the same logic goes with cause and effect. hence, if there are grounds, then there should be some aftermath effects of such occurrence on the victims in a societal setup. as a result, the following are considered as some out of the notorious effects that rape victims are meant to surfer. traumatic experience one notable effect rape victims are subjected to and often meant to grapple within their lifetime, is to suffer post-traumatic stress disorder, shame, depression, and castigation from the rest of the society. according to ashiru and orifowomo (2015), rape devastates the lives of victims and their families, causing severe physical and psychological pains and sufferings, including death, sexually transmitted infectious diseases, and unwanted pregnancies. shortened life as a telling effect on the violated victims, rape has been discovered to shorten their lives as many of them prefer getting rid out of such disgraceful pregnancies to keeping them. in the process of abortion, most of them could not withstand the rigors and complications therein. out of school it has been shown that rape victims are at the receiving end of not being able to complete their education, thus, oftentimes the abandonment leads to dropping out of school and rushing into early marriage, unplanned marriage, and outright marriage to the wrong person. exploring sexual socialization in deemphasizing rape scourge before unearthing the strategy as it has to do with substantial de-emphases of rape scourge in the society, it would be indispensably material to have sexuality as the forerunner to the discourse at hand. sexuality in human anatomy depicts an irrevocably vital element that is intrinsically or inherently linked with the performance and healthy development of people. this significance was further intensified and attested to by a u.s. surgeon indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 49 general, david satcher (2001), when he stressed that, “sexuality is an integral part of human life,” and sexual health is inextricably bound to both physical and mental health”. conversely, not taking anything away from its importance to people’s wellbeing and development vis-a-vis physical and mental health, yet, the sexual behaviors of individuals have to be regimented, cultured, and defined within a construct. in other words, if based on sexuality’s importance to people’s health, and as a society, we chose not to care about whose horse was gored, then, it will surely demonstrate the societal invitation to rape and other related sexual harassment. an answer to the ensuing puzzle is to look in the direction of healthy sexuality or sexual assertiveness. sexual assertiveness otherwise known as sexual expression could mean the ability to display a convincing sense of self as a sexual being in the purview of conversation. according to greene & faulkner (2005), healthy sexuality encompasses an ability to identify one’s sexual needs, wants, and desires and to be able to communicate these to a sexual partner. however, socialization means the process by which an individual acquires an understanding of ideas, beliefs and values, shared cultural symbols, meanings, and codes of conduct (schneewind, 2001). similarly, the libretexts (2020) as ably supported by california state university, conceptualizes socialization as implying the inculcation of norms, or behaviors that society marks as valued as opposed to those marked as deviant. it is also construed as a medium through which one learns from society how to express one’s sexuality. as such, sexual expression is part of socialization, the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies and providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within one’s society (libretexts, 2020). dwelling on the above-established position that, “sexual expression is part of socialization”, one therefore begins to wonder if there exit in actuality a phenomenon (rape, sexual abuse and harassment,.) one could learn, inculcate and form the basis of one’s behavior without having to navigate through at least one of the various stages or agents of socialization: family, school, religion, peers, media etcetera. this informed amin (2014: 53) not to express a sui generis opinion that people are socialized about sexually related topics from various sources that likely impact their cognitive framework. tolman & mcclelland, 2011; ward, (2003 as cited in vandenbosch, 2018:1) maintained that the most significant environmental factors are so-called sexual socialization agents (i.e., parents, peers, and media) that guide adolescents’ development of attitudes, norms, beliefs, and behaviors regarding sexuality. therefore, if this assertion remains infallibly valid, then the same socialization could be said to be the tunnel or opium through which the rape scourge and allied abuses against female-folk can be vicariously de-emphasized or inwardly addressed in the society. emphasizing the significant role played by parents which represents the family and of course the first stage of socialization and how this stage could make or mar the sexual development of a child, depending on whether parents sexually socialized their children constructively or otherwise, shtarkshall et al (2007) opined that, sexual socialization of babies and children begins at home, where parents have the opportunity to emphasize their most deeply held values (whether or not these are shared by mainstream society). giving the argument a robust impetus to make it understandable, they affirmed that: from a very young age, children are exposed to messages about modesty, nudity, and privacy, including gender-specific messages about proper conduct. parental responses to infant masturbation, displays of physical affection between parents, and the instruction children receive about appropriate physical contact with other children’s understanding of their sexuality (shtarkshall et al, 2007). it is important to understand that sexual socialization is not restricted to the purview of family, but as well extended to other socialization indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 50 channels. in that way, vicarious learning and modeling take place outside the home fronts as young and adult study societal values and customs, devour mass media, and participate in cultural and religious activities. through religion as regards sexual socialization, such teaching that encourages the learning about religious values, which may include views of sexuality as divining ordained and sex as only permitted or occasioned by marriage. on the other hand, media outlets can be very useful in mounting a serious war against the rape scourge in society. considering the number of people subscribing to mass media outlets like television, radio, and social media like facebook, youtube, instagram, twitter etcetera. it can be structurally regulated in such a way that programs, music, and films that give rise to the phenomenon are censored. the idea of having the media unregulated which can be so detrimental and give rise to the rape scourge in the society is brilliantly put into perspective as thus, “the media is one example of a cultural program through which individuals encounter normative discourses of sexuality. individuals are socialized to replicate the sexual behaviors that they see on television, in movies, and books” (libretexts, 2020). beyond that, there is a unique feature common to all the agents of socialization which has to do with the bridge connecting individuals with the larger society. if properly utilize, these bridges (family, peers, religion, media etcetera.) are seamless channels plausible in de-emphasizing the rape scourge in society. conclusion the rape scourge has assumed a worrisome dimension in the country. this is directly connected to the fact that both the young and old are nothing but preys in the hands of rapists. in that way, they are subjected to all manners of dehumanizing experience and also made to nurse life-threatening wounds which many of them find difficult to recuperate from throughout their lifetime. some of these effects had earlier been highlighted to include psychological and emotional traumas, physical dehumanization, public shame, and stigmatization. putting all these anomalies done to female-folk in the society into consideration and also what the scourge could spell for unenlightened populace or the entire society as a nucleus. the more reason the study has its topic as “sexual socialization: a seamless approach in de-emphasizing rape scourge in nigeria”. if well key into, it will no doubt bring the brigandage (rape) to its knees which will invariably ensure a safe and secured society for all to inhabit irrespective of gender affinities. references 1. amin, l. 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(1990). a general theory of crime. stanford: stanford university press. 8. greene, k. & faulkner, s. l. (2005). gender, belief in the sexual double standard and sexual http://www.guardian.co.uk/world2002/aug/20ganda.islam%20sept%2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world2002/aug/20ganda.islam%20sept%2012 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 44-51 51 talk in heterosexual dating relationships. sex roles, 53, 239-251. 9. libretexts. (2020). socialization and human sexuality available on https://status.libretexts.org 10. mofoluwawo, e. o. oyelade, t. (2012). dress code: a panacea to indecent dressing and cultural breakdown in nigerian tertiary institutions nigerian journal of social studies vol. xv (2) pp. 78-88. 11. nextier spd (2020) sexual violence: why the rise? available on https://nextierspd.com/ retrieved 10th november 2020. 12. omoniyi, m. e. (2017). rape endemic in nigeria: causes, effect and probable way out. global journal of human-social science volume 17, issue 2, version 1. 13. onyejekewe, c. (2008). nigeria: the dominance of rape. journal of international women’s, 10, pp. 48 – 63. 14. satcher, d. (2001). the surgeon general’s call to action to promote sexual health and responsible sexual bahaviour, washington, dc: department of health and human services. 15. schneewind, k. a. (2001). socialization and education: theoretical perspectives, in: smelser nj and baltes pb, eds., international encyclopaedia of social and behavioral science, amsterdam: elsevier, pp. 1450714513. 16. shtarkshall, r.a. santelli, j.s. hirsch, j.s. (2007). sex education and sexual socialization: roles for educators and parents.perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 39 (2), 116-119. 17. vandenbosch, l. (2018). sexual socialization. in t., shackelford & v., weekes-shackelford. encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. springer. https://status.libretexts.org/ https://nextierspd.com/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 31 volume 1 issue 1 february (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i1.155 page: 31 – 39 coastal community empowerment strategy through pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn southeast sulawesi’s csr program nur azisyah mukmin1, krisdyatmiko2 1,2gadjah mada university, indonesia corresponding author: nur azisyah mukmin; email: nur.azisyahmukmin@mail.ugm.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: coastal communities, empowerment strategy, patron-client. received : 14 november 2020 revised : 27 january 2021 accepted : 07 february 2021 this article attempts to analyze the coastal community empowerment strategy of pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn sultra’s csr program. this research used a qualitative descriptive approach to examine the company, local government, yayasan bahari, and coastal community’s beneficiaries as its unit analysis while also using data collection techniques such as interviews, observation, and documentation to filter the appropriate data. the sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program has been carried out since 2017 in three villages in pomalaa district, kolaka regency, southeast sulawesi. the findings of this research are: a) there is social jealousy between groups of fisherman due to differences in ethnic identities of bugis, bajo, and makassar tribes. this conflict is known as primordial conflict and can be reduced by the creation of trust via interaction between yayasan bahari and coastal communities; b) there is class conflict between the boss and labor fisherman. the interaction between the two is known as the patron-client relationship that has lasted for a long time and has to prevent the coastal communities to become self-sustaining. introduction corporate social responsibility (csr) is manifested in the form of a high level of commitment towards tackling social problems around the company’s surroundings. one can even argue that increasing a company’s reputation can be done if said company’s image and practice are also increased (zoller, 2009). departed from sustainable development theory which proposes a balance between three pillars of economics, social, and environment (djajadiningrat, hendriani, famiola, 2011). in tune with sustainable development paradigm, through triple bottom line model (elkington, 1997). as one of the business entity which operates in mining industry, pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn sultra (will be referred hereafter as ‚antam‛ or ‚the company‛) have to be socially responsible to communities in the company’s surrounding. antam is located in pomalaa district which 53% of its population lived in the coastal area while the other 47% lived in its mainland (laporan bps, kecamatan pomalaa dalam angka 2019). coastal communities around the company, especially those who lived in the villages of dawidawi, hakatutobu, and tambea have seen their income decreased due to the decline of its local fishing industry. local people who once can bring home 30-40 sticks full of fish every day, now can only bring home 1-2 sticks daily. eventually, that poor condition forced them to shifts their job from a fisherman to a mere laborer in a mining company to afford everyday necessities (www.kompas.com). the result of social mapping done by pemerhati kemanusiaan peduli umat (pkpu) shows that there are various economic problems, such as decreasing amount of income, unemployment, and lack of small business funding in pomalaa district. the rise of sustainable economybased coastal community empowerment programs is expected to restore the ecological function of those areas. moreover, improvement of community livelihood through fishery resources and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.155 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.155 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.155 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.155 mailto:nur.azisyahmukmin@mail.ugm.ac.id http://www.kompas.com/ https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 32 environmentally friendly fishing equipment provider business is expected to be able to be managed gradually (www.zonasultra.com). the sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program has been carried out by antam since 2017 as a form of corporate social commitment towards coastal communities. this program is collaboration between antam and yayasan bahari (yari), an organization that advocates for coastal and marine resources’ sustainable management in southeast sulawesi. antam trusted yari for running one of its csr programs which relates to local coastal economy empowerment. these empowerment initiatives achieve gold award in ‚indonesian sustainable development goals award 2018‛ for its contribution towards an improvement of the marine ecosystem’s quality (sdg 14). based on that fact, this research attempts to analyze the coastal community empowerment strategy through antam’s csr program. a conceptual framework is used as a frame of analysis so that the research question can be answered. to understand reality in the field, this research used elkington’s and carol’s triple bottom line concept (elkington, 1997; carrol in suharto, 2009). csr as a form of company’s concern towards society can’t be separated from its three basic principles, which are profit, people, and planet. each principle is interrelated to one another because a business entity can’t neglect surrounding communities’ level of wellness (people) and environmental effects caused by business’ operation (planet) if said business entity wants to obtain a sustainable earning so that it can sustain its operation (profit). according to hadiyanti (2008), community empowerment should be done through several steps. first, select an area that suits to predefined criteria so that it can be right on the target. second, community empowerment programs should be socialized so that communication towards the targeted community can be nurtured. in the third step, the empowerment process should be done to improve the targeted community’s capability and self-sustainability. in the last step, the role of community companion can be fulfilled by the community organizer or the other party which is considered capable of doing so by the community. there are four principles of community empowerment according to najianti, dkk (2005), which one of them includes equality principle. this means that the position of community and institution is equal in economic activity and decision making, whether it is for men or women of any economic class. that principle should be enforced so that the society can actively participate and give stimulation to achieve self-sustaining in community empowerment program. this concept does not see the have-nots as an object who is not capable, but as a subject who is less capable. community empowerment programs should be designed to be sustainable until said community can run its activities (ramdani, 2008). moreover, there are four accesses in coastal community empowerment, which are access to natural resources, access to participation, access to the market, and access to information and knowledge (satria, 2015). to analyze the life of coastal communities, this research used satria (2009a) concept which classify coastal community’s conflicts into seven different conflicts, which are: 1. class conflict, dispute between fisherman’s groups to fight overfishing ground. there is a certain kind of unfairness related to fisheries resources’ exploitation due to the difference in capital possession according to some fisherman 2. means of production conflict, a conflict which happens due to the difference in fishing equipments used between fellow traditionalequipment-using fishermen or between traditional-equipment-using fisherman and modern-equipment-using fishermen which hurt one of those party. 3. environmental conflict, a conflict which happened due to the environmental damage caused by the fishing practice of one of the party. this conflict often happens between fisherman which already aware of environmental impact and fisherman which still practice fishing method which is not environmentally friendly and likes to damage both coral reefs ecosystem and its water. 4. business conflict, a conflict which happens when there is a pricing mechanism or profitsharing mechanisms that harm certain fisherman. pricing mechanism conflict happens indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 33 between fisherman and fish trader or between fellow fishermen. 5. resource ownership conflict, which happens between intra-class fisherman or intra-class fisherman. this conflict can also happen between fisherman and non-fisherman parties like local business entities, mining companies, or local government. 6. resource management conflict, a conflict that is caused by the violation of regulation related to resource management, whether it is done by fellow fishermen or between fisherman and government. 7. primordial conflict, which refers to certain perceptions related to identity, race, or religion as a form of recognition and appreciation towards the other group between fishermen that can cause conflict. methods this research uses a descriptive qualitative method to compile various data in the form of words or images, to develop a perspective to understand and to picture the reality related to coastal community empowerment through pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn sultra’s csr program. unit analysis and informants of this research are the company, local government, yayasan bahari, and coastal community’s beneficiaries. the purposive technique is used to decide the appropriate informants. data collection technique includes observation, interview, and documentation. meanwhile, the data analysis technique is used in the steps of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion (miles & huberman, in upe, 2016). results and discussion mining activity can influence the life of surrounding communities. as a dominant population, the existence of komunitas manusia perahu has become the company’s priority to incorporate social responsibility programs. komunitas manusia perahu is a community which lives in coastal or offshore area who makes living as a fisherman and is affiliated in fisherman community. in addition to the impact on the komunitas manusia perahu, the company’s activity can also have a chance to create patronage relationships towards coastal communities, which becomes a challenge to attain a self-sustaining coastal community. the existence of komunitas manusia perahu pt. antam (persero) tbk unit bisnis pertambangan nikel (ubpn) sulawesi tenggara is one of the business units of pt. antam tbk which specialize in the nickel processing activity of turning nickel ore into ferronickel, a raw material to make stainless steel. the company located in twelve villages of totobo, tonggoni, kumoro, dawi-dawi, tambea, sopura, pomalaa, pesouha, pelambua, oko-oko, huko-huko, and hakatutobuin pomalaa district. meanwhile, its ferronickel factory is located at pomala district of kolaka regency and tapunopaka village of north konawe regency. antam trusted yayasan bahari for running one of its csr programs which relates to local coastal economy empowerment. yayasan bahari (yari) operates in the fisheries and marine sector and possess a mission to empower southeast sulawesi’s coastal communities. therefore, the sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program facilitated by yari aims to make local communities to be self-sustaining so that when mining activities eventually stop, surrounding communities do not rely on the company. the existence of komunitas manusia perahu in pomalaa district is more dominant so the company has an obligation to empower coastal communities. the characteristics of coastal community are influenced by several factors, such as environmental, season, and market factor (wahyudin, 2015). the sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program has been carried out since 2017. during the implementation process, it already formed five fisherman communities which spread in three different villages of dawi-dawi, tambea, and hakatutobu. there are three fisherman communities in dawidawi, namely: kelompok lintas samudera, which consists of 68 fisherman from bugis tribe; kelompok bahari, which consists of 43 fishermen of makassar tribe; and kelompok sitabangang, which consists of 79 fisherman of bajo tribe. meanwhile there only one fisherman community nothin' both tambea and hakatutobu. each community consists of 122 fisherman of tambea’s kelompok bahari jaya and 110 fisherman of hakatutobu’s kelompok bunga karang mandiri. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 34 coastal community’s empowerment strategy and its challenge first, the coastal community empowerment strategy carried out by pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn sultra’s csr program aims to do social mapping to map the problems which occurs in company’s surrounding. based on that mapping result which has been done by pemerhati kemanusiaan peduli umat (pkpu), there are several problems, such as: 1. economic aspect (low income, unemployment, lack of small business funding, and fluctuating catching activities), 2. health and environmental aspect (poor waste management system, lack of clean water, poor sanitation, waste problems, and sedimentation), 3. education aspect (children experienced lack of motivation to go to school due to economic factor and their social circle), 4. social aspect (conflict among villagers due to the different amount of received social aid). the waste produced by the company’s activity play a role in shaping those various problems. that condition is made worse by environmentally unaware villagers who like to damage coral reefs. this lack of awareness can cause harm to the environment which eventually affects the health of nearby communities. moreover, the lack of attention towards education plus different perception among the tribes of bajo, bugis, and makassar makes the coastal society more prone to disputes among one tribe to the other. second, the implementation process of coastal communities empowerment program in the villages of dawi-dawi, hakatutobu dan tambea which is facilitated by yari consists of several steps as follows: 1. identification of necessities should come first by approaching coastal communities. by prioritizing low-income earners, this identification aims to know what is the most important necessity do the people needed so that they can live a decent life (soetomo, 2011) 2. socializing the program aims to introduce the program that will be carried out participative and as an informal forum to discuss it. during the implementation process, the coastal community empowerment program helps shape fisherman groups which each of the group’s selected chairperson comes from the elder or respected member of the society. after five groups have emerged, they then should be institutionalized by surat keputusan (sk) or government decree. yayasan bahari socializing its program by paying a visit to the district leader, village leaders, elders, local public figures, and targeted beneficiaries who live in the villages of dawi-dawi, tambea, and hakatutobu. socialization is a form of communication towards all members of the society so that the designated program can reach the real targeted beneficiaries and all members of the society can actively play a role and be responsible for the success of the program (tryono, 2014). the socialization process is really important to draw the interest of local people so that they can actively participate in the program (hadiyanti, 2008). the partnership demands the establishment of collaboration among fellow principals and not a principal-agent relationship. each involved party still has its autonomy. they agreed to work together because they have the same goal that can be achieved together (dwiyanto in paranginangin, 2014). the facilitator is provided with unique skills to approach and to accompany each community, especially for a community that is prone to conflict in pomalaa district so that each community’s empowerment program can continue safely. each facilitator has to be responsible for their field of work so each one can understand the potential economic and social conflict that might emerge in the community. participation in the implementation of coastal community’s empowerment can bring out the feeling of responsibility among each member to actively participate in the activity. it can also force community members to be self-sustaining through the community empowerment programs (najiati et al, 2005). the establishment of a fisherman group is a form of local people’s participation and solidarity towards a sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program. before the establishment, yari as the facilitator seek and gather coastal people who want to change their life and environment. then, those people would then be institutionalized into a indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 35 legitimate entity after the members choose its board of management. as the goal of empowerment is refers to the circumstances, the intended result of the program is for the targeted beneficiaries to have power, knowledge, and capability to fulfill their own physical and economic necessities while also have to be confident, able to deliver their inspiration, able to work, and able to participate in the social activities (hamidah in qonaah, 2018). 3. implementation of the program by constructing fish apartment as a substitute for damaged coral reefs so that fishes can come back to local waters. the typology of the habitat is really important ecologically to sustain the local water ecosystem because it has the role of breeding, nurturing, and feeding area (budiman, 2013). hence, the construction of fish apartments is really important as an alternative fishing ground for fishermen and can prevent exploitation in conservative areas which can help damaged coral reefs to recover faster (rusmilyansari, 2020). according to satria (2015), there are four accesses in coast community empowerment initiative, such as: 1. access towards natural resources, which refers to the capability of coastal communities to harness the benefit of coastal, fisheries, and marine resources. the implementation process of the coastal community’s empowerment initiative led by antam and yayasan bahari helps local fishermen to reach marine resources by giving local people a boat so its beneficiaries can easily reach their fishing spot. 2. access towards participation, which means that coastal communities receive an equal chance to participate in the implementation process which starts from the information, input process, until output and outcome, is delivered. yayasan bahari keeps each process to be as transparent as possible so both the company and coastal communities receive the same information. 3. access towards information and knowledge, which includes knowledge related to environmentally-friendly fishing practice. fisherman communities have already been provided with knowledge about environmentally-friendly fishing practices, even though some people still like to use bombs and drugs to catch fish. 4. access towards market, which means that the majority of coastal communities should be able to sell their catch. some of the coastal communities are already able to sell their catch in the local market. furthermore, yayasan bahari facilitated fishermen who catch lobsters to market their catch to another area. however, up until now, there are still so many fishermen who stay dependent on a middleman, which likes to buy their catch under the market price. challenges during empowerment process there are several challenges found during the process of the sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program that has been carried out in three villages in pomalaa district, kolaka regency, southeast sulawesi. some of those are social jealousy and patron-client relationship in coastal communities’ daily lives. 1. social jealousy of dawi-dawi fisherman coastal communities of dawi-dawi held a demonstration on july 13th, 2017 as a protest towards antam about the uneven share of boat motor aid among its beneficiaries which was caused by certain people who misuse the aid a year before. the demonstrations also try to reject the new facilitator to replace the previous one. communities’ skepticism rise due to nepotism that occurred in the program which is implemented by local institution. consequently, this feeling of jealousy eventually sweep into ethnic identity which is developed and influenced by coastal communities’ way of thinking. ethnocentrism arises due to the absence of one party’s or group’s recognition and respect towards the other party or group, especially when it comes to the ethnic, racial, or religious identity. this phenomenon is called primordial conflict (hali, 2006). the rise of rivalry among fellow individuals or between groups to reach a certain goal through every aspect of life will eventually lead them into competition, which ranges from economic competition, position and role competition, to racial competition (soekarno in satria, 2015). 2. patron-client relationship patron-client relationship has occurred between fisherman’s middleman and labor fisherman in pomalaa district. patron in this indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 36 research refers to fisherman’s middleman, which are the ones who have wide access to domestic and export market and client refers to those labor fisherman who have large sum of loan towards the middleman so they obliged to sell their catch below the market price to the middleman. patron has a higher social status than its client. aside from being the ones who have the power to control the market, they also have a large sum of economic capital to help their clients with lending for everyday necessities. there are several professions among the clients which range from small-fish fisherman, squid-specialist fisherman, to lobster catcher. according to sinaga et al (in satria, 2015), the patron-client relationship can influence two aspects of the relationship, namely the economic relationship and non-economic relationship. the economic relationship is an aspect which impacted by the livelihood-related relationship, while the non-economic relationship is an aspect beyond economic relationship, which includes social, cultural, political, and social security aspects. patron-client relationship within communities around the company happened due to several factors, as follows: (1) local fisherman do not have marketing network like the middleman do, so they have to be dependent on the middleman; and (2) fisherman’s livelihood also have a high level of dependency towards natural seasons which makes their income uncertain. this is why they must receive basic life aid like food, healthcare, and education to sustain their life when an economic crisis appeared. in reality, the patron-client relationship which happened in the coastal area near antam’s mining site is caused by two factors as follows: 1. low income, uncertain economic condition hurt fishermen communities and makes it hard for them to fulfill their daily needs. one of the solutions of that problem is to take a loan from cooperatives or the middleman. loan from cooperatives have the interest rates of 1,6%, while the middleman weighs its loan transaction with the obligation to buy fisherman’s catch below market price which nurtures the patron-client relationship between the two. fisherman’s incomes vary differently according to their type of job. for ‚bubu‛ fisherman, it is rp. 200.000,per five days at best, while ‚pancing rawai‛ fisherman can achieve 2030 kg of fish at best. while it sounds a little bit decent, the cost of each sailing is up to 10 liters of diesel fuel which is about rp. 200,000,plus there is a burden to fulfill their family’s daily necessities. this problem forced them to jump into a patronclient relationship and rely heavily on the middleman to sustain their life. this reliance makes the fisherman communities can’t make any economic progress due to the obligation to sell their catch below market price which damages their income and make it harder for them to escape from the middleman’s loan. 2. changes of wind direction, which divided into three different wind directions, namely west wind, east wind, and transitional wind. west wind blows from december to april and the east wind blows from mei to august, while transitional wind happens from september to november. changes in wind direction are one of the factors that can trigger the emergence of the patron-client relationship. this is due to the uncertain changes of wind direction that eventually prevent them to go to the sea and stay on land without any additional income generated. to prevent more loss and seek additional income, the majority of fisherman who stays inland during certain times decided to make living by becoming a labor in mining sites. according to wahyudin (2015), the coastal community has certain characteristics that relate to its relationship with the fishing sector. those characteristics are influenced by environmental, seasonal, and fisheries factors, which will be explained as follows: 1. reliance toward environmental condition the coastal community’s success relies heavily on environmental conditions, especially water conditions. this reliance makes the community prone to economic disaster caused by environmental damage triggered by the mining industry’s waste. as a result, the fisherman should go to a further fishing area where the water is still clean and the fish are still plenty. 2. reliance toward season when it comes to the fishing season, fishermen from the coastal communities are busy catching a large sum of fish. meanwhile, when it is not fishing season, most of them are being indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 37 unemployed and eventually come to the middleman to take a loan to sustain their life which makes them have the obligation to sell their future catch to the middleman. this kind of asymmetric relationship can lead to domination and exploitation. 3. reliance on the market another characteristic of the coastal community’s fishing business is reliance on the market. this reliance is normal because their commodities should go to the market to earn some money. what makes this reliance risky is that the price of the commodities, in this case, is a fish, is very volatile due to the capacity of local market who can barely absorb all of the fisherman’s catch and offerings of the middleman which is quite good because although it is below the market price, selling the fish to the middleman can prevent further loss of the rotten fish. conclusion the coastal community empowerment strategy through pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn southeast sulawesi’s csr program is already been explained above, several conclusions can be made as follows: first, pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn southeast sulawesi as a business entity have to be socially responsible towards its surrounding communities. the company’s waste which flowed into coastal waters caused the degradation of local water quality which in turn harm the livelihood of local fishermen. due to that, surrounding communities are haunted by the high unemployment rate and health concerns related to waste and pollution produced by the company. this also implicated to the level of individual or communal power within the coastal communities. antam’s sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program consists of several steps as follows: 1) program development step which is based on antam’s csr masterplan and the result of social mapping in pomalaa district; 2) planning step which is carried out after discussions in pomala development planning forum (musyawarah pembangunan pomalaa or musrenpom) which also involves antam and local government; 3) implementation step where the program is executed by yayasan bahari. the coastal community empowerment strategy can be divided into seven different steps which include identification, socialization, training, forming and enhancing the group, constructing fish apartments, and forming fisherman cooperatives. second, various challenges were found in the process of implementing the coastal community empowerment program, including 1) the social jealousy between the fisherman, both in their fellow fisherman or other groups. this kind of conflict is called the primordial conflict can be spotted by examining the arising problems of the different perspectives towards ethnic identity in the bajo, bugis, or makassar tribe. however, it is slowly calming down with the help of yayasan bahari by building trust among those three tribes, strengthening the relationship, and providing an insight that differences are not a barrier in the process of empowering coastal community. 2) the status conflict, indicated by the emergence of the patron-client relationship. patron refers to fisherman’s middleman, which sits on the top of social status and client refers to those labor fisherman who have large sum of loan towards the middleman so they obliged to sell their catch below the market price to the middleman. this is a challenge for the lower class fisherman because patron-client relationships are hard to break. analysis result and findings in the field related to coastal community empowerment strategy through pt. antam (persero) tbk ubpn southeast sulawesi’s csr program, there are several points for the stakeholders to note to maintain the positive impact for the sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment: 1. for pt antam (persero) tbk ubpn southeast sulawesi, the sustainable economy-based coastal community empowerment program has been running as planned. nevertheless, the company needs to consider coastal community conditions directly by monitoring the internal of fisherman community. in the next term, the company through yayasan bahari should provide the coastal community the needed training to make and sell the coastal community’s specialty brand fish dishes. then in the next term, the company can increase the number of beneficiaries of this program. 2. the local government should assert the habit of not throwing garbage into the ocean/coastlines because it would damage the ocean ecosystem indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 38 and can also affect fisherman's income. as the authorities in the area, especially in the coastal community, it is better for the government to not altering unilaterally the people who are still in the process of empowerment just for personal interests. 3. for yayasan bahari as the facilitator for the community, it is better to focus on the empowering process. to strengthen the connection and trust of the coastal community, they need to spend time connecting with the people of the community, not only when there is a task to give fishing tools from their boss. it is better to connect as often as possible so the people of the coastal community will be transparent with the problems they have, like social jealousy or patronage. 4. for the coastal community as the beneficiaries of the sustainable economy-based empowerment program, it is better for the community if the people are aware of the priority scale and not always comparing one to the others. be focused on their empowering progress, so there will be not a conflict that worries everyone, like the company, the government, yayasan bahari, bhabinkamtibmas, and other coastal community in the area. 5. for future researchers, this research is still focused on the implementation of the ongoing program. it would be better if the next research focused on evaluating and monitoring the program so they can observe the community‘s self-sustaining level. the patron-client relationship will be interesting to observe deeper because, from the outside, this relation looks like some kind of social security. however, if we look deeper into the relation, it is more of exploitation, especially for low-class fisherman. 6. for the stakeholders, because this research already found about the existence of patronage relation, if it is being ignored, then it will become an obstacle for the coastal community to become a self-sustaining community. therefore, the stakeholders need to provide understanding, knowledge, and build the awareness of the patron-client relationship toward all members of coastal communities, whether it is the middleman (or in this case is the patron) and also the fisherman or the laborer should know about the danger which lurks behind it. references 1. bambang n, widodo, suryadi a. wassahua z. 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(2006). konflik identitas (etnis) dan harga diri. jurnal hukum pro justitia. 24 (3), 1-10. 7. najiati, s., agus asmana, i nyoman n. suryadiputra. (2005). pemberdayaan masyarakat di lahan gambut. proyek climate change, forests and peatlands in indonesia. bogor: wetlands international – indonesia programmedan wildlife habitat canada. 8. paranginangin, lily sri ulina. (2014). partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi. jurnal kebijakan & administrasi publik jkap. 18 (1), 1-16. 9. qonaah, siti. (2018). implementasi corporate social responsibility pt pln distribusi jawa tengah dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat dan lingkungan melalui program ‚pln peduli‛. ejournal. 9 (1), 1-7. 10. ramadani, dkk. (2008). fungsi corporate social responsibility (csr) dalam pengembangan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat. social work jurnal. 8 (2), 203 – 210. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 31-39 39 11. rusmilyansari. (2020). rumah ikan dalam book chapter rumah kita-dosen indonesia (inovasi pembelajaran). yogyakarta: deepublish. 12. satria, arif. (2009a). ekologi politik nelayan. yogyakarta: lkis. 13. satria, arif. (2015). pengantar sosiologi masyarakat pesisir. jakarta: yayasanobor indonesia. 14. soetomo. (2011). pemberdayaan masyarakat. yogyakarta: pustaka pelajar. 15. suharto, edi. (2009). pekerja sosial di dunia industri, memperkuat tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan (corporate social responsibility). bandung: alfabeta. 16. triyono, agus. (2014). pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui community development program posdaya (pos pemberdayaan keluarga) pt. holcim indonesia tbk pabrik cilacap. komuniti. 6 (2), 1-10. 17. upe, ambo. (2016). metode penelitian sosial, filosofi dan desain praktis. kendari: literacy institute. 18. wahyudin, yudi. (2015). sistem sosial ekonomi dan budaya pesisir. disampaikan pada pelatihan pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan, tanggal 5 desember 2003, di kampus pusat diklat kehutanan. 19. zoller, heather m dan meagan tener. (2009). corporate proactivity as a discursive fiction: managing environmental health activism and regulation. sage. 24 (3), 391-418. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 95 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.197 page: 95 – 104 digital technologies on mathematics education at the covid-19 lockdown situation in india kaushik das department of mathematics, gobardanga hindu college, india corresponding author: kaushik das; email: kaushik.das53@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: covid-19 pandemic, digital technologies, e-learning, lockdown situation, mathematics education. received : 15 march 2021 revised : 26 may 2021 accepted : 05 june 2021 this paper introduces digital technologies and mathematics education at the covid19 lockdown situation in india. the researcher focused on ict-based tools or techniques for supporting innovative teaching and learning processes in mathematics and the study of these processes including the support that has to be given to teachers and educators. researchers involved in mathematics education with digital technologies are especially touchy to the problems raised by the current fragmentation of the field. ict-based technologies are likewise going to be the extraordinary friend in need of the socio-economic in rural india. the data were analyzed using both descriptive and as well as inferential statistics and the methodology of the study is a mixed type involving interpretative, analytical study of documents, survey questionnaire and study both primary & secondary sources, like books, university news, expert opinion, articles, journals, thesis, and websites, etc. finally, meaningful suggestions are offered. introduction the entire world is confronting the greatest emergency which has come about in absolute lockdown in india and as well as in other countries. indian instruction framework is seriously influenced and confronting urgent time. all the schools and universities were shut and all the inward assessments, what's more, semester assessments were deferred due to covid-19. conclusion of schools, schools, and colleges has brought numerous challenges in training framework like a break in the learning of understudies, direct of assessment and inside appraisal, enlistment of encouraging resources and affirmation process in the coming meeting and so forth. the government of india requested an across-the-country lockdown on the 24th of march 2020 as india was on the rundown of nations influenced with covid-19 around the world. the covid-19 influenced circumstances to remain at now 10, 80,194 cases are confirmed, 3, 74,243 cases are active6, 78,709 cases are recovered and 26,842 cases are deceased in the early afternoon of 19th july 2020 in india. 1, 37, 91,869 are tested in india as of 19 july, 5:15 pm ist 2020. mathematics is the father of all sciences. mathematics is envisioned as the vehicle to prepare a youngster to think, reason, examinations and express intelligently, associative to any subject including investigation and thinking. science assists with instilling the aptitudes of measurement of encounters around the students who thusly do explore different avenues regarding numbers and types of geometry, outline speculations and check them, sum up the discoveries with evidence, settle on choices applying mathematics, create accuracy, objective and expository reasoning, thinking, fitness to take care of issues, uplifting perspectives and tasteful sense. mathematics is the basis of the science and technical education pyramid, on which the entire structure of progress of advancement depends. mathematics is the establishment stone of the huge superstructure of science and technical instruction, which has the necessity for our monetary turn of events, modernization of the social structure, and powerful working of the popularity-based organization. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:kaushik.das53@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 96 learning and conversation technologies (ict) are a basic piece of day-by-day life, including the teaching-learning process (das, 2021a). learning and conversation technologies (ict) are a basic piece of day-by-day life, including the teachinglearning process (das, 2019a). right now, there is a deficiency of exploration that led to the utilization of computerized stages for learning science. be that as it may, one such ongoing report shows, that understudies learn mathematics better with successful and proper innovation, while another past investigation features that the reception of innovation in science instruction improves learning. it isn’t yet known precisely what sort of advanced mechanical devices that arithmetic understudies may use during the covid-19 conclusion period. as they will be required to adapt remotely in their homes. it is against this hole of information that this investigation wishes to smaller. many state governments of india are likewise investigating the internet learning stage for getting to online instructive assets, during the progressing lockdown. they are hoping to structure approaches to assist understudies with continuing with their getting the hang of during the across-the-nation lockdown due to covid-19. the point is to successfully proceed with the scholarly patterns of the understudies and not let the lockdown influence their learning. they are getting ready for understudies to give sound and video-based substance alongside self-assessment works out. the government of india ordered a nationwide lockdown on the 24th of march 2020 as india was on the list of countries affected with covid-19 worldwide. as expressed by the clinical specialists, and experienced by us the lockdown is the best answer to maintain a strategic distance from the widespread infection among the individual. in india, on the accompanying time frames, across the nation lockdown circumstance was executed. likewise to battle this scourge, one day ‚janata curfiu‛ was watched on 22-03-2020. table. 1. lockdown cycle by the india government lockdown cycle duration days lockdown 1 25-03-2020 to 14-04-2020 21 days lockdown 2 15-04-2020 to 03-05-2020 19 days lockdown 3 04-05-2020 to 17-05-2020 14 days lockdown 4 18-05-2020 to 31-05-2020 14 days lockdown 5 01-06-2020 to 30-06-2020 30 days the consideration of innovation like e-learning applications, digital books, online practice tests, enotes, and so forth, will assist with improving the instruction framework. a large number of uses are accessible for the understudies to adapt carefully. the government is including such ict devices like savvy sheets, visual/sound types of gear, programming for school/school executives. the elearning establishment with the assistance of the world wide web (www) using the internet attempted its best prospects to advance separation instruction, virtual and e-learning approach by conveying and sharing assets, advancing dynamic elearning advances. the development of distributed computing innovation has exceptionally affected the online education market in india. the cloud innovation with its potential abilities gives a huge measure of information, data, and substance at single stages to e-learning organizations in india. data and communication technology (ict) in the field of instruction is a huge idea to comprehend. the different curricular formative ventures have been completed with the help of iits and nits. the national mission on education activity by the government of india is relied upon to support the gross enrolment ratio (ger) in higher education by 5 rates (%) focuses during the eleven five year plan (2007–12). to help 'work from home' culture for the scholastic errand of the staff/understudy and to make best and beneficial utilization of lockdown testing period, ugc coursed a letter dated 25/03/2020 for utilization of 10 ict activities of mhrd/ugc to guarantee continuous instructing and learning exercises for the scholarly club viz. swayam online courses, ug/pg moocs, e-pg pathshala, e-content courseware in ug subjects, swayamprabha, cec-ugc youtube channel, national digital library, shodhganga, e-shodh sindhu and vidwan, and so on. again the asc/ hrdc of various colleges sorts out online fdp, workshops as online courses with standard indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 97 direction/supplemental class. aside from the above recorded online data sources, the diksha elearning platform/diksha mobile app., ebalbharati/ebalbharati app., nroer (national repository of open instructive resources) and global digital library and so on such ict devices additionally bolster ‘gaining from home' perception. the rising information has drawn from both the fields of mathematics education and digital technologies in education. the education sector in spain has been experiencing a few changes and arithmetic training has not been forgotten about. specifically, the latest strategy recommendations have included as a key point the comprehensiveness of icts in science going to hence fulfilling a need normal for our present computerized time. in the most recent decades, the advancement of microworlds and instructive including them has in this manner been upheld by constructivist draws near however it has additionally added to their dynamic development (papert, 1980; kafai & resnick, 1996). it is essential to understand that in these new mechanical directions instructors do at present make a difference, however, what is unexpected, is that there is no agreement about a dependable or target method of distinguishing great educators. numerous examinations in the field of ict in instruction have indicated that perspectives towards icts impact instructors' acknowledgment of the helpfulness of icts in the exercises, and impact whether educators coordinate icts into their study halls or not (clark, 2001; huang &liaw, 2005). it is having confidence in the science instruction network that fitting a combination of ict will affect each part of arithmetic training: what sort of science is to be introduced and how science is educated and learned (leung, 2013). viable utilization of ict in arithmetic instruction could prompt a more student-focused showing practice since the incorporation of ict on a very basic level changes the instructor understudy association and the manners in which science content is being introduced to understudies (ertmer, 2005; gillen et al, 2007; pierce & ball, 2009). these progressions have been ordinarily accepted to have constructive outcomes on arithmetic instructing and learning. although ict is accepted to have positive advantages on science training, as a general rule, now and again instructors don't utilize ict at all or use it in a customary manner, such as utilizing ict to continue directly educating (ertmer, 2005; goos & bennson, 2008). all the more critically, the successful mix of ict can make arithmetic (e.g., unique ideas) progressively available to understudies and further encourage understudies' comprehension of science ideas, build up understudies' critical thinking aptitudes, improve understudies' more elevated levels of scientific reasoning, and even, for the most part, improve understudies' math accomplishment (bennson, 2008; li & ma, 2010). educators’ perspectives toward ict were a lot more noteworthy marker of their expectation of the utilization of innovation than their convictions, such as self-viability convictions. by and large progressively positive mentalities towards ict will support higher homeroom ict coordination while negative perspectives dishearten its utilization. in arithmetic training, it was discovered that it is just when instructors accept that the utilization of ict will upgrade understudies' science learning or increment understudies' inspiration, pleasure and certainty contrasted and different methodologies that they will consider to utilize innovation (hennessy, 2005; pierce & ball, 2009). if instructors accept that to show comprehension of arithmetic, an understudy must have the option to take care of issues without the help of ict or even accept that the utilization of ict will upset the improvement of understudies' capacity, for example, the capacity of figuring, they won't incorporate ict in science training, or use it in a customary information transmission way (goos & bennson, 2008; pierce & ball, 2009). laptop computers address the needs of software and networking but there are fewer pro levels that help maintain a more balanced classroom environment & the mathematics laboratory classroom solves this problem (das, 2019b). the nearness of data innovation has carried changes to understudies' learning examples and styles. the advancement of innovation likewise expects colleges to create separation instruction or what is called e-realizing. e-learning is relied upon to be an answer to investigate more extensive abilities and information that should be possible whenever and anyplace utilizing pc or cell phones. the advancement of innovation likewise expects colleges to create separation instruction or what is indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 98 called e-realizing. e-learning is required to be an answer to investigate more extensive aptitudes and information that should be possible whenever and anyplace utilizing a pc or cell phone (iqbal, javed, and ahmad, 2010). technological advancements are expanding quickly in human life. the internet has changed individuals' ways of life, either from social, instructive, well-being, and even government (rochmadi et al, 2017). like any other language, so also mathematics exercises a symbolic power & mathematics makes part of a range of technological actions. also, it’s an ingredient of our techno-nature. computerized learning couldn't supplant customary educating, it could accomplish the best showing impact and have students be happy to learn by strengthening conventional instructing with advanced learning and extensively rehearsing the two techniques in educating action (yien et al, 2011) called attention to the contrast between advanced learning and customary instruction in learning conditions and people. customary instructing, with ‚address‛ in study halls, was the most conventional and delegate educating strategy. to put it plainly, it alluded to educators conveying showing materials in the instructing movement to students through understanding. with its long history, it has been extensively applied is as yet one of the positive showing techniques for teachers. mathematics phobia is also a barrier to teaching-learning mathematics and it’s correlated with mathematical problems, formulae, and curriculum (das & gupta, 2020). in any case, the educational program plan and the creation of encouraging materials for advanced learning were a computerized substance that students could unreservedly choose various courses and showing materials, as indicated by the level and inclination, to accomplish the customfitted learning result (sun et al, 2012). there is a considerable application of mathematics in various disciplines like history, geography, fine arts, and physical education (das, k. et al, 2019). with the developing accessibility and transmission capacity of the web, analysts got keen on the capability of online intelligent applications or applets for mathematics instruction. the upsides of online substances incorporate access without neighborhood programming establishment, simplicity of dispersion and refreshing for engineers, and permanent accessibility for clients as long as the web is available (das & das, 2020). examination of the utilization of versatile innovation in science instruction is in its beginning phases however its significance is quickly developing. it is obvious that versatile innovation and pdas specifically are extremely well known among understudies and increasingly more widespread. remote internet gets to takes into consideration the utilization of portable applications (additionally called midlets, mobile information device applications), sms and email administrations offer correspondence and coordinated effort openings, gps offices take into consideration topographical and geometrical exercises and the device's versatile and handheld singe acteristics welcome out-of-school exercises, for instance, the social event of genuine information that illuminate science or science exercises (daher, 2010). while playing the game, understudies take a gander at the guide to envision where they need to make a shape, stroll to the area for the primary vertex to enter this area in the cell phone, which creates a spot on the guide, stroll to the area of the second vertex of their envisioned shape which gives a line on the screen interfacing the principal vertex with the current (moving) area, and so on. mobilemath adds a geometrical measurement to the world, changing it into a game board. mobilemath additionally welcomes scientific movement, for example, the revelation and utilization of attributes of squares, square shapes, and parallelograms, and paying heed to geometrical parts of the world. by the structure of realistic mathematics education, reasonable implies that difficult circumstances introduced in learning exercises ought to be ‘experientially’ genuine to understudies and have meaningful, credible issue circumstances as beginning stages, so understudies experience the game's movement as appearing well and good. so did the advanced innovation ‘work’ for this situation? most definitely, the appropriate response is yes. the objectives of the study are to: (1) to find the various online tools/platforms adopted by educational institutions during the pandemic covid19 period; (2) to find out the role of the india government to support the online learning process during the lockdown period for covid-19; (3) to indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 99 study ascertain the relationship between online teaching performance and mathematics educational process in technology-rich learning environments; (4) to study the traditional teaching and digital learning on mathematics education; (5) examine the views of learners and educators about the online learning system and uses of ict in mathematics education. methods method of the study: this study is a descriptive kind in nature. the researcher utilized both primary and secondary techniques for information assortment for his research work. these secondary study sources similar to books, articles, diaries, proposals, college news, master sentiment, official records, archives, govt. gazetteers, manuals and sites, and so on. thinking about the idea of the current issue, the researcher has chosen the descriptive kind overview technique as the most reasonable strategy for directing the current investigation. subsequently, normally, the specialist has utilized the various apparatuses, measurable tests, procedures, systems. the researcher collected data from survey questionnaires administered to students and faculty, interviews of senior faculty and department chairs, and document analysis of plans and policy documents. the researcher has taken only 400 respondents by using google forms. the stratified random sampling technique has been used in the selection of the sample for the present study. the researcher makes a google form questionnaire and collected data randomly. results and discussion now 10, 80,194 cases are confirmed, 3, 74,243 cases are active, 6, 78,709 cases are recovered and 26,842 cases are deceased on the early afternoon of 19th july 2020 in india. 1, 37, 91,869 are tested in india as of 19 july, 5:15 pm ist 2020. table 2. present status of covid-19 at india on 19 jul, 5:15 pm ist 2020. present status of covid-19 at india on 19 jul, 5:15 pm ist 2020. 10, 80,194 cases are confirmed covid-19 positive. 3, 74,243 cases are active covid-19. 6, 78,709 cases are recovered from covid-19. 26,842 cases are deceased by covid-19 positive. 1, 37, 91,869 are tested for covid-19. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 100 in this study researcher collected 400 responses from google forms. there are 197 are male and 203 are female respondents out of 400. distribution of the respondents concerning their gender. table 3. no. of male & female respondents. gender no. of respondents. percentage. male 197 49.25 % female 203 50.75 % total 400 100% table 4. respondents’ opinion of the present status on the mathematics education at covid-19 lockdown pandemic situation. participants responds of the present status on the mathematics education at covid-19 lockdown pandemic situation. respondents’ opinions were recorded by the likert’s five-point scale i.e. strongly agree (s.a), agree (a), neutral (n), disagree (d), and strongly disagree (s.d). s tr on gl y a gr ee a gr ee n eu tr al d is ag re e s tr on gl y d is ag re e no % no % no % no % no % 1. teaching comfortability by using ict to teach mathematics. 166 41.5 167 41.8 43 10.8 16 4 8 2 2. difference between mathematics teaching in the classroom and teaching through the internet. 220 55 149 37.3 27 6.8 4 1 0 0 3. difficult for students to understand teaching through internet. 157 39.3 142 35.5 30 7.5 68 17 3 0.8 4. students are benefited on their online teaching equally. 111 27.6 86 21.5 87 21.8 84 21 32 8 5. covid-19 lockdown situation is harmful for the education. 195 48.8 146 36.5 40 10 15 3.8 4 1 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 101 6. pandemic covid-19 is the barrier of mathematics education. 41 10.3 131 32.8 111 27.8 45 11.3 72 18 7. justified role of india government on education sector at covid-19 pandemic situation. 33 8.3 119 29.8 121 30.3 38 9.5 89 22.3 8. lack of adequate skills of teachers. 114 28.5 157 39.3 80 20 42 10.5 7 1.8 yes no maybe no. % no. % no. % 9. teaching mathematics through social media. 241 60.3 83 20.8 76 19 10. students’ lack of computers, laptop & cell phone for online learning. 230 57.5 52 13 118 29.5 in this study, the researcher collects 49.25 % male & 50.75 % female respondents respectively. india has recorded 10, 80,194 confirmed coronavirus positive cases, 3, 74,243 are active covid-19 cases, 78,709 cases are recovered and 26,842 cases are deceased on 19 july, 5:15 pm ist 2020. from table no. 4, it is observed that 41.5% (166) respondents strongly agree & 41.8% (167) respondents agree in teaching comfortability by using ict to teach mathematics. so it is clear that most of the respondents i.e. 83.3% are like teaching on ict-based platforms. the results from table no4, 7 it is suggested that the 55% (220) respondents strongly agree & 37.3% (149) respondents agree respectively with the difference between mathematics teaching in the classroom and teaching through the internet. analyzing the above results, it is found that most of the respondents believe that there is a difference between mathematics teaching in the classroom and teaching through the internet. from table no4, it is observed that 39.3% (157) & 35.5% (142) respondents respectively strongly agree & agree with the difficulties of students understanding in teaching through the internet. hence, 74.8% of respondents feel that the students' difficulties for online teaching. from the above table no-4, it is obtained that the 27.6% (111) respondents strongly agree, 21.5% (87) respondents agree & 21.8% (84) respondents neutrally give their opinion about the ‚students are benefited on their online teaching equally.‛ so it is clear that 49.1% of respondents are suggested online teaching equally & students benefit positively. analyzing the above results from table no-4, 48.8% (195) respondents strongly agree, 36.5% (146) respondents agree that the ‚covid-19 lockdown situation is harmful for the education.‛ so, most of the respondents like professors, students, teacher, researchers & academians believes that covid-19 lockdown situation is harmful for indian education as well as mathematics education. from table no4, it is observed that most of the respondents are feels the present lockdown situation and they believe the pandemic covid-19 is the barrier to mathematics education. from the above results, 32.8% (111) respondents strongly indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 95-104 102 agree, 27.8% (45) agree with ‚pandemic covid-19 is the barrier of mathematics education.‛ so, this is a big loss for the development of mathematics education. in the previous results from table no. 4, there is a 50-50 opinion by the respondents about the justified role of the indian government in the education sector. it is seen that the ugc’s recommendations are very fruitful but not satisfactory for all kinds of online learning at the covid-19 pandemic situation. there are 38.1% of respondents are satisfied & 31.8% are not satisfied with the justified role of the indian government in the education sector at the covid-19 pandemic situation. the previous results from table no – 4, it is suggested that 67.8% (28.5+39.3) respondents have to opinion their views against the lack of adequate skills of teachers. it is a major disability for the teachers. from table no. 4, it is observed that most of the respondents have an opinion their views are positively like to teach mathematics through social media. 60.3% (241) respondents agree with their teaching mathematics through social media. so, respondents mostly like to use social media for their teaching. it is obtained from table no. 4, most of the respondents believe that the maximum number of students have no computers, laptops & cell phones for their online learning. the previous results suggest that 70.5% of respondents positively opinion about the students’ lack of computers, laptops & cell phones for online learning. in rural india, it is very important to sufficient adequate devices for students to learn through e-learning. conclusion digital learning in mathematics allows students to try and study in the comfort of their homes. as long as students have the necessary digital devices, access to the internet, affordable internet costs, and an adequate supply of electricity, they can be able to obtain front seats in the mathematics virtual classroom for their study. in the covid-19 lockdown period, digital learning in mathematics education appears to be the immediate quick positive response. it is undeniable that there is a significant difference between teaching in the classroom and teaching through the internet. although students have difficulty in learning mathematics through online, they have benefited considerably. as the teaching strategies are developing in this technological era around the globe, prospective indian educators do not wish to be left behind during the covid-19 crisis. the lockdown situation is certainly an obstacle to the progress of education and mathematics education. most students do not have enough necessary devices. and the need for more skills in teaching mathematics to teachers through digital is going to be felt. however, there have been considerable benefits in teaching mathematics using social media through the internet. results have shown that the adoption of digital learning as a response to covid-19 would animate the development of digital learning in mathematics, especially in india which has been historically impervious to the use of digital learning. the findings of this study converge with other studies. 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email: vickyolamide@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: comparative; hotels, ilorin; revenue. received : 03 february 2021 revised : 23 february 2021 accepted : 25 february 2021 hoteliers clearly believe that location is important for a hotel, and have market research evidence to support this. however, almost nothing has been done to enable this issue to be incorporated into revenue generation. there is a gap in the literature relating to analysis from a location-side approach for increasing revenue. this study therefore is untaken to compare revenue generation of hotels with different locations in ilorin, nigeria. two research instruments were used in the study. the first research indictment is the use of a geographical positioning system (gps) while the second is the use of the questionnaire. the results of the hypotheses tested shows that there is a significant difference in revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin, the significant difference between the level of patronage by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin; no significant difference in pricing among hotels located in city centre, suburban and highways in ilorin; significant difference between pricing of services and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin. the study concludes that revenue will increase if proper management of hotels is being ensured regardless of the hotel locations. introduction revenue is an operating strategy or process which serves as the return from selling of product or services to make money. whenever service quality is ensured, hotels can generate more revenue than their competitors from services like accommodation, food, spa, fitness facilities, gymnastics, specialized rooms, among others (stanislav & vladimir, 2012). typically, revenue in the hospitality industry is majorly generated through hotel room rentals, meeting space occupancy, and the sale of food or beverages. all of these produce profitable revenue for hotel or other hospitality industry businesses such as food and beverage operations, a theme park, or a cruise line. the major strategy that improves revenue generation is through revenue management. revenue management as defined by guillet and mohammed (2015) as the process of allocating the right type of capacity to the right kind of customer at the right price so at maximizing revenue or yield. this describes the ability of an organization to make use of the right resources in ensuring maximum output and subsequently desirable profit. it is also the art of it is the art and science of constantly and closely monitoring consumer market conditions, such as shifts in the level of demand or changes in consumer preferences, and responding appropriately by applying various product bundling, packaging, pricing, capacity allocation, forecasting, and market distribution channel strategies and tactics (ng and yip, 2011; lee et al, 2013). revenue management also represents an objective analytical approach to revenue optimization to improve the hospitality enterprises’ gross sales potential (forgacs, 2002). in other words, the accommodation property attempts to sell the right room product at the right price, whereby the selling price is in agreement with the customer’s indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.168 https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 66 willingness to pay value, to the right customer and at the right time (choi & mattila, 2003). it is evident that revenue management has a big responsibility before them in setting and adopting the most advantageous pricing policy and the most effective profit plan for their firms, since prices are not set arbitrarily therefore management must focus on all the important factors in setting its price. thus, it has become imperative to investigate the effectiveness of pricing policy and profit planning in nigerian organizations. the current popularity and significance of revenue management can be attributed to four main developments (phillips, 2005). first revenue management has helped propel the airline industry to more efficient real-time pricing and stronger revenue performance and other sectors within the hospitality industry have taken notice. hoteliers clearly believe that location is important for a hotel, and have market research evidence to support this. however, almost nothing has been done to enable this issue to be incorporated into revenue generation. this is needed for strategic decision-making at the stage of business feasibility and investment appraisal. in particular, there is a gap in the literature relating to analysis from a location-side approach for increasing revenue. this study therefore is untaken to compare revenue generation of hotels with different locations in ilorin, nigeria, and to identify a difference in patronage of services of hotels of different locations and revenue generated by these hotels in different locations in ilorin differs. methods study area ilorin, kwara state is situated on longitudinal of 4.30’ – 4.45’n and latitude of 80.28’ – 80.38’e. the city covers an area of about 38 square miles, with an estimated population of 1.4 million people. it is located in nigeria’s central savannah region with intense rainfalls from april to october, and daily temperatures between 230c and 370c (kwara state diary, 1997). ilorin is a city with a confluence of cultures, populated by the yoruba, igbo, hausa, fulani, nupe, baruba, kanuri, and malian tribes, as well as other nigerians and foreign nationals. there are largely christian and islamic populations, and many ceremonial activities, mostly with religious aspects, take place in the city throughout the year. ilorin has a friendly environment (generally called the “home of peace”) and hence hosts different religious practices and training institutions. located on the city's gra, the degree-awarding united missionary theological college (affiliated with the university of ibadan) produces many church ministers, teachers, and theologians of all denominations. the college of arabic and islamic legal studies in the adeta area trains muslims in various islamic, arabic, and social science disciplines. alfa alimi's mosque and residence are said to have been built in 1831. it was the first juma'at mosque in ilorin. the city also has a range of tourist attractions such as the imposing sobi hill, said to have offered protection to natives during intertribal wars in ancient times. the okuta ilorin is located in asaju's compound, idi-ape quarters. it is the stone on which ojo isekuse, one of the founders of the city, used to sharpen his metal tools. it was actually called “okuta ilorin” (meaning stone for sharpening metals), and ilorin is said to have derived its name from there. the stone was a deified object of worship and sacrifice offerings in the past. descriptive research design of survey type was used in carrying out this research work. population for this study includes the management staff and patrons of all the hotels located in cities, sub-urban, and highways in ilorin metropolis, kwara state. this population is believed to be useful to adequately obtain information necessary for answering the questions at hand. a multistage sampling technique was employed for this study; the sample was selected through two (2) stages; the first stage involves systematically selecting hotels for the study. since the study deals with location, a central location was chosen and from the center location, hotels were buffered at different distances (5-10 meters, 10-20 meters etc.), from the center location using gis software (arcmap 10.2). depending on the hotels that fall within the buffers, the hotels were randomly selected. a total number of one hundred and sixty-five (165) hotels were randomly selected out of the three hundred and four (304) hotels which give about 54.3% of the hotels in ilorin. at the second stage, the simple percentage frequency sampling techniques were used to select two (5) management staff and five (5) patrons in each hotel. this therefore gave a total of eight indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 67 hundred and twenty-five (825) staff and eight hundred and twenty-five (825) patrons in all, to give a total of one thousand, six hundred and fifty (1650) respondents respectively. table 1: summary of sampling procedure and sample size s/n hotel locations selection1: (purposive selection 55 hotels of each location with gis) stage 2: (random selection of 5 staff and 5 patrons per hotel selected) total respondents 1. cities hotels 55 5 staff 5 patrons 550 275 275 2. sub-urban hotels 55 275 275 550 3. highways hotels 55 275 275 550 total 165 275 275 1650 source: field survey, 2020 two research instruments were used in the study. the first research indictment is the use of a geographical positioning system (gps); this was used to geographically locate the latitude and longitude of the hotels sampled in the study. the second research instrument used was a structured questionnaire. the use of the questionnaire requires the respondents to tick either agree, strongly agree, disagree, or strongly disagree, and comment where necessary, in order to identify their perceptions on revenue generation, management, and location of hotels. the questionnaire was divided into two sections a and b for both hotel management staff and the hotel patrons. towards this end, the hotel management staff questionnaire was structured in such a way that it contains two parts: part a was designed to get information related to the respondents’ demographics while part b focused on constructs related to the study objectives. patrons’ questionnaire was equally in two parts: part a was designed to get information on socio-demographic variables of the respondents, while part b was designed to get information on the quality of service delivery and factors considered before patronizing hotels in different locations in ilorin. results and discussion one hundred and sixty-five (165) hotels covering three (3) location categories (city center, sub-urban and highway hotels) were sampled. fiftyfive (55) hotels each were sampled in each of the location category amounting to a total of 165 hotels. two sets of questionnaires (one for hotel staff and one for hotel patrons) were administered in all the 165 hotels (55 in each hotel location category). in all the 165 hotels, 5 copies of the questionnaire each were administered to staff and patrons. this gave a total of eight hundred and twenty-five (825) each for staff and hotel patrons respectively. the breakdown and the response rates are shown below: table 2: number of hotel, staff and patron sampled s/n hotel location categories no. of hotel sampled staff & patrons per hotel sampled (5 each) no. of questionnaire retrieved (staff) no. of questionnaire retrieved (patron) 1. cities hotels 55 5 staff 5 patrons 268 270 275 275 2. sub-urban hotels 55 275 275 265 272 3. highways hotels 55 275 275 272 269 total 165 825 825 805 811 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 68 summarily, eight hundred and five (805) copies of the questionnaire were retrieved from hotel staff and eight hundred and eleven (811) copies were retrieved from hotel patrons in different locations in ilorin. this resulted in response rates of 97.58% and 98.30% for staff and patrons respectively. table 3: response rate of hotel staff and patron table 4: distribution of respondents in different hotels by demographics n (city center hotel) = 270; n (sub-urban hotel) = 272; n (highways hotels) = 269; n=805 demographics location categories city center hotel sub-urban hotels highways hotels freq percent freq percent freq percent gender male 167 20.7 166 20.6 171 21.2 female 101 12.5 99 12.3 101 12.5 age brackets 18-25years 16 2.0 17 2.1 42 5.2 26-30years 211 26.2 196 24.3 184 22.9 31-35years 23 2.9 22 2.7 25 3.1 36-40years 16 2.0 26 3.2 19 2.4 41-45years 2 0.2 4 0.5 2 0.2 46-50years 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 51years & above 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 religion islamic 167 20.7 166 20.6 171 21.2 christianity 91 11.3 92 11.4 88 10.9 traditional 10 1.2 7 0.9 13 1.6 highest level of education no formal education 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 1.1 primary education 35 4.3 0 0.0 26 3.2 secondary education 43 5.3 0 0.0 1 0.1 tertiary education 178 22.1 265 32.9 236 29.3 professional certificate 12 1.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 marital status single 164 20.4 155 19.3 169 21.0 married 100 12.4 94 11.7 98 12.2 divorce 4 0.5 10 1.2 5 0.6 widow 0 0.0 6 0.7 0 0.0 widower 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 years of working experience in the hotel less than 5years 167 20.7 135 16.8 158 19.6 6-10years 101 12.5 81 10.1 92 11.4 11-15years 0 0.0 28 3.5 22 2.7 above 15years 0 0.0 21 2.6 0 0.0 table 4 shows the demographic data gathered from the respondents (hotel staff) across different locations (city center, sub-urban, and highways) in ilorin. in gender category, there are 167(20.7%) and 101(12.5%) for male and female gender respectively in city center hotel; 166(20.6%) and 99(12.3%) for male and female gender respectively in sub-urban hotels; and 171(21.2%) and 101(12.5%) for male and female gender respectively in highways hotel. among the staff percentage returned (staff) patron percentage returned (patron) 805 97.58% 811 98.3% indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 69 respondents, those between ages 18-25years are 16(2.0%) in the city center; 17(2.1%) in sub-urban; 42(5.2%) in highways hotel. those between ages 26-30years are 21(26.2%) in the city center; 196(24.3%) in sub-urban; 184(22.9%) in highways hotel. ages 31-35years are 23(2.9%) in the city center; 22(2.7%) in sub-urban; 25(3.1%) in highways hotel. ages 36-40years are 16(2.0%) in city center; 26(3.2%) in sub-urban; 19(2.4%) in highways hotel. also, ages 41-45years are 2(0.2%) in city center; 4(0.5%) in sub-urban; 2(0.2%) in highways hotel while none of the respondents are above 45years. in the religion category, 167(20.7%) of the respondents practice islamic religion in city center hotels; 166(20.6%) in sub-urban hotels, and 171(21.2%) practice it in highway hotels. those that practice christianity are 91(11.3%) in city center; 92(11.4%) in sub-urban; 88(10.9%) in highways hotels. those practicing traditional religion are 10(1.2) in city center; 7(0.9%) in suburban and 13(1.6%) in highways hotels in the education category, only 9(1.1%) in highway hotels among all the three location categories indicated that they have no formal education. also, 35(4.3%) had primary education in city center hotels; none in sub-urban and 26(3.2%) in highways hotel. the situation is similar among those that have secondary education in which 43(5.3%) had secondary education in city center; none in sub-urban and only 1(0.1% in highways hotel. many of the respondents indicated that their highest education level is tertiary education. among these respondents 178(22.1%) are from city center hotels; 265(32.9%) from sub-urban while 236(29.3%) from highway hotels. those that have professional certificates as their highest education level are from the city center with 12(1.5%) of them. it was also gathered that 164(20.4%) of the respondents from city center is single; 155(19.3%) from sub-urban; and 169(21.0%) from highways hotel. about 100(12.4%) are married in city center hotels; 94(11.7%) in sub-urban and 98(12.2%) in highway hotels. 4(0.5%) are divorcees in city center hotel; 10(1.2%) in sub-urban and 5(0.6%) in highway hotels while only 6(0.7%) in sub-urban are widow among the three location categories in ilorin. in terms of years of experience, 167(20.7%) of the respondents have less than 5years experience in city center; 135(16.8%) in sub-urban and 158(19.6%) in highway hotels. 101(12.5%) of the respondents have between 6-10years experience in city center; 81(10.1%) in sub-urban and 92(11.4%) in highway hotels. none of the respondents 1115years in city center hotels; 28(3.5%) of them have 11-15years experience in sub-urban and 22(2.7%) in highway hotels. only sub-urban hotels have staff that have above 15years in which just 21(2.6%) of them indicated this. table 5: demographic variable of years of working experience and staff income on a monthly basis variables location categories city center hotel sub-urban hotels highways hotels freq percent freq percent freq percent years of working experience in the hotel less than 5years 167 20.7 135 16.8 158 19.6 6-10years 101 12.5 81 10.1 92 11.4 11-15years 0 0.0 28 3.5 22 2.7 above 15years 0 0.0 21 2.6 0 0.0 total 268 (100%) 265(100%) 272(100%) income per month less than n20,000 0 0.0 0 0.0 27 3.4 n20,000-n40,000 96 11.9 214 26.6 153 19.0 n40,000-n60,000 172 21.4 49 6.1 87 10.8 n60,000-n80,000 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 0.5 above n80,000 0 0.0 2 0.2 1 0.1 total 268 (100%) 265(100%) 272(100%) the years of working experience of the respondents varies across the hotel location categories as shown in table 4.2.1. it was gathered that167 (20.7%) have spent less than 5years in indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 70 urban; 135(16.8%) in sub-urban; and 158(19.6%) in highways hotel. also, 101 (12.5%) had spent 610years in the city center; 81(10.1%) in sub-urban and 92(11.4%) in highways hotel. none of the respondents had stayed for 11-15years in city center hotels; 28(3.5%) have stayed for 11-15 years in suburban and 22(2.7%) in highways. only staff in suburban hotels have stayed for more than 15years in which just 21(2.6%) of them indicated this across all the three location categories of the hotels. with respect to the income of staff on monthly basis across the three location categories, it was gathered that only highway hotels with 296(18.3%) respondents earn less than n20, 000. also, 96(11.9%) earns n20, 000 – n40, 000 in city center; 214(26.6%) in sub-urban and 153(19.0%) in highway. the result also shows that 172(21.4%) of the respondents in city center hotels earn n40, 000 – n60, 000; 49(6.1%) earn it in sub-urban and 87(10.8%) in highways. across the three location categories, only highway hotels with just 4(0.5%) respondents earn between n60,000 – n80,000 while 2(0.2%) and 1(0.1%) in sub-urban and highway hotels respectively earns above n80,000. table 6: distribution of factors that predetermine location of hotels n=805 location categories city center hotel sub-urban hotels highways hotels no yes no yes no yes 1. fund 103 165 265 0 167 105 (12.8%) (20.5%) (32.9%) (0.0%) (20.7%) (13.0%) 2. perceived increase in sales and profit 0 268 0 265 69 203 (0.0%) (33.3%) (0.0%) (32.9%) (8.6%) (25.2%) 3. availability of space 0 268 0 265 69 203 (0.0%) (33.3%) (0.0%) (32.9%) (8.6%) (25.2%) 4. closeness to business district 198 70 265 0 270 2 (24.6%) (8.7%) (32.9%) (0.0%) (33.5%) (0.2%) 5. availability of raw materials 111 157 225 40 184 88 (13.8%) (19.5%) (28.0%) (5.0%) (22.9%) (10.9%) 6. access to competent staff 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) source: field survey, 2020 the factors that predetermine the location of hotels in the three location categories were investigated as presented in table 5. it can be deduced in table that the major factors that determined location in city center hotel are fund (20.5%); perceived increase in sales and profit (33.3%); availability of space (33.3%); availability of raw materials (19.5%). the major factors that determined location in sub-urban hotels are perceived increase in sales and profit (32.9%); and availability of space (32.9%). the major factors that determined location in highways hotel are perceived increase in sales and profit (25.2%); and availability of space (25.2%). access to competent staff was never part of the factors across all three locations. difference in level of patronage table 7: average number of customers per day location categories no. of customers per day remarks city center hotels 20 – 30 customers high sub-urban hotels less than 20 customers low highways hotels 20-25 customers moderate indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 71 responses on level of patronage in all the three location categories were grouped into three (3) using “20-30 customers/day; less than 20customers per day; and 20-25 customers per day” as shown in table 7. the result shows that city center hotels have an average of 20-30 customers daily; suburban have less than 20customers per day while highways hotels have 20-25 customers per day. based on these, it was concluded that the level of patronage in high in city-center hotels, low in suburban hotels, and moderate in highways hotels. figure 2: perceived ratings on level of patronage the levels of patronage as perceived by staff in the three categories of hotels are shown in figure 2. it was gathered that in city center hotel, the majority of the hotel staff (172(21.37%) perceive their level of patronage to be moderate; the majority perceived it to be low (177, (21.99%)) in sub-urban hotels and 163(20.25%) perceived it to be moderate in highways hotel. figure 5: weekly level of new customers indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 72 in most city center hotels as shown in figure 3, the level of a new customer on weekly basis is on a moderate level (172,21.37%); low in sub-urban hotels (177,21.99%), and it is mostly moderate in highways hotels on weekly basis (163,20.25%). figure 4: monthly level of new customers the situation is also the same on a monthly basis as shown in figure 4. in most city center hotels, the level of new customer on monthly basis is on a moderate level (172(, 21.37%)); low in suburban hotels (177, 21.99%); and it is mostly moderate in highways hotels on monthly basis. data gathered on staff level of satisfaction with their level of patronage are shown in figure 6. table 8: availability of daily sales and financial records location categories availability of daily sales and financial record keeping yes no city center hotels 268(100%) sub-urban hotels 265(100%) highways hotels 272(100%) total 805 as shown in table 8, all the hotels in the city center, sub-urban and highways hotel keep daily sales and financial records. the average daily income of the respective hotels was investigated subsequently. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 73 table 9: average daily income n=805 average daily income less than n50,000 n50,000 n100, 000 more than n100,000 location categories city center hotel 12 178 78 (1.5%) (22.1%) (9.7%) sub-urban hotels 90 175 0 (11.2%) (21.7%) (0.0%) highways hotels 109 163 0 (13.5%) (20.2%) (0.0%) as shown in table 9, 12(1.5%) of the hotels in the city center earn less than n 50,000 daily; 90(11.2%) earn the same in sub-urban, and 109(13.5%) of the hotels earn it in highways hotels. also, 178(22.1%) of the hotels in the city center have an average daily income between n50, 000 – n100, 000; 175(21.7%) earn the same in sub-urban and 163(20.2%) of the hotels earn it in highways hotels. across the three location categories of hotels in ilorin, only 78(9.7%) of hotels in the city center have daily income that is more than n100, 000. table 10: ratings on average daily income level of profitability n=805 ratings on average daily income level of profitability mean very low low undecided high very high location categories city center hotel 92 172 4 0 0 1.67 (11.4%) (21.4%) (0.5%) (0.0%) (0.0%) sub-urban hotels 13 70 98 24 60 3.18 (1.6%) (8.7%) (12.2%) (3.0%) (7.5%) highways hotels 0 109 162 1 0 2.60 (0.0%) (13.5%) (20.1%) (0.1%) (0.0%) data gathered on ratings on average daily income level of profitability from hotels in different locations in ilorin are shown in table 10. the mean value for city center hotels is 1.67, 3.18 for suburban hotels while 2.60 mean value is for highways hotel. the implication of this is that city center hotels mostly rated their average income level of profitability to be low while many of the hotels in sub-urban with 3.18 are skeptical about their income level of profitability. the situation seem to be the same in highways hotel in which more of the respondents are undecided about their level of profitability. hypotheses testing hypothesis 1: there is no significant difference in revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban, and highways in ilorin. table 11: correlation test between revenue generated by hotels in city center, sub-urban and highways correlations location categories revenue generate spearman's rho location categories correlation coefficient 1.000 .483** sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 n 805 805 revenue generated correlation coefficient .483** 1.000 sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 n 805 805 **. correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 74 table 11 shows the correlation test between revenue generated and location categories of hotels in ilorin. at 0.05 (2-tailed) significant level, the correlation test shows that there is a moderate positive (0.483) correlation between revenue generated and categories of hotels in different locations. this implies that revenue generated in all the hotel locations may grow at the same rate regardless of location. in other words, location is not a factor that really determines revenue generated by hotels. hence, the null hypothesis is rejected at p<0.05. hypothesis 2: there is no significant difference between the level of patronage by hotels located in the city centre, sub-urban, and highways in ilorin. table 12: correlation test between levels of patronage by hotels in different locations correlations category levels of patronage spearman's rho category correlation coefficient 1.000 -.033 sig. (2-tailed) 0.00 .048 n 805 805 levels of patronage correlation coefficient -.033 1.000 sig. (2-tailed) .048 0.00 n 805 805 correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). table 12 shows a correlation test between levels of patronage by hotels in different locations. the test shows that there is a weak negative correlation (-0.033) between levels of patronage and location categories of the hotel. this means that as the level of patronage in a particular location increases, the other location may decrease. in other words, a high level of patronage in city center hotels may not equate to high patronage in sub-urban and highway hotels. therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected (p<0.048). hypothesis 3: there is no significant difference in pricing among hotels located in city centre, sub-urban, and highways in ilorin. table 13: anova test of difference between pricing and hotel locations anova sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 68.526 2 34.263 138.433 .000 within groups 198.500 802 .248 total 267.026 804 table 13 shows anova test of the difference between pricing and hotel locations. the f statistic (138.33) and significance level (p<0.001) associated with pricing and location categories allows us to reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between pricing and location categories. this is because the f-ratio is higher than the table value which means that there is a statistical difference in pricing and hotel locations. in other words, pricing in hotel is a function of hotel location in ilorin, kwara state hypothesis 4: there is no significant difference between the pricing of services and revenue generated by hotels located in the city centre, sub-urban, and highways in ilorin. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 75 table 14: anova test of difference between pricing of services and revenue generated by hotels in different location anova sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 123.009 2 61.504 118.297 .000 within groups 416.972 802 .520 total 539.980 804 table 14 shows the anova test of the difference between pricing and hotel locations. the f statistic (118.297) and significance level (p<0.001) associated with pricing and revenue allows us to reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between pricing and revenue generated. this is because the f-ratio is higher than the table value which means that there is a statistical difference in pricing and revenue generated in different locations. in other words, there is a relationship between pricing and revenue in the three locations. hypothesis 5: there is no significant relationship between patronage of services and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin table 15: anova test of difference between patronage of service and revenue generated by hotels in different location anovaa model sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 21.353 1 21.353 95.591 .000b within groups 179.375 803 .223 total 200.728 804 table 15 shows the anova test of the difference between patronage of service and revenue generated. the f statistic (95.591) and significance level (p<0.001) associated with patronage and revenue allows us to reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between pricing and revenue generated. this is because the f-ratio is higher than the table value which means that there is a statistical difference in patronage and revenue generated in different locations. hypothesis 6:ho: there is no significant relationship between quality of services rendered and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin. table 16: regression analysis of quality of services rendered and revenue generated by hotels in different location anovaa model sum of squares df mean square f sig. 1 regression 463.935 9 51.548 114.764 .000b residual 357.088 795 .449 total 821.024 804 a. dependent variable: categories b. predictors: (constant) the results of the hypotheses tested shows that there is a significant difference in revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin (table 11); there is a significant difference between the level of patronage by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin (table 13); there is no significant difference in pricing among hotels located in city centre, suburban and highways in ilorin (table 14); there is significant difference between pricing of services indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 65-76 76 and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin (table 15). this is against the findings of kotler and keller (2006) that the prices at which a company offers its product have a direct relationship to the company’s revenue and not profit. it was also gathered that there is a significant relationship between patronage of services and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin (table 15), and that there is a significant relationship between quality of services rendered and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin. this implies that all the hypotheses were rejected (table 16). conclusion comparatively, there is a significant difference in revenue generated by hotels in a different location; there is a significant difference between the level of patronage by hotels in a different location; there is a significant difference in pricing among hotels in a different location; there is a significant difference between pricing of services and revenue generated by hotels in a different location; there is a significant relationship between patronage of services and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin; and that there is a significant relationship between quality of services rendered and revenue generated by hotels located in city centre, sub-urban and highways in ilorin. it is worthy to note here that revenue seems to be increasing as a result of patronage while the patrons seem to be patronizing the hotels in the city center, sub-urban, and highways because of the kind and quality of services that are being rendered in these locations. this study however concludes that revenue will increase if proper management of hotels is being ensured regardless of the hotel locations. there is a strong need for research that applies solid segmentation methods to rm practice. additional research is needed on how best to incorporate a large amount of data currently available on customer and market behavior into improved segmentation approaches. while there have been a variety of studies done on perceived fairness, framing, perceived unfairness and justice perceptions, additional and more in-depth studies on customer behavior will be valuable research in a revenue management context. research on how companies can use marketing science techniques to help allocate capacity to the most valuable customers would also be beneficial. references 1. choi, s & mattila, a (2003) hotel revenue management and its impact on customers perceptions of fairness. journal of revenue and pricing management, 2(4): pp 303-314 2. forgacs, g (2006) revenue management in challenging times. retrieved december from hotel online: http://www.hotel line.com/news/pr2002_3rd/jul02_gforgacs.ht ml. 3. lee, h. a., denizci g .b. and law. r. (2013) an examination of the relationship between online travel agents and hotels: a case study of choice hotels international and expedia.com,” cornell hospitality quarterly, 54(1): pp 95-107. 4. ng, i. and yip, n. k (2011) mechanism design in an integrated approach towards revenue management: the case of empress cruise lines,” the service industries journal, 31(3): 469-482. 5. phillips, r. l. pricing and revenue optimization, (1st ed.). stanford: stanford university press. 6. stanislav, i & vladimir v (2012) hotel revenue management: from theory to practice (verna: zangador publication 94p. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 229-236 229 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: page: 229 – 236 review on effects of sowing methods and types of inorganic fertilizers on growth yield and yield component of teff [eragrostis tef (zucc.) damte balcha gadana department of plant science, college of agricultural science, wolaita sodo university, ethiopia corresponding author: damte balcha gadana; email: balchadamte@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: growth, inorganic fertilizer, sowing methods, yield. received : 11 june 2021 revised : 21 october 2021 accepted : 25 october 2021 most farmers’ practices broadcast sowing methods and productivity is less. soil fertility maintenance is a major concern in tropical africa which needs to tackle soil fertility depletion as a fundamental constraint. similarly, the traditional way of planting tef reduces the amount of grain production, promotes competition for inputs, and causes severe lodging. this paper aimed to review the interaction effects between seed sowing methods and different types of inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of teff. in ethiopia, recent research indicates planting method (row planting and broadcasting) affects the yield and yield components of teff. the review indicates the yield components include heading and maturity, plant height, first growth rate, number of tiller and panicle, thousand seed weight, grain, straw, and total biomass yields and harvest index high in method of row sowing compared to broadcast in ethiopia but days to emergence and panicle length were more affected by broadcasting. in economical acceptance, row sowing was found to be economically acceptable with more income from grain yield than broadcasting. introduction tef [eragrostistef (zucc.) trotter] is an annual c4 grass that belongs to the family poaceae (kebedeet al., 1989). it is an indigenous cereal crop in ethiopia. ethiopia is the origin and the first domesticator of this unique crop (vavilov, 1951). it occupies about 2.7million hectares 27% of the grain crop area) of land which is more than any other major cereals such as maize 22.7%, sorghum 19%, and wheat 16% (csa, 2010). of the 82% gross grain production (about 17 million tonnes) contributed by cereals, tef constituted 19.9% during the main season of 2010/11 (csa, 2010). ethiopian farmers grow tef for several merits, which are mainly attributed to the socio-economic, cultural, and agronomic benefits (seyfu, 1993). tef has much or even more food value than the major grains such as wheat, barley, and maize. tef grain contains 14-15% proteins, 11-33 mg iron, 100-150 mg calcium, and is rich in potassium and phosphorus nutrients (national academy press, 1996). tef has got many prospects outside of ethiopia due to its gluten-freeness, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, animal feed, and erosion control quality. tef production has been increasing from year to year and so does its demand as the staple grain in both rural and urban areas of ethiopia (mitiku, 2008). although tef is found in almost all cereal growing areas of ethiopia, the major areas of production are shewa, gojam, gonder, wello, and wellega with central highlands of the country (doris piccinin, 2010). tef is predominantly cultivated on sandy-loam to black clay soils. moreover, tef withstands low moisture conditions and is often considered as a rescue crop that survives and grows well on residual soil moisture in the season when early planted crops (e.g. maize) fail due to low moisture. in addition, its ability to tolerate drainage problems makes it a preferred cereal by farmers and becomes a highly valued crop primarily grown for its grain that is used for making injera (abel, 2005). it is typically hand-broadcasted on the field and, in most cases, seeds are left uncovered. tef can produce a crop in a relatively indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:balchadamte@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 229-236 230 short growing season and will produce both grains for human food and fodder for cattle (seyfu, 1997). tef is relatively free of plant diseases when compared to other cereal crops. in ethiopia, in locations where humidity is high, rusts and head smuts are important diseases. about 22 fungi and 3 pathogenic nematodes have been identified on tef (bekele, 1985). teff seedlings are also susceptible to damping-off caused by drechslerapoae and helminthosporiumpoae (baudys) shoemaker when sown too early (ketema, 1987). insect pests of tef in ethiopia include wellobush cricket, decticoidesbrevipennis, red tef worm, mentaxyaignicollis, tef epilachna, and tef black beetle (stallknechet al., 1993). the objectives of the paper are to review the interaction effects between seed sowing methods and different types of inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of teff results and discussion importance of teff in ethiopia, tef has been predominantly grown as a cereal crop and not as a forage crop. however, when grown as a cereal, farmers highly value its straw as an invaluable and very important source of animal feed, especially during the dry season (seyfu, 1997). tef straw is also used to reinforce mud and plaster the walls of tukuls and local grain storage facilities called gotera (seyfu, 1997). tef serves as a cash crop because both its grains and straw fetch higher market prices than that of other cereals (seyfu, 1997; hailu et al., 2000). because of its wide ecological adaptation, hardiness, higher prices of both the grain and straw, and highly preferred quality for injera making, farmers give it high priority both as food and cash crop (seyfu, 1997). hailu and seyfu (2001) suggested that there is an increasing tendency for tef export from year to year to the middle east, north america, and europe mainly for ethiopian immigrants. limited cultivation for both grain and forage has also begun in the usa (asrat and frew, 2001). ecological requirements of teff tef is adapted to a wide range of environments and is presently cultivated under diverse agroclimatic conditions (minale et al., 2003). it can be grown from sea level up to 2800 m a.s.l, under various rainfall, temperature, and soil regimes (seyfu, 1997). however, according to experience gained so far from national yield trials conducted at different locations across the country, tef performs well at an altitude of 1800-2100 m a.s.l, annual rainfall of 750-850 mm, growing season rainfall of 450-550 mm, and a temperature range of 10°c27°c (seyfu,1997). a very good result can also be obtained at an altitude range of 1700-2200 m and growing season rainfall of 300 mm (seyfu, 1997). response of crops to sowing method broadcasting as one of the seed sowing methods, and in combination with reduced cultivation offers the advantage of being up to four times faster than conventional plowing and drilling and is of particular value for sowing large hectares of winter cereals (ball, 1996). grass seed fields may be seeded by broadcasting or in rows depending on the available equipment, moisture content, and species. henning and risner (1993) suggested seeding of orchardgrass can be made by broadcasting as the seeds are very small. broadcast method of planting is less expensive, uneven seeds distribution, high competition among plants at a certain area and no competition at all in other areas takes place in the field, no or less tillering, thin stalk, light, and short panicle length and less time taking (hunt, 1999). it also decreased in water use efficiency and fertilizer efficiency and difficulty of controlling weeds by inter cultivation. to avoid uneven stands, improve tillering, improve yield attributing parameters, reduce lodging and decrease competition among plants, row planting is preferred although it is tedious, time taking, and needs a qualified person (hunt, 1999). row planting will help in controlling weeds, especially mechanical control by inter cultivation and management of the crop and maintaining the optimum density of seedlings. row seeding of germinated seeds could also be done but it is practiced on a limited scale because of its costs and difficulty in obtaining implements (chatterje and maiti, 1985). ballock et.al.,(2002) indicated that wider spacing had a linearly increasing effect on the performance of individual plants as they draw more nutrients from surrounding and more solar radiation for a better photosynthetic process which inter produces more effective tiller numbers and longer panicle length per each tiller than dense once. according to mitiku (2008), there was a significant increase in yield components of tef with decreased seed rates from highest to lowest (35, 30, 25, 20, kgha-1). on the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 229-236 231 other hand, the lodging percentage of the crop was increased by increasing the seed rates. guitard et al, (1961) reported that an increase in seeding rate caused a linear increase in the number of plants per acre and a curvilinear decrease in the number of fertile heads in wheat, oat, and barley. they also reported that as there is an associated reduction in the number of kernels per head and thousand kernel weights, but the type of response varies with the crop nutrient requirement of tef the growth, development, and yield of cereal crops can be adversely affected when there is a deficiency or excessive supply of any of the essential elements and other toxic substances (hay and walker, 1992). soil productivity is also dependent on soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (tekalignet al., 1996). continuous cultivation of arable land without nutrient inputs results in degraded soils, accelerated soil erosion, depletion of soil nutrient reserves, reduced soil om content, deterioration of soil physical structure, and reduced crop productivity. the continuous removal of biomass (grain and crop residues) from cropland nutrient replenishment can rapidly deplete the soil nutrient reserves and jeopardize the sustainability of agricultural production (legesse, 2004). without adequate nitrogen nitrogen plays a central role in plant biochemistry being an essential constituent of the cell wall, a cytoplasmic protein, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, and other cell components (hay et al., 1992). as a result, deficiency in the supply of n has a profound effect on crop growth and development and can lead to a total loss of grain yield in extreme cases (miller and donahue, 1995). the nitrogen exerts its influence on crop growth in various ways. it promotes rapid growth and increases tiller production. high nitrogen rates stimulate root and leaf growth and thereby increase photosynthetic activity and growth (evans, 1993). nitrogen plays a predominant role among the soil nutrients in crop production (hay et al., 1992). the number of nutrients required to optimize or sustain crop production depends on the inherent capacity of the soil to supply adequate levels of nutrients to the growing plants, the yield potential of the crops, a variety grown, and the availability and cost of fertilizers (tilahun, 1994). among macronutrients, n is ranked first in limiting sustainable crop production (tisdale et al., 1993). in growing high yielder tef varieties, n deficiency limits production more often than any other factor (legesse, 2004). n helped the production of more straw while p ensured good grain production whereas k was found to have a minor effect on tef production (temesgen, 2001). excess n supply causes higher photosynthetic activity and vigorous vegetative growth which is disadvantageous early in the growing season when moisture limits plant growth, and is accompanied by weak stem. dark green color, low product quality, delay in maturity, increase in susceptibility to lodging, insect pests and diseases (especially fungal diseases), and build-up of nitrite which is harmful to foliage and straw feed are common effects of excess n application in tef (temesgen, 2001; legesse, 2004). grain and straw yield response of tef to increasing rates of n was highly significant on vertisols (aua, 1989). however, the yield obtained due to the application of the highest rate of n (92 kg/ha) was not significantly different from the yield obtained by applying 69 kg/ha (aua, 1989). high rates of fertilizers can be applied to tef at the time of sowing with the seeds on the bare land without any harm to the germination rates of tef seeds (alkamer, 1973). according to temesgen (2001), the application of different levels of n fertilizer affected grain, straw, and biomass yield significantly on farmer’s fields. as applied n rates increased, the grain uptake also increased which was also reflected in the plant height, yield, and yield components like panicle length, panicle weight, grain yield, straw yield, and biomass yield (legesse, 2004). the same author further stated that the straw n uptake was significantly increased as the applied n rate increased. similarly, the application of p fertilizer significantly affected straw n uptake though the increment was inconsistent. phosphorus phosphorus is the second most essential element for crop production to achieve maximum yields (legesse, 2004). a good supply of p has been associated with increased root growth and a stiff stalk to resist lodging (miller and donhue, 1995). although p is essential for photosynthesis and other physico-chemical processes in the plant, it indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 229-236 232 is deficient in most agricultural soils or where fixation limits its availability (fao, 2000). in cereal crops good p nutrition strengthens structural tissues such as straw or stalks, thus helping to prevent lodging (brady and weil, 2000). thus, sustainable crop production is impossible without the application of p fertilizers (sanchez et al., 1996). contrary to this, the application of p had shown a non-significant effect on crop phenology, growth, lodging percentage, and yield and yield components of tef on vertisols (legesse, 2004). soils containing large quantities of clay will fix more p than soils with low clay content. in other words, the more surface area exposed with a given type of clay, the greater the tendency to adsorb (tisdale et al., 1993). soils that are prone to strong phosphate fixation and adsorption to sesquioxides and clay minerals often require extremely high phosphate fertilizer application to alleviate the effects of fixation. in these strongly phosphate fixing soils, ph correction is also recommended, since phosphate adsorption is especially high at low ph levels. as the mobility of the p in the soil profile is comparatively low, the uptake of fertilizer p depends much on the root growth and morphology of the crop being considered. in most mineral soils mobility of p is rather low so that fertilizer p is scarcely leached in to the deeper soil layers (mengel and kirkby, 1996). according to legesse (2004), the total p uptake was significantly increased as the applied p rate increased but this increase was not reflected in an increase in growth, yield, and yield components at all. the same author reported that total p uptake was increased significantly due to the application of n, and maximum p uptake by tef was recorded due to 20 kg p/ha and 69 kg n/ha. therefore, to get optimum yield, a high amount of p application is needed to satisfy the fixing ability of the soil and increase yield (legesse, 2004). phosphorus application did not significantly affect panicle and grain weight, panicle length, plant height, harvest index, biomass, grain, and straw yield of tef (legesse, 2004). grain p content also showed an inconsistent trend with the increase in the application rate of p while the straw p remained almost the same (legesse, 2004). this could be due to the high ca-saturated clay content of the experimental soil under study, which might have made p fertilizer precipitate or adsorb as a result plants could not recover p fertilizer. potassium it is known that ethiopian soils are highly prone to erosion and leaching of essential elements like mg, s, and zn due to the high rainfall and undulating topography of most arable lands. but no fertilizer containing these elements is commonly used by ethiopian farmers to replace the losses due to leaching and crop removal. their role, however, is not less than n and p which are mostly applied to increase crop growth and development (amareet al., 2005). potassium plays more roles in a plant than any other nutrient (brady and weil, 2000). it does not become a direct part of plant structure, but acts to regulate water balance, nutrient, and sugar movement in plant tissue, plus drives starch and protein synthesis and legume nitrogen fixation. it is involved in enzyme activation in many important plant physiological processes and over 80 plant enzymes require k for their activation (brady and weil, 2000). many processes of plant physiology like maintenance of turgor during stress conditions, transpiration, production of high energy molecules, translocation of assimilates are mostly regulated by the presence of k+ in the plant tissue. thus, plant requirements for available k are quite high (tisdale et al., 1993). potassium is taken up by plants in its ionic (k+) form from soil solution by roots. the concentration of k+ in vegetative tissue usually ranges from 1-4% on a dry matter basis. k, unlike n, s, p, and other nutrients, it forms no coordinated compounds in the plant. instead, it exists solely as k+ ion, either in solution or bound to charges on organic radicals. as a result of its restricting ionic nature, k+ has got profound functions particularly related to the ionic strength of solutions within plant cells. the various functions of potassium lead to a wide array of symptoms when it is deficient such as slow growth, poorly developed root system, weak stems, and frequent lodging due to weak cell wall structure, lower yields, smaller and shriveled seed, more susceptibility to diseases, poor water use efficiency and poor n uptake. its deficiency may also cause the weakening of straw in grain crops, which causes lodging in small grains and stalk breakage in maize (tisdale et al., 1993). according to mulubrhan (2005), the application of k did not produce substatuber weight, total tuber yield, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 229-236 233 marketable tuber yield, and tuber yield per hill, but the interaction of k with n and p resulted in a significant difference in total tuber yield, total tuber yield per hill, average tuber yield of potato. however, the information is missing for potential effect. sulfur and magnesium sulfur is absorbed by plant roots exclusively in the form of sulfate (so4-2) and is an essential element for plant growth and the physiological functioning of plants. khurana and chatterjee (2002) stated that sulfur is the fourth important major nutrient after nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, as it is essential for the formation of proteins, being a constituent of amino acids and fatty acids. the sulfur requirement varies strongly between species and it may fluctuate during plant growth (haneklaus, 2007). a sulfur deficiency can change the concentration of proteins, resulting in increased dough strength in wheat, reducing spikelet initiation and /or floret, increased mortality of florets, and to a less extent reduced tillering and grain weight, and finally yield (haneklaus, 2007). the sulfur deficiency is most likely to occur in areas of high rainfall as it is prone to leaching as n and no use of organic fertilizers as the main source of sulfur (organic matter) (haneklaus, 2007). sulfur deficiency is caused due to low or no inputs of fertilizers, low organic matter level of the soils, and higher-yielding varieties that deplete the reserves of soil s. adequate supply of sulfur fertilizer improves the n use efficiency by reducing the n/s ratio, increasing the protein content of grains and increase yield as a whole (epstein, 1992). the chlorophyll development is much reduced when magnesium uptake is restricted because it is an integral part of the pigment. it maintains the dark-green color of leaves and regulates the uptake of other materials, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus and it appears to play an important role in the transport of phosphorus, particularly into the seeds and both its uptake and translocation is high at the low level of the soil k (40-50mg/kg of soil) (pilbeam and kirkyby, 1983). it is also said to promote the formation of oils and fats, possibly by increasing photosynthetic activity in the leaves. micronutrients as with any plant nutrient, many soil factors influence the availability of micronutrients to plants. among the most important factors are soil solution ph and organic matter (mortvedt, et al., 1991). the same author also states that micronutrients are equally important for plant growth and development as a macronutrient in spite of their quantity. though they are required in small quantity, a plant cannot complete its life cycle, does not set true fruit, in the deficiency of micronutrients (mortvedt, et al., 1991). zinc is absorbed by plants in the form of zn+2 and its deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient throughout the world (mortvedt, et al., 1991). zinc availability to plants is influenced by soil ph, organic matter, interactions with other nutrients, and climatic conditions (barber, 1994). zinc is an essential component of various enzyme systems for energy production, protein synthesis, and growth regulation. zinc deficiencies are mainly found on sandy soils low in organic matter and on organic soils (barber, 1994). zinc deficiencies occur more often during cold, wet spring weather and are related to reduced root growth and activity as well as lower microbial activity decreases zinc release from soil organic matter. zinc deficiency is expected to occur in areas of relatively high ph as its concentration in soil solution decreases threefolds per unit increase in ph. at high ph zn precipitates as insoluble amorphous soil zn, znfeo4, and znsio4 and liming acid soils will reduce uptake of zinc, which is related to the ph effect on zn solubility (barber, 1994). zinc is very important in increasing the size of leaf, stem, or stalk internodes, and promotes apical dominance which is directly related to the yield potential of cereal crops (epstein, 1992). nutrient interactions interactions occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution, or function of another nutrient. the result may induce deficiencies, toxicities, modified growth responses, and/or modified nutrient composition (robson and pitman, 1993). if two nutrients are limiting, or nearly limiting growth or composition (concentration) were adding only one of the nutrients has little effect while adding both gives a considerable effect, the effect is said to be a positive interaction. similarly, if adding the two together has less effect than when each is added separately, the effect is said to be negative interaction and when the same, no interaction (martin, 1993). nitrogen can increase p concentrations in plants by indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 229-236 234 increasing root growth, by increasing the ability of roots to absorb and translocation p, decreasing soil ph as the result of absorption of nh4+ and thus increasing the solubility of fertilizer p (miller, 1996). responses to both n and p are small at low levels of the other nutrients, but increase markedly for the combination of n and p at higher rates of n and p. nitrogen stimulated the uptake of p and vice versa. the synthesis of chlorophyll, uptake of n assimilation, and activity of nitrate reductase are strongly dependent on the sulfur content of the soil (epstein, 1992). mg regulates the uptake of other materials, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus and it appears to play an important role in the transport of phosphorus, particularly into the seeds (pilbeam, and kirkyby, 1983). generally the concentration of mg2+ in soil solution is higher than that of k+ but the uptake of mg2+ by root hairs is much lower than the uptake rate of k+ (epstein, 1992). the reason for this behavior is, cat ion competition may play a major role and mg2+ uptake can be seriously affected by access to other cation species, especially k+ and nh4+. this competition leads to mg deficiency in plants. the level of n nutrition required for optimum growth during the vegetative e period must be balanced by the presence of other plant nutrients in adequate amounts (cocucci and dallarosa, 1980). both uptake of nitrate and its assimilation into protein is also considerably influenced by the k status of the plant (cocucci and dallarosa, 1980). k is important for growth and elongation and has a synergistic effect with indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid. conclusion it is an indigenous cereal crop in ethiopia. ethiopia is the origin and the first domesticator of this unique crop. the time of dap application and sowing method varies from farmer to farmer. therefore, there is a need to determine the time of dap and sowing method recommendations for tef. generally accordingly, berhe (2009) recent development in teff ethiopian, the economic analysis indicated that row sowing had acceptable mrr (627.7%); and 6775.6 birr ha-1 more grain yield income than broadcasting tef. in ethiopia, teff has been predominantly grown as a cereal crop and not as a forage crop. however, when grown as a cereal, farmers highly value its straw as an invaluable and very important source of animal feed, especially during the dry season. continuous cultivation of arable land without nutrient inputs results in degraded soils, accelerated soil erosion, depletion of soil nutrient reserves, reduced soil om content, and deterioration of soil physical structure, and reduced crop productivity. however, it is advisable to undertake further research across soil type, years, and locations to draw sound recommendations on a wider scale. references 1. alkamer, j. 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(1996). cereal production with broadcast seed and reduced tillage review of recent experimental and farming experience. j. agri. eng. res., 35(2): 71-95. 6. ballock, a.w., a.m. soomro, m.a. javed. (2002). optimum plant density for high yield in rice (oryza sativa l.). asian journal of plant science. 1(1): 25-27. 7. barber, s.a. (1994). soil nutrient bioavailability: a mechanical approach. new york: john wiley and sons. 8. bekele, e. (1985). a review of research on diseases of barley, tef, and wheat in ethiopia, p. 79-108. in: t. abate (ed.). a review of crop protection research in ethiopia. proc. first ethiopian crop indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 229-236 235 prod.symp. dept. crop protection, inst. agr. res., addis ababa, ethiopia. 9. brady, n.c. and r.r. weil. (2000). the nature and properties of soils.13th ed. usa: person education ltd. 10. central statistic authority. 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(1993). soil fertility and fertilizer. 5th ed. macmillan, publishing company, usa. pp. 109-174. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 51 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.671 page: 51 – 60 development of biofertilizer from locally sourced materials mujahid umar yunus1, kiman silas1, ali l. yaumi1, bitrus highina kwaji1 1department of chemical engineering, university of maiduguri, nigeria corresponding author: kiman silas; email: silaskiman@unimaid.edu.ng a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: anaerobic digestion, biodigester, biofertilizer, co-digestion, microorganism. received : 20 september 2022 revised : 04 october 2022 accepted : 03 january 2023 the appropriate rationing of npk is a core problem in biofertilizer production. in this study, a 30-liter bench-scale anaerobic biodigester for biofertilizer production from solid waste was fabricated using galvanized steel sheet. about 4kg of chicken dung, 7.5 kg of wastewater treatment sludge, and 0.5 kg of banana peel are mixed, a total of 12kg, the substrate is then mixed with water in a ratio of 1:1. (w/w) 24 kg of the slurry is fed into the biodigester. the slurry is allowed to stay for 37 days at mesophilic temperature. the ph of the digestion is between 6-7, and the temperature is within the range of 25-34oc. the amount of total solid, moisture content, ash, and volatile matter of the feedstock after digestion decreases by about 31%,47%,67%, and 69%. moreover, an increase in the amount of nitrogen content from 0.3783% to 0.6420%, phosphorous from 0.1903% to 0.2983%, and potassium from 0.1876% to 0.3153% was also observed. after digestion the biofertilizer produced has an appropriate ratio of 2:1:1. for the kinetic study, the specific growth was found to be 0.0098hr-1. also, experimental data for microbial growth obtained from the study fitted the monod model. introduction environmental conservation has become more and more important in recent times, and most importantly, the utilization of waste as a wealth commodity for both human and environmental benefit. the availability of solid waste such as sludge from water treatment, banana peel, and chicken dung has a great role to play in sustainable development, energy production, bio-fertilizer, and biogas production, which is a very good approach to pollution control. however, bio-fertilizers are naturally pleasant fertilizers that avert damage to the natural origin, in addition, it aid to some degree in cleaning the soil from precipitated chemical fertilizers (raimi et al., 2021). while on the other hand, synthetic fertilizers affect soil fertility if used for a long time, influencing the health of humans. bio-fertilizer direct nutrient supplement inputs for plant growth which are in biological sources furthermore, the major types of bio-fertilizers are nitrogen fixing, phosphorus solubilization, potassium solubilization, zinc solubilization, and iron sequestration bio-fertilizers (kumar et al., 2018). moreover, it is a belief that the co-digestion of different substrates such as banana peels, plantain peels, chicken dung, sewage, and brewery sludge have produced a high yield of biofertilizer and methane by as much as 60% compared to that obtained from single substrates (olufunmi, 2014). various study has shown that solid waste from water treatment (sludge) and chicken dung can be used to produce bio-fertilizer(yunus et al.,2022). moreover, microbial biofertilizers can be developed by isolation of nitrogen fixers and potassium solubilizers from rhizosphere soil agricultural land(kumar et al., 2018). however, no attention has been given to the appropriate rationing of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (npk). also, a lack of thorough characterization of feedstock may lead to a poor understanding of the properties of the feedstock which can result in improper rationing of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (npk) biofertilizer. in this research, the objectives of the study are to: formulate the ratio of feedstocks (wastewater sludge, chicken dung, and banana peel) for the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:silaskiman@unimaid.edu.ng https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 52 production of appropriate ratio in the blend of npk and fabricate a bench-scale biodigester for the production of bio-fertilizer from solid waste. characterization of the bio-fertilizer using edxrf, proximate and ultimate analysis. study the growth kinetic of the microbes using the monod model. methods the study area maiduguri metropolitan area is the capital of borno state, located in north eastern nigeria. and its vicinities is known for its drought, with a semiarid climate, light annual rainfall of about 300 to 500 mm, and the average daily temperature ranging from 22 to 35°c, with the mean of the daily maximum temperature surpassing 40°c between march and june before the onset of the rains in july to september. raw materials collection and pre-treatment banana peels are collected from gamboru market, borno state nigeria. the banana peels are pre-treated separated from a non-biodegradable material and washed with distilled water to remove impurities. it was sundried for 72 hours, at room temperature, chicken dung was collected at the university of maiduguri, faculty of agriculture poultry farm, borno state nigeria. and wastewater treatment sludge is collected at maiduguri bottling company, borno state nigeria. biodigester fabrication consideration the biodigester operating volume is based on slurry input. the biodigester is made up of a digestion chamber, an inlet from the top, an outlet of the digestate from the bottom, and a manual stirrer that goes deep down the bioreactor, which speeds up fermentation and biogas production. the operating volume of the bio-digester (v0) is determined based on the total volume of the digester. the 2mm thick galvanized steel sheet was folded and welding was used to fabricate the digestion chamber, it was pressure tested before being used. it is painted black to aid the retention of heat within the wall of the digester. the site for installation of the bioreactor (university of maiduguri, borno state, nigeria), has a mesophilic temperature range. according to (onuoha et al., 2019), the mesophilic temperatures for anaerobic digestion ranges between 20 to 40°c with a digestion period of 20-40 days. in this study, the operating volume is chosen to be 80%. the operating volume is given by equation 1. = × rt = (m 3) 1 = ( ) 2 where vo is defined as the operating volume, sd is the substrate input, and vt total volume of the digester. the total volume is given by equation 3 since the hydraulic chamber is cylindrical. = h 3 substrate input is given by equation 4 = biomass (b) + water (w) = (m 3/ day) 4 the yield of bio-fertilizer produced was determined by equation 5 ×100 5 figure1. isometric view of biodigester the specification of the biodigester is given in table 1. table 1. specifications of a bench scale biodigester. parameter calculated parameter digester shape cylindrical basis of bio-digester design 24 kg/ batch of substrate mixing ratio 1:1 substrate input quantity (sd) 0.024m3 operating volume (v0) 0.024m 3 total volume of the 0.03m3 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 53 digester (vt) height of bio-digester (hd) 0.42m radius of the biodigester (rd) 0.15m digester diameter 0.3m characterization of the feedstock the feedstocks are characterized using energy dispersion x-ray fluorescence (edxrf) and the micro kjeldahl method energy dispersion x-ray fluorescence (edxrf) the feedstock compositions of the samples were carried out using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (edxrf). the sample was placed in a sample holder within the edxrf equipment and slanted towards an angle of 450o. the edxrf machine was closed and the window of the edxrf tube was opened via the shutter. the filament voltage was then fixed progressively to 40 kv and the current to 20 ma. a drift detector (silicon) was used to detect the secondary x-rays (x-ray detector) and to record the spectrum. then, the individual element was presented in percentages. kjeldahl method determination of total nitrogen from chicken dung, banana peel, and wastewater sludge was done using the automatic micro-kjeldhal method. digestion: 1.0g of the sample was weighed in triplicate, together with a blank, and set in digestion flasks. about 3.0g of copper catalyst mixture (96%) anhydrous sodium sulfate, 3.5% copper sulfate, and 0.5% selenium dioxide) were added to each of the flasks tailed by 20ml concentrated sulphuric acid. the mixture was heated on the micro-kjeldahl digestion unit at a temperature of 2500c for two hours. at non-stop pending until a clear solution is obtained. after cooling, the digest was filtered and then made up to 100ml with distilled water. 20 ml of the diluted digest was pipetted into distillation flasks and used in the distillation and titration. the total organic nitrogen was calculated using equation 6. %n = 6 where, ti = titre value, ne = mg nitrogen equivalent to molarity of acid, tvd = total volume to which digest was diluted, ms = mass of sample (g) and vd = volume of digest distilled, and n = t nitrogen. mixing ratio after the characterization of each feedstock, the composition of each element given in table 2 in percentage is converted to mg/kg. in chicken dung, 89680 mg/4kg of nitrogen, 17976 mg/4kg of phosphorous, and 30968 mg/4kg of potassium. similarly, in wastewater treatment sludge, 12 mg/7.5 kg of nitrogen, 27150 mg/7.5 kg phosphorous, and 353.25 mg/7.5 kg potassium. additionally, 1110 mg/0.5kg of banana peels, 557.6 mg/0.5kg phosphorous, and 13712mg/0.5 kg potassium. the total composition of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in 12kg is 90802 mg, 45683 mg, and 45033 mg. the 12 kg of the substrate is then mixed with water in an equal ratio of 1:1 (w/w) which gives a total of 24kg of the slurry. the new concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium is given as: 3783.64 mg/l nitrogen, 1876.385 mg/l phosphorous, and 1903.48 mg/l potassium. therefore, the equivalent of the above in percent is as follows: 0.378 % nitrogen, 0.1876% phosphorous, and 0.1903 % potassium. biofertilizer characterization similarly, the biofertilizer produce after digestion was characterized using edxrf, micro kjeldahl method, and proximate and ultimate analysis. proximate analysis the proximate analysis was conducted before and after digestion. the proximate analysis was conducted based on the procedure outlined in european standard en15148-2009. ultimate analysis the ultimate analysis is a quantification method that determined carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen. determination of carbon 1g of sample was weighed and subjected into a 500 ml conical flask and 10 ml of 1m k2cr2o7 solution was added and mixed well. concentrated h2so4 (20ml) was added and the flask with the content was twirled 3 times and let to stand for 30 minutes till the reaction attained completion. distilled water (200ml) was added into the flask to dilute the suspension, 10ml of 85% h3po4 and 1ml of diphenylamine indicator were added and back titrated with 0.5m ferrous ammonium sulphate indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 54 solution, till the color flashed from violet via blue to bright green as the endpoint. the volume of the ferrous ammonium sulphate was recorded. a similar procedure was carried out to obtain a blank titre value (i.e. without a sample). equation 7 is used to calculate carbon content. 2cr2o7 2+ 3c + 16h+ → 4c3+ + 8h2o + 3co2 the percentage (%) of total organic carbon in the sample was calculated thus, r= 7 where, w weight of sample v1 blank titre value v2 titre value of the sample mmorality of k2cr2o7 (here it is 1m) c correction factor (1.334) hydrogen and oxygen the hydrogen and oxygen are calculated as reported by (aliyu et al., 2020) using equation 8. hydrogen content (%) = [(0.036 fc) + 0.086 (vm –0.1 a) – (0.0035 m2) (1 – 0.02 m)] 8 where, fc =fixed carbon content (%), vm = percentage volatile matter (%) a = ash content (%) and m = moisture content (%). fixed carbon (%)=100-% of moisture content+% of ash+% of volatile matter. study of growth kinetics of microbes estimation of microbial population in the slurry was determined using colony forming unit (x), on nutrient agar. the bacterial concentration was determined according to (khan et al., 2021) by serial dilution using the pour method, the dilution is set by partying 1ml of the sample into 9ml of distilled water for the first dilution. then 1 ml of 1st dilution was taken and mixed with 9 ml of distilled water for 2nd dilution. equally, the same technique was applied to prepare the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 9th dilutions. nutrient agar is used as media for bacterial growth. it is prepared by taking 14g of the media agar and mixing thoroughly with 500 ml of deionized water. which is then autoclaved for 50 minutes at 121oc and 0.16mpa, 20ml of the mixture was poured into the petri dish. then, for the growth of microbes, 1 ml of each of the ninth dilutions prepared was spread evenly over the petri dishes and allowed to solidify, which is then placed in an incubator at 37oc for 24 h. this is done in triplicate for better accuracy. thus, the colony forming unit (x) is calculated using equation 9. 9 the monod equation is used to study the growth kinetic of microbes, monod equation is given by equatio10. µ = 10 where is the maximum growth rate, µ is the specific growth rate and x is cell concentration, and s is the substrate concentration. initial substrate concentration was determined using equation 11. 11 the substrate concentration was determined using experimental values of x using equation 12. = 12 where, is initial cell concentration, is s experimented and y is yield. y= 13 a predictive value of x known as was obtained using several guess to obtain the k value using excel solver by regression using equation 14. 14 where 15 the value of x predicted from equation 14 was used to obtain the value of s predicted. = 16 using the monod equation the value of as well as s was determined using equation 17. = = k ) 17 17 assuming k = and customizing equation 17 for sm as seen in equation 18. sm = ( ) 18 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 55 bacterial identification bacterial identification was carried out, using serial dilution on nutrient agar, macconkey agar, and eosin methylene blue agar. the individual colonies obtained were subjected to morphological, gram staining, and biochemical test. results and discussion feedstock characterization energy dispersion x-ray fluorescence (edxrf) and micro kjeldahl method were carried out on each of the three different feedstock (chicken dung, banana peel, and wastewater sludge) which gives the elemental composition of each sample. the elemental compositions are presented in table 2. table 2. edxrf and kjeldhal analysis of feedstocks chicken dung banana peel sludge element composition (%) element composition (%) element composition (%) fe 0.0811 fe 0.0196 fe 0.1028 cu 0.0005 cu 0.0001 cu 0.0004 ni 0.0004 ni 0.0019 ni 0.0490 zn 0.1223 zn 0.0086 zn 0.0004 al 0.0302 al 0.0016 al 0.0247 mg 0.0259 mg 0.0161 mg 0.0937 na 0.0271 na 0.0118 s 0.0413 s 0.1072 s 0.0490 p 0.3620 p 0.4494 p 0.1115 ca 0.2021 ca 0.5815 k 2.7424 k 0.0047 k 0.7742 ca 0.1948 mn 0.0014 mn 0.0062 mn 0.0206 rb 0.0004 rb 0.0077 pb 0.0840 sr 0.0005 si 1.2600 rb 0.0087 br 0.0054 chicken dung contains a high amount of nitrogen content of 2.24%, among all animals, faces chicken dung has high nutrient contents as reported by (amanullah et al., 2010). also, the banana peels contain high potassium content of 2.74% which is similar to (hassan et al., 2018). similarly, wastewater sludge contains high phosphorous content 0.362 % as reported by (shiba & ntuli, 2017). in their study akpan et al., (2019) nitrogen content in banana peel was found to increase by 98% after digestion. similarly, phosphorous content in the banana peel was found to increase by 45% after digestion, and potassium content was also found to increase by 62%. also, in a study conducted by alfa et al., (2014) the co-digestion of chicken dung and cow dung in a ratio of 1:1 the nitrogen content increased by 79% after digestion. therefore, as stated earlier, in this study, about 4kg of chicken dung, 7.5 kg of wastewater treatment sludge, and 0.5kg of banana peel were mixed with water in an equal ratio of 1:1 (w/w). the total nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium composition in the 24kg of slurry is 0.378%, 0.190%, and 0.188%. the nitrogen content is expected to increase by 70-80% as reported in the literature, similarly for the potassium and phosphorous. proximate analysis before and after digestion the proximate analysis is used in the analysis of biological materials. the component of proximate analysis includes moisture content, ash, and totally solid and volatile matter. the proximate analysis of the slurry before digestion and after digestion is given in table 3 below. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 56 table3. proximate analysis of slurry and the digestate component before digestion (%) after digestion (%) moisture content 69 .0 37 .0 ash content 12.00 4.00 total solid 26.60 18.0 volatile matter 16.0 5.00 the moisture content is the amount of water present in a sample. 69% accounted for the amount of moisture content before digestion and 37% after digestion is as a result of moisture content present in the wastewater treatment sludge and chicken dung. also, the decrease in moisture content is a result of vapor formation in the biodigester. the temperature of the digestion process is between 25 35oc, at this temperature, it is the belief that vaporization does take place, and the vapor formed is collected together with the biogas in form of moisture. in his study, menta (2020) found that the volatile matter and total solid content of the codigestion of banana peel and poultry dung before digestion in a mixed ratio of 25% banana peel and 75% poultry dung before digestion, the total solid was found to be 24.5% and 20.8 % volatile matter after digestion the total solid was found to be 17.4 % and the volatile matter to be 14.8 % the less decrease in the volatile matter and total solid as reported was as a result of high fiber present in the banana peel. in this study, the co-digestion of banana peel, wastewater sludge, and chicken dung. the banana peel content is only 0.5 kg of 24 kg of the slurry which is very less in the slurry, this means that the slurry contains less fiber which resulted in a high decrease in the amount of the volatile matter after digestion. also, the decrease recorded in the total solid and volatile matter after the digestion process is a consequence of the removal of organic carbon in form of methane (ch4) and carbon dioxide (co2). moreover, the decrease observed in the volatile matter and total solids (ts) after digestion is a result of the effectiveness of the system and the retention time (37 days) together with the level of nitrogen content in the poultry waste. this is similar to (okwu et al., 2020). additionally, the decrease in ash content shows that carbon is been consumed. ultimate analysis the ultimate analysis is a quantification method that gives information on carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen. table 4 shows the summary of the ultimate analysis. table 4. summary of ultimate analysis of digestate (biofertilizer). element composition (%) nitrogen 0.64 carbon 16.0 sulphur 0.28 hydrogen 2.10 oxygen 49.5 the carbon and nitrogen content of the biofertilizer after digestion was found to be 0.64% and 16%. with carbon to nitrogen ratio (c/n) of 25:1. which is within the acceptable range of 20-30 for biogas and biofertilizer production as a report by (kiewtniewska & j.tys, 2014; meegoda et al., 2018; owamah et al., 2014) nally, c/n ratio disturbs the production of methane (ch4) without having any effect on the production of carbon dioxide (co2), also, it does not affect the digestion process, the digestion process takes place at the greatest promising rates. while the 0.28 % sulfur content recorded after digestion, which is higher compared to the amount of sulfur present in the feedstocks might be a result of bond breakage and bond formation during the digestion process. moreover, the 2.10% hydrogen in the digestate might be a result of methane formation and the reduction in moisture content. biofertilizer characterization the biofertilizer produce after digestion is characterized using edxrf and the micro kjeldahl method. table 5 shows edxrf and kjeldahl analysis of the digestate. table 5. edxrf and micro kjeldahl analysis after digestion. element composition (%) fe 0.27271 cu 0.00046 ni 0.05510 zn 0.01595 al 0.08776 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 57 mg 0.14220 s 0.20820 p 0.29830 ca 0.20680 k 0.31530 mn 0.00785 n 0.6420 after digestion, the increase in the amount of nitrogen content from 0.378% to 0.642% is a result of organically bound nitrogen and organic matter present in banana peel, chicken dung, and wastewater treatment sludge similar to (akpan et al., 2019; alfa et al., 2014). also, the increase in phosphorous from 0.1903% to 0.298% and potassium from 0.1876% to 0.315% might be due to the large release of organically bonded phosphorous and potassium present in chicken dung, banana peel, and wastewater treatment sludge. additionally, the presence of microelements such as fe, cu, ni, zn, al, mg, and ca, these microelements are essential to plant nutrients needed in trace amounts. the biofertilizer yield was 87%. biogas production the product of anaerobic digestion of organic waste consists of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, moisture, digestate (biofertilizer), and biogas (hassan & abdulsalam, 2017). the volume of biogas produced during the digestion process is recorded daily. figure 2 shows the plot of biogas produces daily. figure 2. biogas volume agianst time biogas production is proportional to the microbial growth curve. in this study, the total volume of biogas produced by anaerobic codigestion of chicken dung, banana peel, and wastewater treatment sludge is 0.46 m3. the highest biogas production was obtained on the 20th day with a volume of 0.024 m3 at a temperature of 34 oc and a ph of 7.2. while the least volume of biogas was obtained on the 2nd day of the digestion. this is similar to studies by (ramalan, 2020). moreover, there was a significant increase in biogas production from the 7th day to the 20th day. this shows an exponential growth increase in methanogens. therefore, most literature report, that generally, biogas production increased from the beginning, and as the days progressed, it reached a peak value in a given time and may tend to decrease after maximum gas generation. this is due to the decrease in the microbial population. temperature and ph in biogas production the ph and temperature during the digestion process is within the optimum ph condition for anaerobic digestion between 6-7 at mesophilic temperature (20-40 oc) as reported by (abdulkarim et al., 2019; hamouda et al., 2016; hassan & abdulsalam, 2017; menta, 2020; onuoha et al., 2019). effect of ph the ph from the 2nd day to the 5th day is acidic, this is due to the activities of acidogenic bacteria (acid formers) that have the ability of degrading organic matter and produce volatile fatty acids this is similar to (eze, j. and onwuka, 2007). while the change in ph from acidic to neutral recorded from the sixth day is due to the conversion of volatile fatty acid produced by acid formers to methane by bacteria (methanogens), these bacteria are responsible for the production of methane. furthermore, a significant increase in biogas production was observed on day sixth day, this is similar to studies conducted by (eze, j. and onwuka, 2007; harikishan, s. and sung, 2003; okwu et al., 2020). moreover, the fluctuation in ph between 6 and 7.5 is a result of volatile fatty acid (vfa) concentration, and the ability of methanogens to convert them into methane. this is similar with studies conducted by (meegoda et al., 2018; menta, 2020). figure 3 shows the plot of ph against time (days). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 58 figure 3. the plot of ph against time (days). effect of temperature additionally, it is an established fact that temperature is one of the key vital parameters in the anaerobic digestion process. most methanogens are lively between 25-40 oc (mesophilic range) (onuoha et al., 2019). it was seen from figure 4, the temperature of the process is between the mesophilic range (20-40 oc), which is similar to (alfa et al., 2014; onuoha et al., 2019). therefore, the entire temperature of the process falls in within the mesophilic range. figure 4 shows a plot of temperature against time (days). moreover, it is common knowledge that chemical reactions occur faster at higher temperatures. as the temperature rises, molecules move faster and collide more vigorously, greatly increasing the likelihood of bond cleavages and rearrangements. figure 4. the plot of temperature against time (days) kinetic study of microbial growth a kinetic study of microbial growth was carried out using monod model figure 5 shows the plot of colony forming unit on nutrient agar against time and substrate concentration. figure 5. microbial growth curve and substrate concentration. the microorganism present in the biodigester follows the microbial growth curve as presented in figure 5. also, it was observed that there is no significant increase in microbial population from the first day to the third day (lag phase). as reported by (strigul et al., 2005) when microorganisms are subjected from one surrounding to another, they naturally observed a state of lag in growth before they begin to multiply. all over this time, the microorganisms transformed their physiological state to take advantage of their new surroundings and begin to multiply. in this study, the microorganism experiences a lag phase of three days. a significant increase in microbial population was observed from the 4th day to the 25th day (growth phase). also, a stationary phase for the bacteria was observed from the 27th day to the 33rd. a decrease in the population from the 30th day to the 37th day (death phase). it is also observed that the degradation of organic matter depends on the growth of microorganisms. for the substrate concentration, the substrate concentration is inverse of the microbial growth curve. that is, as the microbial population increases the substrate concentration decreases. this shows that the substrate is been consumed by the microorganism. monod model practices a precise proper approximation of the batch growth process when indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 51-60 59 describing microbial kinetics. therefore, since the monod model deals only with the growth phase, the value of µ obtained from the above equation and s is plotted which describes the monod plot. a plot of the growth phase against substrate obtained from the monod equation is described in figure 6. figure 6. plot of µ against s from the above plot the maximum growth rate of 0.0098 hr-1. which approximately conforms with the earlier assumption made that k = k is gotten as 0.01 by regression analysis. ks is the substrate utilization constant, mathematically equivalent to the substrate concentration. the specific growth rate of microorganisms decreases if the substrate concentration is decreased and vice versa. identification of bacteria the presence of gram-positive bacteria (bacillus) and gram-negative bacteria pseudomonas and clostridium were confirmed after digestion. the species of clostridum are reported to be nitrogen fixers while, species of pseudomonas and bacillus are phosphorous and potassium solubilizes this is by (hassan & abdulsalam, 2017). it is reported in the literature that these microorganisms contributed to the yield of biogas since biogas technologies have been found to commonly apply natural anaerobic consortia of microbes. conclusion a 30-liter bench scale anaerobic biodigester for biofertilizer production from solid waste (wastewater sludge, banana peels, and chicken dung) using a 2mm thick galvanized steel sheet. was used effectively for the production of biofertilizers. the feedstocks were characterized with edxrf and micro kjeldhahl method and also, the biofertilizer has an approximate npk ratio of 2:1:1 which can be compared with inorganic fertilizer (20:10: 10). moreover, after digestion the presence of microelements such as fe, cu, ni, zn, al, mg and ca and the species of clostridium, pseudomonas, and bacillus further testified the quality of the biofertilizer. the kinetic study of the microbial growth using the monod equation shows that the experimental data has fitted monod with a maximum growth rate of 0.0098 hr-1. therefore, this study shows that the appropriate ratio of biofertilizer can be obtained and at the same time biogas. moreover, biofertilizer and biogas production when generated in commercial quantity can provide an alternative source of sustainable energy, that can serve as a means of waste management and its disposal problems. the following are recommended: 1. possibilities of heating the biodigester using solar energy or radiation. 2. development of software for appropriate rationing of npk from waste/local sources. 3. applying nanotechnology additives to improve methanogenesis activity. references 1. 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(2022). a review of biofertilizer production: bioreactor, feedstocks and kinetics. 9(1), 39–49. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 22-30 22 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.682 page: 22 – 30 influence of networking on starts-up development in incubation hubs joe kumbirai karambakuwa1, mohamed sayeed bayat2 1durban university of technology, south africa 2university of fort hare, south africa corresponding author: joe kumbirai karambakuwa; email: 21856835@dut4life.ac.za a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: collaborations, entrepreneurs, networks, relationships, resources. received : 06 october 2022 revised : 17 february 2023 accepted : 19 february 2023 this study on the role of networking in entrepreneurial incubation hubs was aimed at validating the influence of networking on start-up development in harare, zimbabwe. the research targeted start-up founders that had gone through the process of incubation in harare. the study used a qualitative research method. a case study approach was then adopted in which the participants were purposively selected. an interviewing guide was used to gather data. the study involved three focus groups with a total of twenty-one start-up founders. the research established that start-ups tend to develop better through the infusion of ideas and experiences either through peer-to-peer or peer-to-coach or vice versa. networking in incubation hubs aided learning as incubates had the chance to learn among themselves. the interaction created lifelong learning exposure which proved to be effective in creating personal development. in conclusion, it was found that networking forms a fundamental basis for start-up business success as it provides the bedrock for collaborations and the sharing of ideas that aids in the development of startups. introduction networking is the lifeline of any start-up as it provides them with both tangible and intangible benefits. the creation of linkages that are mutually beneficial to the start-ups as well as the incubation hubs is essential. it is argued that the influence that social links play in idea development, the basis of the start-up and its success, is significant, given that people who engage in more social contacts are more likely to start enterprises (bhagavatula et al., 2010). this is based also on the concept that start-ups with a large network are open to more ideas and that idea creation in the early stages may be aided by the support of others. there is an argument that entrepreneur social networks may encourage an orientation toward new business ventures, which influences the individual's inclination to start a firm as a start-up flanked by other start-up entrepreneurs (baraldi et al., 2019). in practice, the influence of social ties on company ventures and idea production is frequently researched concerning incubation hubs. starting a new entrepreneurial venture and navigating through the various possibilities and difficulties that arise along the process can be difficult. networking connections provide ideas, expertise, and materials, as well as customers, suppliers, collaboration partners, and competition. however, they represent both possibilities and threats for any start-up (baraldi et al, 2019). in truth, no enterprise operates in a vacuum; rather, it requires several ties to originate, develop and sustain its business. in the same vein, a start-up cannot operate in isolation: it must make and exploit network linkages to thrive and grow. these linkages provide vital life support during its infancy and remain critical throughout the business’s life cycle. these networks enable the exchange of information about emerging markets, breakthroughs, and opportunities in a local area and help young businesses gain the formalized and nonformal skills necessary to be high-tech entrepreneurs (stam and spigel, 2017). entrepreneurs must therefore understand and embrace digitalization to assist business growth indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:21856835@dut4life.ac.za https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 22-30 23 (muzanenhamo and rankhumise, 2022). entrepreneurial and business connections make information transfer easier, enabling the effective allocation of labor, resources, and expertise. these relationships can be examined from a range of viewpoints, such as network structure, enterprise interconnectedness for the generation of new values, and the percentage of venture businesses working together through innovations in a particular region (stam and van de ven, 2019). a lack of appropriate networking may lead to a loss at the very initial stages of the new enterprise and a prospective entrepreneur may struggle to make appropriate and useful contacts since the enterprise’s potential, needs, and specifications are not known (salamzadeh et al., 2017). salamzadeh et al. (2017) further asserted that the entrepreneur may spend time on meaningless networking events, while proper networking may allow the intended person or entrepreneur to reach the market and verify the effectiveness of the idea or concept. having a strong network is crucial for the development of entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial skills. new start-ups that lack networking expertise prefer to use short-term orientation, do not participate in network-enhancing acts, or pursue operational advantages from their networks to reduce technical and start-up unknowns. on the other hand, new start-ups with good networks are driven by a long-term orientation as well as the network-enhancing act (zheng et al, 2020). james (2018) opined that networking is effective in a wide variety of respects because not only can new business owners be inspired and energized after going to special events or gatherings but they can also be alerted to the many excellent open doors for their companies. the role of networking in supporting entrepreneurial ecosystems in start-up growth is therefore vital if they are to develop successfully. a social network is a broad term for a collection of nodes or actors linked by social ties that connect people or businesses. how social actors build and use their connections to gain access to other social actors' resources and capabilities demonstrates the extent of sociocultural capital (pillai and ahamat, 2018). social capital relates to resources that can be seen as tangible or intangible and are only accessible via social interactions. these assets include information, concepts, and interpersonal support. the central meaning of social capital is based on the complex aspects of interpersonal relations and their outcomes and it is based on linkages that have varying degrees of interconnectivity, complexity, and range. the network approach recognizes the importance of both vertical and horizontal links between individuals, as well as relationships within and among community organizations and businesses (pillai and ahamat, 2018). social capital often accumulates as a result of specific cultural features in the area, and the level of confidence, beliefs, and conventions in a given area may support the formation of social capital as well as the creation of newer entities (nicotra et al, 2018). interactions of intermediaries within and between ecosystems are commonly studied using the social network theory (hayter 2016). according to hayter (2016), the social capital to which network connections are linked makes it possible for companies to access the technical, human, and financial resources required for spin-off growth and performance. related ventures and angel investors are more inclined to partake in spinoffs they know or have been linked to by credible sources or shared network relations in which they have confidence. theodoraki et al. (2018) distinguished expertise and business ecosystems as initiatives that help them connect to establish locally viable ecosystems. as a result, networks become critical for creating a competitive advantage in both expertise and business ecosystems. academia plays an important role in knowledge ecosystems by promoting technology transfer. in its social context, network theory recognizes three network dimensions in the entrepreneurship domain, namely, structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions each of which contributes to the activities of an ecosystem in its own right but works collaboratively to improve the ecosystem’s overall efficiency and sustainability (theodoraki et al., 2018). each dimension is discussed in detail below. the structural dimension, according to rodrigo-alarcón et al. (2018) refers to the firm’s network of connections which includes the social interactions that are generated in the network while at the same time concentrating on the resources of the social system and network of interactions. the structural component is concerned with social indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 22-30 24 structure resources, which include various kinds of social organizations that comprise the society. in addition to boosting the possibility for trade, structural social capital enhances access to many parties for knowledge sharing and transmission (claridge, 2018). examples of such resources include ecosystem ties, ecosystem configurations, and ecosystem stability (theodoraki et al., 2018). claridge (2018) notes that a kind of social capital known as cognitive social capital links resources that enable persons to share common representations, meanings, and understanding systems. a higher level of cognitive social capital facilitates a shared awareness of how to communicate, allowing network actors to avoid possible misunderstandings in communications. as a result, the higher the norms, goals, and shared culture, the more likely actors are to perceive valuable information and expertise and become innovative (rodrigo-alarcón et al. 2018). when it comes to mutual reality representations, the cognitive component is intangible. cognitive social capital frequently manifests itself in the usage of distinctive jargon and codes. for instance, some terminology used within an enterprise could be distinctive yet have little meaning outside the company (claridge, 2018). cognitive social capital helps firms to comprehend outside information properly and eliminates misunderstandings. all this is attributed to common norms, priorities, and culture amongst factors. this boosts the firm’s entrepreneurial orientation by encouraging activities like innovation and imagination as well as the propensity to be first to market with new ideas or goods and a positioning that maximizes the possibility of capitalizing on future opportunities (rodrigo-alarcón et al. 2018). the substance and constancy of connections that have developed through time are called social capital (claridge, 2018) and manifest themselves in behavioral characteristics like trustworthiness, common group norms, responsibilities, and identity. relational social capital defines interpersonal trust, common norms, and identity with other people as well as the essence or consistency of networks or associations. rodrigo-alarcón et al. (2018) observed that when businesses trust each other, monitoring costs are minimized, allowing more time and resources to be spent on other things like creativity. therefore, relational social capital encourages innovation, learning, and imagination as well as the dissemination of new information that can enhance proactiveness when combined with prior knowledge. some actors will be able to gain access to new knowledge and perceive entrepreneurial opportunities as well as resolve structural barriers in the entrepreneurial process and acquire access to important sources of critical information (theodoraki et al., 2018). other aspects of the relational dimension include norms, obligations, and identity. focusing on a structural dimension may strengthen resource accessibility and the ecosystem's optimal design, while concentrating on a cognitive dimension may strengthen relationships between ecosystem users. finally, concentrating on a relational dimension can enable ecosystem participants to retain interconnectedness, trust, and purposeful involvement (theodoraki et al., 2018). social network theory served as the foundation for this study's theoretical framework. start-ups benefit from development initiatives because they assist them in forming support networks. the intricate ties developed between actors enable technical innovation and growth, consequently boosting the development process (mahmood et al., 2019). the insight that comes with social network connections is extremely valuable to start-ups (steiber 2020). the backing of the network is highly valued by start-up firms. the start-up’s success is aided by the perspectives and advice of internal and external connections (chen et al., 2017). external network alliances may assist startups in better responding to the market and achieving comparable economic benefits and advantages for start-ups (karambakuwa and bayat, 2022). networking is critical during incubation as it helps in the cross-pollination of ideas. carvalho et al., (2018) noted that the networking process helps incubators to strengthen the network of start-ups; for example, by offering referrals or coordinating networking events (van rijnsoever et al., 2017). growth and development are driven by a close and economically rewarding working partnership between an incubator and the business (olkiewicz et al. 2019). in their study of entrepreneurs under a mentorship program hammoudeh and benedek, (2019) found that workspace sharing, mentoring and networking were the main factors for start-up ventures’ success in jordan. they found that indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 22-30 25 entrepreneur networking provided several opportunities, and it was through networking that they would eventually gain clients, team members, and even investors. therefore the purpose of this study is to validate the influence of networking on start-up development. methods the study employed the qualitative research methodology. a qualitative technique can connect with individuals who do not often cooperate with the research, such as start-up enterprises at incubation centers. incubated start-up firms in harare were the study's target group. respondents in the study were carefully chosen among start-ups that had undergone incubation, which is why the non-probability sampling technique was utilized to collect data. data was gathered from the respondents through focus groups. the research used three focus groups selected from the databases of all start-ups that would have been through the incubation process. each focus group had between six and eight participants from post-incubation startups based in harare. mishra (2016) and plummer (2017) agreed that a focus group of six to eight participants excluding the researcher is ideal although focus groups can comprise as few as three and as many as 12 respondents. the study's primary research tool was the interview guide. during focus group interviews, more questions may be posed as prods or probes to elicit clarification. nvivo was used for data analysis. data analysis helps the researcher to move from simply discussing the phenomenon to conceptualizing and abstracting themes based on the voice of the respondents (ravindran, 2019). results and discussion the nvivo software was used to analyze data. the findings focused on networking in incubation hubs, the benefits, and how networking help to improve processes and learning. networking networking was seen as a factor that eases the whole process thereby making the system work seamlessly. as start-ups network, they tend to develop better through the infusion of ideas and experiences. networking in incubation hubs aided learning as incubates had the chance to learn among themselves. the interaction provided a lifelong learning opportunity which proved to be effective in creating personal development throughout their careers. collaborations can only succeed once startups start to network. the findings from the study are discussed in detail below. networking with start-up peers this sub-theme looks at the importance of networking with start-up peers. networking with start-up peers was seen as important and informed by the following critical factors. sharing ideas and opportunities was the most highly ranked factor. networking promoted sharing of business ideas and opportunities. people were able to brainstorm ideas and identify opportunities for each other. resources could also be shared, and this could lead to the saving of money. this is backed by the responses shown below. focus group 1 we were able to meet others with whom we still share opportunities. networking has helped us to come up with new business ideas and innovations. this has helped us to find new opportunities and get new markets through others. we now market each other’s products. networking started when we were at the hub, but it has gone beyond that as we have now continued to meet and share business notes. during the training, we met individual start-ups who had already gone past the incubation process, and we are now in production. they would socialize with us on how they were faring in business and would give us advice on how to succeed in our start-ups. focus group 2 networks help you to know where to get the resources that you need for your business. focus group 3 it has helped me to save money and money as well. i have saved money because there are certain opportunities that i am getting without paying for them and am now getting a lot of business through my networks. the creation and success of start-ups rely heavily on networks and entrenched social capital. in entrepreneurial networks, three favorable forms of social capital, including historical links, similar aims, and facilitated networking, tend to promote the creation of tech start-ups (scillitoe 2019). providing network help to entrepreneurs to overcome challenging hurdles was determined to be the most common form of assistance activity. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 22-30 26 according to haneberg and aaboen (2020), networking helps start-up businesses avoid major technological hurdles, and external players are vital to the incubation process’s efficacy. collaboration and relationship-building were seen as important parts of networking. collaboration fosters innovations, ideas, and solutions. it can also facilitate team-based relationships. this is reinforced by the following reactions from the focus groups. focus group 1 it helped me with the skill of collaboration, that is, working together with others to achieve more in a win-win situation. we did networking through meetings, conferences, expositions, and virtual interactions through social networks. i was able to interact with international exhibitors. some of us have been able to collaborate and come up with newer innovations. we now use social media platforms to interact. focus group 3 networking provides start-ups with a platform for collaborations even though you can still be committed to your start-up. we have managed to get a connection from the hub, and some mentored us. being in an environment where we had others who shared the same vision as us, we were able to do collaborations and got market and business connections. some of the companies we did not know have been uncovered to us through networking. networking has also helped us to keep relationships with various presenters open and we have managed to keep in touch to date. sentiments of the respondents were shared by akanle and abraham (2017) who stated that sufficient support for incubation centers should be offered by the commercial and governmental sectors through collaborations to enhance space synergy and boost productivity. networking and linkages may minimize the unpredictability of engagement and increase collaboration among startup ventures due to local mindset, a system of production, and start-up center policies (zhu et al. 2021). collaboration positively influences the development of start-ups. hubs must be managed through collaborative and competitive initiatives because they are important to their growth (ogonda, 2020). collaborations are important in the development of new products. no start-up can be entirely self-sufficient, and these synergies will help start-up ventures to grow big by pooling resources together. networking could promote the development and sale of products between start-ups. this was through joint marketing and the sale of products. it also promotes the diversification of products as highlighted below. focus group 1 we would network among ourselves and even go to business meetings together. through networking, we were able to demonstrate and market our products with the support of the incubation center. i did poly-ethylene terephthalate (pet) bottle manufacturing and would always work hand-in-hand with those doing water purification at the hub. i also had the chance to learn about soymilk production through networking with a business that i felt was also good for me. through networking we met individuals who could help us in marketing our products, the exposure gave us insights into the potential of what was learned at the hub and the opportunities that were there which not known. networking has helped me in marketing my products. in my case, we assist each other in marketing each other’s products. we have been able to know other incubates better and we share whatever opportunity comes in terms of business. focus group 2 networking has helped me to get new ideas to better my products and even got suggestions on how to better my products. we would market each other’s products, and this has improved our reach as we now have so many marketers out there. focus group 3 through networking, i have been able to learn that i can improve my business through the segmentation of the products, and i now have packages. being able to make more money is critical. networking helps in creating a better service for your customers. one can give value to customers through superior products and services. according to shafiei and modarres (2020), network marketing is an important concept that relies on the expansion of a range of distribution channels. respondents noted that they used their peers to market their products which provided them with a wider sales network as well as access to the market. the product must, however, be marketable. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 22-30 27 when people come together to network, solutions to problems can be found. one can learn from others how to do certain things or to find a way around problems. this is noted in the responses below. focus group 2 networking has helped us to be successful in developing solutions to the challenges that we would face, something that i could not do on my own before enrolment at the hub. networking is very critical in start-up businesses. this helps you in that you know people who know certain things that you do not know. focus group 3 i am into the design, and i have designed several websites which is functional product. so as people access the website, they may get interested in it, and this has improved my business. networking helped me to get different ideas on certain aspects that i wanted to know, and the results were amazing. through networking, you will get a lot of business insights and it opens and corrects your business model. i had the opportunity to know about intellectual property rights through networking. i did not have many skills in information technology and online networking helped me to link up with other people. i was able to link up with others outside the country and with data we were able to work from home. with my team, we were able to brainstorm, throw questions and get answers at the same time. accordingly, klaasa and thawesaengskulthai (2018) agreed that partnership networks are critical for linking the start-up to its internal and external networks, allowing for the exchange of ideas and discussions about collaboration or investment with people like alumni, industry experts, and marketers. successful teams, according to research, must have complementary skill sets and a variety of methods to boost creativity (kalyanasundaram, 2018). when a group lacks diverse viewpoints, determining an optimal market fit is challenging. prospective customers came through referrals. referrals create links and connections in the business that help start-ups to grow and act as a strong recommendation to a prospective customer; hence, business thrives in that way as expressed below. focus group 1 once i identify an opportunity, i can refer someone to a fellow incubated and we normally use calls, meetings, and of late group chats through platforms like whatsapp and zoom. focus group 2 through networking, we would get new business, get new customers through referrals, and myself referring certain customers to my peers. focus group 3 at the hub we would also collaborate, find connections and at times we would get referrals coming from those that were with us for business or opportunities. networking helped me to get clients. i was able to get customers, and some would come as referrals. the views shared above were supported by kaul (2021) who noted that when it comes to marketing a start-up, having similar experience and knowledge may assist since it improves communication. incubatees would assist each other to find business in their network. this collaboration played a critical role in getting new business opportunities. people could also share past experiences, which is good for start-ups in enhancing their business skills. start-ups learn a lot through such interaction. focus group 2 knowing my peers at the hubs was most critical as we would share even past experiences. conferences and platforms became strong platforms for networking and knowledge exchange. focus group 1 there is one entrepreneurship conference that i attended, and i think it provided me with the best platform to network. it is called the zimbabwe entrepreneurship economic conference (zeec) and it is done annually but because of covid-19 lockdowns, the conference has not been held since 2019. focus group 2 there are certain opportunities, meetings or forums, and expos that we learn through networking with my peers. networking with peers allowed people to work together on projects and connect with like-minded people or people with similar interests. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 22-30 28 focus group 1 networking has made us more of a singlefamily where we have accepted each other, and we are working together. focus group 2 we could communicate with others who shared our views. at the hub, we would network among ourselves by discussing our businesses and i feel that was important because this was done in an environment that was free and open. focus group 3 the informal meeting created good platforms for networking. we were able to understand each other informally in an environment that was open and suitable for discussions. networking also allowed participants to streamline business processes and determine what could be improved or outsourced. focus group 3 networking improves business processes and i now know people who can do certain things. i can outsource certain processes from my networks in the hub knowing very well the product and expertise they possess and that way it helps to build valuable products. networking allowed people to tap into each other’s competencies and expertise. it helped us to organize ourselves as incubators as we could share a lot. some of us wanted to form new companies, tapping into our areas of expertise. networking built confidence by allowing thoughts to be shared with peers first. focus group 2 networking improved my confidence in doing business as i was no longer shy to share my thoughts with my peers. networking also allowed one to see things differently through the eyes of peers. focus group 2 your peers help you to see certain things differently as they tell you to improve on certain things that you take for granted but are very useful. my mind was stimulated to view certain things differently because of the discussions we made with my peers. a start-up may not know how to contact each network such as where to source funding or which technology may help them realize their vision and, as a result, the start-up incubator should serve as a network hub where start-up entrepreneurs connect with the right people (klaasa and thawesaengskulthai, 2018). each entrepreneur needs unique incubation services such as training, coaching, networking, and advice which are then provided by the hub to improve entrepreneurs’ business processes. conclusion understanding the value of networking in incubation hubs was made possible by the research. it was found that through networking, start-ups were able to leverage relationships for the success of the business. networking provided a range of opportunities that could not be accessed without the assistance of others. meeting like-minded start-ups created an environment that enhanced communication and boosted the confidence of the incubates. it is critical to note that the sharing of ideas among peers was found to be fundamental in the sense that it broadened the understanding that peers had on certain issues. it can safely be concluded that incubation hubs should create time slots that allow incubates to share and interact as this proved to be useful in the success of the incubation programs. references 1. akanle, o., & abraham, o. 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(2021). application of the fuzzy optimal model in the selection of the startup hub. discrete dynamics in nature and society. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ddns/2021/6 672178/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 177-186 177 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.174 page: 177 – 186 daniellia oliveri leaf extracts as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives in broiler chicken diets: meat quality and fatty acid composition john alagbe department of animal science, university of abuja, nigeria corresponding author: john alagbe; email: demsonfarms@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: broiler chicks, daniellia oliveri leaf, fatty acid, treatments. received : 04 march 2021 revised : 15 october 2021 accepted : 18 october 2021 the objective of the study was to examine the effect of feeding different levels of daniellia oliveri leaf extract (dofe) on the meat quality and fatty acid composition of broiler chicks. a total of 375 one –day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments of seventy-five birds per group; each group was further divided into 5 replicates consisting of 15 chicks each. the dietary treatments include a control diet-fed 1.25 g/litre oxytetracycline (t1), t2, t3, t4 and t5 were fed dofe at 20 ml, 40ml, 60ml and 80 ml/liter respectively. the basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of birds according to nrc (1994), feed and water were given ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 56 days. result obtained showed that daniellia oliveri leaf contained dry matter (89.11%), crude protein (18.95%), crude fiber (13.11%), ether extract (4.78%), ash (6.10%), neutral detergent fibre (28.10%), and acid detergent fiber (47.50%). significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the proximate composition of the breast meat. total saturated fatty acid (tsfa), total unsaturated fatty acid (tufa), and omega6/omega -3 ratio (n-6: n-3) values were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dofe. birds in t5 had the highest tufa value of 77.87% followed by t4 (72.45%), t3 (66.43%), t2 (61.94%), and t1 (41.47%) respectively. while t1 (44.71%) had the highest value of tsfa (p<0.05) relative to other treatments. the atherogenic index was significantly (p<0.05) different among the treatments, the value increases as the level of dofe increased. it was concluded that feeding dofe to birds at 80 ml/liter highly influenced the composition of fatty acid and meat quality of animals without any negative effect on their general performance. introduction the huge increase in poultry production to meet growing demand in the world has led to the rise in antibiotic use, leading to a worrying increase in cases of antibiotic resistance diagnosed in animals and humans via direct contact, environmental contamination, and feed consumption causing high cases in various ailments including cancer (alagbe, 2020). poultry meat is an excellent source of high protein, essential vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (muhammad et al., 2015; akintayo and alagbe, 2020; oluwafemi et al., 2020). consumption of antibiotics contaminated animal products is injurious to health while multiplications of antibiotic resistance pose a great threat and danger to the livestock industry, particularly poultry production and venture in nigeria (oluwafemi et al., 2020; samarasinghe and wenk, 2002; ahsan et al., 2018). it thus becomes imperative to find cheap, readily available alternatives to antibiotics feed additives in poultry diets. among the potential alternative is the use of medicinal plants. daniellia oliveri (rolfe) is an evergreen uncultivated copiously available tree, particularly in the savannah zone of nigeria (olafadehan and okunade, 2018; olafadehan et al., 2020). the plant belongs to the family caesalpiniaceae and the tree can grow up to 48 m with leaves deciduous to torch (uzama and bwai, 2012). scientific studies have revealed that the roots, stems, and leaves demonstrated a considerable antimicrobial (jimoh indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:demsonfarms@yahoo.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 177-186 178 and oladiji, 2005), anti-inflammatory (oyegade et al., 1999; muanda et al., 2011), cytotoxic (topcu et al., 1993; alagbe et al., 2018), antihyperglycaemic (iwueke and nwodo, 2008), antioxidant (ahmadu et al., 2004), anti-diarrheal (ahmadu et al., 2007), immunostimulatory (lamy et al., 2010), hepatoprotective (olatunji, 2000; alagbe et al., 2017) and miracicidal activities (arnao et al., 1998; musa et al., 2020). the plant parts contain various phytochemicals (tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, alakloids, terpenoids, glycosides), minerals, amino acids, and vitamins and they can be traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, typhoid, skin diseases, gastro intestinal infections, urinary infections and toothache (alagbe et al., 2020; onwukaeme et al., 1999; musa et al., 2000). in view of these abundant potentials, the use of daniellia oliveri leaf extract will promote food safety. therefore this study was carried out to examine the effects of daniellia oliveri leaf extracts as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives in broiler chicken diets: meat quality and fatty acid composition. methods the experiment was carried out at the university of abuja teaching and research farm, gwagwalada, nigeria. mature leaves of daniellia oliveri leaves were collected from different plants within the university premises; it was authenticated at the herbarium of the department of crop science, university of abuja, nigeria, with a voucher number cs – 012 d. the leaves were washed and allowed to dry under shade until a constant weight was obtained and made into a powder using a panasonic electric blender model (aa-7301a) and stored in a well-labeled air-tight container. 200 g of the sample was soaked in 1000 ml of ethyl alcohol (80 % bdh), the mixture was agitated using an electric blender, poured in a container, and then kept in the refrigerator at 4oc for 48 hours, sieved with what man no 1 filter paper to obtain daniellia oliveri leaf extracts (dofe). animals and their management three hundred and seventy-five one-day-old (ross 308) broiler chicks of mixed sex were used for the experiment. the birds were purchased from a commercial hatchery in ibadan, oyo state, nigeria, and weighed on arrival on the farm to obtain their initial body weight and thereafter weekly. a deep litter housing system was used, it was fumigated two weeks before the commencement of the study, and the surrounding environment was also cleaned daily to ensure proper hygiene. birds were divided into five treatments with five replicates of fifteen (15) birds in a completely randomized design. electric brooders were used and wood shavings serve as the litter material. vaccines were administered according to the prevailing disease condition in the environment and all other management practices were strictly adhered to throughout the experiment which lasted for 56 days. ration formulation three (3) basal diets were formulated at different stages of production to meet up the requirements of birds according to nrc (1994). broiler starter’s mash (0-21 days), growers mash (22-35 days), and finishers mash (36-56 days). treatment 1: basal diet + oxytetracycline 2.5 g/litre treatment 2: basal diet + 20 ml/liter dofe /liter of water treatment 3: basal diet + 40 ml/liter dofe /liter of water treatment 4: basal diet + 60 ml/liter dofe /liter of water treatment 5: basal diet + 80 ml/liter dofe /liter of water measurements proximate compositions of experiment diet and meat (breast and thigh) were determined by using the official method of analysis by aoac (2000). weight gain (g) = final weight (fw) – initial weight (iw) feed intake (g) = amount of feed consumed – remaining feed fatty acid analysis at the end of the experiment, five birds were randomly selected from each treatment for fatty acid analysis (fa). meat lipids (breast) from freezedried; grounded samples were extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v; folch et al. (1957) with slight modification as described by elshater et al. (2009). after extraction, fas in the residual fat were esterified, using acid and base-catalyzed methods as described by elshater et al. (2009). fatty acid methyl esters (fames) analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 177-186 179 spectrometry (gc–ms; mussek-qm2010 plus, china) equipped with an electron impact (ei) detector. separations of fas were carried out on capillary column model 7009 a, punjab technologies, india (30m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm) using helium as carrier gas. the column temperature was held at 50°c for 1 min, and then the temperature was raised up to 150°c at the rate of 15°c per min. the temperature was later increased to 175°c at the rate of 2.50°c and hold for 5 min and finally increased to 220°c at the rate of 2.50°c per min and kept for 5 min. the identification of the peaks was made by comparison of the equivalent chain length with those of authentic fatty acid methyl esters. peak areas were determined automatically using the agilent gas chromatography chemstation software. the fatty acid concentrations were expressed in percentage of the sum of total identified peaks measured in each sample. statistical analysis all data were subjected to one–way analysis of variance (anova) using spss (18.0) and significant means were separated using duncan multiple range tests (duncan, 1955). significant was declared if p ≤ 0.05. table 1. chemical composition of experimental diets materials starter (1-21 days) grower (22-35 days) finisher (36-56 days) maize 50.00 56.00 60.50 wheat offal 8.00 7.00 8.05 soya meal 28.55 22.00 21.00 groundnut cake 10.00 11.55 6.05 fish meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 bone meal 0.35 0.40 0.40 limestone 0.20 0.20 0.20 lysine 0.15 0.15 0.15 methionine 0.20 0.20 0.20 premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 total 100.0 100.0 100.0 calculated analysis crude protein 23.08 20.11 19.33 ether extract 5.03 4.87 4.28 crude fibre 3.06 3.95 3.42 calcium 0.98 1.00 1.10 phosphorus 0.47 0.40 0.51 lysine 1.17 1.29 1.60 meth +cyst 0.87 0.82 0.51 me (kcal/kg) 2936 3000.8 3100.2 *premix supplied per kg diet: vit a, 13,000 i.u; vit e, 5mg; vit d3, 3000i.u, vit k, 3mg; vit b2, 5.5mg; niacin, 25mg; vit b12, 16mg; choline chloride, 120mg; mn, 5.2mg; zn, 25mg; cu, 2.6g; folic acid, 2mg; fe, 5g; pantothenic acid, 10mg; biotin, 30.5g; antioxidant, 56mg. table 2. vaccination schedule for birds vaccine day/week route of administration 1st nd lasota day 5 drinking water 1st ibd (gumboro) day 8 drinking water immucox vaccine (coccidial vaccine) day 10 drinking water 2nd nd lasota day 15 drinking water 2nd ibd (gumboro) day 21 drinking water 3rd nd lasota day 28 drinking water 3rd ibd (gumboro) day 33 drinking water indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 177-186 180 table 3. proximate composition of daniellia oliveri leaf meal parameters % composition dry matter 89.11 crude protein 18.95 crude fibre 13.11 ether extract 4.78 ash 6.10 neutral detergent fibre (ndf) 28.10 acid detergent fibre (adf) 47.50 nitrogen free extract (nfe) 46.17 table 4. proximate composition of breast meat parameters (%) t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 sem breast meat moisture 71.63b 72.00b 74.18a 75.20a 76.08a 2.06 crude protein 19.93c 22.24b 23.00a 23.47a 23.86a 1.10 fat 1.15b 1.83b 2.00a 2.21a 2.44a 0.06 ash 1.29b 1.42b 1.94b 2.00a 2.02a 0.10 table 5. effect of daniellia oliveri leaf extract on the fatty acid profile of broiler chicks (breast) meat fatty acids t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 sem c12:0 2.91a 1.98b 1.65b 1.61b 1.52b 0.07 c14:0 3.18a 2.48b 2.42b 2.37b 2.21c 0.08 c16:0 22.9a 18.0b 17.2b 16.3c 15.0c 0.51 c18:0 11.2a 8.71b 7.62b 6.00c 5.73c 0.30 c20:0 4.21a 3.93a 2.81b 2.40b 1.88c 0.73 c22:0 0.31a 0.21b 0.27b 0.20b 0.24b 0.01 c14:1c 1.81c 2.88a 2.73a 2.91a 2.97a 0.08 c16:1c 2.01b 2.21b 2.93b 3.18a 3.51a 0.04 c18:1c 13.4c 18.7b 19.5b 21.0a 21.7a 0.26 c18:1n9t 1.20c 1.51b 1.40b 1.44b 1.86a 0.06 c18:1n9c 0.82 0.86 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.02 c:22:1 0.13b 0.47a 0.51a 0.53a 0.66a 0.04 c18:2n6 15.4c 19.8b 22.0a 22.8a 23.4a 0.23 c20:5n3 0.88c 1.05b 1.10b 1.14b 1.51a 0.18 c18:3n3 3.04c 8.08b 10.3b 13.1a 14.3a 0.22 c20:4n6 2.08b 2.21b 2.59b 2.87b 3.81a 0.05 c20:3n6 0.92b 1.08a 1.17a 1.21a 1.28a 0.01 c22:6n3 0.05c 1.35b 1.40b 1.44b 2.00a 0.61 tsfa1 44.71a 35.31b 31.97b 28.88c 26.58c 0.06 tufa2 41.47c 61.94b 66.43b 72.45a 77.87a 0.02 mufa3 19.37c 26.63b 27.87b 29.89b 31.57a 0.14 pufa4 22.37c 33.57b 38.56b 42.56a 46.30a 0.47 n-6:n-35 4.67a 2.20b 2.01b 1.71c 1.75c 0.03 ant. index6 0.93a 0.48b 0.43b 0.38c 0.33c 0.05 1total saturated fatty acid= c12:0 + c14:0 + c16:0 + c18:0 + c20:0 +c22:0 2unsaturated fatty acid = (3 + 4) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 177-186 181 3mono unsaturated fatty acid= c14:1c + c16:1c + c18:1c + c18:1n9t + c18:1n9c + c22:1 4polyunsaturated fatty acid = c18:2 n6 + c20:5 n3 + c18:3n3 + c20:4n6 + c20:3n6 + c: 22:6n3 5n-6: n-3 = (c18:2 n6 + c20:4n 6 + c20:3n 6 / (c20:5n 3 + c18:3n 3 + c: 22 6n 3) , 6antherogenic index = (c12:0+ 4×c14:0+ c16)/ᶓ of ufa results and discussion the proximate composition of experimental diet and daniellia oliveri leaf meal the proximate composition of experimental diet (table 1) revealed that it contains crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus and metabolizable energy which ranged between 19.33 – 23.08 %, 3.06 – 3.95 %, 4.28 – 5.03 %, 0.98 – 1.10 %, 0.40 – 0.51 % and 2936 – 3100. 2 kcal/kg respectively. the experimental diet was in three (3) phases with starter mash fed between 0 – 21 days, growers mash (22 – 35 days), and finishers mash (36 – 56 days). the crude protein and ether extract values obtained in this study conform with the values obtained by musa et al. (2020); alabi et al. (2017) and ahsan et al. (2018) when phytogenic feed additives were supplemented in the diet of broiler chicks. the crude fiber (4.28 – 5.03 %) falls within the recommended ranges by olafadehan et al. (2020); alagbe et al. (2020); oluwafemi et al. (2020) and wati et al. (2015). the calcium and phosphorus values are in close agreement with the findings of vukic et al. (2013) who examined the effect of phytogenic additives on the performance and caecal microflora of broiler chickens. the energy contents (2936 – 3100.2 kcal/kg) are in conformity with the values obtained by toghyani et al. (2010) but lower than those obtained by fascina et al. (2012) and hong et al. (2012) who examined the effects of supplemental essential oil on the performance and carcass traits in broilers. however, all values in the experimental diets were within a nutritional requirement for broilers according to nrc (1994). proximate analysis of daniellia oliveri leaf meal proximate analysis of daniellia oliveri leaf meal is presented in table 2. the sample contained dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and nitrogen-free extract at 89.11 %, 18.95 %, 13.11 %, 4.78 %, 6.10 %, 28.10 %, 47.50 % and 47.50 % respectively. the crude protein (18.95 %) value in daniellia oliveri leaf meal is in agreement with those reported for delonix regia leaves (18.77 %) by alagbe (2020), but contrary to those reported for piliostigma thonningii stem and root (4.22 % and 7.40%), indigofera tinctoria leaves (30.53 %) reported by alagbe (2020). the result suggests that the sample cannot supply an adequate amount of protein in the diets of animals (nrc, 1994; alagbe, 2016). the crude fiber obtained is higher than the values for sida acuta leaves (6.24 %) by shittu and alagbe (2020). dietary inclusion of fiber encourages proper digestion, reduces serum cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (fasola et al., 2011; oluwafemi et al., 2020). the result showed that the sample contains ether extract (4.78%) and ash (6.10%). these values are lower than the values for pentadiplandra brazzeana (5.70% and 12.11%) respectively reported by alagbe et al. (2020). all values obtained in this study were in agreement with the findings of olafadehan et al. (2020). proximate composition of breast meat the proximate composition of breast meat is presented in table 4. the moisture, crude protein, lipid and ash ranged between 71.63 – 76.08 %, 19.23 – 23.86 %, 1.15 – 2.44 % and 1.29 – 2.02 % respectively. the values were highest in t4 and t5, intermediate in t2, t3 and lowest in t1 (p˂ 0.05). this is a clear indication that feeding daniellia oliveri leaf extract (dofe) is capable of modifying the meat composition of birds; it could also be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in dofe (oluwafemi et al., 2019, 2020; omokore and alagbe, 2019). concentrations of phytochemicals or bioactive chemicals in plants are determined by variety and environmental growth conditions, harvesting time, stage of maturity, method and duration of conservation and storing, extraction methods as well as possible synergistic or antagonistic effects and anti-nutritional factors in plants (norton, 1994; wenk, 2002; alagbe et al., 2020, 2017; hyun et al., 2018). the result obtained in this study is in agreement with the findings of alagbe and soares (2018); teodora et al. (2020) who examined the effect of black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) meals on the meat quality in broilers. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 177-186 182 fatty acid composition of breast meat of broiler chicks fed different levels of dofe the effects of daniellia oliveri leaf extract on the fatty acid profile of broiler chicks (breast) meat are presented in table 5. c12:0 (lauric acid), c14:0 (myristic acid), c16:0 (palmitic acid), c18:0 (stearic acid), c20:0 (arachidic acid) and c22:0 (behenic acid) ranged between 1.52 – 2.91 %, 2.21 – 3.18 %, 15.0 – 22.9 %, 5.73 – 11.20 %, 1.88 – 4.21 % and 0.24 – 0.31 % was lowest (p<0.05) for t5 relative to other treatments. c22:1 (myristoleic acid), c14:1c (palmitoleic acid), c16:1c (linoleic acid), c18:1c (oleic acid), c18:1n9t (elaidic acid), c18:1n9c (linolelaidic acid), c:22:1 (erucic acid), c20:5n3 (eicosapentenoic acid), c18:3n3 (α – linolenic acid), c20:4n6 (arachidonic acid), c20:3n6 (dihomogammalinolenic acid) and c22:6n3 (docosahexenoic acid) ranged between 0.10 – 0.65 %, 1.81 – 2.97 %, 2.01 – 3.51 %, 13.4 – 21.7 %, 1.2 – 1.86 %, 0.82 – 0.87 %, 0.13 – 0.66 %, 15.4 – 23.4 %, 0.88 – 1.51 %, 3.04 – 14.3 %, 2.08 – 3.81 %, 0.92 – 1.28 %, 0.05 – 2.00 % respectively. values were highest in t5, intermediate in t3, and lowest in t1 (p<0.05). total saturated fatty acid (26.58 – 44.71 %) and total unsaturated fatty acid (41.47 – 77.87) were affected (p˂0.05) by the oral administration of daniellia oliveri leaf extract. tsfa were highest and lowest for t1 and t5 respectively (p<0.05) while tufa was lowest (p<0.05) in t1 relative to other treatments. tufa and tsfa obtained in this study conform with the values obtained by alagbe and omolere (2020); suriya et al. (2014) and li et al. (2012). birds in t5 had the highest concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa), which is in agreement with the reports of kamran et al. (2018). according to bourre (2005), meat from birds is low in lipids or fats, but high in pufa. atherogenic index (a.i) values range between 0.33 – 0.93 %, the values significantly reduced as the level of dofe increased (p˂0.05). antheriogenicity is an index used to ascertain the safety of the meat and prevent the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (suriya et al., 2014; alagbe and omolere, 2020). according to katalin and loana (2017), omega – 3 and omega -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids perform multiple biological roles such as influencing the inflammatory cascade, reducing oxidative stress, presenting neuro-protection, and cardiovascular protection. conclusion it was concluded that dofe contains several bioactive chemicals or phytochemicals which are capable of modification of meat fatty acid composition of animals, these chemicals are safe, effective, cheap, and can also influence the secretion of digestive fluids and total feed intake in animals, thus promoting food safety. feeding birds' dofe at 80 ml/liter is safe and does not have any deleterious effect on the general performance of the animal. references 1. hyun, l., yanhong, l., sergio, c., mariano, e.o., fang, c., ron, l.c., sungtaek, o and cyril, g.g. 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(2017). growth response and carcass characteristics of weaner grass cutters fed diets supplemented with polyalthia longifolia seed oil as a natural growth promoter. greener journal of agricultural sciences. 7(5): 112119. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 177-186 186 62. alagbe, j.o (2020). proximate, phytochemical and vitamin compositions of prosopis africana stem bark. european journal of agricultural and rural education. 1(4): 1-7. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 134-143 134 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.175 page: 134 – 143 effect of dietary supplementation of melon (citrallus lanatus) seed oil on the growth performance and antioxidant status of growing rabbits singh, a.s.1, alagbe, j.o.2, sharma, s.3, oluwafemi, r.a.4, agubosi, o.c.p.5 1university of mysore, india 2,4,5university of abuja, nigeria 3osmania university, india corresponding author: alagbe, j.o; email: drmusabas@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: feed, growth performance, melon seeds, mortality, rabbits. received : 04 march 2021 revised : 12 june 2021 accepted : 13 june 2021 this study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of melon (citrallus lanatus) seed oil (wmo) on the growth performance and immune response of growing rabbits. thirty-six (36), 5-6 weeks weaner rabbit of mixed breed and sex with an average weight of 435 g – 438 grams were randomly divided into four (4) treatments of nine rabbits per group and each rabbit served as a replicate in a completely randomized design (crd). the experiment lasted for 12 weeks and all other management practices were strictly observed. the basal diet was formulated according to the nutrient requirements of the rabbit according to nrc (1977). treatment (t1) was fed basal diet with 0 % wmo, t2, t3, and t4 were fed basal diet supplemented with wmo at 0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6 % respectively. results obtained were used to examine the average daily weight gain (adwg), average daily feed intake (adfi), feed: gain, mortality, activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), reduced glutathione (gsh), and malonyl dialdehyde (mla). adwg, feed: gain, and mortality were significantly different (p˂0.05) among the treatments. adfi increased as the level of wmo increases, though not at a significant level (p˃0.05). the highest mortality was recorded among animals in t1 (1.00 %), none was recorded in the other treatments (p˂0.05). activities of sod, gst, gsh, and mla were significantly (p˃0.05) influenced by wmo. it was concluded that dietary supplementation of wmo up to 0.6 % enhanced growth performance, improved feed: gain, and had no negative effect on the antioxidant parameters of rabbits, it is safe and could be used to bridge the gap between food safety and production. introduction animals encounter numerous stressors during their lives. these stressors cause hormonal changes, a decrease in feed intake, altered nutrient metabolism, and suppressed immune function (gary and richard, 2002). animal performance is a function of genetic potential and the environment. immune stress is the loss of immune homeostasis caused by various factors including different production and environmental stressors (sripathy, 2009). nutrients are known to influence the responses of rabbits to a disease challenge, thus the immune system benefits largely from proper nutrition or feeding of animals (alagbe, 2020; oluwafemi et al., 2020). scientific reports have shown that medicinal plants and their extracts are rich in phytochemical constituents such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, protein, and amino acids that produce significant therapeutic effects and pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory antiviral, antifungal, hepatoprotective, miracicidal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, immunostimulatory, neuro-protective, hypolipidemic and antispasmodic activities (alagbe, 2017; indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:drmusabas@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 134-143 135 kondratyuk and pezzuto, 2004; anagnostopoulou et al., 2006; dillard and german, 2000; miller and larrea, 2002; nichenametla et al., 2006; prakash et al., 2007). the immunomodulatory activity of plant extracts depends on various factors including nature of stressors, dosage, type of extracts and formulation used, phytochemical constituents, and so on (sripathy, 2009). world health organization (1991) reports have shown that there are over 21, 000 species of medicinal plants globally. many of these plants and their extracts are relatively cheap, effective, and safe in prolong use (gilani, 2005). among the potential underutilized plant are melon seeds. melon (citrullus lanatus) is an herbaceous creeping plant belonging to the family cucurbitaceae. it can be grown in most parts of the world and mainly propagated by seeds and thrives best in warm areas (betty et al., 2016; olaofe et al., 1994; fokou et al., 2004; mabalaha et al., 2007). the plant contains citrulline which is transformed into the essential amino acid (arginine) which is vital in the synthesis of nitric oxide and strengthening of the immune and reproductive systems (edidiong et al., 2013; collins et al., 2007; jacob et al., 2015). melon seeds are rich in carbohydrates, protein, fibre, fats, minerals, and other essential vitamins which can contribute substantially towards obtaining a balanced diet (martin, 1998; sodeke, 2005; omorayi and dilworth, 2007). this research work aimed to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of melon (citrallus lanatus) seed oil on the growth performance and immune response of growing rabbits. methods experimental site the experiment was carried out at the division of animal nutrition, sumitra research institute, gujarat, india from january to march 2021. collection and processing of test material fresh, healthy, and mature melons were harvested within sumitra research institute, gujarat, india. it was identified and authenticated by a certified crop taxonomist of the institute, thereafter the fruits were sliced open with a clean knife; the removed seeds were washed and sundried for 10 days. the dried samples were grinded into powder using a blender and stored in a well-labeled airtight container for further analysis. extraction of melon seed oil (wmo) was carried out according to the methods outlined by oyeleke et al. (2012). crude fibre, crude protein, moisture, ether extract, and moisture content were determined according to the official methods of the association of official analytical chemist (aoac, 2000). mineral analyses of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, iron, cobalt, copper, chromium selenium, cadmium, and lead were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (aas – model 156y) based on (aoac, 2000). amino acid analysis was carried out using methods reported by kundan (2017). animals and their management thirty-six (36), 5-6 weeks weaner rabbit of mixed breed and sex with an average weight of 435 g – 438 g were purchased from a local market in india. it was randomly distributed to four treatments of nine rabbits per treatment in a completely randomized design (crd). animals were housed individually in a locally constructed wire cage measuring (15 × 12 × 25 cm) with provisions of clay feeding and water troughs. rabbits were given prophylactic treatment and acclimatized for two weeks during which they fed commercial growers mash before the commencement of the experiment. rabbits were fed twice daily at 8:00 am and 4:00 pm while clean water was given ad libitum, all other management practices were strictly observed throughout the experimental period which lasted for 12 weeks. formulation of experimental diets the diets contained maize, soya meal, palm kernel meal, limestone, bone meal, lysine, methionine, premix, and salt. they were mixed to formulate a basal diet according to the nutritional requirement of rabbits according to nrc (1977). treatment 1 (t1) contained basal diet + 0 % wmo, basal diet + 0.2 % wmo (t2), basal diet + 0.4 % wmo (t3) and basal diet + 0.6 % wmo (t4). measurements feed intake (fi) was determined by the difference between feed offered and leftover. weight gain (g) = final weight – initial weight feed to gain ratio = feed intake (g) ̸ weight gain (g) antioxidant parameters indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 134-143 136 blood samples were collected from the marginal veins of the ears of three randomly selected rabbits per treatment to determine the antioxidant status of the animal. activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione-stransferase (gst), reduced glutathione (gsh), and malonyl dialdehyde (mla) were carried out using the method outlined by singh et al. (2011). statistical analysis all data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (anova) using spss (18.0) and significant means were separated using duncan multiple range tests (duncan, 1955). significant was declared if p ≤ 0.05. results and discussion proximate composition of experimental diet table 1 reveals the chemical composition of the experimental diet. the experimental diet contained dry matter (88.01 %), crude protein (17.24 %), crude fibre (10.33 %), ether extract (3.44 %), calcium (0.88 %), phosphorus (0.41 %) and energy (2500.7 kcal/kg). the crude protein and dry matter values obtained in this study are in agreement with the values obtained by aduku and olukosi (1990); alagbe (2021) and andrzej et al. (2019) who examined the effect of dietary supplementation of silkworm pupae meal on the performance of rabbits. crude fiber and ether extract value are in line with the recommended range by adham et al. (2020); alagbe (2019). the calcium and phosphorus value obtained in this experiment were higher than the values obtained by lima et al. (2017) but in conformity with the values obtained by lawal et al. (2010) who determined the effect of soya meal based meal diet on the performance of albino rats. the energy value is in close agreement with the findings of omokore and alagbe (2019); onyekwere et al. (2010) when bambara nut waste meals were fed to growing rabbits. according to omokore and alagbe (2019), essential nutrients required by rabbits are those which will be able to maintain normal physiological processes of the body such as growth, health, digestion, reproduction, and lactation. inadequate energy, protein, or micronutrients in the diet may impair the reproduction of rabbits (niyi, 1997). rabbit’s nutrition and requirements for feed intake vary with age and particularly with reproductive status (aduku and olukosi, 1990; alagbe and akintayo, 2020). proteins play a vital role in biological processes, catalyze reactions in the body, transport molecules such as oxygen, keep the body healthy as part of the immune system, and transmit messages from cell to cell (ojewuyi et al., 2014). ether extracts or fats are very good sources of energy and aid in the transport of fat-soluble vitamins, insulate and protect internal tissues, and contribute to important cell processes (pamela et al., 2005). dietary fibre enhances digestion promotes digestion and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in animals (musa et al., 2020). calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals are important in many biochemical reactions functioning as co-enzyme and aid physiological functioning of major metabolic processes in the body (alagbe and omokore, 2019). however, all the values obtained were within the nutritional requirements of rabbits according to nrc (1977). table 1. percentage composition of experimental diet ingredients quantity (kg) maize 20.00 wheat offal 41.00 palm kernel meal 25.00 soya meal 12.65 bone meal 0.20 limestone 0.40 lysine 0.10 methionine 0.10 *growers premix 0.25 salt 0.30 total 100.00 calculated analysis (%) dry matter 88.01 crude protein 17.24 crude fibre 10.33 ether extract 3.44 calcium 0.88 phosphorus 0.41 me:kcal/kg 2500.7 *premix quantity per kg of product: vitamin a, 2 500 000 iu; vitamin d3, 500 000 iu; biotin, 50 mg; choline, 50 mg; niacin, 10000 mg; calcium pantothenate, 3000 mg; vitamin b12, 7 mg; vitamin b2, 1800 mg; vitamin e, 7500 mg; vitamin k3, 1000 mg; fe, 40000 mg; cu, 35000 mg; mn, 20000 mg; zn, 40000 mg; co, 360 mg; i, 840 mg; se, 120 mg. proximate composition of dried melon seed indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 134-143 137 the proximate composition of dried watermelon seed is presented in table 2. the sample contained dry matter, moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash and energy at 91.12 %, 7.86 %, 17.40 %, 30.83 %, 25.50 %, 2.71 % and 402.7 kcal/kg respectively. the crude protein, crude fibre, and ether extract values conform to the findings of betty et al. (2016). the ash value was lower than those reported by oyeleke et al. (2012) but is in close agreement with the findings of taiwo et al. (2008). the energy value of watermelon seed conforms to the findings of alagbe (2020) who examined the proximate composition of prosopis africana stem bark. the sample contained a higher level of protein which is a clear indication that it can be used as a protein supplement in animals (nrc, 1994). the ash content indicates the number of minerals present in a particular sample, which are important in many biochemical reactions functioning as co-enzyme and aid physiological functioning of major metabolic processes in the body (onwuka, 2005). the energy result thus suggests that watermelon seeds may not be able to supply an adequate amount of calories to animals. table 2. proximate composition of dried melon seed constituents composition dry matter 91.12 moisture content 7.86 crude protein 17.40 crude fibre 30.83 ether extract 25.50 ash 2.71 energy (kcal/100g) 402.7 mineral composition of dried melon seed table 3 reveals the mineral composition of the melon seed. the sample contained calcium (75.62 mg/100g), phosphorus (42.77 mg/100g), potassium (11.88 mg/100g), magnesium (26.80 mg/100g), zinc (30.81 mg/100g), sodium (19.40 mg/100g), copper (8.45 mg/100g), iron (3.61 mg/100g) and manganese (12.56 mg/100g). in order of abundance calcium ˃ phosphorus ˃ potassium ˃ zinc ˃ magnesium ˃ sodium ˃ manganese ˃ copper ˃ iron. however, all values were within the who (1991) recommendation. calcium is an abundant element in the body; it is an important constituent of the skeleton and teeth, deficiency of calcium in the body results in tetany (vasudevan and sreekumari, 2007; ellenberger et al., 1994). phosphorus plays a vital role in bone formation (alagbe, 2019). iron is an essential trace element for hemoglobin formation and normal function of the central nervous system and in the oxidation of carbohydrates, protein, and fats (adeyeye and otokiti, 1999). magnesium is a major intracellular cation in cells; they were the catalyst to enzymatic reactions and assimilation of phosphorus (vasudevan and sreekumari, 2007; ryan, 1991). sodium is the major cation that is involved in maintaining osmotic pressure, controlling water balance, and acid-base balance (akpanyung, 2005). it also functions in muscle contractions, nerve impulse transmission, and glucose / amino acid transport (oduye and fasanmi, 1971). zinc serves as a cofactor in many enzyme systems, including arginase, enolase, several peptidases, and oxalacetic decarboxylase (alagbe, 2016). manganese is a cofactor or component of several key enzyme systems, manganese is essential for bone formation (re. mucopolysaccharide synthesis), the regeneration of red blood cells, carbohydrate metabolism, and the reproductive cycle (okwu, 2005). copper is involved with iron metabolism, and therefore hemoglobin synthesis and red blood cell production and maintenance (ishida et al., 2000). table 3. mineral composition of dried melon seeds parameters composition (mg/100g) who range (mg/100g) calcium 75.62 36.00 – 80.00 phosphorus 42.77 20.00 – 45.00 potassium 11.88 10.00 25.00 magnesium 26.80 zinc 30.81 15.00 – 50.00 sodium 19.40 4.00 – 50.00 copper 8.45 10.00 – 30.00 iron 3.61 manganese 12.56 10.00 – 20.00 the amino acid of dried melon seeds the amino composition of melon seeds is presented in table 4. the sample contains aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine, glycine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, proline, methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine and histidine at 2.11g/100g, 1.88 g/100g, 3.85 g/100g, 0.67 g/100g, 1.33 g/100g, 0.62 g/100g, 1.21 g/100g, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 134-143 138 0.72 g/100g, 0.41 g/100g, 0.26 g/100g, 0.54 g/100g, 0.31 g/100g, 0.22 g/100g, 0.68 g/100g, 0.74 g/100g and 0.69 g/100g respectively. the values obtained in this study are in agreement with the values obtained by edgar et al. (2014); kasimu et al. (2015) who examined the lipid and proximate composition in anisophyllea boehmii seeds. according to perez and avalos (2009); cuin and shabala (2007), amino acids play an important role in the synthesis of protein and precursors in the formation of secondary metabolism molecules that participate in cell signaling, homeostasis, and gene expression. it also participates in various physiological processes such as skeletal muscle function, atrophic conditions, sarcopenia, and cancer (wu, 2009; nicastro et al., 2011). table 4. amino acid profile of melon seeds constituents composition (g/100g) aspartic acid 2.11 glutamic acid 1.88 arginine 3.85 serine 0.67 alanine 1.33 phenyalanine 0.62 glycine 1.21 threonine 0.72 tyrosine 0.41 valine 0.26 proline 0.54 methionine 0.31 lysine 0.22 isoleucine 0.68 leucine 0.74 histidine 0.69 performance characteristics of growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with wmo performance characteristics of growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with wmo are presented in table 5. initial body weight (ibw), final body weight (fbw), weight gain (wg), average daily weight gain (adwg), and feed: gain ranged between 435.0 – 438.0 g, 986.1 – 1170.6 g, 548.4 – 735.6 g, 9.14 – 12.51 g and 7.18 – 7.62 respectively. total feed intake (tfi) and average daily feed intake (adfi) ranged between 7200.1 – 7308.4 g and 120.7 – 123.0 g. wg and feed: gain was significantly (p˂0.05) different among the treatments. the result obtained is in agreement with the findings of olatunji et al. (2016); alagbe et al., 2020; oluwafemi et al. (2020); alagbe and oluwafemi (2019) who evaluated the growth performance of weaner rabbits fed noni (morinda citrifolia) and moringa olifera leaf mixture as partial replacement of soya bean meal. the highest weight gain observed in t3 and t4 could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in wmo. according to olafadehan et al. (2020); kim et al. (2015), phytochemicals are perform multiple biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. in addition, the inclusion of phytochemicals in the diets alters and stabilizes the intestinal microbiota and reduces microbial toxic metabolites in the gut, owing to their direct antimicrobial properties on various pathogenic bacteria, which results in relief from an intestinal challenge and immune stress, thus improving performance. average daily feed intake increased from diet 1 to 4 though not at a significant level (p˃0.05). this is a clear indication that wmo is capable of improving the palatability of feed (akintayo and alagbe, 2020). the highest mortality was recorded in t1 and none was recorded in the other treatments (p˂0.05). table 5. performance characteristics of growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with wmo parameters t1 t2 t3 t4 sem ibw (g) 437.7 438.0 435.8 435.0 5.11 fbw (g) 986.1b 1012.8b 1168.0a 1170.6a 9.33 wg (g) 548.4b 574.8b 732.2a 735.6a 2.71 adwg (g) 9.14b 9.60b 12.20a 12.51a 0.04 tfi (g) 7200.1 7306.2 7308.0 7308.4 10.90 adfi (g) 120.7 121.8 122.9 123.0 2.30 feed: gain 7.62a 7.55a 7.20b 7.18b 1.22 mortality 1.00 means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p<0.05) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 134-143 139 initial body weight (ibw), final body weight (fbw), weight gain (wg), average daily weight gain (adwg) antioxidant response of growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with wmo table 6 reveals the antioxidant response of growing rabbits fed a diet supplemented with wmo. malanodialdehyde (mda), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione-s-transferase (gst) and reduced glutathione (gsh) ranged between 1.22 – 3.87 (u/mg hb), 28.1 – 42.1 (u/mg hb), 12.130.8 (u/mg hb) and 29.7 – 40.6 (u/mg hb) respectively. the parameters follow a similar pattern and values were highest in t3, t4, intermediate in t2, and lowest in t1 (p˂0.05). this result conforms with the findings of mahipal et al. (2015). according to hasanuzzaman et al. (2015); jackson et al. (1978), plants have a lot of antioxidant systems that are capable of scavenging free radicals. sod is ubiquitous metalloenzymes that constitute the first line of defense against reactive oxygen species, it constitutes one of the major enzymatic components of detoxification of superoxide radicals generated in the biological system by catalyzing its dismutation to h2o2 and finally h2o and o2 by catalase and peroxidase (mukesh and chet, 2000; hernandez et al., 2004; gill and tuteja, 2010; fridovich, 1975). adequate availability of glutathione is critical in maintaining health, protecting the body from toxins, and promoting longevity in animals (pompella et al., 2009; kern et al., 2011; arosio et al., 2002). malondialdehyde is usually used as a biomarker for many health problems such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (maryam et al., 2015). glutathione directly scavenges diverse: superoxide anion, nitric oxide, hydroxyl, and carbon radicals, protects cells from oxidants via recycling vitamin c, and catalytically detoxifies: hydroperoxides, perxynitrites, and lipid peroxides (julius et al., 1994; barja et al., 2000; allen et al., 2011). table 6. antioxidant response of growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with wmo parameters t1 t2 t3 t4 sem mda (u/mg hb) 1.22c 2.91b 3.03b 3.87a 0.21 sod (u/mg hb) 28.1c 32.6b 41.0a 42.1a 0.03 gst (u/mg hb) 12.1b 19.5b 26.1a 30.8a 1.21 gsh (u/mg hb) 29.7c 30.8b 38.0a 40.6a 0.97 means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (p<0.05) gst: glutathione-s-transferase; sod: superoxide dismutase; mda: malondialdehyde; gsh: reduced glutathione. conclusion medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites which are potential sources of drugs and essential oils of therapeutic importance. essential oils are cheap, safe, effective, and easily available. dietary supplementation of wmo in rabbits is capable of performing several pharmacological activities which include: antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, hypolipidemic, cytotoxic, etc. supplementation of wmo at 0.6 % in rabbit diets is capable of improving growth performance without any deleterious effect on the immune system of the animal. references 1. a.o.a.c (2000). association of official analytical chemists. official methods of analysis 19th edition washington, d.c pages 69-77. 2. adeyeye, e. and otokili, m. k. 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kendari is a business activity that is broadly classified as small and is built by individuals or middle-to-lower groups. the purpose of business development is to earn profits with different levels of performance. one factor that can affect performance is the dimension of entrepreneurial orientation which consists of innovation, proactivity, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy. the purpose of this study is to examine and provide empirical evidence about the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of small businesses. the sampling technique in this study uses the probability sampling technique. the analysis used is quantitative analysis using multiple linear regression analysis and quantitative data processing using spss 24.0. the results of the analysis using multiple linear regressions found that innovation, proactivity, risk-taking, and competitive aggressiveness have a positive and significant effect on the performance of small and medium enterprises. while autonomy has a positive and not significant effect on the performance of small businesses. introduction the company was founded to increase the welfare of the owners. to achieve these objectives the company must be managed properly so that expectations can be realized. one way to find out the achievement of company goals is to look at the company's performance. company performance is a level of work results achieved by an organization in an operational period compared to the predetermined targets, standards, and criteria (siegel and marconi, 1989). company performance is known through the disclosure of company performance contained in the company's financial statements generated within a certain period. chakravarthy and balaji (1986) stated that company performance is a construct that is commonly used to measure the impact of a corporate strategy orientation. economic globalization that occurs has an impact on changes in the business environment and increasingly rapid competition and the emergence of new competitors have changed the market dynamically, accordingly companies are required to always be proactive in responding to various dynamic changes, by creating and developing business strategies. such dynamic conditions are only companies that can produce quality goods and services that can be accepted by the global market. important issues related to these conditions include the fast-changing market, the strategic process must be designed for continuous change and rapid adjustment, speed and assertiveness are key qualities for success (means and faulkner, 2000). porter (1980) said that competitive advantage is at the heart of a company's performance to compete and develop from the value that a company can create for its customers and can defend itself from market competitive pressures. one sector that supports the economy in indonesia is small and medium enterprises (smes) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.158 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.158 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.158 https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.158 mailto:riski.amalia98@yahoo.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 20 because through this sector all aspects related to human life patterns are sourced, starting from the consumption, food, and housing sector. in terms of consumption, smes are increasingly involved in an active role, such as the processing of agricultural products, grain, food production, and so on. and many other sectors fill the production traffic activities. small and medium enterprises are always described as a sector that has an important role in economic development in indonesia because it can absorb a lot of labor. the role of smes becomes a priority part in every development planning stage which is managed by two ministries, namely the ministry of industry, and the ministry of cooperatives and smes. small and medium enterprises (smes) are catalysts for national economic growth and development because of their significant contribution to poverty alleviation and gdp growth, production diversification, and job creation in developed and developing countries. smes are expected to increasingly play a role in reducing unemployment and can help the economy of a region to increase income and income distribution. although smes play an important role in the development of a country's economy, smes are still vulnerable because of limited resources if compared to larger companies (carland et. al, 1984). for a successful business to run well, an entrepreneur is expected to have entrepreneurial abilities that are in line with the concept of entrepreneurial orientation. approach in entrepreneurial orientation based on resource-based view (rbv), namely all resources (resources) such as expertise, organizational processes, attributes, information, and knowledge that are controlled by the company so that the company can compile and implement strategies to improve efficiency and effectiveness (barney, 2001). several previous studies have shown that the role of resources as a determinant of business performance has been well proven (nasution et al., 2011). zulfadil further (2010) explains the findings of his research that business success certainly requires the ability of an entrepreneur (entrepreneur) to run his business. for the business to run successfully, an entrepreneur is expected to have the ability to apply entrepreneurial knowledge that is in line with the concept of entrepreneurial orientation. entrepreneurial action has been believed in the rbv as an additional capability that can provide diversity and value to the company, as well as making an important contribution to the creation of a competitive advantage of the company (barney, 2001; edelman et al., 2005 and covin et al., 2006). this conception is related to entrepreneurial strategies that focus more on the entrepreneurial process (wiklund, 1999). the essence of this conception, that companies that have been entrepreneurially oriented, always innovate products, processes, and managerial consistently, be autonomous, dare to take business risks, and be proactive in facing competition. covin and slevin (1991) and miller et al. (2005) also added that entrepreneurial-oriented companies are always successful in finding new opportunities in their business activities and strengthening their competitive position in the market. zimmerer (2005) also adds that entrepreneurial-oriented companies can potentially produce more favorable work variations in the length. bearing in mind the importance of implementing entrepreneurial orientation in achieving competitive advantage and business success, smes need to develop entrepreneurial orientation in their business activities. entrepreneurial orientation can also directly impact the improvement of business performance (wiklund, 1999; wiklund & shepherd, 2003; lumpkin et al., 2005; home, 2010; and nasution et al., 2011). various concepts and research in the field of entrepreneurship have been able to explain well the importance of the role of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance (lumpkin et al., 2005; li & huang, 2008). nasution research (2010) examines the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance by identifying entrepreneurial orientation consisting of elements (1) autonomy (2) risk-taking and (3) proactiveness. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 21 in another study, the findings of covin & slevin (1991) indicate that small entrepreneurial companies are seen as more capable of producing better business performance. research conducted by home (2010) also states that entrepreneurial ability as reflected by managerial behavior is an important determinant for increasing business growth or business performance. similar research was also carried out by hidayatullah (2011) and chadwick et al (2004) but the findings found that orientation entrepreneurship has no significant effect on business performance. research by wambugu and wanja (2016) shows that entrepreneurial orientation has a significant effect on the performance of agro-smes in terms of growth and profitability (β = 0.536, p <0.001, t = 7.1135). hughes and morgan's research (2007) shows the results that indicators of proactive attitude and innovation have a positive effect on business performance while indicators of courage to take risks have a negative relationship on business performance. however, the results of raymond c. rody and timothy m. stearns (2013) research show that innovation has a negative effect on company performance, while taking risks has a positive effect on company performance. the results of previous studies that have not been consistent are interesting research gaps for further study. fairoz & hirobumi's research (2010) about entrepreneurial orientation with indicators: attitudes of autonomy, proactive attitudes, and courage in taking risks. the results of research conducted on 25 smes in sri lanka showed the results that entrepreneurial orientation significantly influences business performance. the same study conducted by etienne st-jean and luc lebel (2014) results of the study showed that managerial autonomy had a positive effect on the performance of smes in canada. while research conducted by arshal et al., (2013) shows that autonomy has a negative effect on business performance in malaysia. basically, entrepreneurship orientation is very closely related to the ability of an entrepreneur. the key to entrepreneurship is how decision-making is done appropriately with various calculations and thoughts (hassim et al., 2011). furthermore, solichin (2005) found that the variable characteristics of entrepreneurship had a significant influence on business progress, and it was found that the contribution of the business climate was greater than the characteristics of entrepreneurship on business progress. small and medium businesses are also scattered in kendari city because they have good growth opportunities including potential market share, available raw materials, this is also supported by kendari city as the capital of the southeast sulawesi province, and the economic growth of kendari city experiencing a positive trend, where for the period of 2015 economic growth reached 8.92 percent and in 2016 around 9.00 percent (kendari pos, 2017). according to mardiyanto (head of bps sultra) that based on the results of the 2016 economic census (se), smes in southeast sulawesi dominated economic activity in terms of the number of businesses with a proportion of around 99 percent. while the rest are large medium enterprises (umb) (penaaktual.com, 2017). according to syam alam (head of perindagkop kendari city) that the number of businesses in kendari reached 14.68 percent of the total number of business units in southeast sulawesi, he said. furthermore, in kendari city in 2017, 41,908 business units were consisting of 40,664 units micro, small, and 1,244 businesses that fall into the category of medium to large businesses (antarasultra, 2017) based on the decision of the president of the republic of indonesia no. 99/1998, ukm is a small-scale enterprise with business fields that are generally small business activities and need to be protected to prevent unhealthy businesses and are built by individuals or middle-low groups. the development and growth of small businesses in kendari city from 2014-2016 can be presented through the following table: indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 22 table 1. development & growth of small businesses in kendari city no. bussiness criteria total (year) growth % 2013 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 1 bussiness unit 3.350 3.545 3.812 4.271 6 8 12 2 labour 12.642 13.227 13.868 15.718 5 5 13 3 income 611.266 802.431 875.143 940.131 31 9 7 source: secondary data processed (2019). table 1. shows that the number of small businesses in kendari city from 2013 to 2016 has increased every year both in terms of aspects, business units, labor, and turnover. the highest growth of small-scale business units occurred in 2016 with an average of 12%, as well as the highest employment growth occurred in 2016, amounting to 13%. on the other hand, the growth of business turnover in 2014 experienced a very high growth of 31% while in 2015 the level of small business income experienced a decline with a revenue growth rate of 9% and at 7% in 2016. the growth in the number of small businesses in 2013-2016 was caused by a promising market share and supported by the growth of the southeast sulawesi economy, especially in kendari city. this is as revealed by mr. syam alam (head of perindagkop kendari city) that the city of kendari, southeast sulawesi (southeast sulawesi) in recent years has continued to experience rapid progress. the level of tourist visits to the city also continues to show a positive trend, both domestic and international tourists. this condition was used by several business operators in kendari city to open a unique souvenir sales center, one of which was cashew nuts. for the last five years, the sme products of kendari city have been able to be accepted by markets outside of kendari city, even outside southeast sulawesi. its development has also entered into modern markets due to the dynamics of the southeast sulawesi economy that continues to improve. researchers researched the food industry sector business where based on the results of research the business was dominated by small businesses. the researchers' observations also show that the growth of small businesses is driven by the entrepreneurial nature of the perpetrators of their life experiences when they are employees of small businesses in their colleagues and families. with the knowledge and work experience possessed to create a new business, this is as done in small businesses in the food industry sector such as the business of bread, cakes, chips, shredded fish, meatballs/somai. the researchers' initial observations show that some small businesses can survive and even develop such as the business of bread, chips, and cashews and some also cannot survive such as shredded fish and other businesses. small businesses that develop are supported by quality products, availability of funds for business development, and courage in making bank loans and proactively selling their products. on the other hand, small business problems are also quite complex so that some are out of business. based on gap research and existing phenomena, the researcher is interested in researching with the title the effect of business orientation on small business performance in kendari city. methods the object of research is the scope or things that are the main problem in a study (arikunto, 2001). husein umar (2005) explains that the object of research explains what and who is the object of research, where and when the research is conducted. the object of this research is small and medium enterprises engaged in the manufacturing food industry that is registered with the department of industry, trade, cooperatives and smes in kendari city. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 23 population is the total amount consisting of objects or subjects that have certain characteristics and qualities determined by researchers to be investigated and then draw conclusions. population is a collection of objects that will be used as research material with the same characteristics (andi supangat, 2007). thus, this study was conducted in the city of kendari with a population of all small businesses engaged in the food industry that has been operating and conducting production processes with a minimum age of three years. the population in this study was 100 companies engaged in the food industry in the city of kendari. samples are part of the population. if the population is large and research is not possible to study everything in the population, for example, due to limited funds, time, and energy, the research can use samples taken from the population (sugiono, 2005). samples are representative parts that are used as sources of data or respondents (saebani, 2008). the use of samples in a study is intended to make it easier for researchers to draw conclusions that will be generalized to the population. to get a sample that can describe the population, the determination of the sample in this study uses the slovin formula. from the total population with a level of accuracy of 10% with a confidence level of 90%, then using the formula above obtained a sample of 50 business units. determination of the sample in this study using probability sampling techniques, namely proportional stratified random sampling, strata conducted based on the type of business. thus the distribution of this research sample by type of business is presented in table 2. table 2. distribution of samples by type of business no. type of business total type of business calculation sample (person) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 roti abon coklat baruasa / bagea kacang/mete jahe / dempo pisang kue pia/bolu/semprong rumput laut kue kering rempeyek kripik/krupuk stik / ice cream 8 15 6 10 10 2 12 2 12 2 16 4 8/100*50 = 4 15/100*50 = 7,5 6/100*50 = 3 10/100*50 = 5 10/100*50 = 5 2/100*50 = 1 12/100*50 = 6 2/100*50 = 1 12/100*50 = 6 2/100*50 = 1 16/100*50 = 8 4/100*50 = 2 4 8 3 5 5 1 6 1 6 1 8 2 total 100 0 50 source: primary data processed (2019). based on the type, the data used in this study are qualitative and quantitative data. qualitative data is data presented in the form of verbal words not in the form of numbers (muhadjir, 1996). included in the qualitative data in this study are a general description of the company and the perceptions of respondents about their businesses that match the statement on the questionnaire. with quantitative data is data in the form of numbers (priyanto, 2010). quantitative data in this study are financial data of each industrial business unit in the form of sales and net profits obtained by food industry business owners in kendari city. based on the purpose of this study, the data collection methods used are questionnaires and interviews. arikunto (2010) states that the questionnaire is a number of written questions that are used to obtain information from respondents in terms of reports about his personality, or things he knows. in this case, the questionnaire is given in the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 24 form of a statement containing questions or related statements with the characteristics of respondents and indicators of entrepreneurial orientation variables and the performance of small businesses. the interview method is carried out to obtain information directly and verbally from the parties concerned by ensuring that the respondents interviewed are managers/managers or business owners who are directly involved in financial decision making. this research was conducted to gather theories that underlie research, which can be used as guidelines in conducting an analysis of the data and information obtained from the company. in this research, the author studies books, articles, and various other literatures related to this research. results and discussion multiple linear regression analysis in this research, the hypothesis test uses multiple linear regression which will be tested empirically to find the functional relationship of two or more independent variables with the dependent variable, or to predict two or more independent variables with respect to the dependent variable. the results of multiple linear regression tests in this study can be seen in table 3 below: table 3. multiple linear regression test results coefficientsa model unstanda rdized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 0 0 1 constant -0,92 0,33 -2,78 0,008 innovation 0,44 0,09 0,38 5,16 0,000 proactive 0,44 0,08 0,38 5,57 0,000 taking risk 0,56 0,08 0,48 6,82 0,000 competitive aggressiveness 0,22 0,08 0,21 2,71 0,010 autonomy 0,15 0,09 0,15 1,68 0,101 source: spss output 24.0, primary data processed 2019 based on the results of the coefficientsa above can be developed using the multiple linear regression equation model as follows: small business performance = β1 innovation + β2 proactive + β3 taking risks + β4 competitive aggressiveness + β5 autonomy + э if the β value in the above table is substituted, the following values will be obtained: small business performance (y) = 0,377 x1 + 0,380 x2 + 0,476 x3 + 0,210 x4 + 0,148 x5 1. regression coefficient x1 of 0.377 means that every increase of one innovation unit will improve business performance small amount of 0.377. conversely, each reduction of one innovation unit will reduce the performance of small businesses by 0.377, assuming that x2, x3, x4, and x5 remain. the results of this study support the opinion of wiklund and shepherd (2005) which states that innovation through the creation of new products and technologies can produce competitive advantages because it can outperform competitors, to create financial results, productivity, and be able to produce new products and services (services) to the market ahead of competitors. the results of the study support the opinion (leonard-barton 1991) that innovation emphasizes new methods of operation by making new technology or developing existing technology. this process innovation includes reengineering business processes that are not directly related to the production process (cumming, 1998). the results of this study support the opinion expressed by baldwin (2000) that innovation affects business performance because the discovery of new production techniques allows companies to operate indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 25 more efficiently. innovation is a means to increase productivity which affects product quality and reduces unit production costs. kim and manborgue (1999) also revealed that innovation strategies will influence financial performance if companies can create value innovation in the innovation process. likewise, femandez (2001) emphasizes innovation as a determinant of corporate innovation success. furthermore, desphande et al (1993) stated that companies that want to be successful in their innovation process must integrate with product innovation and process innovation. the results of this study support the research of suseno and suddin (2019), mulyani (2016), wambugu and wanjau (2016) arshal et al., (2013), kusumawardhani and perera (2012) that innovation has a positive and significant effect on small business performance. this is because product innovation increases product sales which in turn have an impact on the return on assets to increase. 2. regression coefficient x2 of 0.380 means that every increase of one proactive unit will increase the performance of small businesses by 0.380. conversely, every reduction of one proactive unit will reduce the performance of small businesses by 0.380, assuming that x1, x3, x4, and x5 remain. the results of this study support the opinion of zahra (1995), lumpkin & dess (1996) that is highly proactive can improve business performance related to sales growth, company profits, and labour productivity. the results of this study also support the opinion of kotler (2005) that if the company is proactive, it means that a company has entered the market first from its competitors, then the company will always be the market leader. the results of this study support the opinion of zahra and covin (2005) that a proactive attitude can target market segments, move faster than competitors and respond quickly through the determination of company strategies that are based on market changes and therefore can take advantage of opportunities that arise. research supports research conducted by platin and ergun (2018), le roux and bengesi (2013) that proactivity has a positive and significant effect on business performance in terms of sales growth. 3. regression coefficient x3 of 0.476 means that every increase of one unit to take risks will increase the performance of small businesses by 0.476. conversely, every reduction of one unit takes a risk will reduce the performance of small businesses by 0.476, assuming that x1, x2, x4, and x5 remain. the results of this study support the opinion of zahra (1995) that companies that are willing to take risks at the expense of costs to get the benefits (cost-benefit) of each alternative in decision making will make the company stronger against economic changes. the results of this study support the opinion of keh et al (2002), wiklund (1999) that taking risks is an entrepreneurial attitude that involves his willingness to tie up resources and be courageous in facing challenges by engaging in business strategies so that an entrepreneur has the opportunity to take advantage and the emergence of these opportunities, which in the end positive effect on business performance. the results of this study support the opinion of wiklund and shepherd (2005) that risk-taking is related to the desire to commit that resources are used on projects where the cost of failure is high, reflecting managers' preferences for courageous actions to achieve organizational goals, thus the desire to take risks will encourage the company. to develop and generate new ideas to produce products (services). the results of this study support research conducted by wambugu and wanjau (2016), ranto (2016), haryadi (2015), arshal et al., (2013) that the attitude of courage to take risks has a positive and significant effect on small business performance because small businesses those who dare to take risks will increase their motivation in trying and find new ideas to develop their business indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 26 and increase their sales, thereby increasing the performance of small businesses. 4. regression coefficient x4 of 0.210 means that each increase of one unit of competitive aggressiveness will increase the performance of small businesses by 0.210. conversely, each reduction of one competitive aggressiveness unit will reduce the performance of small businesses by 0.210, assuming that x1, x2, x3, and x5 remain. the results show that the owners/managers of small businesses establish good relationships with customers to market their products and introduce their products to customers so that small business products can be absorbed by the market, thereby increasing the performance of small businesses. the results of this study support the opinion of lumpkin and dess (2001) that competitive aggressiveness has a positive and significant effect on company performance. this research is also in line with wulandari and priatna (2018) states that competitive aggressiveness has a positive and significant effect on business performance. 5. regression coefficient x5 of 0.148 means that every increase of one autonomous unit will improve the performance of small businesses by 0.148. on the contrary, every decrease of one autonomy unit will reduce the performance of small businesses by 0.148, assuming that x1, x2, x3, and x4 are fixed. the results showed that small businesses in kendari city developed various types of product components regardless of organizational boundaries. besides that, small business managers in making decisions still involve other parties in the internal of small businesses. autonomy refers to the independent action of a person or team to align an idea to complete its mission, regardless of organizational boundaries. when applied in the context of an organization, especially business, autonomy refers to the freedom to take action related to business. the results show that small business managers are free to develop products creatively but are still tied to other parties (their families) in making product development decisions, freedom to run a business independently does not affect improving the performance of small businesses. this means that the high autonomy attitude of small business owners is lacking affect the performance of small businesses. the role of autonomy in this study does not affect the performance of small businesses. because based on the results of observations made, most of the employees who work for small businesses are based on instructions from the owners/managers of small businesses. in this case, employees are not free to explore the knowledge they have because they see organizational boundaries that are applied by the company. based on the study conducted, most business owners in kendari city are not free to make decisions. this is because the size of the business that is owned is a family business and decision making in terms of product development is largely determined by the manager or manager who is the owner's family or relatives. the results of the study support the research conducted by wulandari and priatna (2018) which found that autonomy does not affect the performance of msmes. the results of this study support the research of arshal et al., (2013), arshal et al., (2013) explaining that autonomy has no significant effect on the performance of small businesses. the sign (+) indicates the direction of a direct relationship between the independent variable (x) and the dependent variable (y). whereas the sign (-) shows the direction of the inverse relationship between the independent variable (x) and the dependent variable (y). coefficient of determination of the regression model the coefficient of determination (r2) is used to measure the ability of the model to explain the variation of independent variables. here are the results of calculating the hypothesis determination coefficient. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (1), 19-30 27 table 4. coefficient determination regression model model summaryb model r r square adjusted r square std. error of the estimate 1 ,902a 0,814 0,793 0,366 a. predictors: (constant), innovation, proactive, taking risk, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy, performance. b. dependent variable: small business performance source: spss output 24.0, primary data processed (2019) in the coefficient of determination of the regression model 1 obtained adjusted r square value of 0.902. this means that 90.2% of small business performance variations can be explained by innovation, proactivity, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy as independent variables, while 9.8% can be explained by other factors outside the regression model analyzed. conclusion the purpose of this study is to examine and provide empirical evidence about the influence of innovation, proactivity, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy on the performance of small businesses in the food industry sector recorded in the department of industry, trade, cooperatives, and smes in kendari city in 2018. from five hypotheses were proposed, four of them i.e. innovation (h1), proactivity (h2), taking risks (h3), and competitive aggressiveness (h4) are accepted. whereas one other hypothesis namely autonomy (h5) is rejected. based on the results of the analysis, the conclusions that can be drawn from this study are as follows: 1) innovation has a positive and significant effect on the performance of small and medium businesses in the food industry sector recorded in the department of industry, trade, cooperatives, and smes in kendari city in 2017. this is indicated based on the results of the calculation of the regression coefficient of 0.440 and t value of 5.164 with a significance of 0.000. the significance value of the test is less than 0.05 (ha accepted), 2) proactive has a positive and significant effect on the performance of small and medium businesses in the food industry sector recorded in the department of industry, trade, cooperatives, and smes in kendari city 2017. this is indicated based on the calculation of the regression coefficient of 0.435 and t value of 5.574 with a significance of 0,000. the significance value of the test is less than 0.05 (ha accepted), 3) taking the risk of a positive and significant effect on the performance of small and medium businesses in the food industry sector recorded in the department of industry, trade, cooperatives, and smes in kendari city in 2017. this is shown based on the calculation of the regression coefficient of 0.560 and t value of 6.818 with a significance of 0.000. the significance value of the test is less than 0.05 (ha accepted), 4) competitive aggressiveness has a positive and significant impact on the performance of small and medium businesses in the food industry sector recorded in the department of industry, trade, cooperatives, and smes in kendari city 2017. this matter indicated by the results of the calculation of the regression coefficient of 0.216 with a count of 2.708 with a significance of 0.010 less than 0.05 (ha accepted), 5) autonomy has a positive and insignificant effect on the performance of small and medium 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(2005). entrepreneurial orientation and small firm performance: a configurational approach. journal of business venturing. 20, 71-91. 67. wisner, jd (2003). a structural equation model of supply chain management strategies and firm performance. journal of business logistics, 24 (1), 1-26. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 99 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.904 page: 99 – 110 a systematic review on the application of ontologies to improve career guidance dickson kalungi1, annabella habinka ejiri2, fred kaggwa1, simon kawuma1 1department of computer science, mbarara university of science and technology, uganda 2department of computer science, makerere university, uganda corresponding author: dickson kalungi; email: kaldixo@must.a.ug a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: application of ontologies, career guidance, systematic review. received : 22 april 2023 revised : 22 june 2023 accepted : 25 june 2023 the review discusses students’ challenges as they move between educational levels and the labor market, mainly due to the lack of effective, efficient, and timely career guidance. the review suggests that using ontologies can improve career guidance delivery by providing a structured approach to representing and organizing careerrelated data. the study conducted a systematic literature review and found that ontologies have not been extensively applied in the career guidance domain. the review highlights the unique advantages of using ontologies for career guidance (cg), such as formal representation, interoperability, and knowledge representation and reasoning. the review also points out the loopholes in the few studies that attempted to use ontologies in cg. a systematic literature review was carried out to assess the extent to which ontologies have been applied in cg. four reviewers performed a systematic search in ieee, scopus, web of science, and google scholar independently using agreed-upon criteria. to eliminate the bias of leaving out important studies, abstracts from selected conferences were carefully screened and reference scanning of the search results was performed. out of 307 studies, 11 were found to match the search parameters and were included in the study. introduction career guidance is a process that aids people in discovering and developing their interests, values, abilities, and goals as well as assisting them in making decisions about their future in learning, employment, and other pursuits (roy, 2020). transitioning between the different levels of education and the labor market is one of the biggest challenges experienced by students worldwide and this is mainly attributed to a lack of timely, effective, and efficient cg (pordelan & hosseinian, 2022). many students have made poor career decisions due to the difficulty in selecting an acceptable career path, which has negatively impacted the education and employment sectors as well as wastage of time, resources, and lack of motivation for work (afaq ahmed et al., 2017). the absence of relevant, sufficient, and timely cg for students who are required to make a career decision at a relatively young age is the primary cause of students making the wrong professional choices since this prevents them from being inspired and guided toward fulfilling their aspirations in the context of career choice alternatives, students need to be educated on recent developments, prospects for the future, and problems. they must be knowledgeable of the current market trends, business practices, and employment landscape across all industries (afaq ahmed et al., 2017). even though the fourth sustainable development goal (sdg) is to ensure all people have access to high-quality, inclusive, and equitable education and to encourage opportunities for lifelong learning, (general assembly, 2015), students often struggle to make the best decision at the right time due to inadequate cg services, unstructured cg data, a shortage of career counselors with training, 3500 students per instructor is a high student-to-teacher ratio, and there aren't any established cg regulations or indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) review article mailto:kaldixo@must.a.ug https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 100 standards (haji et al., 2014). the lack of workers with the required interests and skills will have detrimental long-term effects on the employment industry (suarta et al., 2017). this aids in partially explaining the high rates of job turnover brought on by the incompatibility of skills and a loss of interest in employment (nawaz & pangil, 2016). the professional sector and the development of the nation have suffered as a result of the lack of appropriate cg, which has allowed parents and peers to influence students' careers (arshad et al., 2018). in addition to having a big impact on the employment market (abdellah et al., 2019), orienting and guiding students will also have a big impact on building a sustainable society by advancing both social and economic goals (elyusufi et al., 2014). this is because it helps avoid skill mismatches, increases productivity, and addresses social equity and social inclusion. it has been established that students who receive timely, effective, and efficient cg and counseling are more likely to choose competitive careers and become successful in the future compared to their counterparts who are not wellsupported in choosing an appropriate career path. these students may find it difficult to make wise career selections. to avoid the challenges that are likely to come from insufficient cg, a solution must be found to give students the information they need to support their judgments while thinking about career options (anne et al., 2018). due to the importance of cg and the consistently expanding global population, the need and desire to have effective and timely career guidance services have outpaced its supply. when it comes to assisting students in discovering the vast number of options that make up the professional world, information, and communication technology can be quite helpful (león & castro, 2014). therefore, there is a pressing need to consider new technologies to complement the current options, which include in-person meetings, websites, and recommendation systems, among others. although the integration of ict into career practice has come a long way, there is always potential for growth (bimrose et al., 2015). researchers have paid little attention to using artificial intelligence to support cg in higher education and the workplace. this creates a big loophole and yet another opportunity for researchers to explore the extent to which ontologies can be applied in the cg domain, just as they have been successfully used in other domains like biomedical engineering (mabotuwana et al., 2013; megan kong et al., 2011), clinical research (smith & scheuermann, 2011), agriculture (bonacin et al., 2016), construction (çevikbaş & işık, 2021), aircraft (çevikbaş & işık, 2021), software maintenance (roldan-molina et al., 2020), robotics (prestes et al., 2021) and education (prestes et al., 2021). by effectively automating educational tasks and procedures, ontologies in education have made it simpler to access educational content online and to share data amongst institutions of learning. this is due to their ability to develop systems that successfully require huge data management, automated knowledge reasoning, and process and data interoperability. another convincing argument for the widespread usage of ontologies is their capacity to provide consistent terminology and comprehensive semantics to promote knowledge exchange and reuse (dse nicola & villani, 2021). despite the widespread and effective use of ontologies in other fields, there is little evidence to support their use in career counseling that has been published in the literature. this lays the groundwork for why, in this study, we conducted a systematic literature review to determine the degree to which ontologies have been applied in the career guidance domain. different definitions of ontologies exist. the formal knowledge models that enable data integration, search, and reasoning as well as an explanation of concepts and connections is one of the definitions that are most frequently employed (hammar, 2017). in addition, ontologies have been described as a conception of explicit knowledge made up of qualities, concepts (sometimes referred to as classes), and their interactions. unlike databases, ontologies enable you to work with partial information (open-world assumption) (chimalakonda & nori, n.d.). it is crucial to keep in mind that, like any complex field, cg requires automated systems to have access to a wealth of knowledge to make decisions concerning the problems they are meant to solve. to produce, use, and maintain such information effectively, good software development approaches are needed. such knowledge might indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 101 grow broad and sophisticated in its internal organization. the use of formal ontology concepts to address these difficulties has long been widespread in artificial intelligence (ai) (bateman et al., 2018). methods scoping review methodology a scoping review is a strategy that tries to review the literature that has, up until now, gotten little attention among researchers or where the research area is complex (arksey et al., 2007). according to arksey et al., to successfully use this methodology, six key steps were proposed and these include i) identifying the research question, ii) identifying relevant studies; iii) study selection iv) charting the data v) collating, summarizing, and reporting results and vi) consultation. for this review, a scoping review technique was used because it enables researchers to swiftly assess the body of literature on the topic (career guidance) and allows the inclusion of a variety of study types, lowering the possibility of bias in the conclusions. (arksey et al., 2007). identification of studies a highly sophisticated search approach was used to locate, screen, and analyze all publications that addressed the application of ontologies in career guidance/counseling that were published during the last 15 years, which is regarded as contemporary research. a preliminary database search turned over 300 publications, of which only 11 satisfied the inclusion requirements, as shown in table 1. author and year title study details weakness / gap proposed improvement 1. obeid et al., (2022) a novel hybrid recommender system approach for student academic advising named cohrs, supported by case-based reasoning and ontology the system aimed at helping high school students using a hybrid recommender system that offers specialized predictions based on their interests. the recommendation system targeted high school students as they transition to university. this is not timely because helping a student choose a university major does not guarantee making the right choice. timely delivery of career information. provide rich career information for students to make informed decisions instead of making decisions based on predictions. 2. bakke & hooley (2022) mapping the future of undergraduate career education. the research advocated for integrated career assistance as a method of providing career help that makes use of digital technologies like ontologies, in-person encounters, and any other strategies that are beneficial to students, like the distribution of printed materials. the research advocated for the integration of cg using several methods, including outdated methods like printed materials which are very costly, in-person encounters which are ineffective due to a lack of enough and qualified career counsels. an ontology-based model that structures all the cg information into a one-stop center that allows users to find what they are looking for easily and in a much more organized way. 3. dascalu et al., (2022) an ontology for educational and career profiling based on the romanian occupation classification framework: description and scenarios of utilization the study's goal was to create smart platforms or recommender systems that would offer personalized educational and professional counseling to solve romania's shortage of job counselors. focuses on recommending jobs to students based on their interests and profiles. based on the romanian national classification of occupations which may not be applicable in other regions provide timely information in an efficient way that will help a student to make an informed career decision, other than having the decision controlled by a recommender system indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 102 4. majid et al., (2021) ontology-based system for educational program counseling the study developed an integrated system that effectively extracts userspecific limitations in unambiguous queries and then retrieves more accurate data about educational fields and associated institution offerings. focused on university students data was based on user queries and extracts from the internet which may not be accurate a model that targets all groups of people and not only university students. 5. ibrahim et al., (2019) ontology-based personalized course recommendation framework the study suggested a framework for an ontology-based hybrid filtering system to aid students in identifying pertinent university courses that fit the unique demands of users. all challenges of recommendation systems apply a model that will eliminate the challenges of recommendation systems 6. abdellah et al., (2019) career recommendation system for scientific students based on ontologies although career choice is fundamental to the future of the individual. it was established that the assignment is done in an unqualified and unreliable way. based on the 19th and 20thcentury career theories which should be reformatted. based on holland’s theory that assumes a stable environment. the model heavily relies on scientific methods developed at universities under controlled conditions. life work balance inform students of the risks involved in all occupations and the ever-changing technological needs. adopt the 21st-century skills 7. startseva et al., (2019) ontology rules application for efficient career choice the ontology aimed to help university applicants in their transition phase from high school to tertiary education starting with their first life-long decision concerning their choice of field of study. targeted only university applicants. based on spanish high school students specializing in three study programs (natural science, social studies, and arts & humanitarian studies) a model based on uganda’s education system incorporate all areas of study including vocational training. 8. obeid et al., (2018) ontology-based recommender system in higher education empower students with the information they need to choose a course of study that will best serve their long-term professional and academic objectives. it’s a recommendation system with all the challenges of recommendation systems lack of personalization, limited scope, bias, lack of transparency, and incomplete information among others. the main aim is to help university students find relevant majors a model that will align with a person's goals, values, or preferences, provide all the data required for anyone to make an informed career decision by capturing the full range of career opportunities and paths. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 103 9. roblesgómez et al., (2016) defining a novel ontology for educational counselling based on professional indicators utilizing information from social networks for employability needs. information from social network sites can not be relied on to make concrete decisions that will impact the future of someone. a model that is based on factual data and mot social media information. 10. haji et al., (2014) multi-expert system design for educational and career guidance: an approach based on a multi-agent system and ontology cg knowledge comes from four sources: pedagogical experts, psychological expert, sociological expert, and economic expert cg is so wide to assume that knowledge can only be got from the 4 areas. based on the building of profiles. to incorporate all key players and all sources of cg knowledge 11. alimam et al., (2014) building profiles based on ontology for career recommendation in the e-ieaming context. the recommendation system allows the construction of a student profile based on his / her aspects of personalization and reflection in learning the moroccan education system is different from uganda’s education system. the system is applied while students are in their final year (9th grade) the system bases its resolution on cumulative grade point average (cgpa) and this may affect some students. the system is meant to degree students model based on uganda’s education system as guided by the scope of this research. providing career guidance to students at an early age than waiting for them as they join the university the review intended to determine the extent to which ontologies have been applied in the cg domain, the gaps and limitations encountered when applying ontologies in cg, and provide ways to remedy these issues. search strategy during the review, publications spanning 15 years were reviewed related to the application of ontologies in the cg domain. various electronic sources were utilized to ensure the required information was gathered without bias. for accurate results, the search process was automated on specific scientific online electronic databases related to computer science by building search queries based on agreed-upon keywords (ontology or ontologies and career guidance or career counseling). the main focus was put on ieee xplore, scopus, web of science (wos), and google scholar. the review was carried out following three (3) main phases. the first stage consisted of searching to review the popularity and interest of scholars regarding the application of ontologies in cg. it was established that about 307 papers in ieee xplore, scopus, web of wos, and google scholar are related to the application of ontologies in cg. the second phase was screening, to find out only studies specifically on the application of ontologies in cg published in the last 15 years. out of the 307 papers extracted, only 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, which clearly shows that there is a big gap in the application of ontologies in cg that needs to be addressed. to avoid bias arising from leaving out articles related to the review, the bibliographies and reference lists of the included studies were also further scrutinized. all extracted search query results from the selected databases were independently examined as csv files for inclusion based on title, abstract, and full text. inclusion criteria the inclusion/exclusion criteria are so vital in ensuring that the study does not deviate from the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 104 records identified in the databases search n = 307 ieee n = 23 scopus n =14 wos n = 20 google scholar n =250 records after eliminating duplicates n = 300 id en ti fi ca ti on records filtered (1) n = 60 studies included for analysis n = 11 records filtered (2) n = 27 excluded at title n = 240 excluded at abstract n = 33 excluded full-text articles n = 16 e li gi bi li ty f il te ri ng in cl us io n research topic and objectives. all relevant articles related to ontologies in the cg domain were considered suitable for the study. for purposes of this article, the following inclusion criteria were followed: 1. peer-reviewed articles 2. studies published in english 3. studies published between the period of 2008 and 2023 4. studies based on the application of ontologies in career guidance/career counseling. 5. full research papers exclusion criteria 1. non-peer-reviewed published information 2. studies not published in english 3. duplicated works in electronic databases 4. studies outside the domain of ontologies in career guidance/career counseling data extraction and analysis at this stage, the relevance of each document was assessed before considering it to be part of the study. analysis was mainly based on the document title and content of the abstract. however, there were instances where it necessitated reviewing the full body text aimed at clearing any doubts. figure 1: flow diagram for the selected studies results and discussion career guidance has been a fundamental component of schools for a considerable duration, to aid students in contemplating their goals, passions, credentials, and skills. the aim is to assist students in comprehending the job market and education systems, aligning this with their personal needs, and nurturing their sense of global citizenship. through comprehensive career guidance, students learn how to plan and make indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 105 decisions about their work and education while also managing their career skills and progression. through the organization, systematization, and timely presentation, career guidance aims to increase access to information about the labor market and educational prospects (do & nguyen, 2015). for this to be achieved, there is a need to think of better ways of delivering cg to supplement the available delivery methods. information and communication technology (ict) is frequently employed in career counseling for students. making better use of ict can increase students' access to career information and act as a resource for making better career decisions (supriyanto et al., 2019). research by (kalungi et al., 2023) also established that ict has the potential of improving the delivery timely effective, and efficient delivery of cg by utilizing artificial intelligence technologies like ontologies. ict has dramatically changed society over the past two decades as a result of its rapid growth. people now have unparalleled access to a wide range of information, allowing for low-cost, aroundthe-clock communication on a global scale (kettunen et al., 2020). this calls for a continuous re-evaluation of techniques and delivery methods by cg professionals if they are to provide meaningful and effective career services that meet the demands of the 21st century. the demand for cg services has outpaced their supply, which has increased the urgency for better ways of integrating career guidance services and related professional practices with new technologies to enable people to easily explore and acquire information about opportunities for education, training, and employment (lavicza et al., 2021). the use of ict in providing cg is also referred to as technology-assisted career counseling which is provided in many forms and for different purposes. as opposed to face-to-face counseling, technology-assisted career counseling involves the use of online sites and online career assessment tools like career recommendation systems which provide avenues for information gathering and job search. another form of utilizing ict to support cg is by contacting counselors in a virtual world using telephone counseling, email counseling, and online chat (zainudin et al., 2020) or online career counseling websites (pordelan & hosseinian, 2022). despite the potential benefits of utilizing ict in career interventions like increased access to career information, assessments, peer and practitioner support via social media, and reduced costs in creating and delivering career resources and services, several limitations have hindered the effective delivery of cg services to the satisfaction of the end users and stakeholders (pordelan & hosseinian, 2022). it is against this background therefore that this research opted to evaluate the extent to which ontologies have been applied in the cg domain by identifying studies that have focused on the application of ontologies in cg. having successfully been applied in other domains, ontologies have the potential of improving the delivery of timely, efficient, and effective cg by capitalizing on the benefits of ontologies like improved knowledge sharing and reuse, increased accuracy and consistency, facilitation of automated reasoning, support for semantic interoperability, enhanced data integration and interoperability, better decision making, and improved knowledge management (kulmanov et al., 2021). the use of ontologies in the career guidance field can offer a consistent and structured approach to conveying knowledge related to careers, which can lead to better and more productive career guidance and counseling. nevertheless, to successfully incorporate ontologies into career guidance, there needs to be cooperation between all stakeholders like students, parents, career counselors, institutions of higher learning, employers, and technology firms to guarantee that the ontology is all-encompassing, precise, and kept up-to-date (kalungi et al., 2023). involving users in the design of an artifact is referred to as participatory design (pd), a technique that is showing a growing interest in educational researchers whose main principle is to grant all users a say and influence over the design outcomes to increase transparency and accountability (cumbo & selwyn, 2022). findings from the literature have indicated that there is scanty evidence about the application of ontologies in cg. it was established that only 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. of these 11 studies, 6 of them, that is (alimam et al., 2014), (obeid et al., 2018), (obeid et al., 2022), (dascalu et al., 2022), (ibrahim et al., 2019), and (abdellah et al., 2019) proposed recommendation systems to help students during the career pursuit. however, each of these studies had its shortcomings as indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 106 indicated in table 1, hence the need to address these shortcomings/loopholes by proposing an ontologybased model (obm) that would provide a one-stop center for all career guidance needs, by providing information to students from the time they choose a combination/major to the time they gain meaningful employment by providing them with the required skills that meet the needs of the 21st-century world of work. research by (kalungi et al., 2023) established the requirements needed to develop an obm that would help to address some of these challenges. most of the studies that have attempted to apply ontologies in cg based their recommendations on the 19th and 20th-century cg theories of supper (super et al., 1992) and holland (holland, 1972) for working one’s way up the career ladder by doing what it takes for someone to get promoted by visualizing their dream job and develop the skills to have that job, considering a static environment. furthermore, it should be noted that the 19th and 20th century cg theories do not address the needs and current demands of the 21st century that advocate for flexibility to accommodate the changing nature of work and help people to understand and adapt to new technologies, new work environments, and new types of jobs, lifelong learning by providing up to date skill sets in ones chosen career, diversity, and inclusion by addressing the challenges faced by people from diverse backgrounds, including those from marginalized communities, entrepreneurship by supporting people who want to start their businesses and digital literacy by helping people develop digital literacy skill. therefore, addressing the needs of the 21st century calls for being proactive, flexible, and responsive to the changing needs of the workforce to help individuals develop the skills, knowledge, and networks they need to thrive in the rapidly evolving world of work (haug & mork, 2021). a case in point, research by (abdellah et al., 2019) heavily relied on scientific methods developed at universities under controlled conditions, assuming a constant environment, instead of informing students of all the risks involved in all occupations, especially the everchanging technological needs. timely provision of cg is very key if students are to benefit from cg. (alimam et al., 2014) proposed a recommendation system that allows the construction of students’ profiles based on their aspects of personalization and reflection in learning. furthermore, the recommendation system based its decisions on the cgpa for final year students as they transit to university. this review established that this research was only based on the moroccan education system whose findings and recommendations may not be applied to the rest of the world. it should further be noted that providing cg to the student as they transit to university is very late to help them make an informed decision. if a student already chose the wrong combination, they may not be able to get into their desired university program. also basing on cgpa only to make a career decision may be misleading because it ignores other important factors like interests and update skills that are needed to make an informed career decision (falco & summers, 2019). another related study was by (startseva et al., 2019) who provided university applicants with an ontology rules application for sensible career choices along the path from secondary to tertiary education, starting with their first important life decision regarding their field of study. this review further established that there is a separation between educational and training information from job information sources which can lead to mismatched skills, limited job opportunities, inadequate career preparation, reduced job satisfaction, and reduced economic growth. this was evidenced in the research by (majid et al., 2021), (dascalu et al., 2022), and (ibrahim et al., 2019) who did not demonstrate the need for involving all stakeholders in the designing of the proposed recommendation systems. lack of user participation in developing ontology models can lead to inaccurate or incomplete models, limited domain coverage, difficulty in model adoption, reduced stakeholder engagement, and limited domain applicability. this forms the basis on which this research proposes end-users and stakeholders’ involvement in the ontology development process to create models that are accurate, complete, and relevant to the domain they represent. this can be achieved by adopting participatory approaches and user-centred design approaches which advocate for designing with users as opposed to designing for users (cvitanovic et al., 2019). this would involve integrating all key stakeholders to provide educational and training information with job indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 99-110 107 information sources to provide individuals with accurate and up-to-date information to make informed decisions about their careers. involving users in the design also makes the final users accountable, hence increasing their acceptability of the final product (harrington et al., 2019). (dascalu et al., 2022) developed an ontology for educational and career profiling based on the romanian occupation classification. the study focused on creating smart platforms or recommender systems that would offer personalized educational and professional counseling by recommending jobs to students based on their interests and profiles. although considering personal interests is an important factor in deciding someone’s career decision, it should, however, be noted that it should not be the only consideration due to the potential risks and dangers that this may cause like limited job opportunities, financial instability, burnout, unrealistic expectations and lack of fulfillment. this, therefore, explains why this research proposes an obm that will take into account job availability, financial stability, and realistic expectations. by considering all these factors, one can be assured of making a more informed decision hence increasing the chances of a successful and fulfilling career as opposed to only considering someone’s interests and passion. research (bakke & hooley, 2022) titled mapping the future of undergraduate career advocated for integrated career assistance as a method of providing career help by making use of digital technologies like ontologies, in-person encounters, and any other strategies that are beneficial to students, like the distribution of printed materials. however using this approach would lead to the fragmentation of career information due to a lack of coordination leading to inaccurate or conflicting information, a lack of comprehensive understanding, missed opportunities, and inefficient decision-making. for cg to be meaningful, beneficiaries should be empowered with comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date career information to help them make informed decisions about their career paths (keshf & khanum, 2021). conclusion the field of career guidance is vast and intricate. if the cg sector is to be understood by its intended beneficiaries, there is an urgent need to reconcile the massive amounts of unstructured data that exist and are being accessed through parallel and uncoordinated means. to handle the difficulties encountered while employing conventional methods like face-to-face meetings, and career guidance, like any advanced profession, requires current solutions. although some ict tools, such as websites and recommendation systems, have made an effort to enhance the delivery and access to career information, this review has established that none of the suggested solutions offers a one-stop center for career information that offers enough information to help some people make informed decisions. it has also been proven that the majority of the solutions put out do not address the demands of the 21st century, which advocates for digital literacy, soft skills, lifelong learning, global awareness, sustainability, entrepreneurial attitude, and emotional intelligence. a one-stop career information hub based on an ontology model will help deliver comprehensive and structured career information, improve career decision-making, assist effective job search by reducing skills mismatch, boost career growth, and expand accessibility. this can be accomplished by creating an ontology-based model using participatory methods and user-centred designs to organize all career counseling data and prioritize the needs of the twenty-first-century world of work. in the long run, this will increase job satisfaction and productivity since it will allow people, particularly students to make informed career decisions. references 1. abdellah, a. m., karim, a. m., & hamid, s. 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(2020). technology-assisted career counselling: application, advantages and challenges as career counselling services and resources. international journal of academic research in business and social sciences, 10(11), 67–93. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 159 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.823 page: 159 – 172 riverbank erosion along the vidyadhari river, gosaba, south 24 parganas, west bengal, india with suitable embankment proposal: a geospatial investigation nayan dey1, payel das2 1department of geography, pt. ravishankar shukla university, india 2department of geography, rabindra bharati university, india corresponding author: nayan dey; email: dey.nayanrbu@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: geo-morphometric, geospatial investigation, geographic information system, remote sensing, riverine. received : 18 february 2023 revised : 14 june 2023 accepted : 16 june 2023 india is a country of rivers. sundarban is the world’s largest deltaic region, which is also part of the ganga region. highly populated this region is frequently faced intensive floods. the objective of this paper is to give a notion about the potential embankment zone along the vidyadhari river. changes in riverbanks since 1972 have been highlighted through gis and remote sensing applications. through this paper, erosional and depositional zones along the vidyadhari river are also spotted out. the potential embankment zone is measured by the vulnerability analysis based on river bank shifting. the proper embankment technology has also suggested a sustainable embankment along the river vidyadhari river, which is guided by the irrigation department, government of west bengal. introduction a stream that originates from a mountain, lake, spring, etc. reservoir and flows over the surface according to the slope of the land and joins a sea or a lake or any other watercourse is called a river. depending on the slope and topography of the land, the flow of the river is divided into three categories, namely: the upper course, the middle course, and the lower course. as the velocity of the river is very low during this time and the river is very close to the mean sea level and became stagnant, the lower course of the river is observed in plain or delta regions. at this time, due to low velocity, the river cannot carry the silt, mud, sand, etc. which are carried along with the water. as a result, they accumulate on both sides of the river. continuously in this natural process, silt accumulates on both banks of the river, and natural dams are formed. during this time the depth of the river decreases, as a result of which, occasionally during the rainy season, the excess water enters the river and cannot be drained through the riverbed. then that excess water breaks or overtops the riverbank and causes a flood in the river valley. the silt, sand, mud, etc. carried with the flood water settles and accumulates in the lowlands of the basin area on both banks of the river. thus floodplains and deltas are formed in the lower part of the river valley. india is a country of rivers, which is comprised of seven major rivers and associated tributaries and distributaries making up the river network in india (thakur et al., 2012; das et al., 2014). countless rivers, big or small, have profoundly influenced india’s economy and the lifestyle of its people since the distant past. this is why india is called a riverine country. the rivers in india are recognized into four groups, viz. himalayan rivers, deccan plateau rivers, inland rivers, and coastal rivers. west bengal is located in eastern india, stretched from the himalayas in the north to the bay of bengal in the south. mainly the two types of rivers are seen here – coastal rivers and rivers with an inland drainage basin. the river ganges is the most influential in west bengal. every year, millions of people are affected by riverbank erosion and shift that causes the loss of croplands, farmland and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:dey.nayanrbu@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 160 settlement areas, destruction of artificial structures, etc. (rahman & gain, 2020). recurring flood events in india cause severe damage to the land and other resources (singh & kumar, 2017). the sundarbans region spans over india and bangladesh and is the largest deltaic part of the ganga – brahmaputra and meghna river system. about 4,267sq.km, indian sundarban is enveloped by water bodies (about 1,700sq.km) such as canals, creeks, and tidal rivers (width a few meters to kilometers). the rivers of the sundarban region are associated with the tidally fed rivers. each river is interconnected with the main river and its tributaries and distributaries. every year monsoon floods are a frequent natural hazard in india. two main river systems, namely, ganga and brahmaputra river systems, are highly affected by bank erosion activity (sarma, 2013; das et al., 2014; mukherjee et al., 2017; islam & guchhait, 2019; dekaraja & mahanta, 2020; das and saha 2022). vidyadhari river is the most effective river in this region. due to some natural and anthropogenic activities such as diversion of the follow, velocity of the river, channel scouring, the cohesiveness of the texture of the banks, humidity of the soil, and different types of sediments, are responsible for this type of bank erosion. the processes of erosion of the rivers and the sea are quite similar in the active zones of sundarban. here, the responsible erosional processes are hydraulic action, abrasion or corrasion, attrition, and corrosion or solution (jayanta gour 2012). regional tectonic activities, quaternary, as well as holocene sea-level fluctuation and sedimentation, affect the sedimentary structure of the sundarban delta. gosaba is one of the vulnerable blocks of sundarban, which is located in the canning sub-division of the south 24 parganas district, west bengal, india. geologically, the area is covered with holocene newer sediments (bandyopadhyay et al. 2014). gosaba block is located at 22°54’n to 22°08’n and 88°29’e to 88°49’e and it has an average elevation of 6 meters (20ft) from mean sea level. the said research work is employed to study the northeast segment of gosaba, sundarban. the longitudinal and latitudinal extension of the study area is 22°08’15” n to 22°11’41” n and 88°46’51” e to 88°49’32” e. the seven mouzas, viz.manmathanagar, chandipur, gosaba, arampur, mazidbari, birajnagar, and dulki of gosaba block are included in this study area. the study area is bounded on the northeast by manmathanagar, northwest by chandipur, west by mazidbari, southwest by birajnagar, south dulki, southeast by arampur, and east by gosaba. vidyadhari is the main river of the gosaba block of sundarban. the vidyadhari river origins from haringhata in nadia district and streams through deganga, habra, and barasat areas of north 24 parganas and then meets to raimangal river in the sundarban of south 24 parganas. an interconnected complex water system is developed in sundarban. vidyadhari river is also a similar river. naturally, apart from being a major navigation route for earlier civilizations, this river was also projected as the major drainage system of the city of kolkata. however, with the passage of time, the river has become narrower due to the collapse of its banks. in 2011, md. b hossain, t sakai and md. z hossain researched the river bank erosion of lowercoursed rivers of the plain regions in bangladesh. in addition, they also examined the stability of the river embankment and the cause of its failure. the said research work is field-intensive and laboratorybased with the japanese industrial standard (jis). soil permeability is the main variable to do the said study. through their study, they suggest using geobags for slope protection of an embankment, which increases stability. in 2013, subarna chatterjee and biswaranjan mistri did research work on riverbank erosion of the bhagirathi-hooghly river near the shantipur block of nadia district, west bengal. according to them, such kind of lateral erosion is influenced by the properties of flow, the composition of bank materials, climatic influence, the geometry of the channel, and vegetation cover. subhamita dhara and biraj kanti mondal worked on the riverbank erosion due to changing and modification of the saptamukhi river and muriganga river at namkhana, in 2018. remote sensing and gis techniques are being used to compute the riverbank shifting. tanmoy mondal and biplab tripathy, in july 2020 researched environmental degradation due to riverbank erosion. according to the said research paper, it has been evaluated that riverbank erosion is the prominent influencer of flood, landslide, and soil erosion along the river-associated zone. suman ghosh and biswaranjan mistri worked on the embankment breaching and its management in gosaba, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 161 sundarban, west bengal in 2020. they figure out the embankment condition in gosaba and measure, how they construct and their model. the aforementioned research work is trying to assess the present condition of the river embankment and various gis techniques are being used to examine the vulnerability status of the selected canvas of gosaba, concerning river bank erosion, by the change detection study (figure no. 3, 4, & 5). remote sensing and geographic information system (gis) are idyllic and seemingly tools for monitoring river erosion and its line transfer (khatun et al., 2022). in the last two decades, the spatiotemporal confluence and off-take dynamics, sediment yield and channel bar dynamics have been analyzed by applying remote sensing and geographical technique (ophra et al., 2018). methods since the historical era, many authentic research works have been documented on channel migration and the mechanism of different types of channel avulsion on quaternary floodplain geological sites (baki & gan, 2012). few research works have been done applying the given techniques (lawler et al., 1997; sarkar et al., 2012; robinson 2013; nath et al., 2013; gogoi and goswami, 2014) in riverbank shifting. with the help of research methodology, any kind of research problem can solve easily and in a systematic way. this research work consists of both primary and secondary data. the most important way to collect data or information is observation. satellite imagery (landsat) of the above-mentioned study area from the usgs earth explorer web portal (table 1). besides, other information is collected from the irrigation department web portal of the government of west bengal, journals, books, research reports, govt. project report, and phd thesis. table 1. source of data type of data source of data year gps waypoint for embankment study primary survey nov – dec 2022 satellite data (landsat) (secondary data) usgs earth explorer 05-11-1972, 21-02-1980, 25-04-1992, 18-11-2003, 08-11-2011, 14-11-2022 tnt mips (version 2021), arc gis (version 10.3.1), and quantum gis (version 3.6.2) software are used to sketch all the maps and is being simulated riverbank in 2030. in addition, based on erosion and deposition rate vulnerability level is being delineated along the vidyadhari river bank in gosaba which also help to design the embankment potential zone. the hypothesis is tested in spss (ibm). results and discussion embankment scenario along the vidyadhari river in study area the river embankment is the lifeline for the lower course of a river. the reclamation of immature land through the construction of embankments without proper planning has been increasing the vulnerability of embankment breaching due to various natural and anthropogenic causes (ghoshand mistri, 2020). the sundarbans region spans over india and bangladesh and is the largest deltaic part of the ganga – brahmaputra and meghna river system. to understand the scenario of embankment breaching and its recent management strategy, an intensive field survey was conducted to comprehend the underlying reasons for embankment breaching and its management techniques at the ground level (ghosh & mistri, 2020). an embankment may refer to a levee or an artificial bank, mainly elevated from the surrounding parts of the land to prevent flooding by a river, lakes, or sea (ghosh & mistri, 2020). the total length of the embankment in sundarban was 3638.18 km in 2010 (sarkar et al., 2016). embankments may be either made of earthen materials or bricks and concrete materials (das, 2016). about 10.28 % of the riverbank is covered by the constructed embankment (table 2). various type of river embankment is found, viz. brick pitching, block pitching, sand-bag, mud-bag, and timber-bamboo embankment (figure 1 & 8). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 162 brick pitching embankment the vidyadhari river and gomar khal follow a meandering path that increases in the outer bank at the northeastern portion of gosaba. the brick pitching method for embankment construction quite helps to choke the bank erosion. the brick in the said part of gosaba embanks about 4.33% riverbank. maximum brick-pitched embankment constructed in chandipur (687.81 meters on the left bank of vidyadhari river) (table 2, figure 1 & photo plate no. 1). in addition, arampur (323.12 meters on the left bank of vidyadhari river) (figure 1 & 8, photo plate no. 2) and gosaba said the type of embankment constructed. gosaba has the shortest embankment (66.39 meters on the left bank of the vidyadhari river). the brick pitching embankments are found on the left bank of the vidyadhari river. the brick embankment is configured at 30 meters in height and 7 meters in width (table 2). table 2. types of embankment sl. no. mouza types of embankment length height in feet width in feet bank total bank length in meters (selected study area) 1 chandipur brick pitching embankment 687.81 31 6.3 left 2587.34 2 block pitching embankment 167.42 43 3.9 3 manmathanagar sand–bag embankment 71.15 24 6.5 right 4109.86 4 mud – bag embankment 75.44 right 5 block pitching embankment 971.14 42 17 right indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 163 6 gosaba brick pitching embankment 66.39 30 7 left 5101.44 7 arampur brick pitching embankment 323.12 25 7 left 2793.63 8 birajnagar mud–bag embankment 47.20 right 6367.68 9 timber-bamboo embankment 35.74 25 5.7 right 10 mazidbari block pitching embankment 112.27 right 2813.16 source: primary survey (2022) & author’s computation block pitching embankment the embankments, as public property act as a safeguard for private property (sarkhel, 2013) in gosaba. cemented blocks are pitched appropriately constructed with the 3:1 slope ratio of the riverside. this kind of costly and labor-intensive embankment is constructed about 5.33% riverbank of the study area. the block-pitched embankment is developed in manmathanagar (971.14 meters on the right bank of the vidyadhaririver) (figure no. 1 & photo plate no. 3), chandipur (167.42 meters exists on the left bank), and mazidbari (112.27 meters develops on the right bank of the vidyadhari river). the height of the block-pitched embankment is 42 meters with 17 meters in width (table 2). sand-bag embankment sandbags are often used in the deltaic region to reduce the devastating effects of riverbank erosion (ghosh & mistri, 2020). about 0.29% river, the sandbag embanks the bank of the study area. the sandbag wall or barrier is arranged layer by layer to improve the stability of the riverbank (ghosh & mistri, 2020). the weight of the sandbag is 14 to 18 kg. some bamboo piles are also used in front of sandbags to give the river bank more stability (ghosh & mistri, 2020). some bamboo piles are also used in front of sandbags to stabilize the river. the sand-bag embankment is with 24meters in height and 6.5 meters in width. sandbags are used as embankments in manmathanagar (71.15 meters on the right bank of the river). mud-bag embankment about 0.49% riverbank is embanked by the mud-bag embankment (table 2). bamboo piles are used for stabilization. mud-bag embankment is assisting only two mouzas manmathanagar (75.44 meters on the right bank of the river vidyadhari) and birajnagar (47.20 meters on the right bank of the river). mud-bag embankment is only located on the right side of the river (figure 1 & 8). timber-bamboo embankment bamboo is an environment-friendly material to embank the riverbank. it helps to strengthen and stabilize the bank. the row of bamboo piles is firmly fixed with a rope or iron wire. piling in wet soil of marshy land is very easy but required more strength (ghosh & mistri, 2020). about 0.14% riverbank is embanked by the timber-bamboo embankment and this type of embankment mechanism is used only in birajnagar (35.74 meters on the right bank of the river) (figure 1 & photo plate no 4). in some places, two parallel rows of piles are prepared, and the space between them is filled with boulders and pebbles to protect the embankment from toe erosion (ghosh & mistri, 2020). the height of the timber-bamboo embankment is 25 meters and the average width is 5.7 meters (table 2, figure 1 & photo plate no. 4). the primary survey clearly expresses that the block pitching embankment method is used mostly in the areas of sundarban. the embankment construction is much higher on the right bank rather than on the left bank of the vidyadhari river. birajnagar mouza is experiencing the highest embankment construction in the study area. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 164 figure (2) vidyadhari river bank in 1972 to 2022, (3) transect, (4) erosion and depositional scenario along the vidyadhari river bank erosion deposition along the vidyadhari river in study area riverbank erosion is a dynamic natural process (ghosh, 2022). bank erosion will generally happen when the magnitude of flowing water exceeds the strength of materials on the basal part of a riverbank (ghosh & sahu 2018, 2019a, b). the riverbank distortion towards land is the tether of the erosional zone and shifting towards the river is demarcated as the depositional zone. the efficiency of embankment management and its mechanism of breaching depend on various factors such as river hydraulics and the estuarine process (das & maity, 2012). land reclamation program has been carried out many times in this area but the importance of these tidal creeks or channels are neglected every time. the entire gosaba is pronounced by the tidal activity of the river. helical flow is the prominent mechanism to govern the riverbank erosion in gosaba. the rate and intensity of riverbank erosion also depend on various other factors like the amount and frequency of water supply, sediment supply, geology, soil characteristics, vegetation cover, and surface land-use system (ghosh & mistri, 2020). remote sensing and gis applications in bank erosion studies have a great role in management studies (das & saraf, 2007; das et al., 2012a; ophra et al., 2018). in recent years, various research studies have been conducted by applying geospatial techniques to evaluate channel course modifications, degree of anthropogenic stress, costbenefit analysis, and quantification of river bank erosion (bera et al., 2019b). cross-sectional interventions (figure no. 4) on river channels alter the channel morphology by modifying the discharge volume (islam & guchhait, 2020). table 3. erosion – deposition scenario due to river bank erosion in study area mouza total eroded area since 1972 (in m2) total deposited area since 1972 (in m2) balance chandipur 188788.39 0.0 -188788.39 manmathanagar 132059.95 57047.51 -75012.44 gosaba 15982.82 176780.31 +160797.49 arampur 4233.62 58424.51 +54190.89 dulki 125143.08 8643.15 -116499.93 birajnagar 186621.09 172404.08 -14217.01 mazidpur 18235.69 343223.50 +324987.81 source: primary survey (2022) & author’s computation indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 165 the river becomes an interesting case study when it undergoes several morphological changes longitudinally and transversally, related to various types of hydraulic works, weirs, and embankments over long periods (geria et al., 2018). river morphology describes the concept of geographic form, the river channel classification, the edges of the river, and geomorphic analysis (momin et al., 2020). however, bank erosion is mainly regulated by the nature of bank materials and river discharge (youdeowei 1997; gosh & bera, 2022). secondly, the nature of channel flow and velocity also has a great influence on the bank erosion process (majumdar & das (pan) 2014). the augmentation of riverbank accretion and deterioration process is assorted at the different segments of the study area. prediction of the location and the extent of riverbank erosion (figure no. 4, 5 & table 3) continue to be difficult despite the testing of a range of approaches and methods (sandra and david, 2000; bandyopadhyay et al., 2014). figure (5) vidyadhari river bank simulation in 2030, (6) vulnerability status of river bank, (7) embankment potential zone along the vidyadhari river bank the total eroded areas of sundarbans are as follows chandipur (188788.39 m2), manmathanahar (132059.95 m2), gosaba (15982.82 m2), arampur (4233.62 m2), birajnagar (186621.09m2), and mazidpur (18235.69 m2). the total deposited areas of sundarban are as follows chandipur (0.0 m2), manmathanagar (57047.51m2), gosaba (176780.31m2), arampur (58424.51m2), dulki (8643.15m2), birajnagar (172404.08m2), mazidpur (343223.50 m2). the erosional land is highest in chandipur (188788.39 m2) and lowest in arampur (4233.62m2). the primary survey also assesses that gosaba has the highest depositional areas (176780.31m2) and the lowest in chandipur (0.0m2). from the above research work and computation, it has been revealed that chandipur (188788.39 m2), dulki (-116499.93 m2), manmathanagar (-75012.44 m2), and birajnagar (14217.01 m2) are more prone to intensive erosion in comparison to mazidpur (+324987.81 m2), gosaba (+160797.49 m2) and arampur (+54190.89 m2) (table 3; figure no. 2, 3, 4). the high velocity with turbulence during monsoon month erodes the noncohesive bank materials and enhances the bank erosion and lateral shifting of the channel (guchhait et al., 2016). however, selective entrainment of non-cohesive bank materials during high flow weakens the overall structure, which leads to bank failure (gosh & bera, 2022). combined processes of aggradations and degradation within river channels bring channel instability which ultimately leads to channel migration (ahmed and das 2018; ahmed et al,. 2018). prediction of the river bank the erosion zone has been identified through the superimposition of vectorized (figure 3, 4 & 5) multi-temporal satellite images (ghosh and mukhopadhyay, 2016). the principal purpose of this said research work is sketching of embankment and riverbank breaching. the riverbank is simulated in 2030 based on 50 years of data (1972 to 2022). the regional or micro scale landscape modifications, shape, and form of floodplain indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 166 alterations exist due to lateral river channel migration (thakur et al., 2012). table 4. vulnerable river bank in gosaba (selected zone) river bank change rate (in meters/year) vulnerability mouza below -1.72 very high vulnerable zone manmathanagar (-1.72) to (-1.44) high vulnerable zone chandipur, manmathanagar, arampur, dulki, birajnagar (-1.44) to 0.11 moderate vulnerable zone chandipur, manmathanagar, gosaba, arampur, dulki, birajnagar, mazidbari 0.11 to 2.27 low vulnerable zone manmathanagar, gosaba, arampur, dulki, birajnagar, mazidbari 2.27 to 10.73 very low vulnerable zone gosaba, birajnagar, mazidbari source: primary survey (2022) & author’s computation with the help of the riverbank simulation method (figure 6), it can easily be said that there are five types of vulnerability zone along the banks of the vidyadhari river. manmathanagar exists in very high vulnerable zone (below -1.72 m/year), whereas chandupur, dulki, arampur, birajnagar are in high vulnerable zone (-1.72 to -1.44 m/year), manmarhanagar, gosaba, arampur, dulki, birajnagar, mazidbari are in moderate vulnerable zone (-1.44 to -0.11 m/year), gosaba, arampur, dulki, birajnagar, manmathanagar are in low vulnerable zone (0.11 2.27 m/year) and gosaba, birajnagar, mazidbari are in very low vulnerable zone (2.27 10.73 m/year) (table 4 & figure 5 & 7). from this analysis, it has been observed that chandipur and manmathanagar will be experienced more erosional work in the future. in addition, the north-western segment of birajnagar will be faced river bank retreatment (figure 5). vulnerability analysis the riverbank of the deltaic plain is dynamic. the geomorphological structure depends on the various processes of the riverbank. satellite imageries using arc gis (figure 4 & 7) and necessary field surveys are used to measure the vulnerable zone of the embankment by gram panchayat (ghosh & mistri, 2020). the riverbank of the selected study area is breached due to natural and anthropogenic causes. natural causes 1. unscientific embankment construction along the vidyadhari river increases the rate of siltation at the riverbed. 2. longitudinal embankment construction on tidal creeks choked the natural flow and pronounce to hydraulic pressure for riverbank erosion. 3. old earthen embankments of the study area are constructed during the british colonial period. these are technically very weak in the present circumstance. 4. the frequency and intensity of cyclone occurrence over the sundarban region are rapidly increasing due to climate change. this creates tremendous pressure on the riverbank. 5. the mangrove forest in sundarban acts as a natural barrier. deforestation of it brings sundarban under threat. anthropogenic causes 1. since last century, the population pressure has increased in the gosaba region. thus, due to the mutation of land-use and land-cover patterns, is harming rivers. 2. chanel’s width of the tidal creek becomes narrower due to embankment construction on both sides that reduce the water carrying capacity. it also causes riverbank breaching. 3. at the mouth of tidal creeks, several lock gates have been constructed to drain out excess water from inland. several lock gates have been constructed at the mouth of the tidal creeks, to drain out excess water from inland. the huge pressure of water during climatic extremes (cyclones) suddenly breaks down the system of sluice gates and causes large-scale embankment breaches in the delta (ghosh & mistri, 2020). 4. riverbanks are the natural levee of the flood plain or deltaic region and they are marked as the dry point. consequently, people use banks indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 167 as communication pathways. the said things also influence bank erosion. 5. shrimp catching along the bank is also pronounced to erode the bank’s soil. based on the change of riverbank, vulnerability is being measured along the vidyadhari river in the selected part of gosaba. about 24.88 km length riverbank of the selected study area of gosaba, sundarban is isolated into five zones, viz. very high vulnerable zone, high vulnerable zone, moderate vulnerable zone, low vulnerable zone, and very low vulnerable zone. the maximum vulnerable riverbank is chandipur (1117.73 meters). birajnagar has the highest length of moderate vulnerability riverbank (2744.78 meters) and mazidbari has the highest length of low vulnerability riverbank (1747.14 meters). table 5. vulnerability zone of embankments sl. no. mouza vulnerability status length of vulnerable river bank (meters) length of vulnerable river bank (in %) total length (meters) 1 chandipur high vulnerable 1117.73 43.19 2587.34 2 moderately vulnerable 1469.61 46.81 3 manmathanagar very high vulnerable 111.72 02.72 4109.86 4 high vulnerable 793.37 19.30 5 moderately vulnerable 1837.08 44.70 6 low vulnerable 1367.69 33.28 7 gosaba moderately vulnerable 1577.70 30.93 5101.44 8 low vulnerable 2758.69 54.08 9 very low vulnerable 765.05 14.99 10 arampur high vulnerable 864.93 30.96 2793.63 11 moderately vulnerable 1242.94 44.49 12 low vulnerable 685.76 24.55 13 dulki moderately vulnerable 694.66 62.79 1106.26 14 low vulnerable 411.60 37.21 15 birajnagar high vulnerable 873.22 13.71 6367.68 16 moderately vulnerable 2744.78 43.11 17 low vulnerable 2301.87 36.15 18 very low vulnerable 447.81 07.30 19 mazidbari moderately vulnerable 634.12 22.54 2813.16 20 low vulnerable 431.90 15.35 21 very low vulnerable 1747.14 62.11 source: primary survey (2022) & author’s computation from the above computation and observation, it has been revealed that the maximum bank length of mazidbari (about 62.11% of the total length of the riverbank in mazidbari, the selected study area) comes under the very low vulnerable zone. gosaba (54.08%) is reported maximum low vulnerable zone of the total riverbank length. dulki (62.79%) experienced a maximum moderate vulnerable zone of the total bank length of this mouza. chandipur (43.19) mouza is accompanied by a highly vulnerable riverbank zone among the all mouzas of the study area. a very highly vulnerable riverbank is in manmathanagar (2.72%) only (table 4, 5; figure 6). embankment potential zone assessment the embankment potential zone traced and demarcated the particular riverbank that experienced the river devastating work. the bank retreatment rate per year is the main indicator to assess the potential zone in the study area of gosaba. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 168 table 6. embankment potential zone in gosaba (selected zone) mouza length of embankment potential zone in meters length of total embankment (meters) total bank length (meters) chandipur 1733.73 855.23 2587.34 manmathanagar 1486.05 1117.73 4109.86 gosaba 915.55 66.39 5101.44 arampur 2655.72 323.12 2793.63 dulki 487.28 00.00 1106.26 birajnagar 3141.99 82.94 6367.68 mazidpur 453.57 112.27 2813.16 source: primary survey (2022) & author’s computation the length of potential embankments in the study is as follows, chandipur 1733.73 meters, manmathanagar 1486.05 meters, gosaba 915.55 meters, arampur 2655.72 meters, dulki 487.28 meters, birajnagar 3141.99 meters, and mazidpur 453.57 meters. from the above computation, it has been traced that birajnagar (3141.99 meters) accompanied the maximum embankment potential zone out of all mouza of the selected study area of gosaba and the low embankment potential zone assess in mazidpur (453.57 meters) (table 6; figure 8). figure 8. impact of helical flow on riverbank shifting hypothesis testing descriptive statistics on river degradation and accretion along the cross-sections are summarized (figure 8). the said computation is for the analysis of the river’s hydrological mechanism behind the distortion of the riverbank. in the initial stage, it has indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 169 been assumed that the riverbank erosion and accretion in selected parts of gosaba follow the helical mechanism. table 7. descriptive statistics for helical flow (hypothesis testing) crosssection variable mean std deviation std error mean t test sig. (2-tailed) aa’ positive change of river bank in meter 152.5462200 22.37884059 10.00812176 7.648* 0.002 negative change of river bank in meter -99.01443200 58.31485579 26.07919633 bb’ positive change of river bank in meter 81.08478800 34.50404967 15.43068011 5.283* 0.006 negative change of river bank in meter -56.57652200 36.78941728 16.45272758 cc’ positive change of river bank in meter 103.7387560 15.66335473 7.004865188 13.809* 0.000 negative change of river bank in meter -84.53859200 34.99411971 15.64984610 dd’ positive change of river bank in meter 164.9916040 38.34970060 17.15050749 8.184* 0.001 negative change of river bank in meter -28.14892880 17.91665702 8.012572605 ee’ positive change of river bank in meter 43.37887860 24.15127915 10.80078038 7.865* 0.001 negative change of river bank in meter -44.67965600 16.93419340 7.573201518 ff’ positive change of river bank in meter 23.29403800 14.96406616 6.692133832 3.563** 0.024 negative change of river bank in meter -23.14346080 24.09302403 10.77472790 note: * statistically significant at 0.01 level, **statistically significant at 0.05 level source: primary survey (2022) & author’s computation the above table shows the results. the estimated parameters have significant values and also have some expected symptoms. from this above computation, it has been measured that the said hypothesis is accepted at the 1% level (table 7). from this research work, the embankment potential zone has been assessed based riverbank erosion rate. through hypothesis testing, it is proved that the helical flow mechanism is active in riverbank erosion. it has been observed that the helical flow facing the erosional riverbank is steeper (ratio 1(v): 2.5 (h)). thus, as per the guidelines on riverbank protection (memo no. 501 – ifc/ iw/o/ifc/4m-30/2014; dated, 10th december 2019) by the department of irrigation & waterways, government of west bengal (2019), indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 159-172 170 type 5c-ii embankment is recommended for the selected study area of gosaba. conclusion the indian sundarban belongs to the part of the ganga delta (dhara & mondal, july 2018). floods and riverbank erosion are the most frequent natural hazards in india, specifically in the deltaic regions (das & samanta, 2022). riverbank erosion is a growing problem in the world (mondal & tripathy, 2021). it causes damage to structures and land loss adjacent to the river channel, leading to various alterations to the riverbed and floodplain (henshaw et al., 2013; marteau et al., 2017). river bank erosion has emerged to be one of the most annoying environmental hazards these days (chatterjee & mistri, september 2013). the word erosion, derived from the latin word “erodere”, means to gnaw. it is a complex process that incorporates actions of several complex processes and cannot be attributed to any single process (chatterjee & mistri, september 2013). the spatiotemporal vulnerability of embankment breaching depends on both natural and anthropogenic factors (ghosh & mistri, 2020). in the last three or four decades, the physical landscape has been completely modified due to unscientific land use practices (chamling & bera, 2020a). the current study employed the satellite remote sensing data-derived gis layers to assess the river morphology (khatun et al., 2022) in the vidyadhari river in parts of gosaba sundarban, india. from this research work, it has been addressed that the study area is in an alarming condition concerning riverbank erosion. the modern engineering method of the embankment is efficient enough to protect the riverbank from erosion but it is challenging to construct in such a hydro-geomorphologically diversified land (ghosh & mistri, 2020). therefore, the allocation and management of the river bank are very complex issues. to protect the alarming vulnerable sites of gosaba, sundarban region, modern engineering methods, and equipment are desiderated for the construction of embankment in a sustainable manner. references 1. ahmed i. & das n. 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(retrieved on 14 november 2018). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 161 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.257 page: 161 – 176 drivers of sustainable entrepreneurship among smes in pakistan: does entrepreneurial knowledge matter? abdul hanan1, anis shahira2, mohsin ali3 1national college of business administration & economics multan, pakistan 2school of business and economics, universiti putra malaysia, malaysia 3department of commerce, bahauddin zakariya university multan, pakistan corresponding author: abdul hanan; email: abdulhananhassan2321@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: entrepreneurial bricolage, entrepreneurial orientation, structural equation modelling (sem), sustainable entrepreneurship, sustainability orientation. received : 18 may 2021 revised : 18 june 2021 accepted : 19 june 2021 developing the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship from upper echelons theory and resource-based view theory, this research explores the impact of sustainable entrepreneurship among small and medium-sized enterprises. sustainable entrepreneurship pursues a motivating approach to the economic, social, and environmental objectives of the society. the purpose of the study is to delve into the influencing factors of sustainable entrepreneurship among smes. the research is based on a quantitative approach via survey to address the sustainable entrepreneurship among smes (e.g., punjab) in pakistan. data were obtained from 330 employees working in manufacturing sme’s. additionally, structural equation modelling (sem) was tested to examining the hypothesized relationship. the results confirm a positive effect of sustainability orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on sustainable entrepreneurship and the moderating effect of entrepreneurial knowledge was found significant. moreover, the results confirm a negative effect of entrepreneurial bricolage on sustainable entrepreneurship, and the moderating effect of the entrepreneurial knowledge was found to be insignificant. however, these researches carry-out the context of entrepreneurial bricolage acts as a moderator in sustainable entrepreneurship research. based on the findings, this research provides implications for the policymakers to promote sustainable entrepreneurship to facilitate new markets and getting the foremost advantage of sustainable development in sme’s. introduction over the past decade, the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship has become a relatively known term in the global economy. around the world, the small and medium enterprises (sme’s) sector was either in recession or close to recede (cervelló-royo et al., 2019, lüdeke-freund, 2020, schaltegger et al., 2019, eller et al., 2020). hence, the sme sector started losing hold of entrepreneurship, dashing hopes pinned by some countries, notably among them is pakistan (muneeb et al., 2020) lack of resources and global environmental issues have pushed the world’s economy towards sustainable development in the sme sector (schaltegger et al., 2016b, fossen and sorgner, 2019, pieroni et al., 2019, he et al., 2020). globalization has raised eyebrows of many in this sector (e.g., manufacturing sector) as fears of recession looms large in shanty towns, making it a reality for the smes (zhu et al., 2019). at present, sustainable entrepreneurship has become a foreseeable choice for sme’s to gain sustainable development and pursue sustainability under increasing global environmental problems (schaltegger et al., 2016b, nave and franco, 2019). sustainable entrepreneurship is a major cause for sme’s distress, e.g., lack of environmental care, chain management failure, lacking eco-efficiency mechanism, lack of green products and sustainable technology development, lack of collaboration with indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:abdulhananhassan2321@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 162 sustainable industry and eco-design issues (bonfanti et al., 2016). the notion of a fast-spreading recession in sme’s is penetrating densely populated slum dwellings and becoming a nightmare for the environment and society that is already facing the mammoth challenge of containing this recession. globalization has tendered some sustainability challenges like climate change, biodiversity and ecosystem degradation (schaltegger and burritt, 2018, davies and doherty, 2019, tiba et al., 2019). despite the prevailing circumstances, the sustainability challenges have grown very rapidly, and it looks difficult for smes to maintaining the balance among environmental, social, and economic challenges, the role of the entrepreneur is dominant as visionary and solution maker. progressively, entrepreneurs begun to provide support, not only for the solving crisis even provides the core sustainability issues (sannino et al., 2020) at the start of core ecosystem problems, organization begun to explore “sustainable entrepreneurship” business model to identify, assess and engage the ecosystem adverse impacts (schaltegger et al., 2016b, tiba et al., 2019) sustainable entrepreneurship seeks to focus on social, economic and environmental entrepreneurship including sustainability in businesses in terms of wealth creations and sustainable development (shams and kaufmann, 2016) even though environmental and social entrepreneurship are two different streams of knowledge. likewise, sustainable entrepreneurship is considering as key concerning factor whereas it allows to similitude and digitize the both environmental and social entrepreneurship (pieroni et al., 2019). going forward, sustainable entrepreneurship stimulus to widen the future wellbeing, value creation of the society, and the upcoming results would set the tone for the market. it is believed that sustainable entrepreneurship can only be mitigated the sustainability crisis exacerbates by the environmental uncertainty and divert the requisite of organizational resources to support sustainable development (roy and karna, 2015) in the context of sustainable entrepreneurship, the organization should bring all the relevant resources and knowledge to ensure and extent of sustainable development among the organization. when contacted, the organization appeared to be dominant and competitive. sustainable entrepreneurship, when assumed the charge and ride out the adverse challenge of sustainability distress (davies and doherty, 2019). in developed economies, the government acknowledges that sme’s are the main drivers of economic growth, bringing evolutions in income distribution, job creation, and formation of economic structure (anbarasan, 2018, freudenreich et al., 2019). but in the case of developing countries, like pakistan, sme’s have an underdeveloped market mechanism where organizational structure lacks innovation and limited resources have created difficulties for sme’s to achieve their true economic potential (schaltegger and wagner, 2011, muñoz and cohen, 2018). it is crucial to understand that how sme’s can maintain a competitive advantage with limited resources and achieve sustainable development without creating an adverse impact on the environment in general and the society in particular (belz and binder, 2017, schaltegger et al., 2019). in previous research, the sustainable entrepreneurship framework developed for the sme’s gave hopeless results e.g., lack of desertification, soil exploitation and overbuilding, wastage of food and hazard material, damage of biodiversity, increasing pollution mechanism (cervelló-royo et al., 2019, dwyer et al., 2009, yang et al., 2020, latif et al., 2020), as the structure developed for multinational companies are producing different results (schaltegger and wagner, 2011, stubbs, 2017). therefore, sustainable entrepreneurship was considered as a mechanism for the ecological problems arising among the smes while the identification of problems required strong entrepreneurial knowledge and bricolage to contribute and address such ecological problems. resultantly, lack of entrepreneurial knowledge causes disappointing results within sme sector (lans et al., 2014). the objective of this research is to investigate the drivers of sustainable entrepreneurship, especially in the context of pakistani sme’s. the focus of this research is to report the influence of entrepreneurial bricolage, entrepreneurial orientation, and sustainability orientation on sustainable entrepreneurship and examines the moderating effect of entrepreneurial knowledge. this research is organized like the subsequent section two which presents theoretical & hypothesis development and conceptual framework, while section three demonstrated research method and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 163 data collection. section four presented data analysis and section five showcased discussion, conclusion, implication, and future research. methods data collection and sample this research is based on a quantitative approach method with primary data collected through a structure questionnaire. the target population was smes operating in the major state of pakistan (i.e., punjab). according to sme annual 2018 report, punjab has the highest smes concentration, operating more than 179,271 smes and 19.8% of the total sme’s operating in pakistan. moreover, punjab has the highest gdp contribution 38.3% in 2018 from 37.8% in 2017. in addition, the report highlighted that sme’s gdp contribution stood at (pkr) 521.7 billion versus pakistan’s total gdp (pkr) 1.36 trillion during the 2018 year. research design in october 2019, 500 smes were selected from smes list provided by the sme annual 2018 report. respondents were asked to assess their perception about the sustainability orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and entrepreneurial bricolage. questionnaires were distributed to the selected smes (especially business owners and ceo). for getting a quick response, we made up several emails and phone calls. in the end, 380 questionnaires were received. out of 380 questionnaires, 50 questionnaires were incomplete, and they were removed from the final list. total 330 questionnaires were finalized and ready for the data analysis with a response rate of 66% (330/500). table 1 indicates the demographic information feature of the respondent according to the variables. figure 1. research framework measurement development the study contains 20 questionnaire items and each item has a five-point likert scale, numbered from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). four items of entrepreneurial orientation were measured by research adopted from (knight, 1997). four items of sustainability orientation were measured by research adopted from (kuckertz and wagner, 2010). four items of entrepreneurial bricolage were measured by research adopted from (gundry et al., 2011). four items of entrepreneurial knowledge were measured by research adopted from (roxas et al., 2014). four items of sustainable entrepreneurship were measured by research adopted from (turker and selcuk, 2009). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 164 control variable in this research, we investigate the impact of firm size, firm age, and industry type in sustainable entrepreneurship, and we opted for these variables as a control variable. while, the selection of these variables was based on a traditional acknowledgment of these variables and their influences on sustainability research (lumpkin and dess, 1996, michailova et al., 2013, van doorn et al., 2013, wales et al., 2013). firm size has been calculated by the number of employees working in the organization while firm age has been calculated by the number of years the organization actively performs its operations since its establishment (de coning et al., 2002, balabanis and katsikea, 2003, luo et al., 2005, etchebarne et al., 2010). industry type has been calculated by the categories of the organization concerning production such as manufacturing, construction, retailers, services (balabanis and katsikea, 2003, luo et al., 2005, real et al., 2014). results and discussion assessment of model using pls-sem partial least square (pls-sem 3.2.9) software is applied to analyze the statistical primary data (hair et al., 2019). pls-sem is the most appropriate software that enabling the statistical complex models, indicators variables, and structural paths without imposing distributional assumptions on the statistical data. however, pls-sem is recognized as a causal predictive approach where it predicted the statistical models for providing a causal explanation. pls-sem predicted statistical models in academic research and developed managerial implications (hair et al., 2019). however, pls-sem is widely applicable in many businesses and management-related disciplines, such as the application of pls-sem is widely recognized in organizational management and international management. while the human resources management and management information system are also recognized pls-sem applications in their statistical models. moreover, operations management and marketing management are shed light on the significance of pls-sem in their statistical models. in the end, management accounting, strategic management, hospitality management, and supply chain management are also widely recognized as the contrition of plssem (hair et al., 2012, ramayah et al., 2016, avkiran and ringle, 2018). in addition, pls-sem shed light on the serving as guidelines to evaluates the result of statistical models (henseler et al., 2010, hair jr et al., 2017). figure 2 indicates the reflected measurement model. table 1. demography attributes of respondents frequency percentage (%) gender male 275 83% female 55 17% age 18-22 35 11% 22-25 60 18% 25-35 150 45% more than 35 85 26% highest level of education diploma 50 15% undergraduate 100 30% postgraduate 180 55% phd 0% industry types manufacturing 95 29% construction 32 9% retailers 78 24% services 125 38% number of full time employees less than 30 60 18% 30 to 74 198 60% 75 to 200 72 22% age of company (year of establishment) less than 10 year 35 11% 10 to 20 year 195 59% more than 20 year 100 30% measurement model assessment the measurement model assessed the validity and reliability by using the approach proposed by (hair jr et al., 2016). the results of the measurement model are shown in table ii. step 1 reflected the measurement model assessment; it involved the examination of indictor loading. table iii. loading above 0.708 is considered significant, as they explained that construct explains more than 50% of the indictor’s variance. step 2 reflected internal consistency reliability. higher values of se/figure%202.jpg indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 165 internal consistency indicate higher level of reliability. in below table ii, values of internal consistency between 0.717 and 0.892 are considered as acceptable significant (drolet and morrison, 2001). step 3 reflected the measurement model assessment address the convergent validity of each construct. while average variance extracted is evaluating the convergent validity for all the items on each construct. in table ii, the value of average variance extracted between 0.506 to 0.755. as a result, entrepreneurial bricolage, entrepreneurial orientation, sustainability orientation, entrepreneurial knowledge, and sustainable entrepreneurship are considered as significant because their values of ave are 0.518, 0.703, 0.506, 0.569, and 0.755, respectively. an acceptable ave is 0.50 or higher values considered significant. step 4 reflected the discriminant validity, which examines the empirically distinct of each construct in the structural model. according to (fornell and larcker, 1981), table iv. each construct average variance extract (ave) should be equal with intercontract correlation in the same structural model. the share variance should not exceed the value of their ave’s. as a replacement, according to (henseler and dijkstra, 2015) suggested heterotraitmonotrait (htmt) ratio of the correlation (voorhees et al., 2016). heterotrait-monotrait (htmt) ratio is defined as each item's mean value and correlations among relatives constructs to the means value and correlations for the item measuring the same construct (henseler and dijkstra, 2015). however, the greater value of htmt reflected discriminant validity problems. according to (henseler and dijkstra, 2015), the threshold value of 0.90 for structural models are conceptually very similar. moreover, htmt value greater than 0.90 would reflect that discriminant validity is not present. in below table v, the values of htmt between 0.255 to 0.702 which reflected the htmt value is significant (henseler and dijkstra, 2015). figure 2. reflective measurement model assessment criteria se/tables%20words%20file/table%20ii.%20measurement%20model.docx se/tables%20words%20file/table%20iv.%20fornell-larker%20criterion.docx se/tables%20words%20file/table%20v.%20heterotrait-monotrait%20ratio%20htmt.docx indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 166 table 2. construct’s validity and reliability constructs items standardized factor loading cronbach’s alpha (α) composite reliability (cr) average variance extracted (ave) entrepreneurial bricolage (eb) eb1 0.810 0.717 0.809 0.524 eb2 0.887 eb3 0.536 eb4 0.606 entrepreneurial orientation (eo) eo1 0.650 0.859 0.903 0.704 eo2 0.908 eo3 0.944 eo4 0.824 sustainability orientation (so) so1 0.692 0.740 0.811 0.518 so2 0.737 so3 0.772 so4 0.675 entrepreneurial knowledge (ke) ek1 0.551 0.794 0.840 0.577 ek2 0.669 ek3 0.858 ek4 0.907 sustainable entrepreneurship (se) se1 0.796 0.745 0.580 0.382 se2 0.900 se3 0.865 se4 0.840 notes: eb=entrepreneurial bricolage; eo= entrepreneurial orientation; so= sustainability orientation; ke= entrepreneurial knowledge; se= sustainable entrepreneurship table 3. discriminant validity (cross loading) entrepreneurial bricolage entrepreneurial knowledge entrepreneurial orientation sustainable entrepreneurship sustainability orientation eb1 0.810 0.103 0.198 0.183 0.213 eb2 0.887 0.147 0.140 0.196 0.217 eb3 0.536 0.273 0.171 0.017 0.215 eb4 0.606 0.211 0.338 0.183 0.160 ek1 0.192 0.551 0.156 0.164 0.515 ek2 0.177 0.669 0.086 0.123 0.252 ek3 0.201 0.858 0.183 0.250 0.236 ek4 0.141 0.907 0.185 0.529 0.279 eo1 0.224 0.248 0.650 0.105 0.304 eo2 0.278 0.177 0.908 0.306 0.418 eo3 0.260 0.172 0.944 0.251 0.429 eo4 0.221 0.160 0.824 0.241 0.534 se1 0.199 0.499 0.197 0.796 0.254 se2 0.251 0.392 0.276 0.900 0.319 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 167 se3 0.209 0.275 0.243 0.865 0.283 se4 0.207 0.303 0.245 0.840 0.294 se5 0.018 -0.085 -0.062 -0.178 -0.015 se6 0.014 -0.096 -0.076 -0.215 -0.086 se7 0.022 -0.087 -0.129 -0.236 -0.072 se8 0.013 -0.045 -0.082 -0.158 -0.115 so1 0.139 0.143 0.647 0.188 0.692 so2 0.051 0.195 0.502 0.100 0.737 so3 0.165 0.242 0.407 0.193 0.772 so4 0.258 0.363 0.130 0.338 0.675 table 4. discriminant validity (fornell-larker) entrepreneurial bricolage entrepreneurial knowledge entrepreneurial orientation sustainability orientation sustainable entrepreneurship entrepreneurial bricolage 0.724 entrepreneurial knowledge 0.206 0.760 entrepreneurial orientation 0.290 0.207 0.839 sustainability orientation 0.259 0.372 0.507 0.720 sustainable entrepreneurship 0.239 0.443 0.289 0.339 0.618 table 5. discriminant validity (heterotrait-monotrait ratio htmt) entrepreneurial bricolage entrepreneurial knowledge entrepreneurial orientation sustainable entrepreneurship sustainability orientation entrepreneurial bricolage -------- entrepreneurial knowledge 0.840 entrepreneurial orientation 0.825 0.808 sustainable entrepreneurship 0.774 0.836 0.770 sustainability orientation 0.844 0.768 0.842 0.736 -------- structural equation model assessment evaluating the measurement model results, the next step in pls-sem is evaluating table iii, vi. structural equation model results. table vii, viii accepted significant criteria for considered values, including coefficient of determination (r2), blindfolding-based cross-validated redundancy measure (q2), path co-efficient. step 1 reflected the examining of r2 values of endogenous constructs. r2 evaluated the variance, which described each endogenous construct and evaluated the explanatory power of the model (shmueli and koppius, 2011). r2 reflected the predictive power in the model (rigdon, 2012). the value of r2 ranges from 0 to 1, se/figure/figure%203.jpg se/tables%20words%20file/table%20vi%20summary%20of%20hypotheses%20testing.docx se/tables%20words%20file/table%20vii%20main%20effects%20model%20quality%20fit%20indices.docx se/tables%20words%20file/table%20viii%20interaction%20effects%20model%20quality%20fit%20indices.docx indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 168 with a greater value of r2 indicating the greater explanatory power while a lower value of r2 indicating the lower explanatory power (rigdon, 2012). as mentioned in guidelines, the value of 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 can be considered as substantial, moderate, and weak respectively (henseler et al., 2010, hair et al., 2012). step 2 reflected the evaluation of the f2 value, where it redundant to the size of the path coefficients. (nitzl et al., 2016). table ix. as mentioned, greater values than 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 reflected small, medium, and large f2 effect size, respectively. step 3 reflected the examination of predictive accuracy of the pls path model which can be calculated by q2 values (geisser, 1974). q2 is the combination of out-of-sample prediction and in-sample explanatory sample (shmueli et al., 2016). as mentioned, the value of q2 should greater than zero, thereby it is indicating the higher predictive accuracy. q2 values greater than 0, 0.25, and 0.50 are reflected as the small, medium, and large predictive accuracy of the pls-path model (shmueli et al., 2016, sarstedt et al., 2017). table 6. structural model assessment relationships β tvalue pvalue sign. h1 eb → se 0.091 1.746 0.081 h2 eo → se 0.128 3.279 0.001 * h3 so → se 0.118 2.211 0.027 * notes: *significance level < o. o figure 3. structural model assessment table 7. main effects model quality fit indices model fit indices sustainable entrepreneurship r2 0.152 adjusted r2 0.144 q2 (cross validated redundancy approach) 0.053 table 8. interaction effects model quality fit indices model fit indices sustainable entrepreneurship r2 0.261 adjusted r2 0.245 q2 (cross validated redundancy approach) 0.090 se/tables%20words%20file/table%20ix%20effect%20size%20(f2).docx indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 169 table 9. effect size (f2) and variance inflation factor (vif) f2 vif entrepreneurial bricolage 0.012 1.129 entrepreneurial knowledge 0.142 1.178 entrepreneurial orientation 0.016 1.397 sustainability orientation 0.012 1.508 moderation effects it was evaluated that the hypothesized relationship between exogenous variables entrepreneurial orientation and sustainability orientation and the endogenous variable sustainable entrepreneurship were moderated positively by entrepreneurial knowledge. moreover, the moderating effect of entrepreneurial knowledge was found insignificant with the exogenous variable entrepreneurial bricolage and the endogenous variable sustainable entrepreneurship. to examine the moderated effects, the current study followed the method suggested by (hair jr et al., 2016). to examine the significance of the moderating relationship, a bootstrapping procedure with 5000 resample was run. table x summarized the results. the results show that hypothesis 4 which posited negative moderating impacts on the relationship between entrepreneurial bricolage and sustainable entrepreneurship were found insignificant and rejected. for hypothesis 5, the results which posited positive moderating impacts on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and sustainable entrepreneurship were found significant and accepted. for hypothesis 6, the results which posited positive moderating impacts on the relationship between sustainability orientation and sustainable entrepreneurship were found significant and accepted. figure 4, 5, 6 indicates the interaction effects. table 10: moderating effects assessments t value p value sign h4 eb → se -0.281 0.712 0.477 h5 eo → se -0.503 4.463 0.000 * h6 so → se 0.567 2.135 0.033 * figure 4. the moderating effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on the relationship between entrepreneurial bricolage and sustainable entrepreneurship se/table%20x.%20moderating%20effect.docx se/figure/combine%20figure%204,5,6.jpg indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 170 figure 5. the moderating effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and sustainable entrepreneurship figure 6. the moderating effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on the relationship between sustainability orientation and sustainable entrepreneurship conclusion the motive of this research is to probe the association between several measures, including entrepreneurial orientation and sustainability orientation, entrepreneurial bricolage and sustainable entrepreneurial entrepreneurship, moderating the role of entrepreneurial knowledge. this research is mainly focused on owners and 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 low entrepreneurial orientation high entrepreneurial orientation s u st ai n ab le e n tr ep re n eu rs h ip low entrepreneurial knowledge high entrepreneurial knowledge 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 low sustainability orientation high sustainability orientation s u st ai n ab le e n tr ep re n eu rs h ip low entrepreneurial knowledge high entrepreneurial knowledge indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 171 managers of sme’s operating in punjab, pakistan. the results of this research suggested that the entrepreneurial orientation is playing an instrumental role in moderating the presence of entrepreneurial knowledge and the results lead significantly towards sustainable entrepreneurship among pakistani sme’s. moreover, the results of this research suggested that sustainability orientation is significantly connected with sustainable entrepreneurship, with moderating presence of entrepreneurial knowledge. the result of this research indicates that entrepreneurial bricolage does not play a significant role in sustainable entrepreneurship. the moderating presence of entrepreneurial knowledge can also give insignificant results regarding the connections between entrepreneurial bricolage and sustainable entrepreneurship. the results of this research suggested that actions and decisions taken by sme owners for business performances could lead towards unfavorable results of entrepreneurial bricolage. moreover, the insignificant results of the entrepreneurial bricolage possessing sme’s resources, owners are not willing to take entrepreneurial decisions. therefore, they face challenges regarding the business operation to ensure sustainability. however, this research revealed that entrepreneurial orientation has a direct and positive relationship with substantial entrepreneurship. the results also supported the moderating effects of entrepreneurial knowledge, suggested that knowledge and expertise of management are the key elements for predicting organization outcome and ensuring sustainability (schaltegger et al., 2019). the entrepreneurial orientation characteristics can help find a solution for any business-related issue. an entrepreneurialorientated organization assists sme managers to face unexpected business challenges. the strength of any organization is associated with the tendency to adopt aggressive and bold decisions to support entrepreneurs. if any organization has a strong entrepreneurial orientation, it can modify and transform the innovation mechanism (fichter and tiemann, 2018). thus, it can nurture entrepreneurial knowledge to make stronger sustainability. moreover, this research revealed that the relationship between sustainability orientation and sustainable entrepreneurship is significant and positive. the moderating presence of entrepreneurial knowledge between sustainability orientation and sustainable entrepreneurship has also appeared to show significant results, particularly in the context of sme’s. sustainability orientation deals with the social and environmental issues making entrepreneurial knowledge to become an important element for sustainability orientation (razmdoost et al., 2019). the results revealed that pakistani smes are at a stage of sustainability where their owners are positioning themselves to become sustainably oriented. the outcome of this research is adhered to by two theories. moreover, when smes possess entrepreneurial knowledge, they can adopt innovation mechanisms to develop business solutions ascending from economic, social, and environmental concerns. it is believed that entrepreneurial knowledge has ensured sustainable entrepreneurship. the result revealed that sme managers are considered for the entrepreneurial knowledge to understand the environmental protection and environmental performance. the new trend has given a tremendous boost to sustainable development in smes such as sustainable entrepreneurship. interestingly, the main selling point of sustainable entrepreneurship is to offer a solution for smes’ problems. however, sustainable entrepreneurship has garnered much more attention for the sme sector. to address the research findings, sustainable entrepreneurship has emerged as the highest influencer stream with regards to sustainable development activities like entrepreneurial bricolage, sustainability orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and entrepreneurial knowledge. the findings of this research determine the influence of sustainable entrepreneurship among smes in pakistan (i.e., punjab). in determining the factors that influence sustainable entrepreneurship such as, entrepreneurial bricolage entrepreneurial orientation, sustainability orientation, the statistical results revealed that entrepreneurial orientation, sustainability orientation, entrepreneurial bricolage were significant. moreover, this research identifies moderating effects of entrepreneurial knowledge. the statistical finding of entrepreneurial knowledge moderating effect leads to important results. this research revealed the recognition of environmental, social, and economic aspects as an essential element for recognizing and exploring entrepreneurial file:///e:\2.%20ijias\ijias%202021\vol%201.%20no.%202%20june\257-transcripts-766-1-18-20210618.doc%23_enref_104 file:///e:\2.%20ijias\ijias%202021\vol%201.%20no.%202%20june\257-transcripts-766-1-18-20210618.doc%23_enref_35 file:///e:\2.%20ijias\ijias%202021\vol%201.%20no.%202%20june\257-transcripts-766-1-18-20210618.doc%23_enref_35 file:///e:\2.%20ijias\ijias%202021\vol%201.%20no.%202%20june\257-transcripts-766-1-18-20210618.doc%23_enref_35 file:///e:\2.%20ijias\ijias%202021\vol%201.%20no.%202%20june\257-transcripts-766-1-18-20210618.doc%23_enref_90 file:///e:\2.%20ijias\ijias%202021\vol%201.%20no.%202%20june\257-transcripts-766-1-18-20210618.doc%23_enref_90 file:///e:\2.%20ijias\ijias%202021\vol%201.%20no.%202%20june\257-transcripts-766-1-18-20210618.doc%23_enref_90 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 161-176 172 activities for sustainable entrepreneurship. this research is concerned with the learning process of sustainable entrepreneurship; therefore, a quantitative approach was arguably the most appropriate choice as close-up information was needed (hockerts and wüstenhagen, 2010, kibler et al., 2015). this research has several theoretical and practical implications. firstly, this research is a replication of previous research which examines the relationship between eo and firm performance with cultural and institutional context. while this research addressed the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship by supporting resource-based view and upper echelons theory that makes our sustainable entrepreneurship context more sensitive. it also sheds light on the resource-based view theory and upper echelons theory showcased firm resources such as entrepreneurial orientation, sustainability orientation, and entrepreneurial bricolage that can strengthen their relationship with sustainable entrepreneurship (cincera et al., 2018, cervelló-royo et al., 2019). secondly, this research also tackles prior research calls, where entrepreneurial orientation was examined with firm’s performance for cross-cultural evidence, while we have tested the entrepreneurial orientation on sustainable entrepreneurship among sme’s context with overall theoretical expectations met by resource-based-view theory. previous research elaborated on the theoretical contribution of institutional theory, specifically on institutional factors and logics (schaltegger and wagner, 2011), while resources based-view theory considering demonstrated multiple resources that comprise on the firm’s entrepreneurial behavior and lead towards the sustainable entrepreneurship sustainability concerns are the growing intentions towards innovation and entrepreneurship. by making managerial discussion of sustainability concerns, a company nurtures sustainable entrepreneurship as a means of bagging improved performance (schaltegger et al., 2016a, nave and franco, 2019). the study reinforces that sustainable entrepreneurship has great relevance to the companies which give directions on the innovation mechanism to achieve sustainable performance. however, managerial implications relate to the strong relevance of entrepreneurial knowledge in supporting the development of sustainability. sme’s must be cognizant of their management knowledge for the constant monitoring of environmental changes, environmental regulations, and consumer intention to possess sustainability. meanwhile, entrepreneurial knowledge introduced the environmental training and development mechanism which are considered as innovative fundamental elements to deal with environmental change. despite the valuable research findings, various limitations are needed to be highlighted. the data was collected from a sme operating in pakistan (i.e., punjab) which leads towards a shortcoming while this research was limited to one representation of sme sector, namely sustainable entrepreneurship. moreover, sustainable entrepreneurship is examined in terms of sustainability orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and entrepreneurial bricolage. in the future, the link between sustainable entrepreneurship and sme’s performance needs to explore. moreover, the context of smes could be more towards the objective measure, asking over one participant per business. furthermore, this research used entrepreneurial knowledge as a moderator measure for sustainable entrepreneurship. it is argued that the company’s resources are a considerable tool for sustainable development in sme’s sector. thus, a link between the company’s resources and sustainable entrepreneurship requires investigation for further future research. moreover, future research should examine the direct impact of resource availability and study how it can influence sustainable entrepreneurship. furthermore, this research deals within the sme’s context from one state of pakistan (i.e., punjab) limiting the general applicability of the research finding. future research should investigate the smes of other states in pakistan too in a bid to make a comparison between research findings. future research should also consider the context of firm size and get concerns of the large corporate sector that practices the sustainable entrepreneurship model. resultantly, we investigate the establishment of sustainable entrepreneurship between sme’s and large corporate sectors with different aspects of performance and environmental behaviors. references 1. anbarasan, p. 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(2019). building sustainable circular agriculture in china: economic viability and entrepreneurship. management decision, 57 (4), 1108-1122. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 113 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.216 page: 113 – 123 china and india’s comparative response to the 2017 rohingya crisis in bangladesh maisaa mehzabin ruponty1, md. kawser rahim shuvo2 1,2department of development studies, bangladesh university of professionals; dhaka, bangladesh corresponding author: maisaa mehzabin ruponty; email: maisaamehzabinruponty@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: geostrategic power, global power, rohingya crisis. received : 01 may 2021 revised : 09 may 2021 accepted : 04 june 2021 the simultaneous rise of china and india has been creating significant reorientation in the contemporary international system. both the countries are trying to climb up in the global power hierarchy but for the first instance, they are competing with each other for the pan-asian leadership. as a result, their neighboring countries like bangladesh and myanmar are becoming hot spots for geostrategic power play between the two asian powers. the sino-indian geostrategic competition intensified after 25 august 2017 when the military crackdown happened at the rakhine state on rohingya people. this paper illustrates the nature and dimensions of the response from new delhi and beijing on the 2017 rohingya refugee crisis. this paper adopted a qualitative method and data was analyzed based on secondary data. the findings argue that there was a qualitative difference between the responses from india and china in this crisis. india claimed to remain neutral in the crisis and provided limited humanitarian and economic assistance to bangladesh and myanmar. this paper also reviews why china and india back myanmar and the international response to this crisis. finally, this paper concludes with bangladesh’s challenges from the sino-indian geostrategic interests in the rakhine state. introduction china and india are two superpowers in asia that compete with each other in the pan-asian leadership. both consider south asia and southeast asia as their power-play pivots. the sino-indian rivalry intensified after the doklam crisis but in the rohingya crisis, both of these countries are on the same page. as myanmar lies in a strategic location between south asia and southeast asia, china and india have geostrategic interest for their trade and economy from this area. besides china and india are showing unwillingness to stop the conflict because they have different interests and strategies toward this situation. rohingya people are one of the world’s most persecuted minority groups. according to unhcr, myanmar is responsible for the world's large number of refugees belong to it. the rohingya ethnic minority group is among some of those stateless people who used to live in the rakhine state of myanmar. there are officially 135 ethnic minority groups in myanmar who have a different ethnicity, language, and religion. among these groups where burma’s are majority consists of 32%, the rohingya people are the most discriminated in terms of rights, power, and resources (stokke et al., 2018). the fate of rohingyas was not always like this. but now they are not even recognized as a citizen of myanmar. they have a long history of being victims of mass violence and military crackdown. first, it occurred in 1978, then 1992, 2012, 2015, 2016, and last in 2017 when more than 723,000 fled to bangladesh. around one million rohingyas are living in inhuman conditions in some camps of cox’s bazar. now more rohingyas are living in bangladesh than myanmar. the un described the situation as an example of ethnic cleansing in the rakhine state. the myanmar government and military forces indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:maisaamehzabinruponty@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 114 conducted mass killing, torture, and sexual violence against the rohingyas. these incidents created questions to their novel award-winning leader aung san suu kyi role to solve the problem. the rakhine state has geostrategic importance in the connection of south asia and southeast asia. besides this place has a lot of natural resources and a root for energy supply. both asian superpower china and india are keeping a close eye on that region for their geopolitical interest. not only do they have their different geopolitical aspects, but they also have a comparative response in dealing with the rohingya crisis. despite china and india both have an interest in bangladesh, they diplomatically supported myanmar in the un and signed agreements against terrorism activities. china and india have a qualitative comparative response in the rohingya crisis and while india is playing a neutral role, china is playing a constructive role here in this situation. their coexistence to some extent makes confusion. china and india are trying to influence myanmar for their national interest. but myanmar’s policy is different as it gets to benefit from the sino-indian geopolitics and the strategic location of its rakhine state. the objective of this paper is to show the comparative response of china and india in the rohingya crisis of 2017 as well as their geostrategic interests in the rakhine state. this paper focuses on two specific research questions: (1) how did china and india respond to the 2017 rohingya refugee crisis in bangladesh? (2) why rakhine state is important for china and india from a geostrategic perspective? methods this paper discussed the qualitative research methods available for the study and what was applicable for it to use in response to the problem of this paper. likewise, this paper presented the various procedures and strategies in identifying sources for needed information on china and india’s comparative response over the 2017 rohingya crisis. secondary data was collected from available books, publications, research studies, journals, websites, and articles. results and discussion why rohingya case has a geostrategic importance? rohingya people mainly live in the rakhine state (also known as arakan until 1989) of myanmar. it consists of five districts and seventeen townships. there are 3.3 million people in the rakhine state, among them the rakhine buddhists are the majority, but other ethnic and religious groups are also living in the state. among them, the rohingya people are the only ones who faced the misfortune of this ethnic cleansing. the ethnic cleansing of rohingya people in the rakhine state implies a national interest of myanmar. the rivalry between the government and the rohingya people is nothing new. the condition of rohingya people was not like this some decades ago, they were rich, educated, military servicemen, and even parliament members. but after the 1962 marshal law, myanmar has been denying their citizenship and labeled them as ‚bengali intruders‛ (mithun, 2018). since then, thousands of rohingya people have fled to malaysia, thailand, india, sri lanka, bangladesh, and the even middle east. there are other ethnic-religious minority groups, but the government only wants to get rid of rohingyas because the rakhine state contains the muslim majority ethnic group of rohingya. obviously there other are reasons for this decade’s long crisis, but this rakhine state appeared too important to myanmar as it seems. the rakhine state connects south asia to southeast asian countries. it has 360 miles long strategic coast, which gives passage to the indian ocean. this state is located near the malacca strait which is one of the most strategic natural waterways. it has a critical strategic and commercial link between the middle east and india. it is also situated near the bay of bengal and abundance of resource make rakhine state an economically strategic area (natural resource governance institute, 2015). so, this strategic area of rakhine state made it harder to live in this place. back in the 1990s, they were asked to move from this area but the rohingyas denied that proposal. the perception of the myanmar government cares not only about their national interest but also the investment from the international community. as rohingya people living in the rakhine state are making concerns, the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 115 government implied strong forces to clear that area. so, from a geopolitical perspective, the rohingya issue has great geostrategic importance. myanmar’s bilateral relation with china and india myanmar shares a border with five countries; bangladesh, india, china, laos, and thailand. among these, india dominates myanmar’s western borders, just as china dominates its northeastern borders. myanmar has the same strategic importance for china and india in both the geopolitical sense and the geoeconomics sense. after the myanmar military seized power in september 1988, the chinese and indian governments both endeavored to expand their influence in myanmar to protect their national interests. their policies toward myanmar had many similarities, but there were also important differences in content and results. myanmar is now viewed as a critical area of interest to china and india. while china has developed close political, military, and economic relations with myanmar, india is in the process of following suit. sinomyanmar relations offer some interesting aspects of how they are adopting the geostrategic setting and political environment of the region to their advantage (routray, 2018). sino-myanmar relation has a long history. china and myanmar share a close linguistic and anthropologic link. myanmar started to play a crucial role in china’s foreign policy calculations ever since the people’s republic of china was founded in 1949. china has several policy objectives in myanmar, including access to the indian ocean, energy security, border stability, and bilateral economic cooperation. china has stepped up its influence on myanmar through economic, military, and development assistance. china has been providing military hardware to myanmar to overcome international sanctions myanmar’s military to grow in strength. till recently almost 80 percent of myanmar’s defense equipment was of chinese origin. china has considerable economic influence in myanmar over several fields, including the supply of electricity and trade and commerce. china has always played the big brother role of myanmar. therefore, in the un council regarding the rohingya situation, they supported the myanmar government and diplomatically presented the crisis from their perspective. china blocked the un effort to pass a strong resolution aimed to condemn myanmar’s excessive military action against the rohingya community. this shows the deep sino-myanmar relation (mahtani, 2016). india and myanmar have a historical connection. both were part of the extended british empire in asia. after world war two, india and myanmar were not great neighbors and the military rule in 1988 raised the tension for india. after aung san suu kyi’s election, india sees the golden opportunity to make economic relations with myanmar. india realized how myanmar offers strategic locations for indian ‚act east‛ policy implementation and following the footsteps of china. they now have a good relationship in terms of economy, business, and trade. india considers myanmar a key ally in maintaining northeast india consists of mizoram, manipur, arunachal pradesh, and nagaland. both of these countries including bangladesh have discussed gas-pipelines interconnections. to counter china’s growing southeast asia and bay of bengal activities. the convergence of all these aspects has impelled new delhi to invest heavily in myanmar, setting forth several maritime and landbased myanmar infra-structural development plans, such as the landmark kaladan multimodal project, india-myanmar-thailand asian trilateral highway, and a roadriver-port cargo transport project. india signed bilateral treaties with myanmar about energy supply from sittwe and building infrastructure in myanmar. india is also dependent on myanmar for southeast trade routes with asean countries. so, they made a mutual cooperative relation with myanmar (taufiq, 2019). different geopolitical aspect; china and india’s interest in rakhine state the rakhine state holds large economic potentials with an abundance of natural resources such as oil, natural gas, and maritime resources (myanmar investment commission, 2019). according to the us energy information administration, myanmar has an estimated 10 trillion (now) cubic feet of proven gas reserves and an estimated 50 million barrels of proven oil reserves (charltons myanmar, 2015).in total, 105 oil and gas fields are discovered in myanmar, 54 onshore and 51 offshore fields. notably, among those 105 oil and gas fields, 25 oil and gas fields are situated in the region of rakhine state. besides indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 116 natural resources, there are vast economic opportunities for investors in many sectors in the rakhine state. in the past, the state’s economy was dependent on agriculture and fisheries only. however, the recent discovery of oil and gas brings a massive amount of foreign investment in the state (myanmar investment commission, 2019). the rakhine state earned a lot of foreign revenue for myanmar with its resources. a foreign investor was eager to pour money but the military rule neglected the opportunity. after the nld came into power, the door for foreign investors opened again. the government of myanmar along with china and india were interested in the rakhine state. the different geopolitical aspects of china and india and their interest in the rakhine state are given here. china is the largest investor in myanmar. from 1988/89 to 2018, 297 chinese enterprises invested around 20,353.528 million usd, which is 25.92% of the total fdi (foreign direct investment) of myanmar (frankel, 2010). also, china is the largest arms supplier (201418) to myanmar too. china is always supportive of the myanmar regime as they need safeguards for its massive investments can be seen from the past that chinese investment projects are fuelling disputes about land ownership across myanmar. the new perception of china towards myanmar is that they see myanmar ‘as the bridge to the bay of bengal and the waters beyond’. china’s main interest in rakhine is economic, and they are doing many projects in the rakhine state (pieter et al., 2019). china had the world’s attention when they declared their belt and road initiative. this bri project would connect countries as the silk road did and the purpose of this huge project is to dominate the international trade market for china. myanmar is a big part of this bri project. chinafocused on southeast asia as an important route for belt and road initiative. a large part of myanmar’s rakhine state is directly related to china’s bri project. specifically, in kyauk pyu (a coastal town in rakhine state), china built a deepsea water port, a special economic zone (sez), and an oil and gas pipeline. also, there are more upcoming projects in the queue such as china myanmar economic corridor (cmec), kunmingkyaukpyu railway project. all these projects are part of china’s belt and road initiative (blanchard, 2018). rakhine state is also important for myanmar because it earns a high amount of foreign revenue by exporting oil and natural gas to china. china has many companies which work in this gas and oil extraction. china built an oil and gas pipeline and twelve mega oil storage tanks in kyaukphu, rakhine state. china’s state-owned company, china international trust investment corporation (citic), got the tender of making the kyaukphyu special economic zone (sez) and a deep-sea port in 2015. the kyaukphyu deep-sea port project is part of china’s maritime silk road initiative, which also includes the port of gwadar in pakistan, hambantota in sri lanka on large scale (lee& aung, 2017; funaiole& hillman, 2018). india, as a neighboring country of myanmar, maintained close relationships since the nld came into power in 2016. this new government of myanmar created a new trading opportunity for india though india is not a large investor like china in myanmar. from the shwe gas field in rakhine state, indian companies are trying to build a crossborder pipeline. india is also myanmar’s one of the top arms suppliers. they sell military aircraft, artillery, naval vessels, and many other combat types of equipment to the military force of myanmar (choudhury, 2019). india declared their ‚act east‛ policy in 2014 after china announced its bri project in 2013. to counter china and to increase economic and security interest, this policy was taken. it is the modified version of the 1992 look east policy for southeast asian countries’ economic interest. with the act east policy, india wants to create close relationships with the asean countries as well as the other asia pacific countries. also, it will integrate the north eastern region of india. remarkably, myanmar is at the center of the current indian government’s act east trade policy and holds an essential geostrategic position in india’s vision of ties with asean states. therefore, to fulfill this vision, india already started and developed many projects such as the kaladan multimodal transport project, india-myanmarthailand trilateral highway (fair, 2018; mohan, 2017). along with vast economic interests, there are many other geopolitical concerns that urge india to get engaged closely with myanmar. india has both a competitive and, in some cases, conflict relationship indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 117 with china. india is always worried about chinese expansion in its backyard. rakhine state is an important location for india to rule its southeast four states. india is always concerned about its security issues. like arsa, india does not want any radical terrorist groups in the southeast part of it. so, they closely look after the rakhine state as it implies critical observation to indian security (bhaumik, 2017). china and india’s comparative response to the rohingya issue at the beginning of this rohingya problem, china and india together declared that they would not interfere in this issue as bangladesh and myanmar are sovereign countries. moreover, when bangladesh had sought diplomatic support to china and india, they responded in their own national interest-based. there is a qualitative difference in their response. china and india are not strongly supporting or officially giving statements in favor of myanmar, instead of their comparative response to this shedding light on their standing (bhaumik, 2017). china for the first time in the international arena played the role of mediator between bangladesh and myanmar and now is officially engaged in the rohingya crisis. they have supported myanmar in the global community too including the un and working with bangladesh in the repatriation of rohingya people. in a significant development, the chinese communist party (cpc) signed a memorandum of understanding (mou) with the government of bangladesh to meditate with myanmar regarding the repatriation of rohingya people. in november 2017, china had proposed a three-step solution to address the rohingya issue-first ceasefire on the ground, a second bilateral dialogue between bangladesh and myanmar to reach a workable solution, and finally, poverty alleviation to tackle what it perceives as the root cause of the crisis. in the mediation process, china will first offer financial aid to people in the area to help their lives there, while at the same time use diplomacy to try to convince bangladesh to stop deporting rohingya refugees. it will also try to persuade myanmar’s government to acknowledge the identity of the rohingya people as its citizens. the foreign minister of china visited bangladesh several times and working efficiently on the mediation process. a group of the official from myanmar visited the rohingya people in bangladesh and chinese member was present there playing the role of mediator. if these mediations become successful, bangladesh would be finally negotiated with myanmar (chakravertty, 2019). other than china, india did not work constructively on the rohingya issue. it played a passive role and did not make any official statement regarding the rohingya issue. indian government did not condemn suu kyi’s government either. from indian politics and their realism, india does not want to interfere in other country’s internal issues. so, it did not directly involve here like the chinese did and stayed neutral for both countries. it did not deploy armies or made sanctions on the borders. rather it only gave some aids and medications to the rohingyas. they did not help significantly in crisis as they should. india, as a regional power could arrange a diplomatic talk between bangladesh and myanmar to sort any solution. india itself has a rohingya problem. yet it did not take any steps effectively to respond. in this humanitarian crisis, india only assisted myanmar but on the rohingya issue, they did not take any initiatives. apart from geopolitics, the growing security concerns and the need for diplomatic balancing between bangladesh and myanmar also drive away from any strong engagement. there is a qualitative difference between the response of china and india on the rohingya issue. while china has engaged officially in this program, india did not announce any official statement. though it supported the myanmar government on the security issue, on rohingya ethnic cleansing, india remained silent. for western attention, india allotted some aids to these refugees while it could play a vital role in helping bangladesh and myanmar to negotiate. chinese government here for the first time is meditating between two countries and now actively working in the rohingya crisis. different memorandum of understanding has been signed between bangladesh and china and they are playing a constructive role regarding the rohingya issue. so, the chinese constructive role and indian neutral role here show the comparative response of these countries regarding the rohingya crisis of 2017. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 118 why did china and india back myanmar in the rohingya case? after the military standoff in doklam between indian armed force and the chinese army, the sinoindian rivalry once again came into discussion. these two superpowers of asia take policies to counter each other in trade, security, and bilateral treaties among other asian countries. while china aims to trade globally, india also concentrating its focus on central asia. there is no doubt that these two countries are trying to compete with each other in achieving regional power. from belt and road initiatives to indo-pacific strategy, sino-indian rivalry is noticeable. but when it comes to the rohingya issue, we see both of these countries are on the same page. the rohingya crackdown of the rakhine state by the myanmar army led nearly 700000 rohingya people in bangladesh. the muslim countries around the world along with humanitarian organizations kept pressuring myanmar to take their people back but myanmar is reluctant in its standing. the international community also raised a voice against aung san suu kyi’s leadership, but after two years these people are still living as refugees in bangladesh. prime minister of bangladesh expressed her concerns that myanmar might want to engage in war over the rohingya issue and the asian giant powers are silently backing myanmar instead of bangladesh. india, a neighbor of both bangladesh and myanmar, backs myanmar up while allowing aids to these refugees rohingyas. india fears a jihadi nexus. its intelligence services have reported close links between the arsa, bangladesh’s jamaat-ulmujahideen (jmb), and the indian mujahideen, all apparently backed by pakistan’s lashkar-e-taiba that new delhi holds responsible for the 2008 terror strike on mumbai (gao, 2017). india has a lot of interest in the rakhine states as we already discussed. besides, it is highly concerned about terrorist organizations like arsa, fearing they might introduce similar groups in the southeast indian state. to a further extent, india threatened to expel its 40,000 rohingyas in the country to avoid international pressure upon the rohingya issue (chenyang, 2010). china also extends its support for myanmar in the rakhine state. it addressed the rohingya crisis as an internal issue of myanmar and myanmar should handle the situation on its own. in the diplomatic discussion of the un council, china also backed myanmar and request to solve the problem internally. china blocked the un effort to pass a strong resolution aimed to condemn myanmar’s excessive military action against the rohingya community (cumming-bruce, 2018). both china and india have a lot of infrastructures, gas and oil pipelines, construction projects, and ports in the rakhine state of myanmar. muslim rohingyas are the majority in buddhist myanmar and that is the apple of discord for foreign investors like china and india. the threat of terrorism in their infrastructure and investment is a reason that they back myanmar up. india directly expressed its concerns that arsa might blow their gas pipeline up and nothing would be left to recover it. new delhi and beijing both are afraid that terrorism might exist in rakhine if rohingya people are living there. despite having border tension between china and india, they both agreed to work constructively on regional stability. obviously, they are competing for influence in myanmar, but their open supports for myanmar gained criticism from media and world leaders. like sri lanka, china is investing billions in the kyauk phyu seaport. kyauk phyu is important for china because the port is the entry point for a chinese oil and gas pipeline which gives it an alternative route for energy imports from the middle east that avoids the malacca strait. india shared concerns that this might be another debt trap like sri lanka and myanmar would face domination of china by this joint venture. for each of their interests and security matters, both china and india are backing myanmar up in the rohingya issue (poling, 2018). can china and india coexist in rakhine state? china and india have different objectives in myanmar including protection of national interest, ensuring geopolitical and geoeconomics security. so, there are obvious reasons for these two countries to be competing against each other. both china and india have different geostrategic importance in the rakhine state and while china is myanmar’s largest investor, india also investing millions of dollars for their energy supply and ‚act east‛ policy. it is clear that india is extremely concerned about its security from the neighboring state indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 119 myanmar as its southeast part is far from new delhi. afraid of terrorist groups like arsa, india found close relation with laskar-e-taiba and jmb with this arsa attack. india officially stated that they supported myanmar in their time of crisis, and they would back myanmar in its fight. india also showed further support to myanmar when they threatened to expel 40,000 rohingyas from india. this action of india drew sharp criticism of the un (sen, 2017). like india, china also extended strong support to myanmar. the chinese ambassador to myanmar said that the international community should create an external environment so that myanmar could solve its problems properly. this comment was before the open discussion on rakhine at the un security council. later china blocked the un effort to pass a strong resolution aimed to condemn myanmar’s excessive military action against the rohingya community. because of the enormous chinese and indian infrastructure projects in the rakhine, china and india coexist in the humanitarian question of the rohingya people. the china-india competition in myanmar shows china ahead of india, but india trying to reduce that dependence on china through naypyidaw’s policy. myanmar cannot rely on any one country too much for political and economic sustenance, thus possibly threatening chinese and indian interests (united nations, 2017). during the september 2017 brics summit, the indian prime minister met the chinese president and agreed on the ongoing rohingya issue. according to binod mishra, head of the centre for studies in international relations and development in india: ‚both india and china engage the burmese military as much as the civilian government because the country is key to india’s act east policy and china’s ‘one belt and road initiative.’though both india and china seek a truce, they also compete with each other for power and influence. myanmar has other strategic options as well if either india or china tries to influence it too much. in southeast asia, there is also an interest of the usa and russia to form a blockade in this region to have access to the indian ocean and isp. though there is competition for influence between india and china, they could form an alliance if they reach a point when they have to compete with other important national interests. so, in terms of their interests and investments, china and india coexist in the rakhine state (palit, 2016). international community vs myanmar with china and india’s geopolitics international communities along with countries and organizations showed sympathy over the ethnic cleansing of rohingyas in rakhine state and been giving aids to refugees in bangladesh. humanitarian activities of bangladesh got appreciated worldwide, similarly, the inactive role of china and india regarding this issue carried criticism for them. bangladesh’s government is trying to strengthen the diplomatic efforts to earn china and india’s support for rohingya repatriation, but their role is imperative to resolve the crisis. bangladesh already filed a case of ‚genocide‛ in the international court of justice and international criminal court. myanmar is waiting for the verdict to respond but they are not showing any interest to take back the rohingyas. several officials from bangladesh visited myanmar since august 2017 and none of that visit is fruitful yet. bureaucrats said they needed to continue their diplomacy with the us and the united nations to make them impose sanctions on myanmar over ‚genocide‛ charges. the un has been monitoring the case of rohingya people from the beginning, but the councils failed to resolve the issue. china and russia exercised their veto power in the un security council meeting over the rohingya issue. there was no sign that they have changed minds and their geopolitics care about the rakhine state, not the rohingya people. india also restrained itself from exercising a vote that would have gone in favor of bangladesh. although bangladesh is having a golden bilateral friendship with india, when it comes to the rohingya issue indian response is just constructive (the daily star, 2019). china and india have good relations with myanmar, and they are in competition with each other to further strengthen the relationship. for that, they are standing with myanmar in the international arena like the un and icj. recently gambia filed a case against myanmar in the icj accused myanmar of mass killing rohingya people. the verdict is yet to come, and this area is out of the influence of myanmar’s strong friend china and india (goldberg, 2019). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 120 bangladesh’s challenges from sino-indian alliance towards rohingya crisis when two big powers make any alliance, there are personal interests behind the alliance. the same happened between china and india. though they have power rivalry in south asian geopolitics and tension in the borders, they made a truce and mutually backing myanmar in the rohingya issue. this sino-indian alliance is making security and economic concerns for bangladesh. their huge investment in the rakhine state and silence about the rohingya issue made it clear that myanmar is now more important to them than bangladesh. rakhine is only about 150 km away from chattogram in bangladesh. the economic and geographic maps of this region are changing rapidly. the continued focus on the rakhine issue by both india and china reduces the geographic and strategic importance of bangladesh to them. the government of bangladesh is trying to earn the support of india and china, but they are imperative to resolve the problem. their passive role and unwillingness causing bangladesh concerns (taufiq, 2019). this sino-indian alliance now creating some challenges for bangladesh. although bangladesh signed the belt and road initiative with china in 2016 and some megaprojects with china, it seems china playing a neutral role as a third party between bangladesh and myanmar. both china and myanmar have a different response to this rohingya issue, but their alliance making to clear they are not willing to play an active role here. myanmar also pushing these countries to play in favor of them. so that is another challenge for bangladesh to overcome. china is providing remarkable aids and building constructions in the rohingya camps in bangladesh to please both bangladesh and myanmar. if these works stop by the triple alliance, bangladesh would be facing huge management problems. the funding remains a great challenge as only 36% met of required $920m for 2019. in this situation, both china and india are backing myanmar instead of bangladesh, which is a diplomatic failure of this south asian country. the role that china playing as a mediator is a light of hope for bangladesh, maybe the only hope to negotiate with myanmar. bangladesh is expecting the support of the two powerful neighboring countries that have close economical and geographical interests in myanmar. china and india are not willing to interfere with the internal issue of these countries. the coexistence of china and india in the rakhine and their formal alliance thus created challenges for bangladesh to overcome in rohingya issue. rohingya people have been living in the rakhine state for hundred years. they are muslims in faith and culturally near to bengali. the former arakan state (now rakhine) was the eastern part of bengali but now it is situated in myanmar. after the independence of myanmar, its army coup in 1962 brought misfortune for these rohingya people. they refused to recognize these people as their citizens and been pushing them to bangladesh. in the 2017 rohingya crisis, we have seen the exodus of people crossing the border for the fear of persecution and entering bangladesh. for a thirdworld country like bangladesh, this influx number of people, nearly one million marked many challenges. unwilling to take the people where they belong, the government of myanmar is calculating the benefits of this ethnic cleansing. bangladesh, then moved to china and india to resolve this issue of rohingya. bangladesh tried to earn diplomatic support of china and india but for different economic and security issues, both china and india stand with myanmar regarding this issue. as they both have geostrategic hotspots in the rakhine and invested for big projects like bri and energy supply, china and india showed unwillingness to interfere. their different geopolitical aspects proved they have more interests in rakhine than bangladesh for now. with the ethnic cleansing of rohingya people, both china and india are beneficiaries of their own interests. india has a security issue regarding the arsa attack on the myanmar police station and was afraid that these radical groups might be a threat to their projects in the rakhine. similarly, china has invested millions in rakhine for their bri project and kyauk phyu seaport. they are much interested in the connection of south asia and southeast asia through this rakhine state. in the buddhist majority country, the muslims were the majority in the rakhine and now as they have left, it is undoubtedly good news for china and india. for their geostrategic importance in the rakhine, they had backed myanmar in this crisis. not only that, china and india both are on the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 113-123 121 same page when it comes to influencing myanmar. instead of their power rivalry in south asia, they have coexisted in the rakhine. besides both, china and india responded differently regarding the issue. china responded that as both bangladesh and myanmar are sovereign countries, they should resolve the problem themselves and played the role of mediator in some extent. whereas india provided limited humanitarian and economic assistance to bangladesh and played a neutral role as both bangladesh and myanmar are direct shareholders of it. this sino-indian mutual alliance brought challenges for bangladesh both diplomatically and strategically. bangladesh now bearing the burden of these rohingya people alone with limited assistance of the international community. now it has been two years since the crackdown of rohingya people and still, there is no sign of repatriation or rehabilitation of these people. with these powerful countries like china and india backing myanmar, it will be hard for bangladesh to find a solution of this rohingya problem geopolitically and geoeconomically. conclusion bangladesh is currently the largest refugee holding country in the world. the military crackdown caused more than 700,000 rohingya people to stateless and this minority ethnic group feared to stay in that country. when indonesia, india, and malaysia refused to accept the rohingyas, bangladesh opened its border to shelter these mass people. the regional powerful states appreciated this step but failed to play an active role in this. being helpless, bangladesh asked for support to china and india for cooperation. china is playing the role of mediator since 2017 according to some mou signed with bangladesh. but india is playing a neutral role on sides. china and india have been competing with each other for pan-asian leadership and they both have geostrategic interest in bangladesh and myanmar. but when it comes to the rohingya crisis, china and india are shamelessly backing myanmar. india also supported myanmar on security aspects and responded not to interfere in their internal situation. but both of these countries have geostrategic interest in myanmar which would benefit them in terms of trade, communication, access to the indian sea, and energy supply. for these, the rakhine state is very crucial for both china and india regarding its strategic location, hence they do not want the rohingya problem to be solved. now that bangladesh has lost the hope to get any support from these two countries, it should wait for the negotiation with myanmar with a third party involved. if that does not happen, there would be other big changes for south asian geopolitics. 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email: lcarroll@buffalo.edu a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: conceptual access-network thesis, internet-based products and services, process of change, theory of technology. received : 05 march 2023 revised : 21 june 2023 accepted : 23 june 2023 for any new internet-based product, service, or technology to succeed, it must satisfy the criterion of providing access to or creating a network of possible users, products, and services. this is the conceptual access-network (cantor) thesis proposed. in addition to the main issues of success and how and why internet technology evolves, the principle can also meet the objective of explaining what underlies a range of traditional and nontraditional technologies beyond the internet. through qualitative exploration, the tenets of the access-network thesis are applied to natural and synthetic forms of endocrine substances including insulin and highways. a discussion of technologically generated knowledge is included, as well as how phenomenotechnique can be used to establish a communication path between technology and what it produces. dr. stanley milgram's intimate stranger phenomenon which was first explored in 1967, before the internet existed, will ultimately be distorted by the future of internet-based technologies. as previously discovered or established concepts are combined or permuted, the future will display numerous manifestations, combinations, and permutations. we conclude that successful internet-based products, services, or technologies simply would not work without an access network. from this article, we have gained a better understanding of the current development stage of internet-based products and technology, thereby enabling society to better anticipate the future of internet-based products and technology, highlight significant ethical considerations, and avoid unwanted outcomes. introduction various factors contribute to the success of internet-based products and services. a more sophisticated study is needed to examine the key success factors for internet-based business models. lee and cata (2005) identified several critical factors for online performance in the insurance industry, including the availability of websites, organizational support, and business integration. in general, the papers suggest that organizational support, customer behavior, and decision support satisfaction play important roles in the success of internet-based products. that notwithstanding, i contend that there is another aspect that connects the factors: communication. although compared to internet and communication technology (ict) use, face-to-face and phone use for family communication were associated with significantly greater levels of perceived well-being (wang et al, 2015), technology usage in families is still high (tadpatrikar, sharma, & viswanath, 2021). because internet technology facilitates communication (diomidous, et al., 2016), the use of the internet significantly increases the time and frequency of communicative encounters with friends and family (li, ning, xia, guo, & liu, 2022). furthermore, despite misunderstandings developing when families communicate online via the social media site facebook (lopez & cuarteros, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:lcarroll@buffalo.edu https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 87 2019), online communication with friends and families has a protective influence on developing clinical depression in the elderly (nakagomi, shiba, kondo, and kawachi, 2020). in fact, phone calls and texting (including through social media apps) have been shown to be positively correlated with well-being (liu, baumeister, yang, and hu, 2019). there are also gender differences in patterns of internet use (wibowo, w., sari, n. p., wilantari, r. n., & abdul-rahman, s. (2021) and internet use affects academic outcomes (cahyo, fariz, and lestari, 2020). despite a small negative effect on mental health (meier & reinecke, 2021), social networks are ubiquitous (verduyn, ybarra, resibois, jonides, and cross, 2017), social media is part of the innovative process of modern society (petrova & pervukhina, 2022), and social media plays a significant role in current human lifestyle (wong et al., 2017) altering the circulation of the communication, as well (gupta, katiyar, & goel, 2022). additionally, the development of the internet has led to the use of slang to communicate with the younger generation (galiullina & wright, 2021). communication may be promoted or increased through the effectiveness and effect of technologies like the internet and the social web, which comprises community-driven web services that foster social interaction (colomo-palacios, sotoacosta, ramayah, & russ, 2013). whether between people or between humans and machines (papsdorf, 2015), the occurrence of communication as a result of technology engagement deems the engagement a communicative act, whether it is employed to inform a nation's inhabitants about candidates during a presidential campaign or merely to look for a long-lost friend's profile on social media. a communicative act is one that is performed with the intention of evoking an act that it is not or is the cause of. because technology engagement is done with the goal of achieving some act(ion) that it neither impacts nor constitutes, i argue that technological engagement differs from a perlocution in no important manner according to speech act theory. perlocution, according to the speech act theory pioneered by austin (1962) and searle (1969), is an act of speech or writing that has as its goal some act(ion) but neither affects nor constitutes the action (al-hindawi, 2014). however, technological participation, such as texting or emailing, is not the same as speaking or writing and cannot be characterized as a perlocution. so we have two options: a) create a new independent term that accounts for technological involvement, or b) change the present concept of perlocution. nonetheless, because an act of speaking or writing, like technological involvement, is considered a communicative act, changing the present definition of a notion would be easier. thus, by broadening the concept of perlocution to include this uncommon instance, the amended definition reads "a [communicative act] that has as its goal some action but neither effects nor constitutes the action," putting technological involvement in the framework of speech act theory. as a communicative act, technology engagement produces either unidirectional communication, such as watching television or listening to the radio, or bidirectional communication, such as text messaging or email. successful communication, whether unidirectional or bidirectional, is dependent on the notions of access and network. merriam-webster defines access as the freedom or capacity to get or utilize something (access, 2016). among the most widely used definitions of the term network are system, link, and group (network – definition of network by merriam-webster, 2016). generally, networks increase efficiency (bub, 2011). if effective communication is dependent on access and network principles, and internet-based technology, products, or services, then successful internet-based technology, products, or services depend on communication, then internet-based technology, products, or services are transitively dependent on access and network principles! furthermore, we understand that the greater the access or network, the better the communication. moreover, greater communication equals more successful communication. naturally, this raises the question of whether this holds true for internet-based technology, products, or services because greater access and network indicate better communication and better communication suggests more successful communication. i contend that there is a positive relationship between network availability and the success of internet-based technologies, goods, and services such as the internet of things which allows indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 88 objects to communicate (chopra, kunal-gupta, & lambora, 2019). a better understanding of the internet and its repercussions is urgently needed to safeguard society. the present article attempts to determine the connections that exist among successful internet-based technology, products, and services. addressing the connections and identifying commonalities brings us one step closer to appreciating them scientifically with the ultimate goal of being able to predict its trends and behavior. it is imperative that society appreciates what has happened and is occurring to gain insight into what will happen as it pertains to the internet technology, products, and services. our purpose then is to provide a framework for developing an appreciation of internet-based technologies, products, and services through the concepts of access and network that are shared amongst those that are successful. methods for this qualitative exploration, the theme that was the focus concerned the ways in which to uniformly understand the internet-based successful products and services. the manner in which we approached in this article is through a presentation of arguments and evidence of the concepts of access and network. the sample of articles chosen was one of convenience. in addition, ideas that developed were based on theories from various disciplines with the intention of reducing the processes to issues related to access and network. the university at buffalo libraries were used for the research and was the source of the material reviewed. the main query terms were internet, communication, access, and network. only freely accessible articles in english were considered. concepts deemed important were included to provide explanations for, and contrast between concepts that were pertinent to the author's research, which allowed for the development of context for the framework of this work. both the recent literature and seminal works were considered based on value and relevance to the topic and not solely on the date. results and discussion the case for access and network to provide a framework for developing an appreciation of internet-based technologies, products and services through the concepts of access and network, it is crucial to understand their interconnection. both the concept of access and the concept of the network are so interconnected that no one can genuinely be considered to have preceded the other. thus, to adhere to the concept of parsimony in theory building and assessment (swanson & chermack, 2013) and conserve space, any arguments thought experiments or examples i use for either access or network are purposeful and could have been prepared for either. the phrase conceptual refers to literal and metaphorical interpretations of the concepts of access and network, as well as their context. that is, while one may actually have access to resources, which is limited to physical proximity and verifiable by touch, the same cannot be true about access to information, knowledge, or ideas. claiming access by engaging with someone known to have knowledge in person, over the phone, or through a letter does not diminish closeness at all, and it is just as conceptual as access to supplies. whether or not the defense advanced research project agency (darpa) realized how profound the concepts underpinning what would eventually become the internet were, connecting computers to gain the ability to upload and download data to and from any of them eventually left its mark on the universe thanks to the tenets of access and network. the ideas of access and network are crucial not just to internet-related matters, but also to the concept of technology in general. furthermore, the ideas of access and network are intrinsically pluralistic, implying more than one item. that example, it would be fairly strange to think of anything as something that accesses itself or networks with the same. instantiating either an instance of access or a network now indicates that the contiguous component or its derivatives were previously unaccessed. however, because it is impossible to not have access to one's own body, this produces a paradox. regardless, they may be ineffective in reaching their purpose as the object of their access. whether the issue is the movement of a paralyzed limb or the memory of a deceased loved one, the following stays true: unless the limb has been entirely severed, it is always a part of one's body to which access must be granted even if it cannot be indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 89 moved (e.g., due to neurotmesis). nota bene, there is no access to the limb's movement; only the limb itself. conversely, because the memory of a deceased loved one arises from, but is not reductively comparable to, a part of one's body—namely, hippocampus engram cells in the brain that store memories (tonegawa, morrissey, & kitamura, 2018)—access to the memory itself is indirect. because of the indirect nature of the access, attempts at memory recovery are occasionally futile. as a result, it is clear that access varies for and among immaterial items such as concepts or memories. in contrast to tangible items on or as part of one, such as congenital limbs, access to information as ideas or secrets never occurs immediately. even if a spy's computer is sealed in a vault that a thief cannot break into, the thief may have access to the vault's entrance or the computer itself, but not to the information. in other words, while it is feasible to deny access to immaterial objects, direct access is impossible! furthermore, even access to knowledge from one's own ideas must be indirect. we have them and know what they are, but they are not the sensory data packets that encode episodic experiences and are stored in engram cells as memories of ideas. a pure idea may be a product of or driven by sensory data, but it is neither the sensory data itself nor its effect. for example, if a thought is the product of sensory input, then ideas are totally causally related to sensory data and are repeatable. when considered, there is some evidence that ideas are consequences of sensory data causes. based on the mental health literature on the association between sadness and a lack of light, i believe that thoughts are partially and indirectly produced by sensory data (henriquez-sanchez, et al., 2014). it is important to note that i claim the relationship is just partial and indirect since other factors are at play. furthermore, i believe that once depressed, what are deemed depressive symptoms (e.g., sad thoughts) may be the true cause of sadness rather than its result. if i am accurate, depression is caused directly by depressive thoughts, which are caused directly by low levels of light. regardless, depression would thus be indirectly tied to light. there are at least two important domains for access, each with two potential states (i.e., y/n): access proper and success. when someone gains access to anything, it is usually for a specific reason. when that goal is met by actively accessing, access is considered successful. failure to fulfill a purpose, on the other hand, does not indicate that there was no access; it merely deems the access that happened ineffectively. assume that law enforcement personnel were waiting inside a vault that criminals had broken into, foiling their goal by arresting everyone. despite the fact that the thieves failed in their mission, they were apprehended since they had access! the reason i argue that failing to satisfy the purpose of the access is not the same as not having access is that success at one's purpose of the access is not the same as success in access that enabled fulfillment of the purpose feasible. furthermore, talking about “accessing a purpose” is grammatically incorrect. a goal, while immaterial like knowledge, is distinct in that it cannot be obtained directly or indirectly! the reader should now understand the conceptual variety of access. we illustrated our adaptability by exploring how access relates to five distinct scenarios: material attached, material unattached, immaterial unattached information memory, immaterial unattached information memory thinking, and the goal of immaterial unattached information memory thought. access and network stand out as good notions around which to build theory because of their diversity and resilience. furthermore, no successful internetbased business, product, or technology has failed to meet the access and network requirements. based on this observation, one might deduce that access and network are critical elements for the long-term viability of newly developed internet-based businesses, services, and technology. the author offers the conceptual access-network thesis to appropriately reflect the link between the success of new internet-based technologies, goods, and services and the amount to which they meet the ideas of access and network. the thesis is abbreviated cantor in honor of the nineteenthcentury german mathematician for all of his contributions to knowledge and comprehension. the theory of the conceptual access network (cantor) thesis a new internet-based product, service, or technology's success is dependent on the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 90 effectiveness with which it provides access to or builds a network of potential customers, products, or services, according to the conceptual accessnetwork thesis (cantor). i define internetbased as being conducted over the internet, and i mean that the technological goods and services being considered must include it as an optional, if not mandatory, component. according to the relational form of the idea, a high level of success for an internet-based technology, product, or service corresponds with a high level of access-network feasible with that technology, product, or service. nonetheless, a low degree of failure of internet-based technology, goods, or services correlates negatively with a high degree of access-network achievable. correlation, no matter how presented, does not prove causality. nonetheless, in the instance of cantor, i contend that the correlational link is causal. according to research, people are social animals that can empathize with others in two ways: emotionally and cognitively (penttila, 2019). that is, empathy is best defined by the ability to feel what others feel and perceive things from their point of view. people, on the other hand, require access to networks with other humans to sympathize with one another! so, if an internet-based technology, product, or service provides customers with a high degree of access and network that they already want due to their social nature as humans, then customers will access and network to a high degree through the technology, product, or service as well, resulting in a high degree of success. the only scope condition is defined by what counts as "internet-based." by internet-based, i mean that the technological goods or services under consideration must incorporate the internet as an optional, if not mandatory, aspect. the current personal genomics explosion, as typified by 23andme, would have been anticipated by cantor when employed as a framework for understanding. cantor, on the other hand, may have been utilized to help generate the notion of personal genomic services, goods, and technology focused on making internet-based alternatives available. consumers would have access to enhanced knowledge about their exome, distant family connections, and other genealogical adjuncts that would meet access-network criteria exceedingly well. furthermore, cantor explains why the internet of things (iot) has thrived. the internet of things (iot) is a combination of technologies that connects everything, from everyday things to more complex networked devices (benazzouz, munilla, gunalp, gallissot, & gurgen, 2014). conveniences such as home automation have become a reality thanks to the internet of things running on access and network principles. once experimentally proven, cantor may be used to forecast which innovations, goods, or services will succeed, and it may be used to produce sustainable concepts for new products and organizations before any significant investment phase begins. a learning organization occurs among organizational systems to provide a needed service or product (swanson & chermack, 2013). if this is true, then cantor's utility as a framework includes not only informing which ideas for technology, services, or products satisfy accessnetwork criteria and which technologies, products, and services already on the market will ultimately succeed but also facilitating the creation of one new ultimately successful long-term sustainable business organization for every genuinely novel idea it helps generate! i am now working on making the notions of access and network operational. my objective will be to develop a measuring and diagnosis tool that will reveal the cantor status of enterprises, technology, goods, or services both before and after they hit the market. contributing the following studies and theories influenced the development of cantor: respect for authority, small world studies involving social networks and connection, as well as six degrees of separation, are all based on stanley milgram's work, social construction of (scientific) knowledge (sck) to some extent. instrumentation and instrumentalism are terms used interchangeably. phenomenotechnique and technologically created objects of knowledge (latour & woolgar, 1987) and information theory are pragmatic philosophical systems that regard ideas to be instruments that should direct human activities and their value is determined by their success. i believe that developing or constructing objects of knowledge is not the same as creating ex nihilo. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 91 the intersection and integration of contributing ideas that operationalize the definition, purpose, and assumptions of an applied field constitute a core theory. the heart of the cantor thesis is network, constructing, instrumentation, and ideas from instrumentalism, information and technology, and success. among the useful concepts and theories that contribute to the heart of cantor, phenomenotechnique and the social construction of scientific knowledge (ssk) connect the most seamlessly, possibly sparking cantor. the possibility derives from a person having access to technological instruments such as a microscope and using their training and network to make the object of knowledge! this interaction, while not full, might support the beginnings of a notion or an access-network principle. mutualistic access-network symbiosis internet and related technologies are not the only applications of access-network theory. it is the author's contention that any technological example will undoubtedly be reducible to or entail a conceptual access-network structure. there are several factors that influence our choices for television programming, the effects of television on politics and campaigning, and even the decision to use alternate media such as smartphones. it is important to note that access (to technology or people) and a network (of individuals and technologies) both contribute to the expansion of the other, with each reinforcing and stimulating its development. thus, conceptual access develops into a network, and the network itself generates access, resulting in a mutualistic connection. the debate over net neutrality is an example of the importance people place on access networks despite the fact that it could apply to any technological communication medium (cantoni & danowski, 2015), such as the telephone, television, and radio. it is possible for internet-based products, services, and technologies to fail miserably without being supported by internet networks, either because of a lack of demand or because a lack of communication. a framework for understanding technologies in their context the lack of access may also be viewed as a driving force in the development of technology in a variety of formats, in addition to the desire to construct an access network being regarded as an underlying concept or positive framework for development. there are many reasons why technological development may be driven by preventing the emergence of access networks rather than just building, maintaining, or strengthening them. such negative contexts for access-network innovation include remote access to a server for business or pleasure, online banking, and online shopping. there are countless technologies that are leaves on branches of arguably the largest tree located in the forest of technology. highways, ladders, scrubbers with long handles, watches, telephones, voicemail systems, radios, televisions, e-readers, the internet, computers, encryption software, and an array of unmentioned technologies are all leaves on branches of this tree known as the conceptual access-network tree. an example of technology in action based on the access-network principle, despite the plethora of technologies manufactured and natural, all of which achieve some specific purpose, few, if any, are designed to provide direct or indirect access to information or to function effectively without the assistance of a network. while traditional technologies and concepts may persist, readers are forced to leave their comfort zones for a moment to consider what may be an uncommon example to them. as carroll (2017) argued in an influential paper titled “a comprehensive definition of technology from an ethological perspective”, not only does the example meet the criteria for the comprehensive definition of technology, it also exemplifies the principles of access and network proposed herein and simultaneously satisfies the criteria for the comprehensive definition of technology. there is an unbroken continuum of theoretical connections between all things, even very diverse unconventional technologies, that existed, continue to exist, and will always exist. what might be a more significant example that meets the criteria for both a thorough description of the technology and a conceptual access network? insulin, for example. although it may appear that insulin and a microscope have little in common with one another, television, or the internet, this is not the case. as instances of technology, they all give a way to access information that would otherwise be unavailable via a network. a network, by definition, is a system of interconnected items or people indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 92 (lewis, 2022). ” take, for example, a television. a network can be formed by connecting just one additional device. two televisions, on the other hand, would be worthless; television just shows information. however, if you take the opposite of a television, you get a video camera, which is what news broadcasters rely on for their network. as a result, just as heads and tails of the same quarter are inversely connected, a television and a video camera are two sides of the same technical network coin that allows access. insulin, in both natural and synthetic versions, gives the body access to the information or energy it requires to thrive or live. if we pause for a moment to analyze the premise of this article, what else would access be, or what else would the network be or be for, if not information? if evolution has taught us anything, it is that information may be encoded in a variety of ways. one of the cleverest methods to encode information is to not encode it! that is, the encoded information can exist even when there is no encoded information! using the utility in the absence of meaningful information, as a fundamental precaution, danger can be avoided by automatically adjusting to account for a system's failure or malfunction—a notion known as failsafe (lewis, 2022). as with the binary system used in computer programming, the existence and absence of a single object can therefore represent at least two states. the presence or lack of insulin indicates one of two states: fed or fasting. the fed state is defined as the presence of insulin, its appropriate availability, and the absence of defects. in this state, the presence of insulin helps us to obtain the energy we require from glucose to survive. however, we are in a fasting state if insulin is lacking, accessible in inadequate amounts, or faulty. the lack of insulin causes a cascade of sequelae that serve as indicators or symptoms of this situation, offering information that the body may utilize to select the next course of action. as we widen and deepen our understanding of technology, we have a greater grasp of the basic ways in which classic examples of technology influence our lives, and the predicate relation words describing them, such as access and network, become much easier to understand. finally, the conceptual access-network theory implies information both mutually and logically. whether it be insulin, a microscope, television, or the internet, this theory and the examples provided suggest something that transcends form or kind and, once fully developed, maybe a conceptual framework that unites everything. objects of knowledge created technologically: access-networks using phenomenotechnique a microscope, while more widely regarded as a technology than insulin but possibly less so than television, is a separate sort of technology that also functions on the access-network paradigm. a microscope, as an example of technology, differs from insulin in several evident ways. for one thing, most of what we know about insulin is new, the outcome of laboratory research instruments, and may be regarded as technologically generated objects of knowledge. microscopes and everything we know about them are not primarily technological inventions and may be examined directly. as such, microscopes are among the technological tools used by scientists to create these objects in what is known as the social production of knowledge. the development of knowledge necessitates the use of instruments that allow us access to things we had no idea existed before we used them! that is, only by using a microscope can one become acutely aware of the minutiae of tiny objects and occurrences. thus, while not going so far as to claim that the state of existence of what we observe with the microscope is causally dependent on our observing it—as it is in quantum physics with the schrodinger's cat (yin, 2017) thought experiment our knowledge of the state of existence of microscopic objects is causally dependent. nonetheless, our capacity to know what exists through the use of the microscope is determined by our knowledge of the existence of what is viewed in a broad sense by any of the faculties other than the microscope (viz., the presence of the microscope itself)! one distinction between the two is that, unlike insulin, which we know can exist without our understanding or consciousness, a microscope cannot. that is, insulin occurs naturally, yet a microscope is not present in nature; consequently, if encountered, it was produced; hence, the creator is aware of its presence. using a logically analytic onto-epistemological framework, we can see how things like insulin differ more systematically. assuming, as we stated, "one is aware that insulin may exist but is unaware that it does." this indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 93 statement's logical examination will include regimentation and abstraction procedures. regimentation translates plain language sentences into their logical structure, whereas abstraction eliminates extra-logical elements from the logical structure to obtain a logical form (peregrin & svoboda, 2017). “x is with the knowledge that perhaps w exists, but x is unaware that w exists”. let kx be a oneplace epistemic predicate with the meaning “x is with/with x's knowledge that (i.e., x knows)...” the existence predicate ex simply reads “x exists.” but what we know about microscopes is not primarily the result of technological advancement. the social construction of knowledge gives us access to things we cannot be sure existed before we used the microscope to see them! that is, one can only become aware of the subtleties of tiny organisms and occurrences by using a microscope. thus, the existence of what is noticed with the microscope is contingent on the existence of what is observed in general by any of the faculties other than the microscope, namely, the presence of the microscope itself. unfortunately, while the reality of things and occurrences is not literally dependent on the presence of the instrument employed to see them, refuting this assertion is difficult, if not impossible because rebuttal would involve instrumentation. our ontological and epistemic commitments to microscopic beings and occurrences need the presence of a laboratory microscope, without which access to and knowledge of the cosmos at this scale would be impossible to give. a range of distinct behaviors occurs in the laboratory setting, culminating in the establishment of scientific facts. nonetheless, these actions are not always what the general public would anticipate. without diminishing the significant contributions made by the individuals associated with various discoveries and developments, the reality is much more agonistic, filled with craftwork, and political than there is an objective truth with which scientists of pure heart enlighten us after implementing the scientific method (latour & woolgar, 1987, 2013). within the scientific sphere, there is a hierarchical structure that is afflicted by the same challenges that are present in any other societal setting. science is not immune to societal pressure. furthermore, fact-building is a more realistic description of what happens in science than factfinding since objective entities or phenomena involving them would be invisible without material instruments such as that used for fractioning, imaging, or distillation (latour & woolgar, 1987, 2013). because of the hierarchical character of, and political nuances occurring in, the laboratory setting from which the public is sheltered, social dynamics play a key influence in the formation of facts. the phenomenotechnique (latour & woolgar, 1987, 2013) describes the link between phenomena, materials, and the technique required. the access-network and the change process compared to the pre-internet era, there has been a significant amount of change. our discussion of transformation is arguably totally mediated by the idea of improving access or existing networks through the establishment of new networks or the reconfiguration of existing networks. it is important to note that although such a history of change in no way guarantees what we will see in the future, the exponential nature of technological development and expansion (kurzweil, 2006) provides a guarantee that change will continue. throughout his life, the author has believed that while change is always beneficial, its outcomes aren't always desirable. there must be some improvement or decrement in the state of things after a change for it to have occurred. the question is: how can you verify a purported modification if nothing changes afterward? a significant change cannot have occurred if no difference can be seen between the before and after states. any change that leaves society or its constituents in a better or worse position is a change that can yield information or knowledge, and no matter what the change is, whether it's science, technology, or the internet, it should always be considered a good one. in cases such as smoking and drinking for decades and losing a job after twenty years of loyalty to an employer, many readers would argue that change is harmful. change is often viewed as negative, but the author finds that people are mistaking a generally undesirable conclusion for the event itself when they identify it as negative. in both cases, being unemployed and having cancer are bad things, but in the latter case, if one is lucky enough to survive with a new appreciation for life and all of its potential, and in the former case, if one's next job is even better than that lost, the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 94 changes that were thought of as bad were actually quite beneficial. unless the transition process took place, we could not have improved our position. we can always improve through the process of change, so regardless of the outcome, it should be regarded positively. a key distinction needs to be made between what we mean by 'change process' and 'change result'. change in general is beneficial; however, when one considers the context, specific processes or outcomes of change cannot always be as desirable as the general process. it is also important to note that specific examples of how changes are implemented aren't always the same, which implies that sometimes one process is considered beneficial and sometimes the other is considered negative. to evaluate the real quality of apparent change, we need to understand the specific processes and outcomes of change. such change might not be comprehended by humans until they see specific examples of how it is implemented or how it is manufactured. the process of losing weight and the outcome of losing weight can differ between two people, for example. in spite of this, losing pounds as a result of a change (i.e., process) is considered good for morbidly obese individuals since it results in weight loss (i.e., product), whereas loss of pounds as a result of a change is considered bad for anorexic individuals because it results in weight loss (i.e., product). we emphasize that products and processes are not intrinsically good or bad, regardless of what they are linked to. there may only be one qualitative characteristic that can be attributed to the product of change (e.g., weight loss is good), depending on the context (e.g., obesity) of a specific situation (e.g., losing weight). changing the products and services on the internet frequently results in well-received or poorly conceived modifications. it is ultimately the fact that the process of change persists, which implies that the chance for future goods and services to be better remains. according to the conceptual access-network thesis, the development and success of future internet-based goods, services, and technologies will be based on creating infrastructure and network access that meets the social needs of potential customers. there is a constant need for products, services, and technologies that revolve around networks and provide some form of access to users. access-network permutations can be direct or indirect. users can connect directly with one another, with products, and with services. in contrast, indirect combinations meet access-network criteria by chaining the user, product, or service through an intermediary service or product. permutations that are indirect are virtually limitless. they could involve users to products/services to users, or users to products/services to users. the variations in access networks, whether direct or indirect, fulfill customers' social demands for interconnectivity, regardless of whether the user to whom they are linked is someone else. new and current internet-based products, services, or technology will enable or provide customers with the perception of experiencing true interconnection between them and their products or services. a feeling of interconnection that can be experienced in real-time through verbal (e.g., audio calls, video calls), non-verbal (texts, chats, im, photos), or asynchronous modes (e-mail, ecards, evites, amazon e-gifts, etc.). in the future, new internet technologies will be incorporated more fully into personal social interaction and experience, resulting in more options for communication. in the future, technology will be readily available to assist consumers in engaging in more intimate social interactions than marriage, dating, and personal encounters. innovative services and products have already made consumers the pacemakers of emerging it (leimeister, österle, & alter, 2014). for instance, communication technologies have changed the way libraries as consumers access information (khan, 2016). intimate stranger phenomenon distortion in recent years, virtual reality (vr) has gained popularity. developed in the 1960s by morton heilig, the head mounted display or hmd is quickly becoming a mainstream technology (burdea & coiffed, 2003). virtual reality technology and devices are currently found mainly in the gaming industry, but in the near future, they will be used to provide a wide range of social interactive experiences via the internet for personal and social interaction, like heilig's sensorama simulator (1960), which immersed the user in their surroundings with sensory stimuli. the increasing availability of personal genomic products and services that decode individual genomic data through next-generation sequencing will eventually indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 95 combine virtual reality with personal genomic information in order to create a new internet-based intimate social experience product or service that uses genetic data to provide extremely nuanced virtual social experiences. it was the authors' first assumption that the integration of and general access to a network of personal information, before or without the 'personal', would distort the concept of the familiar or intimate stranger (milgram & blass, 2010). it's interesting to note that dr. milgram is most famous for his social research and small-world experiment, which helped to develop the six degrees of separation hypothesis (milgram, 1967). i used the author's conceptual access network thesis to generate an idea of a distorted intimate stranger phenomenon as a basis for my forecasts for internet-based products and services in 2017 and beyond, which led to milgram's original study over fifty years ago. furthermore, milgram's invention was two years before the first computer-tocomputer communication was enabled by arpanet, the internet's forerunner (volti, 2009). a reverse ordering the distorted intimate stranger phenomenon is a result of early exposure to genetic data before ever meeting or getting to know others. this results in an inversion of order at the core of the distorted intimate stranger phenomenon. being in possession of this intimate knowledge will be equated with being extremely familiar with someone without actually knowing anything about them. this is an unintended consequence of such a reversal. by removing the awkwardness of not knowing anything about someone when meeting for the first time, it might ease the process of establishing new relationships. in contrast, when used to explain social rejection, it may encourage ignorance and misinterpretation. a new generation of internet-based products and services does not necessarily imply a bleak future. in spite of this, he believes that accessnetwork-based products, services, and technologies will initially pose social and professional challenges. in the future, nepotism will be replaced by genetic discrimination, blurring the boundaries between personal, social, and professional life. it is possible that people will use personal information to socially reject each other or lose out to others in their professional careers. hence, such blurring might exacerbate existing societal inequities and create new ones as an unintended consequence. using internet-based products and services maliciously may readily elicit a desire for revenge in the offended, who may feel justified in killing their former colleagues or targeting those they believe are responsible. even though this scenario may be distasteful, it would not be possible without access to people and information, or the presence of links between humans and information services via an internet-based network, as defined by the conceptual access-network thesis. conclusion it is true that satisfying consumer needs is an important part of the development or success of new internet-based products and services, but the author has argued that its success depends on how well it can provide access to or create a network of potential users, products, and services for it to develop or succeed. in his conceptual accessnetwork thesis, the author advances this claim. in the beginning, darpa's plan to connect computers centered around two concepts: access and network. throughout the history of the internet, there have been periods of change, but every internet-based product or service has been anchored by concepts like access, system, group, and connection. despite the fact that the results of the adjustments weren't always better, the process of changing the internet and everything else goes through should be viewed positively regardless of the outcome. to determine the status of outcomes, determine their context, and decide whether a change process is warranted, we need to attribute the qualitative characteristic of good to the opportunity to improve that is provided by the process of change. the outcome of an internet-based product or service following a change-driven process either allows previous conditions to be fully appreciated for how great they were, at worst acting as a social force driving a reversion back to the former state or, at best, forcing society to disengage from the previous state of affairs by distancing itself since it was much worse than initially thought. it is only through change that previous conditions can be appreciated, since accurate assessment cannot be indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 86-98 96 accomplished within a situation that is entrenched, no matter how good or bad it may seem. as far as continuous change and context are concerned, it is ultimately through each that the other can be appreciated and achieved; however, stagnation is always unfavorable because it does not open up opportunities for improvement regardless of the conditions in which society and technology find themselves. access and network are directly correlated to improvements in internet products and services, according to the conceptual accessnetwork thesis. because the internet offers opportunities for development and change, it will always be good regardless of what happens. references 1. access. definition of access by merriamwebster last modified. 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(2018). the interface between pragmatics and internet-mediated communication. in. pragmatics and its interfaces (pp. 267–290). john benjamins publishing company. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 245-249 245 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.299 page: 245 – 249 the effect of ownership structure on financial performance in lippo group company ristati1, raihan cahaya2, nurlela3, ghazali syamni4, zulham ibrahim5 1-4faculty of economics and business, malikussaleh university, indonesia 5faculty of social science and political science, malikussaleh university, indonesia corresponding author: ristati; email: ristati@unimal.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: financial performance, lippo group, ownership structure. received : 24 july 2021 revised : 12 october 2021 accepted : 15 october 2021 this study examined the effect of ownership structure on financial performance at lippo group companies in indonesia from 2015 to 2019. the number of samples in this study was 14 companies and 60 observations. the data were accessed on www.idx.go.id. the data used in this study was panel data or a combination of cross-section data and time-series data. the data analysis method in this research was the panel data regression analysis method with panel estimation model random effect model. the results showed that managerial ownership and institutional ownership had a negative and significant effect on financial performance. introduction the company is a certain unit of activity that converts economic resources into use-value in the form of goods and services to obtain profits. the general goal of the company is to improve the company's performance to obtain maximum profit. increased company performance will also increase investor interest in investing in a company because it is indicated that the company will have good prospects in the future and bring high stock returns. each company produces information in the form of financial statements consisting of balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements. the report will later be used by information users (stakeholders) which is useful for the decision-making process. this is important for every company to measure financial performance, the company's financial performance is a description of the financial condition of a company which is analyzed with financial analysis tools so that it can be known the financial condition of a company in a certain period. according to sri, the ownership structure is one of the influences on the rising and falling of financial performance. two aspects need to be considered, namely the concentration of company ownership by outsiders and ownership by management (rejeki, 2007). meanwhile, managerial ownership is the amount of share ownership by the company's management as measured by the percentage of the number of shares owned by management (pujiati & widanar(2009), pura et al (2008) argued that the existence of managerial ownership can unify the goals of managers and shareholders and help connect internal parties with shareholders, can also lead to better decision making and improving company performance. therefore, managerial ownership has a positive effect on financial performance. nevertheless, institutional ownership is a condition where the institution owns shares in a company. the institution can be in the form of government, private or foreign institutions (widarjo, 2010). febrina and maryati (2018) concluded that the presence of this institutional ownership has a very large role to supervise the management and company policies. these actions can encourage managers to focus more on company performance). therefore, institutional ownership has a positive effect on financial performance. this is supported by the results of research (widayti (2011) and (aprianinggsih & yusthita, 2016) who indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:ristati@unimal.ac.id https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 245-249 246 found that institutional ownership has a positive effect on company performance. methods data the data used in this study is variable data managerial ownership, institutional ownership of financial performance in lippo group companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange (idx). the research data was obtained from the idx.co.id site during the 2015-2019 period with a total of 60 observations. classic assumption test the stages of testing in classical assumptions are; 1. normality test 2. heteroscedasticity test 3. multicollinearity test 4. autohard test model this research was conducted using a panel data regression model approach which was analyzed using the common effect model (cem), fixed effect model (fem), and random effect model (rem). after the three models were carried out, the chow test and hausman test were carried out. chow test was performed to select common effect model with fixed effect model. if it is not significant, the best model is the common effect model and no hausman test is needed. if the chow test results are significant, there is a 5% level, then the selected model is the fixed effect model. furthermore, it is necessary to do the hausman test to choose between the fixed effect model or the random effect model. if the hausman test results are significant, then the best model is the fixed effect model. conversely, if it is not significant then the best model is the random effect model. all test models were analyzed using the e-views device. the empirical models are: model: overall model roait = + 1 kmit + 2kiit + eit where: roait = financial performance α = constant 1-2 = regression coefficient of the independent variable kmit = managerial ownership variable kiit = institutional ownership variable i = i…. n (cross section) t = i…. t (time series) e = residual error (error) results and discussion descriptive data descriptive analysis to provide a general description of the object sampled in this study. the descriptive analysis describes the results consisting of the average, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation as well as the number of observations. it can be seen in the table below: table 1. descriptive analysis overal model tabel table mean median maximum minimum std dev obs panel a km 0.002127 0.000000 0.054500 0.000000 0.007486 60 ki 0.668000 0.675200 0.942500 0.231300 0.183048 60 source: output eviews 10 (data processed), 2021 if the standard value deviation (std. dev) > the average value (mean), then the average value is a poor representation of the overall data, otherwise if the standard deviation value (std. dev) < the average value (mean), then the average is a good representation of the overall data. model 1. test chow the results of the chow test in this study are as follows: table 2. chow test model: overall model effect test statistics df prob cross-section f 4.067855 (11,43) 0.0004 source: output eviews 10 (data processed), 2021 based on the table above, it can be seen that the value of probability for the chow test on the model (overall model) of 0.0004, it is below the error tolerance standard of 0.05. so based on the chow test the best model is fixed effect model (fem). so it is necessary to use hausman test to indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 245-249 247 compare fixed effect model and random effect models. 2. hausman test hausman test results in this study are as follows: table 3. hausman test model : overall model test summary chi-sq. statistics chi-sq. df prob cross-section random 5.079858 5 0.4062 source: output eviews 10 (data processed), 2021 based on the table above, it can be seen that the probability value for the hausman test on the model (overall model) is 0.4062. where the value is above the standard error tolerance of 0.05. so based on the hausman test the best model is the random effect model (rem). classic assumption test 1. normality the results of the normality test can be seen in the table below: table 4. normality test model (overall models) jarquebera probability information 2.774455 0.249767 normal source: output eviews 10 (data processed), 2021 2. heteroscedasticity the heteroscedasticity test model (overall model) shows that there is no heteroscedasticity because it is above 0.05. 3. multicollinearity test the results of the multicollinearity test on the overall model show that this model is free from multicollinearity problems because the correlation coefficient does not exceed 0.8. 4. autocorrelation test table 5. autocorrelation test model (overall models) durbinwatson stat 1.800082 source: output eviews 10 (data processed), 2021 based on the table, it can be seen that the value of durbin watson in the model (overall model) is 1.800082. the results show that in this study there is no autocorrelation. regression results the best model in this study is the commen effect model, the equation is as follows: table 6. rem test results va reliable overall model coef.. t-statistics prob c -0.0194 -0.2766 0.7831 km -0.1408 -3.0192(***) 0.0039 ki -2.4675 -2.4505(**) 0.0175 r-squared 0.2830 adjusted r-squared 0.2166 f-statistics 4.2643 durbin-watson stat 1.8000 source: output eviews 10 (data processed), 2021 based on the table of rem test results, the regression model compiled in this study for the overall model is as follows: roa = -0.0194 –0.1408km – 2.4675ki + e based on the above equation, it can be seen that the constant value is -0.0194. this shows that if km and ki are 0 then roa will be constant at0.0194. managerial ownership variables have a negative influence with a coefficient value of 0.140805. and for the variable institutional ownership has a negative relationship (not unidirectional) with roa with a coefficient of 2.467542, this indicates that if institutional ownership increases by 1% then performance will decrease. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 245-249 248 the results show that managerial ownership has a negative and significant effect on the financial performance of return on asset (roa). this result is different from the hypothesis made, which states that managerial ownership has a positive and significant effect on company performance. according to yulianto (2011), the proportion of managerial ownership that is too high makes management behave opportunistically which has a bad impact on the company. by making managerial ownership, it turns out that it can open up opportunities for managers to be able to act to take advantage of this profitable opportunity as well as possible for their interests or certain goals. these results indicate that institutional ownership has a negative and significant effect on the financial performance of return of asset (roa). the results of this study are not following the hypothesis. where the hypothesis states that institutional ownership has a positive effect on financial performance. according to modigliani in wiranata and nugrahanti (2013), institutional ownership does not affect the company's financial performance due to the information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, causing managers as company managers to be able to control the company because they have more information about the company than shareholders, with this more it is easy for managers to control the company in making a policy. the information that forms the basis of the institution in conducting supervision is not as good as the information possessed by the management, so that management can exercise control over the company freely. thus, institutional ownership does not have an impact on the company's performance. the company's performance no longer depends on how well the supervision is provided by the institution but is already under management control. so that regardless of the number of shares owned by other institutions or companies, it does not guarantee that monitoring of manager performance can run effectively. conclusion based on the study of the data above and the discussion, it can be concluded that: the results of the t and f tests for the model (overall model), partially (t-test) show the results that the variables k_mnjr and k_inst have a negative and significant effect on financial performance. simultaneously (f-test) shows the results that the variables k_mnjr and k_inst have a positive and significant effect on financial performance. for companies, it is hoped that they will maximize the implementation of policies so that they can improve the company's financial performance in the future. references 1. aldrige, ej, & sutojo, s. 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(2018, october). analisis pengaruh good corporate governance terhadap kinerja keuangan perbankan yang terdaftar di bursa efek indonesia periode 2014-2017. in prosiding seminar nasional cendekiawan (pp. 879-884). 15. rejeki, s. (2007). analisis pengaruh struktur kepemilikan, ukuran perusahaan dan rasio perputaran persediaan terhadap pemilihan metode persediaan pada perusahaan manufaktur go public di bej. skripsi. semarang: fakultas ekonomi, universitas semarang. 16. widarjo, w. (2010). pengaruh ownership retention, investasi dari proceeds dan reputasi auditor terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan kepemilikan manajerial dan institusional sebagai variabel pemoderasi. dissertation. sebelas maret university. 17. widayati, endah. (2011). analisis faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan perusahaan terhadap konservatisma akuntansi. skripsi. universitas diponegoro. 18. wiranata, y. a., & nugrahanti, y. w. (2013). pengaruh struktur kepemilikan terhadap profitabilitas perusahaan manufaktur di indonesia. jurnal akuntansi dan keuangan, 15(1), 15–26. 19. yulianto, n. a. (2011). pengaruh kepemilikan manajemen, kepemilikan institusi, leverage dac corporate social responsibility terhadap kinerja perusahaan. dissertation, universitas negeri semarang. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 208 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.303 page: 208 – 218 comparative analytical modeling and performance investigation of graphene-based super capacitor with four traditional batteries arsal mehmood mehran university of engineering and technology, jamshoro, sindh, pakistan corresponding author: arsal mehmood; email: arsalmehmood0713@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: batteries, comparative study, graphene, lithium-ion, dynamic model. received : 26 july 2021 revised : 25 september 2021 accepted : 12 october 2021 graphene, a magical development of 2004, has revolutionized today's energy storage technologies. it is nothing but a graphite two-dimensional (2d) allotropic pure carbon layer which is derived from a three-dimensional (3d) shape. since batteries have been the most common storage device from the invention of the first electrical battery by an italian physicist alessandro volta in 1799 a.d but batteries offer many drawbacks, such as length, weight, poor transient response, low power density, and high internal resistance. in this contrast, the impressive and unique properties of graphene supercapacitor such as high peak current, high surface area, high electrical conductivity, low internal resistance, high load current, long life cycle, high power density, low-temperature charging, and discharging make graphene supercapacitor a replacement of traditional energy storage devices and sets trend for the future. this analytical comparative analysis presents an overview between four traditional batteries and graphene-based supercapacitor. for this regard, dynamic models, modeling equations, and an integrated simulation model for batteries and graphene-supercapacitors under matlab/simulink® 2020a environment is developed. in addition, the effect of temperature on battery output and graphene-supercapacitor is also addressed. introduction royal swedish academy of science honored noble prize in physics to andre k. geim and konstantin s. novoselov in 2010 for the efficient development, isolation, identification, and characterization of graphene (novoselov, et al., 2004; the royal swedish academy of sciences, 2010). graphene is a 3-dimensional (3d) isolated graphite layer to which 2-dimensional (2d) honeycomb lattices are tightly packed (novoselov, et al., 2005). compared to the single atom diameter, graphene layers are roughly 1/10 mm thin (graphenea.com, 2021). three trivalent covalent bonds form graphite between the c-c atoms, where the length of the bond between the two carbon atoms is around 1.42a° (geim & novoselov, 2007). to form graphite, graphene layers combine with an internal planner spacing of 0.335nm (khan, et al., 2020). due to the unusual zero overlap difference between valance and conduction band, graphene is often called unimetal (mollik, et al., 2019; prasad, et al., 2019). the young graphene modulus is approximate ~ 1 tera pascal. that makes graphene the stiffest material ever known to man. in addition, electron mobility up to 2500 (cm2)/vs (baboselac, et al., 2017; hinov, et al., 2018) is seen. figure 1. inner structure of graphene indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 209 graphene is a wonder material, the electrical conductivity of graphene is 1×106 times the copper conductor while its mobility is 1×103 times the silicon material (singh & kumar, 2017), thermal conductivity (3000-5000 w⁄mk times graphite, diamond, copper & silver) (zuo, et al., 2017), also known as “high temperature”. since conductivity is 133ºc (kurniawan, et al., 2016), transparency (2.3%) (haizhou, 2017), and strength (strongest ever known material, which is 40 times stronger than diamond, 300 times than a36 structural steel). this enables it to be used in the design and manufacture of various field applications, such as batteries, solar panels, fuel cells, supercapacitors, sensors, photodetectors, coatings, loudspeakers, radiation shields, thermal control, cloaking, lubrication, water purification, etc. figure 2. different applications of graphene pollution problems and environmental effects as a long-term goal have led green energy a necessity of today's green world. nowadays, more research is going on minimization of the exhaust of carbon dioxide. renewable energy sources storage batteries are a promising solution for environmental and economic benefits. figure 3. energy content by different batteries graphene supercapacitor or ultra-capacitor has capacitance better capacitance than an ordinary capacitor, electrical double-layer capacitors (edlc). there are 3 types of capacitors double layer capacitor, hybrid capacitance, and pseudocapacitor. below fig 4 represents the energy and power density of energy storage devices. figure 4. energy & power densities of different storage devices graphene supercapacitor has electrolyte ions to produce a high charge as compared to standard capacitors (poonsuk & pongyupinpanich, 2016). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086131154 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 210 table 1. comparison of general characteristics between the battery and the supercapacitor graphene. source: barua, s., et al. (2015). the global energy paradigm is rapidly changing from fossil fuel to renewables. for the development of the best energy storage device, significant effort has been made from lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors to lithium-ion capacitors. this research aims to observe the performance investigation-based comparative analysis for dynamic modeling, equations modeling and simulation modeling for batteries and graphemesupercapacitors under matlab/simulink® 2020a environment. methods graphene-based supercapacitor and other energy storage system analytical comparison the specific energy density of the supercapacitor with graphene-based electrodes is approximately 85.6wh/kg, while 136 wh/kg at 80 0c is estimated at a current density of 1 a/g. its high capacitance of 550 f/g and real surface area of 2675 m2/g is a significant property of graphene. table 2. energy density and power density comparisons. battery model in matlab/simulink® 2020a matlab/simulink® 2020a is used to model batteries for lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride batteries. below is the parameterized model representation of batteries. figure 5. the generic dynamic model of batteries the following stern equation and tafel equation are implemented by the supercapacitor block in matlab [21, 22]: 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑄𝑋2 𝑁𝑃𝑁 2𝜀𝜀°𝐴 + 𝑁𝑁𝑆2𝑅𝑇 𝐹 𝛼𝑟 sinh 𝑄 𝑁𝑃𝑁 2𝐴 8𝑅𝑇𝜀𝜀°𝐶 −𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑖0𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝛼𝐹 𝑉 𝑁𝑆 − 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑁𝑆 − ∆𝑉 𝑅𝑇 𝑁 for graphene-based supercapacitor modeling, the two general equations for traditional supercapacitors are used. where parameters are represented: n = number of layers of electrodes ns = number of series supercapacitor np = number of parallel supercapacitors q = electric charge in colomb ε = permittivity of material in coloumb ε = permittivity of free space -8.85 x 1012 f⁄m a = interfacial area between electrodes and electrolyte (m2) r = ideal gas constant -5.189 x 1019 evk-1 mol -1 x2 = helmholtz layer length (m) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 211 t = operating temperature (in celsius) α = charge transfer coefficient, tafel equation (0< α <1) r = molecular radius =x2 na = avagado constant -6.02214129 x 10 23 mol-1 i0 = exchange current density = 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 𝐴𝑚 2 if = leakage current in ampere vmax = surge voltage – maximum voltage of the supercapacitor (v) v = supercapacitor rated voltage ∆v = over potential (v) it is possible to measure the supercapacitor state of charge (soc) using: 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 − 𝑖 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑡 0 𝑄𝑇 × 100 hypotheses taken for modeling are: 1. no impact on temperature. 2. no ageing results. 3. cell balancing has not been planned. the charging model overview 1. lead-acid 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸° −𝐾 𝑄 𝑖𝑡0.1. 𝑄 . 𝑖∗ −𝐾 𝑄 𝑄 −𝑖𝑡 . 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝑝(𝑡) 2. lithium-ion 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸° −𝐾 𝑄 𝑖𝑡0.1. 𝑄 . 𝑖∗ −𝐾 𝑄 �㠸 −𝑖𝑡 . 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝐵∙ 𝑖𝑡) 3. nimh and nicd 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸° −𝐾 𝑄 |𝑖𝑡|0.1. 𝑄 . 𝑖∗ −𝐾 𝑄 𝑄 −𝑖𝑡 . 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝑝(𝑡) different batteries mathematical equations 1. lead acid model discharge model (i*>0) 𝑓 1 𝑖𝑡,𝑖 ∗ , 𝑖, 𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐸° − �ਗ਼ ∙ 𝑄 𝑄 − 𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖 ∗ 𝐾∙ 𝑄 𝑄 − 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 −1 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑠 ∙ 0 charge model (i*<0) 𝑓 2 𝑖𝑡, 𝑖 ∗ , 𝑖, 𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐸° − 𝐾 ∙ 𝑄 𝑖𝑡 + 0.1𝑄 ∙ 𝑖 ∗ −𝐾 ∙ 𝑄 𝑄 −𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 −1 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑠 ∙ 1 𝑠 2. lithium-ion model discharge model (i*>0) 𝑓 1 𝑖𝑡, 𝑖 ∗ , 𝑖 = 𝐸° − 𝐾∙ 𝑄 𝑄 − 𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖 ∗ −𝐾∙ 𝑄 𝑄−𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝐵, 𝑖𝑡 charge model (i*<0) 𝑓 2 𝑖𝑡, 𝑖 ∗ , 𝑖 = 𝐸° − 𝐾∙ 𝑄 𝑖𝑡 + 0.1𝑄 ∙ 𝑖 ∗ −𝐾∙ 𝑄 𝑄 −𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝐵, 𝑖𝑡 3. nickel-cadmium & nickel-metal-hydride model discharge model (i*>0) 𝑓 1 𝑖𝑡, 𝑖 ∗ , 𝑖, 𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐸° − 𝐾 ∙ 𝑄 𝑄−𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖 ∗ −𝐾 ∙ 𝑄 𝑄 − 𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 −1 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑠 ∙ 0 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 212 charge model (i*<0) 𝑓 2 𝑖𝑡, 𝑖 ∗ , 𝑖, 𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐸° − 𝐾∙ 𝑄 | 𝑖𝑡 | + 0.1𝑄 ∙ 𝑖 ∗ −𝐾∙ 𝑄 𝑄 −𝑖𝑡 ∙ 𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 −1 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑠 ∙ 1 𝑠 when: e° = battery constant voltage (v) exp(s) = exponential zone dynamic (v) sel(s) = battery mode sel(s) = 0 (represent battery discharging) sel(s) = 1(represent battery charging) k = polarization constant 𝐴𝐻 −1 = 𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝐸𝑁𝑜𝑚 + 𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝐵, 𝑄𝑁𝑜𝑚 − 1 ∙ 𝑄 −𝑄𝑁𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑁𝑜𝑚 q = maximum battery capacity (ah) it = extracted capacity (ah) a = exponential voltage (v) b = exponential capacity (ah-1) i = battery current (a) results and discussion discharging characteristics of batteries after simulation for various batteries, the discharge characteristics were analyzed. three sections form a standard discharge curve: discharge curve, nominal area, and exponential area. lead acid battery figure 6. lead acid battery discharge characteristics indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 213 lithium-ion battery figure 7. characteristics of lithium-ion battery discharge nickel-cadmium battery figure 8. nickel cadmium battery discharge characteristics indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 214 nickel-metal-hydride figure 9. nickel metal hydride battery discharge characteristics when the battery current is negative, the battery will display the charge functionality. using the following equations. 𝑂𝐶𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 4.19829 + 0.0565661 tanh −14.556𝑦 + 8.60942 − 0.0275479 1 0.998432 − 𝑦 0.492465 − 1.90111 − 0.157123𝑒 −0.04738 𝑦 8 + 0.810239𝑒 −40 𝑦−0.133875 range of y is: 0.4<y<0.9981 𝑂𝐶𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑔 = 1.997 + 2.472𝑥 1 + 31.823𝑥 𝑂𝐶𝑃𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑂𝐶𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑂𝐶𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑂𝐶𝑃𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝜂𝑉 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 and, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑆𝑂𝐶 × 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 if cathode as limiting electrode, then 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 faraday’s law is used to determine state of charge (soc) of individual electrode, the series batteries net mass is given by the formula, 𝑚𝑏 = 𝑊𝐿𝑖−𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 × 𝑛𝐿𝑖 finally, the energy of battery in joules = 𝑉𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 1 0 × 𝑛𝐿�넔 × 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 where: y=intercalation coefficient of the positive electrode x=intercalation coefficient of the negative electrode ocppos= open circuit potential of positive electrode in volts ocpneg= open circuit potential of negative electrode in volts ocpcell= open circuit potential of individual cell in volts vcell = individual lithium ion cell voltage in volts nli=number of lithium ion cells wli-cell = mass of one lithium ion cell voltage in volts 𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 100 1 − 1 𝑄 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 0 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 215 impact of temperature on the batteries and graphene-based supercapacitor charging and discharging efficiency parameters 1. comparative study of temperature-dependent and independent batteries of lithium-ion a & b figure 10. effect of temperature on temperature-dependent lithium-ion batteries a and temperaturedependent charging and discharging characteristics for lithium-ion batteries b 2. comparative study of the independent lead-acid battery c & temperature-dependent battery a figure 11. effect of temperature on temperature-dependent charging and discharging characteristics of lithium-ion battery a & temperature-dependent lead-acid battery c indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 216 3. analytical comparison between temperature-dependent lithium-ion battery & independent nickelcadmium battery d figure 12. effect of temperature on temperature-dependent charging and discharge characteristics of lithium-ion battery a & temperature-dependent nickel-cadmium battery d 4. temperature dependent lithium-ion battery a & independent nickel-metal-hydride battery e figure 13. effect of temperature on temperature-dependent lithium-ion batteries a & temperaturedependent charging and characteristics for discharging of nickel-metal-hydride batteries e. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 217 5. comparative study of temperature dependent a & temperature independent graphene supercapacitor f lithium-ion batteries figure 14. effect of temperature on temperature-dependent lithium-ion batteries a and temperaturedependent charging and discharge characteristics of graphene supercapacitor f. conclusion the combination of the benefits of quick charging and slow discharging is the greatest obstacle to the development of a modern energy storage system. advanced studies suggest that graphene in storage devices can replace conventional devices in the future because it can charge and discharge up to 1,000 times faster than normal batteries. the exceptional graphene conductivity compared to diamond and copper allows the previous restriction to be overcome by the supercapacitor. in this research study, we built a model to analyze the behaviors of four conventional energy storage devices under matlab/simulink® 2020a environment to analyze behaviors in different temperature conditions. in this research, temperature influence on efficiency, charging, discharging parameters such as current, voltage & state of charge (soc) when operating in 20oc and – 20oc temperature range detected and characterized under an analysis approach. in terms of change, we evaluated the results for temperature influence determination on battery charging and discharging parameters in comparison approach with graphene-supercapacitor after a deep observation of the above-mentioned waveform properties. this study may therefore play an important role in the creation of future perfect storage devices. references 1. baboselac, et al. (2017). matlab simulation model for dynamic mode of the lithium-ion batteries to power the ev. tehnicki glasnik, 11 (1-2): 7-13. 2. barua, s., et al. (2015). modelling and analytical studies on graphene based supercapacitor comparing with traditional batteries. international conference on electrical engineering and information communication technology (iceeict), 21-23 may. 3. geim & novoselov. (2007). the rise of graphene. nature materials, (6): 183–191. 4. graphenea. (2021). avaliable: https://www.graphenea.com 5. haizhou, zhai. (2017). modeling of lithiumion battery for charging/discharging indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 208-218 218 characteristics based on circuit model. international journal of online and biomedical engineering (ijoe), 13 (6): 86-96. 6. hinov, nikolay, et al. (2018). modelling a charging process of a supercapacitor in matlab/simulink for electric vehicles. aip conference proceedings, (2048) 7. khan, karim, et al. (2020). going green with batteries and supercapacitor: two dimensional materials and their nanocomposites based energy storage applications. progress in solid state chemistry, (58). 8. kurniawan, ekki, et al. (2016). data analysis of li-ion and lead acid batteries discharge parameters with simulink-matlab. international conference of information and communication technology (icoict), 25-27 may 2016. 9. mollik, md. sazib and rashid, muhammad m. and rahman, mohammed ataur and hasan, abul. (2019). temperature effect and battery charging characteristics analysis based on charging c-rate. international journal of engineering and advanced technology, 9 (1): 159-165. 10. novoselov, et al. (2004). electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. sicence, (306): 666-669. 11. novoselov, et al. (2005). two-dimensional atomic crystals. proceedings of the national academy of science. 102 (30) 10451-10453. 12. poonsuk, j. & pongyupinpanich, s. (2016). design and estimation of state-charging applied for lithium-ion battery based on matlabsimulink. management and innovation technology international conference (miticon), 12-14 october. 13. prasad, gautham, et al. (2019). supercapacitor technology and its applications: a review. iop conference series: materials science and engineering. (561): 012105 14. singh, t.p. & kumar, s.y. (2017). comparative performance investigation of battery and ultracapacitor for electric vehicle applications. international journal of applied engineering research, 12 (20): 10197-10204 15. the royal swedish academy of sciences. (2010). graphene. compiled by the class for physics of the royal swedish academy of sciences. 16. zuo, wenhua, et al. (2017). batterysupercapacitor hybrid devices: recent progress and future prospects. advanced science, 4 (7). 1600539. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086126732 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086131154 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/dosearch?contribauthorraw=zuo%2c+wenhua indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 200-207 200 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.288 page: 200 – 207 effects of poultry biochar on electrochemical properties of an alfisol and vertisol of northern nigeria onokebhagbe victor odiamehi1, uzoma kingsley chinyere2, lawal mubarak3, auwalu abubakar4, habib dahiru wakili5 1,3,4,5department of soil science, faculty of agriculture, federal university dutse, jigawa state, nigeria 2department of soil science and meteorology, college of crop and soil sciences, michael okpara, nigeria corresponding author: onokebhagbe victor odiamehi; email: victor.o@fud.edu.ng a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: biochar, cation exchange capacity, electrical charge, point zero charge, surface potentials. received : 04 july 2021 revised : 13 october 2021 accepted : 15 october 2021 this study was aimed to know the effects of biochar on charge properties of an alfisol and vertisol of semi-arid soils of northern nigeria. a laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effects of biochar on point zero charge of soils. an experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design and consisted of two factors; 2 soil types and biochar at 4 levels giving a total of 8 treatment combinations with 3 replications each. the results obtained from the study showed that the ph in kcl of the incubated soils ranged from 7.3 to 7.4 and 7.6 to 7.9 for the alfisol and vertisol; 7.5 to 7.7 and 7.9 to 8.3 ph in h2o, was obtained for the alfisol and vertisol respectively. electrical conductivity obtained ranged from 3.22 to 4.72 and 2.88 to 4.21 ds m-1 for alfisol and vertisol respectively. electrical potentials ranged from -19.70 to -35 and -31.45 to -63.04 for the alfisol and vertisol respectively. the point zero charge of soils correlated positively with the properties of the soils and the biochar rates. the addition of biochar to soils modified the pzc, increased the ph, electrical conductivity (ece), and cation exchange capacity (cec) of the soils. introduction retention and availability of plant nutrients are some major problems in agricultural soils of the semi-arid regions of northern nigeria, due to high temperature, leaching, loss of surface soil due to erosion, wide range of ph variations, and low organic matter content. this inadvertently affects the nature and composition of the soil colloids (ibrahim et al., 2014). the surfaces of soil colloids are largely dominated by negative charges which aid in the attraction and retention of cations in the soils. the predominance of these charges largely influences the cation exchange capacity of soils. these charges are generated by the adsorption and desorption potential of the ions, particularly h+ and ohhence the colloids are called per charge phdependent (zhang et al., 1991). the study of the electrical charges of colloidal particles (organic and inorganic) is necessary for the understanding of different physical and chemical reactions that occur in the soil because most electrochemical reactions influence fertility and plant nutrition (fontes et al., 2001; kononova, 2006). point of zero charge (pzc) is an electrochemical characteristic of great importance in soils with a predominance of ph-dependent charges, affecting soil properties such as flocculation, dispersion, cation exchange, and nutrient availability, among others (fontes et al., 2001; appel et al., 2003; fontes and alleoni, 2006). “the point of zero charge (pzc) is corresponding to the soil ph value in which the balance between the positive and negative charges is zero. i.e., if it is negative, ph>pzc, and positive, if ph<pzc or zero, if ph=pzc (appel et al., 2003). biochar affects crop yield indirectly by improving soil physical properties (bulk density, water holding capacity, soil aggregation and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:victor.o@fud.edu.ng https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 200-207 201 permeability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, etc), chemical properties (e.g. nutrient retention and availability), and biological properties (glaser et al. 2002; lehmann and rondon, 2006; yamato et al. 2006; chan et al. 2007, asai et al. 2009). therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effects of poultry biochar on electric potential and point zero charge of two benchmark soils (vertisols and alfisols) of jama’are (bauchi state) and dutse (jigawa states) both of the sudan savanna agroecological zones of nigeria. methods description of study area the two semi-arid soils used for this study are classified as alfisol and vertisol (voncir et al., 2008). the alfisol for this study was collected from the teaching and research farm of federal university dutse, (lat 11ᴼ46’39” n and long 9ᴼ20’3” e) jigawa state, nigeria while the vertisol was sampled from jama’are in jama’are local government area (lat 11ᴼ66’6’’’ n and long 9ᴼ94’7’’ e) of bauchi state, nigeria. both study areas are semi-arid in nature and fall within the sudan savannah agro-ecological zone of northern nigeria. the study areas are fertile arable land, which most tropical cereal crops can adapt. the sudan savannah vegetation zone is also made up of vast grazing lands suitable for livestock production. the soil samples were air-dried, crushed, sieved, and stored in clean polythene bags and labeled. the soil samples were analyzed for their physiochemical parameters using standard analytical procedures. biochar production biochar used in this study was produced from poultry droppings using an electric muffle furnace (sx-4-10) at a constant temperature of 400o c for 30 minutes. the ph of the biochar was determined in water and in 0.01 m kcl solution using a 1: 2.5 biochar: water ratio as described by gee and bauder (1986) on two-way equilibration with a buffer solution at ph 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0. incubation study the experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design (crd). fifty grams of soil was incubated with 50, 60, 70, and 80 grams of biochar on a weight per weight basis. the soils and biochar doses combinations were made on weight by weight bases. eight treatments were obtained from soils (alfisol and vertisol) and biochar combinations. the treatments were replicated 3 times and incubated for one month. under incubation, each treatment was watered to soil water holding capacity using deionized water once in a week. constant stirring of soil and the biochar materials was carried to get a uniform composition. point of zero charge determination the point zero charge (pzc) of the soil biochar treatment combinations was estimated by the equation outlined by keng and uehara (1974) and adopted by chaves et al., (2016) in the estimation of pzc and surface electrical potential: pzc = (2 x phkcl) phh2o „.. (1) with ph values obtained, δph of the treatments were also calculated using the formula: δph = phkcl phh2o „„ (2) the value of the surface electrical potential (ψ0) expressed in mv was calculated using the nernst equation, simplified by chaves et al., (2016) as follows: ψ0 = 59.1 (pzc phh2o)„„ (3) soil analysis particle size analysis was determined using bouyoucos hydrometer method as described by jaiswal (2003). ph determination was carried out according to the procedure outlined by agbenin (1995). electrical conductivity was measured in a 1:2.5 fresh soil-water suspension with a glass electrode meter according to the procedure described by jackson (1962). total nitrogen was determined using the kjeldhal procedure as described by bremner (1996). the exchangeable bases were determined according to the ammonium acetatate procedure described by anderson and ingram (1993). cations exchange capacity (c.e.c) was determined by the summation method as outlined by anderson and ingram (1993). organic matter content was determined using the walkleyblack procedures (fao, 1974). available phosphorus was determined colorimetrically by the ammonium molybdate blue method using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent (reeuwijk, 1993). statistical analysis the data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (anova). mean separation was carried out using the least significant difference (lsd) as indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 200-207 202 outlined by gomez and gomez (1984). pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between the electrochemical properties of the biochar-incubated soils and the measured pzc. all statistical analysis was carried out using sas software package version 9.1. results and discussion soil physical and chemical parameters table 1 shows the properties of the soils used for the study. the soil texture is sandy clay loam for dutse and clay loam for jama’are. the soil reaction in table 1 ranged from 4.9–5 in dutse and 4.4–4.8 in jama’are, indicating slight acidity to neutrality. electrical conductivity (ece) values of 1.08 and 1.06 dsm-1 were obtained for dutse and jama’are organic matter contents of the soils, dutse (1.034 g kg-1) and jama’are (2.68 g kg-1) were below the critical level of 20 g kg-1 hence low. total n contents of 0.6 and 0.8 g kg-1 of the soils obtained from dutse and jama’are were low as the values were below the critical level of 1.5 g kg-1 and hence crop responses to fertilizer applications are likely. available p values of 11.02 and 27.9 mg kg-1 for dutse and jama’are soils respectively the cation exchange capacity of dutse soil was low (3.53 c mol (+) kg -1) while the value of 6.47 c mol (+) kg -1 was medium for jama’are as against the critical values of < 6 (low), 6–12 (medium) and > 12 (high). exchangeable bases ca2+ was 1.82 and 4.01c mol (+) kg -1); mg2+ 0.92 and 1.44 c mol (+) kg 1; k+, 0.18 and 0.42 c mol (+) kg -1 and na+, 0.58 and 0.60 c mol (+) kg -1 for dutse and jama’are soils, respectively. table 1. physical and chemical properties of the study soils soil properties alfisol vertisol particle size distribution clay (%) 22 32 silt (%) 14 30 sand (%) 64 38 textural class sandy clay loam clay loam ph(h2o) 5 4.8 ph(kcl2) 4.9 4.4 ec (dsm-1 ) 1.06 1.08 organic carbon (g kg-1 ) 4.9 5.95 organic matter (g kg-1 ) 1.03 2.68 total nitrogen (g kg-1 ) 0.6 0.8 available p (mg kg-1 ) 11.02 27.9 exchangeable ca (c mol (+) kg -1) 1.82 4.01 exchangeable mg (c mol (+) kg -1) 0.92 1.44 exchangeable k (c mol (+) kg -1) 0.18 0.42 exchangeable na (c mol (+) kg -1) 0.58 0.60 seb (cmol (+) kg -1 ) 3.53 6.47 seb: sum of exchangeable bases chemical properties of biochar the chemical properties of the biochars are presented in table 2. the ph of the biochar was slightly alkaline (ph= 8). mineral analysis showed that the biochar has various amounts of inorganic elements. the amounts of the mineral elements contained in the biochar (table 2) were higher than the amounts of elements contained in the soil samples (table 1) used for the laboratory study thereby signifying their potential as alternative sources to fertilizers. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 200-207 203 table 2. chemical properties of poultry biochar parameters values ph 8 total nitrogen (g kg-1 ) 31.1 total p (g kg-1 ) 52.02 exchangeable bases (cmol kg-1) k 25.46 ca 59.75 na 14.07 mg 38.4 the nitrogen content of the biochar was 31.01 g kg-1. total p was 52.02 g kg-1 respectively for poultry biochar. the p content obtained from the biochar was high when compared to soil p. lower k value of 25.46 cmol (+) kg -1 was reported for the biochar. calcium (59.75 cmol (+) kg -1) in the biochar was higher than the ca in soils as shown in table 1. effect of poultry biochar on properties of dutse and jama’are soils table 3 shows the effect of biochar on charge properties of the soils. . electrical conductivities of the soils increased with increasing rates of biochar. significant (p<0.05) differences were observed among the ece means obtained from the soils. the ece values of the biochar infused soil samples as shown in table 3 were significantly (p<0.05) different. treatments with 80 g infused biochar from both soils had the highest ec values of 4.21 and 4.72. wide variation in ece was also observed as the values vary from 0.39 4.18 dsm-1. table 3. effect of poultry biochar on electrical properties of alfisol and vertisol treatment ph kcl phh20 ece (dsm -1) ∆ph pzc ψ0 (mv) alfisol alfbc50 7.3 7.5 3.22 b -0.13 7.1 -23.64 alfbc60 7.3 7.6 3.92 ab -0.30 7.0 -35.40 alfbc70 7.4 7.5 4.16 ab -0.17 7.2 -19.70 alfbc80 7.4 7.7 4.72 a -0.27 7.1 -31.46 vertisol verbc50 7.7 ab 7.9 2.88bc -0.33abc 7.3 -35.46 verbc60 7.6 b 8.2 2.70c -0.53c 7.1 -63.04 verbc70 7.6 b 8.0 3.51ab -0.47bc 7.1 -55.16 verbc80 7.9 a 8.3 4.21a -0.43abc 7.4 -51.22 means with the same letters were not significantly different at p<0.05. table 4. pearson correlation coefficients (r) and significance of linear relationship between pzc and electrochemical properties of biochar incubated soils. factors alfisol vertisol r significance level r significance level ece -0.13 ns 0.62 * ph 0.91 *** 0.84 *** ψ0 0.91 *** 0.81 ** *, **, *** are significance level of < 0.05, < 0.01 and < 0.001, respectively; ns: not statistically significant. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 200-207 204 correlation coefficient between pzc and some selected properties of biochar incubated soils the result of the estimated relationship between pzc and electrochemical properties of the soils are shown in table 4. the result showed that the ph and ψ0 had a strong correlation with the pzc of the alfisol and vertisol under the experimental conditions. the r value of 0.91 showed that 91% change in pzc in the alfisol was influenced by δph and ψ0. for the vertisol, pearson r value of 0.62, 0.84 and 0.81 revealed that pzc strongly correlated with ece, ph and ψ0. this showed that variations in the pzc of the vertisol were highly influenced by the three parameters mentioned above. electrical conductivity (ece) had no effects on the pzc of the alfisol as shown in table 4. this was contrary to the results obtained from the vertisol, which showed a significant correlation between the ece and the vertisol. effects of biochar on electrochemical properties of soils the application of poultry biochar to the soils increased the pzc of the soils. the pzc of both soils was within the same range. higher ph values were obtained from the biochar treated soils concerning the native ph values of the soils though there was no corresponding increase in ph values with increase biochar rates. the high ph values obtained from the biochar were similar to the range of ph values of biochars obtained by chan and xu (2009). this tends to be in contrast with the result obtained by lehmann (2007) which stated that the ph of soils increased with an increase in biochar rates and chaves et al. (2016) who also obtained a similar linear increase in ph with an increase in biochar rates in ultisol, oxisol, entisols. the increase in ph values of the biocharincubated soils could be linked to the dissociation reactions of functional groups containing oxygen on the surfaces of the biochar and these are consistent with the findings by marta et al., (2019). also, the liming effects of biochar could have played a role in an increase in soil ph, which could reduce cationic attraction and mobility due to reduced competition between the h+/metal cations for the exchange sites on the biochar and soil surfaces (beesley et al., 2011). similarly, negative electric potential (ψ0) values as shown in this study were due to the increase in ph of the biochar incubated soils as well as the low pzc values (table 3). higher negative charges were obtained from the vertisol after incubation. the number of surface charges could be directly linked to the clay mineral contents of the soils. charges have been known to vary from positive under acidic conditions to negative under strongly alkaline conditions. with the effects of the biochar on the ph of the soils as observed from the study, it is logical to assume that the negative potential values obtained from the study were directly influenced by the modification of the soils’ ph by the biochar. this corresponds with the observation made by chaves et al. (2006) who stated that “this negative sign and magnitude of ψ0 were directly influenced by the related magnitude of the δph”. the increase in negative charges could be directly linked to the aging of the biochar as well as the dissociation of functional groups and activity of pdi (potential determining ions, e.g., h+ and oh) during the incubation period. this is similar to the findings of cheng et al. (2006) that over time with aging, biochar in the soil and the occurrence of abiotic oxidation reaction on its surface, especially for the formation of carboxyl groups tend to increase the negative charge consequently leading to an increase in the cec. the negative δph values indicated a predominance of negative charges in the two soils samples. in this case, the cation exchange capacity (cec) of these soils exceeded the anion exchange capacity (aec) of the incubated soils in the modified ph conditions. however, the magnitude of δph decreased with increasing biochar rates and as well, showed a reduction of cec. the cation exchange capacity increase is primarily attributed to the negative charge on the outer surface of the biochar, which arises from the dissociation of functional groups (cheng et al. 2006). anegbe et al. (2015) also demonstrated that cation exchange capacity increased with the increased doses of biochar and lapse of time from the application of material into the soil. on the other hand, kuzyakov et al. (2009) reported that biochar introduced into the soil undergoes an aging process in the presence of air, water, and microorganism activity, which in turn leads to the formation of stable complexes of trace element and biochar. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 200-207 205 strong positive correlations were identified for the ece (vertisol), ph and ψ0. this indicated that increased variations in pzc were strongly influenced by change in ece, ph (δph) and surface electrical potential (ψ0). a high ph in biochar can be linked to the high content of alkaline minerals contained in the biochar. the charge development in the soils could as well be linked to the dissociation of the functional groups contained in the biochar. this also largely depends on the ph of the biochar, as dissociation of different functional groups varies with the ph of the biochar material. conclusion this study showed that the properties of the semi-arid soils were influenced by the addition of the biochar. the chemical properties of alfisol and vertisol obtained from dutse and jama’are were enhanced by the application of poultry waste biochar. the addition of biochar to the soils modified and decreased the values of the ∆ph, ψ0, cec but raised the pzc of the soils. this study has also revealed the importance of the role played by biochar due to the increase in negative charges that will help in plant nutrients (cations) adsorption and retention thereby increasing the fertility status of the soil. therefore the addition of biochar to soils will lead to positive responses by plants due to improved fertility of the soils. hence knowledge of the effects of biochar on ph and electric charges of soils will contribute immensely to understanding its impact on soil fertility and plant nutrient retentions in soils, especially when used as soil amendments. it is therefore recommended that biochar amendments applied to the soil should be allowed to decay over some time before cultivating such soil as this helps to lower the pzc of the soil thereby improving soil fertility. references 1. abdu, n. & etiene, u. a. 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(1991). reactions of hydrogen ions with variable charge soils: ion mechanisms of reaction. soil science, 151:436-43. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 150-155 150 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.489 page: 150 – 155 management strategy: business challenges and working ethos in the era of covid-19 pandemic jim hoy yam1*, widarto rachbini2 1post graduate school of business department, universitas islam syekh yusuf, indonesia 2graduate school of business department, universitas pancasila, indonesia corresponding author: jim hoy yam; email: jimhoyyam@unis.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: business challenge, covid19, working ethos. received : 30 march 2022 revised : 01 june 2022 accepted : 04 june 2022 the covid-19 pandemic has shaken the business world which has brought down many retail businesses which indirectly impacted manufacturing companies. the retailers have done changes in serving customers; the phenomenon has shifted consumer behavior from the classic face-to-face way of purchasing to online purchases. then has created new challenges in the business world and has an impact on business operations at large. the purposes of this research are to generate some fresh ideas to support the working ethos in the era of the covid-19 pandemic. the method used in research is a literature review, which describes the findings that new business situations have to be tamed by entrepreneurs and are unavoidable. the solution is an idea to set a custom work ethic; in terms of improving work ethic to proactive action, which includes several particular attitudes such as smart, respectful, honest, and assertive. expectedly the work ethic will motivate creative strategies to overcome the business challenges of a new phenomenon. in the end, consistent implementation of work ethic is a must to support business survival. introduction daily economic conditions and behavior of social life are related to the current business phenomenon. in general economic conditions represent macroeconomic growth circumstances; while the behavior of social life describes purchasing power and market growth. those 2 condition presents challenges for the business world, which will be overcome by effective business strategy through forming a working ethos. the current actual business phenomenon is concerning market conditions related to the covid19 pandemic's impact. the widespread of covid-19 in various countries has created a new market phenomenon, such as changes in the behavior of business people and consumers in conducting transaction activities; from conventional styles of visiting sales locations, but now a day has been switching to digital transactions without visiting sales locations. changes in transaction style have impacted various supporting sectors of the main business, either directly or indirectly related. basically, the covid-19's impact spectrum disturbs all basic joints of economic and social life activities. the basic business pillars of various industrial sectors also suffer such as declining demand, rising production costs, and declining profits; while the impact on social life, such as unemployment, changing professions, and decreasing consumer purchasing power. the market phenomenon leads to vuca (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity), so it becomes a challenge for business people to maintain a strong working ethos to preserve the existing market position; through the various creative effort to make a turning point by breakthrough market threats, then turn it into opportunities. the creative effort in turning threats into opportunities is an interesting part of strategic management and the business people should keep the eye on any changes in the business phenomenon, so at least they can maintain the existing market position due to covid-19. in essence, creativity comes from the corporate ethos, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 150-155 151 which is reflected in the behavior and attitudes of business people, both individually and as a group. the corporate ethos is reflected in various behaviors and attitudes that include several attitudes, those are smart, respectful, honesty, and assertive. the working ethos is fundamental for adopting new standards and building awareness of adapting to new market phenomena (cueni, 2022). the purpose to achieve a strong working ethos requires committed behavior in terms of being willing to accept change and carry out transformation as well. methods the applied method in the research is reviewing findings of related literature in terms of the article in journals and books; is called the literature review method (paréet al., 2015). the research is exploring and identifies practice gaps in business challenges and working ethos. then, analyzing and summarizing both factors to obtain new findings in terms of the idea of working ethos regarding the covid-19 pandemic’s effect. the reviewed subjects are concerned with the outlook of business challenges and working ethos which is describing a specific concept. so the research aims to provide an account of a new idea at the time of review (xiao & watson, 2019). results and discussion the result of relevant kinds of literature exploring leads to some issues and has been identified as the core of the research matter which will be carried in the discussion in the following description. business challenge during the covid-19 pandemic, business entities face challenges like stepping at the crossroad. challenges arise from market new behavior and unfavorable business performance. the typical business market phenomenon is sluggishness market, while the company's performance just to maintain the existing position in the market and the company's productivity. the sluggish business market phenomenon, which was born by the impact of the covid-19 pandemic has hit all industrial sectors since there is limited mobility due to health protocols; some bad past experiences create phobia or fear of joint social activities freely. although, the market circumstances will recover naturally, but it has created market trauma and changed market behavior. any way to overcome the market trauma naturally is take time and requires a transition period. market trauma is interpreted as disrupted market excitement due to purchasing power decrease and the switching of consumer behaviors to a new way of buying products, which has affected the change in market behaviors globally shifting the usual pattern of transactions to a new pattern in conducting transactions; such as face to face conventional transactions between sellers and buyers. now a day, it has been shifted to online transactions. this circumstance is unavoidable but acceptable. according to ilo research (2020) in the second quarter of 2020, it was found that 78% of business people around the world made adjustments to their business operation patterns, while businessmen in the asia pacific region reached 81%. the downturn in the market is a major challenge for businesses; that condition should be handled quickly and appropriately to avert metamorphosing into a threat to company performance and in the bad case will lead to bankruptcy. therefore, business people should develop a rigorous working ethos that contains distinctive values to overcome challenges with creativity to flip over the threats and metamorphose into opportunities. basically, companies are required to build resilience in taming the challenges, while at the same time be able to seek opportunities inside the challenging market phenomena. companies’ resilience can be built with several efforts (pwc, 2021) starting with building a strong management team; identifying challenges and developing breakthrough plans; strengthening strong culture in all lines of work; and the last is carried out the execution in effective & efficient strategy bases. fundamentally, the challenges which arise from market phenomena is a burden on businessmen, though in another hand unescapable to do some effort to overcome it; since maintaining the existing market position duty is the least. however, in practice might be hard to invent appropriate and efficient steps in a short time; so no wonder the strategy launched does not overcome the challenges but create a new burden on the company and then threatened the existing business indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 150-155 152 level. a wise step to break through the challenges is to strengthen corporate working ethos followed by flexible and creative adjustments, which expectedly will create holistic resilience in the sense of all lines in the company from the top level to the bottom are ready to face the market challenges and threats. working ethos work ethos is categorized of a popular element ranked at the top endeavor as well as others to improve company performance, because the core value of ethos is formed in a series of beliefs, ideas, and interpersonal relationships (dictionary cambridge, online); which is manifested in wise behavior, good morals, and sincerity. working ethos is the armor to help companies rise and fight back in dealing with new phenomena intrusion. in other words, companies will do the upmost effort and commit to holding on rigorous working ethos to generate working enthusiasm and creativity with the purpose to overcome business challenges during the covid-19 pandemic and beyond. practically, working ethos must be owned by all companies and applied and developed properly; consistency of implementation and effective application of working ethos in routine activities is essential and it will help company doughtiness to face and overcome challenges greatly. as per mc. kinsey consultants’ statement in a paper (mysore, et al., 2021), clarified that to deal with the new business phenomenon which appears from the covid-19 pandemic; there are several recommended approaches to be taken regarding business survival, such as: understanding specific consumer needs; build individual-based consumer relationship; adopt new business operations style which is not tied up to physical office; creative thinking; then keep in touch with the environment living through corporate social responsibility program. so, business people should make flexible pattern adjustments to business operations for the sake of the company's presence and position in the market. adjusting business operation patterns means conducting changes to the business operating system which is including working systems, working attitudes, changing infrastructure, and structure. eventually, the working ethos is rejuvenated; the mission is to change leading to sustaining the company's position in the market, by the whole company’s workforce who should be committed to carrying out the working ethos all out to adapt to the latest phenomena of business. rejuvenate working ethos does not unaffordable work since it has been merged in behavior and attitudes, which are ready to be explored and developed in some proactive actions. proactive actions are anticipatory actions that motivate initiative to improve the current situation by changing or adjusting attitudes to deal with existing conditions and beyond. even though there is no absolute standardized definition of proactive since the understanding is quite diverse in complex multi-dimensional activities related to individual, organizational, and market phenomena. in short, the core of being proactive is actively seeking information and opportunities to improve and overcome problems or the status quo situation, which is not a reactive action to respond to a problem (deren & skonieczny, 2021; crant, 2000; ashford, et al., 1998). proactive actions are reflected in several attitudes such as careful, respectful, honesty, and assertiveness; those actions will be discussed in the following section. smart the required action for businessmen is to conduct a keen analysis of current phenomena which is the final phase of building creativity wisely in terms of new ideas found to achieve goals (sternberg & stenberg, 2011). the action target is transforming the company's weak elements to be strong elements, such as a distinctive breakthrough action, which is an unusual and new way categorized in related industry practice. the challenging market phenomenon is driving business entities' creativity to preserve their market existence; this is in line with the findings of gross (2018) from harvard business school, who states that competition can motivate creativity. therefore, business people should do some creative effort to innovate new operating systems that will support existing systems with notes that the pattern is not counter-productive. respectful theoretically, understanding of respect exists in 2 (two) scopes, the first is humanity based, and the second is social valued attributes, behaviors, and achievements-based (grover, 2014). both types of respect are applied in business practice since it relates to the company's interpersonal activities and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 150-155 153 external activities of the business partner relationship. respectful connotation is associated with proactive action linkage that is tied to interactive action in meeting social status needs inspired by mutual communication and mutual understanding to accept the current situation; so expectedly can build smooth communication that has positive implications for individual relationships which is motivating performance improvement (rogers & ashforth, 2017; florea & manea, 2016). so eventually, the attitude of respect is useful both for the company’s internal collaboration and externally for customers beneficial or company stakeholders. honesty a specific effort to deal with market disturbances; moreover, to maintain customer loyalty, an attitude that really touches the heart of the customer when dealing with the company is needed. this effort is honesty, which is expected to be able to overcome difficult conditions in the market disruption that was hit by the covid-19 pandemic. honesty will build mutual trust between buyers and sellers, who are dealing with new ways of transacting using online technology for the settlement of both payments and orders. basically, honesty is a moral obligation and responsibility in doing business (wilson, 2018); both activities in internal organizations between employees and employers to provide quality products and services provided or when carrying out external activities regarding the responsibility for the disclosure of business information needed by stakeholders (kasasbeh, et al., 2014; bialkowska, 2022). the possibility of pure honesty seems to be burdensome, but nevertheless, honesty to reveal the actual conditions is needed, which is at least free from the influence of individual interests and external interests. assertiveness the next proactive attitude is assertiveness, which consists of direct expressions of respect, thought, and honesty (koparan et al., 2009). business actors need to build aggressive steps that have positive values aimed at stakeholders, both internal and external to the organization, to have a quick understanding of market phenomena and clear communication to ensure stakeholders and their acceptance of the company's strategy and existence. assertiveness has a special power needed by business people in making decisions, especially when they face business challenges in difficult conditions, so the decisions taken must be creative (maric & marko, 2010; baciu, et al, 2020; cepeda, 2011). creative decisions characterize the quality of decisions in terms of firmness, usefulness, value, and growth at the time of implementation. business challenges vs. working ethos actually, to behave proactively in a working ethos is a common attitude of businessman; but the problem is, it does not consistently implement. so they do not ready quite when the challenges come, particularly when facing the phenomenon of new market behavior due to the covid-19 pandemic. the key to success in facing challenges is the consistent implementation of working ethos, though it is subject to change following market phenomena. the expectation of the result can overcome market challenges by effective business policy, ultimately. an effective policy is the company's target, to maintain its market position. the policy is built on creativity by turning the company's weaknesses into strengths, then seeing opportunities through market threats. creativity requires proactive behavior and an attitude attached to it. according to ellis nichol (www.ellisnichol.com), 7 important elements in the working ethos are expected to support the company's success in facing business challenges, namely: (1) unite the fighting spirit between work units to achieve goals. (2) build a working atmosphere of mutual trust. (3) achieving excellence is the target. (4) firmly say no to things that are not good. (5) teamwork helps and serves each other. (6) be flexible and ready to change. (7) readiness to contribute to improvement. conclusion working ethos is a weapon to answer business challenges, what is important in the working ethos is always proactively thinking beyond and realizing new phenomena, then building creativity to turn the company's weaknesses and threats to the company into profitable for the company's growth, as the chinese say grab chance in danger; by formulating a holistic strategy. however, the advantage of achievement is not only having a distinctive working ethos but being able to implement is a must. effective working ethos motivates collaboration between working teams to indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 150-155 154 find the best way and make changes to adapt to the latest phenomenon. so, the suggestion from the endnote is: (1) companies need to standardize a clear direction of working ethos and apply holistically above the organization such as doctrine but not sacred and rigid; the point is flexible doctrine. 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(2019). guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. journal of planning education and research. 39(1): 93-112. 23. www.ellisnichol.com/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 98-104 98 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.506 page: 98 – 104 design and implementation of high-precision panel for multichannel microflow gas monitoring in oil exploitation weilun tang1*, jian liu1, yangjie deng1, junli yi1, yuchen lu1 1school of electrical and information engineering, wuhan institute of technology, china corresponding author: weilun tang; email: tangwl@stu.wit.edu.cn a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: ad sampling, gas flow panel, stm32. received : 17 april 2022 revised : 30 may 2022 accepted : 03 june 2022 gas leakage is a common occurrence in crude oil exploitation, and may cause devastating effects or at least put the health of workers at stake if not managed properly. to address this issue, a type of high-precision panel for multichannel micro-flow gas monitoring was proposed in this paper, which can be applied to a range of scenarios including the monitoring of gas leakage in oil exploitation. different channels for gas-flow sensors are provided on the panel, to monitor the gas flow in multiple places at the same time. the menu is enhanced with a multilevel design, which makes it possible for the functions to be customized. the research method of this paper followed these procedures: first, hardware design was illustrated. next, the software solution was specified in the paper. finally, based on theoretical analysis, laboratory experiments were successfully carried out, which demonstrated that the performance of this design was in line with our scheme. overall, this design can help conduct early warning in the case of gas leakage and remind the operators to take timely response, which can significantly ensure the safety of crude oil exploitation. introduction countries around the world are tightening their regulations in the energy sector in the context of some geopolitical crisis and the skyrocketing oil price it incurred. some countries are accelerating their pace in shifting to renewable energy due to this wave of a global energy crunch. despite these movements, we should still ensure an adequate supply of crude oil, due to the fact that most types of renewable energy is still at the initial stage of development and is far from being applied in all scenarios. therefore, crude oil still remains our top priority among the various forms of energy. according to a report from the united states energy information administration, 98.3 million barrels per day of petroleum and liquid fuels were consumed globally in march 2022. given the ongoing large demand and consumption of oil, there will still be a number of staff working in the oil fields. in the exploitation of oil, incidents of gas leakage occasionally occur, which are detrimental to the health of workers and may even incur devastating explosions if not monitored properly. to refine the procedures in exploitation and ensure the facilities are in normal operations, it is necessary to monitor the real-time gas flow in some key parts, which can remind us to take timely responses when there is an excessive level of gas leakage. there are some existing designs of gas flow panels in the markets, however, most of these designs only have a single channel, which means more than one panel is needed when we monitor the gas flow in several different places. in addition, the majority of the existing designs in the markets are only compatible with large flow gas, and when we use them to measure micro-flow gas, they either make an inaccurate measurement or run into errors. apart from that, the functions of existing designs are very limited. most existing designs can display no more than the gas-flow figures. to meet the needs mentioned above and address the constraints in existing designs, a type of multichannel and high-precision gas flow panel indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 98-104 99 based on stm32 microcontroller was proposed in this paper, which can sample multichannel gas-flow data, and is compatible with the detection of microflow gas. moreover, this design enriched the menu, which made it possible for a range of items to be customized. methods hardware design figure 1. hardware diagram (source: my own vision project) in general, the hardware circuit of this design consists of the following modules: the stm32 core and its peripherals, the power circuit, the eeprom circuit, the led lights and keys, the nixie tube drive circuit and its display circuit, the switch signal output circuit, the signal sampling circuit, and the serial port circuit. apart from these modules, gas flow sensors should be installed on the corresponding channels. each of the modules mentioned above has its own functions. the mcu core refers to a minimum cpu circuit based on the stm32g030kxtlqfp32 chip designed by stmicroelectronics, which is a kind of microcontroller based on arm cortexm0+. just like the most commonly used stm32f1 and stm32f3 series, the stm32g0 series has a range of advantages such as a low level of consumption and rich built-in resources. in this design, the stm32 and its peripherals are in charge of data storage and processing, which means the stm32 will process the sampled data, release switch signals, drive the nixie tube circuit, judge which key is pressed, and interchange with the eeprom circuit. the power circuit provides a power supply for the system. the initial input voltage level is 24v, and after the transformation in the converter circuit, it can be lowered to levels of 3.3v and 5v. these three voltage levels provide power for different modules respectively; the eeprom circuit is electrically erasable programmable read-only memory; the led lights are used as switch output indicators and error output indicators, and the keys are for the users to operate the menu and execute the corresponding functions. it should be noted that the switch signals indicators and error indicators can only work with the support of the switch output circuit, which can transform the analog signals into switch signals that the stm32 core can process. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 98-104 100 figure 2. configuration of io ports (source: my own stm32 cube mx project) the signal sampling circuit in this design is actually embedded in the stm32 chip, but to substantially implement its functions, we designed the interface as well as its peripheral circuit to install the sensors. the signal sampling circuit is actually ad converter that can transform the gas flow value the sensors detected into digital signals that the stm32 core can process. figure 3. pcb layout in altium designer (source: my own altium designer project) the nixie tube drive circuit and display circuit are in charge of displaying the options in the multilevel menu. after analyzing the modules above, we configured the io ports, as shown in figure 2, and designed the pcb layout using altium designer, as presented in figure 3. software design to help the board fully perform its functions, the software program is indispensable. it is only when we download the software program into the stm32 microcontroller that all the data-processing procedures can be executed. one critical part of software design is the multilevel menu. with a cyclic switching pattern, the menu in this design can be operated with only 3 keys. key1 can be used to switch to the next option, and key2 can be used to switch to the previous option. the function of key3 varies according to different duration of press time. when it is less than 2 seconds, key3 serves as the enter button, and when it is more than 2 seconds, it serves as the quit button (return to the upper tier). the first tier of the menu includes the options of set1, set2, set3, and set4, which is switched using key1 and key2, each of these 4 options contains its sub-options, which can be accessed by pressing key3 (enter), and these sub-options forms the second tier of the menu. the sub-options serve as entries into some corresponding functions, and these functions can be categorized as the third tier of the menu. after entering the functions, there is another group of sub-options, which can be considered the fourth tier of the menu. it should be noted that the switching operation in the same tier is in a loop. when the operator reached the last option in the tier and press key1, it will jump to the first option. when the current option is the first option in the tier, and the operator presses key2, it will jump to the last option. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 98-104 101 variables initialization io ports initialization clock initialization watchdog initialization timers initialization uart initialization timers reload watchdog reload read ad value algorithm sensors work main program interrupt program elimination of key-vibration loop the workflow of the software program is specified in figure 4. it is divided into the main program and the interrupt program. in our design, the main program is mainly used to store some code for system initialization and keys configuration, while the major content, including the ad sampling algorithm, is included in the interrupt program. table 1. virtual register 1 bit 15 bit 14 zero drift flag bit bit 13 display ef-1、ef-2 ef-1: enable zero drift processing ef-2: not to enable zero drift processing bit 12 display sd-1、sd-2、sd-3、sd-4。 bit 11-9 output delay control bit 000：0ms； 001：2ms； 010：20ms； 011: 100ms； 100: 1000ms； bit 8-5 flag bits of 4 output channels bit 4 display ref1、ref2、ref3、ref4。 bit 3-0 output control bits table 2. virtual register 2 bit 7 filter value display bit bit 6 filter flag bit bit 5 pf-1: enable the filter pf-2: not to enable the filter bit 4 peak holding flag bit bit 3 peak holding display bit： ph-1: peak holding ph-2: real-time display bit 2 display dt-1、dt-2、dt-3 bit1-0 00: default 01: set update time as 250ms 10: set update time as 500ms 11: set update time as 1000ms figure 4. software flow diagram to display the options in the fourth tier of the menu, we defined two variables as the virtual registers, and we use the bits of the virtual registers to control the corresponding items. to specify the scenarios in which this design can be adopted, we collected the output portrait curve of 5 gas flow sensors of different ranges. the output portrait curve is basically the curve line from a range of sample points which shows the relationship between the quantity of gas flow the sensors measured and the level of voltage they output. we extracted these sample points from the curve and with the help of the curve-fitting function in microsoft excel, we transformed these discrete points into formulas, and this enabled us to specify the code and algorithms in the software program. the formulas we got which depict the relationship between the quantity of gas flow the sensors detected and the level of voltage they output are as follows: for the sensors in a range of -3 to +3l/min: 6 5 4 3 2 0.0002 0.0165 0.2119 0.8308 0.2372 4.7475 7.2955 flowv u u u u u u        for the sensors in a range of 0 to +3l/min: 6 5 4 3 2 0.0002 0.0042 0.0421 0.1621 0.1494 0.5306 7.0493 flowv u u u u u u        for the sensors in a range of -0.5 to +0.5l/min: 6 5 4 3 2 0.0023 0.0418 0.3074 1.1346 2.3339 2.3316 0.8674 flowv u u u u u u        for the sensors in a range of 0 to +0.5l/min: 6 5 4 3 2 0.0007 0.0122 0.0865 0.31 0.5752 0.5713 0.2299 flowv u u u u u u         indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 98-104 102 for the sensors in a range of 0 to +10l/min: 6 5 4 3 2 0.0741 1.276 8.8495 31.291 59.171 55.872 20.3567 flowv u u u u u u        the following code example which indicates the selection of the -3 to +3l/min sensor can give a detailed look at how these formulas are applied in our software program: if((flow_reg&0x07)==flow_con_1) { if(threshold_value== -3) { flow_value=0.0002*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin) *(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)0.0165*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(a d_vin)+0.2119*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(ad _vin)0.8308**(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)*(ad_vin)+0.2372*(a d_vin)*(ad_vin)+4.7475*(ad_vin)-7.2955; flow_value=(flow_value)*3.3/5; } } results and discussion in an effort to verify the effectiveness of our design, we carried out laboratory experiments based on the analysis above. the realization of the multilevel menu is presented in figure 5 to figure 12. for lack of all 5 types of sensors, we used dc stabilized power supply to simulate the sensors. figure 13 to figure 15 shows how the panel displays the ad value by the voltage that the signal sensors send to the stm32 microcontroller. figure 5. led display update time setting (source: experiment) figure 6. selection of sensors (source: experiment) figure 7. peak holding setting (source: experiment) figure 8. threshold value selection (source: experiment) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 98-104 103 figure 9. pv filter setting (source: experiment) figure 10. output delay setting (source: experiment) figure 11. switch values output flip (source: experiment) figure 12. zero drift setting (source: experiment) figure 13. ad sampling value under a 5v voltage (source: experiment) figure 14. ad sampling value under a 3.3v voltage (source: experiment) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 98-104 104 figure 15. ad sampling value under a 0.5v voltage (source: experiment) conclusion in this paper, a type of high-precision panel for the measurement of multichannel gas flow was proposed, which can be applied to a range of industries including crude oil exploitation. after hardware and software analysis, a laboratory experiment was successfully carried out, which verified the effectiveness and feasibility of this design. the innovative points and distinctive features in this design are as follows: 1. multiple channels are provided for the measurement of gas flow, which enables operators to monitor gas flow in different places on a single panel. 2. this design is applicable to the measurement of micro-flow gas, which makes it possible to be adopted in a broader range of scenarios. 3. the menu is enhanced with a multilevel design, and a range of functions and settings are accessible in the menu. instead of turning to an lcd screen alternative, we adopted the led nixie tube approach, which considerably lowered the 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(2014). analysis the compressibility impact of gas on vortex flowmeter measurement performance. journal of electronic measurement and instrument, 27(9), 797–802. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 12-17 12 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.340 page: 12 – 17 wind power prediction using neural networks with different training models sana mohsin babbar1, tameer hussain langah2 1asia pacific university of technology and innovation, kuala lumpur, malaysia 2faculty of engineering, quest, nawabshah, pakistan corresponding author: sana mohsin babbar; email: sana.mohsin11@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: bayesian regularization, feed-forward neural networks, wind speed prediction. received : 13 september 2021 revised : 03 february 2022 accepted : 06 february 2022 energy in any form is a vital source of producing electricity for daily utilization. wind energy source as renewable energy is playing a pivotal role in generating power from electric gird owing to environmentally friendly feature. due to the volatile and intermittent nature of wind energy, fluctuations and disparities occur in installing, monitoring, and planning in an energy management system. therefore, forecasting and prediction are promising solutions to address mismanagement at the grid. consequently, machine learning tools specifically neural networks have created a huge impact in forecasting wind power. in this study, the feed-forward neural network is adopted for predicting wind power. additionally, for having precise and efficient results, different training models i.e. one-step sacent, resilient propagation, bayesian regularization, scaled-conjugate gradient back propagations, and levenberg-marquardt are used to make the comparative analysis. from the simulations and results, it was concluded that bayesian regularization training model is performing best and achieving high accuracy by obtaining 1.66 of rmse and 6.06 of %mape. eventually, it is concluded that neural networks can be a good choice to predict wind power for optimal solutions. moreover, the proposed model can be applied to other renewable energy source predictions. introduction utilizing electricity from non-conventional sources like wind, solar and biomass has been widely adopted and seems to be a reliable source. wind energy is the fastest and emerging source globally as it has produced 591 gw in 2018 (nazir, et al., 2019). for depleting the fossil fuels generated electricity which causes severe environmental issues, the world is in dire need to produce clean energy. wind energy as the second-largest renewable source is generating power with low maintenance, low cost, and less pollution. the proffering of electricity using wind power strategies is an essential and beneficial replacement for nonrenewable sources. on the other hand, disparities and fluctuations have also been observed by utilizing electricity from wind energy. due to the unpredictable nature and weather conditions, disparities and fluctuations occur while producing and trading electricity (ogundiran, 2018). for having an efficient energy management system, forecasting plays an important role. predicting weather parameters such as wind speed, power, humidity, temperature, solar irradiance, etc. has brought significant solutions to diurnal problems such as trading, maintaining, controlling, and optimization of the electric grid. therefore, numerous forecasting mechanisms have been brought to the limelight (lahouar, 2017). meteorological conditions have gained immense influence on producing energy. forecasted wind power and speed determine the composition of wind energy produced, renewed at every time step. efficient and precise predicted wind power brings optimal solutions to grid integration (li, 2018). different strategies have been made for predicting wind power on time in different ranges. mainly, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:sana.mohsin11@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 12-17 13 three-time ranges are adopted on the basis of range. short term wind power is traditionally used and adopted for storage purpose and electricity market, it typically ranges from a few minutes to 6 hours (li l. l., 2020). when the range expands, prediction becomes tricky and hard to handle. as the range increase from 6 to 72 hours, it is termed as a medium-term wind power forecasting. it is usually used as planning and management of a smart grid. while, when range increases up to days it is called as long-term forecasting which is rarely embraced in past studies (sharadga, 2020). numerous work has been done in the field of forecasting. wind power forecasting has been seen as the need of the hour in the domain of energy production. in (demolli, 2019), wind power has been forecasted with different machine learning models according to their nature. the models were chosen according to the data set concerning historical meteorological data. the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), xgboost, k-neighbourhood neural network (knn) regression, and support vector regression (svr) is used to predict the wind power. the comparative analysis shows that except lasso, all other machine learning tools are enough efficient to predict accurately. immense research has been done for predicting wind power by employing neural networks. studies have also shown that any kind of neural network can bring the best prediction results. in 2017, research was conducted by training the wind power data by adopting bayesian neural network. the results show bayesian neural network shows good accuracy almost like other superior neural networks (mbuvha, 2017). furthermore, a systematic literature review survey was also conducted in 2019 for knowing adaption of artificial neural networks. 4 research questions and 37 surveys were taken and it was observed keenly that neural networks have a higher rate of usage for predicting wind power as compared to other machine learning models (maldonado-correa, 2021). in addition, as stated in (lópez, june 2020), a comparison of echo state network (ecn) and long term short memory (lstm) is made for predicting the wind power. in this study, the author later showed that a combination of ecn and lstm can bring high accuracy and outperforms best. in recent years, a study was conducted on medium-term wind power forecasting by using butterfly optimization algorithm (boa) and later combined with svr for final results. the proposed model performed well on time series data (chen, 2020). in (li l. z., 2020), support vector machines (svm) with dragon optimization algorithm (doa) was used for shortterm wind power forecasting. by the results and discussions, it was examined that a combination of doa and svm shows better prediction as compared to other backpropagation neural networks and regression models. on the other hand, linear models i.e. regression, random forest, and kalman filtering are also widely used to predict the wind parameters (hur, 2021). studies have also shown that the combination of machine learning algorithms shows good and high accuracy. in (babbar, 2020), it was discussed briefly that the amalgamation of linear and non-linear machine learning models can bring a huge difference in estimation. the combination of the feed-forward neural network, svm, and regression has bought good accuracy in predicting the wind speed with the numerical weather prediction (nwp) model’s data set (jahangir, 2020). however, in this research, different training models are used and compared with each other in terms of their performance. the feed-forward neural network is adopted with five training models to examine which performs better. one-step sacent (oss), resilient propagation (rp), bayesian regularization (br), scaled-conjugate gradient back propagations (scg), and levenberg-marquardt (lm). it was observed that all of them were giving high accuracy with minimal differences. from the quantifying measures, bayesian regularization is minimizing the errors at its best as compared to other training models. methods in this study, different training models are adopted in the feed-forward neural network. assessing and pre-processing data is a foremost step of training any model in machine learning approaches. raw data of different wind parameters were obtained from a wind power plant. the data was captured by a scada system. later then, wind power was sifted from the raw excel sheets as an input. 900-time steps were taken for the training purpose for one month i.e. almost 40 wind power (mw) instances each day. data is divided between indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 12-17 14 three divisions. 70 percent of data is dedicated to training purposes while 15 percent is for testing and 15 percent for validation purposes. a feed-forward neural network with 10 hidden layers is chosen as a machine learning model for predicting wind power for the purpose of short-term forecasting. five different training model are chosen as shown in figure 1 are trained, tested, and validated with the same input for comparing the performance. individually, every model’s accuracy has been checked by the rmse and %mape criterion. it was highly observed that each model is performing with good and high accuracy, the difference in efficacy is very minimal. hence, the final predicted wind power is obtained after validation of 15 percent of data. figure 1. flow chart of the proposed methodology results and discussion feed forward neural network (ffnn) is one of the most popular and commutual neural network since decades. it is one of the simplest machine learning tools with a high effective rate. ffnn contains three layers i.e. input layer, hidden layer, and output layer as shown in figure 1. the input layer contains the input parameter i.e. wind power, wind speed, temperature, humidity, etc. in this study, wind power is chosen as an input to the neural network. later, the hidden layers work for producing the target. target plays the role of catalyst between the input and the output layer. then, the output layer contains the predicted result i.e. predicted wind power. the mathematical expression of the feed-forward neural network is expressed below in equations 1 and 2. 𝑦𝑘 = 𝑏𝑘 + 𝑥1𝑤1 + 𝑥2𝑤2+⋯…….+𝑥𝑛𝑤𝑛 (1) 𝑣𝑘 = ø(𝑦𝑘) (2) where yk is the final predicted output, bk are the biases between input and output, xn are the input neurons and vk is the activation function to boost up the neural network. however, studies have shown that different training models can be used (kriegeskorte, 2019). in this research, five different models are trained and compared with each other to check the accuracy. one-step-sacent, resilient propagation, bayesian regularization, scaledindonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 12-17 15 conjugate gradient back propagations, and levenberg-marquardt are used to make the comparative research. below is table 1 show, which illustrates the function of these training models: table 1. training models and their function training models function one-step sacent to bridge the gap between input and target resilient propagation compression of an infinite input to the finite output range bayesian regularization minimize a linear combination of errors and weights scaledconjugate gradient backpropagation use to calculate derivates of performance levenberg-marquardt supports training with validation and testing figure 2. the architecture of feed-forward neural network in this section root mean square error (rmse) and percentage mean absolute percentage error (%mape) are chosen for observing the performance. the accuracy of prediction is often checked by two ways. first by checking the trend between target and output but it gets hard to see the exact numbers. secondly, by performance evaluators i.e. rmse and %mape, the efficacy is seen. according to the %mape criterion, if the percentage comes under 10 percent, the accuracy is high otherwise good. according to figure 3 and table 2, moving from left to right, rmse of each model is almost the same. if minute details are seen then bayesian regularization has minimized errors at its best. by the %mape, resilient propagation is showing 10% of accuracy while bayesian regularization shows 5.8%, which caters that from both evaluators bayesian regularization has minimized the errors at its possible. from the simulations and results, it is observed that each training model is performing very well with high precisions but bayesian regularizations show perfection and high accuracy. input layer hidden layer output layer indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 12-17 16 figure 1. histogram of quantifying measures showing rsme and %mape with training models table 2. quantifying measures of different training models training models rmse %mape trainoss 1.72 6.80 trainrp 1.76 9.97 trainbr 1.66 6.05 trainscg 1.87 7.12 trainlm 1.66 6.20 table 2 demonstrates the statistical analysis for analyzing the performance of proposed training models. the facts and figures, it is showing that all the models are good in their performance. from the latent perspective, bayesian regularization has minimized the errors at its best. while resilient propagation is the last in the comparison. constructively, it can be easily observed that training models driven by the feed-forward neural network are positively showing good accuracy. for having the minute precision in forecasting the wind parameters, bayesian regularization is the best tool to gain high efficacy. conclusion paradoxically, predicting wind power is a promising solution to the intermittent nature of wind energy. in this study, different training models featured in feed-forward neural networks were compared with each other. the results and discussion shows that bayesian regularization gives high accuracy in terms of minimizing errors. on the other hand, it was observed that other models were also showing good accuracy by the percentage mape criterion. furthermore, it is also suggested for the future prospect that the proposed model can be used for other purposes such as load forecasting, solar power, energy management, etc. references 1. babbar, s. m. (2020). medium term wind speed forecasting using combination of linear and nonlinear models. solid state technology, 874-882. 2. chen, c. a. (2020). medium-term wind power forecasting based on multi-resolution multi-learner ensemble and adaptive model selection. energy conversion and management, p.112492. 3. demolli, h. d. (2019). wind power forecasting based on daily wind speed data using machine learning algorithms. energy conversion and management, p.111823. 4. hur, s. (2021). short-term wind speed prediction using extended kalman filter and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 12-17 17 machine learning. energy reports, 7, pp.10461054. 5. jahangir, l. a. (2020). medium term wind speed using random forest algorithm. international research journal in computer science and technology, pp.47-53. 6. kriegeskorte, n. a. (2019). neural network models and deep learning. current biology, pp.r231-r236. 7. lahouar, a. a. (2017). hour-ahead wind power forecast based on random forests. renewable energy, pp.529-541. 8. li, c. l. (2018). short-term wind power prediction based on data mining technology and improved support vector machine method: a case study in northwest china. journal of cleaner production, pp.909-922. 9. li, l. l. (2020). an adaptive time-resolution method for ultra-short-term wind power prediction. international journal of electrical power & energy systems, p.105814. 10. li, l. z. (2020). short-term wind power forecasting based on support vector machine with improved dragonfly algorithm. journal of cleaner production, p.118447. 11. lópez, e. v.-c. (june 2020). comparison of recurrent neural networks for wind power forecasting. in mexican conference on pattern recognition, springer, cham, pp. 25-34. 12. maldonado-correa, j. s.-m. (2021). wind power forecasting: a systematic literature review. wind engineering, pp.413-426. 13. mbuvha, r. j. (2017). bayesian neural networks for one-hour ahead wind power forecasting. ieee 6th international conference on renewable energy research and applications (icrera), (pp. 591-596). 14. nazir, m., mahdi, a., bilal, m., sohail, h., ali, n., & and iqbal, h. (2019). environmental impact and pollution-related challenges of renewable wind energy paradigm–a review. science of the total environment, 436-444. 15. ogundiran, p. (2018). renewable energy as alternative source of power and funding of renewable energy in nigeria. asian bulletin of energy economics and technology, 1-9. 16. sharadga, h. h. (2020). time series forecasting of solar power generation for large-scale photovoltaic plants. renewable energy, pp.797-807. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 88-92 88 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.512 page: 88 – 92 an electronic examinations framework with electronic free handwriting deborah natumanya1*, evarist nabaasa1 1mbarara university of science and technology, uganda corresponding author: deborah natumanya; email: deborahnatumanya@must.ac.ug a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: electronic examinations, security, usage and frameworks. received : 19 april 2022 revised : 25 may 2022 accepted : 29 may 2022 institutions of higher learning in developing countries are gradually embracing electronic examinations as a result of covid-19 standard operating procedures that emphasize social distancing. however acquiring secure and acceptable electronic examinations has been a challenge as most of the available electronic examination systems are constrained by limited question types, highly reliant on keyboard typing, and lack of an electronic answer booklet. the electronic examinations framework with free handwriting presented in this paper seeks to address all the aforementioned challenges in-order to improve the usage and security of electronic examinations. to achieve the aforementioned goal, design science methodology was. results obtained indicated that for usage and security to be eased, various parameters should be put in place i.e. user-friendly interfaces, authentication mechanisms, electronic examination setting, marking and attempt with electronic free-handwriting, electronic results, and a repository for student and lecturer data. the research output/artifact will be beneficial to students, lecturers and institutional administrators. introduction an electronic examination is the conduct of students’ assessments and evaluations in academic institutions with the use of electronic devices like desktop computers, laptops, and mobile devices like tablets and palmtops. an electronic examination is a component of electronic learning, it’s a module that was designed to conduct an assessment of students electronically. previous studies show that electronic examinations were invented to reduce the challenges of paper-based examinations which include the high cost of conducting the examination, lack of examination flexibility, and cheating in examinations among others (ndunagu, 2013). electronic examinations were meant to replace paper-based examinations and also solve their challenges; however, these examinations are currently limited by the scope of the question types that can be examined electronically (butlerhenderson & crawford, 2020; das, 2021). examination question types include multiplechoice, objectives, short answers, diagrammatic, mathematical, and essay questions. currently, the electronic examination frameworks support all other question types apart from essay, mathematical and diagrammatic question types, this is due to the marking technics currently available with the current technology that supports string match technic for electronic marking. essay questions are examination questions that require an answer in lengthy paragraphs or composition and are designed purposely to test the students’ deep understanding of a given phenomenon (hillier & fluck, 2013). in the ugandan education setting, essay questions require students to write various pages of answers in a storyline format. such question types are ignored in examination systems since it is hard to have them marked electronically. more so, mathematic questions also are never examined well since the student is unable to provide a working formula. previous research shows that there have been some attempts to design and develop frameworks for electronic examinations (ngqondi, maoneke, & mauwa, 2021). a study by (zubairu, oyefolahan, etuk, & babakano, 2018) on an electronic indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:deborahnatumanya@must.ac.ug https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 88-92 89 examination system for subjective questions proposed a framework that improved electronic marking by incorporating a semantic dictionary into the electronic examination system. however, the framework only catered to subjective questions that were mainly short answer based and didn’t cater for descriptive question. a related study by (qureshi & rizwan, 2015) was carried out to evaluate descriptive answers in electronic examinations, the proposed framework supports automatic setting and marking of examinations with the help of the string match algorithm for marking descriptive answers. the framework is based on a multi-tier application architecture. however, this framework doesn’t cater to essay descriptive questions. an online examination system was recently provided by (abdallah, 2020), the system provides lecturers’ with the capability to set and mark secure electronic exams. the system was based on a clientserver architecture where lecturers provide an examination to the system and the system reconstructs the exam format and distributes it among the students registered for the exam. however, this system has a limited question type scope since it only caters to short answers and objective questions. yagci & unal (2014) provided an adaptive online examination framework that automatically generates questions randomly from the electronic question bank however an evaluation was not done to affirm the feasibility of this framework. according to the previous studies and reviews of the field of electronic examination technologies (kuikka, kitola, & laakso, 2014), (fluck, 2019), some research gaps need to be addressed. first, most electronic examination systems were developed focusing on examining the learner’s knowledge acquisition rather than the application of the knowledge acquired. this is because most of the previously designed systems commonly cater to objective, short answer, and multiple-choice questions secondly, others were developed with a major focus on security such as authentication limiting their completeness when deployed in a real examination environment (fluck, adebayo, & abdulhamid, 2017). some of the available electronic examination systems lack empirical development based on earlier attempts proposing a wide variety of different architectures of electronic examination systems (alshammari, 2020). more so, the most current electronic examination systems do not support a learner from a developing country like uganda where learners have attended an educational culture that emphasizes pen and paper with handwriting being key thus electronic examinations become challenging (shalatska, zotova-sadylo, makarenko, & dzevytska, 2020). hence, based on the pre-mentioned issues, the study focused on an electronic examination framework with free handwriting. methods design science methodology was used in the design of the electronic examination framework (dresch, lacerda, & antunes, 2015); the process involved 5 phases i.e. (1) problem awareness involved the analysis and clearing understanding of the problem. this was done by the use of a literature survey where some related frameworks and algorithms involved in the electronic examination process were analyzed; (2) suggestion to the solution which involved looking at all possible solutions and vetting/choosing the most appropriate solution to the problem. different ideas were got from literature and different variables for examination setting, exam attempt, exam marking, and computation of marks were combined to come up with an improved easy-to-use electronic examinations framework; (3) design of the artifact which involved designing the framework. the electronic examinations framework with free handwriting is a diagrammatic framework that was designed based on the seven-layer architecture. the framework contains the interface module which enables users to access the different components of the framework at their respective levels and a communication module that helps in linking all the layers together. lucidchart software application (moreira & ferreira, 2016) was used in modeling the framework. 4. evaluation of the framework that involved analysis of the different layers of the framework to confirm whether they can address the problem in question. 5. conclusion phase that involved proposing recommendations for future works and improvements on the designed framework. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 88-92 90 results and discussion the proposed electronic examinations framework with free handwriting consists of different components combined to provide a userfriendly and secure electronic examination platform as shown in fig. 1 below. the framework has seven layers, and each layer has a specific task to perform. the enhanced electronic examinations framework with free handwriting is characterized by the communication functions within the examination process from the time the exam is set to results dissemination. this framework partitions the electronic examination process into seven layers and various modules under each layer. the layers are repository management, result, exam marking, exam attempt, exam setting, authentication, and interface layer. each of the layers serves a unique purpose and runs unique functionality which all aim at meeting the common goal of the electronic examination system. figure 1: proposed electronic examination framework with free handwriting interface layer students lecturers administrator authentication layer user registration availability and access interfacing exam setting layer generate electronic questions compose electronic paper paper student allocation timer setting exam upload buffering and communication exam attempt layer exam access proctoration electronic handwriting invocation exam session monitor timer activation exam marking layer script access script identification tracker invocation script marking timer activation marks allocation and computation result layer user categorization results session monitor results access and display link repository management layer layer 1: interface layer this is the very first layer of the electronic examination framework; its role is to display the different categories of users that the framework handles. layer 2: authentication layer this layer is managed and monitored by the administrator. it mainly focuses on user registration where students and lecturers provide the necessary data to be granted access to the framework. this layer also ensures that all the other framework layers are always available and accessible to the right authorized users and also creates a communication link between users and their designated layers. layer 3: exam setting layer the lecturer accesses this layer through the interface layer where they are required to register and enter their credentials to ensure that they are the right persons to access this layer. once access is granted, they can generate electronic questions of various categories i.e. essay, multiple-choice, true/false, objectives, diagrammatic and mathematical. each question is allocated marks and each course can have multiple questions preset. the lecturer then can generate an examination script by selecting questions from the pool of preset questions and this examination paper may be divided into sections depending on the lecturer’s wish. the examination paper is allocated a particular course and the date and time for the exam are set. when all the requirements for the exam are student & lecturer information question bank answer scripts students’ results indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 88-92 91 fulfilled, then the lecturer may go ahead and upload the exam which is then available for the students under the exam attempt layer. layer 4: exam attempt layer the student through the interface gets access to the exam attempt layer where he/she can access the electronic answer booklet and the question paper. the examination proctor, timer, and free handwriting modules are activated to enable the smooth running of the examination. the examination monitoring sessions is also invoked to keep track of the exam details. layer 5: exam marking layer this layer receives data information of answer scripts that were submitted by the exam attempt layer, upon reception of an answering script, the students' identification tracker, timer, and electronic free handwriting modules are invoked enabling the lecturer to start the marking process. during the marking process, marks allocation is done by the lecturer and this layer runs the marks computation functional to find the total score on each answer script. layer 6: results layer after the marking of the examination is done, this layer receives the marks attached to each answer script and sends it to the proper storage space. this layer categorizes the different types of users and gives different access privileges depending on the user type. layer 7: repository management layer this is the last layer in the framework and its purpose is to provide storage for student and lecturers’ data, examination questions and papers set, electronic answered booklets, and results or reports on students’ marks. the framework database is hosted at this layer and supports various queries and requests made by the students and lecturers. conclusion the proposed framework provides a platform for developers to design systems that cater to learners' and lecturers' needs and also improve the universities examination process through improved computation of marks, storage of students’ marks and answer scripts, and security. the framework proposes the use of mobile devices like tablets and the electronic free handwriting feature to access and attempt the examination. an electronic proctor is in place to cater to security issues like cheating and a double authentication mechanism is in place to avoid cases of impersonation. the framework is entirely secure and user-friendly as the examinee gets to maintain the same examination environment as that provided by pen-on-paper examination through the use of an electronic answer booklet that is similar to the usual university answer booklet. this paper presents an electronic examination framework with free handwriting, it’s a work in progress that proposes the design and development of algorithms and an electronic examination artifact based on the above framework. there is a need to design algorithms to support the framework of the electronic examination with free handwriting. these algorithms will also enable the testing and validation of the framework to ensure that it’s fully functional. future researchers may also focus on a few other improvements to the framework like catering for the disabled system users like those with an inability to write and read, incorporating an artificial intelligent marking component. references 1. abdallah, a. (2020). online electronic examination system. international journal of internet education, 19(1), 1-10. 2. alshammari, m. t. (2020). an adaptive framework for designing secure e-exam systems. ijcsns, 20(5), 189-196. 3. butler-henderson, k., & crawford, j. (2020). a systematic review of online examinations: a pedagogical innovation for scalable authentication and integrity. computers & education, 104024. 4. das, k. (2021). digital technologies on mathematics education at the covid-19 lockdown situation in india. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1(2), 95-104. 5. dresch, a., lacerda, d. p., & antunes, j. a. v. (2015). design science research. (pp. 67-102): springer. 6. fluck, a. e. (2019). an international review of eexam technologies and impact. computers & education, 132, 1-15. 7. fluck, a. e., adebayo, o. s., & abdulhamid, s. i. m. (2017). secure e-examination systems compared: case studies from two countries. the journal of information technology indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 88-92 92 education: innovations in practice, 16, 107125. 8. hillier, m., & fluck, a. (2013). arguing again for e-exams in high stakes examinations. paper presented at the ascilite-australian society for computers in learning in tertiary education annual conference. 9. kuikka, m., kitola, m., & laakso, m.-j. (2014). challenges when introducing electronic exam. research in learning technology, 22. 10. moreira, f., & ferreira, m. j. (2016). teaching and learning modeling and specification based on mobile devices and cloud. paper presented at the 2016 11th iberian conference on information systems and technologies (cisti). 11. ndunagu, j. (2013). the electronic examination in nigerian universities: a case study of noun. 12. ngqondi, t., maoneke, p. b., & mauwa, h. (2021). a secure online exams conceptual framework for south african universities. social sciences & humanities open, 3(1), 100132. 13. qureshi, j., & rizwan, m. (2015). a proposal of electronic examination system to evaluate descriptive answers. science international, 27(3). 14. shalatska, h., zotova-sadylo, o., makarenko, o., & dzevytska, l. (2020). implementation of e-assessment in higher education. paper presented at the icteri workshops. 15. yagci, m., & ünal, m. (2014). designing and implementing an adaptive online examination system. procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 116, 3079-3083. 16. zubairu, h. a., oyefolahan, i. o., etuk, s. o., & babakano, f. j. (2018). a framework for semantic driven electronic examination system for subjective questions. nigerian journal of technology, 37(1), 200-208. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 219 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.290 page: 219 – 228 expressed willingness and awareness of students towards climate change in lahore, pakistan khadija gulraiz1, aabgeen ali2 1,2department of environmental sciences, kinnaird college for women, pakistan corresponding author: khadija gulraiz; email: khadijagulraiz77@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: climate change, global warming, students awareness, students attitude, students willingness. received : 05 july 2021 revised : 19 october 2021 accepted : 21 october 2021 global climate change is one of the most significant threats to our generation, the fundamentals of the issue lie in the fact that the anthropogenic contribution of greenhouse gases is changing the global climate at a rapid rate causing immense warming trends and displaced cold weather. this study examined the awareness levels of college/university students on climate change and their willingness to mitigate the effects of climate change. 69 students from lahore’s different public and private sector universities were asked to fill out a survey questionnaire form online and were questioned on their attitudes about climate change and their willingness to take action to mitigate its effects. introduction one serious threat that the human generation faces today is global climate change (gcc) also more commonly known as global warming. the crux of this emergent issue is that increased urbanization and foul anthropogenic activities have rendered our planet vulnerable and hence more prone to disasters and catastrophes, the earth is warming up, glaciers are melting, drastic heat waves are being recorded all around the world, and occurrence of natural forest fires have increased manifold in the past years. in addition to these, several other factors are also permanently altering our atmosphere and earth as we know it. the only solution to this issue is mitigation, which involves conscious efforts by countries to stop fossil fuel burning, shift to cleaner energy sources, and other strategies (sinatra et al, 2012). the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) is a group consisting of about 2400 prominent scientists from all around the world who frequently evaluate the status of indicators and update the world governments on prospects and doubts of coming changes. ever since the un conference on environment and development in 1992 (the earth summit in rio de janeiro), the countries that agreed to study and respond to climate issues have been considering alternatives for addressing what is perceived as causes of the problem. about 5000 delegates from those 150 countries met in december 1997 in kyoto, japan. their efforts produced the kyoto protocol, with national targets for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. the debates in kyoto reflect internal debates in the representative countries (fortner et al, 2000). climate change is an environmental crisis that requires extensive attention all over the world is not just policymakers but also the general public. to check public knowledge on climate change in pakistan we chose college students as our target audience. there are many conceptual difficulties faced by students on such topics due to limited knowledge and many misconceptions. due to limited media coverage around the topic locally, students may believe anything and everything which might make a simple scientific phenomenon a controversy in their heads, many might question the legitimacy of the claim that climate is warming although the question should only be how much and how fast is human activities promoting the warming trends. the common challenges faced in the understanding of climate change issues are that the science is complex, lengthy, multidimensional, and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:khadijagulraiz77@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 220 requires systematic and analytical thinking. in addition to conceptual errors, certain misguided judgments lead to thinking adrift on the issue of worldwide climate change, such as the difference between weather and climate. for example, when people are generally inquired about their views and understanding of climate change, they often use their memory of temperature fluctuations in their own life to evaluate whether the planet is warming. misattributing short-term weather instabilities to long-term climate influences may affect in part the conceptual misconceptions of understanding timing and relationship between geophysical events that have occurred during the earth’s history (sinatra et al, 2012). another issue, one displayed by socioscientific subjects, is that learners are frequently committed to their own opinions on the issue and this commitment may cause a motivation to actively counterchange. strong commitment to a specific point of view may ascend from private experiences (such as recalling a few recent scorching hot summers) but may also arise from one’s beliefs, or outlooks toward new knowledge. strong, steadfast notions are extremely resilient to change in part due to their rich interconnections with other ideas. resistance creates barriers to learning that range from the absolute rejection of new ideas and concepts to a thoughtful review of old concepts to fit with preexisting notions (sinatra et al, 2012). charlton research company, gallup, krosnick & visser, the pew research center for the people and the press, world wildlife fund (wwf), and many more ngos/governmental organizations have internationally conducted extensive surveys to gauge public opinions and trends amongst people, classes and societies on their understanding and opinion on global climate change the science and also its implications (fortner et al, 2000). the purpose of the present study is to elaborate on previous researches and to get a more localized take on global climate change and its knowledge in the college students of lahore, pakistan. the survey is also supposed to understand the willingness of students to adopt mitigative steps at the individual level to reduce drastic effects of climate change at local, city levels. this study is inspired by prior surveys conducted internationally in reputable journals targeting college students to understand their knowledge on climate change and willingness to take action against it. methods a famous city in pakistan, lahore was chosen for the research. lahore has been facing drastic climate change recently. lahore is the capital of the province of punjab and is the 2nd largest city of pakistan after karachi, as well as it is the 26th largest city in the world. the population of lahore is around 12,642,000. lahore has many educational institutes. most of the reputable colleges and universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an increase in the number of private colleges and universities. the current literacy rate of lahore is 64%. lahore has a wide range of schools, colleges, and universities that caters to diverse streams. this study is based on a narrative and quantitative research design which helped gain access to information like the level of awareness and attitudes in the students towards climate change. responses were collected from college students, undergraduate and postgraduate university students of different majors such as pure sciences, environmental sciences, biotechnology, botany, zoology, and psychology, etc. questionnaires were used as a medium for the research. a google-form based questionnaire was developed and conducted online keeping the current situation of covid-19 in mind. the questionnaires were kept in a simplified and easy language so that it is comprehendible. the questionnaire was reviewed multiple times before finalizing. the definitive version of the survey consists of 24 statements in total and these statements were divided into four sections. the first section was related to participants’ profiles which included information like participant’s email address, gender, age, educational level, and household income. then comes the second section of the questionnaire which included almost 6 statements regarding the awareness towards climate change. the third section again contains 6 statements in total. these statements were to check the agreement of the participants towards different aspects of climate change. lastly, the fourth section contains 7 statements in total. the statements of this section were designed to check the attitude of the participants towards climate change. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 221 a three-point likert scale was used to quantify the responses of students. the second section of the questionnaire included the three-point likert scale where 0 represented ‚aware‛, 1 represented ‚moderately aware ‚and 2 represented ‚unaware. this scale was used to indicate students’ level of awareness towards the given statements. however, the third section of the questionnaire included the same scale where 0 represented ‚agree‛, 1 represented ‚disagree‛ and 2 represented ‚unsure‛. this scale was used to indicate students’ level of agreement towards the given statements. lastly, the fourth section of the questionnaire again included the three-point likert scale but there 0 represented ‚totally willing‛, 1 represented ‚not willing at all ‚and 2 represented ‚willing enough to convince others‛. this scale was used to gain information regarding the attitude of the respondents towards the environment. total 69 responses were collected, out of which 53 (76.8%) were female respondents and 16 (23.2%) male respondents. (34.8%) were below 20, (60.9%) were in the age limit of 20-25, and (4.3%) were older than 25. (11.6%) participants were college students, (87%) were bachelor's students and very few were postgraduate students. (18.2%) respondents have their house income below 50000, (47%) have their house income ranging from 60000-100000 and (34.8%) have house income above 150000. the results were concluded from the responses in the form of percentages and the discussion was generated from the results. results and discussion to gauge the understanding and knowledge of students we started with statements related to the science of climate change. climate does not mean the same thing as weather out of the 69 answers 58 answers marked ‘aware’ to the above statement, while 9 were moderately aware and 2 were unaware of the difference. this showed that 84.1% of students at the university level are aware of the difference between climate and weather, whereas 13% are somewhat conscious and 2.9% are oblivious. so, if we combine the students that are somewhat aware and those who are completely unaware, we’ll get a percentage of 15% of university students who are not sure about the difference between climate and weather, which is as simple as that weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and at a particular time as regards to heat, sunshine, wind, and rain. however, the climate is the longterm average of weather, typically averaged for 10 to 30 years (schneider, s. h. 2011). the results of this statement are not so shocking as there is little to no importance given to how climate and the changes it is undergoing will affect every being on this planet. table 1. climate does not mean the same thing as weather frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid aware 58 84.1 84.1 84.1 moderately aware 9 13.0 13.0 97.1 unaware 2 2.9 2.9 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 climate change comes with the rise in sea level the responses to this statement were varying. 40 (58%) students were ‘aware’, 24 (34.8%) were ‘moderately aware’ and 5 (7.2%) were completely unaware of this phenomenon. as global temperatures rise, glaciers and ice caps melt resulting in a lot of water flowing downstream and ending up in oceans. this rise in oceanic levels is causing drastic climatic changes especially in urban areas located near the seas, they’re experiencing heavy rainfalls causing urban flooding and temperatures never seen before in winters and summer months. overall, rising sea levels are increasing the threat of coastal floods. high-tide flooding is already a serious problem in many coastal communities, and it is only expected to get worse soon with this trend of continued rising seas (rahmstorf, s. 2010). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 222 table 2. climate change comes with rise in sea level frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid aware 40 58.0 58.0 58.0 moderately aware 24 34.8 34.8 92.8 unaware 5 7.2 7.2 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 acid rain causes climate change 56 (81.2%) marked ‚aware‛, 11 (15.9%) were ‚moderately aware‛ whilst 2 (2.9%) were unaware. this statement might sound confusing to an average student at university who has not engaged in any environmental science since high school, but the phenomenon is quite simple to comprehend and grasp. acid rain is caused when accelerated anthropogenic activities impart acids (chemicals) in the atmosphere that start to precipitate downwards in the form of fog/smog or rain. in an instance, we can consider a coal-fired powerplant which daily emits huge amounts of chemicals into the air out of which nox’s, co2, and ch4are primary, these chemicals are also good absorbers of heat causing global warming and later due to the frequency of this phenomenon also start causing climatic changes (reis et al, 2012). table 3. acid rain causes climate change frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid aware 56 81.2 81.2 81.2 moderately aware 11 15.9 15.9 97.1 unaware 2 2.9 2.9 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 more garbage/waste causes climate change 58 (84.1%) marked ‚aware‛, 9 (13%) were ‚moderately aware‛ and 2 (2.9%) unmarked ‚unaware‛. similarly, to the statements above this statement might confuse students who are not studying science subjects or have little know-how about climate change. garbage/waste/rubbish ends up in landfills or at random dumping grounds, here, when they decompose carbon dioxide and methane are released and both these contribute to climate change (ackerman, f. 2000). table 4. more garbage/waste causes climate change frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid aware 58 84.1 84.1 84.1 moderately aware 9 13.0 13.0 97.1 unaware 2 2.9 2.9 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 climate change causes more floods and droughts 55 (79.7%) were aware of this, 11 (15.9%) were moderately aware while 3 (4.3%) were unaware. this statement is pretty obvious in its nature since climate changes cause extreme temperatures and in the case of extreme summers sea levels rise causes more rains, floods and at some places, climate change causes long periods without any rains causing droughts to occur (whetton et al, 1993). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 223 table 5. climate change causes more floods and droughts frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid aware 55 79.7 79.7 79.7 moderately aware 11 15.9 15.9 95.7 unaware 3 4.3 4.3 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 people can prevent climate change by using renewable energy sources and by planting more trees this statement is pretty self-explanatory hence a majority of 64 students (92.8%) marked ‚aware‛, 4 (5.8%) were ‚moderately aware‛ and 1 (1.4%) marked ‚unaware‛. climate change mitigation can be adopted by avoiding and reducing emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere to avoid the planet from warming to more extreme temperatures. mitigation includes retrofitting buildings to make them more energyefficient, implementing renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and small hydro-powerplants, helping cities develop more sustainable transport such as bus rapid transit, electric vehicles, and biofuels, and promoting more sustainable uses of land (teller et al, 2002). table 6. people can prevent climate change by using renewable energy sources and by planting more trees frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid aware 64 92.8 92.8 92.8 moderately aware 4 5.8 5.8 98.6 unaware 1 1.4 1.4 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 in the following section, we targeted the questions in a way to know the opinions of our subjects. scientific evidence points to a warming trend in global climate 59 (85.5%) marked ‚agree‛, 1 (1.4%) marked ‚disagree‛ and 9 (13%) were ‚unsure‛. the earth is warming up due to global warming caused by various anthropogenic and some natural events (rahmstorf et al, 2017). table 7. scientific evidence points to a warming trend in global climate frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid agree 59 85.5 85.5 85.5 disagree 1 1.4 1.4 87.0 unsure 9 13.0 13.0 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 human activity has been the driving force behind the warming trend over the last 50 years 60 (87%) marked ‚agree‛, 3 (4.3%) marked ‚disagree‛ whilst 6 (8.7%) marked ‚unsure‛. table 8. human activity has been the driving force behind the warming trend over the last 50 years frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid agree 60 87.0 87.0 87.0 disagree 3 4.3 4.3 91.3 unsure 6 8.7 8.7 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 224 climate change is a very big problem 63 (91.3%) persons agreed, 1 (1.4%) disagreed and 5 (7.2%) was unsure. table 9. i believe climate change is a very big problem frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid agree 63 91.3 91.3 91.3 disagree 1 1.4 1.4 92.8 unsure 5 7.2 7.2 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 there is still time to prepare for climate change problems 54 (78.3%) agreed, 5 (7.2%) disagreed and 10 (14.5%) were unsure regarding this. expert opinion says it's still not too late to start mitigation efforts. however, it is also true that there is a time lag between what we do and when we feel it, so the things we humans are doing right now will show the magnitude of their effects much later on. hence if we right our wrongs from today, start using cleaner energy and promote sustainability, we have a promising future ahead of us. table 10. there is still time to prepare for climate change problems frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid agree 54 78.3 78.3 78.3 disagree 5 7.2 7.2 85.5 unsure 10 14.5 14.5 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 read news and keep myself updated on climate change and its effects 35 (50.7%) students read the news to stay updated about climate change, 22 (31.9%) don’t really read news for getting updates on climate change and 12 (17.4%) students are not sure about it. so according to the survey half of the students read the news and are aware of the changing climate. but why is climate still changing drastically and is becoming a big issue? a very common idiom ‚go in one ear and out the other‛ perfectly answers this question. people listen to the news of climate change and feel bad about it but they do not dig in and find out what is causing the climate change. humans are the biggest reason for climate change but they are not willing to change their lifestyles. on the other hand, many students marked that they do not read news about climate change. one of its reason could be that our traditional and social media are busy highlighting many other affairs hence they do not address important issues like climate change. table 11. i read the news and keep myself updated on climate change and its effects frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid agree 35 50.7 50.7 50.7 disagree 22 31.9 31.9 82.6 unsure 12 17.4 17.4 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 it is arrogant to assume that humans can influence climate temperature 23 (33.3%) students marked ‚agree‛, 35 (50.7%) marked ‚disagree‛ and 11 (15.9%) marked ‚unsure‛ for the above statement. almost half of the students think that it is not arrogant to assume that humans can influence climate change while quite a sum thinks that it is arrogant. but the reality is that humans are the major cause behind the increasing temperature resulting in global warming leading to climate change. the use of modern technologies like air conditioners, refrigerators, and other electronic appliances, vehicles, burning of fossil fuel and deforestation for urbanization is all the anthropogenic causes of climate change (stern et al, 2014). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 225 table 12. it is arrogant to assume that humans can influence climate temperature frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid agree 23 33.3 33.3 33.3 disagree 35 50.7 50.7 84.1 unsure 11 15.9 15.9 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 in the following section, we asked questions in a way to get an idea of the ratio of students who are willing to change their lifestyles to save our environment. willing to stop using plastic grocery bags and use recycled bags instead 55 (79.7%) students were totally willing to stop using plastic bags, 1 (1.4%) were not willing at all and 12 (17.4%) were willing enough to convince others. according to the questionnaire survey, the majority of the students were willing to stop using plastic bags anymore and were ready to replace plastic bags with recycled bags. but still, the country is facing plastic waste management problems. the government has put a ban on the use of plastic bags in the markets but we see many shopkeepers selling their products to the customers in plastic bags. those respondents who marked ‚totally willing‛ might use plastic bags in their routine life. people want to change society but do not understand that it begins with your individual efforts. table 13. i’m willing to stop using plastic grocery bags and use recycled bags instead frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid totally willing 55 79.7 80.9 80.9 not willing at all 1 1.4 1.5 82.4 willing enough to convince others 12 17.4 17.6 100.0 total 68 98.6 100.0 missing system 1 1.4 total 69 100.0 willing to stop buying bottled water because the manufacturing process for plastic water bottles is carbon-intensive 42 (60.9%) students marked ‚totally willing‛, 9 (13%) marked ‚not willing at all‛ and 17 (24.6%) marked ‚willing enough to convince others‛ in response to the above-mentioned statement. again, the majority of the respondents showed that they are willing to stop buying bottled water. but they might not be able to convince their families to stop using bottled water and as the majority of the respondents have their house income above 50000 so their families might afford bottled water and use it for drinking instead of boiled water. 24.6% of students said that they were willing enough to convince others. they should start convincing their families to stop using plastic bottles or bottled water so that plastic pollution can be reduced. people generally go for fresh products and hesitate in using recycled products. the use of recycled products should be encouraged otherwise we would not be able to recover the loss of the country from solid waste pollution. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 226 table 14. i’m willing to stop buying bottled water because the manufacturing process for plastic water bottles is carbon-intensive frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid totally willing 42 60.9 61.8 61.8 not willing at all 9 13.0 13.2 75.0 willing enough to convince others 17 24.6 25.0 100.0 total 68 98.6 100.0 missing system 1 1.4 total 69 100.0 willing to pay more money to buy a hybrid car 34 (49.3%) students were willing to pay more money to buy a hybrid car, 19 (27.5%) were not willing at all and 15 (21.7%) were willing enough to convince others. almost half of the students were willing to use hybrid cars by paying more. that’s a good thing because hybrid cars are eco-friendly. hybrid cars use electric motors so they consume less fuel. reduced fuel consumption means less fuel is burned and there will be fewer emissions (barry et al, 2016). ultimately, the human-enhanced greenhouse effect will be reduced. many respondents were willing enough to convince others. hopefully, they will get succeed in convincing people around them. on the other hand, many respondents were not willing at all because hybrid cars are expensive and they cannot afford them. table 15. i’m willing to pay more money to buy a hybrid car frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid totally willing 34 49.3 50.0 50.0 not willing at all 19 27.5 27.9 77.9 willing enough to convince others 15 21.7 22.1 100.0 total 68 98.6 100.0 missing system 1 1.4 total 69 100.0 willing to replace all the light bulbs in my house with energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs 50 (72.5%) participants marked ‚totally willing‛, 3 (4.3%) marked ‚not willing at all‛ and 14 (20.3%) marked ‚willing enough to convince others‛ in response to this statement. the majority of the respondents were willing to replace the light bulbs in their houses with energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs. and many were willing enough to convince others. energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs not only bring down your energy bills but are also beneficial for the environment. they consume fewer energy units of light emitted and so fewer greenhouse gases are emitted from the power plants as less fuel is burnt (thejokalyani et al, 2014). it will be good if the families of the respondents are also willing to replace all the bulbs of their houses with energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs just like them. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 227 table 16. i’m willing to replace all the light bulbs in my house with energy efficient fluorescent bulbs frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid totally willing 50 72.5 74.6 74.6 not willing at all 3 4.3 4.5 79.1 willing enough to convince others 14 20.3 20.9 100.0 total 67 97.1 100.0 missing system 2 2.9 total 69 100.0 willing to reduce the number of hours a week i use electronic devices (computer, cell phone, tv, etc. 34 (49.3%) of the respondents were totally willing to reduce their screen time, 20 (29%) were not willing at all and 14 (20.3%) were willing enough to convince others. so basically, the questionnaire survey was done among students and our youth is spending more time on electronic devices than any other age group. that’s why many of the respondents were not willing at all to make this change in their lives. at the same time, almost half of the respondents were willing to change this habit of being a phone or tv addict which is a very appreciating thing. table 17. i’m willing to reduce the number of hours a week i use electronic devices (computer, cell phone, tv, etc.) frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid totally willing 34 49.3 50.0 50.0 not willing at all 20 29.0 29.4 79.4 willing enough to convince others 14 20.3 20.6 100.0 total 68 98.6 100.0 missing system 1 1.4 total 69 100.0 support environmental education in schools 67 (97.1%) respondents were in favor of this statement, 1 (1.4%) was against and 1 (1.4%) believe that her support would not help. so almost everyone among the respondents was supporting environmental education in schools. environmental education is very important as the climate is changing rapidly. it is necessary to give our children environmental education. this will help them in acknowledging the importance of the environment and will also change their attitude and behavior towards the environment. they will be more cautious and that’s how we can save the world. table 19. i support environmental education in schools frequency percent valid percent cumulative percent valid i would 67 97.1 97.1 97.1 no, i wouldn't 1 1.4 1.4 98.6 i don’t think it will help 1 1.4 1.4 100.0 total 69 100.0 100.0 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 219-228 228 students are often confronted with socioscientific topics in the course of instruction. the topic of a human causative role in climate change is abstractly difficult and some students perceive it as debatable. our goals were to examine attitudes towards human-induced climate change as well as expressions of willingness to take action to reduce human impact. our results indicated that students expressed great inclination to take mitigatory actions to reduce their own carbon footprint. conclusion climate change is a very important phenomenon. climate is changing fast and the reason behind this change is humans. different human activities like deforestation and industrialization are causing the climate to change. this research-based on questionnaire survey was done to know the awareness and attitude of students towards climate change. this survey would also be a help to the respondents in reflecting themselves. many students were aware of the changing climate and were willing to make efforts to stop the climate from deteriorating any further. but practically many of them might not put effort to save the environment. the same could be the case with other people that is why we are still facing major issues like climate change. government and the public should both play their role in reducing greenhouse emissions. government should enforce laws and the public should strictly follow them. references 1. barry, m., & damar-ladkoo, a. 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(2012). promoting attitude change and expressed willingness to take action toward climate change in college students. instructional science, 40(1), 1-17. 8. stern, d. i., & kaufmann, r. k. (2014). anthropogenic and natural causes of climate change. climatic change, 122(1), 257-269. 9. teller, e., hyde, t., & wood, l. (2002). active climate stabilization: practical physics-based approaches to prevention of climate change (no. ucrl-jc-148012). lawrence livermore national lab. (llnl), livermore, ca (united states). 10. thejokalyani, n., & dhoble, s. j. (2014). importance of eco-friendly oled lighting. in defect and diffusion forum (vol. 357, pp. 1-27). trans tech publications ltd. 11. whetton, p. h., fowler, a. m., haylock, m. r., & pittock, a. b. (1993). implications of climate change due to the enhanced greenhouse effect on floods and droughts in australia. climatic change, 25(3), 289-317. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 18-22 18 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.396 page: 18 – 22 risk assessment of vitamin b12 deficiency in male population of bahawalpur district muhammad wasim tasleem1, sehrish rana rajpoot2, muhammad irfan1, muhammad irfan3, muhammad imran4, muhammad asad5, mehboob ahmad3, farah zafar2 1department of zoology, islamia university bahawalpur, pakistan 2university college of conventional medicine, pakistan 3department of zoology, cholistan university of veterinary and animal sciences, pakistan 4department of zoology, government college university faisalabad, pakistan 5department of life sciences, khwaja fareed univ. of engineering and information technology, pakistan corresponding author: muhammad wasim tasleem; email: wasimape@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: deficiency, male population, risk assessment, vitamin b12. received : 14 november 2021 revised : 04 february 2022 accepted : 06 february 2022 the primary goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vitamin b 12 insufficiency in various age groups. it is descriptive cross-sectional research in which 180 individuals were assessed for vitamin b12 from the district of bahawalpur. patients were placed into groups based on their ages. bmi and serum b12 levels were analyzed and a questionnaire was filled out by them. data were statistically analyzed through t-test, anova followed by post-hoc dunnette t3 test, and frequency by chi-square test. results revealed that vitamin b12 statically differed in groups of marital status, sun exposure/day/hour, diet groups, diabetic groups, and age groups. while bmi differed according to different weight groups, sun exposure/day/hour, diabetic groups. the frequency of all the groups statistically differed in all the groups. bmi had a negative correlation with the vitamin b12 level. it was concluded that the male population was not at risk but the old population at the risk of low levels of vitamin b12. introduction vitamin deficiencies are a typical issue around the world, with vitamin b12 lack being perceived as a wellbeing concern about 100 years back. the meaning of vitamin b12 (cobalamin) lack fluctuates with the measure utilized (oo and thachil, 2015). vitamin b12 deficiency is quite a common and widespread condition. this all-inclusive range is presumably because of regional, ethnic and socioeconomic factors (rehman et al., 2019). vitamin b12 deficiency is a common finding, with a prevalence of around 6% in those under the age of 60 and up to 20% in more mature participants. the daily dosage of vb12 necessary is 2.4 g/d (bensky et al., 2019). vb12 is produced by microbes and is mostly present in animal-derived nutrition. deficient admission (delayed vegetarianism), pernicious anemia, and malabsorption are the major etiologies of vb12d (stabler and allen, 2004). hematologic abnormalities shown as ineffective erythropoiesis are one of the most well-known manifestations of vb12d. megaloblastic alterations are caused by a slowing of the nuclear division cycle in comparison to the cytoplasmic development cycle. these progressions might result in disengaged iron deficiency as well as other cytopenias, which are usually minor. the big findings on a peripheral blood smear are macrocytic red blood cells and highly segmented neutrophils. the hematologic response to therapy is rapid, and the weakness improves within one to fourteen days and stabilizes between four to two months of treatment (stabler, 2004). levels of vb12 have been shown to standardize within 1 to 4 months (moleiro et al., 2018). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 18-22 19 vitamin (b12) is essential for embryonic and infant development. exogenous intake of this vitamin is critical for humans who are unable to absorb b12 (akcaboy et al., 2015). the vitamin is once in a while found in nourishment got from plants; along these lines, those following severe vegan eats fewer carbs are probably going to have a deficient intake of b12 (şahin et al., 2019). vitamin b12 deficiency in newborns and children can cause developmental delays, nutritional problems, and neurological side effects such as hypotonia, as well as demyelinating nervous system sickness and spasms. the reported prevalence of vitamin b12 in children ranges between 7.7 and 45 percent (estourgie-van et al., 2019). cerebral pain is viewed as one of the most well-known interminable neurological manifestations in youngsters and grown-ups around the world, influencing roughly 50% of the overall public (rasmussen et al., 2001). it might indicate a potentially life-threatening illness, such as an intracranial tumor, damage, and vascular or metabolic infection, however, by and large, it is a generous issue comprising of an essential cerebral pain, for example, headache or strain type migraine (stovneret al., 2007). strain type migraine is likewise the most habitually revealed essential cerebral pain disorder in younger students and teenagers with a commonness of 7.8– 57.5% (arruda et al., 2010). despite the fact that the precise etiology of strain-type migraine has yet to be fully described, both solid and psychogenic aspects are thought to be associated with pressure-type cerebral pain (fumal and schoenen, 2008). furthermore, current research has revealed a significant association between sorrow and anxiousness and pressure-type cerebral discomfort, particularly in females (anttila et al., 2004). there is a current debate over whether a comprehensive diet that restricts the number of central ingredients of supplements, for example, vitamins, iron, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, could be effective in the treatment of cerebral discomfort. various doctors have discussed lengthy weight loss programs that include high folate, low fat, ketogenic, modified atkins, and high omega3/low omega-6 diets. several studies in the literature have also revealed that supplements such as folate, vitamin b2, vitamin b6, and vitamin b12 may be beneficial in the treatment of headache sufferers (menon et al., 2015). vitamin b12 insufficiency is a worldwide health concern, particularly in developing countries. in developed countries, a prevalence of 1–3 percent has been reported in children, although in developed countries, as a result of unhealthiness, the prevalence may be as high as 40 percent in children (rasmussen et al., 2001). the most well-known cause of vitamin b12 insufficiency is a lack of access, and clinical features of inadequacy include hematological and neurological findings. a few juvenile studies have shown that early vitamin b12 supplementation improves neurological findings (stabler, 2004). vitamin b12 is a basic micronutrient that is essential for human growth and health, and it plays an important role in dna synthesis and brain activities. its deficit is associated with hematologic, neurologic, and mental symptoms. with the exception of the elderly, vitamin b12 insufficiency and tiredness are not frequent in wealthy countries but are widespread in less fortunate populations all over the world (el-khateeb et al., 2014). the purpose of the present study is to assess the risk assessment of the male population of district bahawalpur. methods a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in bahawal victoria hospital bahawalpur, punjab, pakistan. following the informed agreement, a sample of 180 individuals. age groups the patients were separated into three age groups: those between the bmi groups that were underweight, normal, and overweight, groups of married and unmarried, groups on the basis of sun exposure 1-2 hours daily, 3-5 hours daily, 6-8 hours daily, they were divided on the basis of diet e.g., vegetarian and non-vegetarian, divided into diabetic and non-diabetic patients. ages of 18 and 30, those between the ages of 31 and 45, and those above 45 to 60 years. all other data were collected by the questionnaire. bmi and vitaminb12 measurement the weight and height of every participant were measured through simple machines and were recorded and then converted into body mass index. the electro-chemiluminescence (eclia) technique was used to determine the serum vitamin b12 count. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 18-22 20 statistical analysis the study's data were investigated utilizing the spss® for windows version 18.0 programmed (chicago, il, usa). to assess the common influence of several independent factors on a particular dependent variable, the two-way anova test followed by post-hoc dunnette t3 was utilized. the student's t-test was used to assess the gender distributions of the groups. the pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationship between bmi and vitamin b12 levels. the frequency was statistically measured through the chi-square test. the p-value significance threshold was set at 0.05. the findings were presented as mean standard deviation. results and discussion body mass index in the present study, the results showed that mean ± sem of bmi, vitamin b12 of different bmi groups, and their frequency were present in (table no. 1). the statistical analysis anova lead by post-hoc dunette-t3 test revealed that bmi of normal is significantly low than the overweight and high than the underweight groups. the chi-square test revealed that the frequency of bmi group had a significant difference. while there was no significant difference was present in the vitamin b12 results. table 1. the mean ± sem of vitamin b12 and bmi of the male population of district bahawalpur (n=180) frequency and percentage frequency according to body mass index bmi mean ± sem mean ± sem frequency % frequency χ2 underweight vitaminb12 511.13±2.37 bmi 18.40±0.07a 13 7.2 normal 510.27±3.31 22.32±0.17b 107 59.44 <0.001 over weight 511.66±3.95 31.51±0.24c 60 33.3 overall 510.79±2.38 23.85±0.23 a, b superscript show the significant difference (p<0.05) between the groups marital status it was further explored that the values of vitamin b12 was significantly high another and there is a significant difference in the marital status. the values of bmi showed no significant differences in table (2). table 2. the mean ± sem of vitamin b12 and bmi of the male population of district bahawalpur (n=180) frequency and percentage frequency according to marital status. marital status mean ± sem mean ± sem frequency % frequency χ2 married vitamin b12 508.70±2.85a bmi 24.02±0.27 144 80.0 un-married overall 519.17±3.07b 510.79±2.38 23.21±0.45 23.85±0.23 36 20.0 <0.001 a, b superscript show the significant difference (p<0.05) between the groups sun exposer /day/hour in this survey, it was discovered that the exposure to sunlight group 1-2 h/d had a significantly high value of vitamin b12 than the other groups which had long exposure to light. that is due to the ultraviolet light destroying vitamin b12. the values of bmi had a significant difference in the groups with different exposure times. the frequency of different groups of exposure time had a statistically significant difference in table (3). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 18-22 21 table 3. the mean ± sem of vitamin b12 and bmi of the male population of district bahawalpur (n=180) frequency and percentage frequency according to sun exposure/day/hour. daily sun exposure/hour mean ± sem vitamin b12 mean ± sem bmi frequency % frequency χ2 1-2 hours daily 520.81±2.73a 25.17±0.46a 28 15.6 3-5 hours daily 509.36±2.72b 23.35±0.30 124 68.9 <0.001 6-8 hours daily 507.10±8.96b 21.33±0.46b 28 15.6 overall 510.79±2.38 23.85±0.23 a, b superscript show the significant difference (p<0.05) between the groups diet the vegetarian and non-vegetarians had statistically significant differences in values of vitamin b12 while no significant differences in the values of bmi the significantly high population of males are non-vegetarian in the population presented in table no. (4). table 4. the mean ± sem of vitamin b12 and bmi of the male population of district bahawalpur (n=180) frequency and percentage frequency according to diet. dietary habits mean ± sem vitamin b12 mean ± sem frequency % frequency χ2 vegetarian 505.25±3.68a 23.79±0.47 52 28.9 <0.001 non-vegetarian total 513.04±2.98b 510.79±2.38 23.88±0.27 23.85±0.23 128 71.1 a, b superscript show the significant difference (p<0.05) between the groups age groups the result of this study exhibited that vitamin b12 had significantly low values in the older group (45-60 years old) than the other groups. the values of vitamin b12 was significantly high in the young adult group (18-30 years old) than in the other groups. it was due to the absorption of vitamin b12 decreasing with age and its absorption becoming low in the old ages. furthermore, the pearson's correlation statistical analysis showed that the bmi and the value of vitamin b12 had a negative correlation (r=0.108; p>0.05). b12 is required by the body for tetrafolate generation and methylation reactions, both of which are essential for dna synthesis. folic acid is also necessary, along with b12, for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and the arrangement of formed components in the bone marrow. as a result of the damage of dna amalgamation caused by b12 or maybe folate shortage, thrombocytopenia may occur, just as weakness and leucopenia. folic acid and b12 deficit altered platelets numerically and dimensionally, and platelet volume increased while platelet includes decreased in the gatherings with deficiencies. according to review research, b12 insufficiency may be a probable cause of disengaged thrombocytopenia and platelet organization, which is more noteworthy than normal levels. the b12 averages of the examination lack groups were lower than these characteristics, neurologic and mental side effects were initiated; nevertheless, lower levels and low levels for longer time frames may be necessary for the appearance of hematologic inconsistencies. however, the examination structure functioned against the clinical evaluation of specific tests and subjects. different standards also require the estimation of plasma absolute homocysteine and serum methyl-malonic corrosive levels, as well as b12 levels for the determination of b12 deficiency (jaggia and northern, 2015). conclusion it was concluded that the male population of bahawalpur was not at a higher risk of vitamin b12 deficiency. the old-age male population and high sun exposure have had a deficiency of vitamin b12. they are at a high risk of vitamin b12 deficiency indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 18-22 22 therefore, they need an assessment of vitamin b12 in this situation. references 1. akcaboy, m., malbora, b., zorlu, p., altınel, e., oguz, m. m., & senel, s. (2015). vitamin b12 deficiency in infants. the indian journal of pediatrics, 82(7), 619-624. 2. anttila p, sourander a, metsähonkala l, aromaa m, helenius h, sillanpää m. (2004). psychiatric symptoms in children with primary headache. journal of the american academy of child and adolescent psychiatry 43:412–419. 3. arruda ma, guidetti v, galli f, albuquerque rc, bigal me. (2010). primary headaches in childhood – a population-based study. cephalalgia 30:1056–1064. 4. bensky, m. j., ayalon-dangur, i., ayalondangur, r., naamany, e., gafter-gvili, a., koren, g., & shiber, s. (2019). comparison of sublingual vs intramuscular administration of vitamin b12 for the treatment of patients with vitamin b12 deficiency. drug delivery and translational research, 9(3), 625-630. 5. el-khateeb, m., khader, y., batieha, a., jaddou, h., hyassat, d., belbisi, a., &ajlouni, k. (2014). vitamin b12 deficiency in jordan: a population-based study. annals of nutrition and metabolism, 64(2), 101-105. 6. estourgie-van burk, g. f., van der kuy, p. h. m., de meij, t. g., benninga, m. a., & kneepkens, c.f. (2019). intranasal treatment of vitamin b12 deficiency in children. european journal of pediatrics, 1-4. 7. fumal a, schoenen j. (2008). tension-type headache: current research and clinical management. lancet neurol, 7:70–83. 8. hicks, j. m., cook, j., godwin, i. d., &soldin, s. j. (1993). vitamin b12 and folate. pediatric reference ranges. archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 117(7), 704-706. 9. jaggia, a., & northern, a. (2015). vitamin b12 and/or folate deficiency is a cause of macro thrombocytopenia. global journal of hematology and blood transfusion, 2, 20-24. 10. menon s, lea ra, ingle s, sutherland m, wee s, haupt lm, palmer m, griffiths lr (2015) effects of dietary folate intake on migraine disability and frequency. headache 55:301– 319. 11. moleiro, j., de ferro, s. m., ferreira, s., serrano, m., silveira, m., & pereira, a. d. (2018). efficacy of long-term oral vitamin b12 supplementation after total gastrectomy: results from a prospective study. ge-portuguese journal of gastroenterology, 25(3), 117-122. 12. oo, t. h., & thachil, j. (2015). vitamin b12 deficiency-a 21st century perspective/ response. clinical medicine, 15(4), 402. 13. rasmussen sa, fernhoff pm, scanlon ks. (2001). vitamin b12 deficiency in children and adolescents. journal of pediatrics 138:10–17. 14. rehman, s., sharif, n., rahman, s., suleman, s., gul, a., & abbas, m. (2019). vitamin b12 deficiency among patients with megaloblastic anemia. journal of medical sciences, 27(2), 103-106. 15. şahin, k., elevli, m., coşkun, c., & koldaş, m. (2019). the effects of vitamin b12 and folic acid deficiency on hemogram parameters in children. medical science and discovery, 6(9), 186-191. 16. stabler sp, allen rh (2004) vitamin b12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. annual review nutrition, 24:299–326. 17. stovnerlj hk, jensen r, katsarava z, lipton r, scher a et al (2007). the global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. cephalalgia, 27:193–201. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 151 volume 1 issue 2 june (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i2.274 page: 151 – 160 can underutilized tropical fruits meet the nutritional requirements of rural indonesia? krishnanunni mavinkal ravindran1, philippa j. jones2, mark rayment3 1department of food and resource economics, university of copenhagen, denmark 2school of natural sciences, bangor university, united kingdom 3school of natural sciences, bangor university, united kingdom corresponding author: krishnanunni mavinkal ravindran; email: mr.krishnanunni@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: agroforestry, food malnutrition, kalimantan, security. received : 10 may 2021 revised : 17 june 2021 accepted : 18 june 2021 tropical fruits form a potential source of micronutrients. however, a lot of these fruit species remain underutilized in developing countries. this study explores the potential of underutilized tropical fruits in kalimantan, indonesia, in meeting the micro-nutrient requirements of its populace. the study employs focus group discussions and a systematic literature search and review process to gather data.79% of the species studied were profuse in at least one essential micronutrient, and 53% of the species contain at least one micronutrient of priority concern in high concentration. no nutritional information was available for 26% of the reviewed species, and 40% of the species for which information is available in the literature lacked data on at least one priority micro-nutrient. simultaneous fruiting of priority micro-nutrient rich species occurring in the different agroecosystems of kalimantan, namely limbo gardens, homesteads, and forests, corroborates the importance of landscape diversity in meeting the year-round nutritional needs of its people. given how the covid19 pandemic has impacted people's food security, it is essential to address these knowledge gaps to aid the ongoing efforts to reshape our food systems in the future. introduction as the world strives to achieve zero hunger (sdg 2) in less than a decade from now, unprecedented pandemics like the covid19 are posing newer setbacks to our efforts to address food security. the pandemic has hampered agricultural activities and people's ability to source and utilize foods, risking those vulnerable sections of the population into poverty. in this context, it requires reshaping our food systems to build up a more resilient population (alders, dar, kock, & rampa, 2020). this article covers a case study from kalimantan, indonesia, where we explore the potential of underutilized tropical fruits in meeting the nutritional requirements of its rural populace. ranked 70 in the 2020 global hunger index, indonesia has a long history of combating malnutrition (indonesia, 2020; mehraban & ickowitz, 2021). despite its rapid economic growth and significant decline in the poverty rates, malnutrition is a significant problem that the country faces. there is a notable transition in the indonesian's nutrition from complex carbohydrates, fruits, legumes, and vegetables to simple carbohydrates, fats, and animal foods that are relatively inexpensive, high in calories, and low in nutrients (sekiyama, roosita, & ohtsuka, 2012; vermeulen et al., 2019). another evaluation of the diet consumed by households across indonesia revealed that energy-dense staples contributed substantially to the population's daily energy needs but little to other aspects of nutrition(jati, vadivel, nöhr, & biesalski, 2012). the influence of modern culture is starkly reflected in its population's shift from traditional livelihoods and food systems. farmers have now shifted from traditional crops to cash crops and so indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:mr.krishnanunni@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 152 have the people, as they barely go on foraging. the practice of agroforestry has declined considerably as the youth gets lured to alternative modern livelihoods. thus, it has curtailed their dietary diversity, causing high micronutrient deficiencies (especially fe, vit a, and zn) among the indonesian population (ickowitz, powell, salim, & sunderland, 2014; shrimpton & rokx, 2013). recent studies have shown that rural indonesian households' dietary diversity has declined considerably over time with a fall in agricultural production diversity (mehraban & ickowitz, 2021). though earlier studies reported low consumption of nutrient-rich fruits and vegetables among the poorer households (forest, trees and food, 1992), mehraban and ickowitz (2021) have observed low dietary diversity even among households with high income. thus, it stresses the need to reshape our food systems, perhaps, revert to our traditional food systems that could assure the rural population's food security(van der merwe, cloete, & van der hoeven, 2016). one in every three childhood deaths reported from kalimantan, where deforestation rates are at their peak, was due to malnutrition (archard et al., 2002; langner, miettinen, & siegert, 2007; margono, potapov, turubanova, stolle, & hansen, 2014). notably, vit a and iron-deficient diet was the cause of ‘serious’ malnutrition in kalimantan (de benoist, mclean, egli, & cogswell, 2008). however, local fruit trees in kalimantan could substantially contribute to rural nutrition (jones & rayment, 2016). home to more than 4000 tree species, only less than 10% of these species in indonesia have been studied for their wood properties and utilization to date (narendra, roshetko, tata, & mulyoutami, 2013). despite being regarded as promising species in combating poverty, hunger, and malnutrition in the tropics, many underutilized or orphan fruit species remain neglected due to a dearth of knowledge about their utilities (gaisberger et al., 2014; narendra et al., 2013). thus, we aim to identify the potential of underutilized edible fruit species indigenous to the rural landscapes of kalimantan in meeting the yearround nutritional needs of its populace. we specifically focus on those indigenous fruits having high micronutrient content, relating their occurrence and seasonal availability to guide the research community in translating the local knowledge into practical food solutions. methods initial scoping: database of edible fruit species of indonesian borneo a database of edible indigenous fruit species of indonesian borneo was composed by referring manual and e-literature. sources include encyclopedias (lim, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e; verheij & coronel, 1991), online databases (agroforestree database, 2015), books (janick & paull, 2007; jensen, 2008; kessler & sidiyasa, 1997; kessler, sidiyasa, & zainal, 1995; kueh, 2003; mackinnon, mangalik, & hatta, 1996; matius, setiawati, & pambughi, 2014; nakasone & paull, 1998) and primary research papers (arora, 2014; siregar, 2006). the database included scientific names of the species, their place of occurrence, origin (whether in ‘indonesia’, ‘borneo’ or ‘kalimantan’), edibility, utility, and habitat (whether it occurred in forests or traditional agroforest systems). we matched their scientific names to vernacular and local names and sourced their photographs from peer-reviewed publications (janick & paull, 2007; lim, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e; matius et al., 2014). identification of fruits growing and utilized in east kalimantan the reviewed species were enlisted into those naturally cultivated or foraged and consumed within eastern kalimantan through focus group discussions with key informants. key informants included the community leader and other villagers identified by him in tutung village of kutai barat district, professional botanists, forest ecologists, curator, and staff of krus botanic garden, university of mulwarman, samarinda. the participants identified the fruits' photographs by their local names, which the botanists then confirmed. we later crosschecked all the scientific and local names given by the botanists using information from the literature. the villagers classified the fruits based on the agroecosystem in which they occurred, namely forests, lembo (agro-forest) gardens, and homesteads (some species occurred in multiple ecosystems). we also sought information on the species' phenology, their fruiting times, and peak harvest from the participants. further, participatory field surveys in the homesteads, lembo gardens, and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 153 around the communal land and forests adjoining the village helped append those species not found in the literature to our initial database. systematic search and review a systematic search and review of the literature were done to document the extent of information published about the nutritional content of 58 edible fruit species of east kalimantan. methods adapted from the systematic review protocol (pullin & stewart, 2006) were used for searching the literature. all the searches were done between august 1 and september 30 2015, using standardized search terms with boolean operators. specific criteria were applied for filtering the available literature. studies demonstrating unreliable methods, i.e., those having no control, reviews with uncited and untraceable primary data, apparent mathematical inaccuracies, and taxonomic ambiguities, were discarded. also, duplicate publications and those studies having duplicated published data were excluded. publications thus filtered were also cross-referenced to identify data relevant to other species apart from the focus species. data extraction the following nutritional data were recorded from all the papers reaching the last stage of the systematic review process. table 1. nutritional data extracted per species; standard units shown in brackets. macro and micronutrient data m ac ro n u tr ie n t moisture (g/100g) carbohydrate (g/100g) fibre (g/100g) protein (g/100g) ash (g/100g) fat (g/100g) m ic ro n u tr ie n t m in er al s k (mg/100g) p (mg/100g) ca (mg/100g) mg (mg/100g) fe (mg/100g) zn (mg/100g) v it am in s v it a ( an d pr ec ur so rs ) vitamin a (µg rae/100g) vitamin a (iu/100g) total carotenoids (µg/100g) β-carotene equivalents (µg/100g) β-carotene (µg/100g) α-carotene (µg/100g) β-cryptoxanthin (µg/100g) v it c vitamin c (mg/100g) l-ascorbic acid (mg/100g) l-ascorbic acid + dehydro-ascorbic acid (mg/100g) given the inconsistency in which the vit a data are reported, either as retinol activity equivalents (rae) or international units (iu), all available values in the literature were summed up to obtain its mean. all the data stated in 100 g dry weight were converted to fresh weight using the following formula (fao/infoods, 2012); nutrient (fresh weight) 100g = nutrient (dry weight) 100g × (100-moisture content/100g) 100 the mean content of each micronutrient was expressed as a percentage of the recommended daily value (dv) per 100 g by the united states food and drug administration (guidance for industry: a food labeling guide, 2013; guidance for industry: a food labeling guide, 2013). all the reviewed species were classified into three categories: ‘good’, ‘high’, and ‘very high’ source of nutrients. results and discussion initial search for literature on edible indigenous fruit species (underutilized and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 154 cultivated) of kalimantan generated 68 species of 19 genera. they include the following species: 2 bouea, 10 mangifera, 2 willughbeia (anacardiaceae), 4 salacca (arecaceae), 7 durio (bombaceae), 1 canarium, 2 dacryodes (burseraceae), 6 garcinia (clusiaceae), 1 dialium (fabaceae), 1 gnetum (gnetaceae), 1 litsea (lauraceae), 1 lansium, 1 sandoricum (meliaceae), 11 artocarpus (moraceae), 1 syzygium (myrtaceae), 8 baccaurea (phyllanthaceae), 2 dimocarpus, 2 lepisanthes, 5 nephelium (sapindaceae). focus group discussions with the dayak communities and the krus botanic garden's professional botanists further limited the number of recognized fruit species in east kalimantan to 58. the list included species that were in utility long back but not in recent times. hence, 12 species were removed from the initial list as the locals could not recognize them. three species observed growing semi-wild or cultivated in homesteads in tutung village, namely averrhoa bilimbi (oxalidaceae), psidium guajava (myrtaceae), and hylocereusundatus (cactaceae), was appended to make up the final list of 58 species. of the total 58 species identified, 97 % were indigenous to east kalimantan, with 12% cultivated commercially worldwide. two species were exotic, introduced to borneo for cultivation from south america (lim, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e; nakasone & paull, 1998; verheij & coronel, 1991). further classification of the enlisted species based on the agroecosystems in which they occurred gave the following results 32 forest species, 21 species occurred in lembo gardens, and 23 species were cultivated in homesteads. species were not unique to any ecosystem as five were observed growing in all the three agroecosystems, and nine were found common in forests and lembo gardens. commonality also existed amongst some species (10 species) seen growing in lembo and home gardens. seasonality data collected from focus group discussions were triangulated with information from the literature. only 56 species could be reviewed for their seasonality as no information was available for two willughbeia species. all the species were found to display discrete patterns in their reproductive phenology, either seasonal (annual) fruiting (33 species) or fruiting at any time of the year (25 species). apart from the three commercially cultivated artocarpus species (a. altilis, a. heterophyllus, a. integer), all other species were taxonomically consistent in their phenological patterns. a systematic search of literature covering different disciplines such as agriculture, horticulture, nutrition, biochemistry, ethnobotany, post-harvest processing, etc., generated 191 publications with 1073 data records suitable for nutritional review. nutritional data were available for only 43 species, with the search method generating data on at least one micro-nutrient for all the 43 species. no data was available for 26% of the species. published data were distributed unevenly between the species. 69 % of the unique data records contained information about the seven species cultivated commercially worldwide; 52% were on those four species that are cultivated broadly and researched. considering those publications containing data about multiple species, 32% of the unique publications had data for mangifera indica, 21% for psidium guajava, 14% for artocarpus heterophyllus, and 11% for duriozibethinus. in contrast, four species, nephelium mutabile, dialiumindum, salaccamagnifica, and willughbeia angustifolia, were the subject of a single publication. 81% of the publications stated fruit sample origin, and 44% of those samples with known origin were from southeast asia. amongst the species reviewed, the geographic distribution of the fruit samples was found to be the greatest for the four commercially cultivated species, namely mangifera indica (22 countries), psidium guajava (21 countries), artocarpus heterophyllus (11 countries), a. altilis (9 countries). no nutritional information was available for 14 species, and a wide knowledge gap exists on the 43 fruit species reviewed for which data is available. knowledge gap for vitamin a content was evident for 18 species; 3 baccaurea species, 3 nephelium species, 3 salacca species, dacryodes rostrata, 2 durio species, litseagarciae, garcinia mangostana, 2 artocarpus species, syzygiumaqueum, and dimocarpus longan. of the mineral micronutrients, knowledge gaps were most significant for mg and zn: no data was found for nine species, including the four wild mangifera species, nephelium maingayi, baccaureamotleyana, lansiumdomestiindonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 155 cum, sandoricumkoetjape, and litseagarciae. species for which no data is available mainly occur in the wild, and such profound knowledge gaps signify the importance of this kind of research. micronutrient content varied both between and within the species. most significant empirical variability was observed in k, ranging from 0mg/100g to a maximum of 2710mg/100g, equivalent to 0 to 77% of dv (127 data records for 41 species). zn showed the least variability of 010mg/100g, equivalent to 0-67% of dv (93 data records, 33 species). the most significant mineral micronutrient variability was recorded for fe, 0197mg/100g, equivalent to 0-1095% of dv (151 data records, 41species). vitamin c content varied from a minimum of 0mg/100g to a maximum of 2698mg/100g, equivalent to 0 to 4497% of dv (508 data records, 42 species). beta carotene displayed the largest interspecific variability amongst the vit a precursors (042210µg/100g; 248 data records, 13 species). 79% of the species investigated were found to contain mean levels of >20% dv per 100 g of their edible portion, which implicates the potential of tropical fruits in meeting people's micronutrient needs. eighteen fruits (42% of the species) contained mean values equivalent to ≥100% dv of at least one micronutrient. 19 (different) fruits (44% of the species) had mean values of 2 or more micronutrients equivalent to ≥20% dv; of these, seven species (16%) contained at least three micronutrients at ≥20% dv. 5 species were accounted for the highest recorded content of all micronutrients: namely, mangifera pajang, averrhoa bilimbi, garcinia mangostana, baccaurearamiflora, artocarpus sericicarpus. table 2. the number of fruit species with content (per 100g) equating to the proportion of the recommended daily intake (dv) for two vitamins and six mineral micronutrients. micronutrient number of species providing high proportions (% dv per 100g edible portion) of micronutrient intake* name dv ≥500% dv 500%≥100% dv 100%≥20% dv 20%≥10% dv vit a (5000iu) 2 8 3 1 vit c (60mg) 1 11 19 3 fe (18mg) 0 1 10 1 zn (15mg) 0 0 3 2 ca (1000mg) 0 0 0 3 k (3500mg) 0 0 2 13 mg (400mg) 0 0 5 3 p (100mg) 0 0 1 0 *micronutrient intake: dv = daily value, as recommended by us food & drug administration (usfda, 2013a,b) the range of edible fruits encountered reflects east kalimantan's landscape diversity. it is in congruence with the list of species and their corresponding habitat, as reported in the literature (lim, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e; mackinnon et al., 1996; marjokorpi & ruokolainen, 2003; matius et al., 2014; siregar, 2006). the additions made to the initial list of edible fruits implicate how deceiving the papers are in reporting species distribution. in contrast, the authors' omission of agriculturally relevant nonindigenous species reflects the current changes in the country's traditional nutrition and land-use system. the use of foraged wild fruits among the communities has reduced considerably, and they have now started embracing internationally cultivated crops. species that (some) participants recognized as 'utilized in living memory, but not currently (e.g. forest sourced artocarpus glaucus) may also reflect these changes. the voluminous literature reviewed, and the extent of nutritional data extracted for each focus species is illustrative of the scope and scale of research on the edible fruits of borneo. this review has brought to light the extensive gap in knowledge about the nutritional content of underutilized wild fruit species. for example, no vit a data was available for forest sourced salacca, dacryodes, and 83% of the species of the phyllanthaceae family. the same was the case with forest sourced sapindaceae species. the mineral content of culturally relevant vitamin-a rich wild mango m. casturi is also completely unknown. 40% of the species contained no data for at least one micronutrient of global priority concern (fe, zn, vitamin a). thus, it is essential to address these indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 156 knowledge gaps to advocate the utilization of these species. availability of data on commercially cultivated species like psidium guajava, artocarpus heterophyllus, and mangifera indica in surplus is indicative of how international research interests have been centered around commercial agriculture and not around underutilized fruit species. this sparsity in empirical data on indigenous fruit species of borneo finds mention in similar systematic reviews (kehlenbeck, asaah, & jamnadass, 2013; penafiel, lachat, espinel, van damme, & kolsteren, 2011; rowland et al., 2015; stadlmayr, charrondière, eisenwagen, jamnadass, & kehlenbeck, 2013) and articles on the role of biodiversity in nutrition (grivetti & ogle, 2000; powell & ouarghidi, 2015; vinceti et al., 2013). potential of underutilized fruits in meeting the micro-nutrient requirements of rural kalimantan 39 of the 43 species reviewed contained a high concentration of at least one micro-nutrient (guidance for industry: a food labeling guide, 2013; guidance for industry: a food labeling guide, 2013). seven species, namely mangifera pajang, canarium odontophyllum, garcinia parvifolia, artocarpus odoratissimus, syzygiumaqueum, baccaurearamiflora, and averrhoa bilimbi, contained 100% of the recommended 'daily value' per 100g for three or more micronutrients. all the species described above are underutilized (heywood, 2011), and they occur in all three agroecosystems (forests, lembo gardens, and homesteads). interspecific variability in micronutrient content may be attributed to the characteristic biochemical composition and specialization of different plant species. the former is genetically determined, whereas the latter is influenced by ecological drivers (e.g. resistance to herbivory, attraction for seed dispersal) and the environment. humans have been selective in promoting those biochemical characteristics that confer attractive aesthetic features such as sweetness or odour, and therefore mineral content had to be sacrificed for taste. the concentration of vit c was greater in mangifera pajang (394mg/100g), an underutilized mango species, whereas that in the commercially cultivated mangifera indica was very mere (37mg/100g). no single fruit species could provide for the entirety of our dietary needs. interspecific differences in macro and micronutrient content emphasize the role of dietary diversity in nutrition: a range of species is therefore required to meet human nutritional needs. table 3. fruits of east kalimantan with the greatest content of micronutrients of global priority. nutrient species content (per 100g) %dv (per 100g) v it a mangifera pajang 3520µg 1407 % artocarpus odoratissimus 1790µg 716% duriokutejensis 773µg 188% v it c mangifera pajang 394mg 656% averrhoa bilimbi 176mg 293% duriozibethinus 166mg 276% f e garcinia mangostana 40.9mg 227% averrhoa bilimbi 17.4mg 97% artocarpus odoratissimus 8.4mg 47% z n artocarpus sericicarpus 7.4mg 49% baccaurearamiflora 5.6mg 37% psidium guajava 3.46mg 23% whilst methodological factors may confound the investigation of micronutrient content, understanding the factors causing variation in nutrient content can inform crop selection and development and optimize agricultural techniques and post-harvest processing for nutrition. the fruit samples included in this review were sourced from a wide geographic and geological range; consequently, it is most likely to exhibit broad variation in mineral content as they occur under heterogeneous edaphic conditions. some plants are known to hyper accumulate metal ions under high soil cation conditions, which may augment mineral accumulation in plants which again varies with the season. the leached and acidic soils of east kalimantan are low in basic cations (k+, mg2+, ca2+, na+, zn2+), but locally may retain high quantities of acidic cations (fe3+, al3+, h+) (mackinnon et al., 1996). therefore, the forest trees growing in this region can meet the year-round micro-nutrient needs of its populace. one of the downsides of indonesia is that it has always been awful in checking its child malnutrition rates. despite its sustained economic growth and laudable efforts in reducing poverty, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 157 child malnutrition and associated stunting rates were surprisingly high even among the wealthiest households. eight million children under five in indonesia are stunted, showing how slow they had been in addressing child malnutrition (de silva & sumarto, 2018). although addressing malnutrition in kalimantan is beyond the scope of this paper, its findings can, however, aid in developing agroforestry schemes and conservation projects in line with nutrition programs to alleviate malnutrition in the region. in rural east kalimantan, edible fruits are sourced from a range of agroecosystems that includes homesteads, lembo gardens, and forests. data reviewed in this study has revealed the potential of trees from each agroecosystem in meeting the year-round micronutrient needs of the people of kalimantan. while some species' correspondence between ecosystems occurs, the existence of unique, highly nutritious resources in each validates the value of all three systems to humanity. high gamma diversity and round the year availability of fruits from all the agroecosystems enhance the populace's dietary diversity. it would provide diverse fruits than what a single agroecosystem could perhaps offer. earlier studies have found the highest dietary diversity in areas with medium tree density. this attributes to agroforestry and settlements with trees in the area (ickowitz, 2014; ickowitz et al., 2014). with a decline in biodiversity (sahide, nurrochmat, & giessen, 2015), the rural population would gradually give up its foraging behavior. surveys by arifin et al. (2003) (arifin, sardjono, sundawati, djogo, & dan widianto, 2003) documented a 0.25ha lembo as supporting more than 40 plant species, of which 90% were trees and the remainder palm, bamboo, and liana species. wild and underutilized crop relatives dominate lembo gardens; over 50% of the species recorded were 'wild/undomesticated', with 22% cultivated and 23% semi-domesticated. as the youth gets lured towards modern livelihoods, it is afraid that this rich traditional knowledge may go unexplored(arnold, powell, shanley, & sunderland, 2011). forests and agroforestry systems such as lembo gardens increase food security by providing nutritious foods during 'hunger gaps' (frei & becker, 2004; jamnadass, mcmullin, iiyama, & dawson, 2015; kehlenbeck et al., 2015). villagers of tutung do concur fruits as a seasonal commodity they rely upon during february and march. trees occurring within different ecosystems and outside the regulation of agriculture are likely to have different fruiting phenologies. phenological cycles in the fruit species studied showed taxonomic (primarily inter-genera) similarities. the different agroecosystems showed complementarity in the seasonal availability of vit a and fe rich fruits. vit a rich fruits were highly seasonal in forests, whereas fe dense fruits were available round the year. in contrast, fe rich fruits were seasonal in lembo gardens, and vit a is potentially available around the year. home garden species, rich in either of the micronutrients, were found to fruit in any month. those species that fruit outside the ‘season’ may be available in any month; crucially, they may not be available every month. homesteads were smaller than lembo gardens and therefore less diverse. forests and lembo gardens were larger and could provide micronutrients when food is not available in homesteads. moreover, phenological complementarity between species in different agroecosystems may be important in delivering year-round nutritional security and resolving malnutrition issues. trees growing in diverse ecosystems will be subject to various stresses, and therefore fruit sourcing from a range of agroecosystems could ensure greater nutritional resilience to communities against extreme events. incorporating these underutilized trees into smallholder agroforestry systems through participatory domestication programs could be an ideal way to realize the livelihood potentials of these trees. studies from west java have shown incorporating underutilized trees into smallholder agroforestry systems could enhance their productivity. furthermore, identifying and disseminating quality germplasms of these underutilized species is vital for their domestication and utilization to be realized (narendra et al., 2013). thus, a collective effort from both the farmers and researchers could make the domestication of underutilized species possible. this would help develop a nutritionally resilient community having access to all the required nutrients round the year. conclusion underutilized edible fruits indigenous to rural east kalimantan have the potential to meet the yearindonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (2), 151-160 158 round nutritional requirements of its population. 79% of the species studied contain a high concentration of at least one micronutrient, and 53% had a high content of a micronutrient of priority concern for malnutrition. amidst all these findings, there exist a wide knowledge gap as no data was available for 26% of the reviewed species. the observed interspecific variability in nutrients reinforces the importance of consuming a range of species as the entire nutritional needs of humans cannot be met from a single fruit. fruiting phenology of the species varied with the ecosystem, showing complementarity between species occurring in the three agroecosystems studied. thus, it is evident that eco-diversity (landscape diversity) is vital in meeting the nutritional needs of the populace. some species were seasonal, with peak harvest in the months of nov-feb, while other fruit species were available round the year. the nutritional value of underutilized fruits demonstrated here imparts a clear rationale for conserving individual nutritious species (e.g. internationally ‘vulnerable’ mangifera pajang) and bio-diverse agroecosystems. however, for the potential value of underutilized fruit species to be realized, these findings need to be translated into dietary advice and recommendations directly applicable and culturally acceptable to the dayak communities of rural east kalimantan. specifically, this entails collecting more data on the contrasting seasonal nutritional intake amongst the dayak communities to identify the seasonal 'hunger gap'. the complexity of socio-economic limitations of the rural communities in accessing and cultivating fruit trees should be construed to address food insecurity during pandemics. references 1. agroforestree database. 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(2013). the contribution of forests and trees to sustainable diets. sustainability, 5(11), 4797–4824. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 123 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.500 page: 123 – 131 determination of pesticide residues in sediments of river ravi arooj tariq1, sana akhtar1 1department of environmental sciences, kinnaird college for women university, pakistan corresponding author: arooj tariq; email: aroojtariq91@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: contamination, pesticides, river ravi, sediments, toxicity. received : 12 april 2022 revised : 25 may 2022 accepted : 29 may 2022 sediments are socioeconomic, geomorphologic, and an important environmental resource. the purpose of this study was to determine the pesticide residues in the sediments of river ravi. for analysis 12 sediment samples were collected along with river ravi, reaching from ravi siphon to bs (balloki suleiman) link. river ravi is enlisted as one of the most polluted rivers of pakistan followed by extreme flow variations, i.e. 10 – 10,000 m3/s. the concentration of pesticide residues in samples was detected by the high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) technique. noticeable concentrations of pesticides were detected in the majority of the samples which depicted high toxicity levels of pesticides in the sediments of river ravi. high amounts of pesticides were observed in the right and left banks of saggian (s4) i.e. 11.37 mg/kg and khudpur (s6, s7) i.e. 12.116 mg/kg. a significant amount of imidacloprid and bifenthrin was detected in the majority of the sediment samples, i.e. 22.78 mg/kg and 15.82 mg/kg. furthermore the detected concentration of pesticides in the right and left bank of balloki head works (s10, s11) and ravi bridge (s3) was relatively less as compared to other sampling sites. all these sampling points receive irrigational runoff from nearby agricultural lands and urban wastewater, resulting in the accumulation of pesticides in the sediments. the following trend of pesticide contamination was observed in the sediment samples of river ravi, bifenthrin > imidacloprid > dimethomorph > glyphosate. introduction sediments are socioeconomic, geomorphologic, and an important environmental resource. they play an important role in our ecosystems and are stated as a tool of nature (silva et al., 2020). pollution in sediments is caused by several points and non-point sources. accumulation of resistant pollutants in the sediments imposes a serious threat to the quality of river water and causes contamination through desorption and other processes that make the contaminants mobile (chahinian et al., 2012) polluted sediments make rivers their sink of contamination. accumulation of pesticides in sediments of a river is a major environmental concern because of their persistent nature and adverse effects on aquatic flora, fauna, and humans (net et al., 2014). pesticides by definition are agents that are primarily used in agriculture to kill harmful organisms in the field and to protect crops from various diseases. since human development, environmental pollution caused by the use of a wide range of different compounds has increased to a large extent. in modern agriculture, the use of pesticides has become an important part of the system. despite its usage complications, the use of pesticides is not under control, hence its becoming a major environmental contaminant (radiovic et al., 2015, eqani et al., 2011). pakistan is consuming pesticides for the last 50 years in agricultural fields in large quantities to mainly control agricultural pests, insects, termites, etc. pesticides are still being frequently used for different activities because of their low prices and high efficiency. the use of ddt was banned years ago because of its detrimental effects but unfortunately, it is still being used in many developing countries, including pakistan (eqani et al., 2011). in developing and developed countries variety of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and bactericides are being used. the usage pattern of indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 124 pesticides specifically depends upon locality, and climate user needs. the use of organochlorine insecticides is still observed in developing countries but according to some studies, the use of these insecticides is being replaced by organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides (edwards, 2013). the estimated usage of pesticides during the years (2017 – 2020) at the global level is approximately 2.7 kg/ha. the use of pesticides in a non-regulated manner has led to serious environmental and health issues. immunity among pests is increasing due to over usage of pesticides. the lethal nature of pesticides is difficult to reduce because they are more soluble in water, polar in nature, and have higher thermal stability. organochlorines, which are considered least biodegradable, are used much in pakistan; however, they are banned in several countries (popp et al., 2013). lately, a study in lahore was conducted to study the organochlorine pesticides from the sediments of river chenab and this river is also linked with river ravi. the results detected that hch pesticide was most abundantly found i.e. 63% and ddd as 56%. high frequencies of ddt metabolites were found in winters followed by ddt isomers being more prevalent in the summer season (eqani et al., 2011). despite some early research, still have limited understanding of the presence, distribution, and methods of detection, removal, and impacts of these persistent compounds i.e. different types of pesticides. a comprehensive understanding of these contaminants is the need of the hour so that appropriate policies can be regulated; hence this study aims to determine the pesticide residues in the surface sediments of river ravi. methods lahore is the largest city of the five major cities of pakistan. lahore a metropolitan city is situated at 31.5204 degrees north, and 74.3587 degrees east (akhtar et al., 2014). the river ravi enters pakistan near jassar and meets with the river chenab and it has been serving lahore for a very long time. river ravi is enlisted as one of the most polluted rivers of pakistan followed by extreme flow variations, i.e. 10 – 10,000 m3/s. 12 sediment samples were collected along with river ravi, reaching from ravi siphon to balloki headworks at the selected reachable location. primary data was collected through field visits to the selected sites. 12 sediment samples were collected along with river ravi, reaching from ravi siphon to balloki headworks at the selected reachable location. all the samples were collected in plastic bags with proper labeling. the samples collected from the selected areas were a laboratory for the determination of physicochemical parameters, and pesticide residues. the analysis of pesticides was done by hplc technique. table 1. sampling codes along with their locations sample name sample identity sampling site sediment sample s1 ravi siphon right bank sediment sample s2 ravi siphon left bank sediment sample s3 ravi bridge sediment sample s4 saggian right bank sediment sample s5 saggian left bank sediment sample s6 khudpur right bank sediment sample s7 khudpur left bank sediment sample s8 mallah da dera right bank sediment sample s9 mallah da dera left bank sediment sample s10 ravi balloki headworks right bank sediment sample s11 ravi balloki headworks left bank sediment sample s12 bs link source: sample coding (primary data) the physiochemical properties of sediments samples were determined by using standard methods. sediment ph and electrical conductivity (ec) were measured using the portable combined indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 125 meter (eutech instrument pc 510). for precise results, the process was repeated thrice with sediment sample quantities as (5g, 10g, and 15g). after the collection of samples, the sediment samples were sun-dried and impurities were removed from them for further analysis. 5 grams of each dried sample will be weighed separately in a beaker to prepare a solution by adding 5g of nacl, 20ml of dichloromethane (dcm), 20ml of ethyl acetate, and 150ml of distilled water. after that in each solution, a magnet was placed and was stirred for at least 20 minutes with the help of a magnet stirrer then the solution was allowed to stand for 5 minutes and was filtered. 20ml of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (dcm) was added again into the sample solution and then was allowed to separate by using a separating funnel. after some time two distinct layers were formed one of organic content and the other of aqueous content. the organic layer was separated and placed in a rotary evaporator. the rotary evaporator was pre-heated for at least 20 minutes before placing the rotary flask containing the sample. after that rotator and vacuum were set up. when the evaporation of the sample was completed then a vacuum was released and 10ml of methanol was added to the sample. it was shaken well and stored in the vial for further analysis on high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc). standard solutions were prepared by adding 20ml of methanol into 10 grams of pesticide to be detected and stirred for 20 minutes. after stirring, the solution was filtered. the filtrate was placed in the vial and was allowed to run through high pressure liquid chromatography. results and discussion the importance of sediment quality has been enough emphasized in this article. physiochemical analysis and the use of pesticides and fertilizers are important factors in determining the quality of sediments. ph of sediments represents the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. the levels of ph range from 0 to 14. the measured ph of all the collected sediment samples ranged from 7.25 to 8.59. results of ph are shown in table 2 of all the collected sediment samples, observed ph ranged from moderate to high, not all the ph values were within the permissible limits. ph controls various microbial activities within the sediments and they also determine the persistence of the settled contaminants. table 2. ph and electrical conductivity of sediment samples serial no. sample ph ec (μs/cm) 1. s1 8.11 54.7 2. s2 7.51 304.6 3. s3 7.25 255 4. s4 7.38 92.2 5. s5 7.39 34 6. s6 7.52 90 7. s7 7.32 1103 8. s8 7.35 98.6 9. s9 7.48 81 10. s10 7.43 80 11. s11 8.59 45 12 s12 7.42 31 source: analyzed results of sediment samples (ph and electrical conductivity) electrical conductivity is the measure of the amount of electric current a substance can carry; conductivity is an intrinsic property of a material. in terms of sediments, according to the given guidelines, a good electrical conductivity level lies between 200μs/cm and 1200μs/cm. however, if the measured ec is below 200μs/cm it states that the soil doesn’t have enough nutrients and the area is not fertile because of little microbial activity, and above 1200μs/cm can indicate that too many nutrients are present in the sediments, which might affect the overall growth activities. table 2 explicates the measured ec values of all collected sediment samples and the values ranged from 31μs/cm to 1103μs/cm of 12 different samples, showing noticeable variation (singare et al., 2011). quantitative analysis quantitative analysis was done to determine the concentration of pesticides in sediment samples of river ravi. quantification of pesticide residues is important to evaluate human health risks. for quantitative analysis response factor was calculated using the following formula. calculation of response factor: response factor = peak area / standard amount whereas, peak area = peak area of standard indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 126 standard amount = amount of standard used in solvent pesticides are agrochemical and they are widely used in agricultural fields for pest control and to protect plants and crops from various diseases. many international organizations have set maximum residual limits for intake of a broad range of pesticides which in case of exceeding limits could pose serious health risks (nicolopoulou et al., 2016). 12 sediment samples were collected along with river ravi, reaching from ravi siphon to balloki headworks. they were analyzed in the laboratory and pesticide residues were detected in the majority of the sediment samples. table 3 shows the concentration of pesticides in the sediment samples. according to the analyzed results, noticeable concentrations of pesticide residues were detected in the majority of the sediment samples. table 3: concentration of pesticides in sediment samples sample name/code amount of imidacloprid in samples (ppm) amount of bifenthrin in samples (ppm) amount of dimethomorph in samples (ppm) amount of glyphosate in samples (ppm) sediment sample/s1 x 8.33 2.41 x sediment sample/s2 x x x x sediment sample /s3 x 2.78 x x sediment sample /s4 11.37 x x x sediment sample /s5 x x x x sediment sample /s6 x 9.93 x x sediment sample /s7 x x 0.866 1.32 sediment sample /s8 x x x x sediment sample /s9 x x x x sediment sample / s10 x 1.74 x x sediment sample / s11 1.92 x 4.87 x sediment sample / s12 2.53 x x 0.882 source: analyzed results of sediment samples (pesticide residues) 12 sediment samples were collected along with river ravi, reaching from ravi siphon to balloki headworks. they were analyzed in the laboratory and pesticide residues were detected in the majority of the sediment samples. table 3 shows the concentration of pesticides in the sediment samples. according to the analyzed results, noticeable concentrations of pesticide residues were detected in the majority of the sediment samples. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 127 graphical representation of pesticides results following are the graphs showing the concentration of pesticides in sediment samples of river ravi. figur 1. the concentration of bifenthrin in mg/kg in sediment samples residues of bifenthrin were found in 3 sediment samples, i.e. ravi siphon (s1) had 8.33 mg/kg, ravi bridge (s3) had 2.78 mg/kg and the right bank of khudpur (s6) sediment sample had 9.93 mg/kg and right bank of ravi balloki headworks had 1.74 mg/kg of pesticide respectively. figure 2. the concentration of imidacloprid in mg/kg in sediment samples imidacloprid concentrations were found in 3 sediment samples i.e. right bank of the saggian (s4) sample had 11.37 mg/kg, the left bank of ravi balloki headworks had 1.92 mg/kg, and the bs link (s12) sediment sample had 2.53 mg/kg of the pesticide. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 128 figure 3. concentration of dimethomorph in mg/kg in sediment samples dimethomorph concentration was detected in 3 sediment samples i.e. ravi siphon (s1) had 2.41 mg/kg, the left bank of khudpur (s7) sample had 0.866 mg/kg, and the left bank of ravi balloki headworks had 4.87 mg/kg of the pesticide respectively. figure 4. the concentration of glyphosate in mg/kg in sediment samples glyphosate was detected in only 2 sediment samples i.e. left bank of khudpur (s7) had 1.32 mg/kg and bs link (s12) had 0.882 mg/kg of the pesticide respectively. imidacloprid is defined as a neonicotinoid insecticide and it is highly persistent in soil and sediments. it was detected in 3 different sediment samples i.e. 11.37 mg/kg in the right bank of saggian (s4), 1.92 mg/kg was detected in the left bank of ravi balloki headworks (s11) and 2.53 mg/kg in bs link (s12) sediment sample. imidacloprid can leach into groundwater due to its mobility and solubility in water. it is used to control the population of pests, termites, and other sucking insects (sardo, soares, 2010). dimethomorph is used as a fungicidal spray and is considered a toxic compound. the detected concentration of dimethomorph was 2.41 mg/kg in ravi siphon (s1), 0.866 mg/kg in the left bank of khudpur (s7), and 4.887mg/kg concentration was observed in the left bank of ravi balloki headworks (s11) sediment sample respectively. dimethomorph does not hydrolyze and slowly photo degrades in water and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 129 on surface sediments. it can easily enter into groundwater and surface water sources through the leaching process which can play role in widespread effects on humans and other terrestrial and aquatic species. bifenthrin is an insecticide and it is used in many agricultural activities. a noticeable concentration of this specific pesticide was observed in the collected sediment samples, ravi siphon (s1) had 8.33 mg/kg, 2.78 mg/kg was observed in ravi bridge (s3), the right bank of khudpur (s6) had 9.93 mg/kg and right bank of ravi balloki headworks (s10) had 1.74 mg/kg of the pesticide. bifenthrin works by attacking the nervous system of the insects which results in the stunted production of atpase enzyme hence causing the death of insects. furthermore few studies reported that long-term exposure to this pesticide may cause nausea, sore throat, and irritation in the lungs among humans. bifenthrin also has a high affinity for sediments and can be up taken by plants for a longer time (ensiminger et al., 2013, putt et al., 2005). bifenthrin is hydrophobic and insoluble in water and can persist in sediments for about 8 to 17 months (rogers et al., 2016). glyphosate was only found in 2 sediment samples with concentrations of 1.32 mg/kg and 0.882 mg/kg in the left bank of khudpur (s7) and bs (balloki suleiman) link (s12). glyphosate is used to kill broadleaf plants and grasses. it may bind to the soil very strongly and can persist in sediments for up to 6 months depending on the climatic conditions (peruzzo et al., 2008, silva et al., 2020). pollution in the river ravi, stretching from ravi siphon to bs link is mainly due to agricultural and urban activities in the nearby areas. also, the river ravi flows through densely populated and industrial cities. the river tributaries carry a huge burden of various industrial and municipal effluents. degh and the hudiara drain contribute a significant amount of untreated wastewater from textile mills, leather processing units, tanneries, etc (syed et al., 2014). the river receives wastewater from various industries without any prior treatment (removal/breakdown of pollutants), hence causing pollution stress in the tributaries and sediments of river ravi. noticeable pesticide contamination was observed in the sediment samples due to the uncontrolled use of pesticides in nearby agricultural lands, irrigational run-offs, urban wastewater, and industrial effluents. a significant amount of pesticides were found on the right and left bank of khudpur, until this site, the river receives municipal and industrial wastewater from the city, of lahore. right and left banks (s6, s7) of khudpur are located near hudiara drain outfall point and it receives wastewater from 6 major wastewater outfalls of lahore city eventually all the pollutants are released into river ravi. similarly, noticeable concentrations of pesticides were observed in the sediment samples of ravi siphon, ravi bridge, saggian (s4), and ravi balloki headworks (s10, s11) all these sampling points receive irrigational runoff from nearby agricultural lands and urban wastewater, resulting in the accumulation of pesticides in the sediments. the following trend of pesticide contamination was observed in the sediment samples of river ravi, bifenthrin > imidacloprid > dimethomorph > glyphosate. in 2012 akhtar et al. reported severe contamination in the sediments of river ravi stretching from shahdhara to balloki headworks. sampling sites near hudiara drain were found to be severely contaminated by pesticides (ddt, dde, endosulfan, and carbofuran). furthermore, the study concluded significant concentration of pesticides was observed due to high pollution stresses on river tributaries caused by agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and seepage lagoons around these reservoir bodies. negative effects on fish species were also discussed in this research as a varying amount of industrial effluents, pesticides tend to accumulate in fish, resulting in detrimental diseases (akhtar et al., 2012). the presence of persistent pollutants in the sediments of river ravi greatly affects the microbial activity and potentially affects the quality of river water too, making the aquatic environment unfit for the species by altering the ph and other physiochemical characteristics of water. hence it is important to regularly monitor the quality of sediments. in the case of pesticides, integrated pest management (ipm) is the best practice to control the use of all kinds of pesticides (akhtar et al., 2012). conclusion the study revealed the condition of the sediments of river ravi. pesticide contamination was observed in the majority of the collected samples. noticeable concentrations of pesticides indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 130 were detected which depicted high toxicity level of pesticides in the sediments of river ravi stretching from ravi siphon to bs (balloki suleiman) link. a significant amount of pesticides were found in the right and left bank of khudpur, the detected concentration of dimethomorph was 0.866 mg/kg and 0.882 mg/kg of glyphosate pesticide in the left bank of khudpur (s7), the right bank of khudpur (s6) had 9.93 mg/kg of the bifenthrin pesticide. the right and left banks (s6, s7) of khudpur are located near hudiara drain outfall point and it receives the wastewater from 6 major wastewater outfalls of lahore city eventually all the pollutants are released into river ravi. similarly, noticeable concentrations of pesticides were observed in the sediment samples of ravi siphon, i.e. 2.41 mg/kg of dimethomorph, and 8.33 mg/kg of bifenthrin. saggian (s4) had 11.37 mg/kg of imidacloprid. furthermore, the detected concentration of pesticides in the right and the left bank of balloki head works and ravi bridge was relatively less as compared to other sampling sites. all these sampling points receive irrigational runoff from nearby agricultural lands and urban wastewater, resulting in the accumulation of pesticides in the sediments. the following trend of pesticide contamination was observed in the sediment samples of river ravi, bifenthrin > imidacloprid > dimethomorph > glyphosate. references 1. akhtar m, mahboob s, sultana s, sultana t. 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(2013). pesticide occurrence and aquatic benchmark exceedances in urban surface waters and sediments in three urban areas of california, usa, 2008–2011. environmental monitoring and assessment.185(5):3697-710. 6. eqani sa, malik rn, mohammad a. (2011). the level and distribution of selected organochlorine pesticides in sediments from river chenab, pakistan. environmental geochemistry and health. 33(1):33-47. 7. net s, dumoulin d, el-osmani r, rabodonirina s, ouddane b. (2014). case study of pahs, me-pahs, pcbs, phthalates and pesticides contamination in the somme river water, france. international journal of environmental research. 8(4):1159-70. 8. nicolopoulou-stamati p, maipas s, kotampasi c, stamatis p, hens l. (2016). chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. frontiers in public health. (4):148. 9. peruzzo pj, porta aa, ronco ae. 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(2016). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 123-131 131 bifenthrin causes trophic cascade and altered insect emergence in mesocosms: implications for small streams. environmental science & technology. 50(21):11974-83. 14. sardo am, soares am. (2010). assessment of the effects of the pesticide imidacloprid on the behaviour of the aquatic oligochaete lumbriculus variegatus. archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 58(3):648-56. 15. silva v, gonzalez-pelayo o, abrantes n, keizer jj, mol h, ritsema c, geissen v. (2020). pesticide residues in vineyard soils and water-eroded sediments-predictions versus observations. inegu general assembly conference abstracts (p. 10656). 16. singare pu, trivedi mp, mishra rm, dagli dv. (2011). assessing the physico-chemical parameters of sediment ecosystem of vasai creek at mumbai, india. marine science. 1(1):22-9. 17. syed jh, malik rn, li j, chaemfa c, zhang g, jones kc. 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(472):204-11. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 143-149 143 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.484 page: 143 – 149 role of mass media in using antenatal care services among pregnant women in bangladesh rawnaq ara parvin1, md. faisal-e-alam2*, md. belal hossain3 1department of sociology, varendra university, bangladesh 2department of management studies, begum rokeya university, bangladesh 3department of mass communication and journalism, comilla university, bangladesh corresponding author: md. faisal-e-alam; email: faisal14.ru@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: antenatal care services, mass media, pregnant women. received : 27 march 2022 revised : 29 may 2022 accepted : 01 june 2022 the purpose of this study is to measure the predicting factors which can play a role of mass media in using the antenatal care services (anc) for pregnant women. the mixed-method strategy is followed in this study. 50 women were selected based on a convenient sampling technique to gather survey data including open and closed-ended responses. a frequency table was carried out to generate the study findings. along with this, a few case studies were taken to support the quantitative findings so that the outcomes proved a more solid investigation. the study findings showed that there was a positive linkage between media programs and the anc status of rural women. pregnant women will get a clear view of how they should be more aware when they are in complications and how they will take advice from mass media pre-post delivery period. introduction in 2017, globally about 2,95,000 women died from maternal complicacy (who, 2019a). in subsaharan africa and south asia within low resource settings, roughly 87 percent of preventable maternal fatalities occur (crowe et al., 2012; who, 2019b). the maternal mortality rate in bangladesh (173.00 per 100,000 live births), declined by 6.99% in 2016 (macrotrends, 2021). knowledgeable and timely antenatal care check-ups and delivery are pathways to reducing maternal mortality and morbidity, as well as newborn fatalities (munguambe et al., 2016; jackson et al., 2017). anc's goals are to screen for and improve maternal and fetal health, as well as to undertake medical and social interventions to ensure safe pregnancy and delivery (mcdonagh, 1996). coverage of access to anc services through a healthcare center or from skilled health providers (talukder et al., 2021), can prevent and lower the odds of maternal mortality with the collaboration of skilled birth attendance (acharya et al., 2021). disappointingly, just 21% of pregnant women in bangladesh receive the 4 times optimal anc visits, despite rising rates of overall anc use in maternal health care over the last decades (el arifeenet al., 2013). anc services bring benefits during pregnancy and childbirth by facilitating greater use of emergency obstetric care services. to scale up anc attendance and raise awareness from individual to the community level, media plays a profound role in disseminating health education and information (dhawanet al., 2020; gebremeskelet al., 2015). anc is defined as four or more prenatal visits, at least one tetanus toxoid (tt) injection, and confirmed iron-folic acid (ifa) medicine intake consumption by the mothers (iips, 2017). in bangladesh, there are minimal studies on the factors that predict the role of the media in a mother’s anc. while most previous research has examined healthcare utilization and gestation effects using quantitative data. none of these studies conducted in bangladesh provide any evidence on the factors predicting mass media's role in women’s anc. huda et al. (2019) recently published a study on individual and communitylevel factors associated with health facility delivery; indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 143-149 144 however, they did not evaluate the possible effect of mass media on anc use, as did previous studies. a survey report (bdhs) 2017-2018 showed that 82% of women received at least one anc visit from a medical provider (bdhs, 2019). however, just seven (20%) of the 36 women received their first anc visit within 12 weeks of gestational age (jo et al., 2019). with 173 deaths per 100,000 live births, bangladesh has made significant progress toward the millennium development goal (mdg). saturation of the media is effective at raising awareness and knowledge promoting interpersonal contact of obstetric care. thus, research that addresses mass media's role in women’s anc status is seen as essential. the present study would help the role of mass media in the utilization of antenatal care services of pregnant women of shashidal union under brahmanpara upazila, comilla district in bangladesh, and would also identify the important factors related to antenatal care services of pregnant women. methods research design the present work is based on explorative research using a mixed-method (timans et al., 2019) approach involving a questionnaire survey and two interviews took to examine and analyze the role of mass media on the utilization of antenatal care services among pregnant women in selected ten villages in the rural areas of shashidal union of brahmanpara upazilla under cumilla district in bangladesh. the survey was conducted among pregnant women between the reproductive ages of 18 years and above, who utilized the anc services started in november 2018 and ended in march 2019. however, to gain and assess an actual scenario of the media influences on utilizing anc services, the research utilized the help of four research assistants. being a firsthand explorative study the respondents were conveniently chosen by convenience sampling technique following the nonprobability sampling method from selected ten villages in the rural areas of shashidal union of brahmanpara upazilla under cumilla district in bangladesh, six qualitative case studies were collected from anandapur, deus, south bagra, shibpur, east bagra, shashidal. study population pregnant women from the shashidal union of brahmaputra upazila under comilla district in bangladesh were the study population for this study. this upazila is a conventional rural area of bangladesh. the convenience sample technique is used to select ten villages that have been selected. because there is psychical proximity and cooperation from the union. moreover, a convenient sample of 50 participants has been interviewed from each village due to the unknown population. the distribution of respondents has been taken as follows: table 1. information of the villages and respondents sl name of village no. of participants unit of analysis 01 anandapur 05 the pregnant women who were aged 18 years and above residing in the researched areas have given consent for information collection for interviewed through questionnaire. 02 deus 05 03 south bagra 05 04 shibpur 05 05 east bagra 05 06 shashidal 05 07 begumabad 05 08 manora 05 09 tetabhumi 05 10 ramchandrapur 05 grand total 50 the rationale for selecting, these villages are based on the fact that the majority of pregnant women from the respective villages take antenatal care services (anc) from the health institutions. this study sample has consisted of 50 pregnant women. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 143-149 145 data collection this research used an exploratory survey design in which both qualitative and quantitative aspects of assessing the socio-demographic status and exploring predisposing factors of receiving anc services of pregnant women through the lens of media influences were investigated. at first, the study collected primary data from respondents using a structured interview schedule, including both closed-ended and open-ended questions to collect the required information about their sociodemographic status and predisposing factors. to get detailed information about the research questions and the interview guide required in this research, two cases were collected by using a case study method during the survey. data analysis collected information was processed and compiled with the aid of excel ms and ms word. necessary tables were prepared based on collected data. detailed explanation and analysis have been incorporated in the paper. then the findings have been made as well. based on the findings, the present situation has been explained and recommendation has also been made. results and discussion a total of 50 pregnant women participated in this study, the age range is between 16 and 35 years, only shashidol union was the exception starting with above eighteen years of age. the lowest age range exists between 31 to 35 which is 14 percent. the second lowest percentage is 14 and found in the age range sixteen to twenty and were above 18 years. a total of 24% is from 26-to 30. the representative number is 44% which belongs to the age of 21 to 25. all of them are muslim communities. table 2. age range age frequency percentage (%) 16-20 9 18 21-25 22 44 26-30 12 24 31-35 7 14 source: field level survey, 2019 total respondents are rural population. all participants were literate, but only 8% of them are not formally educated. among them, 16% were completed 8 grades. 28% completed secondary school, and 36% is the remarkable one who has completed higher secondary education. all women were married and 96% of them had children, only 4% of respondents were going to give birth for the first time. in terms of occupation, 2 participants were journalists and 7 are teachers. while the largest rest of the 41 women were housewives. table 3. information about monthly income of the respondents’ family monthly income of family (in thousand) frequency percentage (%) 0-20 23 46 20-40 14 28 40-60 8 16 60-80 2 4 80-100 2 4 100-120 1 2 source: field level survey, 2019 the highest number of the respondent’s husbands is working in national and multinational companies, it was under twenty thousand and about 46%. 28% of respondents’ family income was under forty thousand. 16% of respondents’ family income was in the range of forty to sixty and 4% was in sixty thousand to eighty thousand and 4% was in eighty thousand to one lakh. only 2% of these respondents’ family income is above one lakh. among these fifty respondents, there are huge variations in the husband’s occupation. cobbler, doctor, day labor, police, social worker, and minister are separately 2%. only 8% of respondents’ husbands are teachers and 28% are businessmen. respondents’ concepts about mass media with the rapid socio-economical forces of change, mass media has reached the remotest area like shashidol union. most of the respondents used mass media for information or recreation purposes. among these 50 participants of the shashidol union, only 4% had no idea about mass media, and the grand 96% poses perceptions about mass media. commonly, they had not enough time for roaming, moreover using the internet is not well accepted in rural areas as there is a chance of interacting with strangers. they use newspapers, radio, and television as mass media. most of the respondents watch television, which is about 68%. only 4% listen to the radio, 10% are readers of indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 143-149 146 the newspaper, and 10% have all kinds of mass media contacts including facebook. mass media usage on a regularity basis almost all respondents stated that they are using mass media, which is about 94%. only 6% are not using mass media regularly. they opined it quite expensive and they had not been offered with personal mobile usage and internet web. as two women observed: “our family members always find it contradictory and valueless with our housework, no matter how long we spent time on these”. barriers to getting connected with mass media most of the respondents expressed barriers to getting antenatal healthcare-related information for household pressure, which is about 30%. the second-highest number of respondents informed of the unavailability of mass media is about 28%. 18% described family pressure as a barrier and for not being techno-friendly is 8%. only 14% of respondents illustrated other barriers. table 4. types of barriers faced by the respondent types of barriers faced by the respondent category frequency percentage family pressure 9 18.0 household pressure 15 30.0 lack of technological knowledge 4 8.0 other's problem 7 14.0 unavailability of mass media 14 28.0 total 50 100.0 source: field level survey, 2019 preferred media during pregnancies for getting information during the pregnancy period, 4% of respondents stated that they prefer facebook for getting information about antenatal care, 6% newspaper, 8% radio, 58% prefer television and 24% prefer every type of mass media. participants claimed that facebook for getting antenatal health care information is the oddest practice but the television is a source of knowledge they believe. graph 1. preferred media during pregnancies for getting information mass media benefaction from awareness-raising campaigns during the pregnancy period different health-related programs stemming from mass media helped pregnant women, information related to tad’s health or mother’s health or antenatal care provided knowledge, as the respondents informed. 22% of respondents of shashidol union expressed about getting maternal health care, 6% got about tad’s health and 24% got about antenatal care. most of the respondents believed they got several types of pregnancy-related information. table 5. types of information from mass media types of information from social media frequency percentage all 24 48% antenatal care 12 24% mother’s health 11 22% tad’s health 3 6% source: field level survey, 2019 television radio newspaper & facebook all types indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 143-149 147 respondents’ knowledge of antenatal care most of the respondents had been observed owing average knowledge of antenatal care, which is about 40%. among them, 34% have basic knowledge about antenatal care, and 18% have proper and only 8% have dim knowledge. table 6. knowledge regarding anc anc knowledge frequency percentage average 20 40% few 4 8% good 17 34% very good 9 18% source: field level survey, 2019 most participants watched the program named swasthya barta (health message) to get antenatal health-related information, it is about 52%. among them, 18% watched drama for getting information about antenatal care, 26% used health-related documents, and 2% used other programs. anc visits each respondent had been to a doctor during her pregnancy time. 14% of respondents went to the doctor only one time, 46% for three times, 24% for four times, 16% for five times. discussions several studies in bangladesh have investigated the impact of socioeconomic, demographic, and anthropometric (bmi) characteristics on antenatal care for bangladeshi pregnant women. the focus of this study was to study pregnant women's experiences and perspectives on the role of mass media in antenatal care utilization in shashidal union, bangladesh, while also confirming that mass media use is low in this socioeconomic and cultural milieu. the authors recognize that convenience sampling is susceptible to sampling bias, resulting in a homogeneous sample that could skew the results of the study (hedt & pagano, 2011). however, steps have been attempted to reduce this disadvantage. furthermore, while thematic analysis is adaptable, this adaptability can lead to inconsistencies in the development of themes. the study's claims were supported by rational choice theories, which fostered consistency (owumi, b. e, 2013). in this study, most of the mass media users are higher secondary graduates, and their ages are between 21 to 25 years old. both educated and lower-educated women had benefited from different mass media outlets in receiving anc. research showed that audiences with hardly formal education find mass media to be quite acceptable and helpful, mosa et al, and kamal found similar outcomes. television is still an important source of receiving health and educational information. a variety of health-related television programs enriched their level of knowledge. in addition, there are some barriers to getting anc-related information through mass media, workload and child care are common to them (rahman et al., 2016). but, prices (including transport and time cost of getting healthcare), income, a lack of knowledge about suitable treatment and sources, patient complications, and perceived severity all influence patient choice (uzochukwu et al., 2009). pregnant women's key sources of information on antenatal care services (anc), their media preferences for anc programs, their suitable timing, and the problems they confront in using the mass media in rural bangladesh are explored in this study. the study was carried out in a few selected villages to examine media awareness, use, and knowledge in the use of antenatal health care services by pregnant women. this study was carried out to determine how frequently pregnant women attend anc to have a healthy pregnancy. the current study discovered a link between pregnant women's anc status and their ability to access media programs. they are more concerned about their own health as well as the health and well-being of their children. they have a clear grasp of the complications that may arise throughout their pregnancy, delivery, and/or post-partum period. a study conducted in bangladesh revealed comparable results, confirming our findings (amin, 2010). furthermore, parvin et al. (2022) also showed that utilizing maternal health care services by pregnant mothers is justified through practical difficulties and perceptions regarding service availability. our study found that pregnant mothers usually reconcile seemingly opposing ideas about bad fortune and the dread of financial loss, and accept everything as fate. that even increases and decreases the number of anc visits. this response resembles karl marx’s connection between poverty and illness (collyer, 2015). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 143-149 148 the following recommendations are made based on the findings of this study to improve the role of mass media in the utilization of antenatal care services among pregnant women in the studied locations. the following are some suggestions: 1. husbands should be more responsive to their wives about antenatal care; 2. information about antenatal care should be available through the media; 3. government and other concerned authorities should take necessary steps to ensure proper antenatal care services; 4. doctors, nurses, and other health workers should provide proper services to pregnant women and related necessary ideas about anc. conclusion in this study, 24% percent of mothers had four rounds of visits to anc, whereas a remarkable number of pregnant women 14% sought anc services once. this result indicates that overall knowledge about antenatal care was found to be better among women who had utilized antenatal care from mass media as compared to women who did not receive antenatal care. women of reproductive age and their spouses, and in-laws must realize the value of antenatal care and be able to get it in their communities. this need is accompanied by a drive to improve socioeconomic position and literacy levels through communitybased education. increased reproductive health education is needed, with a focus on the need of seeking prenatal care and recognizing signs and symptoms as well as danger signs in pregnancy. increased community awareness and media exposure of the benefits of anc and asserting experienced trained providers at all levels with no or low-cost services could improve the status of anc in bangladesh. references 1. acharya, d., khanal, v., singh, j. k., adhikari, m., & gautam, s. (2015). impact of mass media on the utilization of antenatal care services among women of rural community in nepal. bmc research notes, 8(1), 1-6. 2. amin, r., shah, n. m., & becker, s. (2010). socioeconomic factors differentiating maternal and child health-seeking behavior in rural bangladesh: a cross-sectional analysis. international journal for equity in health, 9(1), 1-11. 3. bdhs 2017-2018 report. (2019). bangladesh demographic and health survey 2017–18 key indicators. national institute of population research and training medical education and family welfare division ministry of health and family welfare dhaka, bangladesh. the dhs program icf rockville, maryland, u.s.a. 4. collyer, f. (2015). karl marx and frederich engels: capitalism, health and the healthcare industry. in the palgrave handbook of social theory in health, illness and medicine (pp. 3558). palgrave macmillan, london. 5. crowe, s., utley, m., costello, a., &pagel, c. 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(2011). health indicators: eliminating bias from convenience sampling estimators. statistics in medicine, 30(5), 560-568. 10. huda, t. m., chowdhury, m., el arifeen, s., & dibley, m. j. (2019). individual and community level factors associated with health facility delivery: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis in bangladesh. plos one, 14(2), 1-20. 11. international institute for population sciences (iips) and icf. (2017). national family health indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 143-149 149 survey (nfhs-4), 2015-16: india. int. inst. popul. sci. icf, 1-192. 12. jackson, r., tesfay, f. h., gebrehiwot, t. g., & godefay, h. (2017). factors that hinder or enable maternal health strategies to reduce delays in rural and pastoralist areas in ethiopia. tropical medicine & international health, 22(2), 148-160. 13. jo, y., alland, k., ali, h., mehra, s., lefevre, a. e., pak, s. e., & labrique, a. b. (2019). antenatal care in rural bangladesh: current state of costs, content and recommendations for effective service delivery. bmc health services research, 19(1), 1-13. 14. kamal, s. m. (2009). factors affecting utilization of skilled maternity care services among married adolescents in bangladesh. asian population studies, 5(2), 153-170. 15. macrotrends. (2021). bangladesh maternal mortality rate 2000-2021. url: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/bgd/ba ngladesh/maternal-mortality-rate 16. mcdonagh, m. (1996). is antenatal care effective in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality?. health policy and planning, 11(1), 1-15. 17. munguambe, k., boene, h., vidler, m., bique, c., sawchuck, d., firoz, t., & sevene, e. (2016). barriers and facilitators to health care seeking behaviours in pregnancy in rural communities of southern mozambique. reproductive health, 13(1), 83-97. 18. owumi, b. e. (2013). rational choice theory and the choice of healthcare services in the treatment of malaria in nigeria. url: http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/87 1 19. parvin, r. a., rana, m. m., & akter, m. s. (2022). health seeking behavior on maternal health care among adolescent mother of northern bangladesh. uluslararası sosyal bilimler ve egitim dergisi, 4(6), 97-118. 20. rahman, a., leppard, m., rashid, s., jahan, n., & nasreen, h. e. (2016). community perceptions of behaviour change communication interventions of the maternal neonatal and child health programme in rural bangladesh: an exploratory study. bmc health services research, 16(1), 1-13. 21. shirina akter mosa, m., al, a. s. a. s. m., pasa, m. m. k., bharati, p., & hossain, m. g. (2021). factors associated with utilization of antenatal care service in bangladesh: a country based cross-sectional study. genus, 5. 22. talukder, a., siddiquee, t., noshin, n., afroz, m., ahammed, b., & halder, h. r. (2021). utilization of antenatal care (anc) services in bangladesh: a cross-sectional study exploring the associated factors. the anatolian journal of family medicine, 4(1), 49-56. 23. timans, r., wouters, p., & heilbron, j. (2019). mixed methods research: what it is and what it could be. theory and society, 48(2), 193-216. 24. uzochukwu, b. s., obikeze, e. n., onwujekwe, o. e., onoka, c. a., & griffiths, u. k. (2009). cost-effectiveness analysis of rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and syndromic approach in the diagnosis of malaria in nigeria: implications for scaling-up deployment of act. malaria journal, 8(1), 115. 25. world bank data (2019). maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) – bangladesh. who, unicef, unfpa, world bank group and the united nations population division trends in maternal mortality: 2000-2017. geneva, world health organization. 26. world health organization (‎2019a)‎. trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by who, unicef, unfpa, world bank group and the united nations population division. world health organization. 27. world health organization (‎2019b)‎. maternal mortality. world health organization. http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/871 http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/871 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 237 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.309 page: 237 – 244 evaluation of the socio-economic factors impeding production of cashew in ogaji, north central nigeria uche okoye1, success esomchi obi2, okeme ukwumonu patrick3 1department of social sciences, national institute of construction technology and management, nigeria 2obicity concept international, nigeria 3department of public administration, faculty of management sciences kogi state university, nigeria corresponding author: success esomchi obi; email: speak2successresearch@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: agriculture, cashew farming, production, socio-economic factors. received : 30 july 2021 revised : 16 october 2021 accepted : 19 october 2021 the paper examined socio-economic factors affecting cashew production in ogaji, ankpa lga, northcentral nigeria. data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and interview administered to 143 registered farmers. data obtained were analyzed descriptively using inferential statistics of mean score ranking, frequency tables and graph. results showed that majority of the farmers were within the age of 26-35 and have been into farming since birth. also there was moderate literacy level among the farmers as 50% of total respondents have formal education. findings reveals that the socio-economic factor affecting production were; access to and use of credit facilities, farmers-herders conflict, income level, transportation problem, lack of access to capital and poor extension services agent relations were the major socio-economic factors affecting cashew production in the study area. the study amongst others recommends that; the government should encourage private sectors such as non-governmental organizations (ngos) to invest in credits facilities like small-scale bank to offer credit to farmers at affordable rate, proactive measures should be taken to quell the farmer-herders crisis as it poses threat to farming activities. government should strive to develop roads; this will increase small holder’s economic opportunities by reducing transport cost and allowing farmers to get access to marketing information and small holder’s cashew profitability. extension service agent should try to understand the rural dwellers and their educational level to help them have access to extension services in other to improve their knowledge of farm management. introduction according to obi and uche, (2018), avidime and obi, (2020), agriculture is the production of food and livestock and the purposeful tendering of plants and animals. agriculture is the foundation upon which the development of a stable human community has depended throughout the whole universe such as rural and urban communities’ right from primitive society to modern. it is concerned with the husbandry of crops and animals for food and other purposes. the agricultural sector has the potentials and capacity to be the industrial and economic springboard from which a country's development can take off. most agricultural policies which translate to programs and projects are usually concentrated in the less developed rural areas where there is a need for rural transformation, redistribution, poverty alleviation, and socioeconomic development. the role of agriculture to national economic development and sustainable development cannot be underestimated, this is because it contributes immensely to the nigeria economy in various ways, namely, in the provision of food for the increasing population, supply of adequate raw materials (and labor input) to a growing industrial sector, a major source of employment; generation of foreign exchange earnings, and, provision of the market for the products of the agrarian sector and an aspect of agricultural sector that has pivotal to the economy is indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:sp?ak2su???ssr?s?ar?h@gmail.?om https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 238 cashew farming (okumadewa, 1997 quoted in avidime, and obi, 2020). it is in line with this, that abayomi, (1997), posits that stagnation in agriculture is the principal explanation for poor economic performance. cashew (anacardium occidentale) was introduced into nigeria agricultural space between the 15th and 16th centuries by the portuguese explorers and the crop has rapidly spread to all agro-ecological zones of the country. okon (2016) posited that cashew is well adapted to seasonally wet and dry tropical climates and can grow and yield satisfactorily on well-drained, light-textured soils with minimum inputs. nigeria is rated as the fourth-largest producer of cashew nuts in africa and seventh in the world, with the bulk of its raw cashew nuts and cashew kernels exported to vietnam and india, respectively (okon, 2016). therefore, these crops need to be prioritized because of their co-importance as a fruit for the local industries and as well as an export commodity (oladejo, 2015). however, from a sustainable agricultural point of view in nigeria, one of the main constraints is the cashew production system, which has a slow response to technology adoption when it comes to agriculture, low productivity, low return of investment, and rural poverty, (omosuli et al., 2009). as okon, (2016) stated when it comes to sustainability, cashew security has to be a guarantee, the living standard of famers has to improve, and there has to be economic development and prosperity in the rural area. cashew commercialization and investment are some key strategies for promoting, modernizing, and attaining sustainable growth and development. one challenge for nigeria is identifying the constraints that limit the growth and development in the cashew agricultural sector, and removing them and replacing them with something better will attract investors and therefore improve the sector as well as the economy. since 1975, had witnessed a decline in the world production of cashew nuts mainly due to political instability in some african producing countries, socioeconomic problems, and the impact of fungal diseases in the major african producers of cashew nuts (fao, 2014). widespread planting of cashew in kogi east was a long-time agro product which it developed to an important smallholder cash crop. it is therefore against this background that this study intends to investigate the socioeconomicand environmental factors affecting cashew production in ogaji in ankpalga with a specific focus on agricultural information available to farmers in these areas and communication strategies with the government. more than 80% of nigeria’s population and about 40% of the export value of the country depend on agriculture (avidimeand obi, 2020). thus increasing agricultural production to feed the population, produce raw materials for local industry, and export in sufficient qualities to sustain a healthy economy is the major plan of the country (voortman, 1985). the cashew industry is a subsector of the agriculture sector, which according to nigeria’s economy, is one of the backbones of the economy of the country. the economic importance of agriculture, in general, arises from the fact that it earns a sizeable amount of foreign exchange to the nation and makes a good contribution to the gdp. cashew nut is also important relative to other cash crops in foreign exchange earnings. on average it contributes 9% to the total earnings of foreign exchange of the country. uwagboe, adeogun, and odebode (2010) examine constraints of farmers in cashew production in orire local government area of oyo state nigeria. the study was carried out in 2008 and data were collected from one hundred and ten respondents with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. respondents were selected using purposive and systematic sampling techniques. data were analyzed using descriptive and pearson product moment correlation (ppmc). results showed that cashew production in the study area the constraints experienced by cashew farmers negatively relate to the income generated from cashew fruits (r = -0.177, p<0.05). this implies that a significant increase in constraints will lead to a reduction in the income of cashew farmers. these constraints should be considered in developmental plans for cashew farmers in the area. incentives such as soft loans should be provided for cashew farmers to alleviate the constraints of inadequate financial capital, encourage the establishment of processing industries to increase their level of income uwagboe, adeogun, and odebode (2010). hammed, anikweand adedeji (2008) conducted studyon cashew nuts and production development in nigeria. the objective of their indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 239 study was to uncover impeding factors to cashew production using the quantitative approach. findings from the study show that six different sizes of cashew nuts existed in nigeria. six factors were identified to constitute constraints while eleven developmental strategies were formulated. insect and disease attacks were more devastating threats. plates of their destructive effects and that of improved cashew material were shown. consequently, wongnaa (2014) carried out a study on the determinants of cashew production with special reference to cashew production in wenchi municipality of brong-ahafo region of ghana. data collection was through a wellstructured questionnaire administered on 140 respondents selected through random sampling technique. the methods of analysis used were descriptive statistics and production function analysis using the ordinary least square (ols) criterion to estimate the parameters of the production function. results showed that the majority of the farmers were aging and 55.7% of them have a maximum of five years of cashew farming experience. also there was a high level of illiteracy as about 61.4% of total respondents have no formal education. farming was majorly on subsistence level as the mean farm size was 3.33 acres. results further showed that farm size, fertilizer, pesticides, pruning, education, and contact with extension officers are positively related to cashew output while labor and years of experience are inversely related. the above studies focus on several factors affecting cashew production in nigeria from different states and communities. for example, wongnaa (2014) focuses on the farm size of cashew farmers, the communication gap between farmers and extension services, literacy level of farmers. hammed, anikweand adedeji (2008) argued from the line of loans available to cashew farmers and cashew processing machines, uwagboe, adeogun and odebode (2010) dwell on the developmental plan of the government towards agricultural development. this study without focus on socioeconomic factors such as access to credit facilities, income status of farmers, land tenure system; farmers-herders crisis, transportation problem, labor force availability to cashew farmers which constitute a gap the study covered. consequently, noneof these studies was carried in ogaji, ankpa l.g.aof kogi state to understand the environment disparity factors among others affecting cashew farmers in the study area which is another gap the study will fill. the aims of this article are: (1) to assess the level of cashew production for five years (20142019) in the study area; (2) to identify socioeconomic factors affecting cashew production in the study area; (3) to identify indigenous strategies adopted by the cashew farmers to boost cashew production in the study area. methods the quantitative method was adopted via the survey design. and structured questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. a pre-study visit was made to the study area by the researchers to know how the study area looked like. it identifies farmers that dwell or focus primarily on cashew plantation, in the study area which gave the researcher directions to follow in the study. the population of the study consists of entire cashew farmers in ogaji which are 143 registered cashew farmers according (cfan) agriculture department of ankpa local government council. data required for this study include first-hand information from the farmers in the study area, other information was obtained from the cashew farmers association of nigeria (cfan), ankpa branch. data obtained were analyzed by coding and showing the information in tables and charts, which allows for accuracy and good classification of information to make it meaningful using the descriptive and inferential statistical method. the analysis was done using frequency tables and percentages via spss software version 23. ogaji is a town in ankpa local government area of kogi state, nigeria (see figure, 1-2). ogaji is situated in the heart of ankpa local government area and it lies within latitude 7024’ 7030’n and longitude 70 36” 70 42” e. it is bounded on the north west by olubojo, to the southeast by ochunobi, to the west by cbd, and to the south by allor. results and discussion a total of 143 structured questionnaires were administered and 132 were considered valid for analysis. so research findings were presented based on 132 retrieved valid responses. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 240 table 1. presentation of socio-demographicattributes of cashew farmers variables respondents frequency (n=132) percentage (%) sex male female 95 37 72 28 age range 15-25 26-35 36-45 46 above 30 44 29 29 23 33 22 22 marital status married single widowed 58 37 37 44 28 28 educational attainment primary education secondary tertiary 29 66 37 22 50 28 religious affiliation christian islam atr 37 36 59 28 27 45 location of farmers settlement eneokpoli-ogaji ogaji ojuwo-ogaji 59 22 51 45 16 38 source: field survey, 2021 the table above presents the sociodemographic attributes of cashew farmer’s respondents, and findings show that 95respondents who constituted 72.0% of the population were male while 37 (28.0%) respondents were female. this, therefore, shows that there were more males recorded than females. the study shows that most cashew farmers in ogaji are men. furthermore, findings on age disparity reveal that; 30 (28%) respondents were of the age of 18-25, 44 (33%) respondents constituting the larger part of the total population were of the age of 26-35, 29 (22%) respondents were of the age of 36-45 years, while 29 respondents (22%) were of the age range of 46+ years making it a total of 132 responses. investigating into the marital status of the respondents, findings indicate that; 58 (44%) respondents are married, 37 (28%) respondents are single, and 37 (28.0%) respondents are widowed, making it a total of 132 responses. this shows that there are more married people in the business. on the educational status of study participants, findings indicated in the table reveal that; 29 respondents (22.0%) attained primary education, 66 (50.0%) respondents constituting the bulk of the population attained secondaryeducation while 37 (28.0%) respondents attained tertiary education. households require the input of motivated and qualified extension staff, a smaller farmer extension ratio, improved production record keeping, and profit estimating skills. the higher percentages of illiterate farmers could have a negative impact on the adoption of new production technologies. generally, education is thought to create a favorable mental attitude for the acceptance of new practices especially of information-intensive and management-intensive practices (caswell et al., 2001). education is thought to reduce the amount of complexity perceived in technology thereby increasing a technology’s adoption. according to ehler and bottrell (2000), one of the hindrances to wild spread adoption of especially integrated pest management (ipm) as an alternative method of chemical control is that it requires a greater ecological understanding of the production system. consequently, findings from the field survey show the religious affiliation of respondents. 37 respondents (28.0%) practice christianity, 36 (27%) practice islam while 59 (45%) respondents constituting the bulk of the population practice african traditional religion as specifically said. exploring the settlements areas of the farmers, findings reveal the specific place in ogaji the respondents hail from. 59 respondents which constituted 45% of the population were from indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 241 eneokpoli ogaji, 22 respondents (17%) were from ogaji, 51 (38%) respondents are from ojuwoogaji. this, therefore, shows that the majority of the respondents' locations are eneokpoli ogaji and ojuwoogaji. figure 1. to assess the level of cashew production over the period of 2015-2021 in the study area source: field survey, (2021) findings from data contained in the graph present information on findings from field survey as it relates to cashew production in the study area. however, findings on years involved in cashew production show that 44(33%) respondents have been farming cashew for five years, 59 (45%) respondents constituting the larger part of the total population have been farming cashew for ten years, while 29 respondents (22%) have been farming cashew for more than sixteen years and above making it a total of 132 responses. findings, on the opinion of cashew farmers on the land size of their farm, shows that majority 59 (45%) respondents had a land size of 6-10 hectares, 44 (33%) respondents had 1-5 hectares of land size, while the remaining 29 (22%) respondents are having a land size of 11+ hectares of land data contained in the graph further demonstrates that the level of cashew production in the study area per season. findings revealed that the majority, 74 (56%) produce 1-5 tons of cashew, 29 (22%) respondents produce 6-10 tons of cashew while the remaining 29 (22.%) respondents produce 11+ tons of cashew. these findings show that the level of cashew production in the study area is relatively low compared with vast land reserves, geographical spread, calm weather with a vast population situated in ankpa lga. this finding implies that there must be factors, particularly; socioeconomic factors undermine the high production capacity for export. before examining these socioeconomic factors, the effort was made to investigate the role of a cashew farmers association in promoting cashew production in the study area, findings amongst others show that the leadership of the group has been efficient in promoting cashew production as indicated by the majority, 59 (45%) attestation. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 44 59 29 44 59 29 74 29 29 30 59 36 7 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 242 table 2. socioeconomic factor affecting cashew production serial no items strongly disagree disagree agree strongly agree fx n 𝑿 rank 1 2 3 4 1 access toand useof credit facilities 2 13 46 71 478 132 3.62 1st 2 farmers-herders crisis 4 14 54 60 450 132 3.41 2nd 3 incomeearned/ price to cashew product 4 19 55 54 423 132 3.20 3rd 4 transportation problem 9 22 40 61 417 132 3.16 4th 5 lack of capital/access to marketand financial support 11 19 47 55 410 132 3.11 5th 6 poor extension services 8 14 67 43 409 132 3.1 6th source: field survey, 2021 from the table, access to and use of credit facilities ranks first with weighted means of 3.62, followed by the farmers-herders crisis (𝑿 = 3.41), incomeearned/price to cashew product (𝑿 = 3.20), transportation problem (𝑿 = 3.16), lack of capital/access to market (𝑿 = 3.11), poor extension services (𝑿 = 3.1). the implication of these findings to cashew production in the study area is that apart from the threat posed by farmers-herders conflict in the study area, one of the major constraints in cashew production is the inability to access and use credit facilities which is a major socio-economic factor undermining farming due to low financial capital and if urgent attention is not paid to this issue of poor funding and access to funding output of farm produce will continue to fall beyond what is expected and the reality is that the area had witnessed low production. these findings are consistent with kirsten et al (2008), who argued that to intensify agricultural production, households may require access to a range of support services, including improved seeds, inorganic fertilizers, credit, technical advice, and output market linkages. figure 2. strategies adopted to boost production source: field survey, 2021 73% 22% 5% indigenous measures adopted in boosting cashew production planting of indigenous species application of local measure constant clearing of the farm indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 243 findings from the above graph show the opinion of respondents on their views on the indigenous measures that can be adopted for the boosting of cashew production. from the above, majority (73%) of respondents opted for the planting of indigenous species, 22.% respondents opted for the application of local measure, while 5% respondents opted for constant clearing of the farm. this implies that despite socioeconomic factors undermining production like access and use of credit facility cum farmers-herders crisis, local farmers continue to apply diverse methods to help boost production in the study area. from the analysis gotten from the primary data and other information gotten during this research, it was discovered that low production within the period under review is attributed to socio-economic factors ranging from access and use of credit facilities, the conflict between farmers and herders in the state and its neighboring environment and northcentral in general is another major contributing factor as farmers are afraid of going to their farm due to fear of the unknown. the majority of the respondents in an interview has this to say: “our children cannot go to school anymore because of fear being attacked and it affects our development, corps members no longer come to our communities to impact on our children, people from the southeast and west don’t come here to trade any longer and it affects our business because we can’t sell what we produce”. (interview respondents, 2021) “we live in perpetual fear and distrust in our land, our young men and women are running away from our land, and it's affecting our development in all aspects” (group discussion, 2021). the income level of the farmers was another factor that undermine production, because after growing the nuts the farmers are afraid of going to the farm to harvest on the strong-hearted have the courage to, and these developments affect their income level and thus discourage them from further farming for production. transportation problem from a place of residents to farm plantation was discovered as another factor affecting cashew production in the study area, transporting cashew from the study area to market is a problem due to bad road, roads have been destroyed by denudation factors such as erosion and high cost of transportation due to hike in fuel pump by the federal government from ₦87 ₦175 in some cases ₦200 and other cases ₦165 only. another factor affecting production is lack of capital/access to market and financial support from state/local government and ngos whereby most of the cashew farmers get funds from trading, vocational trade, civil service, and other farm products to support their cashew farm, last but not the list factor undermining production capacity is poor extension services to the rural farmers by the extension agents in the study area. conclusion the findings confirmed that many factors undermine cashew production from literature, however, socioeconomic factors were the bane in the study area. we observed that educational attainment also affected technical skills required to boost farm output as the majority of the farmers only attended primary and secondary education at the rural setting which most times have no facilities and even classrooms nor capable hand/qualified teachers to impact the required knowledge and leaves them to their crude way of farm production and thus affect cashew output significantly and hence are the determinants of cashew production in the study area. we recommend that the government should encourage private sectors such as nongovernmental organizations (ngos) to invest in credits facilities like small-scale banks to offer credit to farmers at an affordable rate, proactive measures should be taken to quell the farmerherders crisis as it poses threat to farming activities. government should strive to develop roads; this will increase smallholders’ economic opportunities by reducing transport costs and allowing farmers to get access to marketing information and small holder’s cashew profitability. farmers should be encouraged to use fertilizers, pesticides to increase productivity. extension service agents should try to understand the rural dwellers and their educational level to help them have access to extension services in other to improve their knowledge of farm management. references 1. avidime, s.s., and obi, s.e, (2020), agricultural policyand economic development in nigeria. (eds) adesola, o. and ajibade, d., indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 237-244 244 (2020). tropical issues in social sciences. faculty of social sciences, kogi state university, anyigba. 2. ehler, l.e and bottrell, d.g. (2000). “the illusion of integrated pest management.issues in science and technology.”bell and howell information and learning company. pp. 61-64. 3. fao. (2014). cashew production in africa, 1961-2000. 11. food and agriculture organisation of the united nations. production database, http://apps.fao.org/page/collections 4. hammed, l. a., anikwe, j. c., & adedeji, a. r. (2008). cashew nuts and production development in nigeria. american-eurasian journal of scientific research, 3(1): 5461. 5. obi, s.e and uche, o. (2018) farmersagricultural development and rural poverty reduction in dekina local government area of kogi state; an assessment. fou quarterly journal of contemporary research, 6 (3): 129142. 6. okon, a. (2016). nigeria cashew nut production to increase by 30%.a report of the nigerian export promotion council (nepc). punch news paper, march 22, 2019. www.http://punchng.com 7. okumadewa, f. (1997). poverty and income in nigeria: measurements and strategies for reform. a paper presented at the vision 2010 workshop, abuja. 8. oladejo, j.a. (2015) profitabilityand structural analysis of cashew nut market in oyo state, nigeria. international journal of agricultural policyand research, 3 (3): 114-121. 9. omosuli, s. v., ibrahim, t. a., oloye, d., agbaje, r., & jude-ojei, b. (2009). proximate and mineral composition of roasted and defatted cashew nut (anacardium occidentale) flour. pakistan journal of nutrition, 8(10): 1649-1651. 10. voortman r.l (1985). guideline on land evaluation for rainfall agricultural in mozambique. 11. wongnaa, c.a. (2014). analysis of factors affecting the production of cashew in wenchi municipality, ghana. journal of agricultural sciences – sri lanka· april 2013 doi: 10.4038/jas.v8i1.5377. http://apps.fao.org/page/collections http://www.http/punchng.com indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 61-66 61 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.585 page: 61 – 66 the effect of biochar on sulfate desorption kinetics by selected soil in sudan savanna, nigeria murabbi aliyu1, azare isa magaji2, nuhu okomomi isa3, saminu abdulrahman ibrahim1, abdu nafiu4 1department of soil science, abubakar tafawa balewa university, nigeria 2department of environmental science, federal university dutse, nigeria 3abuja broadcasting corporation, federal capital territory, nigeria 4department of soil science, ahmadu bello university, nigeria corresponding author: murabbi aliyu; email: amurabbi@atbu.edu.ng a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: biochar, desorption, effects, kinetics, sulphate. received : 22 june 2022 revised : 17 february 2023 accepted : 19 february 2023 biochar is regarded as a promising soil amendment that maximizes soil productivity to boost food security. limited data is available on the influence of biochar on sulfate desorption behavior in soil. to fill the knowledge gap, this research attempts to investigate sulfate sorption and desorption kinetics with soil parent materials mixed with biochar. understanding the effects is of great importance in selecting a fit diagnosis and fertilization of s to ensure sustainable crop production and environmental protection. maize stalk biochar was prepared and used for the study. the variation between soil desorption data (with and without biochar) was examined using a two-way analysis of variance (anova) with fully randomized designs (crd). the results obtained showed that the studied biochar (bc) had no significant (p = 0.05) impact on the release of adsorbing s, independent of time and soil constituents. the findings led to the conclusion that the rate of desorption of adsorbed sulfate desorption by the studied soil parent material is not primarily controlled by biochar. therefore, it is recommended to test the compatibility of bc to release the adsorbed sulfur, before applying it as an amendment to the soil. linking the practice of on-farm sulfur management to om management is also recommended. introduction sulphur (s) has been recognized as an essential element for plant growth and development since the time of justus von-liebig (tabatabai, 2005a), although receiving little attention in comparison to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (npk). sulphate (so4 2-) in soil solution is normally taken up by plants via roots; thus, adsorptiondesorption processes are critical for enhancing s bioavailability (sumner, 2000; aliyu et al., 2022a). farmers have switched from sulfur-rich fertilizers to high-analysis fertilizers with less sulfur over the previous two decades, masking several latent or incipient sulfur deficits in nigeria's cultivated land (raji, 2008). however, there is currently a lack of understanding of how to maximize the amount and time of s fertilization. additionally, a significant factor in most tropical soils that prevents s from being bioavailable to plants is variable charges. this is true of the heavily weathered soils of nigeria. the investigation of biochar-spiked soils in the amazon showing significant improvements in soil quality and beneficial influence on farm crop output has sparked a lot of interest in biochar (bc) (lehmann et al., 2003). technically, biochar is produced during a process known as pyrolysis from the thermal conversion of biomass at a constrained supply of oxygen under a comparatively low temperature (<7000c) (lehmann and joseph, 2009). according to grantstein et al. (2009), quick pyrolysis at higher temperatures yields mostly bioindonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:amurabbi@atbu.edu.ng https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 61-66 62 oil with a negligible quantity of biochar, whereas slow pyrolysis at lower temperatures normally favors bc synthesis. several researchers (lehmann et al., 2009) indicated that biochar exhibits a great potential to effectively address soil nutrient deficiencies and exhibits favorable soil surface properties (tan et al., 2015). this may render biochar one of the greater factors in the adsorption and desorption of several elements in soils. however, sokolova and alekseeva (2008) studies reported that the presence of bc decreased s sorption and could increase the desirability of adsorbed s. given interpretation, all emphasized that this augmenting was likely a result of the significant ph raise caused by bc supplementation. limited information is available, however, on the significant impact of bc on sulfate adsorption and desorption phenomena in soils, particularly nigeria savanna soils. there are no well-documented studies on the influence of biochar on s bioavailability in nigerian savanna soils. therefore, the examination of biochar on s desorption and its sorption is important in predicting the bioavailability and management of s to augment farm output. although bc is a far, more effective source of soil amendments than compost and manure since it is a more stable nutrient source (lehmann et al., 2009). this may be attributed to the longevity of carbon in soils. therefore, the paper intended to examine the effect of the bc amendment on sulfate desorption in soils. methods field location geologically, the research was conducted in some parts of the sudan savannah of the state of bauchi, nigeria. the soils in the research area are derived from three (3) rocks as follows; the kerrikerri formation (kkf), chad formations (cf), and the basement complex rock (bcr), the first two being sedimentary rocks (mustapha and fagam, 2005). the trees typically grow alone or in groups, with areas inside being occupied by non-woody species that can reach heights of 3 m. the natural vegetation comprises grasses (hyparrhenia, ripania spp, and andropogon) and scattered tamarindus indica, pankia clapertania, and khaya senegallensis as the dominant trees. the most widely cultivated crops on the research sites are rice (oryza sativa), tomato (lycopersicon lycopersicum), maize (zea mays), and pepper (capsicum annum). typically, the research sites have fallen under tropical climates with distinct wet and dry seasons. the wet season often begins in june or july and lasts until november whereas november through april constitutes the dry season. the average rainfall of roughly 280 mm per year, is characteristic of the rainy season. the temperature ranges from 16 to 35 degrees celsius (hassan et al., 2016). soil sampling and analysis after a field survey, three sites were selected from each of the base complex rock, chad formation, and kerri-kerri formation soil source materials. twenty (20) auger samples (0-15 and 1530 cm respectively) were taken at random and processed into a composite sample. this technique was repeated twice at each site as described above. a total of 36 composite soil samples were air-dried in a well-ventilated laboratory location for one week before being crushed and sieved through a 2mm sieve. particle size analysis was determined by the bouyoucos hydrometer method, and the sample ph was determined in 1:1 soil/water (gee and bauder, 1986). sulfate in soil was extracted with 500 mg p/l monocalcium phosphate (ca (h2po4)2) (fox et al., 1964) and all filtrates were used to determine inorganic sulfate by the turbidimetric method of tabatabai (1982). kinetic analysis 1.81 g of potassium sulfate was used to make a stock solution that had a concentration of 1000 mg/l after dissolving it in a small amount of distilled water and then adding it to a total volume of 1 liter. the stock solution was diluted sufficiently to provide the additional concentrations needed. sorption and desorption kinetics of s put 2.5 grams of sieved soil sample in measuring tubes and then add 500 mg s/g potassium sulfate using the prepared stock s solution of 1000 mg s m/l (in a 0.01 m nacl solution). cap the measuring tubes and shake them in the electric shaker for 24 hours to reach equilibration time. shaken samples were then centrifuged and the filtrates were analyzed for measuring s according to the method described by tabatabai (1982). the amount of adsorbed s was indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 61-66 63 computed by subtracting the amount of s in the equilibrium solution from the amount of added s. adsorbed s in the soil sample was used to determine the desorbing s. add 15 ml monocalcium phosphate mixed with 500 mg p/l and shake for 30, 60, 150, 180, or 240 minutes. the supernatant was filtered and then used for the determination of inorganic s using the method described by tabatabai (1982). the amount of desorbed sulfate was calculated from the difference between recovered sulfate (µ/g) and measured sulfate in solution (µ/g). percent desorbed sulfate was estimated as desorbed sulfate (µ/g) divided by adsorbed sulfate (µ/g) multiplied by 100. soil mixed biochar analysis the biochar used in this research was produced under a 5000c pyrolysis temperature (fig. 1), according to the technique of lehmann (2007). biochar was crushed and sieved through a 2 mm sieve. in the test tube, 0.06 grams of dry bc were thoroughly mixed with 2.5 grams of the soil before adding potassium sulfate (15 ml of 0.01m cacl2 solution containing 500 mg s g-1 as k2so4). initially, the soils were brought to field capacity by adding distilled water. the soil samples also underwent a 7-day incubation period. after, the analysis, the desorption of adsorbed sulfate was done in the same pattern described above. figure 1. biochar processes data analysis the variation among parent materials and between the soil's desorption data (with biochar and without biochar) was analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (anova) and completely randomized designs (crd). the three parent materials, locations, depths, and soils (with and without biochar) were treated as the treatments, whilst replicate samples and shaking times were regarded as the replication or random, respectively. according to statistics, significant means were divided by the least significant difference (lsd). a 95 percent level of confidence was used for all statistical analyses (sas 9.2, 2011). results and discussion physical and chemical characteristics of the soils sand content was dominant in all three soil parent materials (table 1), with higher values in surface soils and their corresponding sub-surface soils. this result was consistent with those found by maniyunda et al. (2014) and hassan et al. (2016) for various nigerian savanna soils. table 1. physical and chemical characteristics of the soil across soil parent materials parameters cf bcr kkf sand (%) 77.8 74.0 73.5 silt (%) 12.9 14.4 14.1 clay (%) 9.9 11.6 12.4 ph in water inorganic s (mg/kg) 6.5a 46.8 6.2b 30.2 5.9c 41.1 cf: chad formation, bcr: basement complex rock, and kkf: kerri-kerri formation. means in indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 61-66 64 the same horizontal column with the different superscript characters do not differ significantly within 5% of one another. the average sand, silt, and clay divisions of the three parent materials did not differ significantly from each other (p = 0.05) (table 1). the fact that tropical soils are often quite old and weathered may account for the lack of difference. soil ph in water ranged from 5.9 to 6.5 and was classified as acidic in all the studied parent materials (table 1) as having a ph less than 7.0 (sparks, 2002), which is within the range of values reported by abdu (2006) for similar nigerian savanna soils. similarly, raji and muhammad (2000) reported similar values for nigerian savanna soils. mean soil ph values in water were significantly (p=0.05) different among the three (3) parent materials (table 1). these variations should be expected given that the soils developed from various parent materials. this finding supports those made by jaiyeoba (2006) regarding soils formed in nigeria over various parent materials. inorganic sulphur values varied from 30.2 to 46.8 mg/kg in all soils of the three parent materials, but they are broadly low, and comparable observations were made by kang et al. (1981) and raji (2008) for nigerian savanna soils, while buri et al. (2000) for west african lowland soils. sulfur deficiency is caused by poor organic matter levels and the sandy character of west african soils. the mean levels of inorganic sulfur were not significantly different (p = 0.05) (table 1). the aged and heavily weathered condition of the soils may be responsible for the failure of the difference. the effect of biochar on kinetics desorption of sulphate comparative studies of soils without biochar and soils with biochar from various parent materials were conducted to investigate the influence of biochar on the desorption of sulfate at different time intervals. table 2. biochar effect on the sulfate desorption kinetics at various time intervals time soil mixed with biochar soil sample lsd mg/kg 30 min. 31.5 31.3 ns 60 min. 31.0 30.8 ns 150 min. 27.4 27.5 ns 180 min. 27.2 27.0 ns 240 min. 23.2 23.1 ns total 28.1 27.9 ns not significant (ns). the mean sulfate concentration desorbed from soils without biochar and soils with biochar at different periods was not statistically different (p=0.05) (table 2). this suggests that this particular form of biochar had no impact on any of the three parent materials analyzed soils. a little increase in the desorption of adsorbed sulfate was seen as a result of applying biochar, though (table 2 & 3). comparable findings were also reported by uchimiya et al. (2010a) and borchard et al. (2012). according to sokolova and alekseeva (2008), an increase in the amount of sulfate desorbed may be the result of the sharp increase in ph caused by the application of biochar. this situation might also be true for the increased amount of sulfate desorbed in all the soils in the current study. biochar's competitive advantage can help boost sulfate desorption. (sokolova and alekseeva, 2008; borchard et al., 2012). table 3. percent of sulfate desorbed from biochar-mixed soils at various periods location depth adsorption % desorption % of the various time (minutes) (cm) 24 hours 30 60 150 180 240 basement complex rock (bcr) tawayla 0-15 83.5 76.1 75.0 69.0 68.5 58.9 tawayla 15-30 85.3 71.1 69.3 62.8 62.4 53.7 jaberi 0-15 84.7 73.2 71.5 64.7 64.4 53.1 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 61-66 65 jaberi 15-30 86.0 70.6 69.8 59.9 58.5 50.2 zenabari 0-15 84.2 76.5 76.1 69.0 68.5 55.8 zenabari 15-30 86.0 70.1 68.7 62.1 61.9 48.4 kerri – kerri formation (kkf) kauyan jalo 0-15 82.7 74.1 73.1 61.4 60.9 54.9 kauyan jalo 15-30 81.4 74.6 73.9 60.8 59.7 56.2 doguwa 0-15 82.5 78.0 77.6 63.0 62.8 54.3 doguwa 15-30 82.3 74.0 73.3 61.0 59.6 50.4 kwari 0-15 82.6 77.7 77.6 64.5 63.3 50.2 kwari 15-30 86.1 67.8 67.6 54.7 55.3 44.8 chad formation (cf) digiza 0-15 82.9 78.8 77.2 72.1 71.7 61.2 digiza 15-30 80.9 80.3 78.7 72.6 71.3 60.2 gongo 0-15 83.3 75.3 74.0 70.6 70.0 59.9 gongo 15-30 83.7 72.5 71.4 64.6 64.1 56.0 guda 0-15 77.8 90.4 88.7 81.2 80.8 74.2 guda 15-30 80.5 83.8 81.9 75.3 74.6 66.1 it was observed that the percentage of sulfate adsorbed and desorbed with the presence of this type of biochar was irregularly distributed along with the locations in all studied soils (table 3). this reflects the fact that studied soils were derived from different parent materials. in the past decade, yao et al. (2012) reported that many processes might also be responsible for increased or decreased plant nutrient sorption in soils. application of bc in soils might raise soil ph which may be another reason for a slightly decreased adsorbed s (borchard et al., 2012). for this study, the application of biochar into the soil could not justify its cost of production. under the current situation, farmers will rarely adopt biochar incorporation into soils due to its small effects and difficulty in sourcing materials that is large enough for farm application. conclusion the bc utilized in this investigation had no significant influence on the release of adsorbing s, according to the findings. however, this type of bc tested in this study had very little s sorption and desorption affinity. several studies found that biochar had little or no effect on sulfate adsorption and desorption processes in soil. the influential effect of this type of biochar on s desorption at different time intervals in this paper was negligible in all studied soils. therefore, it is suggested that bc's propensity to release plant nutrients be assessed before its use as an amendment to the soil. it is also recommended to conduct plant growth studies to see whether this type of bc has a significant effect on crop performance or not. references 1. abdu, n. 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(2010a). contaminant immobilization and nutrient release by biochar soil amendment: roles of natural organic matter. chemosphere, (80), 935–940. 26. yao, y., goa, b., zhang, m., inyang, m., and zimmerman, a.r. (2012). effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in sandy soil. chemosphere, (89), 1467-1471. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 187 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.287 page: 187 – 199 modeling work commitment in the covid-19 era cruz garcía-lirios department social work, universidad autónoma del estado de méxico, huehuetoca, méxico corresponding author: cruz garcía-lirios; email: cgarciali@uaemex.mx a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: commitment, covid-19, modeling, work. received : 04 july 2021 revised : 25 september 2021 accepted : 12 october 2021 in this regard, the objective of this study was modeling work commitment in the health sector. for this purpose, we used a sample of 100 social work students with experience in implementing social programs and monitoring of institutional strategies for health promotion. were established normality, reliability, sphericity, adequation, linearity, and validity on the scale that measured labor commitment. the structural model was established in which reflective commitment to the institution was positively related to work engagement. the residual fit indices and corroborated the hypothesis of multidimensionality of work commitment. introduction at the time this work is written down, the pandemic caused by the sars-cov-2 coronavirus and covid-19 have infected 15 million, sickened 7 million, and killed 700,000 globally. in mexico, 400 thousand infected, 100 sick, and 40 deaths are registered (who, 2021). social work is involved in public policy and social programs that target vulnerable, marginalized, or excluded, it is necessary to analyze its commitment considering its relation to the management for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health sector institutions. because governments have implemented their mitigation policies from a central health authority, constitutional laws prevent strict and permissible confinement only before the declaration of a state of exception, contagions have exceeded the institutional capacity of the public health service (garcía, 2020). in the case of mexico, the health culture that inhibits disease prevention, as well as resistance to medical care until a critical and irreversible stage, coupled with the discretionary and non-selective recruitment of 50,000 health professionals, hospitals without equipment, and the lack of ambulances have led to the deaths of 40,000 and at least 80,000 deaths are projected. in this complex scenario, work commitment understood as provisions against or in favor of health policies, public assistance service, self-care, and social support have been observed as a complex and multidimensional variable that explains the exposure to risks by health workers, as well as the prevalence to assume more risks expecting minimum benefits or acknowledgments (garcía et al., 2017). in this section, explanations of the theoretical frameworks regarding work commitment are presented. proposals that observe a balance between demands and resources are highlighted, as well as approaches that propose dispositions as predictors of performance. a hybrid model is exalted in which the commitment indicators reflect and affect performance. in the framework of the pandemic mitigation policies, scenarios of confinement and violence prevail among the parties involved, as well as between the rulers and the governed attributable to risk management, management, and communication (bermudez, 2019). in such a situation, health professionals develop expectations before their authorities and users of public health services, as well as before the infrastructure of their work areas. in this sense, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that explain their degree of commitment refer to their dispositions, intentions, and actions in the face of scarcity, shortages, unhealthiness, and famine. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:cgarciali@uaemex.mx https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 188 in this way, the explanatory theories of the organizational and personal situations of health professionals were designed and consolidated in the 1970s (boouls, 2020). these are the theory of reasoned action, the theory of setting the agenda, the theory of prospective decisions, and the theory of amplification of risks. in a context where health institutions and organizations were considered as balanced environments of demands and resources, the theory of reasoned action contributed to the state of the question by relating the beliefs of abundance or scarcity with the provisions against or in favor of their performance (carreon, 2019). occupational. this is the case of health professionals who, by interacting with their environment, developed selfmanagement skills that earned them the formation of associations such as "doctors without borders" or the “international red cross” itself. from this theoretical approach, engagement was the result of a deliberate, planned, and systematic process of biomedical rather than social or organizational decisions for the well-being of health professionals. in that same decade of the sixties, the media reached the status of fourth power by highlighting the political and institutional blunders in corruption scandals associated with health policies in the face of the impact of natural disasters, pollution from multinationals, or nuclear accidents (carreon et al., 2019). these are environmental organizations that questioned the state's programs and strategies in the face of the extinction of animal and plant species. consequently, this theoretical approach considered commitment as the product of establishing axes and topics for discussion on the public agenda derived from the political agenda, and this in turn influenced by the scientific and investigative health agenda. at the same time, the theory of prospective decisions focused on the study of health promotion, the prevention of accidents or diseases, as well as the self-care and adherence to treatment of users of the public health care service (carreon et al., 2020). this theoretical corpus linked decisions in risky situations with expectations of high costs and maximum benefits to explain risky behaviors in the face of the emergency of sexually transmitted diseases. lastly, given the increase in cases of a disease in developing countries, the theory of risk amplification addressed the problem of communication and crisis management, as well as its effects on vaccination campaigns for the general population or sectorial (carreon et al., 2019). in the case of epidemics and even more so of pandemics, the amplification of risk refers to the fact that political strategies are potentiated to their maximum expression in civil society. in this way, those who make decisions about the confinement of people acquire the commitment to generate expectations of people towards their capacity and performance, tolerance, and empathy with victims and deaths. in summary, the theoretical and conceptual approaches that explain the impact of public policies on the performance of professionals, the subjects of public service, and the open population in general through the dissemination of decisions in the media have outlined sectors to be able to anticipate their responses to health risks and contingencies. the explanatory proposals for work commitment range from cognitive dispositions to the influence of organizational reputation. theoretical approaches consider that this intellectual capital management process takes place in academic training and culminates in job training. in this process, professional training involves a transition from academic theoretical knowledge to dealing with organizational problems. in this section, the findings reported in the specialized and updated literature are discovered. these are investigations that start from the threshold of commitment as a distinctive trait of personnel in organizations to the incidence of policies and hiring, training, education, and training. work commitment is embedded in an organizational psychological system that starts from the climate and ends in satisfaction. in such a system, commitment interrelates with leadership and performance to mediate the relationship between climate and satisfaction (carreon et al., 2019). these are assumptions according to an increase in a task and human relationships that impact leadership, commitment, and performance to influence an increase in life satisfaction. in other words, human capital in organizations seems to be immersed in a series of activities and personalities that lead them to assume leadership roles and dimensions of commitment that increase their performance, although such a process is rather indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 189 oriented towards greater personal satisfaction, the organization seems to intercede in such purposes. the psychology of organizations has stated that production processes are inherent in the cognitive processes of those who work in an organization (elizarraráz et al., 2018). about organizational development, organizational psychological studies have shown that commitment is a factor in the systematization of production. in this sense, commitment is assumed as a set of actions, roles, motives, and expectations that generate a collaborative dynamic among the members of a workgroup or productive organization. the model of organizational commitment presents seven cases concerning empowerment, motivation, identity, trust, ambiguity, and conflict which affect the commitment through satisfaction (fierro et al., 2018). an increase in empowerment and motivation would lead to an increase in satisfaction and commitment. however, the reduction of ambiguity and conflict when negatively related to satisfaction affects an increase in commitment. rather, increasing identity and confidence also influence satisfaction and commitment. if organizational commitment is determined by empowerment, motivation, identity, trust, ambiguity, and conflict through satisfaction, then commitment can be defined as the result of the interrelation between organizational factors of human nature about the relationship between leaders and employees (garcia, 2019). in this sense, commitment is a function of personal wishes and organizational visions. it is an indicator of fairness and justice in which leaders relate to employees based on a balance between freedoms, capacities, and responsibilities. based on such assumptions, organizational psychologists have assumed that commitment is a product rather than a permanent process of identity (garcia et al., 2018). those who commit to their companies are considered as a product of organizational dynamics rather than as individuals with collaborative personalities and values. in this sense, the recruitment and selection of prospects are not carried out based on their individual characteristics, but rather their capacities and coping strategies in the face of the emergence of conflicts, risk, and uncertainty. organizational commitment opens the discussion around the relationship between organization and individual (garcia, 2018). the influence of the first on the second seems to be corroborated with organizational psychological studies, but the commitment, as a systematization of functions and results, goes beyond the individual and the organization. the work commitment refers to a set of moral and evaluative principles characteristic of leaders who, in their eagerness to achieve their objective, firmly believe in the ideals of productivity, order, and systematization of organizational functions. in short, commitment is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and actions that reduce uncertainty and increase a propensity for the future. increasing risk expectations would decrease motivation for work and disorganize the human relations system, affecting the performance of each member. organizational psychological studies have established dimensions of work commitment based on their relationship with variables of an organizational nature (garcia et a., 2018). mainly, work commitment has been correlated with work culture, task climate life satisfaction, social recognition, transformational leadership, productive performance, and entrepreneurial spirit. psychological studies of labor commitment have established causal relationships between and variable styles of leadership (hernández et al., 2018). as the type of leadership intensifies, it explains the increase in work commitment. different types of leadership affect the increase or decrease of perceptions, attitudes, and actions. in this sense, the performance history affects the commitment to increase productivity in the future. behind the labor engagement, command structures, relations task, conflict, and stress or satisfaction seem to explain the increase or decrease commitment assumed by the stay labor, although attention to the customer explained labor commitment. coincide in relating life satisfaction with commitment (hernández et al, 2018). such findings suppose a continuity between the socialization of the first and second-order, whether in a collectivist or individualistic sense, favorable or unfavorable, the principles that guide the individual in a family group would be the same as those that guide them in labor or productive group. in light of these results, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 190 work commitment would be the last link, at least in the workplace, of a chain of perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, decisions, and actions directed from the primary group in which the individual learned the basic symbols and in whose development he never had the opportunity to question such principles that now seem to guide him in his commitment, productivity, and job satisfaction. the state of the art seems to show solid evidence around the complementarity between first-order socialization and second-order socialization. the dimensions of work commitment in social work professionals who work in public institutions but have had critical training in the exercise of their profession and have been socialized under collectivist principles where the interests of the majority prevail over the objectives personal or institutional (hernández et al., 2019). the answer to this question is confined to organizational psychological studies related to work commitment. these are four dimensions in which commitment is indicated by support, recognition, learning, and evaluation. that is to say, the labor commitment can be observed from the support that the organization gives to the individual for their personal, family, and work development. in this sense, the leaders of the organization that recognize specific actions to the individual encourage and recognition of the labor, family, or international groups in which the individual is inserted. in this way, a concrete action that implies specific recognition supposes specific learning as a symptom of work commitment. finally, in the case of organizations with social commitment and that transfer these values to individuals, they generate a series of personal values that can be observed as symptoms of their work commitment. the analysis of covariances shows negative and positive, significant and spurious associations between the indicators of labor commitment (juarez et al., 2019). in the case of the commitment that the surveyed sample has with the institution in which they work, it is related to the commitment of growth in couples. measure that institutional objectives are going with some couple shared goals. in this sense, interpersonal dynamics could be interrelated with other collaborative dynamics that in the workplace are inherent in the task climate or the relationship climate. in contrast, self-commitment, which reflects a propensity for individualism about institutional commitment, which implies a propensity for collectivism, are opposite indicators since while the values of a variable increase, a decrease in the values of the other variable (llamas et al., 2019). this is that personal purposes do not seem to converge with the interests of the institution where social work professionals carry out their functions. in the case of the supraorbital indicator which denotes a commitment beyond the simple functions of observation, interview, systematization, and intervention that requires profession, criticism, and stas functions is linked with interpersonal goals (martínez et a., 2019). in this sense, the task climate and the relationship climate are closer to the profession's critical commitment than to the conflict, since the questioning of the assistance functions is necessary for the development of social work. maybe it is by reason that criticism of the profession had a negative relationship with the healthcare commitment. on the other hand, the caring commitment had its greatest link with the family commitment (moreno, 2019). both indicators maintained positive relationships from which it is possible to deduce that the surveyed sample shows a close relationship between the practice of the profession as a healthcare commitment and the type of group to which they belong or want to belong. it is the third socialization of the social work professional in which public policies and welfare programs seem to complement the second-order socialization of the families and groups that surrounded the social work professionals in their development. on the contrary, assistance commitment is negatively related to interpersonal commitment (quiroz, 2019). even though the relationship is spurious, other variables influence both commitments, such an association is relevant since the commitment to the institution that projects and directs social programs fades before the interrelation of the social work professional with other colleagues, groups vulnerable, reference or belonging. commitment to the closer interpersonal circle is opposed to institutional policy. for the relationship between engagement and collaborative family, engagement is possible to note that the primary socialization group serves as a supplement to the group socialization second order. in systemic indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 191 terms, the mesosystem in which family and work are indicators par excellence can be explained from commitment as a multidimensional factor. not, however, collaborative commitment is negatively related to interpersonal engagement. on the other hand, commitment to oneself is positively associated with commitment to the profession: social work (sánchez et al., 2018). the s identity is personal and labor to be linked explain the consistent practice of the profession even despite the vicissitudes of it. in a context in which the functions of social work are reduced to technical procedures and risk inherent to socioeconomic studies, professional social work manifest a to association close between the functions of your l work your personal goals d and life, but such aspects are overshadowed by relationships with colleagues as professional commitment is opposite to interpersonal commitment. it is worth noting the association between institutional and supraordinal commitment assumes that the rules of health centers and the recognition of bosses towards the professional practice of social workers are associated in such a way that the granting of resources, socioeconomic studies, or home visits seem to be linked to the organizational structure in terms of the distribution of resources or microcredits (sanchez, 2019). in the case of personal commitment and that derived from family recognition, the relationship suggests an interlocution between the information that the family members have on social work and their professional practice. this finding is relevant considering the model since it confirms the hypothesis that commitment is the result of organizational factors about personal desires. once the covariances between the indicators were established, a reflective model was estimated (villegas, 2018). a greater correlation between the labor-organizational commitment and institutional indicator. in this sense, the psychological construct of the work-organizational commitment is explained by the commitment to institutional policy. apparently, social work professionals are influenced by organizational principles rather than by the personal, interpersonal, collaborative, functional, professional, healthcare, family, or critical objectives inherent in social work. in an opposite sense, the critical commitment of the profession was negatively related to the factor (sánchez et al., 2018). such a result complements the assumption around which social work professionals adjust their objectives to the internal policies of the institution for which they work, although they coexist with other principles that guide organizational commitment. finally, the adjustment and residual indices were estimated to test the hypothesis regarding the configuration of an organizational commitment that would have as indicators aspects inherent to the individual, family, colleagues, functions, policies, and structure in which each social worker is inserted. the results show that the null hypothesis can be accepted since the adjustment indices are close to unity and the residual close to zero. in summary, studies of work commitment show the multidimensionality of factors that would explain the emergence of a favorable disposition to risk events and contingent situations. it is an organizational response to excessive demands regarding the resources and capacities available in health institutions. research concerning work commitment has established that this variable derives from attitudes at work. these are performance-binding provisions. this is the case of reagents that measure willingness to work in risky situations such as the pandemic. these provisions features are linked to performance because they warn of contagion scenarios, potential sources of infection and transmission, as well as protocols for action in the event of illness or death from covid19. in this instance, the relationships between variables proposed to explain work commitment are modeled as training indicators and reflective dimensions of the provisions against or in favor of work performance in extremely sanitary conditions. from the theoretical, conceptual, and empirical frameworks reviewed, it is possible to model the variables and dimensions related to work commitment, considering four axes of discussion predictive of work performance. axis 1. explanation of performance from reasoned action through the seven dimensions of labor commitment (soto et al., 2018). the empirical evidence indicates that reasoned action highlights an academic commitment that would explain, through favorable health provisions, job performance in non-contingent or risky situations, but if this were the case, spontaneous processing indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 192 would emerge that would activate emotional dispositions which support a family or educational commitment due to the influence of people close to the health professional with their reasoned actions in their health functions. axis 2. explanation of performance from setting through the seven dimensions of labor commitment (veliz et al., 2018). the establishment of a health policy reflects a public, political and scientific agenda in which academic, training, and professional commitment are involved. these are positive provisions for health promotion, as well as disease prevention, albeit motivated by speeches or narratives of union leaders by health professionals. this is the case of those who mobilize to demand better conditions for their work, as well as those who participate in debate forums about the vicissitudes or blunders of the authorities in the matter. the transfer of knowledge is the goal of those who have this profile of commitment to their colleagues and users of the services, but disseminators in the media. axis 3. explanation of performance from prospective decision through the seven dimensions of labor commitment (villegas et al., 2019). doctors without borders represent this axis because they calculate high costs but also maximum benefits when exercising their profession in unhealthy, risky, threatening, contingent, and uncertain conditions. resource scarcity and management are hallmarks of this commitment profile which encompasses everyone except the family. these are liberal dimensions of commitment that do not match the traditional dimension of the family, which is a comfort zone. axis 4. explanation of performance from amplification of risk through the seven dimensions of labor commitment (villegas, 2019). health professionals who attend unexpected calls without a selection system can contribute to the amplification of risk if it is a health crisis event such as an epidemic or a pandemic. in one sense, general amplifying risk assumes that healthcare is no longer seen as a solution but as an extension of the problem. the prestige and reputation of a health system are based on a commitment to society in general and the vulnerable, marginalized, or excluded sectors. even personal commitment is forged from that institutional prestige that can be everted in the face of increased lethality. in summary, work commitment, its explanatory conceptual theoretical frameworks, and its dimensions of analysis reflect a health system focused on intellectual capital that studies have revealed as a factor of reputation and prestige, but also of risk amplification. when the system enjoys a good reputation, even the prospective decisions of its members are viewed favorably, as is the case of doctors without borders or the red cross, but on the contrary, they are assumed to be part of the problem in a pandemic with a high fatality rate. such a process is exacerbated when the media enters the scene. this is the case of reports in health centers overwhelmed by the rate of infections, illnesses, and deaths. about the theoretical, conceptual, and empirical frameworks, work commitment is a multidimensional phenomenon that would be linked to variables that explain performance such as attitudes, motives, beliefs, perceptions, and expectations. in this scenario, for those who develop a work commitment, their cognitive factors have mediated the effect of the pandemic on work performance. precisely, the objective of this work was modeling work commitment, considering the scenario of risks associated with the health crisis (covid-19) and the economic crisis (recession). are there significant differences between the models of work commitment reviewed in the literature concerning the modeling of the present study? the premise that guides the present study indicates a prevalence of multidimensional commitment in a situation of risk or health contingency (garcía et al., 2018). it is a construct that explains at least four axes of discussion and research on the subject once health actors interact with political agents and social sectors (hernandez, 2020). in this way, the commitment is diversified according to the demands of the environment, institutional resources, the capacities of professionals, and the dispositions of users of the public service (juarez, 2020). the diagnosis will allow anticipating the responses of health professionals in general and social workers in the face of a probable scenario of risks, contingencies, and threats to their health and integrity. in this way, in the first section, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that explain the labor commitment are exposed. a second indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 193 section includes studies related to the dimensions of work commitment to be able to select those for modeling in a third moment. the methodological aspects are included, as well as the results and the discussion with the state of the question to be able to make a final reflection on the subject before covid-19. methods design an exploratory, cross-sectional and psychometric study was carried out. given that the review and empirical test of the provisions against or in favor of work performance in contingent situations are novel, the research was carried out with an exploratory orientation. in this sense, observation now of the process is enough to distinguish work commitment from other variables concerning performance (carreon et al., 2021). finally, the measurement of indicators and factors related to work commitment was carried out from psychology because it is an organizational phenomenon with an impact on performance-related cognition. sample non-probability selection of 100 professionals (50 women and 50 men with an average age of 33 years and 7 have graduated) from social work in health centers in the state of morelos (mexico) with an average monthly income of 870 usd (de = 12, 5 usd) seven years average work experience (de = 2, 3). organizational commitment is influenced by social policy and the assistance program was considered suitable as a criterion for inclusion and l know the plan development national and institutional and professional practice areas. instrument questions related to sex, age, income, origin, experience, and civil and family situation were included. used the scale commitment labor which includes reagents around perceptions of items. procedure respondents their commitment regarding specific situations of their job functions and organizational environment. through a telephone contact with the selected sample in which an interview was requested and whose purposes would be merely academic and institutional to follow up on the graduates, whether they were graduates or not. once the appointment was established, a questionnaire was provided in which the sociodemographic, economic and psychological, or organizational questions were included. in cases where there was a tendency to the same response option or, the lack of response, they were asked to write on the back the reasons why they answered with the same response option or, if applicable, the absence of them. data were captured in the statistical program for social sciences (spss) and structural equation analyzes were estimated with the help of the structural moment analysis (amos) program and the relationships program linear structural (lisrel). analysis the establishment of the structural model of reflective relationships between work commitment and its indicators was carried out considering the normality, reliability, and validity of the scale measured by the psychological construct. the kurtosis parameter was used to establish the normality of the distribution of responses to the level of commitment questioned. the results show that the kurtosis parameter had a value of less than eight, which is the minimum suggested to assume a normal distribution. in the case of reliability, the cronbach's alpha value allowed establishing the relationship between each question and the scale. the value exceeding 0, 60 was considered as evidence of internal consistency. finally, the exploratory factor analysis of principal components and varimax rotation in which the factor weights greater than 0, 300 allowed us to deduce the emergence of the commitment from eight indicators. once normality, reliability, and validity were established, the covariances between the indicators were established to model the existing relationships with the organizational factor. results and discussion table 1 shows the descriptive values that allow multivariate analyzes such as reliability, adequacy, sphericity, and validity to appreciate the factor structure of work commitment. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 194 table 1. instrument description r m sd a f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 r1 4,10 1,01 0,781 0,562 r2 4,35 1,02 0,793 0,671 r3 4,61 1,04 0,793 0,632 r4 4,30 1,04 0,763 0,651 r5 4,03 1,05 0,761 0,561 r6 4,01 1,54 0,703 0,672 r7 4,76 1,57 0,794 0,681 r8 4,19 1,03 0,704 0,690 r9 4,10 1,24 0,761 0,651 r10 4,15 1,35 0,783 0,572 r11 4,12 1,46 0,762 0,498 r12 4,16 1,81 0,751 0,561 r13 4,95 1,43 0,793 0,561 r14 4,65 1,01 0,764 0,672 r15 4,62 1,36 0,712 0,461 r16 4,34 1,37 0,761 0,490 r17 4,21 1,29 0,719 0,671 r18 4,35 1,42 0,715 0,580 r19 4,23 1,47 0,719 0,572 r20 4,13 1,58 0,762 0,591 r21 4,32 1,31 0,716 0,603 r22 4,33 1,43 0,782 0,692 r23 4,27 1,54 0,763 0,687 r24 4,10 1,65 0,701 0,609 r25 4,05 1,39 0,761 0,61 r26 4,02 1,67 0,732 0,572 r27 4,28 1,25 0,712 0,503 r28 4,04 1,47 0,742 0,601 note: elaborated with data study; r = reactive, m = mean, sd = standard deviation, a = alpha excluded value item. adequation and sphericity ⌠χ2 = 21,23 (12df) p < ,05; kmo = ,0627⌡f1 = social (16% total variance explained and alpha with 0,778), f2 = sectorial (13% total variance explained and alpha with 0,765), f3 = academic (10% total variance explained and alpha with 0,780), f4 = formative (7% total variance explained and alpha with 0,756), f5 = family (4% total variance explained and alpha with 0,752), f6 = professional (2% total variance explained and alpha with 0,790), f7 = personal (1% total variance explained and alpha with 0,760). all items are answered with one of five options ranging from 0 = “not at all likely” to 5 = “quite likely”. the factorial structure made up of seven dimensions related to the social, sectoral, academic, training, family, professional and personal aspects explained 53% of the total variance, suggesting the extension of work to other dimensions that the literature identifies as antecedents of social work; charity, assistance or altruism. the social factor explained the highest percentage of the variance with 16% indicating that the labor commitment of the surveyed sample to be linked to the reputation, prestige, and image of the institution vis-à-vis society in general. this is an in-depth commitment to local values, norms, uses, and customs that reflect demand and demand for attention from indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 195 health professionals, even more in the face of risky events or contingent situations. once the seven factors that explained 53% of the variance had been established, we proceeded to estimate the structure of relationships between these seven factors, considering the possible relationships with other factors not included in the model, but provided for in the estimation of the covariances (see table 2). table 2. relations between factors f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f1 1,0 1,9 ,32 ,64 ,43 ,68 ,53 ,65 f2 ,32* 1,0 1,8 ,51 ,44 ,61 ,52 ,57 f3 ,35** ,42* 1,0 1,7 ,57 ,63 ,34 ,43 f4 ,42* ,46* ,51* 1,0 1,9 ,57 ,46 ,51 f5 ,36*** ,35** ,53* ,62* 1,0 1,7 ,44 ,58 f6 ,31* ,47* ,43* ,58** ,52* 1,0 1,6 ,36 f7 ,37* ,51* ,30** ,43* ,43* ,37* 1,0 1,8 source: elaborated with data study; f1 = social, f2 = sectorial, f3 = academic, f4 = formative, f5 = family, f6 = professional, f7 = personal; * p < ,01; ** p < ,001; *** p < ,0001 the structure of relationships between factors revealed that there are possible relationships between the factors with respect to another common second-order factor which the literature identifies as work commitment (see figure 1). figure 1. structural equation modelling source: elaborated with data study; f1 = social, f2 = sectorial, f3 = academic, f4 = formative, f5 = family, f6 = professional, f7 = personal; d = disturbance of measurement factors, e = error measurement indictor, r = indicator of factor,,  relation between error and indicator,  relation between factors and/or indicators, disturbance and factors. the adjustment and residual parameters ⌠χ2 = 231,14 (25df) p > ,05; gfi = ,997; cfi = ,999; rmsea = ,0007⌡suggest the norm of the null hypothesis regarding the significant differences between the structure of theoretical relationships with respect to the structure of relationships found. the contribution of the present work to the state of the question lies in the validity of an instrument that measures seven dimensions related to work commitment which explained 53% of the total variance, although the results are limited to the study sample, suggest the extension from the proposal to other risk scenarios and contingent situations to confirm the structure of provisions and its seven factors. concerning the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that highlight four axes of discussion around the commitment to the workplace, this work has shown that the social factor prevails over other areas, suggesting the systematic observation of its indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 196 indicators in light of the theory of forward-looking decisions and amplification of risk (garcia, 2021). the anticipation of haphazard and uncertain scenarios will allow the generation of didactic sequences aimed at the formation of intellectual capital to respond efficiently, effectively, and effectively to the health demands of an eventual crisis. about studies of work commitment in which multiple dimensions stand out, this work confirms those findings reported in the literature but suggests the observation of other dimensions inherent in social work such as charity, altruism, and limited assistance (quintero et al., 2021). these results allow the design of virtual pedagogical sequences in which the training of professionals is established from scientific protocols rather than from interventional experience. concerning the modeling of variables, the present study has demonstrated the emergence of a factorial structure of main axes with promax rotation in which it was possible to observe the concomitance of factors and indicators (bustos et al., 2021). such an exercise will allow the design of interventions based on the social factor to take advantage of the prestige, reputation, and image of an institution in the face of the pandemic. in summary, the literature consulted highlighting the multidimensionality of work commitment seems to show that it is a stable structure as the responsibilities of health professionals diversify, even when they can amplify risks, they are scenarios of great public confidence to face a health crisis like covid-19. the present study has established seven dimensions of organizational commitment to show the differences between the commitment derived from a social, sectorial, academic, formative, family, professional and personal. the convergence between these principles of contextual localization and identity in the face of power relations allows us to deduce that work commitment is a network of perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, decisions, and actions aimed at the interrelation between the eight wielded dimensions. however, the prevalence of social commitment seems to show that social work professionals adjust their objectives to the structure and policy of the organization for which they work. such findings are relevant considering the theory since they complement one of its principles related to customer service. to the extent that organizations follow a policy of evaluation and satisfaction of service quality, they foster an increase in the responsibilities, expectations, and commitments of their employees. thus, this study has found that adjusting to an organization's norms and policies prevails over personal, interpersonal, collaborative, and family goals. that is if, in the institutions where social work professionals, service quality policies were followed and productivity was established from consecutive evaluations, the surveyed sample would adjust its primary commitments to the objectives of said institution. however, the command structure, according to the studies shows that leadership style explains a higher percentage of the variance of work commitment about the satisfaction of life, performance, or productivity. in this sense, this research argues that commitment to the institution by coexisting with personal commitment, explains the influence of leadership style. in the context of the study, the surveyed sample manifested a work commitment consisting of matching their expectations with the mission and vision of the institution where they work. therefore, it is logical to think that the leadership style complements the primary socialization. despite the contributions made, it is recommended to extend the study to leadership styles to develop a theory that allows explaining the influence of the institutional power structure on the labor commitment of social work professionals. if it is considered that in the institutions the leadership is occupied by other health professionals such as administrators, accountants, or doctors, then it would be pertinent to explain the areas of opportunity for social work professionals when assuming a greater commitment and responsibility: planning an institution. now, regarding the construction of an explanatory model of job satisfaction as an indicator of efficiency in the professional practice of social work, it is necessary to consider the incidence of social programs and sector strategies, since the dynamics of evaluating social and institutional policies involves achieving objectives by a human capital willing to reproduce development plans on social needs as well as managing opportunities and capacities to spread responsibilities such as health indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 187-199 197 in vulnerable, marginalized or excluded sectors. the success of development policies is centered on the level of commitment of those who carry out institutional plans and strategies, manage resources and promote a culture of self-care without which any development plan would be fallible. in mexico, social policies and programs involve assisting vulnerable, marginalized, or excluded groups through the professional practice of social work. in the health area, management and promotion are areas of intervention of social work. in other words, as the state encourages human development in its spheres of health, education, and employment, it affects institutional strategies for the prevention and treatment of diseases. however, the institutional political machinery of the health sector requires talents committed to low-income social groups, since among these networks for local development will be formed. for this reason, it is relevant to study the indicators of work commitment in professionals linked to social assistance programs. a diagnosis of the areas of opportunity and the virtues of the health promotion and management system will allow us to discuss the emergence of new paradigms of social assistance focused on promoters of human development. even though public institutions are limited to a national development plan, the professional practice of social work is often conditioned by local, institutional situations or by the work climate, salary, or stress that personalized attention implies. in this sense, it is necessary to establish the dimensions of the organizational commitment of the social work professionals, since a high degree of commitment suggests an efficient level of attention which could translate into a favorable evaluation of social policies and institutional programs. conclusion for the health sector, labor commitment to being associated with the management and health promotion is set by indicators that are responsible for the structures and policies extol institutional predicting personal actions. in this sense, the work commitment has been transmitter relations and conflicts to the interior of an institution that inhibit or potentiate job satisfaction. as professional commitment transfers organizational values of collaborative interrelation, it affects the expectations of the members of an organization. such a process supposes the coexistence between indicators of labor commitment that by their nature are complementary and opposite. ie organizational commitment contains two processes of socialization, first allusive order earlier that place the individual in a context and second-order relative earlier that identify a structure of power relations, both can be complementary or opposite. in the field of social work, institutions function as second-order socialization structures to influence the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, decisions, and actions of their employees. in principle, institutions are a scenario of political rationality in which the state uses social assistance programs that social work professionals must follow and, in any case, perfect said system to achieve the favorable evaluation of public policies and social programs. such a process of political rationality can be complementary or antagonistic to the principles that guide personal, interpersonal, family, or collaborative commitment in the employees of a public institution. for this reason, it is necessary to clarify the dimensions of organizational commitment based on the complexity that the exercise of social work implies. in this sense, the present study seeks to establish the dimensions of work commitment considering levels of institutional complexity that would frame the disagreement with indicators of a commitment derived from primary socialization. references 1. bermudez, g. 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(2019). specification a model for study of intellectual capital. international journal of economics and management studies, 10, 1-2 43. world health organization (2021). statistical of coronavirus sars cov-2 ad covid-19 disease in the world. gnevra: who. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 261 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.320 page: 261 – 268 transformation of emotional intelligence resilience towards psychological and behavioral of youth siti sarawati johar1, khairul azman mohamad suhaimy2, khairol anuar kamri3, fadillah ismail4, norizan rameli5, raja zirwatul aida raja ibrahim6 1-5universiti tun hussein onn malaysia 6universiti malaysia terengganu corresponding author: siti sarawati johar; email: sarawati@uthm.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: emotional intelligence, psychological, resilience, transformation, youth. received : 09 august 2021 revised : 12 october 2021 accepted : 14 october 2021 this article is focused on discussing the importance of strengthening emotional intelligence to achieve more integrated human domains. the discussion is in terms of challenges and resilience of emotional intelligence transformation on the psychological and behavioral impact of youth. human capital resources among youths are the main thrusts of national development, especially from political, economic, social, and educational aspects. however, the role of youth as agents of change in society would be meaningless if it is a transformation from darkness to brightness, from positive to negative, and from peace to chaos. the important elements that need to be as a knowledgeable youth are not merely intellectual intelligence alone, but also need to have a strong emotional and spiritual intelligence to achieve the positive of emotional, thinking and behavior. emotional intelligence can be a determining factor in behavior and ideology that is more mature and prosperous among the youth of the country. therefore, the need to have emotional intelligence is as important as intellectual intelligence to achieve a real balance in life. positive youth can stand up as a citizen who is full of identity and dare to cope with the competitive world, but also wisely handle whatever challenges. a strong emotional intelligence in the youth can also help transform the country's expectations into reality in the quest for the creation of a first-class human capital. introduction the role of youth is very significant with the progressive development of the state. included in the history of the reality of youth struggles from the education stream in the quest for national independence even to this age, youth is a front-row group that is indispensable to be a leader who can lead the nation towards a more dignified position as the survival of glorious civilization (mohd fuad et al., 2012). youth voters have their perceptions of national leadership (junaidi et al., 2012). this can be seen through a variety of youth movements through print media, new media, social media, and open-air through open demos. however, youth are now detected shifted to an aggressive and radical approach, so far as the level of concern in the issue involves questions of national politics (siti, 2016). students as the frontline of knowledgeable youth at public universities as well play an important role in contributing ideas and sweats to national development and determining the political structure of the country (saha & print, 2010). strength in emotional intelligence could be the deciding factor on the style of political leadership and more mature youths (mohamad, 2012). similarly, it is imperative that a consistent mechanism be applied through relevant models and approaches among youth in the university to help generate more emotional, political thinking, and behavioral attitudes with the needs of nations that are concerned with harmony and stability in all aspects. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:sarawati@uthm.edu.my https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 262 teh fui khim (2001) in his study explained that there was an increase in youth misconduct in statistics that showed them weak in controlling emotions and weak in the desire of the heart to a more positive direction. even in the press on 9 august 2013 (siti, 2016) also discusses the way youth express their views on the politics of the country by demonstrating, rioting, or cheating on social sites is not a mature act, instead of making the youth irresponsible when they lose their proficiency and courtesy. the existence of a borderless world through electronic media and today's social media is increasingly fueling the student's political style. expand the influence of political parties among the youth through the medium of the internet and various media. behind the pro, there was an element of controversial impact on the use of the internet through the uncontrolled social media freedom that had influenced youth political behavior to be more aggressive in voicing their wishes and expectations, daring to act in violation of the law simply because of anger and protest over the leadership of the country. the political method of hatred moves among students to spread the negative paradigm and drown the facts and positive reality. the issue of adam adli among them has been the creation of presentday history. while still holding as a university student, he has been suspended for arrest under section 124 of the sedition act, while also boldly lowering the image of the leader of the country and is too brave to raise the flag of sang saka malaya for replacing malaysia flag which is jalur gemilang (siti, 2016). the universities and university colleges act (auku) has existed in malaysia for decades, but still, many are fuzzy about the filling and the true meaning of this act. the youth students protested the government by way of the street rally a bit of polluting the country's image in the international eye. blurry causes emotions and minds to be less rationally or positively dealt with when faced with the political turmoil of the country, thus translating into a defensive form of deviant behavior and against most domestic policies (siti, 2017). therefore, youths should be more mature in politics as well as in discussing the country's political landscape. one’s political maturity can be translated through more rational views or actions on political and administrative issues, or national issues, in addition to openness in accepting criticism from others in a stable emotional state (dzuhailmi, 2019). the aging of the world is in line with the generation of generations that have once been a process of evolution of proactive human life. the process is faced with various elements of special human ability both mentally and physically. in a long of time series, highly capable human brain and admired all his thoughts were made a lifelong idol of diversity strategies and the creation of technology that can shake the world. the ability to diminish in intelligent thinking powers enables other abilities to be marginalized so that empty spaces exist in a more profound nature and character that is the soul and the feeling. the absence of soul and mental imbalances leads to past advances giving a thousand meanings and teachings for them to be restored in new rhythm and breathing so that their understanding can be shared together for future generations. therefore, today's emotional intelligence has been given special attention to its function and role in human life to improve the fact of misappropriation scenario that allows the nation's end to have first-class-minded and moving people. in the terminology of psychology, emotion has long been discussed and studied from various research scopes both in terms of function and its importance even its not directly discuss the singular feature of the concept of emotional intelligence. emotion is also seen as one of the major branches in the human education domain and it is also a complete peg to make every human being more meaningful by the diversity of feelings that embrace the sad, happy, peaceful, and calm breathing heart. when the term emotional intelligence begins to take place in scientific writings and discussions as well as evaluating its needs as important as intellectual intelligence, then the world is increasingly accepting the fact that to become a successful man with a truly successful expression, not only requires intellectual intelligence to be but also the need for elements of emotional intelligence that are organized into various categories. emotions are exhibited by every individual in the form of action to fulfill the individual's self-esteem and it can be said as a situation in which the feelings are reflected in the individual's physiological and psychological processes (mahmood, 1992). in short, the emotional response is a set of automatic, visceral, and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 263 emotional communication such as facial expressions, words, gestures, and behaviors exhibited by the individual. peter salovey (harvard university) and john mayer (new hampshire university) are among the psychologists who began to introduce emotional intelligence in 1990. although all humans are born have a heart and a feeling, but not all can control their heartbeat in accordance with humanitarian references. when emotion is focused as an important element in the education domain, it gives birth to the term of emotional intelligence. emotional intelligence is more viewed as a set of mental power that helps everyone to recognize and understand the feelings of the person and the feelings of others. emotional intelligence can help increase the ability of everyone to control feelings. according to kamus dewan (2002), emotion in the soul means feeling strong (such as sadness, anger, etc.). meanwhile, according to the oxford advanced learners' dictionary of current english (2000), in states that emotion is a strong feeling, and contains a variety of feelings such as love, joy, hate, fear, envy, excitement, and disturbances in mood. the oxford dictionary of current english (1999) describes emotion as a deep inside feeling, especially from mental and instinctive aspects. according to goleman (1995), emotional intelligence is the ability to keep an eye on the emotions of themselves and others, to distinguish good, and to use the information to help one's thoughts and actions. goleman also said that emotional intelligence is the ability of a person to understand his feelings and use them to make effective decisions in life. emotional intelligence can also be interpreted as a kind of social intelligence that is responsible for controlling a range of emotions, discriminating against these emotions, and using the information to control thoughts and actions (mayer & salovey, 1993). based on the opinion of salovey and mayer (1990), interpersonal and intrapersonal emotional intelligence categorized into five main domains of self-knowledge, self-managing emotions, motivating oneself, empathy, and operating an effective relationship. empathy and effective relationship control are categorized in interpersonal intelligence while the other three are selfknowledge, managing emotions, and motivating oneself in intrapersonal categories. methods the method of this study is a library study because the material and content of the discussion are obtained through reading from books and articles. the information and data are based on research on the topic of emotional intelligence which is defined according to the suitability of the construct of emotional intelligence as well as its resilience among youth. the discussion is focused on the function of each construct of youth emotional intelligence competence in addressing the challenges of national transformation impact. in addition, it is also highlighted the extent to which the resilience of each construct helps the youth to face the challenges of the current era of transformation. results and discussion challenges of individual and family transformation impact the youths who live less exposure to various sides often see existing examples as the best models. if you are faced with negative examples, then they will easily be tempted to do anything negative, so does the opposite. the lack of efforts to strengthen the internal element they allow their emotions born as individuals who have a mentality stuck, accept changes from the point of sheer pleasure, failure of communication skills, lack of goals themselves, not know the true potential of themselves and less aware of the function and role as citizens who contributed. the value of selfconcept that is not emphasized until schemata form of deprivation also causes youth often to feel quite isolated, ashamed to compete, low self-esteem, and negative thinking. this imbalance is not possibly making them divert attention to form and way of life that can make them acceptable in the peer group, although it is a negative climate. reality is happening now when many youths are trapped in deviant activities such as sniffing gum, illegal racing groups, drug and marijuana addiction, intercourse and free sex, alcoholism, and gambling (siti, 2016). this phenomenon has a big impact on the country as we need quality youth and have high emotional intelligence as co-leader of a sovereign state. sensitivity and negligence will make the youths feeble and lose their self-esteem. the irony of 446 years of our country was colonized by indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 264 external forces that resulted in the filling of the hundreds of years that did not cease so far but the effect was that nowadays whenever we see a negative influence, so drown the people's identity in their own country. the more live-action culture of hedonism takes place everywhere, even in the villages of which now has entertainment centers like karaoke, snooker, and video game center. the effect of the mind and the youth continue to be colonized, persisting in the era of globalization and capitalism (siti, 2016). preoccupation and focus more on the form of negative life as it is often absorbing the youth so that ignores their actual function and role as inheritors of the earth that should have a good relationship with god, relationship with other human beings and the environment. filling in emotional instability and soul also allows the rift and love of youth with family (siti, 2012). relaxing and less interacting relationships create a rather cool atmosphere not to mention if parents are somewhat autocratic. the respect and honor that less built-in family will also give the impression of an unfriendly fabric that could be a whole even indefinitely. as a result, the family will be left behind, and the existing communication also does not have ethical values and wisdom. challenges of social community transformation impact anyone has been or may be suffering from conditions that are somewhat depressing emotionally and emotionally (ma’rof, 2001). the youths where empty souls allow them to exist in a society as highly venomous poison. insensitivity to understanding themselves, others, and the environment let alone contemplate the nature of life makes them dare to do something contrary to the demands of social norms. hence, various cases seem to challenge the community to think again about the importance of applying the element of emotional intelligence that should be from home, school to university centers, or community societies. case in kg. manir, kuala terengganu in 2009, can show us that youths have lack of emotional intelligence to control their emotion and others' emotion. the case showing some of the youths involved in the narrowing of the activity had violated two police officers until a severe injury in an operation to combat illegal racing (siti, 2011). is this a symbol of youth who has the minds and firstclass souls or are our youth only able to show the value of the moving and third-class souls? likewise, youth engagement with trickery and burning of the malaysian flag, is how serious this is in the eyes and the hearts of our societies or maybe it is just like the wind that goes by without giving any deep impact (siti, 2011). this has created a rift in the community and a social crisis that undermines society itself. failure to strengthen the process of emotional intelligence to have a clear soul, positive, empathy and understanding the circumstances surrounding the cause of youth be like the youth who have no consideration even like weeds in the wind, lost rationality and failed to control his emotions as well as easy temper when provoked. certainly, not youth such as the fight we want to create peace and harmony in the country which covers various aspects will never end and sovereignty must be maintained. that power is necessary from the point of strength, emotional and spiritual strength, economic strength, and unity among the people. certainly, we do not want our youth to become very selfish people and could not see the need to become useful citizens. as a result, they can be easily exploited by certain parties for their interests beyond the interests of religion, race, and country (siti, 2012). due to the delays, various cases show the essence of the loss of integrity some of the people with evidence of cases such as corrupt practices, breach of trust, fraud, money politics, and humiliation among the people in the country. transformation in resilience of youth emotional intelligence the national education philosophy has outlined the hope of producing human beings capable of functioning as a malaysian nation that achieves the level of emotional, physical, spiritual, mental, and physical equilibrium, as well as integrated with various elements of soft skills and then strive to be the best human capital for religion, race, and nation. from this philosophy, it has been clearly defined to us that it is a requirement to ensure that our youth in our country not only have to succeed in terms of academic and intellectual domination but also necessarily achieve the level of intelligence in terms of sustainability of life, in addition to the necessities of life-based on religious beliefs. emotional intelligence in its interpretation has clearly shown that there are positive elements of indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 265 moral purity and pure values that need to be applied in life from generation to generation so that it becomes a culture that underlies the pattern of life (siti, 2011). along with that, efforts to strengthen the emotional intelligence among youths should not be underestimated as youths are equally involved in serving the nation as a nation. their function and role when out of the community are equally important to the general community's role. intelligent emotions and minds lead to positive behavior while strongly supported by ideologies that are in line with universal norms. emotional intelligence resilience of selfawareness the challenge of negative influences has always existed and often creates a cultural wholeness of the society that seems to be looming in a more prudent life scenario. to strengthen the application values of emotional intelligence in youths, practically, they must understand the importance of being responsible for maintaining self-respect, noble personalities, and positive behaviors regardless of where they are. because of the teaching and guidance of mothers, fathers, and teachers, the youth can assess their inner strength to accept universal demands to have a positive value in their self-development. the self-concept should be directed to the norms of acceptable behavior. hence, among those that can be applied is the need for the youth to have a positive feeling of self, parents, families, and other individuals. they also need to have positive schemata in the mind frame as well as form the independent self-concept of the dominant positive in their psyche (siti, 2012). youth should have the principle of not being easily influenced by negative elements. awareness of the need for their skills to suit age, time and circumstances are very important as a sign that they know where the earth is trampled, where the sky is upheld. deep consciousness about the need to be a useful human being to religion, race, and nation should be in every youth because every human being has a meaning of life not only needs intellectual intelligence but also needs consistent emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence throughout life (siti, 2017). understanding history and recognizing the origins of the race is also very much needed by today's youth. religion itself often demands its people to always think and reflect upon the events so that they can be used as lessons that can create awareness through more consistent selfesteem. emotional intelligence resilience of emotion self-regulation in a family, mothers and fathers must play an important role in helping to build high emotional intelligence in children. parents' style and attitude, assertive when necessary to be firm and soft, if necessary, to be empowered will be able to help shape the power of stable emotional intelligence in children. parents should also be the prime mover who can understand the emotions of children because their children will also learn how to better understand their own emotions as well as to manage their emotions more harmoniously (siti, 2012). as a result, children will know how to control feelings of anger, impatience, aggression, and disappointment so that emotions are more controlled by more positive and less stressful ways of being and others. proper emotional handling creates individuals who can interact and communicate better with others. positive emotions come from positive thinking and emotions can be controlled rather than being more emotional when the mind can think more rationally. this relationship needs to be understood as an effort to strengthen the value of emotional intelligence in everyone. as a religious person, it is quite clear that the ability to control emotions brings meaning to pure values of calm and calm. these values should be inculcated from small and will allow youths to become familiar with the practice of calm and steadfast in the face of whatever challenges they face. this is like the importance of parental function to emphasize the tawhid and religion to children since childhood so that the child's life is filled and educated with the noble practices, worship and morals demanded by the religion as a life-long supply. the perfection of education and the application of noble character is a beautiful blend to be shared in a family. similar examples and guidance from university lecturers. lecturers should be able to apply the best values and models for biological students, admire and for example. the success of educators to control emotions allows the discipline of students to be dealt with more wisely will result in a very dynamic educational dimension. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 266 emotional intelligence resilience of selfmotivation all human beings need to have the motivation of whether the motivation is derived from external stimuli or the inside. conceptually, self-motivation is a system of feeling channels towards one goal, controlling self-emotions, passing rewards, and blocking encouragement. youth should be wise to motivate negative emotions by thinking and planning to solve problems, as well as trying to become a medium towards a more positive emotional change. momentum from within will strengthen emotions to be more motivated and motivated in the face of any situation so that it can find a more prudent solution to dealing with any problems. by strengthening this self-motivated value, youth will be clearer with the direction and goals of life. the vision and mission in the struggle to achieve success will always be the basis of selflessness based on the spirit of selflessness to continue to work. motivated human beings are symbols of hard-working humanity striving towards achieving goals by not abandoning self-ethics and universal values. the aura and spirit are also able to make other people excited in life (siti, 2012). in religious belief, itself we insist that we must work hard as if we will live long, at the same time we also need to diligently worship god as if we would die tomorrow. this phrase also has enough motivation for everyone if they can understand, appreciate, and reflect on the meanings otherwise. for parents and educators, there is no loss to always provide external strength and motivation to children and students. each word has its meaning, and the children can feel the power that allows them to learn independently to achieve the goal of life. if children or youths are successful in solving and delivering good results, it is not wrong for parents or educators to reward and praise as a sign of appreciation for their efforts, as well as motivation for them to continue to work. the rewards given in various forms are as meaningful as they are convinced that positive behavior will continue to enable them to be accepted and appreciated. emotional intelligence resilience of empathy emotional intelligence through empathy is more about interpersonal constructs of communication and interaction with others. empathy is a feeling and ability to dive into and deepen the feelings of others in depth (goleman, 1998). empowering empowerment allows other individuals to be comfortable to continue to interact with the elements of trust and confidence. as soon as they apply this value at home, parents should first need to show self-empathy for the children. feeling caring, thoughtful, and understanding the children's feelings makes children feel safer and confident in the role of parents in the family (siti, 2012). when they grow up in a state of stable emotion, a calm and compassionate soul with attention, then such value is well-educated for them to apply in the upcoming life for the continuation of a prosperous life. when at the school and university, educators are also very much in need of entertaining students with humanitarian sentiments as well as sound listening skills when students express their feelings. the value of youthful empathy has enabled the application of this value to become powerful and steadier for them to continue and to practice despite their graduation. emotional intelligence resilience of social skills human relationships need to be formed in a harmonious atmosphere and this can be viewed through social skills. religion has naturally determined the need to maintain human relations and its methods are through virtues of noble character such as respect and noble character. strength in social skills can occur when youth can understand other individuals with the ability to translate one's feelings as a sign that they are understood and accepted in both interaction and communication. every facial expression or body language should be easy to understand to have more meaningful interactions. starting from home institution, parents should be able to display the best interaction style among family members as children will see and evaluate. children are active observers, but passive appraisers. therefore, they are in dire need of guidance from adults in interpreting something accurately. individuals who can communicate well and respect others will be able to create a comfortable climate wherever they go (siti, 2012). the interaction that is intertwined with consensus, no prejudice elements, or heart diseases such as jealousy, sheep, and arrogance will surely be able to produce a dynamic and quality society in the true sense. contribution of significance the significant contribution of this discussion in terms of psychological and positive behavioral indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 267 interests, through the resilience of emotional intelligence domains, is to help the nation's efforts to create a more rational and professional leader of the future leaders among youth, in dealing with key issues, particularly involving security issues and harmony. interpreting the country's political journey more intensely helps to strengthen the country's administrative machinery to avoid occurrence internal rivals that can cope with the progress of the national, community, and economic development. with that, students with a high level of intellect and knowledge should be more rational and professional in balancing sensitive issues in the country to prevent people vulnerable to propaganda that could be thorns spoil the country's security. the responsibility of harmonizing the country lies in the hands of the youth because they need to be more principled with identity, values, and need to be fairer and more prudent not to easily accept news without censorship. even the youths must always be sensitive to help prevent the community and the country from being exposed to propaganda that is a thorn in the flesh or like fire in the chaff, that will at any time damage the peace and stability of the country. through emotional intelligence, youths are also able to be more mature in acting, including in politics. the political maturity of youth is among the benchmarks of the need to achieve harmony and unity in the country (nor azlina et. al, 2020). the ability to remain positive dominant behavior needs to be given attention to ensure the stability of the country which is based on the principles of national tenure and unity. conclusion this discussion tries to explore the extent to which emotional intelligence among youth can help shape mature behavior and mind for the harmony and peace of the nation, as a first-class human capital. this reality highlights the need for youths to emotionally stabilize, think rationally and behave positively. the more integrated entity is expected to enable the youth to value and assess the reality of the country's success in navigating physical and human development. proper information mastery can also highlight the function of positive emotional intelligence so that behavior becomes more dominant towards peace, as well as will not trigger polemic and propaganda that can undermine the noble values of the society to achieve universal peace, despite ideological and cultural flows that have various streams. generally, the responsibility of making youth a quality young is not only intellectually intelligible but also requires total emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence. the power of the soul and the generation of the present generation is a symbol of the need for the ranks of future-minded nationals. the continuity of efforts resulting from the superior legacy of the civilization of the famous malacca malay sultanate throughout the world must be understood by the youth. strength through emotional intelligence will create a community of people who are dynamic and dynamic in terms of communication, appearance, spirit, and thought. it is not impossible that we can emerge as a nation of people admired in the eyes of the world. in conclusion, our strength is not only sophisticated war equipment as a defense against the enemy, nor is it to become a warlike nation, but our strength is in terms of science, positive attitudes, and solidarity in society (siti, 2017). this should be the case that everyone contributes not only in terms of energy and time, but also contributes to the expertise, knowledge, and influence of positive values that can be emulated together. these are the forces that will always be our main fortress as a sovereign state in the transcendent and sporadic transformation period. references 1. dzuhailmi dahalan (2019). belia dan kematangan politik. portal institut pengajian sains sosial. https://ipsas.upm.edu.my/article/belia_dan_kem atangan_politik-55331 2. goleman, d. (1995). emotional intelligence: why it can matter more than iq. new york: bantam book. 3. goleman, d (1998). emotional intelligence. new york: bantam books. 4. junaidi awang besar, mohd fuad mat jali, yahaya ibrahim, novel lyndon, khaidzir hj. ismail, noor aziah hj. mohd awal, jeniri amir, ahi sarok, rosmadi fauzi & amer saifude ghazali(2012a). kriteria pemilihan calon dan parti dalam pilihan raya umum dewan undangan negeri sarawak. jurnal geografi online: malaysia journal of society and space. 8 (4), 44-55. https://ipsas.upm.edu.my/article/belia_dan_kematangan_politik-55331 https://ipsas.upm.edu.my/article/belia_dan_kematangan_politik-55331 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 261-268 268 5. kamus dewan (2002). edisi ketiga. kuala lumpur: dewan bahasa dan pustaka. 6. ma'rof redzuan (2001). psikologi sosial. serdang: penerbit universiti putra malaysia. 7. mahmood nazar mohamed (1992). pengantar psikologi: satu pengenalan asas kepada jiwa dan tingkah laku manusia. kuala lumpur: dewan bahasa dan pustaka. 8. mayer, jd, & salovey, p. (1993). what is emotional intelligence? in p. salovey, & d. sluyter (eds.). 9. mohamad naqiuddin dahamat azam, mariani mansor & siti nor yaacob. (2012). kecerdasan spiritual dan cara gaya kepimpinan dalam kalangan pemimpin remaja di malaysia. malaysian journal of youth studies. volume. jilid 7 issn 21801649 dec 2012. 10. mohd fuad mat jali, junaidi awang besar, novel lyndon & viknesh ramachandran (2012). persepsi politik belia india di institusi pengajian tinggi awam (ipta) malaysia. malaysian journal of society and space. 8 issue 8 (1-11). 11. nor azlina endut, rohaini amin & rosfazila abd. rahman (2020). kematangan politik dalam kalangan belia di malaysia. prosiding persidangan antarabangsa sains sosial dan kemanusiaan (pasak5 2020). bangi, selangor. 12. oxford advanced learner's dictionary of current english (2000). oxford. oxford university press. 13. saha lj, print m (2010). student school elections and political engagement: a cradle of democracy? international journal of educational research. 49 (1), 22-32. 14. salovey, p & mayer, jd (1990). emotional intelligence. imagination, cognition and personality.new york: basic books. 15. siti sarawati johar (2011). kecerdasan emosi pelajar luar bandar: harapan dan cabaran pendidikan dalam pembentukan modal insan (dalam buku: modal insan, transformasi menjana kelestarian). pahang: universiti malaysia pahang. 16. siti sarawati johar (2012). kecerdasan emosi belia luar bandar serantau malaysia dan indonesia: cabaran & harapan dalam pembentukan modal insan berjiwa kelas pertama. prosiding indonesia-malaysia 6th conference. julai 2012. 17. siti sarawati johar (2016). kecenderungan bertingkah laku devian sehingga ke perlakuan jenayah: isu dan cabaran dalam psikologi sosial. prosiding persidangan psikologi dalam perkhidmatan awam. oktober 2016. 18. siti sarawati johar (2017). eksplorasi psikologi dalam organisasi: sisi positi atau negatif? batu pahat: penerbit universiti tun hussein onn malaysia. 19. teh fui khim (2001). pengaruh kecerdasan emosi (eq) dan amalan keibubapaan ibu terhadap eq belia. master thesis: universiti putra malaysia. 20. the oxford american dictionary of current english (1999). oxford. oxford university press. 21. tiedens, lz (2001). anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. journal of personality and social psychology, 80(1), 86-94. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 43-49 43 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.406 page: 43 – 49 design of intelligent bicycle status indication apparatus based on stm32 microcontroller weilun tang school of electrical and information engineering, wuhan institute of technology, china corresponding author: weilun tang; email: tangwl@stu.wit.edu.cn a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: ranging module, status indication, stm32. received : 30 november 2021 revised : 11 february 2022 accepted : 13 february 2022 as the improvement of people’s living standards, more and more motor vehicles are emerging on the roads, which pose a great threat to the bicycle riders on the same routes. among all the road accidents, more than half are caused by the inadequacy of bicycle signals. to guarantee the safety of these bicycle riders, it is important to show the real-time status of bicycles. basically, the research method of this paper is design, simulation, and virtual verification. based on stm32 microcontroller, the overall design scheme of an intelligent bicycle status indication apparatus was proposed, and the hardware and software design was specified. after scheme design, simulation was carried out and showed that with high-performance stm32 microcontroller, the apparatus can promptly show the status of bicycles, and the alarm will ring when other vehicles are in the dangerous range. theoretical analysis which includes graphical analysis and calculation was successfully conducted, which proved that this design can effectively serve as a status indication apparatus and protect the bicycle riders from collisions. introduction bicycle is a common means of transport in commutes. it is popular for its lightweight and environmentally friendly characteristics. bicycles have become more widely used in recent years with the rise of a shared economy. however, there are often many large motor vehicles on the road. compared with these large motor vehicles, bicycles lack pre-turn signals and rangefinders, which makes motor vehicle drivers difficult to identify the status of bicycles and brings great safety risks to bicycle riders. in recent years, there were a number of traffic accidents caused by this defect. according to a study by an institution in the united states, more than 50% of bicycles collisions incidents in the united states are caused by ambiguous or invisible signals from bicycles. in addition, from an electrical perspective, many previous designs of bicycle status indication devices use the analog circuit, which is not very precise and is unable to make extra extensions. moreover, most of the existing bicycle status indication devices are wired, making it hard to plan how the wire should be placed without disturbing the bicycle riders. in order to solve this problem, this paper proposed an intelligent bicycle status indication apparatus based on stm32 and uses wireless modules to simplify its layout. to avoid collisions, the device uses an ultrasonic range finder module, so when there is a vehicle approaching behind the bicycle, the buzzer will ring to remind the bicycle riders. the main purpose of the research in this paper is to put forward a feasible security solution for the bicycle riders and create a safer and more comfortable cycling environment for them, and prevent them from being hit by motor vehicles. methods overall scheme design the objective of this design is to provide a feasible status indication solution for bicycles. the main functions of this design are as follows: 1. a real-time bicycle status signal can be released. 2.a rangefinder module is applied and configured in this indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 43-49 44 design and will trigger the alarm when other vehicles on the roads get too close to the bicycles. the microcontroller of this device is stm32f103 designed by st microelectronics. there are mainly 2 boards in this design. the transmitter board is attached to the handlebar on the front of the bicycle, with several control buttons on it. the mainboard is attached to the back of the bicycle and will receive the control signal sent by the transmitter board via antennas. figure 1. block diagram of the mainboard. stm32 minimum system pt2272 and its peripherals hc-sr04 ranging module led lights buzzer dc power figure 2. block diagram of the transmitter board pt2262 and its peripherals buttons 12v dc power there are 8 led lights in total. when led2, led3, led4, led6, and led8 blink at the same time, it represents the left turn. when led1, led3, led5, led6, and led7 blink at the same time, it represents the right turn. when 8 led lights flash simultaneously, it means an emergency stop. figure 3. the layout of led lights. led1 led3 led2 led6 led7 led4 led8 led5 figure 4. led lights that blink when there is a left turn led3 led2 led6 led4 led8 figure 5. led lights that blink when there is a right turn led1 led3 led6 led7 led5 hardware design the stm32f103 series is designed by stmicroelectronics and uses a high-performance arm cortex-m, 32-bit core operating at 72mhz, with built-in high-speed memory (up to 128k bytes of flash and 20k bytes of sram), rich enhanced io ports and peripherals connected to two apb buses. all models include two 12-bit adcs, three generalpurpose 16-bit timers, and a pwm timer. they also include standard and advanced communication interfaces, up to two i2c and spis, three usart, one usb, and one can (baron, et al., 2011). pt2262/2272 is a pair of infrared remote control transmitting/receiving chips with address and data coding functions. the transmitting chip pt2262-ir integrates the carrier oscillator, encoder, and transmitting unit, making the transmitting circuit very simple (drechsler & drechsler, 2003). the data output bit of receiving chip pt2272 is different according to its suffix, and the data output has two ways of “temporary storage” and “latching”, which is convenient for users to use. the suffix “m” is “temporary storage type”, and the suffix “l” is “latching type”. its data output is divided into 0, 2, 4 and 6 different outputs. for indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 43-49 45 example, pt2272-m4 represents a temporary storage infrared remote control receiving chip with data output of 4 bits (norris, 2008). figure 6. schematic diagram of transmitter module g n d v c c d a t a a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 gnd vcc vt osc2 osc1 te d0 d1 d2 d3 12v figure 7. schematic diagram of receiving module a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 gnd vcc vt osc2 osc1 din d3 d2 d1 d0 pb15 pb14 pb12 pb13 vcc vcc ant gnd vcc data data hc-sr04 ultrasonic rangefinder module can provide 2cm-400cm non-contact distance sensing function, and ranging accuracy is up to 3mm (bia & gao, 2014); the module includes an ultrasonic generator, receiver, and control circuit. there are 4 pins on this module: vcc、trig、echo and gnd. the io port of stm32 gives a very short time (at least 1us) high-level signal to the trig pin of ultrasonic ranging module hc-sr04, the module automatically sends 8 square waves at 40khz and automatically detects whether there is a signal returned (zhi et al., 2018). if there is a return signal, the echo pin outputs a high level. stm32 detects the duration that echo pin outputs high level through the io port connected to echo, and then deduces the distance through the sound speed. figure 8. hc-sr04 software design the software design is crucial for the apparatus to realize its functions. after turning on the apparatus, the microcontroller starts the initialization process, and the parameters of the system will be initialized. next, the watchdog and timers of stm32 will be initialized. then the program will calculate the time of high-level output by echo pin of hc-sr04 ultrasonic ranging module. if the corresponding distance calculated from this time is less than the set distance, the buzzer alarm will be triggered. after all the process above is over, the program begins to judge which key is pressed. if the left turn button is pressed, the program will call the hal_gpio_writepin function, and the io ports connected to led2, led3, led4, led6, and led8 will alternate between high and low levels and drive the corresponding led lights to blink; if the right turn button is pressed, the program will call the hal_gpio_writepin function and the io ports connected to led1, led3, led5, led6 and led7 will alternate between high and low levels and drive the corresponding led lights to blink; if the emergency stop button is pressed, all the stm32 io ports that are connected to led lights will alternate between high and low levels, and all the led lights will blink. if the reset button is clicked, all the blinking led lights will stop blinking. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 43-49 46 figure 9. software flow diagram start system parameters initialization watchdog initialization timers initialization ranging less than the set value? buzzer ring left turn button pressed right turn button pressed emergency stop button pressed left turn led lights blink right turn led lights blink all the led lights blink turn off all the led lights reset button pressed? yes buzzer not ring no yes indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 43-49 47 figure 10. configuration of io ports theoretical analysis assuming that when the motor vehicle driver see a sudden turn or pre-turn signal of bicycle, it is in uniformly decelerated motion when we see it from the vertical direction (alongside the road), and the bicycle is in uniform motion when we see it from the vertical direction, then safe condition, when there is no bicycle turning signal, can be expressed as follows: 1 1 1 _ 1 _ (2 ) + + + 2 m de de m respond light on b de respond light on c alarm v a t t v t t v t t t d d     （ ） （ ） in the inequation, m v is the initial speed of motor vehicle, respond t is the duration that motor vehicle driver responds to a sudden turn of the bicycle, _light on t is the duration that the pre-turn lights blink (under this situation no pre-turn light is used, this variable is used for comparison with the second situation), 1 a is the decelerated speed of the motor vehicle, 1de t is the duration that the motor vehicle decelerates, b v is the speed of the bicycle, c d is the initial distance between the motor vehicle and the bicycle, and alarm d is the dangerous distance that will trigger the alarm. the safe condition when there is a pre-turn signal from the bicycle can be expressed as follows: 2 2 2 2 (2 ) + 2 m de de m respond b de respond c alarm v a t t v t v t t d d     （ ） in the inequation, m v is the initial speed of motor vehicle, respond t is the duration that motor vehicle driver responds to the pre-turn signal of the bicycle, 2a is the decelerated speed of the motor vehicle, 2de t is the duration that the motor vehicle decelerates, b v is the speed of the bicycle, c d is the initial distance between the motor vehicle and the bicycle, and alarm d is the dangerous distance that will trigger the alarm. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 43-49 48 comparing the two situations, we will find that in the situation that the bicycle abruptly turns with out pre-turn signal, it is harder to avoid a collision because based on the same initial distance, higher decelerated speed and longer deceleration duration is needed. figure 11. the v-t diagram _light on trespondt respondt v t0 m v speed of motor vehicle when there is no bicycle turning signal speed of motor vehicle when there is bicycle turning signal speed of bicycle results and discussion after theoretical analysis, simulation was carried out in proteus. due to the lack of a wireless module in the proteus component library, the buttons are directly connected to the io ports of stm32 instead. to fully realize the functions, we also designed software based on keil program and c programming language and downloaded the hexformat file into stm32 microcontroller. the simulation in proteus was successful and proved that this design can realize the expected functions. figure 12. simulation figure 13. the interface of the bicycle safety evaluation program restricted by the danger of field tests, we only analyzed the value of this design theoretically, based on the inequations listed in the previous section. to simplify the calculation process, we designed winform program which can judge whether the bicycle is safe based on the given parameters. we typed in different groups of parameters that is commonly seen on the road. take the traffic regulation in mainland china, for example, the speed of motor vehicles in an urban area can be in a range of 0-30km/h, or up to 50km/h, and on the roads of rural areas, the figure can be up to 70km/h. for the speed of the motor vehicle m v , we take 4 samples: 15km/h, 30km/h, 50km/h, and 70km/h. and for the initial distance c d , we take 5 samples: 50 meters, 100 meters, 150 meters, 200 meters, and 250 meters. assuming that the responding duration respond t is 0.5s, the duration of the pre-turn signal _light on t is 3s, the speed of the bicycle b v is 20m/s, the alarm distance alarm d is 2 meters. using the winform program we created, we can get the value of 1a , 2a , 1de t and 2de t respectively in each group. based on the 20 circumstances, we can make comparisons. according to the output figures, in all these 20 circumstances, the results were 2 1a a , 2 1de det t , which proved that this bicycle status indication apparatus can effectively make the deceleration process of the motor vehicles easier, thus greatly reducing the risks of collision. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 43-49 49 conclusion the design uses the fast, high precision, accurate stm32 core, which can indicate the status of bicycles, range the distance from motor vehicles to bicycles, and send an audio alarm when the distance is within dangerous range. simulation in proteus and theoretical analysis proved the feasibility and effectiveness of this design as it can considerably improve the safety condition of bicycle riders and avoid collisions with motor vehicles. the flexibility of stm32 microcontroller, along with its abundant and multifunctional io ports makes further extensions on this design possible, so other functions that can make bicycle riders safer and more convenient can be added to this design in the future. references 1. baron, c., geffroy, j. and motet, g. (2011). embedded system applications. new york: springer. 2. drechsler, n. and drechsler, r. (2003). evolutionary algorithms for embedded system design. boston: kluwer. 3. norris, d. (2018). programming with stm32. new york: mcgraw hill education. 4. bia, j. and gao, m. (2014). design of ultrasonic rangefinder controlled by ingle chip microcomputer. applied mechanics and materials, 599-601, pp.1470-1473. 5. zhi, s., yi, y. and wang, z. (2018). design of distance measuring and reversing system. ieee 3rd advanced information technology, electronic and automation control conference (iaeac). 6. peng, m. (2017). custody and alarm system based on stm32. computer science and application, 07(12), 1254-1261. 7. joshi, c. (2019). software emulation of stm32 controller for virtual embedded design/test environment (unpublished doctoral dissertation, 2019). thesis/ dissertation etd. 8. jesse, r. (2021). stm32 armmikrocontroller programmieren für embedded systems: das umfassende praxisbuch. frechen: mitp. 9. bartovsky, j., & pumar, m. d. (2009). graphic library for stm32 family (unpublished master's thesis, 2009). projecte final de carrera universitat polite ̀ cnica de catalunya. departament d'enginyeria electro ̀ nica. 10. berney, r. (2018). advancing bicycle urbanism. bicycle urbanism, 1-13. 11. oosterhuis, h. (2014). bicycle research between bicycle policies and bicycle culture. mobility in history, 5(1). 12. gordon, r. (2008). the bicycle and beyond. bicycle thieves, 37-61. 13. livesey, a. (2020). the bicycle industry. bicycle engineering and technology, 163180. doi:10.1201/9780367816841-14 14. car, k., hadjina, j., car, m., car, d., & car, m. (2020). ergonomics and ergonomic analysis of driving education system by personal car-2. asian journal of computer and information systems, 8(1). 15. bullock, d. (2016). traffic signal performance measures workshop. automated traffic signal performance measure workshop. doi:10.5703/1288284316016 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 23-30 23 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.385 page: 23 – 30 analysis of media communication systems utilization for natural disaster emergency response management in reducing the risk of victims in southeast sulawesi sirajuddin1, hafied cangara2, dadang a. suriamihardja2, andi alimuddin unde2 1department of communication science, universitas halu oleo, indonesia 2department of communication science, universitas hasanuddin, indonesia corresponding author: sirajuddin; email: sirajuddinsept@uho.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: communication systems, disaster management, media, southeast sulawesi. received : 27 october 2021 revised : 08 february 2022 accepted : 11 february 2022 the purpose of this study is to analyze the significant contribution of communication systems in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), and coordination (x3) through the use of media (y1) to disaster management in kendari and north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province. this research method uses a survey method with a quantitative research approach. in this study, the variables in question are information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the media (y1). sampling using a proportional sampling technique of 60 samples. data collection techniques through questionnaires to respondents for primary data, while observation and interviews as complementary methods for data collection. the calculations for reliability testing are carried out through spss 25 computer program. the result of the study shows that the communication system for natural disaster emergency response in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media (y1) has a significant and robust effect simultaneously on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari, and north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province. introduction the term disaster communication has not yet become a popular concept in communication and the field of disaster. although research on disaster communication itself has been widely carried out, in indonesia, studies of communication related to disasters have only been carried out after the 2004 aceh earthquake and tsunami disaster. however, awareness of the importance of communication in disaster management has increased recently. one of the essential points of concern regarding communication in disasters is the issue of uncertainty (haddow & haddow, 2013). communication itself arises from the need to reduce uncertainty to act effectively to protect or strengthen the total interest in individual or group interactions (littlejohn & foss, 2010). disaster preparedness requires accurate information from public and private agencies that handle disaster victims. disaster communication is essential not only during a disaster-related emergency but also during and before a disaster. as they say, communication is the best way to mitigate, prepare for, respond to and recover from a disaster situation. the ability to convey disaster messages to the general public, government, media, and community leaders can reduce disaster risk and save lives and the impact of disasters (haddow & haddow, 2013). to mitigate disaster risk, disaster management must be bolstered by a variety of measures, both soft and hard power. the soft power method focuses on preparing communities for disasters through socialization and information dissemination. meanwhile, hard power refers to an attempt to mitigate calamities through physical development. on the other hand, the development indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 23-30 24 of the internet of things (iot) and big data technology greatly help mitigation be more effective and accurate. this technology can realize 4.0 mitigation which is very important in reducing the risk of natural disasters. by using big data and iot, the flood early warning system can be better. water flow control for flood prevention can be carried out more quickly following the measurable capacity of the disaster. global awareness of disasters has increased since climate change emerged. a series of disasters must realize the importance of realizing a resilient mitigation system. insufficient mitigation so far has been exacerbated by the absence of local government crisis management. the weakness of the local government's mitigation system has the effect of losing control after the disaster. the implementer of disaster management according to the law is the national disaster management agency (bnpb). this agency requires accurate data during a disaster to respond quickly, accurately in a coordinated and comprehensive manner with the relevant government agencies. it is always important to improve the mitigation system and emergency response mechanism quickly and precisely with the help of the latest technology. by providing up-to-date, accurate geospatial information, emergency response and reconstruction programs can be improved. geospatial data platforms such as open street maps, open-source mapping projects enable rapid estimates of damage levels and monitoring of disaster management implementation. this disaster map is based on a geographic information system (gis) and is integrated with the local government e-government system. the impediment of the flow of information in the disaster area can confuse the victim's data. then, information on the needs of refugees is not clear. medical action was delayed, and the distribution of aid was chaotic. natural disaster information systems must be integrated with e-government systems built by local governments and comply with the international strategy for disaster reduction (isdr) provisions. the stages are emergency response, reconstruction, rehabilitation, prevention and mitigation, and preparedness. as the person in charge of disaster management, the regional head should also have a natural disaster decision-making support system that is very much needed to expedite the process of identifying victims, material and infrastructure losses. this system support can also be a consideration for decision-making in the rehabilitation process. the research location was chosen in southeast sulawesi province, considering that this area is prone to disasters. in addition to being an area located in a subduction zone which causes a very potential for earthquakes due to the activity of tectonic plates, these plates move relative to one another, resulting in shifts and collisions that will cause a buildup of energy that has the potential to cause an earthquake. in the kendari city disaster management emergency plan (rkpb) document (2019) konawe regency disaster management emergency plan (rkpb), 2019, it is explained that the southeast sulawesi province area is quite potential for seismic earthquakes, it appears that the earthquake points (epicenters) are spread along the peninsula of southeast sulawesi province. in addition, southeast sulawesi province is an area that is at high risk of being affected by weather and climate-related disasters or hydrometeorological disasters. the number of disaster events in 2013–2019 caused much vital infrastructure in this region to be damaged and not a few materials and non-material losses that became a burden for all parties, both the government and the community. these various disasters are sure to disrupt the process of sustainable development planning, damage sustainable ecosystems, and the environment, and contribute to the increase in poverty and other social problems. for example, by processing data from the indonesian disaster information data (dibi) of the national disaster management agency (bnpb), the flood disaster that hit southeast sulawesi province from 2009 reached 413 incidents with 118 fatalities a total of 131,920 residents had to evacuate. for damage, houses were heavily damaged, reaching 3,969 units, and 15,827 houses were slightly damaged. in response to various events, both nationally and regionally, the government has taken various responsive and preventive actions. this condition is also confirmed by enacting law number 24 of 2007 concerning disaster management as the legal basis for the implementation of disaster management in indonesia. various regulatory products in dealing with disasters have been made, but there are still indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 23-30 25 various shortcomings in disaster management practices. one example of disaster communication management practices that have not been maximized is the earthquake disaster. the problem in disaster management lies in coordination. so the factor of cooperation and collaboration is a crucial factor in disaster management. prizzia (2008) explained that disaster management requires good coordination. the effectiveness of the response depends on the coordination among the departments that have responsibility for the disaster. if you look at the condition of disaster management in indonesia, the research results can be taken into consideration that disaster management requires effective coordination. on the other hand, the media aspect also plays an essential role in disaster management. the role of television media, in particular, is to broadcast the (same) image repeatedly for days without drawing a line of relevance to the actuality of events. media becomes redundant and loses its essence and context. as an information provider institution, the media has become the center of public attention, particularly the various disaster events in indonesia. positively the media can be the first source to inform events, show developments and psychologically encourage the public's humanity and become a mediator for disaster relief. disaster communication planning includes planning and availability of information through important media in disaster management (lee, 2008). in addition to the coordination and media aspects, the cooperation aspect is also an important part of disaster management. (lafeber & lind, 2008). there are several other studies related to communication in a disaster. such as technology and information sharing systems for natural disaster response (bjerge, clark, fisker, & raju, 2016; usuda, hanashima, sato, & sano, 2017; waring et al., 2018), the content of media used to provide information to the public about disaster management (amine & meguenni, 2019; chen, gibbs, & lin, 2021; dong, meng, christenson, & fulton, 2021), network usage in disaster detection (alfalqi & bellaiche, 2021; ragini, anand, & bhaskar, 2018) as well as human behavior and perception response natural disaster (endsley, wu, reep, eep, & reep, 2014; tyshchuk & wallace, 2018). however, from those research, there are still few studies that emphasize several variables as system factors that have a contribution in disaster management which include aspects of information sharing, collaboration, and coordination as independent variables, then media as an intermediate variable, and victim risk reduction as the dependent variable. so it is necessary to do further research on this matter. this study aims to analyze the significant contribution of communication systems in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), and coordination (x3) through the use of media (y1) to disaster management in kendari and north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province. methods the research was conducted in kendari and north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province. this research method uses a survey method with a quantitative research approach (apuke, 2014; gulraiz & ali, 2021). in this study, the variables in question are information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the media (y1). sampling using a proportional sampling technique of 60 samples consisting of provincial bpbd, kendari city bpbd, north konawe regency bpbd, meteorology, climatology and geophysics agency (bmkg), national search and rescue agency (basarnas), indonesian national army (tni), indonesian national police (polri), indonesian red cross (pmi) southeast sulawesi, regional apparatus organizations (opd) kendari city and north konawe regency, ngos, religious leaders, traditional leaders, community leaders. data collection techniques through questionnaires to respondents for primary data, while observation and interviews as complementary methods for data collection. questionnaires, conducted by distributing a list of questions compiled based on data indicators operationalized from the variables to be studied to the officers selected as research samples (respondents), are used to explore primary data. the questionnaire was arranged in the form of a guttman scale. a list of questions was compiled with five answer choices in each item, with the classification of very indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 23-30 26 incompatible, incompatible, neutral, compatible, very compatible. the validity test used is product-moment correlation by correlating the answer scores on each question item with the total score—measurement of reliability in this study using the cronbach alpha method. instruments are said to be reliable if the reliability coefficient is at least 0.60. the calculations for reliability testing are carried out with the help of the spss 25 computer program. results and discussion the effect of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the media (y1) on disaster management in kendari and the north konawe the effect of the communication system for responding to natural disasters in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the media (y1) on disaster management in kendari city, southeast sulawesi province can be determined using statistical analysis with the help of spss version 25. the results of data analysis using spss version 25 show that the fcount value is 3.14 and the ftable value is 2.99, thus fcount 3.14 is greater than ftable 2.99. the conclusion that can be obtained from the results of the analysis is that there is an influence of the communication system for responding to natural disasters in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media for disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari, southeast sulawesi province. to determine the magnitude of the influence of the communication system for natural disasters in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media for disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city, southeast sulawesi province, it can be seen in the r square value in table 1 below. table 1. the simultaneous effect between x1, x2, and x3 through y2 model summary change statistics model r rsquare adjusted r square std error of the estimate r square change f change df1 df2 sig. f change 1 ,579a ,335 ,229 13,67087 ,335 3,148 4 25 ,032 a. predictors: (constant), media, collaboration, coordination, information sharing source: spss version 25 data processing, 2020. based on table 1, it can be concluded that there is a natural disaster emergency response communication system in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media for disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city, southeast sulawesi province by 0.579 or 57.9% and the remainder can be calculated using the following formula: e = 1 r 2 e = 1 – 0,579 e = 0.421 the figure of 42.1% above shows that the magnitude of other factors in the model is outside the three exogenous independent variables above. in other words, the variables of disaster management through media can be explained by using exogenous independent variables in the form of information sharing, collaboration, and coordination communication systems of 57.9%. while the remaining 42.1% is caused by other variables outside this study. to determine the contribution of the influence on each variable (information sharing, collaboration, and coordination) and the use of media on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city, it can be seen from the beta value or standardized coefficient, while the t value is used for hypothesis testing. these figures can be seen in table 2 of the coefficients below. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 23-30 27 table 2: the effect of variables x1, x2 and x3 through y1 on z coefficients 95,0% confidence interval for b model unstandardized b coefficients std.error standardized coefficients beta t sig lower bound upper bound 1 (constant) 30,35 18,811 1,613 ,119 -8,392 69,092 information sharing ,157 ,341 0,089 ,461 ,649 -,545 ,860 collaboration -,089 ,226 -,071 -,393 ,698 -,554 ,377 coordination ,767 ,219 ,586 3,500 ,002 ,316 1,219 media -,238 ,273 -,165 -,874 ,391 -,801 ,324 a. dependet variable : disaster management source: spss version 25 data processing, 2020 the results of calculations with ibm spss show that the influence of information sharing variables on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city is 8.9%, the effect of collaboration variables on disaster management in reducing victim risk in kendari city is 7.1%, the effect of coordination variables on disaster management is 7.1%. disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city by 58.6%. at the same time, the effect of the use of media on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city is 16.5%. furthermore the effect of the communication system for responding to natural disasters in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the media (y1) on disaster management in north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province. the results of data analysis using spss version 25 show that the fcount value is 19.19 and the ftable value is 2.99, thus fcount 19.19 is greater than ftable 2.99. the conclusion that can be obtained from the results of the analysis is that there is an influence of the communication system for natural disaster emergency response in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media for disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province. to determine the magnitude of the influence of the communication system for natural disaster emergency response in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media for disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province, it can be seen in the value of r square in table 3 below. table 3 simultaneous effect between x1, x2, and x3 through y1. model summary change statistics model r rsquare adjusted r square std error of the estimate r square change f change df1 df2 sig. f change 1 ,869a ,754 ,715 8,43031 ,754 19,195 4 25 ,000 a. predictors: (constant), media, information sharing, coordination, collaboration source: spss version 25 data processing, 2020 based on table 3, it can be concluded that there is a natural disaster emergency response communication system in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media for disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province by 0.869 or 86.9 % and the remainder can be calculated using the following formula: e = 1 r 2 e = 1 – 0,869 e = 0.131 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 23-30 28 the variables of disaster management through media can be explained by using exogenous independent variables in the form of information sharing, collaboration, and coordination communication systems of 86.9%. while other variables outside of this study cause the remaining 13.3%. to determine the contribution of influence on each variable (information sharing, collaboration, and coordination) and the use of media on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency, it can be seen from the beta value or standardized coefficient, while the t value is used for hypothesis testing. these figures can be seen in table 4 of the coefficients below. table 4. the effect of variables x1, x2, and x3 through y1 on z coefficientsa model unstandardized b coefficients std.error standardized coefficients beta t sig 1 (constant) 1,447 8,589 ,168 ,868 information sharing ,339 ,276 ,154 ,1,227 ,231 collaboration -,399 ,232 -,319 ,1,720 ,098 coordination ,1,089 ,184 ,984 5,930 ,000 media ,199 ,160 -,151 1,244 ,225 a. dependet variable : disaster management source: spss version 25 data processing, 2020 the results of calculations with ibm spss show that the influence of information sharing variables on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency is 15.4%, the effect of collaboration variables on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency is 31.9%, the influence of variables on disaster management is 31.9%. coordination of disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency by 98.4%. at the same time, the effect of media on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in the north konawe regency is 15.1%. information sharing variable (x1) the results showed that of the 12 items of questions regarding the information sharing variable, the respondents thought that the data related to the disasters in kendari city were not in accordance with the disaster conditions that often occurred. from the search results for national disaster data from the meteorology and geophysics agency (bmkg), disaster data released in real-time is only limited to earthquake and weather data. conceptually, the government's role in disaster management is very well planned, but in the implementation phase, there are many obstacles. especially in disseminating disaster information, miscommunication and misinformation often occur. one example of collecting accurate disaster data and information is using the car navigation disaster 'car navigation system' to detect environmental conditions which then the data is sent in real-time. (hada, suzuki, shimora, meguro, & kodama, 2011). collaboration variable (x2) in implementing disaster management, bnpb is the leading sector that can collaborate with other institutions under law number 24 of 2007 concerning disaster management. as explained earlier that collaboration with cooperation has a different concept. in disaster management, bnpb seems to only cooperate with other parties, thus triggering sectoral egos. each institution that participates in disaster management carries out its respective main tasks and functions, both from funding, policies, operational mechanisms in the field. this condition causes frequent miscommunication between one institution and another. from the study results, it was found that each institution that is an element that participates in disaster management has its structure. under these conditions, there will be obstacles in communication lines between organizations involved in disaster management and between indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 23-30 29 organizations and the community. the ideal crisis response involves smooth collaboration between relevant actors, but friction between levels of government and civil society in responding to disasters is also common (aldrich, 2019). fakhruddin (2007) stated that communication channels both horizontally and vertically are essential in crisis communication. disaster management requires links or connections between organizations involved in disaster management. coordination variable (x3) the study results indicate that the availability of standard operating procedures for disaster management has been stipulated in the regulation of the head of bnpb number 02 of 2017 concerning guidelines for preparing standard operating procedures in the bnpb environment. in every disaster management, coordination meetings and periodic meetings are held first. although coordination meetings have been held between agencies/institutions involved in disaster management, miscommunication often occurs in the field, and tensions occur between institutions. this condition indicates weak coordination in the implementation of disaster management. coordination is one element in the system that provides supervision overall disaster management functions, coordination and control are impossible without communication. to achieve coordination and control, three factors need to be considered: (1) mandate; (2) power and authority; and (3) available resources (apuke, 2014). therefore, coordination is a crucial factor to improve the disaster emergency. media variable (y1) the results showed that the regional disaster management agency (bpbd) collaborated with the media to provide disaster information in kendari city and north konawe regency. these two areas provide information that cooperation with the media is solid. there are some print media in southeast sulawesi province, such as kendari pos and rakyat sultra. apart from print media, several online media include sultrakini.com, penaaktual.com, mysultra. com, radarsultra.com, tegas.com, portalsultra.com, mediakendari.com, koransultra.com, antarasultra. com. liputan6.com, kompas.com, and several other online media. media are the most significant mitigation tool for manager officials because its content creates disaster and risk awareness. there are three actors in an effective disaster management process: government officials who present disaster information, the media that disseminate it, and the public, who receive information and act on it (perez-lugo, 2001). conclusion the communication system for natural disaster emergency response in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media (y1) has a significant and robust effect simultaneously on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in north konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province. variables of disaster management through media can be explained by using exogenous independent variables in the form of communication systems in the form of information sharing, collaboration, and coordination. if tested separately (partial), then the coordination variable has a strong and significant effect on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in the north konawe regency. this condition is almost the same as the communication system for natural disaster emergency response in the form of information sharing (x1), collaboration (x2), coordination (x3) through the use of media, which has a strong and significant effect simultaneously on disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city, southeast sulawesi province. if tested separately (partial), then the coordination variable for disaster management in reducing the risk of victims in kendari city. references 1. aldrich, d. p. 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(2018). information sharing in interteam responses to disaster. journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 91(3), 591– 619. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 105 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.518 page: 105 – 113 cloud computing and security mansoor bigdeloo1*, mostafa ramezani2, abolfazl rafat3 1international federation of inventors' associations (ifia), switzerland 2department of business administration, iran 3technical unit, north khorasan towns company, iran corresponding author: mansoor bigdeloo; email: ilyacomputer8692@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: cloud computing, information technology, internet, massive data, security. received : 27 april 2022 revised : 03 june 2022 accepted : 19 june 2022 following personal computers, one of the most important innovations in the it industry is cloud computing ad it appeared with the advent of a major revolution in the it industry. cloud computing allows organizations to reduce or increase their resources according to operational needs. in fact, cloud computing means the development and deployment of computer technology to provide computational resources through the internet. cloud computing is an information space architecture that allows network-based and demand-driven access to a large array of common computing resources at very low cost, high innovation, and development, as well as without spatial and temporal constraints. cloud computing is one of the most important and powerful tools for securing and managing massive data and allocating resources in the infinity of the internet. introduction cloud computing is one of the hottest subjects in today’s computer world. many see the future of the computer in cloud computing, and cloud computing is considered a great strategy to the big problem of speed in computers. cloud computing is a computational model that emerged in late 2002. this technology is the next generation of computing calculations. individuals can get whatever they need in the cloud. cloud is a metaphor for the internet, based on how it is embodied in computer network graphs, and it is an abstraction for complex infrastructure. this technology is highly extensible and resources can be shared by users. there is no need to install, configure, or specify management for network hardware installation. cloud allows computing to be much more efficient by concentrating storage, memory, processing, and bandwidth. cloud providers have provided customer orders for online ordering and payment through text-based browser applications for the sale of computer tools and the provision of applied services. hence, one of the most important aspects of cloud computing is e-commerce. the cloud uses virtualization as a key technology. when the enduser sends a request, a virtual machine is created to run the user's specific application. in a host machine, multiple virtual machines can be run to use resources (spaltro, et al., 2016). the combination of virtualization technology with cloud computing has become a tradition today. cloud is a huge container that can integrate various virtualization technologies and applications through the internet. cloud service delivery models are categorized into three major types: iaas, pass, and saas. iaas's delivery model plays a major role in hosting pass, saas, scientific applications, or web applications in cloud data centers. it also provides storage and computing resources for the commercial and scientific use of cloud-based open-source hardware, such as hadoop, open nebula, eucalyptus, and nimbus in a dynamic approach. cloud computing is well developed for hpc applications. hpc applications are mainly focused on scientific applications (edwards, 2016). in fact, cloud computing has a three-tier architecture, which in its infrastructure layer, we are faced with resource management in data centers. in the substrate, there are possibilities for developing indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 106 applications. in the software layer, applications are put to use by the end-user. if we want to improve the way resources are managed in data centers and scheduling tasks, we need to enter the infrastructure layer. figure 1. why cloud computing if we want to work on developing a particular issue publicly, we will enter the substrate, and if we want to focus on how to provide the final service to the user, we need to enter the software layer. with the advancement of it, we need to do computational work everywhere and all the time. it also requires people to do their heavy computing tasks without having to have expensive hardware and software. cloud computing has been the latest technology response to these needs. since this technology is now in its infancy, the definition of a standard scientific that is generally accepted is not yet provided, but most scholars are also in agreement with the definition of this phenomenon. the national institute of technology and standards defines cloud computing as follows: cloud computing is a model for providing easy access based on the user's demand through the network to a set of configurable and changeable cloud sources such as networks, servers, storage space, applications, and services (which can be accessed or provided free of charge) with the least need for resource management or the need for direct service provider interference (mell, 2011). when we save images online to your personal computer or use email services or social networking sites, we actually use a cloud computing service or consider an organization that uses an online payment service as an example instead of paying bills for consecutive years; in fact, it employs a cloud computing service. cloud computing is a computation carried out by a group of many remote servers that are networked together, leading to centralized data storage and online access to services and resources. to put it simply, cloud computing is the acquisition of computing resources through the internet, and in practice, instead of keeping your information on your hard drive or updating the applications you need continuously, you use the service on the internet to meet the needs of the aforementioned needs. cloud computing is a computational model in which a large number of systems are connected either privately or publicly, to provide dynamic and scalable infrastructure for indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 107 applications, data storage, and files. with the advent of this technology, the cost of computing, hosting applications, content storage, and service delivery has dropped significantly. the idea of cloud computing is essentially based on the “reuse of technology capabilities”. cloud computing can be considered an essential tool for the development and growth of small and medium enterprises. the main reason is that based on this fact, cloud computing, it, business, and services have changed in which the resources were provided by one or more service providers through the internet as a distributed service in terms of infrastructure. these services are scalable on-demand, and pricing can be based on payment per use. the following is a good description of cloud computing (laurie, 2017; mell, 2011) literature review cloud computing follows five basic features (mell, 2011): 1. self-service request (subscription): the customer can obtain one-way processing facilities such as server and network storage as needed from any provider automatically and without the need for human intervention. 2. network-wide access: facilities on the network are available and can be achieved by standardized mechanisms, supporting mechanisms that are used for heterogeneous platforms for weak and strong clients, such as mobile phones, laptops, and pdas. 3. resource-based replication. the supply sources of the processing are used to serve all customers through the multimodal model. it is carried out by various physical or virtual resources that are dynamically retrieved according to the customer's request. the customer usually does not have control or knowledge about the exact location of the resources provided, but may be able to determine the location at higher abstract levels (such as country, province, or data center). for example, resources include storage space, processing power, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines. 4. quick flexibility (in situ): the facilities can be quickly and flexibly developed to be expanded rapidly (scale-free) to quickly reach a smaller scale. from the perspective of the customer, the facilities available to get access are often unlimited and can be purchased at any time and in any amount. 5. measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use. this is accomplished by utilizing the ability to measure at the level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (such as storage space, processing power, bandwidth, and active users' number). the use of resources can be monitored, controlled, and reported transparently both for the client and for the provider. cloud architecture before we dive into the security issues, it is important to understand the cloud definition and architecture. according to sharma and trivedi3, cloud computing is a set of resources that can scale up and down on-demand. it is available over the internet in a self-service model with little to no interaction required with the service provider. cloud enables new ways of offering products and services with innovative, technical, and pricing opportunities five major actors influence and are impacted by cloud computing, along with its security implications. table 1. actors in nist cloud computing definition actor a person or organization that maintains a business relationship with, and uses service from, cloud provider cloud consumer a person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service available to interested parties cloud auditor cloud provider an entity that manages the use, performance, and delivery of cloud services and negotiates the relationship between cloud providers and cloud consumers cloud broker indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 108 an intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services from cloud providers to cloud consumers cloud carrier the bellow figure is a complete reference architecture for cloud computing. it is important to note that the figure represents an end-to-end reference architecture that addresses all the seven layers of the open systems interconnection (osi) model, and extends to include the business, commercial, and governance aspects. as it is evident, cloud computing is a comprehensive and complex solution with many areas of vulnerability. figure 2. architecture for cloud computing there are some unique advantages to cloud computing. some of the key advantages are: 1. cost of entry for all organizations including small firms 2. almost immediate access to the resources 3. reduction in it barriers to innovation 4. easy to scale the services 5. implement and/or offer a new class of application and delivery services. cloud computing offers services using the infrastructure as aservice (iaas), platform as aservice (paas), and software as a service (saas). cloud users have access to servers and virtual machines through the iaas service model. the hypervisors execute on the servers to provide virtualization of physical resources. similarly, using the paas service model, the cloud platform provides support for operating systems, runtime systems, databases, or web servers. the saas service model provides support for pay-per-use software. the diversity of the service delivery models makes the cloud computing platforms more vulnerable to attacks than any other computing platform. its vulnerability may be exposed through any of its core components: network, virtual machines, storage, and applications, which are used as a basis for categorization of attack and their implications. for performing comparative analysis, we categorize attacks on a cloud platform based on its components: network (a1), virtual machines (a2), storage (a3), and applications (a4) as elaborated below. an attack on a cloud may have one or more implications that may deteriorate the provision of data and services on a cloud platform. these implications are categorized as follows: 1. violation of data protection: data protection is violated when data becomes accessible to users other than owners of data. a large number of threats may violate data protection through different techniques such as data deduplication or third-party clouds. 2. malicious manipulation of data: on cloud computing platforms, the communication indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 109 between the user and the cloud services interface involves protocols such as http&soap together with scripting languages which are vulnerable to a large number of threats consequently, an attacker may exploit loopholes in these mechanisms which may result in malicious manipulation of web site data. 3. denial-of-service: an attacker may target the cloud platform to hinder the services being provided to customers. for instance, a malicious insider can occupy the resources so that the requests by other users are responded to with the unavailability of resources. 4. theft-of-service: a few vulnerabilities in the scheduler may result in theft-of-service attacks. for example, an attacker may target the scheduling policy to be able to steal resources or obtain cloud services without proper billing. a cloud computing platform provides services using its service delivery model. the attacks on a cloud platform may exploit various components at every layer of its service model to violate data protection and deteriorate the quality of service for malicious purposes. this section discusses and analyzes research work contributing toward revealing attacks on clouds and their countermeasures. we have four categories for attacks including network, vm, storage, and application. through network-based attacks, the botnets have been successful in exploiting the cloud infrastructure for malicious purposes. for instance, the well-known zeus botnet was revealed to be using amazon's elastic computing cloud (ec2) as a command and control server the security of a virtual machine being copied to create another vm may be compromised by modifying its executable code. the worms/viruses may be injected into the original vm before creating a copy of the vm storage services of a cloud make use of data deduplication to keep a single copy of data. various security challenges faced due to the elasticity of clouds are described in owens (2010). the main challenge is the provision for fine-grained access in a cloud environment. moreover, an anelastic model has to cope with the time and context parameters for restraining various actions. similarly, the data on a shared architecture may not be secure due to environment access to other users. for steganography attacks, secret data called steganogram can be embedded within normal data exchange which may not be detected by third parties. the secret data may contain malware code which may result in a security breach. for securing cloud computing platforms, the antivirus software may be of great significance as it may monitor and hinder any malicious code to impact the cloud. cloud computing implements the virtualization technique is to provide resources efficiently to the end-user. the characteristics of cloud computing include management ability, scalability, and availability. in addition, cloud computing is also economical, on-demand service, expedient, ubiquitous, multitenant, elastic, and stable. cloud computing offers mainly three service delivery models; infrastructure as a service (iaas), platform as a services (paas), and software as a service (saas). nist defines a four-development model of the cloud: public, private, hybrid, and community. cloud computing uses a cloud server stack where the client or user is on the front end and the server on the backend. services reside in the middle ware of the stack as shown below. at the top level resides the application, which directly delivers the outsourced software to the client and eliminates sophisticated software. customers do not need to expend money to install software, only they pay for their usage. nist is responsible for developing guidelines and standards to provide security in a cloud environment. here we define the cloud architecture as a fourfold, which is composed of: 1. cloud computing concept and characteristics 2. cloud deployed models 3. cloud service delivery models 4. cloud security concept indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 110 figure 3. the characteristics of cloud computing security algorithms for cloud computing imagine two people who share critical secret information have to split up. this requires them to share and communicate their data and information from a distance, even as there lays a threat of an eavesdropper having the ability to stop, interfere or intercept their communications and seeks that same information. they decide to lock their information in a box using a lock that only the other knows the combination to and has the key to open it. the box is locked and sent over to the other user who uses the combination key to unlock the box and read its contents. in simple terms, cryptography can be seen as a method of storing and disguising confidential data in a cryptic form so that only those for whom it is intended can read it and can communicate information in the presence of an adversary and the security algorithms mitigate security issues by use of cryptography, authentication and distributing keys securely (cloud security alliance, 2015). cryptography is thus the science of making data and messages secure by converting the end-user data to be sent into cryptic non-readable form and encrypting or scrambling the plaintext by taking user data or that referred to as clear text and converting it into cipher text and then performing decryption which is reverting back to the original plain text. with this ability, cryptography is used for providing the following security: 1. data integrity: information has value only if it is correct, this refers to maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency of data, and its implementation for computer systems that store use data, processes, or retrieve that data. 2. authentication for determining whether someone or something is, in fact, who or what it is declared to be. 3. non repudiation: is the assurance that a party, contract, or someone cannot deny the authenticity of their signature and sending a message that they originated. 4. confidentiality: relates to loss of privacy, unauthorized access to information, and identity theft. figure 4. encryption and decryption process cryptography is the science of using mathematics for making plain text information (p) into an unreadable cipher text (c) format called encryption and reconverting that cipher text back to indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 111 a plain text called as decryption with the set of cryptographic algorithms (e) using encryption keys (k1 and k2) and the decryption algorithm (d) that reverses and produces the original plain text back from the cipher text. this can be interpreted as cipher text c = e {p, key} and plain text c = d {c, key} 1. the plaintext is the original intelligible source information or data that is input to algorithms. 2. cipher text is the scrambled message output as a random stream of unintelligible data. 3. encryption algorithm substitutes and performs permutations on plain text to cipher text. 4. the decryption algorithm is encryption run in reverse by taking the secret key and transforming the cipher text to produce the original plain text. 5. keys are used as input for encryption or decryption and determine the transformation. 6. sender and recipients are persons who are communication and share the plaintext with respect to cloud computing, the security concerns are end-user data security, network traffic, file systems, and host machine security which cryptography can resolve to some extent and thus helps organizations in their reluctant acceptance of cloud computing various security issues arise in the cloud: 1. ensuring secure data transfer: in a cloud environment, the physical location and reach are not under end-user control of where the resources are hosted. 2. ensuring secure interface: integrity of information during transfer, storage, and retrieval needs to be ensured over the unsecured internet. 3. have separation of data: privacy issues arise when personal data is accessed by cloud providers or boundaries between personal and corporate data do not have clearly defined policies. 4. secure stored data: question mark on controlling the encryption and decryption by either the end-user or the cloud service provider. 5. user access control: for web-based transactions (pci dss), web data logs need to be provided to compliance auditors and security managers. security algorithms are classified broadly as: 6. private key/symmetric algorithms: use a single secret key is used for encrypting a large amount of data and are have a fast processing speed. these algorithms use a single secret key that is known to the sender and receiver. rc6, 3des, blowfish, and 3des are some prime examples of these algorithms. public key/asymmetric algorithms: use a key pair for the cryptographic process, with the public key for encryption and the private for decryption. these algorithms have a high computational cost and thus slow speed if compared to the single key symmetric algorithms. rsa and diffie hellman are some types of public-key algorithms. 7. signature algorithms: used to sign and authenticate use data are single key based. examples include rsa and dh. 8. hash algorithms: compress data for signing to a standard fixed size. examples include md5 and sha. 9. some other ways of classifying algorithms based on their processing features as below. figure 5. classification of algorithms background the basic concepts of cloud computing date back to the 1960s. this concept, which was presented by john mccarthy, the founder of ai, was later explored further. cloud computing will be organized as a public utility in 1966, hill douglas indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 112 park in a book titled as “the problem of the public computer industry” pointed to issues such as the illusion of unlimited access, elastic procurement, the provision of facilities to the public through private, governmental and associative services. but the words that were used in the 1960s did not have the concept of the cloud today, and it was literally used as a public industry. in 1969, the idea of a galactic network or an intergalactic network that is now called the internet came up by j.c.r. licklider and after a while, the american research institute developed the arpanet network to allow anyone to access programs and information from across the network. in the 1970s, virtualization software, such as vmware, were introduced and they were able to put multiple operating systems in a host operating system and serve each one individually. the first known definition of cloud computing was done in 1997 by professor ramnath chlapapa in dallas. “a computational instance where the maximum computational power is located will soon be beyond the frontier of the economy and will not be able to calculate alone, and it must pass through technical constraints”, he said in a speech. to put it simply, it's easier to say that he meant some processes are currently out of the responsibility of a server in some software and services, and the processor's ability to process is not more than that and there must be several servers to process and deliver services. in the late 1990s, a company called salesforce.com began operating and its field of activity was the transformation of comprehensive applications for organizations into the web. the company's activity was a start-up for organizations to focus their activities on a platform (internet)by software. cloud computing technology peaked in the 2000s. where in 2003 xen developed the virtual machine monitor software. this system allowed a large number of guest operating systems to run on multiple servers and use shared server resources. so far, we've outlined how to form some services over the years, and by putting together this puzzle, you'll find out what the idea and technology of cloud computing is all about. in 2006, amazon company modernized its datacenter and it is one of the first companies which expands cloud computing to today's concept so other companies such as microsoft and google can tend to cloud computing. at first, amazon introduced its cloud service, elastic compute cloud, which allowed its users to use their software on servers. after a while, amazon established a service called simple storage service to share information storage space. and today we see a lot of hosting spaces like onedrive, dropbox, google drive, and more. after amazon in 2007, google and ibm started with some large-scale research projects in the field of cloud computing. in 2013, the cloud computing market grew dramatically, and in 2014, the trend went so far as most companies came to this service. it is anticipated that in the year 2020, all cloud services will be available on cloud. the following graph shows the history of cloud computing (spaltro, et al., 2016). conclusion cloud computing is increasingly being adopted by a wide range of users starting from commercial entities to consumers. a survey by right scale1 found that an average user runs at least four cloudbased applications and at any point in time is evaluating another four. the survey also found that 41% of commercial entities run a significant workload on public clouds. with so much of our workload moving to the cloud, security in cloud computing is under increased scrutiny. this assessment is also supported by the 2017 report by forbes2, which says that in 15 months, while 80% of all it budgets will be committed to cloud solutions, 49% of the businesses are delaying cloud deployment due to security skills gaps and concerns. the problem appears to be multidimensional, with a lack of skilled resources, lack of maturity, conflicting best practices, and complex commercial structures to name a few. adaption of the cloud has reached a tipping point and it is expected that more workloads will move from traditional local storage to the cloud from not just average internet users, but also from most if not all commercial entities. while many problems need identifying, analyzing, and addressing, this document attempts to survey the security in cloud computing and reports on various aspects of security vulnerabilities and solutions. some questions that need urgent answers are (a) privileged user access management, (b) regulatory compliance, (c) data location, (d) data segregation, (e) data protection and recovery support, (f) investigative support, and (g) long-term viability. it is highly indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 105-113 113 recommended that these questions, along with other risks, are assessed and addressed. some of the assessments could be as follows: (a) organization capability and maturity, (b) technology & data risks, (c) application migration and performance risk, (d) people risks, (e) process risks, (f) policy risks, (g) extended supply chain risks. references 1. beloglazov, j. abawajyb, r. buyya. (2012). energy-aware resource allocation heuristics for efficient management of data centers for cloud computing, future generation computer systems, 22: 255– 262. 2. cloud security alliance (csa). (2015). security guidance for critical areas of focus in cloud computing v3.0. csa 2015. 3. edwards, justin. (2016). cloud computing services: professional obligations and ethics, brief, 43 (3): 32-34. 4. laurie a. schintler, connie l. mcneely. (2017). cloud services, springer international publishing, pp 1-4. 5. leena khanna, anant jaiswal. (2013). cloud computing: security issues and description of encryption based algorithms to overcome them, ijarcsse. 6. marios savvides. (2011). introduction to biometric recognition technologies and application. international journal of computer applications, (0975-8887), 15 (3). 7. mell p, grance t. (2011). the nist definition of cloud computing. maryland, us: the national institute of standards and technology. 8. r. p. padhy and g. p. rao. (2011). load balancing in cloud computing systems. bachelor thesis, rourkela orissa india. 9. spaltro, dan di alex polvi, logan welliver. (2016), methods and systems for cloud computing management, patent citations, nov 22. 10. v. ankita. (2013). a survey on various resource allocation policies in cloud computing environment, ijret, vol. 2, pp. 760-763. 11. wayne jansen, timothy grance. (2011). guidelines on security and privacy in public cloud computing, national institute of standards and technology 2011. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 1 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.322 page: 1 – 11 mycological indoor air quality assessment of ultra-modern market grains’ grinding mills in dutse, northwest nigeria adeleye adeniyi olarewaju1, abdullahi ibrahim1, bate garba barde1, amoo florence kemi2, asaju catherine iyabo1, yerima mohammed bello2 1department of environmental sciences, federal university dutse, nigeria 2department of microbiology and biotechnology, federal university dutse, nigeria corresponding author: adeleye adeniyi olarewaju; email: adeniyi.adeleye@fud.edu.ng a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: colony forming unit, grains, grinding mills, indoor air quality, mycology. received : 09 august 2021 revised : 01 february 2022 accepted : 04 february 2022 this research aimed to assess the mycological indoor air quality of the grains’ grinding mills situated in the dutse ultra-modern market. a simple random sampling method was employed to select nine (9) shops where grains are milled. settle plate method through the use of fifty-four (54) sterile sabouraud dextrose agar (sda) plates was adopted for fungal isolation in the morning, afternoon and evening. fungal isolates were subsequently identified using standardized methods. results obtained indicate that depending on the sampling period and operation status of the grinding mills, all the sampling points examined were heavily contaminated with total mean fungal load in the morning (4084 cfu/m3), evening (3867 cfu/m3), and afternoon (3818 cfu/m3). however, the mean fungal load obtained in the morning from shop c (6426 cfu/m3) was significantly different from other shops (p< 0.05) while the mean fungal loads obtained across all the shops in the afternoon and evening were not significantly different from each other (p> 0.005). mucor plambeaus (22.22%), aspergillus flavus (16.67%), aspergillus niger (20.37%), fusarium spp. (22.22%) and penicillium spp. (18.52%) were isolated across the grinding mills. results obtained indicate that depending on the time of the day and operation status of the grinding mills, the studied indoor environment allowed fungal aerosols to build up which could serve as a potential reservoir of fungal infections. it is therefore recommended that safety measures should be adopted with a view to reducing fungal pollution at the grains’ grinding mills. introduction indoor air quality (iaq) signifies the parameters of air present in an enclosed building. pollutants that are found in a typical indoor environment can vary based on the prevailing anthropogenic interference, biological and chemical resources available at any point in time. air is composed of gas that contains a mixture of mostly nitrogen and oxygen. the need for air in terms of the survival of humans, animals, and plants cannot be substituted. the quality of the air needed for breathing plays a huge role in defining the health status of humans and animals (adeleye et al., 2018). according to nejadkoorki (2015), microbial toxins, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, volatile organic compounds, viruses, protozoa, insect allergens, pet and insect allergens are some of the elements that are found in the air. depending on the microorganisms involved, exposure to bio-aerosols can lead to the development of asthma, contact dermatitis, chronic bronchitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, hypersensitive pneumonitis, organic dust toxic syndrome, and aspergillosis in immunosuppressed individuals (bünger et al., 2000; douwes et al., 2003; viegas et al., 2015). evidence that people working in grains’ grinding mills developing respiratory ailments have been reported by dacarro et al. (2005). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:adeniyi.adeleye@fud.edu.ng https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/sinusitis https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/pneumonitis https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/aspergillosis https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 2 fungi and bacteria play a huge role in inducing the quality of the indoor air environment (abed, 2014). this author submitted further that dankness and insufficient ventilation aid the presence of several biological agents in an indoor environment. according to world health organization (who), people that reside in moldy buildings are at great risk of developing respiratory ailments and aggravation of asthma (mcmahon et al., 2012). walking, talking, sneezing, and coughing are some of the human activities that can freely breed airborne biological particulate matter in an indoor environment (adeleye et al., 2018). consequently, the need to conduct air quality monitoring to extricate between the causative agents that produce unfriendly health effects is inevitable (madukasi et al., 2010). environmental factors like temperature and relative humidity play a significant role in determining the growth of bio-aerosols in an indoor environment (onmek et al., 2020). these authors reported further that poor ventilation, crowded conditions, and an increase in the number of air conditions inside building nowadays can facilitate the spreading and the survival rates of airborne particles and also can increase the chance of people at risk of airborne infections. amongst dust particles that are available in a typical indoor environment, fungi that reproduce through the formation of spores, some gram-positive bacteria, and some viruses have got the capability of surviving for a lengthy time in the air (hassan et al., 2017). according to mccormick et al. (2010), although aspergillus fumigatus does not have virulence traits and can resist environmental stresses, it is a key airborne fungus that can cause mass infection. these authors reported further that the fungus has the capability of triggering numerous human diseases if its conidia are huffed into the lungs. serna-saldivar (2012) did define grain as a small, dry seed, hard that is or not attached to hull or fruit layer, garnered for the consumption of humans and animals. this author reported further that a grain crop is a grain-producing plant that has two key types being commercial grain crops which are cereals and legumes. the availability of a low water activity has practically made microbial contamination of grains flour an issue that is not noticeable as such (dacarro et al., 2005). these authors further reiterated that flours generated from grains generally have a water activity (0.87) level or lower depending on their moisture and temperature. inhalation of bio-aerosols by workers in agricultural fields and those working with grains had led to many diseases like toxic syndrome, allergic alveolitis, and asthma (dutkiewicz et al., 2000). generation of dusty particles in grains’ grinding mills is inevitable. these dusty particles encourage the unhindered growth of airborne microorganisms provided that there are favorable environmental conditions (dacarro et al., 2005). it has been established by weidenborner et al. (2000) that molds start growing in flours when the water content goes above a range of 13–15%. in a typical indoor environment, air that is breathed in by people is profusely inhabited with microorganisms known as bioaerosols ranging from bacteria, fungi, and molds yassin and almiuqatea (2010). bioaerosols are constantly extant in our environment and the majority of the time, it may not be worrisome most especially if its quantity at source poses no problems and air quantities are kept within judicious bounds. nevertheless, when some bioaerosols are inhaled into the lungs, it can lead to the development of airborne diseases like respiratory infections, pneumonia, asthma, and rhinitis (u.s national institution of health, 2014). prevention and reduction of microbial contaminants in flours are viable alternatives adopted to enhance the acceptance of the final products coupled with aiding significant production costs in the milling process (dacarro et al., 2005). according to yassin and almiuqatea (2010), a typical indoor environment enhances more favorable and optimum conditions for the existence of fungal aerosols. it is against this background that this study was conducted to assess the mycological indoor air quality of the grains’ grinding mills in the dutse ultra-modern market. the study was staged based on the null hypothesis that stated that there is no variation between the indoor fungal loads obtainable in the shops housing the grains’ grinding mills. methods description of study area this study was conducted in the ultra-modern market situated in dutse urban. according to peel et al. (2007), dutse is the capital of jigawa state, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/seed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/husk https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fruit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cereal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/legumes indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 3 nigeria. the authors reported further that geographically, it lies on latitude of 11o42’8.46” n and longitude of 9o20’2.46” e. it is home to federal university dutse which was established in november 2011. dutse ultra-modern market grains’ grinding mills are located on the latitude of 11o41’31.7” n and longitude of 9o20’47.3” e. sampling technique out of the thirty (30) shops present in the grains’ grinding mills, nine (9) shops were selected randomly for air sampling. six (6) samples were collected from each selected shop in the morning, afternoon, and evening thereby leading to the collection of fifty-four (54) indoor air samples. preparation of culture plates and collection of air samples a sensitive weighing balance was used to measure sixty-five grams (65g) of sabouraud dextrose agar (sda) and 0.05g chloramphenicol into a conical flask. it was subsequently dissolved with100ml of distilled water following the instructions of the manufacturer. chloramphenicol was added to inhibit the growth of broad-spectrum bacteria on the agar plates during incubation (sa’id and salihu, 2018). the culture media was autoclaved and aseptically poured into fifty-four (54) sterilized petri dishes. the plates were labeled with sample number, time of collection, and operation status of the grinding mills. the petri dishes were transported to the grains’ grinding mills in sealed bags as done by adeleye et al. (2018). indoor air sampling was done using the settle plate method (fekadu & getachewu, 2015). this was done by placing the prepared agar plates at a point that was very close to where each operator of the milling machines was standing in each shop, specifically at about one (1) meter above the ground representing human breathing zone (adeleye et al., 2018). all the plates were exposed for twenty (20) minutes as prescribed by sa’id and salihu (2018). after this exposure, the agar plates were covered and immediately taken to the laboratory in sealed plastic bags. the agar plates were subsequently incubated for 5 days at 25 °c (sa’id and salihu, 2018). enumeration and identification of fungal isolates the enumeration of the fungal colonies was done with an electric colony counter leading to the generation of fungal colony forming units (cfu). afterwards, the colony forming units per cubic meter (cfu/m3) of the fungal isolates in the plates were determined using the equation outlined by gutarowska (2010); borrego et al. (2010); enitan et al. (2017); n = 5a x 104 (bt)-1 where: n= microbial cfu/m3 of indoor air a= number of colonies per petri dish b= dish surface area (cm2) t= exposure time of the petri dish (in minutes). fungal colonies that had similar colonial attributes were subsequently sub-cultured into sterile sda plates and further incubated for 5 days at 25°c. fungal isolates were identified on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic examinations as outlined by hayleeyesus and manaye (2014); enitan et al. (2017). this was done by adding a drop of distilled water at the center of a clean grease-free glass slide labeled a and b. loopful of a fungal colony was collected from the fungal growth observed on the culture plates, mixed and a thin smear was made into a separate slide. the smears were allowed to air dry and heat-fixed by passing it three (3) times over a spirit lamp. the smears were placed on a staining rack. the smears were covered with a lacto-phenol cotton blue stain for sixty (60) seconds. the two smears were rinsed with running water. the smears were allowed to air dry, the back of the glass slide was wiped with a piece of cotton wool. the glass slide was mounted on the microscope stage and observed using x10 and x40 objective lens. the morphology and cell arrangement were observed, snapped with an android phone, and recorded accordingly. fungal isolates were identified with the aid of an atlas of mycology as described by enitan et al. (2017). data analyses descriptive statistics in form of tables were used to summarize results generated from the fungal colony forming unit, colonial attributes, microscopic characteristics, and fungi identified. results obtained on the fungal loads across all the shops and varying sample collection periods were subjected to analysis by proc. glm of genstat version 17 and the means were separated using duncan multiple range test (dmrt). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 4 results and discussion fungal loads obtained in the indoor air of the sampled grinding mills a total of fifty-four (54) samples were collected during this study. the shop, sample number, petri dish label, operation status, sample collection time, and fungal loads of the selected shops (shop a to shop i) in the grinding mills are presented in tables 1 to 9. table 1. fungal load obtained in samples from shop a sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda36 active 8am-9am morning 2544 2 sda35 active 9am-10am morning 4035 3 sda11 active 1pm-2pm afternoon 3860 4 sda10 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 3596 5 sda17 not active 4pm-5pm evening 2018 6 sda46 active 5pm-6pm evening 3421 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit specifically, in shop a, it can be observed that when the grinding mils were in operation, the obtained fungal loads ranged between 2544 and 4035 cfu/m3 while it ranged from 2018 and 3596 cfu/m3 when the grinding mills were not in operation (table 1). table 2. fungal load obtained in samples from shop b sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda6 active 8am-9am morning 4298 2 sda45 not active 9am-10am morning 3465 3 sda31 active 1pm-2pm afternoon 5614 4 sda41 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 3421 5 sda18 active 4pm-5pm evening 4912 6 sda47 not active 5pm-6pm evening 4035 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit in shop b, the fungal loads recorded when the grinding mills were in operation ranged between 4298 and 5614 cfu/m3 while it ranged between 3421 and 4035 cfu/m3 when the mills were not in operation (table 2). table 3. fungal load obtained in samples from shop c sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda27 active 8am-9am morning 6228 2 sda30 active 9am-10am morning 6623 3 sda32 not active 1pm-2pm afternoon 4649 4 sda09 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 3333 5 sda08 not active 4pm-5pm evening 2807 6 sda48 active 5pm-6pm evening 4298 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit in shop c, it can be observed that while the grinding mills were not milling grains, the fungal loads ranged between 2807 and 4649 cfu/m3 while it ranged between 4298 and 6228 cfu/m3 when it was in operation (table 3). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 5 table 4. fungal load obtained in samples from shop d sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda20 active 8am-9am morning 5746 2 sda25 active 9am-10am morning 3246 3 sda23 not active 1pm-2pm afternoon 3728 4 sda03 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 3553 5 sda13 active 4pm-5pm evening 4693 6 sda49 active 5pm-6pm evening 4912 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit the highest fungal load (5746 cfu/m3) recorded in shop d when the grinding mills were in operation was recorded in the morning between 8 and 9 am while the lowest fungal load (3553 cfu/m3) was recorded when the grinding mills were not in operation was recorded in the afternoon (table 4). table 5. fungal load obtained in samples from shop e sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda39 not active 8am-9am morning 1930 2 sda42 not active 9am-10am morning 3421 3 sda24 not active 1pm-2pm afternoon 3246 4 sda07 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 2588 5 sda28 active 4pm-5pm evening 4474 6 sda50 active 5pm-6pm evening 4649 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit in shop e, the fungal loads recorded when the grinding mills were in operation ranged between 4474 and 4649 cfu/m3 while it ranged between 1930 and 3421 cfu/m3 when the grinding mills were not in operation (table 5). table 6. fungal load obtained in samples from shop f sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda43 not active 8am-9am morning 3860 2 sda26 active 9am-10am morning 5877 3 sda22 active 1pm-2pm afternoon 4649 4 sda04 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 4430 5 sda01 not active 4pm-5pm evening 2456 6 sda51 active 5pm-6pm evening 4649 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit in shop f, when the grinding mills were in operation, the highest fungal load recorded was 5877 cfu/m3 while the lowest fungal load deduced when the grinding mills were in operation was 2456 cfu/m3 (table 6). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 6 table 7. fungal load obtained in samples from shop g sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda37 not active 8am-9am morning 1667 2 sda21 active 9am-10am morning 4737 3 sda16 active 1pm-2pm afternoon 4035 4 sda40 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 2281 5 sda38 not active 4pm-5pm evening 2149 6 sda52 not active 5pm-6pm evening 2456 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit during indoor air sampling in shop g, the fungal loads ranged between 4035 and 4737 cfu/m3 when the grinding mills were in operation while it ranged between 1667 and 2456 cfu/m3 when the grinding mills were not in operation (table 7). table 8. fungal load obtained in samples from shop h sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda34 active 8am-9am morning 3947 2 sda33 not active 9am-10am morning 3553 3 sda12 active 1pm-2pm afternoon 4474 4 sda14 not active 2pm-3pm afternoon 3026 5 sda02 not active 4pm-5pm evening 3158 6 sda53 active 5pm-6pm evening 4035 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit when there was no grinding operation going on in shop h, fungal loads detected ranged between 3026 and 3553 cfu/m3 whereas the fungal loads recorded when there was grinding activity going on ranged between 3947 and 4474 cfu/m3 (table 8). table 9. fungal load obtained in samples from shop i sample label os time period cfu/m3 1 sda44 active 8am-9am morning 4211 2 sda05 active 9am-10am morning 4123 3 sda15 not active 1pm-2pm afternoon 3465 4 sda29 active 2pm-3pm afternoon 4781 5 sda19 active 4pm-5pm evening 5351 6 sda54 active 5pm-6pm evening 4474 note: os= operation status; cfu= colony forming unit however, in shop i, the highest fungal load obtained during grinding operation in the afternoon was 4781 cfu/m3 while the lowest fungal load recorded in the absence of grinding operation in the afternoon was 3465 cfu/m3 (table 9). it can be observed that the indoor air sampling of the grinding mills was done in the morning (8-10 am), afternoon (1-3 pm), and evening (4-6 pm). when the grinding mill was in operation in the morning, the highest (4035 cfu/m3) fungal load recorded in shop a was obtained on sda25 (table 1). however, when the grinding mill was not in operation, the lowest (2018cfu/m3) fungal load was obtained on sda17 in the evening (table 1). when the grinding mill was in operation in the afternoon, the highest (5614 cfu/m3) fungal load recorded in shop b was obtained on sda31 (table 2). conversely, when the grinding mill was not in operation, the lowest (3421cfu/m3) fungal load was obtained on sda41 in the afternoon (table 2). generally, it can be observed across all the shops that irrespective of the sampling time, fungal loads obtained when grinding mills were in operation were always more than the fungal loads indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 7 obtained when the grinding mills were not in operation (tables 1-9). during air sampling, it was observed that workers in the grinding mils had no protective device on. this implies that more of these fungal aerosols were more likely to be inhaled during this space of time. table 10 depicts the results of the mean fungal load obtained during air sampling in the shops. table 10. mean fungal load obtained during air sampling in the shops mean fungal load (cfu/m3) morning afternoon evening 4084 3818 3867 cfu= colony forming unit results obtained indicate that depending on the sampling period and operation status of the grinding mills, all the sampling points examined were heavily contaminated with total mean fungal load in the morning (4085 cfu/m3), evening (3866 cfu/m3), and afternoon (3818 cfu/m3) (table 10). colonial and microscopic characteristics of the isolated fungi the colonial attributes and microscopic characteristics of the isolated fungi are depicted in (table 11). table 11. colonial and microscopic characteristics of the identified fungi colonial attributes microscopic characteristics fungi identified fairly distinct, blackish flat and coarse colonies septate hyphae with a large sporangiosphore aspergillus niger yellow to green colonies which later turned brown septate hyphae with filamentous structure aspergillus flavus candy like colonies, whitish, turned brown at the center septate hyphae with macro conidia growing on sporangiosphore fusarium spp. fast growing colonies, white to grey cotton candy, and darkening non septate hyphae with sporangiosphore mucorplambeaus colonies having green fluffy mycelia with white sporangiosphore septate hyphae with filamentous structure penicillium spp. it can be seen that four (4) airborne fungi ranging from aspergillus niger and penicillium spp. were isolated and identified in the grinding mills (table 11). the detection of these fungi in this study corroborates the findings of amengialue et al. (2017) who reported the isolation of penicillium spp., aspergillus spp., aspergillus niger, and mucorplambeus at the university of benin. the results obtained in this study are also in agreement with that of sekulska et al. (2007) who detected some strains of fusarium, penicillium, and rhizopus in university rooms. the occurrence frequency of the fungi isolated from the sampled air is presented in table 12. table 12. occurrence frequency of the isolated fungi fungi isolates number of isolates frequency (%) aspergillus flavus 9 16.67 mucorplambeus 12 22.22 fusarium spp. 12 22.22 aspergillus niger 11 20.37 penicilliumspp. 10 18.52 total 54 100 the most frequent fungal isolates were mucorplambeus and fusarium spp. with a percentage frequency of 22.22 % and 22.22 % respectively while the least occurred fungal isolate was aspergillus flavus with a percentage frequency of 16.67% (table 12). the results of the present study agree with the reports of würtz et al. (1999); meklin (2002) who isolated molds belonging to the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 8 genera penicillium and aspergillus from the indoor air of some norwich schools and danish schools respectively. it also agrees with the report of kumari et al. (2015); canha et al. (2015) on the detection of penicllium spp., yeasts, and aspegillus spp. in their study area. the findings in this current study equally coincide with the report of dacarro et al. (2005) on the detection of aspergillus spp., penicillium spp. in an italian grind mill. these authors implicated mycetes of aspergillus genus as the main threat causing pathologies connected with dust particles emanating from organic sources. naga et al. (2015) equally reported the occurrence of aspergillus spp., penicillium spp., and rhizopus spp. as the dominant fungal isolates in an indoor environment. many authors (bünger et al., 2000; douwes et al., 2003; viegas et al., 2015) have reported aspergillosis in immunosuppressed individuals exposed to bio-aerosols in their workplace. mucorplambeus, penicillium spp., fusarium spp., aspergillus flavus, and aspergillus niger isolated in this current study have been implicated as opportunistic pathogens for humans and often associated with clinical manifestations of allergy, rhinitis, asthma, cancer, and conjunctivitis. also, these fungi are considered potential candidates involved in the establishment of sick building syndromes (sa’id and salihu, 2018). sundaram et al. (2002) has attributed pneumoconiosis which is known as flour mill lung to inhalation of dusts generated from grains. in reference to the commission of the european communities (cec), american conference of governmental industrial hygienists (acgih), and occupational safety and health administration (oshaa) standards and groupings (kim et al., 2018), the indoor air of grains grinding mills of ultra-modern market dutse, generally showed a high level of fungal contamination levels as the identified fungi recorded in the grinding mills fell in the range of the recommended fungal counts (>103 cfu/m3) as against the earlier findings of adeleye et al. (2018). even though bragoszewska and biedron (2018) did report difficulty in the characterization of work-related risks associated with airborne pathogens, the risks attributable to the isolated and identified fungi in this study should be a source of concern as workers and people that come in contact with the bioaerosols detected in the grinding mills are potentially exposed to such and may be susceptible to its associated ill health effects after all. results generated from air sampling indicated that the mean fungal loads obtained in the morning from shops a (3290 cfu/m3), b (3882 cfu/m3), d (4496 cfu/m3), e (2676 cfu/m3), f (4869 cfu/m3), g (3202 cfu/m3), h (3750 cfu/m3) and i (4167 cfu/m3) were not significantly (p> 0.05) different from each other. however, the mean fungal load obtained in the morning from shop c (6426 cfu/m3) was significantly (p< 0.05) different from the fungal loads obtained in other shops (table 13). table 13. variations in the mean fungal loads during sample collection fungal load (cfu/m3) shop morning afternoon evening a 3290bc 3728bc 2720bc b 3882bc 4518abc 4474abc c 6426a 3991bc 3868bc d 4496abc 3640bc 4802ab e 2676bc 2917bc 4562abc f 4869ab 4540abc 3553bc g 3202bc 3158bc 2302c h 3750bc 3750bc 3597bc i 4167abc 4123abc 4913ab note: means with the same letters in each column are not significantly different using duncan multiple range test (dmrt) (p >0.05). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/aspergillosis https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-09121-4#ref-cr9 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 1-11 9 in the afternoon, the mean fungal loads recorded in all the shops were significantly (p> 0.05) different from each other. the same trend was witnessed in the evening as the mean fungal loads recorded across all the shops were not significantly (p>0.05) different from each other (table 13). conclusion in this study, mucorplambeaus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, fussarium spp., and penicillium spp. were isolated across all the air sampling points using the simple staining technique. the fungi isolated in this study have been established as causative agents of several fungal infections which can be potentially and readily picked up by the workers and customers that come in contact with the indoor air of the grinding mills. specifically, allergies, rhinitis, asthma, cancer, and conjunctivitis are the reported diseases synonymous with the fungi isolated from the grains’ grinding mills. the results obtained in this study have clearly indicated that depending on the time of the day and operation status of the various shops housing the grinding mills, the indoor environment allows fungal aerosols to build up which could serve as potential reservoirs of fungal infections. the concentrations of aero flora above the permissive standard recorded in this study, underscore the importance of this microenvironment for high exposure of humans to bio-aerosols. based on the findings recorded in this study, it is therefore recommended that a proper ventilation system should be provided to allow the movement of air in and out of the grinding mills. proper control measures have to be taken to prevent the environmental factors which facilitate the growth and proliferation of pathogenic fungi in the workplace. disinfection of floors should be performed routinely and dust from the grinding process should be prevented to the barest minimum. workers and customers that visit the grinding mills should be mandated to wear face masks for their safety. finally, as this study focused on the isolation of fungal airborne pathogens, future studies may be required to isolate bacterial pathogens which could be a good source of air-borne pathogens in the grinding mills. references 1. abed, e.y. 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(2012). cereal grains: laboratory reference and procedures manual. food preservation technology. pp. 58. 27. sundaram, p., kamat, r. and joshi, j.m. (2002) flour mill lung: a pneumoconiosis of mixed aetiology. the indian journal of chest diseases and allied sciences, 44: 199-201. 28. u.s national institution of health (2014). indoor air pollution. national institute of environmental health science. retrieved from https://www.niehs.nih.gov. accessed on 28th august, 2021. 29. verde, s. c., almeida, s. m., matos, j., guerreiro, d., meneses, m., faria, t. and viegas, c. (2015). microbiological assessment of indoor air quality at different hospital sites.research in microbiology, 166 (7): 557– 563. 30. weidenborner, m., wieczorek, c., appel, s. and kunz, b. (2000). whole wheat and white wheat flour – the mycobiota and potential mycotoxins. food microbiology, 17: 103-107. 31. würtz, h., kildeso, j., meyer, h. w. and nielsen, j. b. 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(2010). assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. international journal of environmental science and technology, 7: 535-544. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 247 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.546 page: 247 – 254 imperative seasoning characteristics of yushania alpina (highland bamboo) culms grown in dire-inchini, ethiopia gemechu kaba1, mahadi mussa1, getachew desalegn1, anteneh tesfaye1, tsegaye wubishet1, getachew mezgebu1 1ethiopian forest development, forest products innovation research and training center, ethiopia corresponding author: gemechu kaba; email: gkabaa17@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: bamboo culms, density & shrinkage, stacking & drying. received : 26 may 2022 revised : 14 august 2022 accepted : 26 august 2022 bamboo is the world's fastest-growing plant and the finest conceivable substitute for future wood. it has a wide range of applications, from traditional use to industrial manufacture in many countries. bamboo has been traditionally used in ethiopia for the construction of huts and fencing, furniture, containers, beehives, and other small-scale objects. lack of proper processing practices such as seasoning among the reasons for its low use. when bamboo culms are not properly seasoned, they have a high split and shrinkage rate that led to biological and physical degradations. 3–5year-old samples of yushania alpinia culms were gathered from dire-inchni (oromia region). after harvesting culms, were cut into three portions (bottom, middle and top) to investigate the imperative characteristics of the material during the drying process. kiln and air-drying procedures were used to dry the culms. regression analysis was used to describe the functional relationship between moisture loss in the kiln and air drying. they had an average initial mc 103.67%, final mc 12.33%, and basic density 0.69 g/cm3. bamboo culms dried in the kiln took 7.7 days to attain about 12 % final mc, while air-seasoned culms took 97 days. proper stacking, drying, and handling is critical for improving the quality, productivity, and service life of bamboo culms-based constructions and goods in the future. introduction bamboo is the world's fastest-growing plant and the finest conceivable substitute for future wood. bamboo, like other plants, has high moisture content. on a dry-weight basis, fresh-cut green bamboo may contain 100% moisture (wakchaure and kute, 2011). bamboo culms, unlike timber, require a short rotation (3-5 years) to grow before being harvested and used. according to zhaohua (2001), there are about 1500 different uses of bamboo in the world. it can be used for a variety of applications, ranging from traditional rural uses to industrial production in developed countries (omer and gemechu, 2018). in contrast to other nations, bamboo has long been used in ethiopia for hut construction, fencing, and to a lesser extent to furniture, containers, baskets, beehives, firewood, fodder, home utensils, numerous artifacts, and walking sticks (kassahun, 2004; getachew and wubalem, 2014; getachew, 2015). the usage is mainly limited to local purposes (yigardu and mengistie, 2010; getachew desalegn, 2015). despite the numerous uses of bamboo in industry, ethiopia has not reaped the greatest economic benefit from it to date. one of the reasons for its minimal utilization is the lack of processing technologies such as drying (getachew, 2015). proper bamboo culm drying is not generally practiced by bamboo growers/farmers, traders, and processors. when bamboo products are not properly seasoned to achieve the desired equilibrium moisture content, they have a high split rate, shrinkage rate, and dimensional changes, are susceptible to biological and physical degradations, and their quality and quantity are reduced. when it comes to further processing and manufacturing indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:gkabaa17@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 248 finished products, properly seasoned bamboo culms have various advantages over green culms. for example, appropriate moisture reduction and removal limits culm shrinkage and swelling in use to acceptable levels under a variety of processing and usage situations. many difficulties that occur during the drying of culms and over their service life are caused by bamboo shrinkage and durability (getachew, 2015; liese and köhlköhl, 2015). when bamboo loses or absorbs moisture, it alters its dimension, just like wood species. bamboo is a hygroscopic substance, which means its moisture content varies depending on the relative humidity and temperature of its surroundings. unlike most wood species, bamboo shrinkage manifests itself as a reduction in both cell wall thickness and cell width, which is caused by capillary forces that cause cell collapse as moisture levels fall (liese and köhl, 2015). furthermore, finished bamboo goods made from correctly seasoned culms are not vulnerable to the negative effects of uncontrolled drying, which can cause paint, varnish, and other finishes to perform poorly. furthermore, wellseasoned culms can be stored for an extended time without deterioration due to moisture/decay, extending the life of the bamboo culm. highland bamboo (yushania alpina) culms and splints have recently been utilized in the construction of traditional dwellings, primitive furniture, mats, and household equipment (baskets, winnowing trays) (getachew desalegn and wubalem tadesse, 2014, 2014; getachew desalegn, 2015). ethiopia is home to the highland or african alpine bamboo (yushania alpina). it's also found in kenya's, sudan's, zaire's, zambia's, rwanda's, burundi's, tanzania's, and cameroon's highlands (kassahun, 2003). it is one of the most widely farmed bamboo, with a wide distribution across the country. this species of bamboo is popular because of its adaptability and ease of processing. it may be used for a variety of products. bamboo culms are artificially dried in a kiln or airdried before being used. this research focuses on the (drying and density) properties of yushania alpinia culms growing in dire-inchni (oromia region, ethiopia). methods sample selection, preparation, and testing mature (> 3 years old) highland bamboo (y. alpina) culms were harvested from dire-inchni. dire-inchine is a district from ethiopia's oromia's region west shewa zone. this district is 2485 meters above sea level, with 2800 mm of rain and a temperature of 21 degrees celsius. highland bamboo (y. alpina) is available in this district (figure 1) and culms measuring 8 to 10 cm in diameter and 12 meters in height were chosen. culms of bamboo were selected and chopped 30 cm above ground level. they were picked in november, right at the start of the dry season. the bamboo culms' tips were cut off, leaving them around 9 meters long. these culms were then cut into three equal lengths, corresponding to the bottom, middle, and top parts of 3 m each, and transported to the forest products innovation research and training center (fpirtc) while still green for sample processing and testing. stacking and drying of bamboo culms bamboo culms were stacked with about 3 cm spacing between successive culms to facilitate the circulation of air. culms were stacked horizontally in vertical alignments separated by well-seasoned, squared, and standard stickers (figure 1c). the control sample culms were distributed in each stack to represent the bamboo culm in the stack and the drying process at different positions (top-bottom, left-right, and vice-versa). the control sample culms were properly distributed and positioned in the pockets of the different layers of each stack. bamboo culms for air drying were arranged under air drying yards with dimensions of 1.80 widths, 4 m length, and 45 cm height above the ground on sturdy foundations. culms were stored under the shed without being exposed to moisture, rain, or sunlight (figure 1). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 249 figure 1. kiln and air drying of bamboo culms [photo by getachew desalegn and mahadi mussa] drying in kiln culms for kiln drying were stacked out of the kiln on the transfer carriage having a dimension of 2.7 m length and 1.6 m width (figure 1a). this research used a conventional type of artificial kiln drying machine. the machine has a wood loading chamber with a capacity of 2.5 m3. it contains temperature and relative humidity controls that may be modified with psychrometers (dry-bulb and wetbulb thermometers), as well as fans to force air circulation and an air output with a temperature range of 40-70 oc. the kiln drying timetable for wood used to dry bamboo (table 1). psychrometers were regulated, steaming was done, current weighing of control samples was done, and the direction of the fan was adjusted at 8-hour intervals (three times in 24 hours) to allow uniform air circulation during the kiln drying process. the process was repeated until the required final moisture content of 12% mc was achieved. table 1. kiln schedule for bamboo culm moisture content (%) temperature (0c) relative humidity dry-bulb wet-bulb 100-70 38 35 80 70-60 42 37 70 60-50 44 39 65 50-40 50 40 60 40-30 53 42 55 30-20 55 43 50 20-10 60 45 40 air drying the control sample culms were weighed, placed in the stack, and weighed again after one week. the process was repeated until the stack's average final moisture content (mc) was around 15-12 %, which is the emc for indoor and outdoor uses. determination of initial and final moisture content for the determination of drying characteristics of y. alpinia bamboo culms, representative samples from three height segments (bottom, middle, and top), two drying methods (kiln and air drying), and five replicates (3*2*5) totaled 30 samples were used. two tiny portions of 3 cm in length were cut from both ends of each sample culm to determine the initial moisture content. to control the drying process, the center regions of the test sample with a length of 100 cm were used. the initial weights of the tiny pieces (3 cm sections) and the control samples of bamboo culms were immediately measured and recorded. the control sample culms were placed in the stacks prepared for kiln and air drying. the 3 cm sections were dried in the oven at 103°c for 48 hours until they reached a consistent weight. moisture content (mc) of the sections was calculated as follows: indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 250 mc1 % = wg1-wod1 wod1 x100 mc2 % = wg2-wod2 wod2 x100 amc = mc1+mc2 where, mc1: is the initial moisture content of the first piece, mc2: is the initial moisture content of the second piece, wg: is green weight and wod: is the oven dry weight of the section, amc: is the average moisture content of each selected culm. to determine the moisture level of the bamboo stack in the kiln at various stages and to assess the final moisture content, the oven-dry weight of control samples was computed analytically and then placed into the stack. using the following formula, the analytical determined oven-dry weight of the control sample (woc) was calculated: woc= wg 100+amc% x100 where, wg: is the green weight of the control sample, amc: is the average moisture content of the culm. control sample culms were reweighted at eight hours interval and the current moisture content of each control sample culms was determined using the following formula: current mc%= current wt-woc woc x100 determination of density and shrinkage to represent the three height sections, five replicates with a total of 15 samples were used (bottom, middle, and top). each sample was 30 mm long and made from fresh culms. the green weight and dimensions were measured using a sensitive balance and a digital caliper (resolution of 0.01 gm and 0.01 mm). the volume of each piece of green bamboo was determined using the water displacement method. after that, the sample sections were oven-dried at 103°c until they reached a constant weight with a difference of 0.10.2 g between two consecutive weights of each sample. following that, using iso standard 221572 as a guide, basic density and shrinkages (tangential and longitudinal) were computed (iso, 2004). the following formulas were used to compute basic density and shrinkage. basic density= (oven dry weight gm ) (green volume (cm 3)) shrinkage (%) = di −df di x100 where di: is the initial dimension before ovendrying (mm) and df: is the final dimension after oven-drying (mm) drying defects representatives of culms were selected randomly from each stack of the kiln and airseasoned experiments and they were visually inspected for defects like collapse, cracking, checks, and splitting that had occurred during drying. they were expressed as the %age of all samples in each kiln and air-drying methods. regression analysis was used to describe the functional relationship between moisture loss in the kiln and air drying, which yielded high coefficients (r2 > 90%). the drying method had a significant impact on the drying rate and time of y. alpinia culms, according to the anova table (table 2). the culm part has a considerable impact on the drying duration of bamboo culms, but not on their drying rate. results and discussion drying rate and drying time the mc of y. alpinia cultivated from direinchni was reduced from 96.52 to 10.75 % by kiln drying within 7.7 days (table 3). the initial mc of the air-seasoned culm was reduced from 110.81 mc to 13.90 final mc in 97 days. the bottom portion of the culms took longer to dry in the kiln and the air than the middle and top portions (table 3). this could be because the bottom section has the thickest wall culms and the highest initial mc. when compared to the middle and top culms, the bottom culm's drying rate is less noticeable. air drying of y. alpinia culms took significantly longer than kiln drying (table 3). because the weather cannot be controlled, air drying offers limited control over the drying process. air circulation, temperature, and relative humidity are maintained and managed during kiln drying so that it can be dried to the appropriate moisture content in a shorter amount of time during kiln drying. the results revealed that in comparison to the middle and top culm parts, the bottom portion dries slower. this is owing to the substantial wall thickness of the bottom culm section (vetter et al., 2015). bamboo species with a lower specific indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 251 gravity/density and shorter internodes dry faster, according to tang et al. (2013) this study also confirmed the same trend to these authors with the basic density of 0.69 g/cm3 (figure 2). table 2. summary of anova on drying characteristics of yushania alpinia culms mean-square and statistical significances source of variation df initial mc (%) final mc (%) drying time (hour) drying rate (%) portion (p) 2 7904.11** 3.34* 1847970.54** 0.001ns drying method 1 967.34** 182.86** 52497088.89** 3.75** sxp 4 0.92* 1.26ns 24664.65ns 0.0008* note: ns-not significant at p>0.05, *-significant at p<0.05, **-highly significant at p<0.05. where: dfdegree of freedom in comparison to other commercial timber species of similar density, this bamboo species take a longer time. according to getachew desalegn et al. (2012) (2015), kiln and air drying of euclyptus saligna with 0.68 g/cm3 took 4 days and 56 days, respectively. furthermore, for kiln and air drying, fagaropsis angolensis with 0.70 g/cm3 required 2.3 days and 112 days, respectively. due to the presence of hygroscopic elements in the parenchyma, bamboo takes longer to dry than wood of comparable density (vetter et al., 2015). initial and final moisture content the anova table revealed that the initial moisture content of y. alpinia is affected by culm height and drying methods (table 2). the interaction impact between the culm section and the initial mc of the y. alpinia culm is strong (table 3). the drying procedure had a significant impact on the bamboo culms' ultimate mc (table 2). the initial mc dropped from the bottom to the top of the bamboo culms, according to the findings (table 3). bambusa balcooa, bambusa tulda, bambusa salarkhanii, and melocanna baccifera, all grown in bangladesh, showed similar variance to this study (kamruzzaman et al., 2008; wahab et al., 2009). table 3. the average initial moisture content and the average final moisture content with drying time sites drying method portion moisture content (%) drying rate/day (mean) drying time (hours) initial (mean). final (mean) dire-inchni kiln bottom 109.85 (15.93) 10.63 (0.60) 0.460 (0.037) 216.00 (10.10) middle 94.42 (22.82) 11.10 (0.72) 0.462 (0.021) 180.00 (19.04) top 85.29 (11.14) 10.53 (0.25) 0.468 (0.038) 160.00 (7.70) total 96.52 (18.90) 10.75 (0.57) 0.463 (0.023) 185.33 (26.10) air bottom 135.08 (14.18) 14.46 (1.07) 0.041 (0.002) 3004.50 (200.67) middle 107.01 (21.45) 14.24 (1.32) 0.043 (0.001) 2184.00 (237.61) top 90.36 (13.98) 13.00 (0.67) 0.043 (0.002) 1799.00 (76.32) total 110.81 (24.60) 13.90 (1.17) 0.042 (0.002) 2329.17 (551.08) nb. the number in the bracket () indicates the standard deviation shrinkage and basic density the basic density and shrinkage % ages are two of the most important criteria that influence bamboo culm's use as a raw material in many industries. figure 2 shows the changes in basic density, the tangential, and longitudinal shrinkage % ages in wall thickness along the culm portions. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 252 figure 2. shrinkage (a) and basic density (b) along culm portions of y. alpinia the results revealed that the culm part has a substantial impact on y. alpinia's basic density (figure 2). dire-inchni bamboo had an average basic density of 0.69 g/cm3. the basic density of the culms of y. alpinia rose with rising height levels, according to the findings (figure 2). this could be attributed to differences in bamboo anatomical structures along the culm parts. other researchers made similar observations, as well as seeing an increase in basic density as the culm's height levels increased (wahab et al., 2009). according to santhoshkumar and bhat (2015), the increase in basic density from the base to the top height level of the bamboo culm was attributable to the proportion of fibrous tissue and frequency of vascular bundles increasing from the base to the top sections. y. alpinia bamboo culm height showed a significant effect on tangential (circumference) and longitudinal shrinkages (figure 2). according to the result with rising height levels of the culms of the y. alpinia, the tangential and longitudinal shrinkage in wall thickness increased (figure 2). b. blumeana and gigantochloa levis showed similar variations to this investigation (kamruzzaman et al., 2008). the presence of several vascular bundles causes the upper section to shrink more (vetter et al., 2015). the tangential shrinkage was 5.8% on average. table 4. summary of anova on basic density (g/cm3) and shrinkage (%) of y. alpinia mean-square and statistical significance source of variation df basic density tangential longitudinal site (s 2 0.013* 0.298ns 0.009ns portion (p) 2 0.030** 17.626** 1.940** sxp 4 0.000ns 0.014ns 0.000* note: ns-not significant at p>0.05, *-significant at p<0.05, **-highly significant at p<0.05. where: dfdegree of freedom drying defects defects in the bamboo culms occurred during and after drying. surface checks, collapse, and cracks were some of the defects detected during the kiln and air-drying procedures. a b indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 253 figure 3. kiln (a) and air (b) seasoned defects of y. alpinia culm grown at dire-inchni as illustrated in figure 3 above the bottom portion of the bamboo culms has been impacted by drying defects to a greater extent than the middle and top portions. conclusion not just in the study locations (dire-inchni), but also in areas with similar bamboo species and agroecological zones, the findings will be relevant and practical. because it is possible to construct an air-drying shade for a low cost and a minimal investment, and because some of the approaches are simple to apply with little technical expertise and practical experience, the results can be utilized. to improve the quality, productivity, and service life of bamboo culms-based structures and products in the future, recommendations include: (i) harvesting mature bamboo culms early in the dry season to reduce starch/sugar content; and (ii) harvested culms should be properly handled and seasoned as soon as possible to the desired moisture content using air drying method. rather than using a kiln, proper stacking and drying of culms in the air are recommended. air drying should be done by standing bamboo culms upright in a well-ventilated yard, out of direct sunlight and away from the wind, as rapid drying can lead to various problems. because drying is a necessary stage in the processing of bamboo into various products, further research should be done on other prospective bamboo species, such as lowland bamboo (oxythenatera abyssinica) culms, which are abundant in ethiopia. the country's various stakeholders must pay close attention to the diverse bamboo resource. the function of research and extension institutions in offering optimal technologies and practices in propagation, management, product processing, promotion, and rational utilization is critical. references 1. desalegn, g. & tadesse, w. (2014). resource potential of bamboo, challenges and future directions towards sustainable management and utilization in ethiopia. forest systems, 23(2): 294-299. 2. desalegn, g. (2015). durability of highland bamboo (arundinaria alpina k. schum) and lowland bamboo (oxytenanthera abyssinica) (a. rich.) munro culms and alternative damage control measures against biodeteriorating agents. ethiop. j. biol. sci., 14(2): 89-123. 3. desalegn, g. abegaz, m., teketay, d., & gezahgne, a. (2012). commercial timer species in ethiopia: characteristics and uses a handbook for forest industries, construction and energy sectors, foresters and other stakeholders. addis ababa university press, addis ababa. 4. desalegn, g. kelemwork, s., gebeyehu, d. (2015). forest products utilization research in ethiopia: highlights on major achievements and contributions. isbn: 978-3-659-94786-5. ethiopian environment and forest research institute, addis ababa. 5. iso (2004) iso 22157-2: bamboo determination of physical and mechanical properties-part ii: laboratory manual. international standards organization, geneva 6. kamruzzaman, m., s. k. saha, a. k. bose & m. n. islam. (2008). effects of age and height on physical and mechanical properties of bamboo, journal of tropical forest science, 20 (3): 211–217. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 247-254 254 7. kassahun e. (2004). potentials of ethiopian bamboo forests in biodiversity conservation, environment improvement and socio-economic development. proceedings of the first national workshop on non timber forest products in ethiopia, 5-6 april 2004. ethiopian agricultural research organization and international plant genetic resources institute. addis ababa, ethiopia. 8. kassahun, e. (2003). ecological aspects and resource management of bamboo forests in ethiopia. doctoral dissertation, issn 14016230, swedish university of agricultural sciences, uppsala, sweden 9. liese w. & köhl m. (eds.) (2015). bamboo: the plant and its uses. tropical forestry. springer international publishing switzerland. 10. hinde, o. kaba, g. (2018). bamboo utilization practices and challenges of cottage industries: the case of selected towns in ethiopia. international journal of advanced research and publications, 2 (8), 50-55. 11. santhoshkumar, r., and k.v. bhat, 2015. variation in density and its relation to the distribution, frequency and percentage of tissues in bamboo culms, dendrocalamus strictus nees. j. indian bot. soc., 94 (1 & 2): 104-110. 12. tang tkh, welling j, liese, w., 2013. kiln drying for bamboo culm parts of the species bambusa stenostachya, dendrocalamus asper and thyrsostachys siamensis. j indian acad wood sci, 10(1):26–31. 13. vetter, r. e., ruy a. sa´ ribeiro, marilene g. sa´ ribeiro, ires p. a. miranda, 2015. studies on drying of imperial bamboo. eur. j. wood prod. doi 10.1007/s00107-015-0900-6. 14. wakchaure m.r. and kute s.y., 2011. effect of moisture content on physical and mechanical properties of bamboo. asian journal of civil engineering (building and housing). 13 (6), 753-763. 15. wahab r., a. mohamed, m.t. mustafa and a. hassan. (2009). physical characteristics and anatomical properties of cultivated bamboo (bambusa vulgaris schrad.) culms, journal of biological sciences, 9(7): 753-759. 16. yigardu, m. & mengistie, k., (2010). status of bamboo resource development, utilization and research in ethiopia: a review. ethiopian institute of agricultural research, forestry research center, addis ababa, ethiopia, 17. zhaohua, z. (2001). sustainable development of the bamboo and rattan sectors in tropical china. proceedings no. 6. international network for bamboo and rattan (inbar), beijing, china. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 132 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.463 page: 132 – 142 incidence of early marriage induced girl dropouts at secondary level: a study of bharsho village in naogaon district ety rani1*, wardatul akmam2 1sociology discipline, social science school, khulna university, bangladesh 2department of sociology, social science faculty, university of rajshahi, bangladesh corresponding author: ety rani; email: etyranisocru2621@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: dropout, early marriage, secondary level of education. received : 01 march 2022 revised : 01 june 2022 accepted : 04 june 2022 in this study, efforts have been made to explore the incidence of early marriageinduced dropout among girls at the secondary level of education. this study has tbr__ i\d_]tcv_s. tb_r_ [r_: ti `ch^ ^c``_r_ht `[]tirs tb[t [``_]t_^ acrfs’ ^rijiut; ti investigate the extent to which child marriaa_ `uh]tcih_^ [s [ r_[sih `ir acrfs’ dropout; ti r_f[t_ tb_ `ch^chas i` tb_ stu^y ti m[sfiw’s tb_iry i` bc_r[r]by i` needs. social survey and case study methods have been applied for data collection. data have been collected from 131 respondents with informed consent. the research area of this study was bharsho village under the district of naogaon in bangladesh. in this study, the socio-_]ihigc] ]ih^ctcih i` r_sjih^_hts’ j[r_hts [h^ father-in-law was poor. a g[dircty i` tb_ r_sjih^_hts’ g[ch reason for dropping out w[s _[rfy g[rrc[a_. e[rfy g[rrc[a_ w[s [ v_ry scahc`c][ht `[]tir tb[t [``_]ts acrfs’ dropouts. this study sbiws [ striha r_f[tcihsbcj \_tw__h m[sfiw’s bc_r[r]by i` h__^s, _[rfy g[rrc[a_, [h^ acrfs’ ^rijiut. introduction every human being has a right to education. education provides girls an opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills for personal development and contribute to the improvement of the socio-cultural fabric of a country (amjad, 2007). dainik ittefaq (2019, june 14) reported that the dropout rate was particularly high among the girls, with 45.92 percent leaving education at the secondary level, against 33.72 percent of boys. prothom alo (2018, 12 march) reported that despite free textbooks, stipends, and other initiatives being accomplished by the government, almost 42 percent of the postprimary level girl students drop out before secondary school certificate examination. the government of bangladesh has provided stipends for girls in secondary and higher secondary _^u][tcih. but tb_ ch]c^_h]_ i` acrfs’ ^rijiut persists. the situation demands urgent attention. against this backdrop, efforts have been made in the present study to explore the incidence of early marriage-induced girl dropouts at the secondary level of education. in this research, dropping out at the secondary level refers to someone who has left school/college before passing the higher secondary certificate examination. article 2.4 of the child marriage restraint act, 2017 defines child marriage as ‚a marriage to which either or both of the contracting parties are minor‛, wb_r_ ‘gchir’ ([rtc]f_ 2.1) cs ^_`ch_^ [s ‚in case of marriage, a person who, if a male, has not completed 21 (twenty-one) years of age, and if a female, has not completed 18 (eighteen) years of age.‛ the authors of the current paper have accepted this definition as the definition of early marriage. in this paper, the terms early marriage and child marriage have been used synonymously. adams (2013) in his study observed that the education of girls in sub-saharan africa in general and south africa, in particular, has been impeded by the high rate of school dropout due to pregnancies and demerits of sexual intercourse at an early age. molosiwa and moswela (2012) also r_s_[r]b_^ acrf jujcfs’ ^rijiut ch s_]ih^[ry s]biifs indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 133 in botswana. the research findings show that the pregnancy of schoolgirls was a crisis that affected the socio-economic welfare of families, societies, and countries at large. this is because it was one cause, if not the leading cause of school dropout for female students. a majority of girls drop out of school as a result of early marriage (sekine and hodgkin, 2017; barr, 2017). married girls are drastically less likely to attend school than their unmarried peers (omoeva, hatch, and sylla, 2014). ahmed et al. (2010) have also shown that the main reasons for acrfs’ ^rijiut [r_ jiv_rty [h^ jiverty-related factors. rickets (2013) studied in tanzania and rwanda and found that girls have more domestic responsibilities than boys do and it leads to young girls dropping out of school at higher rates than young boys. lawrence (2016) found that girl stu^_hts’ dropping out of secondary school in bagamoyo district in tanzania was caused by economic, cultural, and school-based factors. shahidul and karim (2015) revealed that in male-dominated societies, some traditional cultural beliefs and practices lara_fy `uh]tcih_^ [s \[rrc_rs ti acrfs’ _^u][tcih. unesco’s (2003) `ch^chas sbiw tb[t t_[]b_rs’ chsufts, [hary sbiuts, ]irjir[f juhcsbg_ht, [h^ s_xu[f b[r[ssg_ht ch`fu_h]_^ acrfs’ dropouts. maslow (1943) developed a theory of motivation. in this theory, he constructed a hierarchy of needs with five elements. these arephysiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs, and selfactualization needs. these are very important in motivating a person. these five elements are (1) physiological needs: the first level of the hierarchy contains physiological needs (hunger, sex, food, rest, and thirst). (2) safety and security needs the need for safety and security (protection, stability, freedom from fear and chaos). (3) love and belonging needs: the need for love and belonging (intimacy, attention, and affiliation with a group), occupy the third level. (4) self-esteem needs: the fourth level of the hierarchy is self-esteem needs (consistent high view of self and respect for the esteem of others). (5) self-actualization needs: at the highest level of the hierarchy is the selfactualization needs (achieving the highest level of fulfillment of personal potential). these needs appear one after another when each level of need is fulfilled. this theory has some cgjirt[ht cgjfc][tcihs `ir acrfs’ ^rijping out of the secondary level of education. researchers of this study b[v_ fche_^ tbcs bc_r[r]by i` h__^s wctb acrfs’ drop out. in the present study, when the continuation of school appears as a barrier to the fulfillment of the needs mentioned above girls choose to drop out. (1) physiological needs and gcrfs’ dropout: due to poverty, many rural poor acrfs’ `[gcfy ][hhit `uf`cff tb_cr jbyscifiac][f h__^s (e.g., food and nourishment, educational costs, medical treatment, etc.). parents think that rearing and educating a girl is a wastage of money. so, they arranged early marriage. (2) safety needs and gcrfs’ dropout: due to a lack of social safety parents think that early marriage is better than education. (3) love and belonging needs and gcrfs’ dropout: when family members (especially the guardians) are [a[chst [ acrf’s s]biifcha, sb_ cs gist likely to agree to early marriage to retain the love of her family members. belonging to her family becomes more important than her schooling. so, she drops out. (4) self-esteem needs and gcrfs’ dropout: encouragement from parents and significant others boost the self-esteem of children regarding education. often parents fail to encourage their daughters regarding their educational pursuits, wbc]b fiw_rs tb_cr ^[uabt_rs ‘s_f`-esteem, eventually leading to dropping out of school. (5) self-actualization needs and gcrfs’ dropout: selfactualization g_[hs [ j_rsih’s \_cha [\f_ ti \rcha out all her/his potential. when a girl realizes that she would not be able to continue schooling after the secondary level, or even if she does complete her tertiary education, she would not be allowed to pursue a career, she loses interest in schooling and drops out. several socioeconomic and cultural factors tb[t f_[^ ti acrfs’ ^rijiut `rig tb_ s_]ih^[ry f_v_f have been identified in various studies and the theory discussed above. these are given below: poor academic performance. arko (2013) reports that poor academic performance is one of the main factors influencing girls dropping out. mzuza et al. (2013) comply that there is a strong relationship between poor examination passing rates and dropout rates. because when a girl fails in her exam eventually, she loses interest to continue with school and drops out of education. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 134 lack of own interest in school. some girls are not interested in continuing school despite the desire of their parents and husband. in such cases, the lack of tb_ acrfs’ own interest in school leads them towards dropping out of the secondary level of education. early marriage. marriage has always been a prominent cause of school dropouts among females (gr[ht, 2012). hif][gj (2009) `iuh^ tb[t acrfs’ dropout rates became higher in rural areas. parents think that they will not get any benefit from educating their girl child because they will leave their own family after getting married. many people in rural areas think that marriage means the end of education for girls. ‘if a girl gets married, she does not need education. this is a common understanding of some rural people in bangladesh. pregnancy. several studies also found that teenage jr_ah[h]y w[s [ scahc`c][ht ][us_ i` acrfs’ ^rijjcha out of school (boyle et al., 2002). poverty. poverty remains, according to orkin et al. (2014), the most common primary and contributing reason for acrfs’ dropping out of secondary school. similar was the finding of hunter and may (2011), who identified poverty as a plausible explanation for school disruption. at present, the government of bangladesh provides books for students of all classes in secondary schools. however, school admission fees, exam fees, and private tuition fees are increasing day by day. therefore, poor parents are failing to afford education costs. poor parents think that they have no chance of gaining any benefit from investing money in their d[uabt_rs’ _^u][tcih. household chores. many studies observe that girls sometimes begin working at an earlier age than boys, especially in rural areas and girls also tend to do more work in the household than boys do. studies indicate that female students tend to drop out of school to take care of their younger siblings (brock and cammish, 1997). a study indicates that if mothers work and get wages outside of the home, female children take some responsibilities in the household, which causes them to drop out (fuller and liang, 1999). eve-teasing. we hear almost every day that many girls face eve-teasing and sexual harassment at school, especially in bangladesh. because of this insecurity, some parents are inclined to marry off their girls at an early age. eventually, girls drop out from school. distance of school. distance of school from home is an important determinant of school dropout for female students. juneja (2001) observed that if the distance of school is too far from home, the tr_h^ i` acrfs’ ^rijiut ch]r_[s_s \_][us_ i` tb_cr vulnerability to sexual harassment. ainsworth (2005) found that in tanzania, a long-distance school from home increased dropout rates. parental negligence and gender discrimination. parents nurture gender discrimination between boys and girls regarding educational investment. a common perception of parents is that educating a girl child is a waste of resources as she will ultimately leave home after marriage (hunt, 2008; mawere, 2012). cultural beliefs. save the children (2005) indicates that cultural norms and beliefs confine acrfs’ _^u][tcih, especially in many developing countries. in these societies, religious superstitions and traditional values prevent girls from expressing their own opinions and making their own decisions. a brief review of available literature reveals that studies carried out so far have investigated several issues such as the connection between j[r_hts’ si]ci_]ihigc] st[tus, ]bcf^ g[rrc[a_, [h^ acrfs’ ^rijiut [t tb_ s_]ih^[ry f_v_f. tb_y highlighted the factors of early marriage and other causes of gcrfs’ ^rijjcha iut `rig tb_ s_]ih^[ry level of education. however, most previous research focused on global, african, or asian contexts. although several studies have been conducted in b[haf[^_sb’s national context, sociological research on the association between early marriage and school dropouts among girls in hirtb_rh b[haf[^_sb [h^ m[sfiw’s theory of the hierarchy of needs and the relations between early g[rrc[a_ [h^ acrfs’ ^rij iut cs s][ht. tb_ jr_s_ht r_s_[r]b fches tb_ `[]tirs i` acrfs’ ^rijiut `rim secondary level and early marriage with m[sfiw’s theory of the hierarchy of needs. as far as the researchers have gone through no comprehensive research on this topic had taken place in the naogaon district. a thorough understanding of local dynamics on provocative issues like child marriage, t__h jr_ah[h]y, [h^ acrfs’ ^rijiut `rig tb_ secondary level can contribute to national policy formulations on education, child rights, and family affairs. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 135 methods the researchers have selected a village named bharsho under bharsho #1 union, manda upazila of naogaon district in bangladesh for this study as tb_y w_r_ ch`irg_^ tb[t g[hy ][s_s i` acrfs’ dropout have occurred in this village. the researchers employed a social survey and case study methods for the study. primary data were collected from targeted respondents the women aged 12-30 years, who had dropped out of school at the secondary level. data were collected directly from the respondents with informed consent between 2103-2019 to 05-04-2019. questionnaire and interview schedules were used as data collection tools. although the researchers wanted to interview all (143) of the targeted women, they succeeded in interviewing 131 of them. the girls were interviewed extensively after building rapport with them. three teachers of bharsho high school were also interviewed to know about their opinions on tb_ `[]tirs i` acrfs’ ^rijout. the case study method has been used to describe the particulars of 15 respondents in this research work. the unit of analysis was the individual. all the data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. statistical procedures, such as tabulation, frequency distribution, percentage, mean, ratio, and graphs have been used. results and discussion this section reflects on the survey results of this study and compares these findings with those of other researchers. table 1. tcg_ i` r_sjih^_hts’ drijiut tcg_ i` r_sjih^_hts’ ^rijiut number of respondents percentage before marriage 13 9.92 after marriage 118 90.08 total n=131 100 source: the authors. table 1 reflects the time when the respondents dropped out. it shows that only 13 (9.92%) of the secondary level dropout respondents had dropped out before marriage and 118 (90.08%) of them dropped out after marriage. similar were the findings of the study by nguyen and wodon (2015), which revealed that each additional year of early marriage reduced the probability of literacy among women who got married early by 5.7 percentage points, and the probability of having at least some secondary schooling by 5.6 points, and the probability of secondary school completion by 3.5 points. table 2. r_[sihs b_bch^ gcrfs’ drij out `rig s_]ih^[ry s]biif r_[sihs \_bch^ gcrfs’ ^rijping out from secondary school number of respondents percentage early marriage 106 80.91 poverty 52 39.69 pregnancy 4 3.05 eve teasing 5 3.81 school distance 7 5.34 parental negligence 27 20.61 lack of own interest in school 12 9.16 others 11 8.39 source: the authors. *respondents were asked to mention the reason behind their dropping out of school (multiple responses accepted). table 2 identifies the main reasons as well as other reasons of drop out mentioned by the respondents. the table shows that 106 (80.91%) girls mentioned early marriage, 52 (39.69%) girls mentioned poverty, 4 (3.05%) girls mentioned pregnancy, and 5 (3.81%) mentioned eve-teasing as reasons behind their dropping out of school. for this question, multiple answers from the respondents were accepted. findings of the present study sujjirt m[w_r_’s stu^y (2012), ch wbc]b _]ihigc] indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 136 hardships, poverty, early marriages, and the traditional and mistaken religious ideas that educating a girl child is a wastage of resources were tb_ `[]tirs i` acrf’s ^rijout. research by ainsworth (2005) found that in tanzania where the distance of a school was too long from home, the rate of school dropout increased in those areas. for instance, in rural areas there were no roads and vehicles; hence, children had to walk for long distances through difficult terrain, and the dangerous environment consequently affected their performance and continuation in school. the findings of this research have similarities with this finding (table 2). among the 131 respondents of this study, 7 (5.34%) girls mentioned distance of the school from home as a factor that affected their drop out from school. respondents of this study mentioned some other factors as well. twenty-seven (20.61%) mentioned parental negligence, 12 (9.16%) mentioned lacking own interest in schooling, and 11 (8.39%) girls mentioned other reasons. among these 11 reasons, one girl mentioned the negative attitude of her h_cab\ir ti acrfs’ _^u][tcih, ih_ r_sjih^_ht referred to her sickness, one respondent mentioned the attitu^_ i` t_[]b_rs tiw[r^s stu^_hts ir t_[]b_r’s g[ftr_[tg_ht, ih_ acrf g_htcih_^ b_r au[r^c[hs’ idea that if a girl was more educated, it would be a problem to get equally qualified husband in their fisherman community; two mentioned lack of security, three r_sjih^_hts g_htcih_^ tb_cr `[tb_r’s sickness, one mentioned familial conflict (because she had a stepmother), and one mentioned very bad result as reasons behind their dropping out of school. thus, it is evident that no single factor is responsible for girfs’ ^rijiut [t tb_ s_]ih^[ry f_v_f, according to the findings of this study. different `[]tirs w_r_ r_sjihsc\f_ `ir acrfs’ ^rijjcha iut [t the secondary level. but a dominating factor of acrfs’ ^rijiut [t tb_ s_]ih^[ry f_v_f w[s _[rfy marriage. table 3. tb_ m[ch r_[sih `ir gcrfs’ drijiut tb_ g[ch r_[sih `ir acrfs’ ^rij iut number of respondents percentage early marriage 78 59.54 pregnancy 4 3.06 poverty 26 19.84 eve teasing 3 2.29 distance of school from home 3 2.29 parental negligence 10 7.63 lack of own interest in school 3 2.29 others 4 3.06 total 131 100 source: the authors. the respondents of this study were asked to identify the main reason behind their dropping out of school. their answers are given in table 3, according to which 78 (59.54%) of the respondents opined that the main reason was early marriage. for 26 (19.84%) respondents the main reason was poverty, for 10 (7.63%) it was parental negligence, and for 4 (3.06%) it was pregnancy. eve teasing, distance from home, and lack of ownership interest in school were the main reasons for the same number of respondents (n=3, 2.29%). four (3.06%) girls had dropped out for other reasons. among these 4, one girl had dropped out for the negative [ttctu^_ i` b_r h_cab\ir ti acrfs’ _^u][tcih, ih_ r_sjih^_ht’s cffh_ss w[s tb_ r_[sih `ir b_r ^rijjcha out, and ih_ ^rijj_^ iut `ir [ t_[]b_r’s maltreatment of students, which is similar to the finding of unesco (2003) and one girl dropped iut \_][us_ i` b_r au[r^c[h’s c^_[ tb[t c` [ acrf w[s more educated, it would create a problem in getting equally qualified husband in the fisherman community, which resembles the findings of chege and sifuna (2006). thus, findings show that according to a huge majority of respondents the main reason for their dropping out at the secondary level was early marriage. similar was the finding of mansory (2007), who found that in afghanistan, early marriage was the foremost cause of school dropout among girls. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 137 table 4. the age at which the respondents drop out at the secondary level drop out the age of the respondents (years) number of respondents percentage 12-14 years 81 61.83 15-17 years 50 38.17 total 131 100 source: the authors. table 4 shows the age at which the respondents had dropped out of school. it indicates that 81 (61.83%) of the respondents dropped out when they were 12-14 years old and another 50 (38.17%) dropped out when they were 15-17 years old. table 5. whether respondents spent a lot of time for their younger siblings whether respondents spent a lot of time for their younger siblings number of respondents percentage yes 10 7.63 no 121 92.37 total 131 100 source: the authors. table 5 portrays that only 10 (7.63%) respondents had spent a significant amount of time with their siblings. table 6. i` y_s, wb_tb_r it a``_]t_^ r_sjih^_ht’s dropout whether it affected her dropout number of respondents percentage yes 0 0 no 10 100 total 10 100 source: the authors. table 6 shows that among these 10 respondents, none had mentioned it as a reason behind their dropping out of school. this finding is hit ch [ar__g_ht wctb tb[t i` z[g[h’s study (2014), the study by brock and cammish (1997) as well as the study by fuller and liang (1999) which found that many girl students dropped out because they had to take care of their young siblings in absence of their parents at home. table 7. whether the education continued after marriage whether schooling continued after marriage number of respondents percentage yes 8 6.10 no 123 93.90 total 131 100 source: the authors. thus, the findings of the present are fully in agreement with the findings of sekine and hodgkin (2017) and barr (2017) that a majority of girls drop out of secondary school as a result of early marriage. table 7 shows that only 8 (6.10%) respondents were able to continue school after marriage although they could not continue after s.s.c. a great majority of the respondents (n=123, 93.90%) were not able to do so. not an only continuation of school, but also regular class attendance was also affected by early marriage. using recent household survey data from nine east and southern african countries, a paper by epdc surmised that marital status hurt school attendance (epdc, 2014). the present study reveals that among the 8 girls who continued schooling after marriage, only 2 (25%) went to school regularly and 6 (75%) could not. begum (1999) found that early marriage cut off educational opportunities and hampered personal growth. in the present study, only 3 (37.5%) girls got sufficient opportunities from their hus\[h^’s `[gcfy `ir tb_cr studies but 5 (62.5%) girls did not. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 138 table 8. reasons for dropping out of school after marriage reasons for dropping out of school after marriage number of respondents percentage lack of own interest 20 16.95 hus\[h^’s family did not allow 43 36.44 poverty 7 5.93 pregnancy 5 4.24 household chores 17 14.40 the notion that there is no need for education after marriage 16 13.56 after marriage, they could gain nothing by continuing school 5 4.24 others 5 4.24 total 118 100 source: the authors. table 8 portrays the reasons for which the respondents dropped out after marriage. it points out that after marriage 20 (16.95%) respondents had dropped out due to lack of ownership interest in school, 43 (36.44%) respondents had dropped out as their in-laws did not allow, 7 (5.93%) dropped out due to poverty and 5 (4.24%) for pregnancy. according to the present study 17 (14.40%) respondents had dropped out of being overburdened with household chores, which resembles findings of unicef (2015) that new brides are expected and `ir]_^ ti t[e_ j[rt ch tb_cr bus\[h^’s household chores like child domestic workers, a phenomenon that affects the continuation of their education. sixteen respondents (13.56%) of the present study ^rijj_^ iut iwcha ti [ hitcih tb[t ‘tb_r_ cs hi h__^ for _^u][tcih [`t_r g[rrc[a_ `ir wig_h’, 5 (4.24%) thought that they could gain nothing by continuing school after marriage, 5 (4.24%) had dropped out due to other causes after marriage. among these 5, one dropped out because her parents did not allow her to study after marriage. they feared that there could be any trouble again in school. that is why her schooling was brought to an end after marriage. one could not continue for her ill health, 3 dropped out because at that time they did not understand the importance of continuing education. thus, we find that after marriage most of the respondents dropped iut \_][us_ tb_cr bus\[h^’s `[gcfy ^c^ hit [ffiw continuation of school. moreover, they did not have a clear idea regarding the importance of continuing education. table 9. whether the teachers played a role in preventing child marriage and dropout whether the teachers played a role in preventing child marriage and dropout number of respondents percentage yes 20 15.27 no 111 84.73 total 131 100 source: the authors. teachers played a positive role in preventing child marriage and drop out according to 20 (15.27%) respondents but according to 111 (84.73%), teachers did not or could not play any role in this regard (table 9). some respondents said that the teachers did not know about their (r_sjih^_hts’) g[rrc[a_. thus, the findings of this present study mostly resemble the findings of previous studies. according to this study the main reason behind r_sjih^_hts’ ^rijjcha iut i` s_]ih^[ry s]biif w[s early marriage (n=78, 59.55%); other reasons included pregnancy (n=4, 3.05%), poverty (n=26, 19.84%), eve-teasing (n=3, 2.29%), distance of school from home (n=3, 2.29%), parental disinterest (n=10, 7.63%), lack of own interest in school (n=3, 2.29%) and 4 (3.06%) girls had dropped out for other reasons. one girl had dropped out for the h_a[tcv_ [ttctu^_ i` h_cab\ir ti acrfs’ _^u][tcih, ih_ dropped out for a t_[]b_r’s g[ftr_[tg_ht if students and one girl dropped out because of the idea that was if a girl was more educated, it would create a problem to get equally qualified husband in the fisherman community. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 139 in some societies, social exclusion is an [^^ctcih[f \[rrc_r ti acrfs’ aicha ti s]biif. c_rt[ch groups of girls are more likely to be excluded from school based on caste, ethnicity, religion, or disability. for example, in nepal, dalit girls are almost twice as likely to be excluded as compared to higher caste girls (dfid, 2005). this research study shows that caste, ethnicity, religion, or ^cs[\cfcty ^c^ hit [``_]t acrfs’ ^ropout at the secondary level. in america, it was observed that 28 percent of the females left school because of pregnancy and 12 percent did so because of early marriage (nces, 2009). in the present study, early marriage and pregnancy were found to be important r_[sihs \_bch^ acrfs’ ^rijjcha iut. but tb_ influence of early marriage was much more prominent than pregnancy. only 3.05 percent of females left school because of pregnancy and 59.55 percent did so because of early marriage. unlike previous studies, the researchers of this study included insufficient encouragement from `[gcfy [s [ `[]tir \_bch^ acrfs’ ^rij iut `rig tb_ secondary level of education. encouragement from parents boosts the self-esteem of children. their encouragement works as a reinforcement for children to continue striving for higher and better educational achievements. findings of this study reveal that 80 (61.07%) of the respondents opined that insufficient encouragement from family affects the rate of their dropping out of secondary schools. they expressed that family and society did not motivate and reward them towards education. the findings of this study show a strong r_f[tcihsbcj \_tw__h m[sfiw’s bc_r[r]by i` h__^s, _[rfy g[rrc[a_, [h^ acrfs’ ^rijiut. b_`ore the discussion, it is important to inform that in this study only 13 (9.92%) of the secondary level dropout respondents had dropped out before marriage and 118 (90.08%) of them dropped out after marriage. in the present study, 78 (59.54%) of the respondents opined that the main reason for their dropout was early marriage. based on this information the relationships are discussed below: physiological needs and its relations with early marriage and girls’ dropout. according to the findings of the present study, most of the r_sjih^_hts’ j[r_hts’ `[gcfc_s’ si]cieconomic condition was poor. most (58.77%) of the r_sjih^_hts’ `[gcfc_s’ gihtbfy ch]ig_ w[s f_ss than 10,000 taka. some parents could not fulfill thecr ]bcf^r_h’s basic physiological needs such as nutritious food, medical care, clothing, etc. in the present study, 26 (19.84%) r_sjih^_hts’ g[ch ][us_ of dropout was poverty. on the other hand, 33 (25.19%) r_sjih^_hts’ g[ch ][us_ i` _[rfy g[rrc[a_ was poverty. findings also show that parents thought that marrying off daughters early brings rewards (e.g. lower age means more attractiveness of girls, lower cost for marriage). so, parents were more inclined to marry them off early, and consequently, girls dropped out from the secondary level of education. safety needs and the relations between early marriage and girls’ dropout. if the physiological needs are fairly satisfied, then the need for safety will appear. as the main cause of dropout was poverty for 26 (19.84%) of the respondents, the need for safety will not be applicable for them. and the need for safety has appeared on the remaining 105 respondents. according to the findings of this study, 2.29 percent of girls dropped out for eve-teasing and 2.29 percent for long-distance of the school from home. they did not feel safe on the way to and from school. so, parents thought that marrying off daughters early would help them in avoiding punishment (e.g., insecurity, eve-teasing, and probability of losing beauty). so, parents felt that it was safer to marry off their daughters early and girls dropped out from the secondary level of education. love and belonging needs and the relations between early marriage and girls’ dropout. love and belonging needs refer to a human emotional need to affiliate with and be accepted by members of a group. most people try to live up to the values and interests of their family members. for about 75.58 percent of respondents of this study physiological and safety, needs were fairly satisfied. so, the need for love and belonging appeared for them. the findings of this study show tb[t 10 (7.63%) i` tb_ r_sjih^_hts’ g[ch r_[sih `ir dropping out was parental negligence. eighty (61.07%) of the respondents opined that the negative attitude of parents affected their dropout. they also faced gender discrimination in their family. they wanted to continue school for a longer period. but their parents forced them into marriage wctbiut fcst_hcha ti tb_g. ti r_sj_]t tb_cr j[r_hts’ decision, respondents had no other choice but to get indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 132-142 140 married and as a result, they dropped out of secondary school. so, 75.58 percent i` tb_ r_sjih^_hts’ diurh_y through the hierarchy of needs about the continuation of schooling stopped at this level. as a result, they could not reach the following stages of self-esteem and self-actualization need. at this stage, they got married to assure the continuation of love and affection of their parents. and after marriage, they had dropped out of education. the findings of the present study show that all factors included in the conceptual framework ch`fu_h]_^ acrfs’ ^rijjcha iut [t tb_ s_]ih^[ry level. the researchers collected data as a case study from three teachers of bharsho high school to know [\iut tb_cr ijchcihs ih tb_ `[]tirs i` acrfs’ ^rijout. tb_y ijch_^ tb[t _[rfy g[rrc[a_, f[]e i` acrfs’ interest in education, love affair, moral turpitude, poverty, parents’ \_fc_` tb[t cf a girl were more educated, it would create a problem to find an equally educated husband for her, fear of losing honor, love affair, separation of parents, lack of [w[r_h_ss i` `[gcfy, j[r_hts’ `__fcha tb[t tb_cr daughters were a burden on them, gender discrimination and eve-teasing were the factors of acrfs’ ^rij iut. they also opined that early marriage is tb_ g[ch r_[sih `ir acrfs’ ^rijjcha iut `rig tb_ secondary level of education. the findings of this study reveal that the conceptual framework presented at the beginning of this paper does not cover all the factors behind acrfs’ ^rijjcha iut `rig tb_ s_]ih^[ry f_v_f i` education. some other factors were found to have [``_]t_^ acrfs’ drop out from the secondary level of education as reported by the three teachers and the dropout girls who were interviewed. these are r_sjih^_ht’s sc]eh_ss, t_[]b_r’s riuab \_b[vcir toward students, discouragement of parents, the idea that if a girl was more educated, it would create a problem to get an equally qualified husband, lack of s_]urcty, `[tb_r’s sc]eh_ss, parents feeling that their daughters were a burden on them, lack of awareness of family, conflict within the family, love affair, moral turpitude, having to live with stepfather or stepmother, and fear of losing beauty charm were [fsi r_[sihs \_bch^ acrfs’ ^rij iut. m[hy j[r_hts thought that higher age means lower beauty charm. so, they married off their daughters very early and girls dropped out of school as a consequence. nevertheless, early marriage/child marriage was the jrch]cj[f `[]tir \_bch^ acrfs’ ^rijiut [t tb_ secondary level of education according to the findings of this study. conclusion the three important findings of the study were ([) tb_ bcab_st i` tb_ r_sjih^_hts’ g[ch r_[sihs `ir dropping out was early marriage; (b) the extent of child marriage/ early marriage was very high for acrfs’ ^rijiut [t tbe secondary level of education in the study area and (c) this study shows a strong r_f[tcihsbcj \_tw__h m[sfiw’s bc_r[r]by i` h__^s, _[rfy g[rrc[a_, [h^ acrfs’ ^rijiut. some policy recommendations have been derived from the analysis of the researchers for ^_]r_[scha acrfs’ _[rfy g[rrc[a_ [h^ ^rijout from the secondary level: (1) ti _hsur_ acrfs’ s_]urcty exemplary punishment should be executed for those convicted of eve-teasing and the government or other stakeholders should arrange a safe transport system for female students. 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(2009). late high school dropouts. experiences and changes across cohorts descriptive analysis report. (accessed on 15 october, 2018). 28. nguyen, mc., & wodon, q. (2014). impact of child marriage on literacy and education attainment in africa. (accessed at https://allinschool.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/oosc-2014-qwchild-marriagefinal.pdf., on 26 july,2018). 29. omoeva, c., hatch, r. & sylla, b. (2014). teenage, married, and out of school. effects of early marriage and childbirth on school dropout. accessed 30 june, 2018. https://www.ungei.org/resources/files/epdcear lymarriagereport.pdf. 30. orkin, m., boyes, m. e., cluver, l. d. & zhang, y. (2014). pathways to poor educational outcomes for hiv/aidsaffected youth in south africa. aids care, 26(3), 323350. 31. prothom alo. (2018, march 12). 41 percent girls drop out at secondary school level. (accessed at https://en.prothomalo.com/youth/news/171804/ 4pc-girls-drop-out-at-the-secondary-schoollevel, on 14 june, 2019). 32. ricketts, e. a. (2013). women’s access to secondary education in colonial and postcolonial tanzania and rwanda. chicago: loyola university. 33. save the children, st[t_ i` tb_ wirf^’s mothers. (2005). the power and promise of girls education. 34. sekine, k., & hodgkin, m. e. (2017). effect of cbcf^ m[rrc[a_ ih gcrfs’ drijiut in nepal: analysis of data from the multiple indicator cluster survey 2014. plos one, 12 (7):e0180176. 35. shahidul, s. m. & karim, a. h. m. (2015). factors contributing to school dropout among tb_ gcrfs’: a r_vc_w i` lct_r[tur_. european journal of research and reflection in educational sciences, (3), 25-36. 36. unesco. (2003, april 19). gender and education for all: the leap to equality. efa global monitoring report. accessed 19 april, 2018. 37. unicef. (2015, march 23). child marriage in bangladesh: state of the world’s children. executive summary. accessed 23 march, 2019. https://www.hrw.org/view-mode/modal 269478 38. zaman, md. m. (2014). dropout at primary and secondary level: a challenge to ensure rights to education for the government of bangladesh. unpublished phd thesis submitted to the university of dhaka. https://allinschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/oosc-2014-qw-child-marriagefinal.pdf https://allinschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/oosc-2014-qw-child-marriagefinal.pdf https://allinschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/oosc-2014-qw-child-marriagefinal.pdf https://www.ungei.org/resources/files/epdcearlymarriagereport.pdf https://www.ungei.org/resources/files/epdcearlymarriagereport.pdf https://en.prothomalo.com/youth/news/171804/4pc-girls-drop-out-at-the-secondary-school-level https://en.prothomalo.com/youth/news/171804/4pc-girls-drop-out-at-the-secondary-school-level https://en.prothomalo.com/youth/news/171804/4pc-girls-drop-out-at-the-secondary-school-level https://www.hrw.org/view-mode/modal%20269478 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 250 volume 1 issue 3 october (2021) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.324 page: 250 – 260 geostrategic essence of the bay of bengal & its implications on the energy security: a bangladesh perspective md. aslam hossain jony1, shiblee nomani2 1-2department of international relations, bangladesh university of professionals, bangladesh corresponding author: md. aslam hossain jony; email: aslamjony131@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: bay of bengal, energy security, sino-indian rivalry. received : 13 august 2021 revised : 11 october 2021 accepted : 14 october 2021 the bay of bengal has received huge interest from global powers after the second world war. the rivalry between india and china exists for decades. the research aims to showcase the geostrategic essence of the bay of bengal and its implication on energy security through the perspective of bangladesh. the paper also focuses on the complexities created on energy security by sino-indian rivalry and vice versa along with the challenges for bangladesh’s energy security as well as regional peace and harmony. finally, the research paper would employ its analysis to illustrate some possibly reliable recommendations to mitigate the complexities of energy security in the bay of bengal region. introduction considering the factors like geostrategic location and reserve of natural resources of the bay of bengal littoral countries as well as their sociopolitical realities, all the great powers, especially after the second world war, have profoundly strived for their national interests in the bay of bengal. and this phenomenon has created a very complex interplay within the relations among the regional, sub-regional, and global powers involving the states from the littoral countries like india, bangladesh, and myanmar to the neighboring and distant powers such as china, japan, and united states. moreover, when it comes to the question of energy security, it gives a profound ground for competition among the major demanders and the growing economies strive for a safe supply line for their required energy resources through the bay of bengal. in doing so, militaries of all the involved regional and global powers make this region of 838,600 sq miles one of the world’s most militarized zones to attain their own objectives (samaranayake, 2012). energy security, in another way, has always influenced this ever-emerging security architecture in the bay of bengal. for example, significant security measures like the assertive encirclement of india by the chinese maritime initiative known as the ‘string of pearls’. scholars argue that, for the most part, this initiative is derived from the question of china’s energy security in the 21st century rather than just a revival of the old maritime silk route. in contrast, some counter-balancing strategies from india are also being projected to imply and maintain its own guardianship as a regional power such as strengthening its military capabilities and joint military exercises in the indian ocean and bay of bengal (devare, 2008). furthermore, the involvement of the united states as a global power develops more complexity in the context. this region also serves as the energy supply route for other east asian and oceanian states too which involves a few more stakeholders in the scenario. hence, this project paper tends to focus upon the sino-indian rivalry as well as securitization of the bay of bengal to understand the challenges and prospects for bangladesh to both serve its own economy with a secure and reliable supply of resources as well as to minimize the nascent sinoindian competition for a cooperative coexistence in this modern age of high industrialization. methods this research has been conducted by employing qualitative research methods to conclude indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:aslamjony131@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 251 the analyses. however, it incorporates secondary research materials to facilitate the data collection process for the discussion such as related scholarly journal articles and books, ebooks, blogs, government reports, official websites, and newspaper articles on the particular topic. the related literature has given a suggestive structure for this research. alongside, this literature has also indicated clearly the best possible theoretical narrative of the context. a dynamic review and study on the related existing literature have been pursued to attain the analysis process. however, a vigorous theoretical perspective has also been assigned to generalize the view. the theoretical aspect made the issues a lot easier to discuss systematically. this theoretical understanding also helps to generate a comprehensive look at the recommendatory policy formation for the stakeholders in the context. lastly, this research work employs an analytical method to produce this paper for those to whom it may concern to look at its outcomes. the research, in the collection of data for its analysis, relied on the related existing academic literature on the particular topic. the existing literature provided an outline for the research. the literature also provided the necessary information to conceptualize the background, development as well as contemporary interplays among the variables. in a nutshell, a phenomenological approach has been occupied in the collection of data as well as for making the arguments in this research work. information has been taken with a selective approach so that the overflow of data can be avoided, and the unnecessary information can be filtered out. the paper focuses on a contemporary and important foreign engagement issue of the bay of bengal. this paper aims at researching with high ethical implications and maximum caution. yet this research faces some limitations. however, the research focuses on some issues in which actors are contemporary being engaged. alongside, the context of this research paper belongs to a certain geographic location as well as some particular actors in the scenario. as a result, the discussions and ideas of this paper may vary in case of variations in those characters as far as the subjectivity of this research is concerned. nevertheless, as the research question suggests, this paper tends to bring some recommendatory conclusions in minimizing the complexities of energy security created by the sino-indian rivalry in the bay of bengal and vice-versa in the contemporary time despite all its limitations. results and discussion in his article “the long littoral project: the bay of bengal, a maritime perspective on indopacific security”, nilanthi samaranayake (2012) addresses an emerging sino-indian competition in the bay of bengal with regards to both the states’ economic and strategic interests around the bay of bengal littoral countries. he also showed that both the parties seeking access to the bay from their landlocked territories, namely, yunnan province of china and northeast india, via burma (myanmar). moreover, the development of seaports with the assistance of china in the coastal countries of the bay of bengal such as hambantota port, sri lanka are more or less considered to be the potential security threats for india where she herself also tends to advance her might especially the triservice andaman-nicobar command as well as eastern command. here, bangladesh, sri lanka, and the maldives are merely looking forward to their economic and infrastructure development receiving as much external assistancenamely, india, china, the usa, and japan as possible. the presence and influence of the usa in the asia-pacific region are making this bilateral rivalry into a multilateral one where it would more likely to be fostering some good relations with muslim majority countries like bangladesh and maldives in the context of counter-terrorism, trafficking, etc. and with sri lanka to take their experience of tackle the ltte’s maneuver in the waters as learning deal with similar situations in the strait of hormuz as well as the pacific. in brief, this report gives a comprehensive overview of the emerging security context around the bay of bengal as well as the long asian littorals. in india-myanmar relations – geopolitics and energy in light of the new balance of power in asia, the author dr. marie lall showed the changes in indian foreign policy over the last decade, and at a time it also shows the critical changes between india and myanmar relations. there were four influences behind this context – the economic development of the northeastern region of india, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 252 india’s intent to enhance trade with asean, india’s search for energy security, and increased chinese involvement in myanmar and the bay of bengal. the paper presumes that in recent indo-myanmar relations have improved, and mostly india looking for better relations with myanmar authorities. but building a relationship with myanmar, india has been slow for that it is losing out to china. there is a general view of only chinese influence on myanmar where india is seen as a potential balancer. the author addressed some factors behind the change in the indo-burmese linkages including uncertainty about myanmar administration, lack of clear policy on trade and energy exchanges, internal administrative and bureaucratic complexities from the indian side along with the factors such as burmese claims about india’s unorganized slow process and administrative problems whereas china’s rapidness and offer to build a seaport at kyawk pyiu as well as road and pipeline for gas and crude oil in two years to yunnan province. alongside, the author posits about india’s recent emphasis on the indo-us nuclear deal and after that the iran pakistan india pipeline which might reduce the concentration of india a bit from myanmar. he also addresses india’s look east policy to be more apprehended for the development of its northeastern landlocked region. the adb’s report “bangladesh: third natural gas development project” (2013) states that bangladesh has been experiencing a significant shortage in gas supplies, which the government attempts to address via exploration initiatives and thorough evaluation, development, and workover of existing wells. to supplement these actions, the government should consider introducing disincentives to discourage any new captive power plants that are inefficient consumers of a significant proportion of bangladesh’s gas. similarly, it also suggests that the government-owned power plant utilities should be establishing time-bound plans to replace inefficient generation units with more efficient ones. mohammad humayun kabir and amamah ahmad (2105) in their article "the bay of bengal: next theatre for strategic power play in asia" argue that the key significance of the bay will increment in a nascent manner in the coming years. as the countries included are major and rising forces, the strategic maneuver in the region will unavoidably reshape the dynamic security relations of the region. the interests that are in question are additionally of critical significance to the nations included; thus, their security will likewise request a fast militarization of the littoral countries. the greater part of these nations is currently diverting their concentration from land to marine, which is adding a radical shift to the significance of the bay. this paper contends that coexistence and rivalry are in every one of the countries' best interests, as any contention in the bay locale could acquire political, economic, and energy influencing all the concerned nations. another part of this paper investigates is the ramifications of this rivalry on the smaller actors and their job in the strategies of the bigger powers. to manage a comprehensive and all-encompassing perspective, empirical, geostrategic, economic, and social components have been considered in this writing. christian winzer (2012) argues in “conceptualizing energy security” that energy security is one of the principles focuses of energy strategy. however, the term has not been perceptibly characterized, which poses difficulty to balance in terms of another policy mechanism. they marked the vagueness of the definition of energy security. utilizing contextual investigation for three european nations, they delineate how the determination of conceptual limits along these measurements decides the result. this brings a definition of energy security with regards to its supply and demand. if security is characterized from the point of view of private usage, end consumers, or community workers, the idea could additionally be drawn to the coherence of product and service supplies, or the effect of supply discontinuities on the pace of the economy. in the “indicators for energy security” bert kruyt et. al. (2009) wrote that the concept of energy security is a widely used one, yet there has been no consensus on its precise interpretation. in this research, the authors widely talk about how energy security is a fact and how oil is relevant to political stability. the authors also focus on the interest in energy security is based on the notion that an uninterrupted supply of energy is critical for the functioning of an economy. however, an exact definition of energy security (or its synonym security of supply (sos) is hard to give as it has different meanings to different people at different indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 253 moments in time. they define it from different perspectives. the authors find out some energy indicators which depend on oil. in this paper, the author divided four perspectives of the energy system on which they focus into the four categories availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability. the department of electricity of bangladesh government’s ministry of power, energy & mineral resources highlights the necessity and the supply and production of energy in its annual report. in the annual report 2013-14 the department claims bangladesh should increase its electricity generation by at least 2400 mw with more than 600 km of new grid line within 2021 and eventually 4000 mw with 11000 km grid line by 2030. the report says bangladesh could just maintain 65% of its total production capacity where it met only 53% of its total needs in 2013. according to the power system master plan 2010, bangladesh plans to import 3500 mw electricity under sub-regional cooperation activity which included a few neighboring countries along with india majorly. as a result, in 2010, a hundredkilometer 400 kv hvdc construction has been inaugurated, and the expected 500 mw addition of electricity in the national grid planning to hit the 2400 mw with 19,000 km grid line by 2021. this report also delineates the suggestion to look for diversification of power generation by including atomic energy and other renewable energy sources. geostrategic essence of bay of bengal geostrategy is the study of geopolitical and strategic facts in a region. geostrategy is a big factor in shaping foreign policy. it is the sub-sector of geo-politics. the bay of bengal has geographical and strategic importance for its basin country and also great power (usa, china). the bay of bengal is quickly turning into a key and important zone of monetary and key rivalry in the indo-pacific region. the bay is the biggest cove on the planet, and it has an extraordinary geographical and strategic significance. the bay of bengal is the extension of the northeastern part of the indian ocean. the bay of bengal is secured by india on its western side and thailand to its east, with bangladesh, myanmar, and sri lanka in the middle, this piece of the asian littoral has a gigantic population and is passed by a portion of the world's most critical exchanging region. nations, for example, bangladesh, sri lanka, and myanmar passed up the incredible monetary experienced by the east asian tigers amid the last piece of the twentieth century. the bay isn't given the vital consideration showered on east asia, west asia, or the middle east. nor has it seen the promotion given to india as a rising local power. in reality, a great part of the bay has been of little enthusiasm to the world. the bay also has great importance for natural resources, location, the strategic importance of south asia. geographical location of the bay of bengal the bay of bengal is situated in the northern part of the indian ocean. the bay covered all most 2,173,000 square km area (world atlas-2018). the bay is geographically most important because of its sea routes, it begins from sri lanka up to the shoreline of eastern india and bending bangladesh myanmar, thailand, malaysia, and some part of indonesia. statics show that world 1/3 people live in this region and the number is all most .5 billion (world atlas-2018). in this map above, this is clearly seen that the bay is based upon three huge economic regional blocks: 1. saarc the south asian association for regional cooperation. 2. asean the association of southeast asian nations. 3. bimstec bay of bengal initiative for multisectoral technical and economic cooperation. this three-regional organization connects the east asian economy to middle eastern oil resources. statics of british petroliam (bp) shows that 100 trillion cubic feet of unexploited oil and gas are reserved in the bay of bengal and its 1% of the world energy. these natural resources make geostrategic importance of the bay of bengal and its covered country (bangladesh, myanmar, malaysia, thailand, indonesia, sri lanka, and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 254 india). as a global power, the usa and china have a strategic influence over the bay of bengal as well. factors behind the importance of bay of bengal for a long time, the bay of bengal was a backwater and isolated from world concern. the importance increases in the 20th century approximately in 1980 when myanmar opened its contribution to the world community. over the years influence now that changed shape to compete in between india, myanmar, china, usa, bangladesh, and southeast asian neighbor country. there are some factors behind the competition among the regional and global power in the bay of bengal. the factors are, 1. economic the ascent of asian economies started with the chinese movement to neighboring asian nations in the sixteenth century achieving its peak in 1949. chinese policy has a great impact on the basin country of the bay of bengal. if we see, in the ongoing years' japan put a ton of cash in the development of infrastructure and technological advancement and modern division around the bay basin country, that makes this district financially more grounded. after individual nations had picked up their autonomy, present-day ventures followed in oil, car plants, and telecoms driving the economies. sending out rmg item additionally a major wellspring of the economy of this district exceptionally bangladesh, india. the accompanying asean part nations are the significant movers in the locale's economy. then again bimstec, saarc, asean have increased two-sided exchange, and financial collaboration, mutual trust, among the country. if we break down the financial state of southeast asian country-we see that china is the country that has turned into the primary merchant of crude materials, is one of the greatest assembling countries all around, and is irrefutably the biggest purchaser showcase on the planet. india and the littler littoral nations have likewise expanded fares and reciprocal exchange with south and southeast asian nations. bangladesh likewise assumes a fundamental job with regards to the southeast asian economy. 2. energy most of the asian nations have growing energy demand because of industrialization in this region. asian superpower china is expected to surpass the usa in terms of energy demand by 2015. china and india are the highest net oil importers among all the developed country (world energy report-2015). china and india have now become heavily dependent on oil imports, which are expected to rise to 75% and 95% respectively of their total oil consumption by 2030. india mainly imports its oil from iran and middle-eastern countries. in terms of natural gas, their imports are also expected to increase to 40% (china) and 50% (india) (hcss 2010). this will make the two nations (china, india) alliance on vitality imports over land and via ocean. therefore, the significance of the bay of bengal as a traveled area will continue expanding, as it will observe the development of slocs and increase of maritime nearness for the two power india and china. because of its vital area, the bay of bengal not just serves the littoral countries around the bay yet, in addition, other significant performing artists like china and japan, which through the malacca strait, get to it for exchange merchandise and vitality. 3. politics southeast asian countries' politics are now more stable. now india is the world's biggest democratic country. in the 20th century, the political condition of south asia is not stable. the assassination of political leaders in this period happened rapidly. the politics of south east asia especially in bangladesh and india controlled by family politics. indira gandhi, rajiv gandhi, sheikh mujibur rahman killing is the result of the political instability of the 20th century in southeast asia. on the other hand, the politics of china is controlled by one-party rule and their chinese communism has a big influence over chinese people. this political stability makes china now the world superpower, economical giant. now the political stability and democracy make south asia the world rising political power. india now plays as a regional power. 4. connectivity south asian countries' connectivity through bimstec, saarc, asean plays an important role. bilateral co-operation increasing among the country. we see that south asian countries signed (safta) south asian free trade area through saarc and growing connectivity in the development and technology sector through bimstec. now we see that bilateral connectivity indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 255 increasing among the nation, indo-bangla, indochina, bangladesh-china bi-lateral trade relations, and trade agreements are signed. chinese investment in the bay of bengal region also increases connectivity among the nation. regional significance bangladesh is being arranged in south asia its significance on account of its geopolitical area is expanding step by step with the expanding significance of south asia and extensively in asian politics. two victories, 1. un tribunal has awarded bangladesh nearly four-fifths of an area sprawling over 25000 sq km in the bay of bengal region, ending a threedecade-old dispute over a sea border with india (al jazeera, 2014). 2. according to the recent verdict of the international tribunal for the law of the sea (itlos), bangladesh has exclusive economic and territorial rights for 200 miles into the bay of bengal, a substantial share of the outer continental shelf beyond 200 miles, and a full 12-mile territorial area around st. martin island (daily star, 2012). the land area of bangladesh is a dominant actuality that impacts the chiefs in making remote strategies. because of the various elements in the formulation of foreign of a country, geographic location occupies a significant position. not only india has an interest in the geopolitical location of bangladesh. yet, in addition, nations like nepal, bhutan, china, and the usa and even retainers like japan and australia are demonstrating their enthusiasm considering the geopolitical significance of bangladesh. nepal and bhutan being land bolted and not having ocean get to particularly intrigued to utilize bangladeshi’s ocean ports to cultivate their exchange. nepal, india are willing to use sonadia deep seaport, and payra deep seaport as china has a contending association with india dependably looks for chances to contain india geo deliberately where bangladesh ends up one of the ideal positions to her expectation. although the usa has its greatest maritime base in the andaman nicobar islands, it intends to utilize chittagong sea ports to fortify its vital position in south asia thinking about the significance of the area in world governmental issues. even more unquestionably to the extent of any discussion with india and china, chittagong port is the better place to contain two nuclear powers, and which are emerging as superpowers in the region. japan and australia in like manner for their national interest keep up incredible relations with bangladesh and where australia has endeavored and help in an unprecedented plan in chittagong slant tracks. no state directs its outside strategy without being spurred by its national intrigue. the bay of bengal is deliberately central for india due to the nearness of peripheral islands, andaman islands and the nicobar islands, and a few noteworthy ports, for example, kolkata, chennai, vizag, and tuticorin along its drift with the bay of bengal. a great part of the maritime activities of the 1971 indo-pakistani war occurred in the bay of bengal. malaysia, thailand, and indonesia to increase their strategic reach in the region. india also established far eastern naval command off port blair to increase surveillance in the adjoining andaman sea. the potential of natural gas exploitation also makes the bay of bengal important for india, bangladesh, and myanmar. disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between india and bangladesh. the disputed maritime boundary between bangladesh and myanmar has twice resulted in military tensions, in 2008 and 2009 (journal of current south asian affairs-2012). myanmar and bangladesh are currently pursuing a settlement to the boundary dispute through the international tribunal on the law of the sea, while india and bangladesh are working towards a settlement using an arbitrator. bangladesh wins the territory of the bay of bengal. bangladesh gets its control of 200 nautical miles. through the itlos bangladesh gets control of the bay of bengal. through the announcement of itlos bangladesh gets oil and natural gas-oriented territory. for the last 38 years between bangladesh and myanmar has a dispute about the control of the bay of bengal. through this raid, the dispute was solved. bangladesh gets 1 lac 11 thousand sq km control in the sea. (daily star, 2012) thus the importance of bangladesh increases in the international arena and the superpowers have a great impact over the bay of bengal. but as a regional power, india wants to act as big power among the basin countries of the bay. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 256 recent significance once upon a time, andaman and nicobar island were known as kalapani. people participating in the anti-british movement were sent here in exile. the islands are mixed with the names of many legends. however, the island is still heard. on november 16, 2018, american christian missionary john allen chaouk was shot dead by indigenous sentinelese. he tried to land on north sentinel island for the promotion of christianity. but the indigenous people did not want him to go there. they wanted to be like them. the christian gentleman has been killed, the most remote and most isolated island of the andaman islands. the indian government cannot go here. that island is a talk of a us priest. but there is a big story behind the scenes of andaman, and modern geopolitical problems arise. in the remote islands in the middle of southeast asia and the india sub-continent, india is now building sophisticated and highly decorated bases. india is now seeking to conduct surveillance of surveillance chinese submarines in the malacca route andaman and nicobar island adjacent to india has developed the andaman and nicobar command. this is india's first and only tri-service command. its headquarters in the main city of port blair and nicobar has its own boat station. in the context of china's expansion of its naval presence in the indian ocean, andaman became the land of the geopolitical competition for two asian giants. india's prime minister narendra modi is scheduled to tour andaman on december 30. the purpose of his visit will be to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the hoisting of the indian national flag at port blair and the azad hind declaration. azad hind was a temporary government established in 1943. this government was established with assistance from japan, germany during world war ii. during the war, the japanese captured andaman and nicobar. this was the only indian territory under tokyo's control. at that time the allies of japan were indian national army chief subhash chandra bose. he was fighting alongside japanese forces. modi will take part in the ceremony organized in memory of the war now japanese and indian nationalists are in the same position. this is what happened in this incident. modi and japanese prime minister shinzo abe believe in a similar concept. in a short time, the ships of the japanese navy also appeared in port blair. both aim to resist china in the indian ocean. apart from china's belt and road initiative (bri), japan and india are also in the same position. the decision to set up military command in andaman was made before the bri, in 1995. that decision was taken at a closed-door meeting between prime minister of india narseema rao and us president bill clinton. it was clear that china wants to establish its presence in the indian ocean. the plan was finalized during clinton's visit to india in 2000. the us naval ship was anchored in port blair. india has opened its naval fleet to the us in 2016, in exchange for the benefit of arms to reduce the military technical gap with china. in particular, india is getting us assistance to identify chinese submarines. but during the donald trump period, india is not getting assured support as usual. that is why they are going to japan. during the visit of modi to japan last october, the two countries agreed on various military assistance. especially the advantage of surveillance is that india has the advantage of getting more. there are logical reasons for the chinese presence in the indian ocean. most of the country's trade is on this route, with most of its energy being imported here. the military establishment on china's first overseas ground in djibouti proves that china navy will set up bases in gwadar of pakistan, myanmar's kyawk pyiu, and sri lankan hambantota. modi's upcoming andaman tour is actually an attempt to make relations between japan and india closer. the members of the isolated sentinelese do not even know what they are going to be on the very nearby island. but the rest of the world knows, the new cold war is beginning on the horizon of the indian ocean, and this battle is going to be the important center for the andaman islands. but who will benefit? at least those who own the islands, they are not at least. they want to live in the cleanness of nature. they do not believe in the corruption of the modern world. without understanding them, their area is now turned into a land of horrific competition. future challenges for bangladesh bangladesh has been advancing towards a middle-income country from low income in recent years. bangladesh has developed very decent industrialization especially in the 1990s onwards which made bangladesh the second-fastest growing indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 257 economy in 2016 by imf’s account with a rate of 7.1 percent (devnath, 2016). the economy has grown at least six-folds by the past two years. besides, this rapid growth in industrialization has also made bangladesh a massive consumer of energy resources as well. but, not being a producer of the most utilized resource, bangladesh heavily depends on imported petroleum resources mostly from the middle east although it produces natural gas from the domestic gas fields. for the growing need for energy resources, india and bangladesh have come under an agreement on a 136 kilometers oil pipeline construction which is to be completed by 2020. from this pipeline, bangladesh would receive 10,000 to 12,000 kiloliters of diesel to facilitate its northern territories (bose, 2018). on the other hand, bangladesh depends on middle eastern crude oil mostly alongside imports some other petroleum byproducts such as tar, naphtha, and bitumen from malaysia and singapore (devare, 2008). according to the annual report 2013-14 the department of electricity, production needs to be increased 24000 mw within 2021. on the other hand, the next goal is to produce 40000 mw in 2030. bangladesh government plans to construct 600 km grid line in 2021, at a time 11000 km grid line will be constructed within 2030. production capacity in 2013 was 10264 mw and the highest production was 6675 mw. in 2014 the production capacity was 11265 mw and the highest production was 7418 mw. which is only 65% of the total production capacity. according to the annual report 2013-14, the highest production of electricity was 7747 mw. in the power system master plan 2010, a longterm blueprint has been made because the electricity production planning commission declared coal is used as the main fuel in electricity production. so, there is no doubt about the subtle impact of coal on electricity production. it has been declared that 20000 mw which is 50% of total production will be coal-based electricity. efficient allocation of coal in electricity production can be very fruitful for your country but in that case, proper surveillance of government is a must. on the other hand, under a sub-regional cooperation activity, 3500 mw electricity import planning has been taken within 2030. which includes india and many other countries. in the presence of both countries' prime ministers, the agenda has been already made in the year 2010 that from baharampur (india) to veramara (bangladesh) 100 km 400 kv line hvdc will be constructed. this leads to 500 mw electricity importation from the year 2013. it’s a bilateral contract between two countries. beyond any doubt, it has been an appreciable step taken by the bangladesh government. in the saarc summit, a framework agreement for energy cooperation was signed in 2014. 73 percent of electricity is produced by the use of gas which grew up to 89 percent in the year 2009. in the context of bangladesh, electricity production is time-consuming and very expensive. the government has taken the necessary steps to ensure the proper distribution of electricity throughout the country within 2021. the main challenge is to accumulate the bulk amount of capital for the mammoth size of the project. there are hundreds of steps that have been taken to secure the electricity problem but the fact is the technological limitation and lack of skilled labor. the present scenario of electricity is pretty convincing, so we can hope an unprecedented change in electricity production is sailing in recent future. the diversification of energy resources proposed in the psmp is 50% coal, 5% oil, 20% others (atomic, sustainable, regional cooperation), and 25% gas biased. mostly the goal is to hit the production capacity 2400 mw by 2021 and operate lines approximately 19000 circuit km. the distribution line will be increased to 4 lack 80000 km by 2021. minimum 10 percent of total electricity production must produce from sustainable resources. 3500 mw electricity importation will satisfy through the regional grid. by 2021, 6000 mw coal-based electricity production (ministry of power, energy and mineral resources, 2016). bangladesh has large natural gas resources rather than the resources of oil and coal. the commercial energy demand is fulfilled by imported oil resources almost entirely often the 71% consumption of natural gas. in the context of bangladesh, only 18% of the population (25% in urban areas and 10% in rural areas) has access to electricity (bangladesh country analysis brief, 2001). on the other hand wood, animal wastes, and crop residues (non-commercial energy sources) are indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 258 accounted approximately half of the country’s energy consumption. wood consumption for fuel also contributed to deforestation and as well as environmental problems in bangladesh. most importantly bangladesh loses around $1 billion per year, because of unreliable energy supplies. as a result, bangladesh cannot import more energy from its neighboring states. (world bank) hence, it is obvious to say how much petroleum resources are needed to facilitate its growth and economic development as well as the force of industrialization and urbanization. therefore, the vulnerable energy supplying routes and the rivalry between china and india for the strengthened sphere of influence pose potential insecurity in the bay of bengal region. bangladesh needs to minimize this security dilemma to enhance better trade and commerce for common development. and this can only be ensured through the cooperative coexistence of the major powers in the region in this age of globalization and a freemarket economy. conclusion in the case of global politics, the bay of bengal is becoming a major issue. the geostrategic location and the reserve of natural resources in the bay of bengal littoral countries make the region attractive to the great powers. the rivalry between india and china is prominent regarding energy security issues. other countries in the bay of bengal littorals like bangladesh and myanmar are also becoming important actors regarding this issue. this has created a complex situation between the countries near the bay of bengal. the rising energy demand for india and china is driving the competition between them which is making the bay of bengal an important region to hold their control over. for their intense rivalry, the bay of bengal littoral countries like bangladesh and myanmar are becoming important. 1. to solve the complexities of the relationship between these great powers regarding the bay of bengal regional and multilateral cooperation is needed based on a neoliberal approach towards the vulnerabilities and the economies of the states. in this case, the multilateral platforms like bimstec, asean, asean + 3, etc. would so influential regimes to initiate and implement the cooperation along the region. 2. regional energy cooperation agreements are considered by the saarc or asean’s activities: the asean + 3, saarc, etc. organizations should first look towards mitigating the difference and clash of common interests such as between indonesia and malaysia on the oil-rich island ambalat in the sulawesi sea, four states’ rivalry over the oilrich spratly islands in the south china sea and between india and bangladesh over transborder rivers and so on. 3. trans-regional cooperation like bimstec is also favorable to solve the complexities between the countries impacting their energy security. bimstec, in this regard, has already drawn an action plan on energy exchange and development project in october 2005. 4. the implementation of the ‘energy charter’ of bimstec adopted in october 2005 can be updated to enhance the energy trade among the member states. additionally, cooperation can be drawn on the trans-regional sharing of technical know-how to mutually improve the regional energy supply-demand dynamics. in that case, the bimstec countries agreed ‘power transmission network’ can be a very influential catalyst. 5. an implementation of the bistec considered transregional gas pipeline would be very helpful in cooperation with the potential rival countries. 6. energy independence is another issue that can be included here. energy independence for power generation may well be within the realm of possibility. the perspective of the bay of bengal and the littoral countries make a huge impact here while turning themselves towards renewable energy sources such as the quaid-eazam solar park project, a cooperative between china and the government of punjab, pakistan since 2014. hence, these policy recommendations would be very influential in developing more complex interdependence economically which, thus, would drive the actors to neutralize the tensions and pursue a cooperative policy formulation process over the bay of bengal’s energy dimension. here, bangladesh’s job is to contribute to the regional indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 1 (3), 250-260 259 platforms with political and diplomatic initiatives as lead or supporting role player in particular bimstec could be the most influential one to better include the east and southeast asian nations. references 1. ahmad, t. 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[online] orf. available at: https://www.orfonline.org/research/myanmarand-the-geopolitics-ofthe-bay-of-bengal/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 60-67 60 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.432 page: 60 – 67 sentiment analysis and topic modeling on arabic twitter data during covid-19 pandemic nassera habbat1, houda anoun1, larbi hassouni1 1ecole superieure de technologie hassan ii university, morocco corresponding author: nassera habbat; email: nassera.habbat@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: latent dirichlet allocation, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, twitter. received : 04 january 2022 revised : 08 february 2022 accepted : 10 february 2022 twitter sentiment analysis is the task of detecting opinions and sentiments in tweets using different algorithms. in our research work, we conducted a study to analyze and compare different algorithms of machine learning (mlas) for the classification task, and hence we collected 37 875 moroccan tweets, during the covid-19 pandemic, from 01 march 2020 to 28 june 2020. the analysis was done using six classification algorithms (naive bayes, logistic regression, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, random forest classifier) and considering accuracy, recall, precision, and f-score as evaluation parameters. then we applied topic modeling over the three classified tweets categories (negative, positive, and neutral) using latent dirichlet allocation (lda) which is among the most effective approaches to extract discussed topics. as result, the logistic regression classifier gave the best predictions of sentiments with an accuracy of 68.80%. introduction twitter is a social networking site that allows its users to express their thinking, interests, and views on different topics. a large number of users in the world generally, and morocco, in particular, use this micro-blogging website as a way to transmit their views freely; these opinions contain negative, positive, and neutral sentiments on a specific subject. sentiment analysis (sa) in general, is the way of detecting and categorizing the polarity of a given text at document, phrase, and sentence level, and predicted performance of different text classifiers using various natural language processing (nlp) techniques. there is a lot of research on sentiment analysis in social media, especially on twitter. we present in this section some existing work. in (maheshwari et al., 2019), the authors classified opinions about iphone 6, using naïve bayes classifier with different training datasets and comparing it with baseline algorithm that grouped the tweets in negative and positive classes with 88.32% of accuracy. in the same way, the authors in (tiwari et al., 2019) analyzed opinions of travelers about an airline company and classified them into negative and positive, in their experiments, they used birch clustering (balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies) as a hierarchical clustering method and association rule mining to find the association between variables and for analysis the dataset. the sentiment analysis on twitter is used in different fields especially marketing (smailovic et al., 2014) and policy (ringsquandl and petkociv, n.d.). many algorithms are used to detect sentiment from the text, in (smailovic et al., 2014), the authors used svm (support vector machine) to classify 152,570 tweets concerning eight companies, as positive, negative, or neutral. while, the authors in (fatahillah et al., 2017) utilized naïve bayes to group indonesian tweets into positive and negative speeches, and they found in their research that naive bayesian classifier achieves high accuracy (93%) and speed to be comparable with selected neural network and decision tree classifiers. however, the authors in (devika, n.d.) had as an outcome of their experiments, that indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 60-67 61 random forest gives better and stable results than naive bayes and knn (k-nearest neighbors) in detecting spammers and non-spammers in english tweets concerning apple, the comparison between classifiers is done based on their evaluation parameters (accuracy, precision, f-measure, and recall). using those measures, the authors (ahuja et al., 2019) found that logistic regression is the best classifier for sentiment analysis compared to five algorithms; k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, support vector machine, naive bayes, and random forest. they applied their experiments on ss –tweet (sentiment strength twitter dataset) labeled manually, and they extracted features using two techniques: n-gram and term frequency – inverse document frequency (tf-idf), then they concluded that tf-idf is the best technique of features with the word-level performance of sa of 3-4% superior to that of n-gram. some researchers focused on analyzing the content of tweets (topic modeling) in addition to sentiment analysis using various methods. lda is one of the most popular techniques in text mining; it can offer good descriptions of broader topics compared with nmf (non-negative matrix factorization) (o‖callaghan et al., 2015). however, concerning short texts, the authors in (ramage et al., 2009), were the first to experiment with the use of topic modeling to perform classification tasks. generally, most researchers opt for lda as a basic and generative probabilistic model used for topic modeling associated with nlp and text mining in the data science field. in (zhang et al., 2018), the authors used lda to extract topics from chemotherapy radiation therapy or chemotherapy surgery tweets, between individuals and organizations in 2009/2010. to assess perceptions about chemotherapy of patients, the method was also combined with another method (hajjem and latiri, 2017), without modifying the basic mechanism of lda. in addition to the medical domain, lda was used in the political domain (hagen, 2018), 87% of lda-generated topics were meaningful to human judges, and therefore lda was considered as an efficient method of topic modeling. in our study, we used as a dataset about 37 875 tweets, collected from 01 march 2020 to 28 june 2020, during the covid-19 pandemic, the six classifiers used are, naive bayes (nb), logistic regression (lr), support vector machine (svm), k-nearest neighbors (knn), random forest classifier (rf), and decision tree (dt). then the evaluation performance of each model is determined based on precision, accuracy, recall, and f-measure. thereafter the topics under each category (positive, neutral, and negative tweets) are extracted using the lda model. the global contribution is as follows. section 2 summarizes related works. algorithms and evaluation parameters are described in section 3. section 4 exposes the experimental results. we finish with a conclusion where we close this paper and outline the future work. methods proposed architecture the proposed architecture (illustrated in fig.1) is realized following the next steps: step-1 getting a dataset. we retrieved tweets using the tweepy library (‗tweepy,‘ n.d.) and used mongodb (‗mongodb: the application data platform | mongodb,‘ n.d.) database to store the collected tweets. step-2 the tweets were pre-processed to be suitable for the extraction of the feature phase. step3 after preprocessing this data was passed in the trained classifier, to classify them into negative, positive, or neutral class based on trained outputs. step-4: finally, we extracted topics in the three classes of tweets using lda. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 60-67 62 figure 1. proposed architecture sentiment analysis naïve bayes naïve bayes (fatahillah et al., 2017) is the supervised mla used for classification, based on bayes‖ theorem. the naive bayes algorithm is facile to apply and practical for large datasets in particular. bayes theorem allows to calculation from p(y), p(x), and p(x|y), a posterior probability p(y|x), as shown in the following expression: 𝑃 𝛽 𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝛽 𝑃(𝑦) 𝑃(𝑥) (1) p(y|x) = p(𝑥1 |a) × p 𝑥2 y × … × p 𝑥𝑛 y × p(y) (2) where: p(y|x) : the posterior likelihood of class (target y) taking into consideration the predictor (attributes x). p(x|y) : the likelihood of predictor given class. p(y) : the prior likelihood of y class. p(x) : the prior likelihood of predictor. support vector machine (svm) svms (‗1.4. support vector machines,‘ n.d.) are an ensemble of supervised learning algorithms, they are used for regression, classification, and outliers‖ detection. svm is represented in 2 vectors where each vector is of size k. it is a classifier that partition the data taking into consideration that the margin should be maximum. the aim of an svm defined on an ndimensional vector space is to get a surface in ndimensional space separating the points of data in that space into multiple classes (kelleher et al., n.d.). in two dimensions, this surface is often a straight line. in three dimensions, the support vector machines often find a plane. in general, the support vector machines find a hyperplane. these surfaces are optimal in the sense that based on the information available to the machine; it optimizes the separation of the n-dimensional spaces. in general, svm can be used to partition a space into any number of classes by generalizing the task itself. logistic regression logistic regression (lutfullaeva et al., 2018) is among the most popular algorithms for classification problems; it is a transformation of linear regression using the sigmoid function. in general, lr is used to relate one categorical dependent variable to one or more independent variables, and its equation has the following form: 1 1+𝑒−𝑧 (3) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 60-67 63 where z represents columns of vectors containing independent variables v (feature vector) and their corresponding weights w for n variables: 𝑧 = 𝑤0 + 𝑤1𝑣1 + 𝑤2𝑣2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛 𝑣𝑛 (4) decision tree a decision tree (ansari et al., 2020) is a classification algorithm that uses a decisions tree graph and its possible results. the main concept is to partition the dataset into small subsets and in parallel, a tree associated is incrementally created. this gives in a tree containing decision and leaf nodes. a node of decision has two or more branches, and the leaf node interprets the decisions. the highest node looks like the root node. then we found the smallest tree that fits the data. k nearest neighbor the k nearest neighbor (knn) (imandoust and bolandraftar, 2013) method is a classification technique based on the nearest learning models in the space of feature. the knn is the simplest method of classification when the distribution of the data is not well known. this rule keeps all training data in the learning period and attributes it to every item of a class, which is defined in the training set as the most presented label of its k-nearest neighbors. furthermore, the distance between the existing data points and test points, whom we want to determine class, is computed based on euclidean distance or another distance measurement such as manhattan distance. the k nearest neighbors initially decided, will adopt the class of new points of data, and then the class will be defined by the majority voting. random forest random forest classifier (rfc) (al amrani et al., 2018) was proposed by adèle cutler and leo breimanin 2001, it is part of the learning automatic technique that mixes two notions: ‗bagging‘ and random subspaces. the multiple decision trees used to train rfc based on softly different data subsets, this classifier consists of tree-structured classifiers collections{f x,βi , i=1,’} where the {𝛽𝑖 } are random vectors independently and identically distributed and every tree gives a part of the vote for the popular class (input x). it is noted that reducing overfitting and variance, gives rfc more precise predictions in comparison with simple decision tree models. evaluation parameters to get performance conclusions from different algorithms, and thus determine their accuracy, we used evaluation parameters such as precision, accuracy, recall, and f-measure. the calculation of these parameters is based on the false statement. for example, an expression is indicated as positive even if it is negative or an expression is announced neutral even though it is negative or positive. to uncover the false statement (fitriet et al., 2019) we must make a performance evaluation. there are four classifications of performance evaluation: 1. true positive : t_pos 2. false positive : f_pos 3. true negative : t_neg 4. false negative : f_neg accuracy the accuracy measurement is the correctly predicted instances divided by the total observations. accuracy= t_pos+t_neg t_pos+t_neg+f_pos+f_neg (5) precision the precision measurement is a value of positive prognostic. it is the percentage of total relevant results correctly classified by the result of the algorithm. precision= t_pos t_pos+f_pos (6) recall the recall is the ratio of correctly classified positive observations to all observations in the specific class. recall= t_pos t_pos+f_neg (7) f-measure it is a measure of the accuracy of the test, and it is defined as the average of the recall and precision. fmeasure = 2×recall×precision recall+precision (8) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 60-67 64 topic modeling latent dirichlet allocation (lda) lda (blei, n.d.) is a generative statistical method utilized for the extraction of the topics in a specific collection of text. those topics are identified based on the probability of words cooccurrences holder in them. figure 2. graphical model of lda as shown in figure 2, the boxes in form of ‗plates‘ present the following replicates: the green plate interprets documents, the red plate marks the repeated selection of words and topics in the document, and the blue part denotes the latent topics concealed in the collection of documents. we explain formally the following items: the basic element of distinct data is the word which is from a vocabulary indicated by {1,’, v}. unitbasis vectors (v-th word) is used to represent these words, and these vectors have only component equal to one (𝑤𝑣= 1) and others equal to zero (𝑤𝑢 = 0) for u ≠ v. a sequence of n words constitute a document, presented by d= (w1, w2,’,wn), and 𝑤𝑛 is the n-th word in the sequence of the document d. m documents collection 𝑑i forms a corpus, denoted by c= (d1, d2,’,dm ). the successive procedures for every document in the archive of text are presented as follows: 1. for the m document d for m ranging from 1 to m in the ensemble m document-corpus, determine θ𝑚 ∼dirichlet (α); 2. for every word 𝑤𝑚 ,𝑛 in the d document: a. determine assignment of topic 𝑧𝑚 ,𝑛 ∼ multinomial (θ𝑚 ); b. get correspondent distribution of topic 𝜑𝑧𝑚 ,𝑛 ∼dirichlet(β); c. sample a word 𝑤𝑚 ,𝑛 ∼ multinomial (𝜑𝑧𝑚 ,𝑛 ,). by repeating the processes in the generative operation described on the top for m times within every corresponding to a document, which is shown in fig.1 (where α and β are 2 hyper-parameters prior to dirichlet), clearly, we get the probability of the corpus d: p(d| α, β) = mm =1 p(θm | α) f(θ, φ) dθm (9) (2) where: f(θ, φ) = nn =1 zm ,n p(zm ,n )|θm ) p(wm ,n |φzm ,n ). results and discussion data in this work, we collected 37 875 tweets published from 01 march 2020 to 28 june 2020 by moroccan users and we stored them in the mongodb database. twitter platform provides twitter api to pull data from twitter. for that, we created an account on: https://apps.twitter.com, and then we had the permission to access the database using 4 privy keys (access token, access secret token, consumer key, and consumer secret key) and pick up tweets using the rest api. we filtrate tweets by place and language to obtain moroccan tweets written in one of the standard languages (arabic, french, or english), then we used the python library tweepy to handle these data. finally, to store the collected data in a mongodb database we utilized the python library pymongo (siddharth et al., n.d.). preprocessing data we used various nlp techniques to preprocess the stored tweets. we present under, the applied procedures: 1. translation of arabic and french tweet to english using a python code based on google translate. 2. cleaning up irrelevant data, to have relevant tweet data, this clean consists of elimination of hyperlinks, usernames with preceding ‗@‘, hashes with preserving of tags? (10) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 60-67 65 3. changing to lower case all letters. 4. elimination of stopwords and punctuation using library of nltk python (‗nltk  : natural language toolkit,‘ n.d.) that gives a list of stop-words and punctuation characters for a lot of languages. 5. tokenization consists of breaking sentences into small sections. for example; "never give up" becomes: {―never‖, 'give', ―up‖,‖!‖}. 6. stemming consists of removing suffixes and affixes and obtaining the word base, for instance; ‗studying‘ to ‗study‘, ‗student‘ to ‗study‘. 7. lemmatization of words using wordnetlemmatizer which provides for each word part of speech tag (pos tag) (e.g., noun, verb, etc) using pos_tag technique of nltk library. for example; ‗studied‘ to ‗study‘, ‗learned‘ to ‗learn‘. sentiment analysis after preprocessing data, we extracted features using the tf-idf, which is an important statistical measure, having as output a matrix of term frequency versus inverse document frequency, and a collection of raw documents as input. we used the training corpus of sentiment140 (‗for academics sentiment140 a twitter sentiment analysis tool,‘ n.d., p. 140) as training data, it is more relevant to use due to its large number of data (1,600,000 tweets), these tweets are labeled as following; 0 for negative tweets, 2 represent neutral expressions, and positive tweets are represented by number 4. we separated this training set with a testing set; 80% of training data and testing data is 20 %. then we implemented the classification on training data with six algorithms. thereafter we applied to the testing data, the classification results from the training data. finally, we achieved a performance evaluation to compare the six classifiers. we used scikit-learn (‗scikit-learn: machine learning in python — scikit-learn 1.0.2 documentation,‘ n.d.) to conduct these experiments. figure 3. performance evaluation of different classifiers results from experiments (figure 3) show that a logistic regression classifier achieves remarkably better results than other algorithms in sentiment analysis with precision, recall, f-measure, and accuracy percentages of 70.20%, 69.90%, 68.28%, and 68.8 %, respectively. figure 4. sentiment analysis on moroccan tweets. figure 4 shows that moroccan users post more positive tweets (62.6% of positive tweets). topic modeling to find out the hidden topics existing in the classified tweets using logistic regression classifier, we implemented lda model; firstly, we generated a dictionary from the corpus with the help of the genism package (‗gensim • pypi,‘ n.d.). the dictionary established consists of a collection, which contains unique terms in the collection of documents. after that, we created a document-term matrix using the dictionary to use it in the model. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 60-67 66 table 1. the detected topics on positive, negative, and neutral tweets. sentiment / topics topic 1 topic 2 topic 3 positive ['love', 'safe', 'interesting', 'great', 'perfect', 'happy', 'thank', 'welcome', 'super', 'nice'] ['update', 'recovery', 'right', 'back', 'soon', 'together', 'money', 'life', 'time', 'work'] ['beautiful', 'marrakech', 'morocco', 'nature', 'amazing', 'memory', 'picture', 'rabat', 'agadir', 'casablanca'] neutral [―sahara‖, ―laayoune_western‖, ―story‖, ―true‖,‖ morocco‖, ‖people‖, meaning‖, ―ramadan‖,‖ episode‖, ‖quarantine‖] [―wind‖, ―clouds_ humidity‖, ―humidity‖, ‖temperature‖, 'atmosphere', ―rabat‖, ―marrakech‖, ―cloud‖, ―humidity_wind‖, ―agadir‖] ['course', 'picture', 'play', 'heart', ''graphic' , 'music', 'story', 'lecture', 'life', 'home'] negative ['sad', 'year', 'hesitation', 'opinion', 'choice', 'hard', 'cry', 'heart', 'imperfection', 'broken'] [‖guy‖, ―attack‖, ‖police‖, ―black_live‖, ‖racism‖, ―matter‖, ―urgent‖, ―wrong‖, ―black‖, ―trump‖] ['virus', 'time', 'long', 'thing', 'still', 'minute', 'incredible', 'patient', 'corona', 'end'] as exposed in table 1, we presented the three most frequent topics extracted by the lda model (each topic comprising of 10 words) concerning the three categories (positive, neutral, and negative) classified using logistic regression. for instance; 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(2018). utilizing twitter data for analysis of chemotherapy. international journal of medical informatics. 120, 92–100. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 50 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.408 page: 50 – 59 evidence of impact from a national digital entrepreneurship apprentice program in malaysia mohd zaidi abd rozan information systems, universiti teknologi malaysia corresponding author: mohd zaidi abd rozan; email: mdzaidi@utm.my a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: apprentice, case studies, digital marketing, ideakpt program, micro small enterprises. received : 01 december 2021 revised : 08 february 2022 accepted : 10 february 2022 impact digital entrepreneurship apprentice program (idea@kpt) at ministry of higher education malaysia 2021 is a comprehensive nationwide six-month program. forty-three teams consist of 43 academic supervisors, 129 institutes of higher learning students, and 43 micro & small enterprises (mse) owners conducted by universiti teknologi malaysia. the program is aimed to develop capable students in maneuvering the digital business world. students underwent an online business and digital training, with apprenticeship and formal reportings. this article aims to present the impact of idea@kpt activities by analyzing 43 case studies produced in the program. a pre-codification scheme that concentrates on the study goals was the method for data collection. before the program, all the teams were informed of the required components to ensure uniformity of the report. the evidence of significant gain and impact on the mses businesses was drawn from the components. other than the components, analytics hindsight, visual appeal, persuasion ability, perception on paid ads, posting timing, and synergies beyond the digital world activities were gathered, providing richer information and insights that increase business value. such lessons are beneficial to all parties as all businesses are demanded to utilize digital platforms nowadays. introduction the unemployment rate for the graduating students from the institute of higher learning in malaysia is worrying. from the data published by penjana (pelan jana semula ekonomi negara) in june 2020 (bernama, 2020), unemployment in malaysia is expected to increase to 5.5% or more than 860,000 jobless in 2020. furthermore, the ministry of higher education (mohe) added that 75,000 graduates from the institute of higher learning would be unemployed due to the covid-19 pandemic (amir, 2020). on the other hand, there is a significant increase in internet usage and online expenses by consumers. (media baharu, 2020) digital news reported only in the first six months in 2020, 72,274 small medium enterprises (smes) recorded an increase in digital engagement, which goes more than the targeted 50,000 smes by the government. also, there was an increase of 39.3% in ecommerce activities in may 2020 from may 2019. looking at the opportunity in digital businesses and the likelihood of solving the unemployment issue, the malaysia ministry of higher education has developed a program called idea@kpt (utm, 2021). idea@kpt or impact digital entrepreneurship apprentice program at ministry of higher education malaysia 2021 is a comprehensive six-month program. forty-three teams consist of 43 academic supervisors, 129 students from the institutes of higher learning, and 43 micro & small enterprises (mse) all over malaysia. the program aimed to develop students to maneuver the digital business world by becoming an apprentice to business owners. this, in a way, will increase their intention to become entrepreneurs equipped with practical digital marketing knowledge and skills. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:mdzaidi@utm.my https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 51 the idea@kpt program utilizes the apprenticeship principle because of the strength it brings, and it has been known to many. the primary purpose of the apprenticeship is to provide knowledge transfer or skillset from one expertise to another party. the ultimate goal is to achieve a mutually beneficial relationship (ryan & tom, 2018) between the parties involved. it becomes very demanding when digital skills are taken into account. this is due to the flow of knowledge that could be traditionally running from a more elderly and wiser to a young and less mature person. one must be open to the flow of knowledge from both sides of the parties that could benefit both. why is this for sure? the digital efficacy from the younger generations could provide new input and ideas to the organizations or businesses owned by a more senior person. plus, business knowledge is being transferred to the young generations, which shows a higher percentage of youth entering into an apprenticeship program (nicholas, 2014). in this program, both the apprentice (students) and the business owners (micro small enterprise owners) develop symbiotic relationships. specifically, in idea@kpt, students reported a substantial increase in mse performance even during the covid-19 pandemic, plus the rise of students’ business knowledge. this article aims to present the impact of idea@kpt by extracting the essence of 43 case studies provided to the author. the case studies hold significant insights and lessons learned, particularly on the challenges, solutions, and impact recorded throughout the 6-months program. idea@kpt program is a three phases program that runs in 6-months. the first phase was focused on recruiting students through interviews and identifying mse as partners. the discussions and identification of mse are performed independently by every institute of higher learnings (ihl). the second phase consists of training sessions and apprenticeship. the training covers online business strategy, business model, and digital marketing. here, the contents in the idea@kpt program are a subset of the very long list of 229 unique digital marketing courses stated by (langan, cowley, & nguyen, 2019). as this program requires short duration but critical content, idea@kpt, with the advice of the subject matter expert (sme) of top trainers in malaysia (https://ideakpt.my/trainers-profile/), decided to choose the most appropriate content. the content must be suitable for students and business owners, who are micro and small businesses. the specific contents are bookkeeping, sales/expenses reporting, logbook, activities, digital business planning, copywriting, creative content, instagram for business, facebook marketing & emarketplace. the third phase is mainly related to reporting. the team, consisting of one academic supervisor, three students, and one mse owner, produced four types of reports: digital business planning report, single page a1 sized digital poster, five minutes duration of digital video &eight pages a4 infographic case study document. the content of each report is shown in table 1. table 1. type of reports and contents digital business planning report digital poster digital video story case study mse business background name of member and academic supervisor introduction to the project name of academic supervisor & team members problems, solution mse business background challenges and barriers faced by mses mse owner background current situation, what marketing tools used problems and challenges digital marketing strategy developed mse business background type of digital marketing opted solution implemented impact of effectiveness problems and challenges sample of copywriting posted as teasers, softsell & hard-sell impact of effectiveness the positive impact to mses and apprentice solution implemented indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 52 data analysis of likes, reach, share conclusion & recommendations other interesting points to be shared impact of effectiveness (before and after) sales and expenses report conclusion & recommendations conclusion & recommendation team member’s reflections the last part after the third phase is for all the participants to attend an idea@kpt summit, which will be held in 2022 with the honorable malaysia higher education minister present. the purpose of the summit is to allow the participants to showcase their findings and present their digital posters for the audience to learn and grasp their experience. this phase is also where the group winner will be provided with prizes and recognition for a job very well done. figure 1 shows all the institutions of higher learnings (ihls) involved in the 6-months malaysia ministry of higher education (mohe) flagship program. figure 1. institutions of higher learning involved throughout malaysia as with many programs, idea@kpt also faced several challenges. the first was related to the effect of the covid-19 pandemic. this is specifically on the virtual and physical mode for the apprenticeship. the main challenge for a longduration program is to maintain its control. students must attend 24 hours of business strategy, business model, and digital marketing training within a month. after the successful completion, they are required to attach to a micro small enterprise for a total of 40 hours within a spread of 2 months. the 40 hours apprenticeship was designed to be a physical session. however, three changes occurred related to this matter. so, the program must have the flexibility to ensure that the program is still successful with all the changes. the first version was designed to be a 40-hour physical face-to-face apprenticeship, where the students are required to be present physically in the mse premise/factory/site. however, due to the movement control order (mco) that was still in place and not uniformly implemented throughout malaysia, the apprenticeship session was shifted to 60% physical and 40% virtual. in this case, 24 hours should be a physically present attendance and the balance of 16 hours are virtual. however, this setup was not helpful as operating in a mixed-mode is even more challenging. finally, with the advice indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 53 from several parties, idea@kpt 40 hours apprenticeship is decided to be entirely virtual. studies have shown that an entirely virtual apprenticeship, internship, or industrial training will save time and expenditure, increase the working experience while the student is still in their own house, learn the communications in a newly accepted working style during pandemic and postpandemic (chloe, 2021). however, there are drawbacks, firstly, in learning to understand the communication style and expressions from the business owners to the students and between the students themselves. the second is the lack of experience gained from the business's environment. the students will not feel the fast pace and hectic atmosphere, which would impact their feeling towards being an entrepreneur themselves. the second challenge was the attempt to optimize the experience through virtual apprenticeships. (pretti, etmanski, & durston, 2020) stated that students should also associate with productivity, meaningful work, and socialization when working remotely or virtually. from the point of productivity, this plays an essential role in the success of the idea@kpt program. the 40 effective hours are logged through the students’ reporting and verified by their academic supervisors. information systems modules were developed to support this feature and several other reporting tools (https://ideakpt.my/book-keeping-and-logbook-system/). this reporting is done individually to provide a self-direction to the students to plan their day, set their schedule, and complete their tasks. meaningful work is measured by how the task provided affects or impacts the business owner’s perspectives. although the ultimate purpose of performing digital marketing for a business is to make maximum profit, in idea@kpt, the journey is considered short for the students when they focus more on the indicators measured as digital impact. this is commonly shown in reporting insights from tools like facebook likes, reach, and engagements. the third main challenge was gathering firsthand information from business owners. socialization involves formal and informal communication between several parties, the students and the business owners. they may be minimal opportunities to be observing and interact with many in the work setting. thus, this might be a big challenge for both parties. for example, the known challenge found is the bottleneck of information given by the businessperson. what does it mean? when there are opportunities to experience the work setting and environment, students usually will extract and provide insights using their senses. however, in such a limited setting, students entirely depend on the business owners or staff to provide the necessary information regarding the running of the business. secondary information would help students gather information about the company through the internet, social media, and other available sources. these are critical to acquiring; unfortunately, they are often not adequate and updated. primary information is still essential due to the crucial, up-to-date, and latest strategy are drawn from the business owner. with such dependencies, owners will often be overwhelmed by the students’ questions and inquiries. it has shown that many mses could not accommodate much information timely to the students. this issue is reported based on the delays in responding to ongoing requests by the apprentice. methods the paper aims to present the impact of idea@kpt activities by analyzing 43 case studies produced in the program. the case studies hold significant insights and lessons learned, particularly on the type of business, challenges, solution, and impact recorded throughout the 6-months program. all the submitted cases were thoroughly studied and arranged based on their impact or implications to determine each case's contribution and gather insights to improve future programs (leedy and ormrod, 2001). this is in line with the research cycle and problem-solving cycle that are highly suggested by mckay& marshall (2001). the authors recommended a pre-codification scheme that concentrates on the study goals (wasana, miskon, and fielt, 2011). this involves capturing the definitions and objectives. the definitions are intended to sense an agreement of shared understanding of the phenomena (wasana, miskon, and fielt, 2011), while the objectives are meant to convey the focus of the activities (miskon et al., 2010). in the setting of this study, all 43 cases have a pre-determined codification scheme. before the program, a list of required components is provided to all the teams to ensure uniformity of the https://ideakpt.my/book-keeping-and-log-book-system/ https://ideakpt.my/book-keeping-and-log-book-system/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 54 report. somehow, several cases were written with more information and insights, thus increasing their richness and value. the standard components were provided as a guideline to focus mainly on the i) background of the business, ii) challenges and problems faced particularly from the aspect of digital marketing, iii) solution proposed and implemented, iv) impact, and v) conclusion and recommendations. therefore, these written reports are accepted as formal written documents that manifest the writer's situation. finally, the author focuses on the conclusion and recommendations to highlight and extract vital information mainly related to the unique situation faced by the team. this is compiled as insights and lessons learned at the end of the results and discussion section. results and discussion the programs' expectations have been communicated to all participants before the program commence. these are the digital marketing indicators such as the likes, reach, engagements (tiago & veríssimo, 2014). these indicators are critical and are accepted as the source of insights for most digital marketing programs and initiatives. the ultimate measure has always been the sales and profit it brings to the business. however, a new measurement of return on investment (roi) is often proposed almost as quickly as a new social media platform appears (fisher, 2009). this is a challenge as the reporting of sales and expenses is not based on the apprentice’s sales of products/services but the business, they are attached to. although there are sales reported through the idea@kpt programs, the numbers are only reported if the owner trusts them. in addition, several other pieces of evidence are practically viable to be captured, such as the changes on the posts in the businesses’ social media. demographic information the idea@kpt program consists of 43 academic supervisors from 17 public institute of higher learning, 43 micro small enterprises business owners, and 129 students as an apprentice. a total of 129 students were involved in the sixmonth program. there were 33 students ages 20 and below, 86 with age 21-24 and 10 who are age 25 and above. more than 63% of the apprentice are female. figure 2 presents both the age distribution and gender. figure 2. age distribution and gender of apprentice the type of business categories among the 43 mses are shown in table 2. the highest categories fell under food, followed by clothes/fashion/ beauty, which is 27.9%. the rest are construction, car sales & services and as listed. table 2: type of business categories business product/services categories number percentage (%) food 17 39.5 clothes/fashion/attire/beauty 12 27.9 information technology 1 2.32 construction/landscape/wood products/furniture 3 6.98 printing 2 4.65 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 55 car sales & services 2 4.65 plants 1 2.32 children products 1 2.32 house services (aircon, etc) 1 2.32 bicycle shop 1 2.32 training & delivery 1 2.32 advertising 1 2.32 43 100 evidence of impact from all 43 cases table 3 shows the business type, problems, and impacts recorded to every business. table 3. business problem & impact case no. business type problem impact* 1. food no marketplace, no structure (menu) for products, inquiries & feedbacks increased from 0 to 124 instagram followers and 1159 to 1179 followers on facebook. 2. food inconsistent sales of brownies, entirely operated by owner & husband increased post engagement fb 174700%, people reached 81507% & increased sales in july & august. 3. pc retail not attractive promotional material, does not use social media optimally, only two workers who focus on technical aspect (technician) increase to 5 star in google review, 114% increase in facebook access, 14.5% increased instagram followers. opportunity to share the business experience with 2000 students for the wus101 entrepreneurship course. 4. children product customers are not familiar with buying products online. lack of workers 3,731 interactions from 29,768 posting in fb resulted from rm400 paid ads. 5. food no sales as no dine-in allowed increased instagram impression 29.1% to 29,549, profile visit increased 72.5% to 1,541, sales increase 50% (rm9035) and 110 new customer databases from online training. 6. training lack of focus on training business, convert to delivery. sales of services increased, and branding is now become known by online customers. 7. food the owner is not familiar with dm, content is not satisfying, not an expansion to a global setting. the use of new design and branding for product promotion. increased awareness of pitroykitchen brand 8. construction lack of brand awareness, low engagement in fb (only 3) increased 4135 people and 82 engagements on 24th september 2021. increased product sales. 9. beauty salon & spa closed. business not focusing on digital medium. 1200% increase in instagram access, 74.26% fb access. sales of rm2500 in the month of august. 10. clothes closed physical shop, no income contents of posting are more attractive and increase in customer base and sales. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 56 11. food not attractive logo and branding, low sm (social media) usage new logo and branding. 100% acceptance from 75 customers surveyed. 12. aircon not consistent in marketing, too much hard sell. proper posting schedule for social media. increase the soft-selling technique to develop more trust among digital customers. 13. furniture not a strong or convincing content for sm better visual and graphics for posting and increased sales for july until october of rm17, 953. 14. fashion lacking creativity for brand awareness and not being familiar with dm, images of bags are identical that carries no emotion increased 93% view in tiktok, plus 20% followers in tiktok dan increase 66.7% sales (rm1,600/month) 15. bicycle closed shop after ten months operation. reopened after three months, no copywriting, no marketing plan, no selling through digital 600% instagram reach and 14,900% content interaction 16. printing lack of business, decreased revenue, low employee productivity. better known branding and attracting new customers. 17. printing not using sm effectively, focusing on fb only instagram content interaction increased 2800% dan access to instagram profile increased 2480% 18. food difficulty to market product. the owner, not having the time to develop copywriting. paid access increased 100%, increased access to facebook page 609.8% dan increased sales through e-marketplace shopee 19. food no café before located in mawar campus customers can remain in their room to make orders and purchases without coming to the physical café. 20. clothes no marketing medium increase post reach in facebook 8600% and post engagements 3800% 21. advertising lack of prospects, less proficient closing technique, unfamiliar with sm algorithm increase fb like to 40% and followers by 38.7%. increase instagram followers by 47% and shopee by 36% 22. beauty fb hacked and owner lost control, 1st august 2021 shop closed due to pandemic increase 60% visibility of business by the community. in addition, increase the number of customer base after implementing paid ads. new customers come from three different states: selangor, kedah, and johor. 23. food poor management of social media better division of social media tasks and management by the staff. 24. plants stop supply from china, delivery issues. explored a new variety of products/ services using the concept of plant hotel and plant care services indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 57 25. food less market exposure, nonattractive marketing tools rm50,724 increased after implementing digital marketing. 26. beauty no sales record, no active social media, limited movement due to pandemic followers become 822 from 449. sales increased beyond rm1000/month after the program. increased perfume sales and grew more than 100% number of followers in instagram. 27. food not strong branding, no digital presence for marketing. a long journey of part-time, broken business and change opportunity new image for the digital presence, logo, packaging and branding. use of systematic financial system. 28. clothes stock not moving, the price dropped stock moves and is no longer stagnant. more customers are coming from different locations. 29. beauty the new product is lack of brand awareness, rely on agents, focus on the online platform only increased in sales for the month of september 21.3% to rm12,570. increased 46% fb post engagement. 30. food not familiar with dm, focus on hard selling only, lowquality video followers from only 6 to 673 in instagram. increased in sales for august and september around 7-13%. 31. food owner not familiar with bmc and not knowing the dm increase instagram followers and online sales. 32. beauty lack of followers, lack of sales through digital marketing increase instagram & facebook followers. 33. beauty lack of dm knowledge popularity increased to 887 viewers, 508 likes and 99 share 34. food lack of e-commerce and dm expertise able to gain new dealer from other states such as sarawak, johor, negeri sembilan dan melaka. 35. food online orders by 3rd party apps through whatsapp incur high cost, unscheduled time posting, monotonous post design implemented order through whatsapp application, increased effectiveness, and efficiency for ordering before arriving and store management. 36. food no followers, no expertise in photo editing and other graphic and design tools. registered in e-marketplace shopee, the first time since running the business from the year 2010. 37. car sales converting visitors to paying customers it has increased 75% organic traffic to the website through facebook marketing. 38. food lack of digital marketing skills. only one staff to entertain customers during peak hours, no sales record, lack of space in the shop, weak in arrangements, only uses fb &whatsapp more attractive design and posting on social media. increased sm engagements, more sales. better position among many competitors. 39. clothes the customer is in sm but does not know how to monetize increased 2.6k in social media followers from 97.3k-99.9k. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 58 40. construction no structure in social media post, lack of product information, mixed of personal and business information increased access of 7977%, 5046% for post engagement & more than 20 quotations were requested. 41. beauty focus on the north malaysia market only. no dedicated website to deliver stories on their platform. rm10,458 sales from the month of june to july. increased sales of rm28,102 from july to august. 42. car beauty closed during pandemic fb increased 210 like and 2068 access through paid fb ads. 43. food no mass event, so no business increased 11,100 instagram followers. story dan reel ig has average of 40 viewers and increased 50% viewers for tiktok dan youtube video. *the impact was reported through case studies submitted in early november 2021 to the author. table 3 has generally shown impact to the mse businesses from the perspective of social media analytics, the increase of sales, better branding, and even the marketing structure of the organization. several insights and lessons learned can be extracted from the 43 cases other than the items reported the table 3. first, the need to understand the analytics that is provided automatically by the platform used. this is often an excellent input for entrepreneurs to gain insights and make sound business decisions (johnson, e. 2021). second, the visual appeal of postings (teaser, soft-sell & hard-sell) contributed significantly to customer engagements. the flow of words and the blend of colors are commonly the best way to lure visitors to their platform. this has strong persuasion ability (youjae, y, 1990). third, soft-selling copywriting would also increase customers' trust towards the online seller. this is because, in a soft-selling, the author will focus on delivering knowledge of the products/services, which would increase the positive perception of viewers and incline them to believe that the author is an expert in the creation of products and services. thus, the qualities of copywriters demanded are a good command of the language use and their imagination (dandeswar, b., preeti, y., utpal, b., 2015). fourth, there was also a misperception of organic ads versus paid ads. organic ads have their limitation with the low penetration towards targeted customers, their time, and interest compared to paid ads. however, paid ads should be set to function as what is intended by the digital marketer. unable to do this will waste the investment and lose the targeted prospects. fifth, a posting should be done in a particular schedule. it is proven that social media users' purchasing behavior patterns are related to their time. a general rule for posting is around 1-2 pm, and the best time to get likes and engagements will be approximately 5 pm. sixth, any digital marketing initiatives are not limited to online activities alone. there are high opportunities for strategic collaboration with the community and institute of higher learnings as offline programs also contribute to community engagements and better trust between all players. this benefits the mse owners, student apprentices, and academic supervisors. finally, the most critical element for the success of idea@kpt or any digital marketing apprentice program is the trust amongst all the participants. the business is searching for a change to be highly visible, liked, engaged, and becomes profitable online. with the tweaking performed by the apprentice on the marketing element, the mse owners must be prepared to take over the role and become digitally transformed. this is critical to sustaining business as it is deemed that higher success can be realized, particularly during and after the covid-19 pandemic. which is one of the most important aspects of a business. conclusion with the very dynamic nature of conducting such programs, particularly during the covid-19 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 50-59 59 pandemic, flexibility between the organizers/ secretariat and the participants are deemed to be crucial. furthermore, the support provided by the administration throughout the six months programs must be top-notch to get the motivation going throughout the period. the most challenging lesson learned was the development of trust among the three parties – the mse owners, the student apprentice, and the academic supervisors. in the future, establishing trust between these parties will be an area of investigation as they are several aspects of trust that may demand further efforts in such a limited-time relationship among them. references 1. amir, a. h. (2020). covid-19: 75,000 graduan mungkin terjejas. retrieved from https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/09/ 625259/covid-19-75000-graduan-mungkinterjejas 2. bandara, w., miskon, s., and fielt, e. (2011). a systematic, tool-supported method for conducting literature reviews in information systems. ecis 2011 proceedings. 221. 3. bernama. (2020). penjana: rm9 billion allocation to tackle unemployment problem, ensure jobs for people muhyidin. retrieved from https://bernama.com/en/business/news_penjana. php?id=1848314 4. chloe, l. (2021). everything-students-needknow-about-virtual-internships. retrieved november 29, 2021, from https://www.topuniversities.com/studentinfo/careers-advice/everything-students-needknow-about-virtual-internships 5. dandeswar, b., preeti, y., utpal, b. (2015, april). copywriting and the creative edge. paper presented at the international conference on communication, visual arts and design (iccvad 2015), world academy of science, engineering and technology, paris, france. 6. johnson, e. (2021). leveraging social media analytics to grow small business. retrieved february 8, 2022, from https://www.dataversity.net/leveraging-socialmedia-analytics-to-grow-small-business/ 7. fisher, t. (2009). roi in social media: a look at the arguments. journal of database marketing and customer strategy management, 16(3), 189–195. 8. langan, r., cowley, s., & nguyen, c. (2019). the state of digital marketing in academia: an examination of marketing curriculum’s response to digital disruption. journal of marketing education, 41(1), 32–46. 9. leedy, p. d., and ormrod, j. e. (2001). practical research: planning and design. 7th edition. upper saddle river. new jersey: merrill prentice hall. 10. mckay, j. & marshall, p. (2001) the dual imperatives of action research. information technology & people, 14, 46–59. 11. media baharu. (2020). berbelanja untuk malaysia guna platform e-dagang. retrieved from https://berita.rtm.gov.my/index.php/semasa/202 18-berbelanja-untuk-malaysia-guna-platform-edagang 12. miskon, s., bandara, w., fielt, e., & gable, g. (2010). understanding shared services: an exploration of the is literature. international journal of e-services and mobile applications, 2(4), 60-75. 13. nicholas, w. (2014). how apprenticeships build and sustain skills-based careers (innovations case narrative: the institute for workplace skills and innovation). innovations: technology, governance, globalization, 9(1– 2), 113–123. 14. pretti, t. j., etmanski, b., & durston, a. (2020). remote work-integrated learning experiences: student perceptions. international journal of work-integrated learning, 21(4), 401–414. 15. ryan, c., & tom, b. (2018). making apprenticeships work five policy recommendations. new york. retrieved from https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3a840 05 16. tiago, m. t. p. m. b., & veríssimo, j. m. c. (2014). digital marketing and social media: why bother? business horizons, 57(6), 703– 708. 17. utm. (2021). idea@kpt. retrieved november 30, 2021, from https://ideakpt.my/ 18. youjae, y. (1990). the effects of contextual priming in print advertisements. journal of consumer research, vol. 17, no. 2, 215-222. https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/09/625259/covid-19-75000-graduan-mungkin-terjejas https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/09/625259/covid-19-75000-graduan-mungkin-terjejas https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/09/625259/covid-19-75000-graduan-mungkin-terjejas https://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/careers-advice/everything-students-need-know-about-virtual-internships https://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/careers-advice/everything-students-need-know-about-virtual-internships https://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/careers-advice/everything-students-need-know-about-virtual-internships https://berita.rtm.gov.my/index.php/semasa/20218-berbelanja-untuk-malaysia-guna-platform-e-dagang https://berita.rtm.gov.my/index.php/semasa/20218-berbelanja-untuk-malaysia-guna-platform-e-dagang https://berita.rtm.gov.my/index.php/semasa/20218-berbelanja-untuk-malaysia-guna-platform-e-dagang https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3a84005 https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3a84005 https://ideakpt.my/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 31 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.395 page: 31 – 42 slum-dwelling children community engagement by tertiary sociology students of rajshahi university: a beneficiary approach to learning enhancement md. mithu rana1, md. shahidul islam2, md. ariful islam3 1department of sociology, first capital university of bangladesh 2department of sociology, university of rajshahi, bangladesh 3department of sociology, varendra university, bangladesh corresponding author: md. mithu rana; email: mithu_socru51@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: community engagement, learning enhancement, slum-dwelling children, tertiary sociology students’. received : 13 november 2021 revised : 11 february 2022 accepted : 13 february 2022 the study has focused on the condition of children in the community, initiatives of tertiary sociology students for successful engagement, changes of the slum-dwelling children, and attainment of graduate and professional skills. a mixed-method of social survey, fgds (focus group discussion), and participant observation with close and open-ended questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, checklists, and likert scale techniques have been used to collect primary data. the findings of the study show that students’ engagement helps to meet children’s educational, socialization, health care, and co-curricular needs and rights and some other needs of community people. it brings benefits for engaged students building stronger relations with graduate institutions, different organizations, and job providers, and attaining several graduate and professional skills, and abilities to become successful in personal and professional life. introduction where the global number of poor people is decreasing, urban slum dweller is increasing (kielland, 2015). according to the global report on human settlements (2017) almost 880 million people, or 32 percent of the world’s urban population, live in slums, the majority of them in the developing world. in bangladesh, there is about 35.86 percent of the total population lives in urban areas (wb, 2019). among these urban dwellers, 2.23 million people live in slum areas of bangladesh (bbs, 2018). the slums are typically lack of proper sanitation, safe drinking water, or systematic garbage collection; there is usually a severe shortage of space inside the houses where the children live, and no public spaces dedicated to their use (chatterje, 2012). slum-dwelling children are frequently deprived of a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual, moral, and social development (raju & sharmin, 2011). they play on rough, uneven ground, taking on multiple roles in everyday life, and sharing responsibilities with adults in domestic and public spaces (chatterje, 2012). children too often fetch water; watch over younger siblings and sick household members (d’allant, 2017), and are subjected to physical, mental, psychological, or sexual abuse in their workplace and their house as well (unicef eapro, 2012). women and children are also supposed to trafficking and drug drilling (ilo, 2015) extensive criminal networks make substantial profits by engaging children in commercial sex work, smuggling, stealing, and the distribution of drugs and weapons (raju & sharmin, 2011). children can’t attend school rather involve in household chores and other income-generating activities and because of parental perception, cost of education, late admission, frequent migration, lack of birth certificate (tsujita, 2009) discriminatory look, and teachers' biases in favor of well-off children (cameron, 2010). community engagement indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:mithu_socru51@yahoo.com file:\\author\josephine-dallant https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 32 by graduate schools helps to meet these slumdwelling children’s educational, socialization, healthcare, co-curricular needs, and some other needs of the community people. students get a reciprocal opportunity to make their academic work relevant to the community, acquire knowledge (russell and slater, 2011), develop formal and informal university-community partnerships, and elevate the university’s public image (nicotera et al., 2012). it also helps to bear academic credit, address societal issues, and enhance their personal and professional skills (mcilrath, 2012). students get fields for social sciences research and assistance during internships, programs, and chance better careers in the future (john, 2017). they become an agent of change-makers of the society and connected contributors to the region and beyond (spowart and tripp, 2013). for successful engagement students’ need to develop and follow some strategies to develop a partnership, formulate plans, set up goals, gather knowledge about the community's culture, economic conditions, social networks, political and power structures, norms and values, demographic trends, history, experience and overall community's perception for a long-term commitment (cdc/atsdr, 2011). however, this study has tried to find out the answer to the question ‘does community engagement carry out benefits for slum-dwelling children, community people, and engaged students? and tried to understand the types of services tertiary students provide to make their engagement successful and changes of the children and attainment of skills. department seeks quality graduates, the community seeks services and assistance and students seeking graduate and professional skills to collaborate among this study is a rationale. it will work as a baseline for further research and help national, international organizations, and governmental agencies to design and formulate effective policies and programs for the betterment of children’s world. community engagement involves a series of transactions (bernardo et al., 2011) which is incorporated into a course or series of courses by way of a project (bandy, 2019) or pedagogical approach that enables to develop of links and partnerships between educational institutions (schools, colleges, universities) and the wider community creating opportunities for mutual gain (mcilrath, 2012) and beneficial exchange of knowledge (mcilrath and tansey, 2013). it may local, provincial, national, regional, and international (jacobs et al., 2015). it bears academic credit, addresses societal issues, and enhances students’ personal and professional skills (mcilrath, 2012). community-based projects energized the participants to make their academic work relevant in communities by breaking out traditional academic reward structures and elevating the university’s public image (nicotera et al., 2012). community engagement knowledge is transferable from generation to generation which promotes and measures healthy early childhood development and creates resilient children and family opportunity, stability, and protection (emarita and chase, 2015) but needs to combine university knowledge with community experience (laing, 2016). facilitator groups can engage in the community through diverse issues such as education, health, disaster crisis issues, national day’s events (engage east midlands, 2001), and recreational and social activities (o’mara-eves et al., 2013). community participation in education encourages free and compulsory basic education from 6 to 14 years of age (tsujita, 2009) and enables parents to acquire knowledge, skills, and confidence for better parenting and take part in the academic success of their children. it can transform the life of a child, give them social identity and independence. they become physically strong, intellectual, moral, and sensible. it helps to narrow the performance gap between children in high and low-income settings (abuya, 2017) but needs to generate new knowledge in assessments of children (emarita and chase, 2015) and strike a balance between syllabus, curriculum, books, and cocurricular activities (gupta, 2018). insecure land tenure (kajerfors, 2007), high population density, pollution, health problems, malnutrition, unemployment, or informal income-generation strategies are common features in slum areas (united nations human settlements program, 2010). children are the most vulnerable portion of the urban slum population. their existence is not recognized, as neither their births nor their deaths are registered (usmani and ahamed, 2018). they live in a very unhygienic and dirty place, play in http://www.eacs.wa.edu.au/author/johni/ http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=slcepartnerships http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=slcepartnerships http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=slcepartnerships indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 33 debris, rough, and uneven ground and can’t attend schools rather pass their time doing household chores and looking after their toddler (chatterje, 2012). children grow up faster rather than normal life children and treat as informal solutions meeting their daily necessaries, livelihoods, or maintenance of family (d’allant, 2017). children are physically (child death and corporal punishment), sexually, emotionally, and verbally abused, fall victim to neglect, exploitation (through child labor, commercial sex), and trafficking (unicef eapro, 2012). children are ‘virtually excluded’ (attending school but not learning), and not able to make the transition to secondary because of teachers' biases in favor of children of the well-off; discouragement and undermining children’s selfesteem were seen as a common problem (cameron, 2010). shortage of teachers, lack of infrastructure, equipment’s, communication gap between teachers and students, geographical area, lack of parent’s education or awareness, involvement in homework, irregularity of attending to school, and many more effects hampered the achievement level of education (aggarwal and chugh, 2003). delivering services in slums of bangladesh found a host of an obstacle to the donor agencies (cameron, 2010) but collaboration and support of go, ngos, politicians and pressure groups, and constitutional commitment (tsujita, 2009) can improve the standard of living of urban slum-dwellers (miller and king, 1999). evening classes, the creation of voluntary schools, social work, and a mandatory reserve of 25 percent of seats in schools may be the solution for slumdwelling children’s education (bhagwan, 2017). university-community partnerships can also enhance community children’s learning. students become the agent of change-makers of their society (spowart and tripp, 2013). it helps to develop their character with a strong sense of identity and a passion for learning who will become selfconfident, connected contributors to the region, and beyond (john, 2017). it creates opportunities for students to work with the organization or job providers (wintrup et al., 2013) and aids them to develop skills such as leadership, communication, creativity, decision-making, cooperation, service, and others. it helps to develop better time management and organizational skills, creates a relaxation of academic studies, improve learning, discover new talents, increase self-esteem, and overall personality and assist during internships or programs and enhance careers in the future through making a huge difference among high numbers applying (john, 2017). the study has focused on the condition of children in the community, initiatives of tertiary sociology students for successful engagement, changes of the slum-dwelling children, and attainment of graduate and professional skills. methods a mixed-method of both qualitative and quantitative approaches of social survey, fgds (focus group discussion), and participant observation have been used through interview techniques of semi-structured questionnaires with close and open-ended questions, likert scale questions, and checklists to collect primary research data. secondary data has been collected from different research documents like books, journal articles, research publications, etc. i have purposively selected the railway slum-dwelling children community located between the rail line and north boundary of rajshahi university campus ward no. 30. i have collected data from mothers of children of shishu niketon (a voluntary school operated by sociology youth group, department of sociology, university of rajshahi). there are 63 children from 55 households. all households have been taken as a research population. frequency distribution table with percentage cross table, are used to process, tabulate, and analyze the primary. results and discussion condition of the railway slum-dwelling children community people there are about 300 people with 55 households lived in the railway slum at the rajshahi university area. they lived with inadequate everyday insecurities. their house is mainly made of tin and bamboo at khas land which is controlled by bangladesh railway. only one or two rooms with 5-8 members including children live in the house. they collect water from a shared tub well which is set by ngos and not adequate for their use. people of the community receive a very poor health care service. they buy medicine from farmacy actually not going to doctor and take file:\\author\josephine-dallant http://www.eacs.wa.edu.au/author/johni/ http://www.eacs.wa.edu.au/author/johni/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 34 kobiraji treatment. people are engaged with diverse earning activities for continuing their survival. table 1. occupational diversity with a monthly income of family heads monthly income (in bdt) types of occupation frequency percentage income range: ≥5000-11000 day labor 30 54.55 waiter 3 5.46 mason 3 5.46 income range: ≥11000-14000 carpenter 2 3.63 satari mistri 3 5.46 small business 9 16.36 barber 2 3.63 income range: ≥14000-17000 auto driver 2 3.63 income range: 17000+ computer assistant 1 1.82 total 55 100 research data shows that most of the family heads 54.55 % (n=30 out of 55) occupation is day labor, waiter and mason and their monthly income is ≥5000-11000. about 16.36% (n=9 of 55) are engaged in small businesses with ≥11000-14000 income range along with carpenter, barber, and satari mistri. auto driver and computer assistant income are a little higher than the slum-dwellers (table 1). women also work at mess and hotels with multiple roles such as cooking food, washing clothes, cutter of cooking items, washing plates, and others. large amounts of earned money they expend meet their food, clothes, and health care needs. they can’t afford enough money for their child's education. educational status is also very poor among the slum dwellers. table 2. educational qualifications and age of marriage of the mothers’ children education levels frequency percentage marriage age of mothers frequency percentage nil/signature 11 20 no idea 3 5.45 class 1-5 31 56.36 12-13 5 9.10 class 6-10 8 14.55 14-15 39 70.91 ssc pass 4 7.27 16-17 8 14.54 hsc 1 1.82 18+ 0 0 total 55 100 total 55 100 our study shows that a greater number of 56.36% (n= 31 out of 55) of the mothers’ educational qualifications is only class five or less of it. only 14.55% (n= 8 out of 55) has studied up to class ten or less. 7.27% (n= 4 out of 55) of family heads completed ssc degrees only. one of the family heads completed hsc education. no one has a bachelor's degree. no education or only has the signature ability of about 20% (n= 11 out of 55) of the study population (table 2). most of the mothers 70.91% got married (14-15) years of their ages. about 9.10 %( n= 5 of 55) of the mother of children were married only they were 12 – 13 years old. children are also falling victim to child marriage. only 5.45% (n=3 of 55) married in recognized age (table 2). it reflects the unconsciousness, illiterate, or immobile picture of the sdcc community. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 35 table 3. conception about child rights of the community people response before engagement after engagement frequency percentage frequency percentage yes 10 18.18 48 87.28 no 45 81.82 7 12.72 total 55 100 55 100 a very few people of rsdcc 18.18% (n=10 of 55) know child rights. on the contrary, a majority of the respondents 81.82% (n=45 of 55) said that they have no conception of child rights before the engagement of syg students. but after the engagement of the syg students at dsru the picture has been changed and about 87.28% (n=48 of 55) of the respondents confessed that they have come to know about child rights. still, 12.72% (n=7 of 55) of the respondents don’t know child rights (table 3). hence, it is clear that sys students have been able to make the change of the ideas and conceptions of the people. the situation of the children in the railway slum children are the more vulnerable of the rsdcc. they lived with enormous everyday livelihood adversities such as food, shelter, education, healthcare, and other needs. frequently they are given marry at very early ages, harass, used, and abused by family members and others, caused by neglect and violence, and engaged with household chores and earning activities that’s why their sound development be hampered. children’s enrollment in education is very poor in the community. though numbers of children firstly go to schools they gradually dropped out from schools after very few years of their enrollment. table 4. enrollment status of the children of rsdcc the table presents the drop-out and enrolling status of the community children. about 57.14% (n=16 of 28) of the children’s year of schooling was up to class 5 who were aged 6-10 and 25% (7 of 28) children’s year of schooling was class 6. only 3.57% (n=1 of 28) of the children's year of schooling was class 9-10. it is noticeable that none of the children of the community has completed the secondary school certificate. about 35.71% (n=10 of 28) completed primary education up to class-5 (table 4). children are mostly about 87.5% (n=63 of 72) are enrolling up to class 5 and that has belonged to primary education (6 -10) years of their age. after that aging families thought of them as efficient for earnings and sends them to the workplace without sending them to school. hence the enrollment is decreased and children are dropout from the light of education. age class of study drop-out enrolling frequency percentage frequency percentage 6 -10 class-1 6 21.43 17 23.61 class-2 14 19.44 class-3 12 16.67 class-4 14 19.44 class -5 10 35.71 6 8.34 total 16 57.14 63 87.5 11 – 15 class-6 7 25 3 4.17 class-7 3 10.72 1 1.39 class-8 1 3.57 3 4.17 class-9-10 1 3.57 2 2.77 total 12 42.86 9 12.5 grand total 28 100 72 100 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 36 table 5. engagement in household chores and earning activities at school running and non-school running time responses household chores earning activities frequency percentage frequency percentage yes 37 67.27 12 21.82 no 18 32.73 43 78.18 total 55 100 55 100 in the sdcc about 67.27% (n=37 out of 55) of children work as helping hand in their house. they collect wood/leaves for fire, grass for cattle, and look after sick elderly and siblings and helping hand of fathers at a small shop. for this reason, frequently they miss school. the table shows that about 21.82% (12 out of 55) of children engaged in earning activities. families push them to earn without sending them to school. almost 78.18% are not engaged in earning activities (table 5). if children were involved in earnings at school running time they missed the school and gradually dropped out. table 6. age of marriage of the children age (year) frequency percentage 12-14 11 52.38 14-16 8 38.10 16-18 2 9.52 18+ 0 0 total 21 100 the total number of respondents was 55. among them, 21 family’s children were married. our study shows that 52.38% (n=11 of 21) of the sdcc children were married at only 12-14 years of age that shows and 38.10% (n=8 of 21) were married at only 14-16 years of their age (table 6). table 7. the situation of children in the sdcc response yes no n/55 % n/55 % enough safe places for playing 7 12.73 48 87.27 completion of vaccination 55 100 0 0 getting enough time for playing 31 65.36 24 43.64 tortured or ill speech by family members or neighbors’ 9 16.36 46 83.64 sate of sexual harassment by family and other relatives 0 0 55 100 problem facing in admitting schools 0 0 55 100 regularity of going to school 52 94.55 3 5.45 state of the child loss and trafficking 0 0 55 100 state of tortured by school teachers and others 17 30.91 38 69.09 engagement in the begging of the children 0 0 55 100 knowledge marriage age of children 55 100 0 0 affordability of providing educational equipment 4 7.27 51 92.73 children relation to exchange of drugs 0 0 55 100 the total respondents were n= 55. n= response frequency among the 55 respondents. the table represents the situation of the children in the slumdwelling community. only 12.73% (n=7 of 55) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 37 respondents said children get a safe place for playing but a huge number of the respondents 87.27 (n= 48 of 55) said that children don’t get enough place for playing. children have to play in a hazardous place and on the rail line t is a threat for the children. all 100% (n=55 of 55) of the respondent said that they completed their children's vaccination (table no. 7). about 16.36% (n=9 of 55) of the respondents said that they torture their children and say an ill speech. it happens while children don’t hear their parent’s instruction or order but about 83.64% (n=46 of 55) said that they don’t torture or say an ill speech to their children (table 7). all the respondents 100% (n=55of 55) said that their children were not harassed by family members or relatives (table 7). parents don’t face any problems while admitting their children to schools and about 94.55% (n=52 of 55) respondents confessed that their children go to school regularly. but only a few 5.45 % (n=3 of 55) is irregular to school (table 7). all the respondents 100% (n=55 of 55) said that none of their children were lost from their house or fall victim to trafficking (table 7) but the respondents 30.91 % ( n=17 of 55) said that their children are tortured by the school teachers and other individuals. immense numbers of 69.09 % (n=38 of 55) respondents said that their children don’t confront such kinds of torture by the school teachers and other individuals. children are not engaged in begging for activities. people have a conception about child marriage but they don’t abide while marring their children. only 7.27% (n=4 of 55) of the respondents said that they can fulfill the essential logistics needed by their children for their study. but a remarkable number of the respondents 92.73 (n=51 of 55) said that they can’t fulfill the needs of their children’s educational equipment (table 7). all of the respondents 100% (n=55 of 55) of the sdcc said that there is no relation of their children to such kinds of activities (table 7). community engagement activities and services of tertiary sociology students’ the concept of community engagement developed among tertiary sociology students’ after receiving training from save the children and incidin bangladesh on uncrc. students were motivated by their social liabilities and department. they wanted to meet children’s educational, socialization, and co-curricular needs. for this, they find a suitable community and consult with the community members. they select the railway slum-dwelling children community beside the north boundary of rajshahi university. to provide services they created a group named sociology youth group (syg) and opened a voluntary school named shishuniketon. for successful engagement, they connected with different voluntary organizations and some national and international ngos such as rajshahi university sociology alumni association (russa), save the children, incidin bangladesh, bangladesh regeneration trust uk (brtuk), global unnayansebasongstha (guss), inner wheel club (iwc), prothom alo bondhusova, and rotary club rajshahi metropolitan and so on. figure 1. students’ community engagement model inspiration gather knowledge/ training create team deliver services consult identify problem develop srategy and engage development indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 38 services and benefits provided by syg students to sdcc 1. education services through tuition 2. education logistics such as bag, pen, pencil, notebook, rubber, eraser, scale, color pencil, art paper, etc. 3. healthcare services for children and mothers. 4. clothes for children and parents. warm clothes, school dress, eid dress, shari and lungi, etc. 5. foods on different occasions such as korbanieid, ifter, national children day, chocolate, etc. 6. toilet, tube-well, and help for getting an electricity connection. 7. socialization (morality, language, behavior, etc.) and co-curricular needs (drawing, music, dance, single-acting play, poem recitation, picnic, etc.) of the children. a. celebration of different days such as national victory day, independence day, shaheed day/ international mother language day, hand-washing day, national children day, etc. b. awareness development about child marriage, child labor, dowry, family planning, drug addiction, etc. changes among the children and community children’s learning, educational attainment, behavioral patterns have been changed remarkably and parents’ attitudes beliefs and motives have been changed. social awareness, integrity among the slum-dwellers, understanding have also been developed and improved. syg students daily observe children’s clarity through checking of nail cutting, dress; oil on the heir, and haircut, use f sandals while coming to shishu niketon. table 8. changes happened among the children and community changes among the children frequency percentage hygiene/ clarity improved 40 72.73 eagerness of study 55 100 language development 32 58.18 academic results 51 92.73 health improvement 48 87.27 respect to the elders 55 100 co-curricular participation and achievement 36 65.45 discipline 25 45.45 food habit 40 72.73 dress up 32 58.18 attitudes and behavior 55 100 the total number of the respondent is 55. multiple responses are considered. the table shows that about 72.73% (n=40 of 55) of the respondents confessed their children’s hygiene and clarity and about 100% (n=55 of 55) respondents said their children’s eagerness of study has improved. a total of 58.18% (n=32 of 55) respondents said that their children’s linguistic development happened. children use very little odd language compared to before. about 92.73% (n=51 of 55) of respondents said their children are doing better in the academic results than before. about 87.27% (n=55 of 55) of mothers confessed their children have become less ill than before. syg students’ of dsru be able to establish a positive and vital impact on children’s academic learning of the sdcc. children's respect for the elders has improved. about 65.45% of the respondents (n=36 of 55) said that their children were not eager for attaining in co-curricular activities but when they started to come to shishu niketon they participate in all the programs and cocurricular activities (table 8). disciple, food habit, dress up, attitude and behavior have changed and improved among the children remarkably (table 8). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 31-42 39 table 9. satisfaction level of the community people response frequency percentage extremely satisfied 50 90.10 satisfied 5 9.90 neutral 0 0 dissatisfied 0 0 extremely dissatisfied 0 0 total 55 100 a greater number of respondents 90.10% (n=50 of 55) said that they are extremely satisfied with the engagement of syg students to their community and 9.09% (5 of 55) respondents said that they are satisfied. the sdcc people are very concerned and happy with the engagement of the syg students to their community (table no. 9). students’ benefits from community engagement community engagement offers several benefits for engaged students through developing graduate skills and creating working opportunities with different kinds of organizations and associations. skills development students attained numerous graduate and professional skills through providing some specific services and activities to the community. their presentation, teaching, and linguistic skills are developed while they meet the educational needs of the community children. teamwork, leadership, event management, communication, time management skills, and ability to work under pressure and adaptive capacity have developed when they arranged events, competitions, and programs for the children and community people. public speaking capacity grows when they anchoring at any event. networking skills are developed when they contact with different charitable organizations. negotiation and acceptance mentality, problem-solving skills, creative and critical thinking skills have developed when they negotiate children’s quarrels and puzzles. organizational skills develop when they managed the team and school activities. their fundraising capacity developed while collecting funds for events. some other skills developed when they engaged with the slum-dwelling children community. students become able to design and monitoring project. they find out social problems and solutions to solve an analytical problem. they become confident to be an entrepreneur. other benefits besides skill development students gets numerous opportunities to enrich themselves and become successful in their practical and professional life. 1. a stronger relationship with the department and national and international ngos. 2. letter of recommendation for scholarships 3. find fields for academic research 4. preparation for the competitive job market and increased employment opportunities 5. students become more professional in their approaches 6. application of theoretical knowledge 7. improved social responsibility and citizenship skills 8. physical, mental, and emotional refreshment 9. increase productive hours 10. finding out personal strengths and weakness conclusion slum-dwelling children community engagement is beneficial both for children, the community, and engaged students. it meets children’s educational, socialization, healthcare, and co-curricular needs, and community people attain better knowledge on child rights, child education, child health and hygiene, a bad side effect of child marriage, child labor, drug addiction, and child abuse. students can enrich their academic learning and attain graduate and professional skills and abilities. they get knowledge about diverse cultural traits and practices. in while department gets quality graduates and students get a better chance of employment according to their quality. however, for successful community engagement collaboration among university-community, graduate students, and charitable organizations are very monumental. above all, it can be said that all students should 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(2018). health status in india: a study of urban slum and non-slum population. accessed on 2 september 2018 at https://www.pulsus.com/scholarlyarticles/phealth-status-in-india-a-study-ofurban-slum-and-nonslum-populationp4137.html https://www.pulsus.com/scholarly-articles/phealth-status-in-india-a-study-of-urban-slum-and-nonslum-populationp-4137.html https://www.pulsus.com/scholarly-articles/phealth-status-in-india-a-study-of-urban-slum-and-nonslum-populationp-4137.html https://www.pulsus.com/scholarly-articles/phealth-status-in-india-a-study-of-urban-slum-and-nonslum-populationp-4137.html https://www.pulsus.com/scholarly-articles/phealth-status-in-india-a-study-of-urban-slum-and-nonslum-populationp-4137.html indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 234 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.529 page: 234 – 246 a novel approach algorithm for determining the initial basic feasible solution for transportation problems e.m.d.b. ekanayake1, e. m. u. s. b. ekanayake1 1department of physical sciences, faculty of applied sciences, rajarata university of sri lanka, sri lanka corresponding author: ekanayake; email: dananjayaekanayake96@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: balance and unbalance transportation problem, initial basic feasible solution, optimal solution. received : 07 may 2022 revised : 26 september 2022 accepted : 29 september 2022 in optimization, the transportation problem is of utmost significance. the fundamental idea for solving the transportation problem is to develop methods that lower the overall cost between the source and the destination. numerous research techniques are given in the literature as solutions to transportation problems. the majority of strategies focus on locating the initial basic, feasible solution to the transportation problem, while some techniques concentrate on locating an optimal solution. to find an initial, basic, feasible solution, vogel's approximation, the least-cost method, the northwest method, and other methods are used. the modified distribution method and the stepping stone method are gaining acceptance as the optimal solution to the transportation problem. in this research study, a model approach to figuring out the basic, feasible solution for transportation problems with balanced and unbalanced components is proposed based on the average unit cost value of columns and rows. a new table is created using the unit cost values and average unit cost values in the columns and rows and compared to the transportation problem to solve the problem by balancing demand and supply. the proposed methodology is effortless, easy to understand, and simple to use. comparatively speaking, the algorithmic technique suggested by this work is less complex than the well-known meta-heuristic algorithms in the literature. finally, provide a case study to demonstrate the proposed approach. introduction transportation problems can be expressed and resolved as a linear equation also with the expectation of minimizing the total cost of transportation problems. f. l. hitchcock (1941) proposed the first mode of transportation. afterward, the algorithm is implemented by t.c. koopmans (1949) and g.b. dantzig (1951). dantzig became the first to propose a transportation problem-solving method. he invented the phrase “north west coner method (nwcm)” to describe his approach. this methodology depends on the specified location. later, the column minimum method (cam) and row minimum method (ram) were also introduced. the primary goal of these was to find an initial basic feasible solution. these methods can provide a basic feasible solution to the transportation problem. danzig later developed an algorithm called the least-cost method in 1963. reinfeld and vogel (1958) pioneered the vam method. in addition, goyal (1984) enhanced the vam for the unbalanced transportation problem by including the dummy’s maximum cost. the methods described above can be used to identify the most basic feasible solution to the transportation problem. after obtaining the initial basic feasible solution using these procedures, there are two main methods for determining the optimal solution. “stepping stone method” (ssm) was the first optimal solution search method to be introduced. charnes and coope created this. the other optimal solution is the modified distribution method (modi), introduced in 1955. moreover, there are other models for evaluating the initial basic, feasible solution to the transportation problem. for example, priyanka and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 235 sushma devised the average transportation cost method (atcm). the modified atcm was developed by priyanka and sushma, which calculated a penalty equivalent two the average of two minimum costs per row and column. in 2002, sabawi and hayawi proposed a new solution to the transport model problem by using the difference within cost in the highest and lowest cost. several new methods have recently been introduced, including ekanayake at el. an effective alternative new approach to solving transportation problems (2021) and a modified ant colony optimization algorithm for solving transportation problems. babu et al. (2020) developed the lowest allocation method (lam), which began with the smallest supply (2013). introduced to find a basic feasible solution, das et al. (2014) proposed the advanced vogel's approximation method (avam). in 2015, alkubaisi calculated a median penalty cost, while vam calculated the difference between two minimum penalty costs. in 2017, hossain introduced the average row penalty (arp) and average column penalty (acp) methods to find the basic feasible solution value. kaur et al. upgraded the maximum method (mdm) in 2018. moreover, several new approaches for determining initial basic feasible solutions to unbalanced problems have recently been introduced. there is ahmad (2020), a new method establishing the ibfs to the unbalanced transportation problem. gill et al (2020), an improved algorithm for optimal solution of unbalanced transportation problems (2020), and a new approach to solving unbalanced transportation problems using the least cost method (lcm), a. sridhar et al. (2018). and also introduced a solving method for unbalanced fuzzy transportation problems by dr. muruganandam (2016). meanwhile, a new algorithm has been presented to solve the problems of real life by using the transportation model. a study on applications of transportation problems to minimize cost in various pharmacies (k. subhikshaa et al, 2019), application of operations research in the steel industry (mollah et al, 2021), solution of a transportation problem using bipartite graph (ekanayake et al, 2021), aggregate planning using transportation method: a case study in cable industry (sultana et al, 2014) and solving a transportation problem actual problem using excel solver (abdelwali et al, 2019). such research methods can be pointed out as examples of that. case studies of market research for three transportation communication products (parish, 1994), minimization of transport costs in an industrial company through linear programming (prifti et al, 2020), optimal feasible solutions to a road freight transportation problem (latunde et al,2020) and analysis of transportation method in optimization of distribution cost using stepping stone method and modified distribution (febriani et al., 2021). meanwhile, through the above-mentioned research methods, the research has been improved to an initial solution as well as to its optimal solution. all of the research papers mentioned above have attempted to solve the problem in such a way that the cost of the transportation problem is minimized. although this model is a method based on cost minimization, its various uses are carried out in operational research. it is used to carry out various tasks in daily life efficiently and effectively. here, a mathematical approach is given to these problems, and the problem is guided so that the objective considered initially is a minimum value. thus, obtaining an optimal solution is the primary objective of a transportation problem. it is best to get a basic solution to a transportation problem before getting the optimal one. it requires driving the solution so that it is close to the optimal solution or the optimal solution in the least number of steps. for that purpose, a new algorithm was introduced for this research, and it can be shown by the results obtained as a successful method that was guided by the abovementioned objectives. several definitions are commonly used in transportation problems, and it is important to discuss them. methods preliminaries 1. source: where the commodities are located, a transportation problem is a supply. this is frequently where the factory started. the transport table shows that (s1, s2..., sm). 2. destination: the demand for a transportation problem is the storage of goods supplied from sources. this is often referred to as “destination storage”. the transport table represents this as (d1, d2... dn'). 3. supply limit: the supply limit is the number of goods available at a source to meet demand. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 236 4. demand requirement: the quantity of goods required to meet demand is referred to as the demand requirement. 5. initial basic feasible solution (ibfs): if the basic parameters are m + n-1, then the initial basic feasible solution applies to a situation with m sources and n destinations. 6. optimal solution: when the initial basic feasible solution is the optimum, it is called the optimum solution. mathematical formulation when solving a transportation problem, it is mathematically derived. the equations can be presented as follows: a single product must be shipped from the warehouses to the outlets. each warehouse has a specific supply m source denoted by s1, s2, „, sm with respective capacities a1, a2, „, am and each outlet has a specific demand n denoted by d1, d2, „, dm with respective demands b1, b2, „, bn. additionally, consider the cost of transportation from ith source to jth – sink is the is cij and the amount shipped is xij, where i = 1, 2..., m and j = 1, 2..., n. mathematical model the total transportation cost is minimize 𝑋𝑖𝑗 𝐶𝑖𝑗 𝑛 𝑗 =1 𝑚 𝑖=1 subject to the constraints 1. xij= n j=1 ai, i=1,2,„,m 2. xij= m i=1 bj, j=1,2,„,n and 3. xij≥0 for all i=1, 2, „, m and j=1,2,„,n note that in this case, the sum of the supplies and demands equal the overall. i.e., 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑚 𝑖=1 𝑏𝑗 𝑛 𝑗 =1 . such problems are called balanced transportation problems and otherwise, i.e., ai≠ m i=1 bj n j=1 , known as unbalanced transportation problems. 1. 𝑎𝑖 > 𝑚 𝑖=1 𝑏𝑗 𝑛 𝑗 =1 2. 𝑎𝑖 < 𝑚 𝑖=1 𝑏𝑗 𝑛 𝑗 =1 add a dummy origin to the transportation table, and set the cost for such an origin to be zero. the availability of this source. aim i=1 bj n j=1 =0. transportation tableau the transportation problem can be described using a mathematical model based on linear programming, and it is typically displayed in a transportation tableau. table 1. representation of the transportation problem to destination→ ↓from source d1 d2 „ dn supply ai s1 c11 x11 c12 x12 „ c1n x1n a1 s2 c21 x21 c22 x22 „ c2n x2n a2 ⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞ sm cm1 xm1 cm2 xm2 „ cmn xmn am demand bj b1 b2 „ bn ai m i=1 = bj n j=1 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 237 after the transportation problem is formulated as mentioned above, researchers have developed various algorithms to find solutions to it, and some of the popular methods used to find basic solutions are shown below. northwest corner method (nwcm) the following steps are used to determine the transportation cost by the northwest corner method. 1. step 1begin with each upper-left cell. the transportation table's northwest corner. 2. step 2for the first row and the first column, allocate an item equal to the needed value. if the allocation is the same as the supply from the first source, move it down vertically, that is, repeat the above steps for the second row and the first column. 3. step 3allocate the same sources as the supply on the second row as well. finish the problem by the demanded number of items in a row from left to right horizontally and column downwards in this way. 4. step 4then calculate the relevant transportation cost. least cost method (lcm) the least cost method is another useful strategy for identifying the initial basic feasible solution to the transportation problem. the next step should be taken for that method. 1. find the cell's position in the transportation problem table that has the lowest unit cost. remove the row or column after completing as much of the supply or demand for this cell as you can. cross that row and that column if both the column and the row are satisfied simultaneously. 2. for all uncrossed rows and columns, it will choose the cell with the lowest unit cost to equalize supply and demand. complete the supply or demand, and remove that row or column. 3. to solve the problem, pick the cell with the lowest unit cost, delete every row and column, so that all the supply and demand are met, and finish the problem. 4. then calculate the relevant transportation cost. vogel's approximation method (vam) the efficient answer can be found using the vam, which is close to it. it follows the steps below to find the basic feasible solution values. 1. frisk, we will use the difference between the smallest unit cost and the next smallest unit cost in the transportation table to calculate penalties for each row and column. 2. then choose the column or row with the highest value of penalties. then choose the cell that belongs to that column or row and has the lowest unit cost. remove the row or column after completing as much of the supply or demand for this cell as you can. cross that line if both the row and the column are satisfied. 3. repeat the above steps until all supplies and demands are met. 4. all the supplies and demand are met, complete the process and calculate the transportation cost. the new algorithm that we introduce, which is a very important part of this research solution, can be introduced. it is developed based on the average value of the unit costs of the column and rows of the transportation problem, and it can be described as follows: proposed algorithm step 1. if the transportation problem is unbalancing a dummy column or dummy row should be added to make it balanced. step 2. for each column and row the average unit transportation cost value. (if the problem is unbalanced, do not take the dummy row or dummy column into account when calculating the average value). step 3. create a new table (called the “maximum value table”) using new values for each cell. by adding the corresponding row and column average unit costs and subtracting the unit cost of each cell, new cell values are calculated. step 4. select the value in the table of transportation problems corresponding to the first highest value in the first column of the above table. (if they have the same highest value, consider the minimum value of the corresponding supply column to find the cell and give it a priority. also, in the first round of the next reconsideration, the other cell should be given priority. step 5. thus, select the maximum value from the first highest value in the first round and the second highest value from the second round in the maximum value table. complete the supply indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 238 and demand values for the transportation problem table's left-to-right move. step 6. change the supply and demand for the chosen cell. to indicate that no further assignment can be made in that row or column, cross out the row or column with zero supply or demand. step 7. repeat steps 5 and 6 for the other columns from left to right. step 8. calculate the transportation problem’s initial basic feasible solution. the solutions obtained using the algorithm presented in this research paper can be shown by the following transportation problems. it has been shown in detail how the final answer was reached according to the relevant steps. numerical example balance transportation problem problem 1. table 2. table representation of balance transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 13 17 14 250 s2 16 18 14 10 300 s3 21 24 13 10 400 demand 200 225 275 250 step 2 table 3. the average values of each column and row are given in the following table column 1 d1 d2 d3 d4 supply average of row s1 11 13 17 14 250 13.75 s2 16 18 14 10 300 14.5 s3 21 24 13 10 400 17 demand 200 225 275 250 average of column 16 18.33333 14.66667 11.33333 step 3 table 4. maximum value table 18.75 19.08333 11.41667 11.08333 14.5 14.83333 15.16667 15.83333 12 11.33333 18.66667 18.33333 following steps 4, 5 and 6 table 5. iteration 1for the first highest value corresponding to the 1st column of the maximum value table, give the cell the first allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 (200) 13 17 14 250 (50) s2 16 18 14 10 300 s3 21 24 13 10 400 demand 200 (0) 225 275 250 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 239 table 6. iteration 2for the first highest value corresponding to the 2nd column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 (200) 13 (50) 17 14 250 (50) (0) s2 16 18 14 10 300 s3 21 24 13 10 400 demand 200 (0) 225 (175) 275 250 table 7. iteration 3for the first highest value corresponding to the 3rd column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 (200) 13 (50) 17 14 250 (50) (0) s2 16 18 14 10 300 s3 21 24 13 (275) 10 400 (125) demand 200 (0) 225 (175) 275 (0) 250 table 7. iteration 4for the first highest value corresponding to the 4th column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem. d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 (200) 13 (50) 17 14 250 (50) (0) s2 16 18 14 10 300 s3 21 24 13 (275) 10 (125) 400 (125) (0) demand 200 (0) 225 (175) 275 (0) 250 (125) for the second round, check the second highest value from the maximum value table, as all columns relevant to the first round have been checked. table 8. iteration 5for the second highest value corresponding to the 2nd column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 (200) 13 (50) 17 14 250 (50) (0) s2 16 18 (175) 14 10 300 (125) s3 21 24 13 (275) 10 (125) 400 (125) (0) demand 200 (0) 225 (175) (0) 275 (0) 250 (125) table 9. iteration 6for the second highest value corresponding to the 4th column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem. d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 (200) 13 (50) 17 14 250 (50) (0) s2 16 18 (175) 14 10 (125) 300 (125) (0) s3 21 24 13 (275) 10 (125) 400 (125) (0) demand 200 (0) 225 (175) (0) 275 (0) 250 (125) (0) following steps 7 and 8 table10. the table represents the final allocation for each unit cost value d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 11 (200) 13 (50) 17 14 250 (50) (0) s2 16 18 (175) 14 10 (125) 300 (125) (0) s3 21 24 13 (275) 10 (125) 400 (125) (0) demand 200 (0) 225 (175) (0) 275 (0) 250 (125) (0) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 240 transportation cost = 11×200 + 13×50 + 18×175 + 13×275 + 10×125 + 10×125 =12075 unbalance transportation problem problem 2 table 11. table representation of unbalanced transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 supply s1 5 1 8 7 5 15 s2 3 9 6 7 8 25 s3 4 2 7 6 5 42 s4 7 11 10 4 9 35 demand 30 20 15 10 20 step 1 table 12. added a dummy column and balance the problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 8 7 5 0 15 s2 3 9 6 7 8 0 25 s3 4 2 7 6 5 0 42 s4 7 11 10 4 9 0 35 demand 30 20 15 10 20 22 table 13. average values of each column and row are given in the following table. (do not take the dummy column values to calculate the average values.) column 1 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply average of row s1 5 1 8 7 5 0 15 5.2 s2 3 9 6 7 8 0 25 6.6 s3 4 2 7 6 5 0 42 4.8 s4 7 11 10 4 9 0 35 8.2 demand 30 20 15 10 20 22 average of column 4.75 5.75 7.75 6 6.75 step 3 table 14. maximum value table 4.95 9.95 4.95 4.2 6.95 5.2 8.35 3.35 8.35 5.6 5.35 6.6 5.55 8.55 5.55 4.8 6.55 4.8 5.95 2.95 5.95 10.2 5.95 8.2 following steps 4, 5 and 6 table 15. iteration 1for the first highest value corresponding to the 1st column of the maximum value table, give the cell the first allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 8 7 5 0 15 s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 2 7 6 5 0 42 s4 7 11 10 4 9 0 35 demand 30 (25) 20 15 10 20 22 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 241 table 16. iteration 2 for the first highest value corresponding to the 2nd column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 2 7 6 5 0 42 s4 7 11 10 4 9 0 35 demand 30 (25) 20 (5) 15 10 20 22 table 17. iteration 3 all supply values are satisfied in the transport table of the first highest value corresponding to the 3rd column. therefore, the allocation next to the highest value in the fourth column is assigned to the corresponding transportation table cell d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 2 7 6 5 0 42 s4 7 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 35 (25) demand 30 (25) 20 (5) 15 10 (0) 20 22 table 18. iteration 4 considering the 5th column, due to the reasons mentioned above, it has been left out, and the dummy column has been considered and allocation has been given accordingly d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 2 7 6 5 0 42 s4 7 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 (22) 35 (25) (3) demand 30 (25) 20 (5) 15 10 (0) 20 22 (0) for the second round, check the second highest value from the maximum value table, as all columns relevant to the first round have been checked. table 19. iteration 5 for the second highest value corresponding to the 1st column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 2 7 6 5 0 42 s4 7 (3) 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 (22) 35 (25) (3) (0) demand 30 (5) (2) 20 (5) 15 10)(0) 20 22 (0) table 20. iteration 6 -for the second highest value corresponding to the 2nd column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 2 (5) 7 6 5 0 42 (37) s4 7 (3) 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 (22) 35 (25) (3) (0) demand 30 (5) (2) 20 (5) (0) 15 10 (0) 20 22 (0) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 242 table 21. iteration 7 -for the second highest value corresponding to the 5th column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 2 (5) 7 6 5 (20) 0 42 (37) (17) s4 7 (3) 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 (22) 35 (25) (3) (0) demand 30 (5) (2) 20 (5) (0) 15 10 (0) 20 (0) 22 (0) for the third round, check the third highest value from the maximum value table, as all columns relevant to the second round have been checked. table 22. iteration 8 for the third highest value corresponding to the 1st column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 (2) 2 (5) 7 6 5 (20) 0 42 (37) (17) (15) s4 7 (3) 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 (22) 35 (25) (3) (0) demand 30 (5) (2) (0) 20 (5) (0) 15 10 (0) 20 (0) 22 (0) table 23. iteration 9 for the third highest value corresponding to the 3rd column of the maximum value table, give the cell the next allocation of the corresponding transportation problem d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 (2) 2 (5) 7 (15) 6 5 (20) 0 42 (37) (17) (15) (0) s4 7 (3) 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 (22) 35 (25) (3) (0) demand 30 (5) (2) (0) 20 (5) (0) 15 (0) 10 (0) 20 (0) 22 (0) following steps 7 and 8 table 24. the table represents the final allocation for each unit cost value d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 dummy column supply s1 5 1 (15) 8 7 5 0 15 (0) s2 3 (25) 9 6 7 8 0 25 (0) s3 4 (2) 2 (5) 7 (15) 6 5 (20) 0 42 (37) (17) (15) (0) s4 7 (3) 11 10 4 (10) 9 0 (22) 35 (25) (3) (0) demand 30 (5) (2) (0) 20 (5) (0) 15 (0) 10 (0) 20 (0) 22 (0) trasportation cost = 25×3 + 4×2 + 7×3 + 1×15 + 2×15 + 7×15 + 4×10 + 5×20 + 0×22 =374 results and discussion comparison of the numerical example with the new method in this section, the effectiveness of several well-known methods including the least cost method, northwest corner method, vogel's approximation method, row minimum method, column minimum method, and some other wellliked methods are compared using results from various problems. comparative evaluation is carried out and displayed. the detailed representation of the numerical data of tables 25 and 26. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 243 table 25. balance transportation problems method problem 1 [11] problem 3 [13] problem 4 [2] problem 5 [14] problem 6 [15] problem 7 [16] problem 8 [13] problem 9 [13] cij= [11, 13, 17, 14; 16, 18, 14, 10; 21, 24, 13,10] si= [250, 300, 400] dj= [200, 225, 275, 300] cij= [4, 3, 5; 6, 5, 4; 8, 10, 7] si= [90, 80, 100] dj= [90, 80, 100] cij= [6, 3, 5, 4; 5, 9, 2, 7; 7, 12, 17, 9] si= [22, 15, 8] dj= [7, 12, 17, 9] cij= [20, 22, 17, 4; 24, 37, 9, 7; 32, 37, 20, 15] si= [120, 70, 50] dj= [60, 40, 30, 110] cij= [5, 2, 2; 7, 3, 4; 6, 4, 3] si= [7, 3, 5] dj= [4, 5, 6] cij= [5, 4, 3; 8, 4, 3; 9, 6, 3] si= [100, 300, 300] dj= [300, 200, 200] cij= [4, 6, 9, 5; 2, 6, 4, 1; 5, 7, 2, 9] si= [16, 12, 15] dj= [12, 14,9,8] cij= 19, 8, 3, 4; 12, 14, 20, 2; 3, 9, 23, 25] si= [500, 400, 300] dj= 250, 350, 500, 100] nwcm 12200 1500 176 3680 53 4100 226 21250 lcm 12200 1450 150 3670 51 4100 156 7100 vam 12075 1390 149 3520 50 3900 156 7100 ram 13175 1450 150 3790 51 4100 156 8100 cam 12075 1500 184 3460 51 4100 204 12350 russell’s approxim ation method (ruam) 12075 1390 149 3460 50 3900 190 7100 proposed method 12075 1390 149 3460 50 3900 156 7100 optimum solution 12075 1390 149 3460 50 3900 156 7100 tabel 26. unbalance transportation problems method problem 2 [12] problem 10 [2] problem 11 [17] problem 12 [17] problem 13 18] problem 14 [19] problem 15 [20] cij= [5, 1, 8, 7, 5; 3, 9, 6, 7, 8; 4, 2, 7, 6, 5; 7, 11, 10, 4, 9] si= [15, 25, 42, 35] dj= [30, 20, 15, 10, 20] cij= [4, 8, 8; 16, 24, 16; 8, 16, 24] si= [76, 82, 77] dj= [72, 102, 41] cij= [7, 8, 11, 10; 10, 12, 5, 4; 6, 11, 10, 9] si= [30, 45, 35] dj= [20, 28, 19, 33] cij= [6, 1, 9, 3; 11, 5, 2, 8; 10, 12, 4, 7] si= [70, 55, 70] dj= [85, 35, 50, 45] cij= [4, 2, 3, 2, 6; 5, 4, 5, 2, 1; 6, 5, 4, 7, 3] si= [8, 12, 14] dj= [4, 4, 6, 8, 8] cij= [6, 10, 14; 12, 19, 21; 15, 4, 17] si= [50, 50, 50] dj= [30, 40, 55] cij= [3, 4, 6; 7, 3, 8; 6, 4, 5; 7,5,2] si= [170, 250, 130, 350] dj= 200,300,500] nwcm 547 3528 788 1125 104 1815 1010 lcm 374 2712 606 965 88 1695 840 vam 374 2424 630 965 80 1745 880 ram 472 2968 710 965 100 1625 1410 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 244 cam 377 2712 606 1010 80 1695 840 ruam 374 2792 606 965 88 1680 840 proposed method 374 2424 606 975 80 1720 840 optimum solution 374 2424 606 960 80 1650 840 the analysis of six different methods for getting an initial basic feasible solution, including the proposed approach method, is the focus of this part. it will also be compared with the optimum solution. this analysis is expected to confirm the justification of the new methodology. the bar graph prepared according to the data values represented in tables 25 and 26 is shown above. figure 1 figure 2 figure 1. bar chart of comparison the balance transportation problem initial basic feasible solution with different methods. figure 2. bar chart of comparison the unbalance transportation problem initial basic feasible solution with different methods. it is demonstrated from such graphs that there exist solutions in the new methodology that are competitively close to the initial basic feasible solution found through other methods. along with the optimal answer, the proposed method's solutions were evaluated. the proposed methodology produces similar results for thirteen of the fifteen problems as the numerically optimal method. as a result, these studies back up the effectiveness of the proposed approach. conclusion the main goal of this article was to present a novel method for estimating the cost (basic feasible solution) of a transportation problem. a unique approach based on the mean value of rows and columns was presented here. this method offered an algorithm for finding an abasic feasible solution to transportation problems that are both balanced and unbalanced. the primary goals of solving a transportation problem are to reduce the time it takes to solve the problem, improve the proposed algorithm to make it easier to understand, and show that the initial basic feasible solution is closer to or near to the optimum solution. the article's proposed model looked at eight problems of balance and seven problems of unbalanced transportation problems. the solutions to those problems were able to reach the initial basic feasible solution and also competitive approximated answers derived 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 ex.1 [11] ex.3 [13] ex.4 [2] ex.5 [14] ex.6 [15] ex.7 [16] ex.8 [13] ex.9 [13] 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 ex.2 [12] ex.10 [2] ex.11 [17] ex.12 [17] ex.13 [18] ex.14 [19] ex.15 [20] indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 234-246 245 from other main transport problem-solving methods. furthermore, thirteen out of the fifteen problems examined obtained the optimum solution. this comparative analysis also leads to the reasonable conclusion that this method is effective when compared to other methods. it has also been shown that effective solutions can be obtained by solving problems using this method. this can be demonstrated as a model that can be successfully applied to real-world problems. that solves the problem in such a way as to minimize a specific objective such as cost, time, and distance. references 1. abdelati, m. h., khalil, m. i., abdelgawwad, k. a., & rabie, m. 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(2020). a mathematical model for diet control using ranking of decagonal fuzzy number. journal of xi'an university of architecture & technology, 12 (7), 945-951. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 187-192 187 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.600 page: 187 – 192 organizational benefits of human resource management roles in south african state-owned enterprises arvid muzanenhamo1, bongani innocent dlamini1 1durban university of technology, south africa corresponding author: arvid muzanenhamo; email: arvid263@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: competitive advantage, human resource management, organizational effectiveness. received : 06 july 2022 revised : 27 september 2022 accepted : 28 september 2022 human resource management practitioners have been criticized for lacking business acumen due to the nature of the personnel management concept. there has been a change in human resource management roles from traditional personnel management to strategic human resource management which seeks to provide organizational competitiveness. this article aims to provide organizational benefits of human resource management to an organization as a result of the strategic human resource management concept. the strategic nature of human resource management has been revealed in this article as there is evidence of human resource management's contribution to the business success. this paper is a study carried out in a south african state-owned enterprise to identify organizational benefits acquired from human resource management roles. qualitative research was used in this study, and interviews were administered to obtain data from human resource practitioners and departmental supervisors in a state-owned enterprise. 24 participants were purposively selected to provide data for the study. this study revealed that the human resource department provides beneficial activities to the organization such as reduction of employee turnover, employee development, employee wellness, and internal communication. the critical discussion provided in this paper would strengthen the body of knowledge on the role of human resource management in improving organizational effectiveness. introduction this research aims to discuss the contribution made by human resource management roles in improving organizational effectiveness. strategic human resource management benefits organizations through the shaping of their entire management culture by encouraging superiors to provide their employees with enough resources and autonomy in executing their tasks. this enables managers to delegate once they see a working ability and performance improvement in their employees (tang, wei, snape, & chu ng, 2015). lui, rong, & ko (2018) reported that the implementation of human resource management roles does not only improve the ability of employees to perform jobrelated tasks but influences employees’ perceptions of the firm, which affect their behavior. human resource professionals have not only adopted new roles within the workplace but have also designed, in conjunction with line managers, some innovative human resource approaches which benefit the organization and provide competitive advantage (grobler et al, 2012). this paper provides a broader understanding of some positive effects of human resource management in public organizations. a study by xiao and cooke (2020) provided that state-owned enterprises continue to play an important role in the chinese economy, as they are dominating many vital industries, viz energy, financial services, and telecommunications. this is the same in the south african economy as provided by bloomberg’s (2017) report that state companies and agencies play a pivotal role in driving the south african economy. however, little attention has been paid to these hybrid organizations that seek to pursue not only financial organizational goals but indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 187-192 188 also public and non-profit goals (xiao and cooke, 2020). the study closes this gap by analyzing the important roles that are being played by human resource management in state-owned enterprises. qehaja and kutllovci (2015) posited that human resources have always been critical to the success of an organization and their importance has grown into a fact that is recognized from within and outside organizations. consequently, van eeden (2014) stated that organizations are facing leadership challenges such as leading within increasing uncertainty and complexity; stepping outside the system; moving from valuing difference towards strategic inclusivity; and the exponential war for talent. despite these challenges, the purpose of the human resource management function is to ensure that the organization can achieve success through people. this study therefore seeks to reveal the organizational benefits of the roles played by human resource management in a south african state-owned enterprise. methods the study was conducted using a qualitative method and structured interviews were used to collect data. a south african state agency called mintek, located in johannesburg was used as a case study. non-probability sampling method was used in this study, and a purposive sampling technique was adopted. du plooy-cilliers, davis, and bezuidenhout (2014) stated that purposive sampling enables researchers to purposefully choose the elements that they want to include in their sample. human resource management practitioners and departmental supervisors in technical and support services at mintek were selected purposively in this study. results were acquired through the use of indepth interviews. in-depth interviews allow the researcher to ask participants some questions to get more views and beliefs about a specific phenomenon (du plooy-cilliers et al, 2014). the thematic analysis method was used in this study, and braun and clarke (2006) reiterated that thematic analysis provides a useful research tool that gives a rich and detailed account of data. nvivo software was used and it assisted the researcher to organize data, facilitating data analysis, theme identification, gleaning insight, and making conclusions (sotiriadou, brouwers, & le, 2014). results and discussion human resource management is seen to benefit the organization in the following ways as represented under the following sub-themes: theme 1: training and employee skills human resources facilitates training for departments and also does soft skills training for staff. they hence become the link between the employer and employee in this regard. this signifies that human resources responds to external forces and provides relevant training for the organization to remain competitive. ‚yes, in terms of the training they do project management, excel, and leadership courses internally. we as finance we are very happy to get those training‛. ‚yes they are benefiting the organization through providing of skills which is part of training‛. ‚yes, it’s part of hr, remember as an employer you also have to provide some skills development to your employees so hr play that role between the employer and the employee where they facilitate the such process‛. theme 2: leadership and organization this sub-theme shows that human resource management has benefits for the leadership and organization as a whole, as indicated below. specialized departments’ reliance data revealed that specialized departments are experts in their fields and disciplines. human resources is not their forte. therefore, they do rely on human resource management to handle the issues of performance management, training, and other human-resource-related issues. ‚personally l think yes. there are some things that we can do as technical people but there are a lot of things that we cannot do so we rely on hr. mintek is a big organization which is a highly specialized institution, this whole floor is a pyrometallurgy section, we are confined to a narrow specific discipline of high-temperature processing as opposed to other mineral industry, we have got our own niche another division has its own niche so for you to understand the human resources aspects, performance management, training issues, l think hr is really helping a lot‛. ‚i can’t imagine myself doing it, any of those things they do. i personally don’t have time for it, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 187-192 189 so in some ways, it’s benefiting me but honestly the whole organization‛. assists executives leadership is assisted whereby human resource management does the groundwork, going out and trying to find proper skills for the organization. this signifies that human resources at mintek relies heavily on external and competent facilitators who know a particular field to help in improving company objectives through training. the following respondent confirms this. the executive and management cannot go out and see what kind of skills we need to be empowered on so yes hr can suggest together with management from their meetings they normally conduct. theme 3: communication human resource management brings benefits in relation to communication and resolutions, which is needed when it comes to staff. human resource management benefits departments in communicating organizational policies and changes to policies. they also become the contact person since human resource persons are deployed to every department for staff assistance. this implies that human resource management has an overwhelming desire to quickly provide services to each individual. this has an impact on improving response times to queries in serving employees at mintek. problems can be quickly heard and resolved. ‚they also have a role of letting us know of the new policies. they let us know of the new amendments and they organize some meetings to update us. for example, there was an issue of paternity that was amended sometime last year in january if l remember very well. so it was the role of hr to inform us that paternity we are not entitled to 10 days of paternity leave‛. ‚yes, they benefit. we have our hr, who is the main contact person in this division. so if we have hr issues we go to that person. if she can’t handle the matter herself, she normally sends you to the right person‛. ulrich (1997) provided that due to an everchanging environment, the main activities for the hr people are listening, responding, and finding efficient ways to provide resources to employees to be able to meet changing demands. theme 4: monitoring of turnover and staff issues data revealed that staff resignations are carefully monitored and human resource management does investigate the reasons for such turnover to apply proper intervention. this helps the human resource professionals to deal with particular problems that affect employees at mintek and thus reduce labor turnover. however, this is also done to reduce the recurrence of the same problems in the organization as this may lead to industrial action when continuous. ‚over and above that, if a particular division is getting a lot of resignations and analyze why those people are leaving. if it is because of leadership as an example we approach the divisional manager together with the executive to analyze what exactly about leadership that is lacking and provides an intervention‛. theme 5: self-service systems some degree of self-service systems has been put in place for the effective delivery of services. this is a positive move from the human resources administration towards a reduction of paper-based work. this function is used by many employees in the organization as it deals with employee records. there is a need to eliminate errors on employee records to provide accurate information on matters pertaining to employee training, remuneration, and other benefits. hence the need to have some form of technology to smooth these administration activities. ‚from the hr admin space, we have introduced an employee self-service system which reduces paperwork and saves time. even though we are still behind, the online system we have introduced is doing better‛. marler and parry (2016) provided that in organizations where the administrative function is dominant, there is a need to build an efficient administrative infrastructure, namely tracking job requisitions, managing employee payroll, benefits programs, and employment equity compliance. theme 6: aligning people to business human resource management ensures that staff are aligned with the business’s vision and plan by ensuring that they have the right skills and knowledge to contribute effectively to the vision. human resource management at mintek supports the organizational objectives by ensuring that indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 187-192 190 employees have the necessary skills and competencies to serve the organization for competitive advantage. human resources seeks to create employee behavior and culture that is aligned with the vision of the organization. ‚for us, it is the support that we provide. for example, the organization went on a drive for business plans. each of the business plans was actually in the strategic direction of every division. as an example one division would say, in the next 3 years they will bring 40 million as profit. as hr we now need to come in and translate that into a people goal and support with the right staff or right skills that will help generate that income‛. amos et al. (2016) stated that human resource professionals should shape employee motivations so that they can initiate, guide, and sustain human behavior in the direction required by the organization for competitive advantage. theme 7: employee wellness in terms of employee wellness, mintek staff were taken care of through the provision of clinic and canteen facilities. this serves as a cushion for employees to avoid spending more money on food and health matters since the working conditions at mintek can be stressful due to the chemicals, toxic substances, and high temperatures experienced in the technical divisions. however, the unavailability of medical aid for employees seems to be compensated for by the provision of a clinic facility at mintek. the following respondent confirms the same: ‚the company has got a clinic for the employees which is one of the benefits. “. and our canteen is subsidized‛. theeboom, beersma, and van vianen (2014) stated that employees can function better if their basic needs are met and feel well so that they do not struggle with health-related problems. describe your research findings according to the research problem and purpose of the study. conclusion the study revealed the benefits that human resource management provides to the organization and its people for competitive advantage. human resource management assists mintek in obtaining qualified employees by working together with line managers. as a company that is highly technical in nature, human resource professionals involve line managers in designing the specifications needed for various vacant positions to get candidates who match organizational needs. it was also revealed that human resource professionals provide qualified people who match the culture of the organization through graduate development programs. the study also established that the employee development role is quietly utilized by human resource professionals, although issues of funds seem to limit the effectiveness of this activity. there is evidence of outsourcing of training facilitators by the human resource professionals at mintek. this helps in providing the necessary skills to the employees at mintek. communication seems to be a vital role played by human resource professionals as they provide information relating to policy changes, internal training programs, and employee relations matters to divisions on various platforms such as websites and meetings. in the reduction of company operating costs, human resource professionals try to reduce employee turnover by monitoring employee motivation in their divisions. data revealed that when there is high labor turnover in a specific division, there is a procedure of examining the cause of employee turnover for further actions to be implemented. in addition to benefits, many respondents indicated that canteen and clinic facilities are beneficial as they utilize such schemes when the need arises, which seems to be motivating employees at mintek. it is recommended that the human resource department should do a salary survey and provide competitive salaries to the employees. this helps the organization in reducing employee turnover and improve worker motivation. the human resources department can also make use of an employee morale survey. this helps human resource practitioners to have more knowledge of employee needs. morale surveys tend to be anonymous, and this allows employees to state what they need without fear. quick reaction to employee needs through morale surveys can increase employee motivation and reduces industrial action. write a conclusion based on your interpretation of the findings and discussion. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 187-192 191 references 1. amos, t., pearse, n., liezel, r. and ristow, a. 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(2020). towards a hybrid model? a systematic review of human resource management research on chinese state-owned enterprises (1993–2017), the international journal of human resource management, 31 (1), 47-89. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 156 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.516 page: 156 – 167 investigating the factors causing price differences from country to country mehwish channa1*, adnan pitafi1, ghazala tunio1, asif ali shar1 1mehran university of engineering & technology, pakistan corresponding author: mehwish channa; email: mehwishchanna.1447@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: exchange rate, law of one price, price dispersion, purchasing power parity. received : 23 april 2022 revised : 30 may 2022 accepted : 01 june 2022 this study investigated the factors causing differences in the prices of mnc operating in different countries that affect the pricing in different regions and deviating from the law of one price and influencing factors by comparing prices of both india and pakistan being developing countries. the study focused on some specific variables such as gdp, exchange rate, purchasing power parity, and price in the dollar that have been analyzed from january 2016 to january 2021 based on biannual data. the quantitative approach has been applied and the study is based on secondary data, statistics are taken from the “big mac index” which is used as a benchmark for the comparison of the prices to have a deep insight about prices. the product taken for comparison between 2 countries is “the big mac” which is a product of mcdonald’s (a multinational corporation) that operates more than 36,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries around the world. the tool used for the analysis of the collected data is microfit software. results show currency value, dollar exchange, and dollar gdp is statistically not significant, in the case of india analysis shows that dollar exchange, dollar gdp, and dollar ppp having values 0.047, 0.004, and 0.011 respectively are significant and currency value 0.458 & dollar price 0.11 are not significant. introduction the importance of pricing for a company's long-term profitability and survival has been underlined by a large community of scholars. while effective pricing will never be able to compensate for poor execution of the first three criteria, inefficient pricing will almost likely prevent those efforts from succeeding financially. the only part of the marketing mix that makes company revenue is pricing, according to finch et al. (1998), potter (2000), and o'connor (2003). furthermore, according to urbany (2001), it is a highly flexible aspect in that pricing decisions may be applied fast and at a minimal cost. “pricing is a bit like the weather”, garda (1991) noted. people gripe about it, worry about it, and ultimately believe there is little they can do about it. the preceding comments demonstrate a consensus in the existing literature that, while price decisions are critical to a firm's performance and profitability, marketing scholars have not given them the attention they deserve. as a result, there are very few empirical studies on the topic of pricing within the marketing discipline, and this is even more visible in the case of goods and services (george j. avlonitis and kostis 2004). evidence of the “rule of one price”, the idea that prices of individual items should be equal if reflected in a common currency, has been perhaps more striking than the aggregate implications. giovannini (1988), isard (1977), knetter (1994), and richardson (1978) use data on internationally traded products classified at relatively high sic levels to find considerable and persistent deviations from ppp. according to engel (1993), relative price volatility for similar items across borders is higher than for dissimilar goods inside countries. when compared to international price dispersion within the us, engel, and rogers (1996), engel and rogers (2001) discover that the canada-us border adds significantly to a geographic interpretation of relative price dispersion across cpi sub-indices. jenkins and rogers (1995) investigate the prices of various commodities and services at various levels indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:mehwishchanna.1447@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 157 of aggregation and find that they cannot reject a unit root using 200 monthly observations for all except the least aggregative and most homogeneous goods. using data at a degree of aggregation like ours, parsley and wei (1996) discover strong evidence of the law of one-price infractions across us cities. finally, froot, kim, and rogof (1995) look at 700 years of data on grain and dairy prices between england and holland and discover extremely persistent volatility patterns in deviations from the law of one price. taken together, this research demonstrates that departures from ppp are an essential feature of microeconomic international relative prices, not only a feature of large aggregate indices made up of items of dubious comparability. therefore, this study aims to find the differences in the prices from country to country for similar products and compare the factors that cause the dispersion from the law of one price by the doing comparison of big mac products by using the most familiar index which is known as burgernomics or “big mac index”. the big mac index, introduced by the economist, is a novel technique for evaluating whether market exchange rates for various currencies are overpriced or undervalued. this is done by comparing each currency to a common benchmark, which would be the big mac hamburger sold at mcdonald's restaurants all around the world. using the current currency rate, the economist converts the annual mean price of a big mac into us dollars twice a year. because a big mac is a completely uniform product everywhere in the world, the argument goes, that it should have the same effective price in every country. differences in the price of a big mac expressed in us dollars reflect differences in each currency's purchasing power. purchasing power parity (ppp) is the concept that things should be priced the same in different nations based on the exchange rate at the hour. this correlation does not hold in practice. tax rates, wage restraints, whether components must be imported, and the level of market competition all influence price discrepancies between countries. the big mac indicator ranks the basic premise that one us dollar can buy more in some countries than in others. there are, however, more precise ways to estimate ppp discrepancies that convert a wider variety of products into dollar pricing. adjustments to the ppp can have a major impact on how we view a country's gdp (statista, 2021). the issue of analysis is the comparison between countries that share a single currency or investing area, as well as between regions within the same country, which has piqued people's interest in recent years (fabiani & harvey, 2006). because border controls and inefficiencies within a country are considerably less than those between nations, the law of one price (lop) has a greater chance of survival in a domestic rather than increasingly globalized world (dayanandan & ralhan, 2005). the convergence of prices across geographical regions because of circumstances has been a contentious issue in macroeconomics, giving rise to the law of one price (lop). therefore, this study looks at the pricing differences between mnc restaurants in the fast-food class, as there has been an obvious price discrepancy. swapping scale financial matters is loaded up with puzzles. the resource approach has fizzled. buying power parity is a valuable, best-case scenario, over the long haul. there is no unmistakable connection between trade rates and essentials. with no observationally upheld hypothesis for trade rates, open-economy full-scale models are based on sand. data and exchange cost likewise partition markets into retail, discount, and closeout. at retail, all products are non-exchanged. nobody purchases shoes in a retail chain in new york and offers them to a retail chain in london or paris. a londoner in new york may purchase a couple of shoes and take them home, however that is not really “exchange”. the significant part of exchange costs in swapping scale financial matters is broadly perceived. exchange costs assume a critical part here, yet not because they cause flawed rivalry, clingy compensation, and clingy costs, which they do. the position taken here is that to comprehend the impacts of things like defective rivalry, clingy costs, and clingy compensation we should initially perceive the more significant impacts of the differentiation between retail, discount, and sale markets. the capacity of appp and additionally actfx to clarify endless riddles proposes that the game merits the flame (pippenger, 2020). according to (bell, brooks, & moore, 2017) in opposition to mainstream origination, the laws of effortlessness and solicitation were notable in indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 158 medieval times. for example, the french scientist richard delaware menneville (d.1302) planned a psychological look at as well as two nations, one during which grain was flooding at any rate wine scanty and also the alternative in which wine was ample and grain onerous to find. as an analogous issue once rich is a smaller amount restoring than when it's meager, therefore corn in nation a is going to be added affordable than in nation b, whereas after all wine in nation a will be dearer than in nation b. menneville battled that the 2 nations would consequently advantage from mercantilism their individual excesses. luckily, it is regular for the matter of exchange to change simply because the dealer purchases corn modest in nation associate in nursing and sells it at the additional outrageous price that's overseeing in nation b, and the contrary path around for wine. essentially, such a go-between might fairly profit by buying at the lower market cost in one nation and marketing at the upper market cost within the other. across the country impacts (estimated by time fixed impacts or unrefined petroleum costs) disclose up to about 51% of the fuel value scattering across stations. processing plant explicit costs, which have been disregarded in the writing because of utilizing nearby informational collections inside the usa, contribute up to another 33% to the value scattering. while state charges clarify about 12% of the value scattering, spatial factors, for example, neighborhood agglomeration externalities, land costs, and dispersion expenses of gas disclose up to about 4%. the commitment to brand-explicit elements is moderately minor (yilmazkuday & yilmazkuday, 2016). the instability of lop deviations is discovered to be expanding both on the separation isolating two areas and on the level of cost tenacity. clingy costs are likewise discovered to be efficiently identified with the tirelessness of lop deviations: halfexistences of lop deviations are productively greater at items with stickier expenses. these observations are seemed to accord well with the desire for a remarkable general equilibrium model including authentic market division besides, calvo assessment. most importantly, international lop deviations for items with stickier costs will as a rule show lower blending rates than those for stock with more versatile expenses (elberg, 2016). according to (crucini, telmer, & zachariades, 1998)a normal over merchandise for a specific nation of proportions unfamiliar to homegrown costs gives a shockingly precise forecast of the ostensible conversion standard for generally cross rates variation around this mean is huge and is identified with proportions of trade ability buy size and topographical separation using the information on item marks that item heterogeneity is at any rate as significant as topography in clarifying relative value scattering. (liu, su, chang, & xiong, 2018)diverged from past examinations, this article works with the sequential panel selection method (spsm) to inspect the non-fixed properties of the lop in china's locales. the eastern area's worth change is non-fixed additionally, the buyer regard record (cpi) levels of the western, central furthermore, and northeastern districts are humbly taken an interest in china. the conduction technique for the cpi level is from the eastern territory to the accompanying districts. it shows that costs can meet with one another by lop and the appraisals of the tantamount item in the western and central locales are the same and on the off chance that there is a valuable capability, by then it okay is also disposed of by interregional exchange. the joined utilization of the panel kss looks at with a fourier cutoff and therefore the spsm system licenses u.s. to expire off from on the stationarity of individual cpis spsm offers sturdy wildcat ensure bolsters the lop, suggesting that 66% of the districts in china, for the foremost half within the western, central and northeastern regions, expertise a cpi level modification configuration depicted sort of a mean inversion toward balance regards. the intermingling of costs across geological locales, which offers ascend to the law of one price (cut), has been broadly bantered in macroeconomics. even though there are subtleties in the level of the deviations, a large portion of the writing focuses to a disappointment in the union of costs to the lop. the meaning of assortment is acquired from the exchange writing, specifically from models based on monopolistic rivalry. inside a given market or item classification, a few merchandises offer comparative attributes to the purchaser. an assortment will be an assortment of comparative products: i.e., in the brew market, there are assortments of bud light, budweiser, or coors indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 159 light (borraz & zipitría, 2020). an enormous collection of writing in worldwide money has endeavored to appraise the speed of union between nations' total value lists to those levels anticipated by pursuing force equality (ppp) (rabe & waddle, 2020). according to (affinito & farabullini, 2009) euro-region, the budgetary combination is a significant issue, since both financial hypothesis and exact discoveries propose that the incorporation of money-related business sectors adds to the smooth working of the single money-related approach, to monetary soundness, and financial development. until this point, a few fragments of euro-region money-related business sectors have gained incredible ground regarding mix, while there is little proof of comparable mix having occurred in retail banking. notwithstanding, the overall cycle of european reconciliation relies upon the evaluated half-life fell by around two years throughout the span of the past fifty years, suggesting that the supposed operation puzzle results conjointly serve to contextualize past appraisals by insidious soul starting a real degree of check-call affectability during this composition. in addition, explanations for the saw accelerated overall value change, focusing on a basic level on the unquestionably tradable nature of the sport set up of the u.s. client cost record (cpi). in the embodiment of extended economic process and trade, a trademark request arises with relevancy to what influence, exceptive any, these forces have had on esteem contrasts across edges. the liberal affectability of those appraisals to the choice of the time test. exploitation monte carlo assessment, we tend to show that once one checks a 1 of a sort constant live employing a static-coefficient model, the following evaluations are uneven. plus, the sign and size of this inclination rely urgently upon the decision of the time horizon of the data. this result serves to contextualize contrasts in existing assessments of the get-along speed and the probability that these qualifications are driven on any occasion somewhat by the affectability of the evaluations to the decision of the model period bring a lot of homogenized banking frameworks too. indeed, the euro-territory banking assembly is sought after as an objective by european supranational associations, since the eurozone nations are banking-focused, and the normal money-related approach is actualized primarily through the banks. clients on standing offer taxes utilize 18% less power than clients on 'high rebate' items, showing the presence of market division and certain seconddegree value segregation. environmental change strategy and the rise of innovations, for example, family sun powered pv, battery stockpiling and home energy the board frameworks will make further value scattering in australian power advertises due to much more prominent item heterogeneity. that strategy creator should encourage, instead of forestalling, both cost and tax structure scattering to improve purchaser results (nelson, mccracken-hewson, whish-wilson, & bashir, 2018). cost liberation in australia's national electricity market has prompted expanded rivalry and more noteworthy cost scattering in retail power markets. be that as it may, ongoing expansions in power costs and worries around separated clients have driven strategy producers to force a 'default offer' to cover retail power costs. in this article, a model is constructed that shows the segment through which a worth cap prompts the withdrawal of the most un-esteemed recommendations from the market, fundamentally diminishing the preferences open to customers that 'search around'(esplin, davis, rai, & nelson, 2020). this research has been designed to study the prices of fast-food products for the same multinational corporation in different countries. to find the difference between prices and influencing factors. methods to compare the factors that contribute to the prices of the big mac index, the price dispersion from the law of one price is taken as the dependent variable while the gdp, ppp, exchange rate, currency value, and price in the dollar are taken as independent variables the data is collected through secondary data sources of big mac index biannually from 2016 to 2021. price comparison has been done by comparing the one product comparison of big mac which is a well-known product of mcdonald’s used to compare the prices in the countries and know about the ppp and exchange rate. the collected data is analyzed through microfit software. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 160 11observations used for estimation from 2016 h1 to 2021 h1 to check tratio r-squared, coefficient akaike info. criterion, schwarz bayesian criterion, and different diagnostic tests have been done like serial correlation, functional form, normality test, and heteroscedasticity. the big mac index is a purchasing power parity metric that integrates the price of a burger across distinct nations into a single currency (such as the us dollar). it all started in 1986 when the economist magazine decided to utilize big mac prices at mcdonald's fast-food outlets to measure the value of currencies by country. as a result, the economist proposed a simple metric for evaluating the intrinsic value of global currencies. what was the big mac's relevance as a predictor? the explanation for this is simple. the big mac is the most well-known product of mcdonald's. furthermore, all countries use the same ingredients for a big mac: chicken, hamburger, cheese, greens, onions, and so on. as a result, rather than estimating the cost of a consumer basket (which is more challenging), the economist analysts rely solely on big mac. a powerful form of the ppp hypothesis is founded based on one price. the law of one price states that any good traded on global markets will sell for the same price in every trading country when the prices are expressed in the same currency, absent complicating factors such as transportation costs, taxes, and customs. for the law of one price to explicitly entail ppp, the same items must be included in each country's price indices. price comparison purchasing power parity (ppp) is an economic concept that allows you to compare the purchasing power of different world currencies. it compares the relative pricing levels of countries over a given time frame (michelle and thomas 1999). ppps are determined by accumulating and analyzing information on the prices of similar goods and services across multiple economies to see how one country's price corresponds to another. ppps can therefore be used to translate the price of a basket of goods and services into a single currency termed “international dollars”. s=p1/p2 where: s= exchange rate of currency 1 to currency 2 -p1= cost of good x in currency 1 -p2= cost of good x in currency 2 the economist's big mac currency index, dubbed “burgernomics” by the publication, is a well-known example of a one-product comparison. the big mac ppp is the conversion rate that would make hamburgers cost the same in america and abroad (francette & paul, 2002). as result, there is a pricing disparity between international items due to a variety of causes (christian pierdzioch, et al, 2021). the big mac index measures the price of a burger across the mcdonald's network. meat, veggies, cheese, baguette, and other elements make up a big mac. it also considers the cost of renting space and equipment, as well as personnel and other costs. we can say that the prices in the country are low if the price of a big mac is low, even though the high costs are comparatively expensive. table 1. price comparison us $ as a base currency currencies overvalued country currency big mac us price over/under valued switzerland franc 6.50 us$5.66 28.8 sweden krona 52.88 us$5.66 12.6 norway krone 52 us$5.66 7.5 currencies undervalued israel shekel 17.00 us$5.66 -5.5 canada c$ 6.77 us$5.66 -6.6 euro area euro 4.25 us$5.66 -8.8 australia a$ 6.48 us$5.66 -11.9 denmark krone 30.00 us$5.66 -13.4 new zealand nz$ 6.80 us$5.66 -13.9 uruguay peso 204 us$5.66 -15.2 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 161 britain pound 3.29 us$5.66 -21.6 singapore s$ 5.90 us$5.66 -21.7 thailand baht 128 us$5.66 -24.9 czech rep koruna 89 us$5.66 -27.2 south korea won 4,500 us$5.66 -27.5 chile peso 2,940 us$5.66 -27.8 uae dirham 14.75 us$5.66 -29.1 brazil real 21.90 us$5.66 -29.7 bahrain dinar 1.50 us$5.66 -29.7 costa rica colon 2,350 us$5.66 -32.4 kuwait dinar 1.15 us$5.66 -33.1 argentina peso 320 us$5.66 -33.8 japan yen 390 us$5.66 -33.9 colombia peso 12,950 us$5.66 -33.9 saudi arabia riyal 14.00 us$5.66 -34.1 sri lanka rupee 700 us$5.66 -34.6 croatia kuna 23 us$5.66 -34.9 honduras lempira 87 us$5.66 -36.2 qatar riyal 13 us$5.66 -36.9 nicaragua cordoba 124 us$5.66 -37.1 poland zloty 13.08 us$5.66 -37.9 china yuan 22.40 us$5.66 -37.9 pakistan rupee 550 us$5.66 -39.4 peru sol 11.90 us$5.66 -41.9 jordan dinar 2.30 us$5.66 -42.7 guatemala quetzal 25 us$5.66 -43.4 hungary forint 900 us$5.66 -46.5 philippines peso 142 us$5.66 -47.8 moldova leu 50 us$5.66 -48.7 vietnam dong 66,000 us$5.66 -49.4 oman riyal 1.10 us$5.66 -49.5 egypt pound 42.50 us$5.66 -52.0 mexico peso 54 us$5.66 -52.6 hong kong hk$ 2050 us$5.66 -53.3 india rupee 190 us$5.66 -54.3 taiwan nt$ 72 us$5.66 -54.5 romania leu 9.90 us$5.66 -56.4 malaysia ringgit 9.99 us$5.66 -56.4 indonesia rupiah 34,000 us$5.66 -57.5 azerbaijan manat 3.95 us$5.66 -58.9 ukraine hryvnia 62 us$5.66 -61.1 south africa rand 33.50 us$5.66 -61.9 turkey lira 14.99 us$5.66 -64.5 russia rouble 135 us$5.66 -68.0 lebanon pound 15,500 us$5.66 -68.7 source: big mac index 2021 the above table shows the prices of big mac in different countries in reference to their currency values and how the currency value can have an impact on the price which shows that the prices of commodities are influenced by the exchange rate, the prices drastically change as the currency is overvalued or undervalued. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 162 results and discussion big mac statistics in india and pakistan table 2. big mac index 2021 year local price dollar ex currency valuation local price dollar ex currency valuation jan-2016 127 66.8025 -61.4 300 104.885 -42 july-2016 162 67.2 -52.2 375 104.82 -29 jan-2017 170 68.3275 -50.8 375 104.775 -29.3 july-2017 178 64.5575 -48 375 105.15 -32.7 jan-2018 180 63.86125 -46.6 375 110.505 -35.7 july-2018 173 68.825 -44 375 121.49 -54.4 jan-2019 178 69.685 -54.2 460 138.88 -40.6 july-2019 183 68.5544 -53.5 480 157.45 -46.9 jan-2020 188 70.87815 -53.2 520 154.875 -40.8 july-2020 190 75.1975 -55.7 550 166.5 -42.1 jan-2021 190 73.39 -54.3 550 160.35 -39.4 source: big mac index 2021 table 2 shows the prices of big mac, dollar exchange, and currency valuation for both countries. the comparison is done to know about the differences of prices between both countries from 2016 to 2021 by taking the exchange rate as a common factor in this comparison. it demonstrated that there is fluctuation in the prices of the product taken as the exchange rate is fluctuating there is a drastic change in the prices for both countries when there is exchange dollar difference in both countries have the currency difference like 1 indian rupee equals to 2.27 pakistani rupee as per recent exchange rate of 2021 apart from the exchange rate there are other factors that cause this fluctuation in the prices according to the big mac index these are the ppp of the country gdp, dollar exchange rate and currency valuation are given below. statistics in india. table 3. ordinary least squares estimation ordinary least squares estimation dependent variable is loc_price 11observations used for estimation from 2016 h1 to 2021 h1 regressor coefficient standard error t-ratio[prob] c_va -.35821 .45205 -.79241[.458] dol_ex -2.8705 1.1520 -2.4917[.047] dol_gdp .087036 .018884 4.6089[.004] dol_p -43.6546 23.7520 -1.8379[.116] dol_ppp 9.3823 2.6114 3.5928[.011] r-squared .97500 r-bar-squared .95833 akaike info. criterion -31.5638 schwarz bayesian criterion -32.5585 statistics in pakistan table no: 4: ordinary least squares estimation ordinary least squares estimation dependent variable is loc_price 11observations used for estimation from 2016 h1 to 2021 h1 regressor coefficient standard error t ratio [prob] c_va .37810 1.2780 .29586[.777] dol_ex 5.4575 3.0772 1.7735[.127] dol_gdp .77800 1.5429 .50424[.632] dol_p -27.5589 44.0429 -.62573[.555] dol_ppp .0027654 .068629 .040295[.969] r-squared .98697 r-bar squared .97828 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 163 akaike info. criterion -45.0864 schwarz bayesian criterion -46.0811 interpretation t ratio the t-ratio is calculated by dividing the estimate by the standard error. t-ratios larger than 1.96 (in absolute value) show that your coefficient is statistically substantially different from 0 at the 95 percent confidence level if you have a large enough sample. for 90 percent confidence, a criterion of 1.645 is applied. greater the t value means the greater difference among groups in the above table all variables t value is near to zero except dollar exchange having a value of 1.7735 and in the case of india values are dollar gdp is 4.608 and dollar ppp is 3.5928. p values as per the significance value which is called the p-value, it should be less than 0.05. in the above table currency value has a significance value of 0.77 which shows that the variable is statistically not significant, the second variable in the table is dollar exchange which has p-value of 0.127 which is also not significant, the third variable is dollar gdp which has significant value of 0.632 which show dollar gdp is not significant, dollar price has significant value of 0.555 it is also significantly not significant, and dollar purchasing power parity has p-value of 0.969 which is also not significant. in the case of india analysis shows that dollar exchange, dollar gdp, and dollar ppp having values 0.047, 0.004, and 0.011 respectively are significant and currency value 0.458 & dollar price 0.11 are not significant. standard error the standard error is a measure of the constancy of the mean. a small standard error suggests that the sample mean more precisely represents the real population mean. a larger sample size is usually related to a reduced standard error. only the dollar price has a greater standard error of 44 in the above table, whereas the dollar price in pakistan has a standard error of 23.7520. beta coefficient the above tables show the coefficient relationship between the variables and the values for currency valuation -.35821, dollar exchange 2.8705, and dollar price -43.6546 are having negative values and in table 2 the dollar price is having a negative value -27.5589. the range of values is -1.0 to 1.0. there was an error in the correlation measurement if the calculated number was more than 1.0 or less than -1.0. a perfect negative correlation is represented by a correlation of -1.0, whereas a perfect positive correlation is represented by a correlation of 1.0. a correlation of 0.0 indicates that there is no linear link between the two variables' movements. rsquared and adjusted rsquared the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by one or more predictor variables is represented by the r-squared value (elliott & woodward, 2007). r2 values for endogenous latent variables, according to cohen (1988), should be 0.26 (substantial), 0.13 (moderate), and 0.02 (weak) (weak). the value of r square in the table of ordinary least squares is 0.975, indicating that 97.5 percent of the total variance of the dependent variable has been explained. the value of r square for the table of ordinary least squares is.98697, which suggests that 98.69 percent of the total variance of the dependent variable has been explained. in the above table 1 r bar squared or adjusted r square is 0.95 which is less than 1 and it is a significant ratio. and above table shows the .97828 value of rbar squared which is also a significant ratio. schwarz criterion and akaike info. criterion the schwarz criterion is a metric for determining and selecting the least complex probability model among a group of options. this technique, also known as the bayesian information criterion (bic), disregards prior probability in favor of comparing the efficacy of competing models at predicting outcomes. discussions following the international financial crisis caused by world war i, many governments were faced with the challenge of realigning their respective currency values. gustav cassel, a swedish economist, was an early proponent of establishing nominal exchange rates at what we now term their purchasing power parity values. “the actual rate of exchange cannot wander very much from this purchasing power parity”, according to cassel (1918), “as long as anything like free movement of commodities and a generally indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 164 extensive commerce between the two countries occurs”. currently, the topic of price convergence throughout countries with the same currency or trading area has sparked people's curiosity (busetti, fabiani, and harvey, 2006). because trade restrictions and inefficiencies within a country are frequently less severe than those between nations, the law of one price (lop) has a higher probability of surviving in a domestic rather than international context (dayanandan & ralhan, 2005). chinese authorities pursued spatial internal market absorption alongside state disengagement, economic advancement, and international exploration during the late 1970s economic reforms. because china's external opening can only be effective if provinces have unlimited access and free flow of goods, the scale of regional integration and the country's transformation into a united, just, and controlled market as a result of its wto membership have substantial implications in china (poncet, 2005). the significance of analyzing cpi convergence and local distribution mechanisms for national macroeconomic regulation and management cannot be overstated. even though few studies on china's regional price discrepancies exist, the research is crucial (liu, 2013; wang, 2012). first, even though china's market economy has grown rapidly since the 1990s, the country remains an atypical communist state, with regional economic development heavily regulated and influenced by administrative interference. this suggests that the planned economy makes it extremely difficult for regional competition to be regulated by the free market. second, china's local protectionism is extreme, and local governments' blockade and monopoly prevent the creation of a single marketplace. local protectionism clearly restricts the flow of production inputs and the regional configuration mechanism if price levels between areas do not match the lop. third, because china is a developing country that is constantly changing its institutions and economy, it creates a different and critical chance to study regional disparity because it is a developing country with indisputable and observable distinctions among its regions (candelaria, daly, & hale, 2010). the establishment of an internal market was supported by a range of methods aimed at restricting the scope of government intervention. a key component of the strategy was the progressive elimination of pricing rules (fan & wei, 2006). from the standpoint of macroeconomic change, this strategy is crucial in assessing whether china's economy has attained interregional competition. the exchange rate is the most important aspect in comparing pakistani and indian fast-food products. in the foreign exchange market, the indian rupee is much stronger than the pakistani rupee (inr to pkr). in pakistan's currency market, the current rate is rs 2.24. these price disparities are one of the most important factors in the price variations of mnc products because both nations' currencies are different, with the indian rupee being stronger than the pakistani currency. the second factor is the cost of raw materials. because no company in pakistan can meet their stringent requirements, the corporations import most of their raw materials. as a result, it imports enormous quantities of almost all its raw components, such as chicken, from china and other nations (macdonald's, 2014). the content is then offloaded to various places across the globe, with 80 percent of truck time being defrosted, so the products are transported in the fanatical fleet's cold storage facilities, where it is first transported to macdonald's fulfillment centers, then trucks for different products such as multi-temperature transports all that content to the establishments. in india, mcdonald's buys 90% of its raw materials from local suppliers, lowering the cost of importing the products from other countries. the spirit of the efficient supply chain model is certainly applied and attributed to the distinctiveness of its outsourcing concept from key local suppliers. the company's supply chain is entirely outsourced, and indian mcdonald's only imports in extremely rare instances, which is a rare occurrence in the trade market. however, mcdonald's has complete control over the presentation's implementation. outsourced organizations are evaluated based on key performance indicators (kpis) (kshitiz sharma, 2013). multinational firms, on the other hand, are impacted by the local customs of the countries in which they operate. mncs import additives from all over the world, along with chicken and beef, as well as salad dressings; the price of their meat, chicken, and other additives is determined by the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 156-167 165 rupee's exchange rate and the currency of the countries from which they import; and they are subject to additional taxes on imported goods (karim barhoumi, 2006). additionally, the company's net taxable income is taxed at a rate of 29 percent. the 17% sales tax rate is for goods, whereas the rate for services ranges between 13% and 16%, depending on the location of the service provider and the region where the services are utilized. sindh has a 13 percent rate, punjab has a 16 percent rate, islamabad capital area has a 16 percent rate, while baluchistan and kpk have a 15 percent rate. this graphic depicts how to price dispersion differs by province. in comparison to other asian countries, pakistan today has a corporation tax rate of 29 percent, which is quite high (international tax pakistan highlights 2020). conclusion finally, the variables that affect pricing varies from place to place. traditionally, we've assumed that price changes between similar products are caused by fluctuations in the us dollar exchange rate (karim barhoumi, 2006), or by inflation in that country (andrade et al., 2018). this research, on the other hand, aimed to determine key features that have a significant impact on price dispersion. the objects' origins are disguised by the fact that they are made up of a range of packaging and raw materials inputs. mncs import essentially every component from outside pakistan, which has a serious influence on end products, and customs charges and logistical costs add to the final product price. once it comes to the critical phenomenon of price disparity, the fast-food business in pakistan is experiencing it due to the production costs of multinational corporations (mncs) like mcdonald's, burger king, kfc, pizza hut, and dominos, among others. transportation costs, regulatory constraints, exchange rate, and competition, which are regarded to be the key reasons for price dispersions, are all affected by mncs in pakistan. when it comes to the transnational difficulties of inflationary pressures, it's evident that they're affecting people everywhere. at least one drivethrough window can be found in almost every country on the planet. the most exclusive locations are mcdonald's, pizza hut, burger king, and kfc. given the productive assistance, low costs, and laidback ambiance, cheap dinners appear to be the ideal “all-american” choice. mcdonald's is always upgrading its menu items and gaining customer trustworthiness by broadening their customer base. if mcdonald's wishes to prosper in an exceedingly competitive market, it must diligently incorporate an idea tied to innovative thoughts into all of its actions. mcdonald's aimed to build something longterm beneficial, such as long-term acceptability and an unparalleled position as a “food store”. to direct the course of events, mcdonald's deploys a worldwide system that thinks globally while acting locally. the limiting system has been important for mcdonald's to fulfill its 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(2006). effects of extraction solvent mixtures on antioxidant activity evaluation and their extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(19), 72777286. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 93-97 93 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.437 page: 93 – 97 solar electricity generating technology as a power supply automatication of deep well water pumps in gunungkidul, indonesia umi salamah1, qonitatul hidayah1, sri handayaningsih2, damar yoga kusuma1, apik rusdiarna indra praja1 1department of physics, ahmad dahlan university, indonesia 2department of information systems, ahmad dahlan university, indonesia corresponding author: umi salamah; email: umi.salamah@fisika.uad.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: electricity, solar panels, water pump. received : 17 january 2022 revised : 01 june 2022 accepted : 04 june 2022 water is a vital human need that must be met for human survival and carrying out daily activities. however, the condition of natural resources in each region is different, not all regions have sufficient water availability. one of them is in serut, gunungkidul which is an area with hilly geography. during the dry season, clean water sources in serut district become scarce and very limited. therefore, the serut district government cooperates with the community self-help group (kkm tirta abadi jaya) to drill deep wells to distribute water to residents. however, along the way, the operational costs are very large, especially for water pump electric pulses. in addition, the geographical condition of serut which is hilly and has many trees causes frequent power outages, especially in extreme weather. this affects the resistance of the water pump because it is often on and off. the power outage can also stop the distribution of water to residents. this community service provides a solution to these problems, namely the installation of solar electricity generation. with this solar electricity generation, it can reduce the operational costs of electric pulses. in addition, using solar electricity generation can increase the durability of the tool because there is no on-off. residents also still have their water needs met even though there is a power outage because the electricity needs for water pumps are supplied from solar electricity generation. introduction human survival is highly dependent on the availability of clean water. water is a vital human need. unfortunately, not all areas have the availability of clean water. one of them is in the serut village, gedangsari district, gunungkidul regency, yogyakarta. the serut village area is a rural area with hilly geography. demographically, despite the hilly areas, the population in serut village is quite large, which is more than 5000 people. serut has seven hamlets, each of which is separated by a hill. in the dry season, the availability of clean water becomes scarce and very limited. residents scattered in the hills will go down to look for water at several springs in serut at a considerable distance. due to the limited water supply, the residents initiated the formation of the community self-sufficiency group (kkm tirta abadi jaya) for water management in serut village. kkm tirta abadi jaya manages water by finding springs and then drilling wells. the source of water from drilled wells is lifted using a water pump and channeled to a reservoir at the top of the hill and then distributed to residents based on the principle of gravity. the presence of clean water in serut has a major impact on the development of the social and economic life of the community. however, there are crucial obstacles in water management, namely operational costs and maintenance costs for water pump machines. the problem boils down to the high cost and unstable electric power of the water pump. the hilly topography of the area causes frequent power outages, especially when it rains and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 93-97 94 winds. so that when there is a power outage, the pump cannot run and cannot fulfill the community's water needs. in addition, the on-off condition of the electric power causes the pump resistance to weaken and even several times there is damage to several components of the water pump. from an economic point of view, a water pump that has to be running for 24 hours causes very high electricity costs. one of the renewable energies to meet electricity needs is the presence of solar electricity generating technology (chel & kaushik, 2018; edward et al., 2019). in this community service, installing solar electricity generating technology as a power supply for the well water pump. solar electricity generating technology can reduce operational costs, especially the cost of electricity pulses and pump resistance because on and off often do not occur. solar electricity generating technology is not a new technology in the research and academic world, but solar electricity generating technology is still a luxury technology for rural communities. solar electricity generating technology is one of the renewable energies that is being developed in the world as alternative energy to replace fossil-based energy (chel & kaushik, 2018; egli et al., 2018). this research implements the results of laboratory-scale research to a field scale, namely to solve electrical energy problems in the community. the purpose of this activity is to present renewable energy technology that has been integrated with a monitoring system so that people who are still unfamiliar with technology can operate and maintain the technology. methods the materials and equipment used in this service include 250wp solar panels, 3000-5000 watt off-grid inverters, 200ah 12v vrla batteries, solar panel frames, poles, and other supporting components. the solar electricity generating technology installation process is carried out in several stages as shown in figure 1. figure 1. stages in solar electricity generating technology installation the analysis of power requirements is carried out as a basis for designing the required series of panels so that they can meet the electrical needs of the water pump. the next stage, namely the design of a solar panel circuit, this stage is also important for the efficiency of the materials used with real needs in the field (bhatt & verma, 2014; hidayah et al., 2019; k & dewantara, 2020). if the analysis and design of the circuit have been determined, then the solar panel installation is carried out. the evaluation is carried out for two weeks to determine the stability of the solar electricity generating technology output power in that month. while the methods of implementing community service carried out include: 1. field orientation and partnership field orientation is carried out by discussing with target partners to explore the problems faced by partners. in addition, to determine the downstreaming of the service activities to be carried out. 2. governance strengthening this governance strengthening is carried out to improve the quality of human resources who manage water and who will be responsible for solar electricity generating technology so that the solar electricity generating technology that has been installed is maintained. 3. outreach program this program was carried out with the target of the serut village community, to introduce solar electricity generating technology into the village area. 4. solar electricity generating technology installation solar electricity generating technology installation is carried out together with partners and residents. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 93-97 95 5. training this training targets representative from several partners in serut village, who are trained for pv mini-grid installation and maintenance. the methods used in this training include providing material and also direct practice to the solar panel house. results and discussion the water source used by the community in serut village is a deep well water point with a depth of 100 m. to lift water at that depth, a water pump was used which was previously connected to the electricity grid. to replace the grid electricity with solar cell technology, it is necessary to analyze the power requirement data first. solar electricity generating technology installation begins with an analysis of power requirements. in this power requirement, it is known that the depth of the well is 100 m and the water pump is at a depth of 40 m. the pump used has a power of 3 hp. the water pump requires 2700 watts of power but will be developed for lighting around the panel house with a need of about 1200 watts(khan & yesmin, 2019; ramzy e. katan et al., 1996). from this analysis, it is installed with 5000 wp power. the panels used are 20 panels with a true power of 250 wp each. the installed panel design is shown in figure 2. figure 2. panel design from the analysis of electrical power requirements to meet these power requirements, a panel circuit is designed with a combination of series and parallel circuits (edward et al., 2019; khan & yesmin, 2019). in figure 2 it can be seen that in the 20 panels used, 10 panels are arranged in series so that they consist of 2 series circuits, then the 2 circuits are arranged in parallel. the mathematical power calculation can be seen in table 1. where i is the electric current, v is the voltage and p is the electric power. table 1. calculation of solar electricity generating technology no type of electric circuit power 1 series circuit 1 iseri1 = i vseri1= 10v pseri1 = ix10v 2 series circuit 2 iseri2 = i vseri2= 10v pseri2 = i x10v 3 parallel circuit itotal = 2i vtot= 10v ptot=2i x10v = 20 i x v = 20 x 250 wp = 5000 wp the frame of the solar panel is made of a fixed frame, so in addition to the analysis of power requirements, an analysis of the slope of the frame of the panel is also carried out to get maximum solar radiation. serut itself is at latitude 7o, with the maximum temperature of solar radiation in serut is 39oc (charles et al., 1981; sharma et al., 2016). in determining the slope of the solar panel frame, a simple formulation is used based on the latitude of the serut district, namely (latitude x 0.9) – 23.5o(han & chang, 2014; najib et al., 2020). from this formulation, it is found that the slope of the panel frame is at a slope of about 16o. based on the results of the power analysis and also the analysis of the slope of the panel frame, the solar panels are installed. the solar electricity generating technology installed is shown in figure 3. figure 3. solar panel installation using 20 panels indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 93-97 96 the next stage in the solar electricity generating technology installation is the electrical installation. in this installation, the water pump used is an ac water pump so an inverter is needed to convert dc current and voltage into ac current and voltage (el-tayyan, 2011; hinga et al., 1994; obukhov et al., 2016). the inverter used in this installation is shown in figure 4. figure 4. solar electricity generating inverter this inverter has a capacity of 3000 to 5000 wp. the mode used in this inverter is the sbu mode, namely the electrical power used first is the electrical power generated from the solar electricity generating technology, if the solar electricity generating technology's electrical power is insufficient, then grid electricity is used from the state electricity company (pln). the installed solar electricity generating technology becomes a source of electrical energy for the water pump so that operational costs are minimized, so this has an impact on the profit of water managers. to find out, monitoring of the pln meter account is carried out every month to find out how many kwh of pln electricity is used after solar electricity generating technology installation. the monitoring results are shown in table 5.1 as follows. table 5.1 results of monitoring pln electricity meter accounts date/month/years electricity meter account data (kwh) august 19, 2021 187,41 august 30, 2021 186,39 september 2, 2021 186,39 september 12, 2021 186,39 october 3, 2021 176,81 the final stage in this installation is evaluation. the indicator used in this evaluation is an evaluation of a technical study by looking at the operation of the water pump and the pln meter account. before the solar electricity generating technology installation is carried out, the cost for electricity pulses is idr 650,000,-/month, if you calculate the electricity pulses paid after the solar electricity generating technology installation (since it is effectively operating from 19 august to 3 october 2021) = 187.41 -176.81 = 10, 6 kwh, if the basic tariff used is idr 1,112, then 10.6 x 1,112 = idr 11,787. this fee is the cost for more than two months. so that the presence of this solar electricity generating technology does have an economic impact, namely increasing partner profits. conclusion the solar electricity generating technology installed in this community service activity has been operating well. in the analysis of power requirements, the solar electricity generating technology design was obtained with a power capacity of 5000 wp so 20 panels of 250 wp were used. while in the analysis of the slope of the panel frame around 16o. increased profit in water management after solar electricity generating technology installation above 600,000 rupiahs. so it can be concluded that the presence of solar electricity generating technology in serut village can improve the welfare of the community. references 1. bhatt, p., & verma, a. 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(2011). pv system behavior based on datasheet. journal of electron devices, 9(20011), 335–341. 7. han, k., & chang, c.-h. (2014). numerical modeling of sub-wavelength anti-reflective structures for solar module applications. nanomaterials, 4(1), 87–128. 8. hidayah, q., salamah, u., kusuma, d. y., dahlan, u. a., ring, j., selatan, r., & yogyakarta, b. (2019). solar home system di masjid kelurahan serut kecamatan gedangsari kabupaten gunung kidul energi [ 1 ] dan desa mandiri desa membangun [ 2 ]. program tersebut tertuang pada masa hujan . selain itu , kurangnya penerangan jalan pada malam hari juga membuat ak. september, 669– 674. 9. hinga, p. k., ohnishi, t., & suzuki, t. (1994). new pwm inverter for photovoltaic power generation system. pesc record ieee annual power electronics specialists conference, 1, 391–395. 10. k, r., & dewantara, b. y. (2020). perhitungan kebutuhan daya listrik untuk penggerak perahu nelayan bertenaga surya. cyclotron, 3(1), 1–4. 11. khan, k. a., & yesmin, f. (2019). solar water pump for vegetable field under the climatic condition in bangladesh. 5(1), 2019. www.ijariie.com 12. najib, i. a., firmanto, b., & kristianti, t. (2020). analisis sistem panel surya untuk sensor telemetri. 1(1), 2019–2021. 13. obukhov, s., plotnikov, i., & kryuchkova, m. (2016). simulation of electrical characteristics of a solar panel. iop conference series: materials science and engineering, 132(1). 14. ramzy e. katan, vassilios g. agelidis, & chem v. nayar. (1996). performance analysis of a solar water pumping system. in: proceedings of the 1996 ieee international conference on power electronics, drives, and energy systems for industrial growth (pedes); 1996. p. 81–7). 4. 15. sharma, s., chandra, h., beig, g., kumar, p., & vaishnav, r. (2016). investigations of mesospheric temperature inversions over subtropical location using lidar and satellites measurements. journal of atmospheric and solar-terrestrial physics, 138–139, 54–65. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 168 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.568 page: 168 – 179 understanding entrepreneurship training in incubation hubs joe kumbirai karambakuwa1, mohamed sayeed bayat2 1durban university of technology, south africa 2university of fort hare, south africa corresponding author: joe kumbirai karambakuwa; email: 21856835@dut4life.ac.za a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: development, entrepreneurship, knowledge, start-up. received : 03 june 2022 revised : 27 august 2022 accepted : 04 september 2022 many scholars regard the incubation process as a mystery because little is known about what unfolds inside incubation hubs. the business incubation process is a critical initiative that can aid in the growth of new firms. however, little research has been conducted to corroborate what occurs within an incubation hub. the study was aimed at understanding what happens to start-ups in incubation hubs. the research was conducted among harare start-up founding entrepreneurs. the case study approach was used in this qualitative study. data was gathered using an interview guide. the sample comprised 21 start-up founders divided into three focus groups. incubation hubs have a good impact on start-up development, according to the research. the findings offer a rare glimpse into the activities of incubation hubs. it was concluded that incubation hubs make a significant contribution that was critical to the development and survival of start-ups. the study contributed to the theoretical gap by adding more literature on start-up development. introduction this research aims to present, explain, summarise and analyze the facts gathered by means of an investigation into what transpires during startup business incubation. specific aspects of what transpires in the incubation centers remain the preserve of start-ups that would have undergone the process and few scholars have explored the phenomenon. literature showed that there was little that was known about what happens during and after company incubation since these aspects were considered black boxes and this includes the training process. salamzadeh and kesim (2015) noted that the start-up development stage remains a black box, as it is not well-defined at the level of analysis. small business challenges are many and are not limited to lack of finance, team management, business knowledge, or technology lag but it is these development stages that are messy and highly uncertain (salamzadeh and kesim 2015). this research provides an in-depth understanding of entrepreneurship training in incubation hubs. most often what happens in incubation hubs remains within the hubs themselves and what people ordinarily see are the outputs. start-ups' financial knowledge, marketing capabilities, and business strategy are frequently improved through training programs offered by incubation hubs. according to tselepis (2018), training programs at the incubation hubs allow startups to participate in innovative endeavors while also leveraging the hub's connections with formal businesses to gain access to markets outside their close environment. this paper goes a step further to understand what happens during the training programs and provides insight into the whole process of start-up development. entrepreneurship development is an evolutionary process that necessitates careful planning, close supervision of functional units, and the establishment of suitable facilities (haghighi et al., 2018). according to tubey et al. (2015), entrepreneurship development is the practice of developing entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through organized training and capacity-building indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 169 programs. it can be said that entrepreneurship development is a set of activities aimed at improving an individual’s or a group’s expertise, ability, behavior, and attitudes for them to take on the position of the entrepreneur (lawal, iyiola, & adegbuyi, 2018). according to tende (2014), entrepreneurship development centers on broadening the base of entrepreneurs to increase the pace at which start-ups are developed, as well as focusing on individuals who want to start or broaden emerging businesses. access to necessary programs, lines of credit, and infrastructure and coordinated teamwork and cooperation between organizations involved, regardless of fragmented bureaucracy, are prerequisites for entrepreneurship development. entrepreneurial development addresses the issues of speeding up the economy’s transformation, ensuring marketplace saturation with goods and services, sustaining a competitive climate, financial sustainability, and job creation (yaluner et al., 2019). the importance of entrepreneurship creation can be seen from the standpoint of promoting economic growth, creativity, and sustainability (lawal et al., 2018). yaluner et al. (2019) noted that the absence of a holistic systematic model and inconsistency of government policy for the control of the business operations, especially on the complexity of legislative compliance, approval, and tax systems, limited the development of entrepreneurial potential as the key driver of the transformation of the domestic market structure. davari and farkhmanesh (2016) analyzed entrepreneurship growth strategies in various countries and suggested that these strategies can be divided into the following six categories: (1) encouragement of entrepreneurship to instill a constructive outlook toward it. (2) training on entrepreneurship in the educational setting. (3) improving the entrepreneurial climate by lowering administrative and regulatory standards, allowing for easier entrance, sustainability, and development of businesses, as well as quick exit. (4) providing initial finance and running a business to raise funding for young businesses and start-ups. (5) expanding the quantity and efficiency of market funding for existing and new businesses, with a focus on supporting start-up firms. (6) devising strategies to concentrate on the target audience, such as raising the number of creative entrepreneurs or enhancing the pace of business start-ups within neighborhood communities. devising strategies to concentrate on the target audience, such as raising the number of creative entrepreneurs or enhancing the pace of business start-ups within neighbourhood communities. entrepreneurship development is a complex and demanding process. small businesses are more successful in using different resources and are stronger in areas where large corporations are unable to operate effectively, generate new jobs, or manage their manufacturing costs on a more consistent basis (chernopyatov et al., 2018). as a result of the advent of new markets, sectors, structural forms, technologies, and increased wages, social capital is boosted, resulting in improved living conditions for the population. incubation is a crucial step in the entrepreneurial process which includes a variety of different tasks, the goal of which is to promote startup development. the process may last a few years before the start-up has reached a sustainable level with resources such as coaching, finance, and access to office space (jakobsen et al., 2017). the level of incubation in the company incubator involves the input, process, and output stages and pays critical attention to the effectiveness, performance, importance, utility, and sustainability of the processes (amelia et al., 2018). amelia et al. (2018) argued that the depth to which the incubate implements the organizational goals laid out in the business strategy and the extent to which the incubatee’s service meets the needs of consumers leads to success. further to that, they observed that an incubatee’s financial viability, level of demand for business incubation space and facilities, costs for incubatees relative to market prices as well as graduation rates, and retention of graduates in the local market are of paramount importance. the extent to which the incubator supports new start-ups in long-term work and the wealth generation segment of the local economy are also critical factors at this stage. the whole approach supports the cross-fertilization of ideas (steiner & teasdale, 2016). the incubator tracks the success of its tenant firms and offers guidance to help mitigate risk by stopping them from making errors. when issues occur, the incubator will offer business support services if appropriate (hausberg & korreck, 2020). ayatse et al. (2017) noted, however, that whatever happens inside the incubator including its internal dynamism remains a black box and the processes at indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 170 this stage are not exposed to the public to any great extent. the entrepreneurship model is a philosophy that is structured to integrate entrepreneurial characteristics into enterprises (baporikar, 2015). the establishment of a new business enterprise as a way of delivering jobs for a person is referred to as the entrepreneurial model (cavanagh, 2013). the research focuses on two models of entrepreneurship education that is radiant and magnet models. the radiant model features entrepreneurship programs outside of a business school that promotes content targeted at non-business entrants (duvalcouetil, shartrand, & reed, 2016). the radiant concept is geared at non-business students and centers on context-specific programs and entrepreneurship expert interest. entrepreneurial education is becoming more widely available in fields that are not specifically relevant to business (amadi-echendu et al., 2016). this may provide business skills for practitioners such as physicians, pharmacists, and other specialists who want to establish their operations but do not know how to manage a business. the radiant model uses a clustered approach, with the center of gravity in each academic unit and an external administrative unit tasked with coordinating entrepreneurship education programs around the campus (pauna & frank, 2017). each institutional unit is responsible for the finance and administration of its entrepreneurship programs. the magnet model attracts learners to entrepreneurship programs provided by business schools (duval-couetil et al., 2016). the magnet model is intended to draw entrants to a range of specific business school classes (amadi-echendu et al., 2016). the magnet model is a heavily concentrated approach with the center of gravity typically being the business school, which employs its own staff and does the administration (pauna & frank, 2017). a business school serves as the center of gravity, and the magnet model allows the business faculty to offer its entrepreneurship studies to everyone. although the radiant model is more appealing to teachers, parents, and alumni, the magnet model is easier to administer since funding, students, and programs are all centralized in one location. while the magnet model is simpler to adopt, it can create disagreements in the long run since every unit concerned may need finances, instructors, and programs, and rewards may not be distributed evenly around an institution, according to duvalcouetil et al. (2016). moving towards competencybased learning and growth in entrepreneurship skills will see entrepreneurship education being more than just learning how to start a venture (venesaar et al., 2018) but also how to sustain it in the future. to create practitioners with entrepreneurial skills, institutions that deliver entrepreneurship programs should provide skill-building subjects such as teamwork, innovative product creation, technical creativity, and creative thinking (islam, ali, & niazi, 2018). to accurately forecast organizational outcomes and ensure sustainability, management's knowledge and competence are essential (hanan et al.,2021). considering the high unemployment rates, business preparation becomes ever more necessary even for start-ups at incubation hubs. there is evidence that if a business incubator wants to create effective enterprises, it should have properly crafted selection criteria by which it reviews, recommends, and chooses tenants (tsaplin & pozdeeva, 2017). to enter the incubation tenancy, it is necessary to understand that start-up businesses undergo several stages of selection and this may have a bearing on the success of business incubation ideas (lukeš, longo, & zouhar, 2019). bose, kiran, and goyal (2018) suggest that there is a positive correlation between the presence of strong selection criteria, admission, and the performance of the incubator. tsaplin et al. (2017) say that many incubators have also developed mechanisms by which start-up businesses are assessed and accepted for entry to the incubator. it is typically the business incubation manager or the selection panel that is involved in the evaluation process although in some cases the board members are also involved. the selection panel must have a sophisticated view of the new firm’s development process and the sector in which it will function, as this enables decision-makers to recognize fragile but promising firms and eliminate those that cannot be funded, including those that do not need incubation (bose et al., 2018). start-ups can apply for placement in an incubator themselves but not all of them are admitted (lukeš et al., 2019). there are various factors considered in the selection of start-ups for incubation. these may include tenant capacity, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 171 selection criteria, the strategy of governance and exit policy, and rental and profit-sharing issues (hausberg & korrek, 2020). tsaplin et al. (2017) observed that some of these requirements also tend to be generic and arbitrary including the need to generate jobs, cover operational costs, have a formal business plan, have a specific opportunity, be a start-up venture, be locally owned, have rapid growth prospects, and be highly technologically connected. while some regard financial performance as the most important requirement, the personal qualities of the executive team and the industry conditions, marketing strategy, and the competitive value of the service or product may also be critical. incubators set out the evaluation process by which they review suggested and chosen tenant entities. typically, private incubators focus on investment potential, growth, and technology transfer while government incubators want to promote job creation and economic growth (shannxi, 2016). tsaplin et al. (2017) stated that there is no basis for comparison for determining whether a business will succeed or not when selecting them for incubation but that the more precise the selection criteria, the greater the probability of the incubatee succeeding. van rijnsoever et al. (2017) observed that there is no point in assessing the incubator’s effect on start-up success if studies do not understand how incubators have such an impact and how to measure incubation results access to knowledge is important for entrepreneurs and information is communicated across through formal and informal social networks (cunningham, menter, & wirsching, 2019). new knowledge is a major source of entrepreneurship opportunity and if it contributes to better solutions then it can also be a source of growth. new knowledge is developed in a variety of ways but investments in formal and informal research and innovation are perhaps the most well-measured. awareness in both public and private entities can be a valuable source of entrepreneurship prospects (stam & van de ven, 2019). new knowledge initiatives are a significant source of entrepreneurship potential and if they contribute to better solutions then they may also be a catalyst for growth. new knowledge is developed in several ways but advances in public and private research and innovation are perhaps the most well-measured (stam & van de ven, 2019). incubation hubs provide a good platform to nurture and develop start-ups during their early stages of development. networks assist new entrepreneurs in learning the formal and informal skills required to be a hightech entrepreneur as well as facilitating the flow of information about new markets, innovations, and prospects in an area (stam & spigel, 2017). entrepreneurial and business networks facilitate the movement of information allowing for the efficient distribution of expertise, labor, and capital. these networks can be analyzed in a variety of ways, including network structure, business interconnectivity for new value development, and the number of venture firms in a region that cooperate for innovation (stam & van de ven, 2019). networks provide support among start-ups as they act as a stimulus for learning business development through the cross-pollination of ideas. methods the study used a qualitative research approach. this method was used because the study is exploratory in nature and aims to understand the participants' opinions. a qualitative approach can be used to reach people who would not normally volunteer for research, such as incubation hub startup enterprises. in this study, the target demographic was incubated start-up enterprises in harare, zimbabwe. the study employed a non-probability sampling design as the research required information from start-ups that had gone through the incubation process as they were able to provide accurate information. participants were purposefully chosen. the participants' perceptions were gathered through three focus groups. an interview guide was used, and additional questions were asked as prompts or probes. the data were analyzed using nvivo software. according to mcniff (2016), nvivo is used extensively for organizing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative data, and is intended to enhance research variety. results and discussion the results provide insight into what is done in incubation hubs. incubation hubs provided a notable contribution that is crucial to the development and survival of start-ups. a number of factors were looked at and classified as follows. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 172 experimenting and application incubation hubs foster the ability to experiment with new ideas, products, and machinery. training at the hubs creates a multiskilled person. the training is designed in such a way that an incubatee can apply the same knowledge and skill in several areas. this allows for the application of knowledge in practice as supported by the views shared below. focus group 1 the hub helped us in the sense that we could apply the learned skills there and there hence we had time to experiment. i have been able to apply the learned skills in my other businesses and can now talk with confidence to a client. i have been able to come up with new products thanks to the incubation process that molded me to be a person who can experiment. the training gave me the ability to do other products which has seen my business doing more of the by-products but using the same concepts and ideas that i got from the hub. i am now able to try other things and am experimenting with what i have with the hope of coming up with new products. focus group 2 the process helped us to experiment with certain machinery and even when exposed to new machinery, we now have confidence. one thing that i learned there is the ability to make other products. i no longer fear to experiment. i am now able to design and knit my fabric, something that i did not know [before]. i had to buy machinery to do so and through the exposure that i had at the hub; the process was smooth. focus group 3 our business model had to change. when we started, we had our business and ideas but as we interacted with others, we saw that there were other models that we could use. thinking and analyzing the hub gave respondents the ability to think deeply and analyze things at a deeper level. this fostered innovation and the ability to do things differently as noted below. the findings are reinforced by the following views. focus group 1 the way the program was structured helped me to be a knowledgeable person who can analyze things and who can explore further. the hub taught me to be analytical and innovative since innovation is the way to go. it transforms the economy, focus group 2 incubators help in making sure that people are skilled, access knowledge, and help start-ups to think deeper through the training they provide. we can picture those certain things were possible and once we effectively utilize our skills. we can now do a lot of than before. the program opened our minds, and we are now thinking big and believing in ourselves. focus group 3 the positive criticism that you would get at the hub makes you think and look at things that you would have just brushed aside. it makes me think quickly and it also helped me with financial skills which were lacking in me before my enrolment. new designs and opportunities the hub allowed for new designs and opportunities to be explored which further improved marketability and skills. this resulted in start-ups exploiting new opportunities. the programs were designed to create a learning entrepreneur. the observations are backed up by the following responses: focus group 2 i had to diversify and use the learned skills i am now able to do cutting and designing on other fabrics that i never trained at. am now very innovative and i have designed new products using locally available materials. in my case, i have now added one business that i had not thought of before using the same knowledge that i got at the hub. focus group 3 it helped me to find out that there were opportunities to achieve my goals. i never thought that i could come up with new ideas but through the interaction that we had with the various stakeholders as well as amongst ourselves as startups, we saw opportunities coming. we have been able to develop new products which started after our enrolment as we began to see new opportunities. we got a lot of support from the hub and that helped us in our creativity to the extent that we now can venture into completely new things. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 173 solution-driven the hub allowed for a solution-driven culture to be fostered. this could stimulate incubatees to look more toward solutions rather than be hindered by problems. it facilitated progress. focus group 1 the process taught me to be a person who must seek solutions to challenges. the solution is to either improve the status quo, value add, come up with innovations to something, or come up with better ways of doing things that save on costs and time. at the hub, i started to visualize what i could do with the machines that were there. i could see that some of the components could be made locally. the hub taught me to come up with solutions to every problem that i face. the exposure made me start with my small machinery and i hope to grow faster and then procure bigger ones. the exposure helped me to understand the food industry better, and i learned how to resolve some challenges and grow my business. i expanded my product line thanks to the innovation skills that i got at the hub. focus group 3 the hub trains you to think outside the box to find solutions and opportunities for your business. there was an innovation manager who would help you whenever you had challenges and would force you to think outside the box. that way your innovation and creativity skills would then be nurtured. create employment and investment the hub assists in the creation of employment via start-ups and attracts investors. employment creation would mean that the ventures were growing and expanding. focus group 1 they motivated us to create employment so that we could employ others. it helps in the creation of jobs and attracts investors. i have learned to be innovative. creative marketing the hub allowed respondents to become creative in how they marketed their products. this could attract customers and boost sales. focus group 1 through incubation, i have learned to market, design, and attract customers. focus group 3 it makes me think quickly and it also helped me with financial skills which were lacking in me before my enrolment. the process itself molded me to be a real business leader. it added value to my marketing side, and it helped me to grow both as an entrepreneur and as well as my start-up. mixing theory and practice the hub bridged the gap between theory and practice. this had the effect of reinforcing lifelong learning. focus group 2 the education that i received has helped me to apply both theory and practical skills in my everyday dealings. learning from others the hub allowed people to learn from others and gain diverse knowledge. focus group 1 learning from others was good and because of that i am now able to process my products from my place i have bought equipment though small, but it has enabled me to start my production outside the hub. focus group 2 they also referred us to experts who have helped assist us in our businesses. meeting like-minded people and having tutors who knew business management would train us on how to operate different machinery and equipment. according to dobson et al. (2017), incubation hubs, as both virtual and physical locations provide resources, and assistance with skills development, expertise, and information exchange, thereby responding to the demands of start-ups by giving them access to new technologies and spaces to operate. entrepreneurs are given opportunities for professional development through the hubs to build long-term transferable skills for their enterprises and the global economy. experiential learning proved to be the most effective method (dobson et al., 2017). ghina and sinaryanti, (2021) opined that an incubator’s intangible resources, along with the human capital of the founding team, increase a start-up’s survival rate. mentoring programs have a direct positive impact on the survival of start-ups. this is because their contact fosters knowledgesharing and provides incubated companies with entrepreneurship-related information that is relevant to their stage of growth. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 174 growth and support the hub fostered growth and provided support. this is outlined below. discipline and professionalism the hub instills discipline and professionalism in the business environment. focus group 2 they train one to be committed as well as exercise professionalism in running your business. discipline is another aspect that you learn at the hub. funding opportunities the hub allows for funding opportunities to be identified. focus group 2 incubation hubs can invite banks and other financial institutions to come and present to incubates on funding opportunities. low fees and cost the fees are affordably low and resources such as machinery are available at a lower cost. focus group 2 the training was provided at fees that were very low and i got a place to operate from at first which meant that even my customers would not doubt my credulity as a start-up. the hub provided machinery and the workplace which are critical aspects for any start-up at a very low cost when one starts production at the hub. focus group 3 the incubation hubs have very low rentals and if your start-up is very small or you are a freelancer you can survive. networks networks become well-established which allows for one to become connected to investors, suppliers, customers, and other businesses. networks help start-ups to meet with like-minded enterprises and get help from others who are already established in the same field. focus group 2 we also get contacts from reputable companies and other incubatees who are already on the ground. focus group 3 the hub exposes state-ups to the knowledge that they normally do not have, and they link them with people or personalities that have already made it. they help you to get clients and the incubator hubs are connected to a lot of people who can assist whenever possible. in my case, i was given several connections to assist me, and it helped. the hub provided a platform to connect with other entrepreneurs and we could get resources easily. nurturing and support the hub promoted a nurturing environment, which gave respondents adequate support in a stepby-step fashion. it also nurtured the skills and creativity of respondents. focus group 2 they help in that these incubation hubs know how to nurture small businesses from the start until one can survive on its own. there is no guesswork in terms of their approach as they take each start-up that passes through it stage by stage until it can survive on its own. focus group 3 there was an innovation manager who would help you whenever you had challenges and would force you to think outside the box. that way your innovation and creativity skills would then the nurtured. mentors mentors assisted in identifying opportunities. focus group 3 i had access to mentors, that is people who can assist and open opportunities for my business. push and growth the hub gave participants a push in the right direction and this motivated people to continue and grow their start-ups in the process. focus group 1 once you start your business after getting the right coaching and mindset change you get the push to continue working hard. focus group 3 you have access to coaches, mentors, and other personnel who will help you to scale up your business. space the hub provided space at a relatively low cost while the incubatees grew and were able to eventually find space of their own. focus group 1 the hubs provide the place for a start-up to grow while you as an entrepreneur find your own space and machinery so that you can expand your operations. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 175 focus group 3 at the hub that i was in, some packages allowed start-ups in various stages to pay space rentals according to the level of the start-up and this allowed start-ups to grow. the hub managed to give me space at a subsidized fee, and we also got data for free. structured approach the hub provided a structured approach from start to finish, thereby promoting good understanding and minimizing failure. focus group 2 hubs are very practical in their approach to business because of the structured way they take start-ups to. this approach helps in that most startups that pass through incubation bubs end up being formalized and succeeding. you can tell with the level at which things are organized that the chances of failure are very minimum. these findings are supported by van weele et al. (2018) who observed that start-ups have direct access to a variety of auxiliary resources and services through incubators and can achieve economies of scale. these services are meant to improve the efficient operation of start-ups. at first, incubators concentrated on providing start-ups with shared office space and other physical resources, such as conference rooms but have now shifted to offering professional consulting services, as well as mentoring and coaching to help entrepreneurs gain needed business expertise. according to mwantimwa et al. (2021), partnerships, networking, information co-creation, and invention are all essential features of innovation hubs. hubs provide an ideal platform for networking and instill a level of professionalism among incubatees. knowledge dissemination the hub became a source of knowledge creation and dissemination. knowledge the main derivative from the hub was rich business knowledge in the form of theory, practical application, entrepreneurial skills, know-how, and machinery. focus group 1 it helps start-ups to survive by transferring knowledge and they teach you skills in business planning. most start-up businesses lack the business planning aspect on what to sell and where to sell it, and this knowledge is there at hubs. many start-ups lack knowledge on how to have their products certified for quality and am happy i got this knowledge from the hub. the incubation hub provides knowledge, skills, and trains you to be a good entrepreneur. the incubation hub helped me to understand how to formally register my business and i now understand all the processes and paperwork required to register a business. the incubation hub created confidence in us by exposing us to the sources of various raw materials. i went to the hub to do soymilk production and because of the exposure, i was able to start another production in tofu a by-product of soymilk production which i did not know before getting to the hub. knowledge exchange platforms related to the above, the hub helped respondents to access knowledge exchange platforms such as fairs and conferences where they could market their products and learn more. focus group 1 hubs provide platforms such as fairs which enable start-ups to exhibit their products and services. during my time at the hub, we had the chance to attend international conferences where we made presentations and it exposed us to other platforms that we never imagined knowing. expert training the training was provided by experts in the field, and this ensured that the training was specialized, relevant, up-to-date, and applicable. focus group 1 the incubation hub helps in that you as an entrepreneur you are trained by several experts, and you are exposed to a lot of practical business ideas. in our case, after the training, we were able to use the machinery for free and only pay for electricity. focus group 2 hubs produce start-ups that are technically and business-oriented and they can access machinery upon completion. incubators provide training at an affordable fee, and they expose incubates to machinery which ordinarily you would not be exposed to. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 176 once you have been trained at the hub, they provide you with access to the use of their machinery, and once you have completed your incubation program. i still have access to the machinery for production although am not going there now. well-rounded capacity building the hub ensured that respondents could be developed holistically and be well-rounded in entrepreneurial knowledge. focus group 2 incubator hubs teach finance, human resources, marketing, and all things that you need to run a business successfully as opposed to a person who has not gone past the process. incubators teach others those aspects which may lack in other capacity-building programs. focus group 3 the hub helps the start-up to grow, and mold better entrepreneurs and it makes sense to be part of the incubation process. start-ups get free advice and consultancy services and when you pitch your idea, the hub will help you to address the rough edges on it so that it becomes a perfect business. start-ups must be encouraged to go for incubation and if there are chances for capacity development for those start-ups who would have gone past the incubation stages then it can help to keep them on the right track ideas ideas were developed with the help of the innovation manager and resources were allocated to ideas. focus group 3 the innovation manager at the hub was dedicated to us as start-ups and helped me to develop my ideas with the possibility of being given additional resources to take my concepts to the market. mwantimwa et al. (2021) found that innovation hubs promote intellectual creation and interactive learning, and information transfer via collaborative networks. the hubs improve the dynamics of developing the skills and through differentiated instruction, promote participatory tacit knowledge creation, transformation, and dissemination among a variety of actors from information, formal businesses, and support organizations. furthermore, mwantimwa et al. (2021) noted that the creation and dissemination of knowledge through face-to-face contact between specialists within and outside hubs and incubators were crucial in knowledge transfer. knowledge hubs perform three primary functions: producing information, moving it to places where it may be utilized, and conveying knowledge to others through education and training. according to evgeniev and purcell (2019), hubs facilitate the formation, transmission, usage, and expansion of viable knowledge ecosystems. klaasa and thawesaengskulthai (2018) observed that incubation hubs serve as knowledge centers, encouraging start-ups and the community to share ideas both within and outside of the incubator. san et al. (2022) note that organizational knowledge and knowledge generating streams, as well as their effects on start-ups' performance changes and competitive edge, all have an impact on sustainable growth. economic benefits the hubs brought economic benefits which included customers being referred to start-ups by the hubs. they promoted the production of local products rather than relying on imports. the hubs promoted start-ups in contributing to the economy’s growth through increased production levels. this is highlighted in the following responses. focus group 1 incubation hubs help to create an entrepreneur who can provide goods and services as opposed to the importation of finished goods or services. they help in the development of a country by increasing the contribution of start-ups to the economy. focus group 2 they also referred customers to us. mulas, minges, and applebaum (2016) found that local start-up centers can help communities stay competitive, alleviate poverty, and promote shared wealth. a start-up hub’s economic benefits include demand-side economies of scale, lower transaction costs, the spill-over effect of geographical knowledge, urban innovation, and collective learning (zhu et al., 2021). in areas of innovation, demand-side economies of scale may raise the scope of demand and subsequently extend collaboration among the sectors. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 168-179 177 conclusion according to the findings, incubation hubs have a beneficial impact on start-up development. a lot is done within the walls that an ordinary person with no access to the hubs may not know. the results provided a synopsis of what happens inside the incubation hubs which ordinarily is not written about in much research on entrepreneurship. the hub's main output was a wealth of business information in the form of theory, application, entrepreneurism, know-how, and equipment. hubs provided well-structured programs which made it easy for start-up development. the incubation hubs helped to promote a solution-oriented culture which encouraged incubatees to focus on solutions rather than being hampered by obstacles. the training was designed in such a way that incubatees may use the same information and skills in a variety of situations. it allowed people to learn from one another and develop a wide range of information. training bridged the theoretical and practical divide and as a result, lifelong learning was reinforced. thus, the development of start-ups can be aided by incubation hubs because of their ability to provide structured programs that enhance the chances of survival. references 1. amadi-echendu, a. p., phillips, m., chodokufa, k., & visser, t. 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(2021), 1-9. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 12 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.590 page: 12 – 21 prevalence of sexual harassment among female students of khulna university tuhin roy1, maleha binte rayhan1, rina aktar1 1sociology discipline, khulna university, bangladesh corresponding author: rina aktar; email: rina13@ku.ac.bd a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: harasser, incident, perpetrator, sexual harassment, victim. received : 24 june 2022 revised : 13 february 2023 accepted : 15 february 2023 in bangladesh, the scenario of sexual harassment is a great problem in the academic sector as well as the prevalence is equally the same. female students are the prominent victims of sexual harassment incidents in the educational environment. the main objectives of the study were to evaluate the nature of sexual harassment in academia as well as the impacts on female students and the consequences of the problem. the study was conducted in a qualitative research method and collected primary data with the help of a checklist of the undergraduate students of the social science school of khulna university. eight respondents and two key informants were selected purposively for the study that fulfilled the criteria of the unit of analysis. the findings of the study disclosed that females are frequent victims of gender-based sexual harassment in the academic sector. female students constantly face verbal and non-verbal sexual harassment as well as the majority of the respondents don’t disclose or report the incidents to the authority because they cannot rely on perpetrators who will not get proper punishment for their crimes. for this, the victims suffer from various impacts on their mental and physical wellbeing. as a result, female students replace their career focus, skipping their educational journey and constantly feeling insecure. this research also revealed that society and culture greatly impact sexual harassment occurrences by men. the overall study found the negative impacts of sexual harassment, its consequences along with possible solutions. introduction sexual harassment is an uninvited sexual behavior or forced sexual activity conducted by a person who makes another person feel uncomfortable and abused (krebs et al., 2016). the fundamental purpose of sexual harassment is to treat a person sacrilegiously humiliate their honor or create an offensive environment (un women 2019). this act violates human rights as well as hampers someone’s dignity and respect. conceptually sexual harassment is a form of discriminated behavior that includes either verbal conduct or physical harassment and also various types of harassing acts (cosentino & banerjee, 2017). moreover, sexual harassment is a universal matter and it can happen to anyone, but a woman has been dealing with this forever and still now the ratio of gender-based harassment is higher than any other type. gender-based sexual harassment is most frequent, and it includes sexist comments, offensive sexual advances, threats or forceful touching, jokes or insults about sexuality, and so on (kabat-farr & cortina, 2014). women are constantly harassed by their co-workers, superiors, and even by their classmates or friends (rosenthal et al., 2016; kahsay, et al., 2020). sexual harassment has always been a frequent phenomenon all around the world, but in the present time, it has gained considerable attention from researchers. there are so many studies and research about sexual harassment outbreaks, but it is still a very complex issue for its dynamic characteristics (roehling & huang, 2018). there is a lot of research out there about workplace occurrences or street or public place incidents, but the academic environment is also indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:rina13@ku.ac.bd https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 13 important to study the problem. in the academic environment of higher study, organizational tolerance, and sanctions are extremely important for harassment behaviors because this matter is highly related to how these cases are being handled (clodfelter et al., 2018). sexual harassment incidents can affect the psychological as well as the physical well-being of a person, and there are several negative effects related to it (langhout et al., 2015; burn, 2019). sexual harassment incidents can terminate a person’s focus on their career, education, passion, and even on themselves. harassment incidents can hamper women's motivation, make them step down from their positions, or even force them to leave their career opportunities (nelson et al., 2017). the scenario in bangladesh is quite alarming, but there is no noticeable study regarding sexual harassment incidents in academia. in bangladesh, the spread of sexual harassment is quite vast, and the majority of girls are the victims of it directly or indirectly (odhikar, 2019). bangladesh is a developing country, and like other developing nations, it struggles with this problem in a high ratio. sexual harassment is not a new phenomenon, and neither is it specific to any culture, country, or society. male domination in educational institutions and the environment can be a major cause of this problem. this is a very complex factor to analyze the causes and effects of sexual harassment but in general, it causes a great impact on victims’ physical and psychological insecurities (glomb et al., 1997). harassment incidents can hamper and take the victim backward from their career focus and it is important to recognize the situation to find systematic solutions. these unwanted incidents can be prevented if institutions imply policies and legal strategies which also include academic institutions (willness et al., 2007). developing or underdeveloping countries always face a high ratio of women’s unpleasant situations and assault incidents. in bangladesh, we get these cases all time and women struggle with this almost on daily basis. in the higher education field, women have been facing discrimination even in the present day (ergoçmen et al., 2013). even though in some places gender-based differences are less but it still persists and a male-dominated environment is the risk place for women in academia. this study is trying to identify the nature and characteristics of sexual harassment as well as find out the causes and impacts of sexual harassment incidents faced by women in academia among female students. in bangladesh, the knowledge of that such type of behavior is illegal and the need to deal with it in reality as being socially unacceptable has only very recently been acknowledged through several laws do exist that deal with offenses akin to sexual harassment. methods observing the qualitative research design, this study is descriptive in nature as well as the study was carried out on female respondents who are the students of social science school who were chosen purposively under khulna university in the khulna district of bangladesh. to achieve the study objectives, some specifications were made to identify the respondents, the data were collected from (1) the undergraduate female students of the social science school of khulna university, and (2) the students who have experienced sexual harassment. the checklist contains both open and closed questions in english as well as designed for data collection. according to the aforecited criterion by the census conducted by the research, 698 female students were identified from the social science school of khulna university selected through purposive sampling. the population of the study was eight female undergraduate students and two key informants were selected purposively who experienced sexual harassment as the sample of the study. table 1. population and sample size of the study areas at a glance name of the discipline number of students economics 173 sociology 189 development studies 179 mass communication and journalism 157 total 698 source: field survey, 2022 primary data were collected from the respondents directly through key informant interviews (kii) and case study methods through structured interviews using a checklist. to collect primary data from the field a checklist was prepared indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 14 to conduct a case study in the selected study area at khulna university. moreover, key informant interviews (kii) were collected from other areas purposively in khulna city. the data collection was conducted from 15 february 2021 to 10 january 2022. the aims and objectives of the study were clearly explained to the participants and they were assured that their information was only used for study purposes and their permission was taken before the interview and recording of the interview. they were informed that they could withdraw from the study if they wanted too so. results and discussion the information from 10 participants is presented under some defined themes. the obtained data from the discussion was recorded and proper notes were taken for the benefit of analyzing the raw data. the themes of the discussion are interpreted by keeping in mind the objectives of my study. sexual harassment as unwelcomed behavior and unfair act sexual harassment is always taking advantage of the victim without their concern and permission. every sexually defined act is considered harassment if that is unwelcome by the opposite person. one participant mentioned the unwanted act as, ‚i am greatly disgusted by those situations that, he (perpetrator) tried to touch me in such an offended way. it is really a bad feeling and unwelcome touches are not tolerable for me. i think it is also not tolerable for any person by any means‛ (participant from case study 5). when people try to harass someone, they highly cross the boundaries of a person’s freedom right. every person has the legal right to their body and honor. perpetrators always go overboard with disrespect and hit against their dignity. in a discussion, a participant mentioned that ‚it was absolutely unrecognized because some random person would touch my body offensively. it was a great hit to my dignity and still cannot process the fact in my mind. i wonder how people can do this with anyone and what the purpose of doing that is‛ (participant from case study 8). again, sexual harassment unreasonably inference in someone’s personal space gives them a hostile vibe and violent their situation. sexual harassment acts are definitely the most heinous act conducted by someone. characteristics of sexual harassment & sexually harassing environment in a simple form sexual harassment is either verbal or non-verbal. for verbal sexual harassment, it includesdisrespecting or offending someone with sexual words, commenting sexually related things about someone, body shaming, showing sexual organs, or passing sexual jokes to someone. verbal harassments are a really frequent form of sexual harassment. in a discussion with a participant, she mentioned that ‘i have been verbally attacked so many times. i have heard some random stranger pass sexual comments and offensively stare at me. then again, i faced body shaming and sexual jokes from my classmates. i have also seen my friends and sisters are verbally harassed by strangers‛ (participant from case study 3). another victim who was verbally harassed through the internet stated that ‚in a modern time, it is extremely easy to harass through social media and i’m a great victim of it. the perpetrator harassed me through social media by sending me offensive things and links to adult videos. i was more disgusted from the fact that he belongs to the same campus as mine‛ (participant from case study 6). participants experienced nonverbal harassment like unwanted touch, pushing offensively, pinching, or something that hurts the private parts of the body. one of the victims mentioned that ‚when i was coming back from my campus, he (perpetrator) pushed me so hard as well as dragged down me on the surface. then he forcefully started to touch me. it took some moments for me to process the fact that he was physically harassing me. as soon as i realized that i started to panic and scream‛ (participant from case study 8). one of the participants who have an experience in workplace harassment said that ‚this was a kind of new thing too as i have no previous work experience. in my part-time one of my colleagues said something so absurd and sexually offensive to me. he thought that women are meant to be in the kitchen and recommended to other colleagues not to marry a girl who is doing any job or work. i became as angry with the fact as he indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 15 indirectly pointed his speech toward me‛ (participant from case study 5). hostile environment harassments also encompass unwanted sexual overtures such as exposing one’s genitals, stroking and kissing someone and pressuring a person for dates even if no quid pro quo is involved. the difference between the two types is that quid pro quo harassments require harassment in exchange for any kind of reward or promotion whereas hostile environment harassment can be done by many people with many targets. a participant emphasizes that ‚i was a harassed girl by a person who exposed his genitals in front of me. he was looking unremorseful and unbothered which gave me panic. he was very calm about the incident and i’m sure he is a pro at doing this. i believe he has done this before with other girls too. the way he escaped the place and looked calm proved all those things. he created such a horrible environment for me and for several months i was in fear of facing someone like him on the way to my campus. i wasn’t even traveling alone anywhere for some time being‛ (participant from case study 1). by far the most indicators of sexual harassment occurrence are related to organizations, individual level, or male-dominated environments. victims are always harassed in kind of similar environment patterns or sets. in most cases, the harasser tries to do it privately where the possible witness is few. while discussing the issue one of the participants stressed that ‚i was very alone at those times when he (the perpetrator) forced me in various ways. he was following me wherever i used to go. he got me whenever i was alone or in a less crowded place on campus. he used to text me and literally forced me to meet and talk to him. he used so many tricks to scare me not to tell others and emotionally blackmailed me. as a newcomer in the university, i was too young and weak to protest against it‛ (participants from case study 4). gender harassment is the most common type of sexual harassment and men are mostly involved in this behavior among all types of harassment gender-based sexual harassment is most frequent and it includes sexist comments offensive sexual advances, threats or forceful touching, jokes or insults about sexuality, and so on. consenting to the matter one of the participants said, ‚as a woman, i have faced so many difficulties in life and sexual harassment is one of them. i find gender discrimination everywhere. our society cannot be fully changed by this matter. i really feel hopeless thinking about the behavior we receive as a woman‛ (participant from case study 6). women are always the prominent victims of sexual harassment incidents and there are also many reasons behind it. women find difficulties at every organizational level and also in society. they are always treated as the minority gender. one of the participants stressed that women in our society are always objectifying for sexual activity. i am not the only victim of this problem. i have seen other women face this in many situations. one of my classmates commented that women cannot succeed like men even though they study more. that comment was indirect to me. also, there is discrimination in judging based on gender (participant from case study 3). furthermore, in a majority of the cases of sexual harassment, there is always the presence of gender discrimination. women have been facing harassment because of discrimination. the emergence of gender-based sexual harassment came from the workplace harassment of women and in the higher studies environment, this is equally the same. a participant in this matter said that ‚workplace sexual harassment and educational place sexual harassment is equally important because i’m a victim in both places. in a workplace, a hostile environment degrades motivation similar to educational environment harassment. women are always a target in every place and i the case of sexual harassment most of the victims are us‛ (participant from case study 5). participants believe that society is mainly responsible for their outlook and discrimination toward them. there can be other factors that are responsible for gender harassment. male-dominated institutions and societies are one of a reason for that. a participant mentioned, ‚men always want to show their masculinity through their dominance over us. our society always praises a man when they sow their power and dominance on a woman. the culture is also reflected in our educational institutions. men always think that they are better than us by all means. the harasser blackmailed me because he is a male and if i don’t get intimate with indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 16 him, he will spread false rumors about me‛ (participant from case study 7). after that victim blaming is extremely common in our society. most women don’t feel like to report about their incidents because of the fear of victim blaming. they feel extremely unsafe about this. about victim blaming a participant said that ‚i was very young and immature enough to report the incident to someone because i have seen society always poses a bad outlook on the victim. he took the advantage of it and forced me to talk to him‛ (participant from case study 2). again, another participant stressed this matter that, ‚the rumors about me were spread among my peer groups and they gossiped about those a lot. but they always blamed me and predict that i intended to get personal with him. those were the most frustrating days of my life. no matter who is the culprit everyone will always blame a girl‛ (participant from case study 2). then again, the case studies reveal that participants believe that men are always involved in this behavior. some believed that both men and women can be equally involved in the harassment. but the majority stressed the point that men are comparatively more engaged. a participant mentioned that ‚both women and men can be responsible for sexual harassment i have faced harassment from women but men conduct harassment more often. men are always there to sexually exploit women. all of my known persons are also harassed by men several times. i think the less morality and their supremacy as gender is the main reason behind this they are always privileged in our society and this mentality drives them to do all these hostilities‛ (participant from case study 7). sexual harassment of female students is common in academia and there are several impacts of sexual harassment participants stressed out every type of sexual harassment is common in their campus area as in other places. workplace harassments are noticeable but harassments in educational organizations are equally noticeable. participants mentioned the possible reasons behind the incidents in their campus area. there are so many reasons which are responsible for the sexual harassment of women even in higher study fields. one of the major causes can be male-dominated authority and power. about this matter, one of the participants said that ‚in our society men are allowed to do anything but we always have to ask for permission or re-think our decisions. in a study area, there is an impact on the cultural practice of our society. as we live in a patriarchal society, men will always feel empowered for that‛ (participant from case study 4). about the male-dominated factor, another participant said that ‚although it is a modern era still there is a lot of prevalence of sexual harassment. people are educating and changing their lifestyles but they are not getting out of their traditional thinking of harassing women. somehow society is responsible for their confidence and their motivation for doing such things‛ (participant from case study 6). on another note participants also mentioned the organizational tolerance regarding harassment incidents. they think that their matter won’t be taken seriously by the organizational system. the way an organization handles harassment issues is also an important reason behind sexual harassment incidents. trust issues toward legal authorities are also a cause of ignoring or remaining silent after harassment. on that one of the participants said that ‚i couldn’t rely on the system and believed in the authority that they take action against it. i was afraid that my reputation goes down and also the incident embarrassed me. this was the main reason that i did not report the matter to my institution’s authority‛ (participant from case study 1). participants discussed several impacts they have suffered so far and also; they have seen other people suffer from sexual harassment. they again stressed the matter that sexual harassments have so many impacts on individuals but these factors are also highly ignored by others. sexual harassment can affect both physical and emotional well-being. talking about the impact’s psychiatrist from kii said, ‚sexual harassment cases are extremely common and i handle those often. i have seen patients dealing with depression, loneliness, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. it is not that they are only emotionally broke but their physical health is also included. for the mental breakdown they often stop having meals properly, self-harm themselves or feel weakness in their body‛ (participant from kii 2). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 17 psychological or emotional breakdown is extremely common in surviving sexual harassment. a human cannot be healthy if he or she is only physically well, mental health is equally important. a participant on psychological well-being said that ‚i have always been a strong-minded girl and try to face everything with a reason but after the harassment incidents i dealt with mental breakdown several times‛ (participant from case study 6). again, another participant who suffered from severe depression stressed this matter, ‚i was so young and scared that i didn’t even try to report that to anyone. i was suffering from depression for a long time because of that incident. i never imagined myself to be harassed in this way by someone and this drove me to severe depression‛ (participant from case study 3). from the case studies it was revealed that participants not only suffered from depression or anger issues but also suffered physically. it is often said that harassment or assaults can only bring mental breakdown but to be physically healthy mental health is the key. mental stress always brings body suffering too. on this, a participant said that ‚it is not easy to deal with the sufferings. that incident hurt my dignity and caused stress in my mind. i was not able to eat my meal for several months and started to get insomnia. i got physically too weak so i have to take medicines for that. for that reason, i still feel physically weak sometimes‛ (participant from case study 1). furthermore, some participants mentioned having self-harm thoughts and fear of repeating the same incident with them. then again some cut off their contact with their social circle and live in loneliness. participants mentioned that no will be able to understand their situations so they maintained a distance from everything and passed their days in loneliness. on the matter of being physically affected another participant said, ‚some incidents can cause you the loss of physical strength. i was physically harassed and that took my physical strength too. i thought about physically harming me because some stranger touching me. i was absolutely disgusted by that thought. somehow, i managed to save myself‛ (participant from case study 8). consequences of sexual harassment is a barrier for female students in higher studies the consequences of sexual harassment are far worst that the bad impacts of it. participants stressed the several consequences of sexual harassment incidents. one of the most common consequences was losing their motivation to carry out their study further. some of them mentioned skipping their classes and distracting from their career focus. there are also so many other consequences of the behavior. one of the participants' statements matches with others in which she said, ‚i didn’t feel like going to campus every day because of the incident. i tried to skip my classes and miss my lectures. of that my result fell down on that semester. after that, i was more stressed and sadder because i lost my consistency. i still regret that but that incident really shattered my confidence‛ (participant from case study 2). similarly, another participant on this matter similarly said that ‚it was not easy for me to face my harasser every day together with he was unremorseful and was not a bit guilty of his deed. this is what made me skip my classes. i even wanted to drop out. so, i came back to my home after the incident and hide like it was my fault‛ (participant from case study 4). the consequences were discussed by the participants who were like harming their educational focus and changing their minds about their career goals. those consequences marked a deep scar on their way to success in higher studies and created barriers. even many of them did not disclose the matter because of the fear of her known people. they found it will decrease their honor. one of the participants shared her perception of that, ‚it is never an easy task not to be judged as a victim in this society. no matter what a victim goes through society will always blame them. this thought gave me more severe panic and i couldn’t share it at that time. i felt helpless about thinking no one would take my side. all this thinking blew away my focus for a better career and i started to feel lonely out here‛ (participant from case study 5). additionally, family is also an important factor to have the consequences of those incidents. participants mentioned their fear of their families and this led them to more frustration. family can play a vital role in this matter and most of the time their support is not active in this matter. about one indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 18 of the participants said, ‚society makes the family involved in victim blaming too. for this reason, i could not even share that with my family. i was too scared that they will not support me and blame me anyway. for this reason, i got more stressed and cut off my contacts for several days. i felt lonely and devastated at that time. i was new to the city also and did not have any friends to share all these‛ (participant from case study 2). correspondently victims of sexual harassment face so many bad consequences because of this but it is really not a matter of fact for society and families many times. the consequences can even lead someone to die and nothing is more serious than this. family support is extremely important for coping up with the consequences. participants stressed the fact that the consequences had a visible impact on their life. one of the participants from kii said that ‚i became so worried to see the results of my daughter because of that incident. she behaved so differently than how she used to be. she didn’t want to talk with anybody and lock her in a room for a long time. she also became sick. those reactions made me and my family really worried about her‛ (participant from kii 1). again, he added the importance of family support in this. his experience can be an example of this matter. he further said, ‚delicate matters should be handled with love and support by family. i am happy and relieved that i helped my daughter to come over from this situation but i’m also stressed that it should need a permanent solution. otherwise, so many victims will suffer and ruin their life‛ (participant from kii 1). the study found that sexual harassment rates are extremely high and its prevalence is vast in the study area. it has been found that gender-based sexual harassment which means female students are the main victim of this harassment. female students in higher studies field faced different forms of sexual harassment. especially verbal and non-verbal harassments are extremely common in the study area. in verbal harassment victims faced body shaming comments, sexual jokes, indirect poking about personal life, spreading false sexual rumors, and so on. again, non-verbal harassments are a similar form of physical harassment which includes intentionally touching private parts of the body, forcing others to do something, pushing and shoving down, and so on. similarly (kalra & bhugra, 2013) discussed the forms of sexual harassment which include sexist comments offensive sexual advances, threats or forceful touching, jokes or insults about sexuality, and so on. the participation of women in the education sector is increasing it is almost equal to male participation but this also increases the chance of sexual harassment toward them (cosentino and banerjee, 2017). the study reveals that sexual harassment is common and frequently happening occurrence in the study area along with gender-based sexual harassment is also exceedingly happening in the educational environment. females are the main victims of sexual harassment and gender discrimination is visible in sexual harassment occurrences. women are constant victims of men as in every sector they are harassed by strangers, coworkers, classmates, and even their friends (rosenthal et al., 2016). a study stated that undergraduate female students are greatly offended by their peers, batch mates, or faculty but they hardly reach out for any conclusions about those behaviors (wood et al., 2018). again, the study revealed about two major environments are responsible for most of the occurrences which are male-dominated environments or leadership and the organizations' contributions in tolerating the crime. female students don’t find it reliable to report the incidents to their organizations' systems. organizational tolerance regarding harassment incidents is the motivation behind the crime that occurs repeatedly and also female students don’t show reliability in the organizational system. (lonsway et al., 2013) and (jones et al., 2012) respectively discussed that institutions which highly influenced by male-dominated culture and the institutions that provide the least protection against harassment incidents tend to cumulate sexual harassment incidents. female students cope with sexual harassment in a variety of ways, most often by ignoring or appeasing the harasser and seeking social support. a study by kelley & parsons (2020) reported that greater than 50 percent of women students encounter or experience sexually harassing conduct in academia and they mostly experience those from their faculty, seniors, juniors, and even classmates. the present study also found a similar situation as female students continuously harassed by peer indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 12-21 19 groups, superiors, or even strangers in their academic area. again, sexual harassment can cause severe impacts on the victims. the study showed that female students greatly suffered from various impacts of sexual harassment. psychological or emotional breakdown is an extremely common impact in surviving sexual harassment. on another note physical weakness and well-being are also related to the psychological state of the victims. similarly (foster & fullagar, 2018) and (tyson, 2019) respectively identified that sexual harassments are extremely hard to deal with for mental and physical well-being. then again, the study discloses psychological impacts like depression, anger, fear, loneliness, stress, etc. shook off the female students. physical impacts like weakness self-harm and less stamina are also endured by them as an impact of offensive occurrence. again, victims blame the situation on the society in majority of cases. bondestam & lundqvist (2020) stated that women don’t report sexual harassment because of the stereotyping outlook, victim blaming in society, fear of decreasing honor, and so on. the present study consenting on that revealed that cultural practices of gender discrimination, victim blaming, and the dominance of men in society is responsible for their insecurities and they also do not feel safe sharing their situations. previous studies mentioned fear of facing doubts, scrutiny, and fear of social stigmatization as reasons for suppressing voices, emotions, and delayed reports against those incidents (foster & fullagar, 2018) and (tyson, 2019). regarding the consequences or the outcomes of those impacts the study further revealed that sexual harassment in an educational organization can have a great scar on the victim’s study career. the major reveal of the outcomes was female students wanted to skip their classes, had lower grades, or even felt like dropping out. likewise (johnson et al., 2016) in their study found the psychological impacts faced by sexually harassed victims in their academic journey, losses in their performance, and bearing trauma throughout their life. they also revealed that the career focus of the victims got changed for the experience and some victims hardly find a way to survive in their academic journey. conclusion sexual harassment is a global issue and in the western world, it has reportedly established a higher epidemic in higher education environments. similarly in bangladesh social problems are increasing day by day. harassments in academia are also a common phenomenon in our country. young adults are assets for a country, especially for a developing country like ours. furthermore, half of our population consist of a female which means the development of our nation highly depended on the growth of women. women suffer a lot due to sexual harassment incidents in their day-to-day life. in the present time, everything is going forward except the fact that women are still discriminated against in every sector. furthermore, female students are not even eager or brave enough to report the crime. several factors are responsible for this and those factors should be acknowledged by all. if proper steps will not be taken then the number of incidents will increase in higher education day by day. the impacts faced by the victims can bring major consequences as a whole. the victims need proper security and mental assurance regard not to happen the incident again. moreover, only providing legal implications will not help the whole situation. the government, the leaders, the organizational authority, and most importantly general people of society all should be alert and come forward to prevent sexual harassment. references 1. bondestam, f., & lundqvist, m. 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(2018). sexual harassment at institutions of higher education: prevalence, risk, and extent. journal of interpersonal violence, 36(9–10), 4520–4544 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 193 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.595 page: 193 – 203 quality of services in the secondary educational organizations of bangladesh: an evaluation by secondary graduates md. shafikuzzaman joarder1,wardatul akmam1, shaikh mohammad kais1, md. nazmul hoque1 1department of sociology, university of rajshahi, bangladesh corresponding author: md. shafikuzzaman joarder; email: shafikuzzaman@ru.ac.bd a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: educational services, secondary graduates, quality of education. received : 02 july 2022 revised : 05 october 2022 accepted : 07 october 2022 despite the burgeoning quantitative progress in tertiary and pre-tertiary levels, popular discourses render a growing concern that the quality of education has deteriorated over the years in bangladesh. in identifying problems of the educational system in bangladesh, a majority of previous macro-level studies adopted the approaches of policy-makers, ngos, international organizations, and other intervening authorities. this study, in distinction, tries to explore the issue from a micro-perspective – students’ views regarding the quality of educational services they received in colleges and high schools, which makes it unique. using a cross-sectional survey research design, data were collected from 114 first-year students from the university of rajshahi, bangladesh. findings show that regardless of having good teachers, classrooms, and other facilities, students were heavily dependent on private tuition at the pre-tertiary education level. the services and facilities offered by the colleges of the respondents were of better quality than that of their high schools. schools/colleges in district towns/divisional cities offer better quality services/facilities than those located at the union/village level. respondents’ ssc result was significantly associated with the locality and quality of classrooms whereas hsc result was significantly affected by computer and internet facilities as well as the overall quality of services/facilities they enjoyed in their colleges. introduction stable economic growth combined with a hefty investment in pre-tertiary education in recent years has developed a sizeable middle class in south asia, including bangladesh, with mounting demand for higher levels of education (economic intelligence unit 2014). as a result, the number of secondary school graduates enrolling in tertiary education institutions increased by about 245% in the country over a span of only seven years – from 821,364 in 2004 to 2,008,337 in 2011 (economic intelligence unit, 2014). similarly, in line with the constitutional pledge of establishing a massoriented education system, mushrooming of new education institutions at all levels took place in the country in recent years, which may be viewed as the outcome of an expansionist approach (ahmed 2011). for example, between 2010 and 2016, the total number of primary education institutions, junior and secondary institutions, and colleges increased by 53.2%, 7.4%, and 27.5% respectively (banbeis 2016a, banbeis 2016b, banbeis 2016c). in addition to the number of enrolments, the rate of success of students in terms of the percentage of passed students in public examinations at pre-tertiary levels jumped heavily in the last two decades. for example, as the banbeis data show, 72.47 percent of the appeared students passed the hsc examination in 2016, while this value was only 24.77 in 1996. a similar rate of success is also marked at the ssc level. notwithstanding this rapid progress, popular discourses depict a rising concern that the quality of education has dropped over the years (ahmad, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 194 2000; ahmed, 2011; ahmed et al., 2006; ugc 2006). among different levels, primary and secondary education sectors are plagued with multifaceted crises (banbeis, 2016a). though the transition rate of primary graduates enrolling in secondary level institutions is about 80%, less than 20% of the students who enroll in grade six pass the ssc level, and only 10% complete the hsc (ahmed 2011; ugc 2006). the average dropout rate at each grade in the junior secondary level is 14%, while this figure is 37% and 17% in secondary and higher secondary levels, respectively (ahmed 2011, banbeis 2006). thus, the high level of wastage indicates that the crisis is more severe at the secondary level. a number of previous studies focused on the problematic nature of the secondary education system in bangladesh. rahman et al. (2010) have drawn a historical overview of the development of secondary education in bangladesh. citing references from wood’s educational despatch, qudrat-i-khuda commission report, maniruzzaman mia commission report and the recent education policy of bangladesh, the authors have delineated the evolution of secondary education in bangladesh. the authors note that although significant positive changes have been brought about, declining quality has been a concern. they suggest the identification of the factors that can enhance the quality of students’ learning irrespective of their socio-economic background. rahman et al. (2018) have identified some concrete challenges in secondary education in bangladesh: deficiency in trained teachers and equipment, outdated curriculum, weak management system, insufficient funds and problems in efficient utilization of funds, inappropriate and inefficient examination system, and rural-urban disparity in education services. prodhan (2016) has pointed toward the absence of ‚a unified education system with unified standardized syllabus under central supervision‛ as a hindrance. the asian development bank in a topical paper (adb, 2015) observes that despite substantial improvements in terms of gender equity and access, quality is a major concern in provisions made for secondary education in bangladesh, with a low level of learning and insufficient acquisition of noncognitive skills among students, a wide gap between the quality of schools, developing a tendency of rote learning due to a weak examination system’ and lack of motivation among teachers in an inadequate system for teacher development. according to masum billah (2017), ‚inadequate schools, heavy school curriculum, complex textbooks, outdated teaching methods, and poor teaching-learning approaches, dropping out, teacher's shortage and poor infrastructural facilities‛ are the most visible problems related to secondary education in bangladesh. a study by rahman et al. (2012) has emphasized the need to incorporate icts in the education sector in bangladesh. imon (2017) found that although the government has been encouraging the use of computers, projectors, and icts in classrooms, the reality is that the use of these in practice is still limited. overall, poor qualitative achievement at the secondary level of education is attributed to a number of structural, institutional, and socio-economic constraints (ahmed 2011, ahmed et al 2006, ugc 2006). the world bank (2013) considers efficient teachers as the single most important school-related factor that contributes to better learning. however, teachers are not being utilized effectively in bangladesh. ‚the current system does not attract, constitute, and retain the best professionals, and once recruited, it provides little incentive to keep them motivated‛ (p. xxi). they are interested in using neither innovative pedagogical approaches nor peer-learning networks. additional experience of teachers does not help enhance students’ learning because of lower levels of motivation of teachers. thus, the quality of teachers remains a challenge and as kono et al. (2018) have indicated, low levels of teaching and learning continue to be an issue from which shortcomings in the education sector arise in bangladesh. the unesco office in dhaka (2018) recommends that in light of the education policy of bangladesh, 2010, a teacher development policy should be prepared to address the issue of elevating the quality of secondary level teachers, including their recruitment and continuous professional development. a study carried out by usaid (2021) has shown that there are various areas of concern that need to be addressed to develop the higher secondary education sector of bangladesh. some of these areas are management and supervision system, funding, recruitment of teachers and their training, and facilities like classrooms and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 195 laboratory, libraries, ict etc. a study by hossain et al. (2019) has emphasized having ict facilities in the libraries of secondary schools. their findings show that most libraries of schools and colleges located in rural areas do not have ict facilities. moreover, in the libraries that do have such facilities, the assistant librarians do not have ict literacy to provide services to the library users. drawing on the above-mentioned narratives, this study aims to explore a particular aspect of the quality of the educational system – learners’ evaluations of the services/facilities that prevailed at their secondary and higher secondary education institutions. moreover, it depicts whether the quality of these facilities is significantly associated with their performance in their ssc and hsc examinations. a scrutiny of the existing literature on the quality of education at pre-tertiary levels reveals few knowledge gaps in research scholarship, which rationalizes the undertaking of this study. the vast majority of research concentrated on the study of macro-level factors including the institutional-structural interventions, the overall education policy, and the education system as a whole. the uniqueness of the current study lies in the fact that it primarily focuses on a micro-level study designed to bring out evaluations of the students who were successful in getting admission into one of the top-ranking higher education institutions in bangladesh. furthermore, as far as the authors have gone through there has been no significant study conducted in bangladesh to find out whether there exists any substantial association between the quality of facilities/services in secondary institutes and the student's achievements in secondary examinations (i.e. ssc and hsc). thus, this research aims at contributing to the expansion of knowledge by adopting an entirely novel approach (by having students as the source of information) and through its attempt to find out the association between the quality of facilities/services enjoyed by the students and their achievements in secondary and higher secondary public examinations. hereby, the purposes of the present paper are: (1) to depict students’ evaluations of the quality of facilities/ services they enjoyed in their high schools and colleges with reference to their locality; (2) to compare between the quality of facilities/services they enjoyed in their high schools and colleges; and (3) to assess the relationship between different facilities and services provided in the secondary institutions and students’ achievement in ssc or hsc examinations. methods this study was designed to explore learners’ evaluations regarding the overall quality of their high schools and colleges and to find out whether there is any association between the quality of the facilities/services they enjoyed in their school/ college and their achievement at ssc/hsc levels. a quantitative approach has been adopted in this research to achieve its objectives. a questionnaire survey was conducted among 114 selected undergraduate students in the first year (session 2016-2017) enrolled in the university of rajshahi (ru). two students (one male and one female) from each of the 57 departments/institutes took part in it. the respondents were selected from the top ten students of their respective classes based on their merit position achieved in the university admission test. thus, the population of the study consisted of 570 students. a purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents for this study. in sociology, purposive or judgmental sampling is applied to select units of observation ‚based on researcher’s judgment about which ones will be the most useful or representative‛ (babbie 2013). to select the respondents for this study, three conditions were considered: (1) the respondents had to be first year (session 2016-2017) undergraduate students of ru; (2) two students from each of the 57 departments/institutes of ru had to be selected; and (3) generally, one male student and one female student from each department (based on the availability of interested students) must be selected. to address the issues mentioned above, the purposive sampling technique was deemed more suitable. the second and third conditions helped make the study more representative in terms of gender and discipline. the university of rajshahi was selected purposively as the study site as it serves as an excellent case in point to examine the research topic for several reasons. firstly, being established in 1953 and currently having about 37,200 students (dos 2018), it is the second oldest and second largest university in the country. every year above 4,000 students take admitted to the undergraduate indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 196 level at this university. secondly, from fine arts to computer engineering, from fisheries and agriculture to sociology, and from languages to business studies, almost all the major classical and modern branches of knowledge are taught here, which makes it a hub for students and scholars from all academic fields. thirdly, coming from all socioeconomic strata and geographical regions of the country, the students of this university can be regarded as true representatives of their cohort. finally, admission seekers at ru come from all major streams of secondary level of education: general, madrasah, vocational, and english medium institutions. therefore, secondary graduates’ evaluation of the quality of different secondary educational organizations can be studied by gathering information from the students at this university. the questionnaire for this study was semistructured in nature and included both open-ended and closed-ended questions. the study used a fivepoint psychometric response scale (likert scale) – very bad to very good – in which respondents specified their level of agreement with some statements regarding their satisfaction with different services at school and college levels. the collected data, after being processed on a spreadsheet of spss software, were analyzed by employing simple statistical techniques (e.g., frequency distributions, chi-square tests). results and discussion location of the high school and college of which the respondents were students it is generally believed that the quality of education imparted in schools and colleges in an urban locality is better than that offered in schools and colleges in a rural setting. assuming that location of the school/college is very likely to be associated with the quality of the services received by the respondents, this factor is being discussed at the outset of explaining the results of the study. findings show a trend among the respondents to go to colleges situated in district towns and divisional cities even though families of 47% of the respondents lived in rural areas. table 1 shows the location of the schools and colleges from which the respondent students had passed their ssc and hsc examinations. it is observed that although 45.2% of the respondents went to union/village level high schools, only 13% of them went to village/union level colleges. a reason for making such a choice was that there were fewer colleges at the union/village level than schools/madrasahs. survey results also show that only 16 (13.9%) of the students studied in schools located in divisional cities, but 31 (27%) were students from colleges located in divisional cities. similarly, only 16.5% of the students went to schools located in district towns, whereas almost 34% of the respondents went to colleges situated in district towns. table 1. location of the high school and college from which the respondents graduated (in percent) location of the institution high school college union/village 45.2 11.3 upazila/thana 24.4 27.8 district 16.5 33.9 division 13.9 27 total 100 100 evaluations and comparison of the quality of services students received in high schools and colleges 1. quality of teachers in high schools and colleges the respondents were asked to rate the quality of their teachers. they rated their teachers from their general perception rather than based on any specific indicators (e.g., educational qualification, academic result, teaching experience, etc.). table 2 demonstrates respondents’ views regarding the quality of their teachers in college and high school. most of the students have rated their teachers at college as either ‘good’ (45.22%) or ‘very good’ (33.91%). the figure also shows that almost a similar proportion of respondents have rated the quality of their high school (46%) and college (45%) teachers as ‘good’. however, a higher percentage of students have rated their college teachers (34%) as ‘very good’ in comparison to their high school teachers (27%). a substantial proportion of respondents posited their teachers in ‘neither good nor bad’ standing in high schools (16%) and colleges (14%). only 5% of the respondents considered their teachers in colleges as ‘bad’ or ‘very bad’, but 9% of the students held similar opinions about their high school teachers. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 197 table 2. respondents’ opinion regarding quality of their high school and college teachers (in percent) opinion in high school in college very good 26.95 33.91 good 46.09 45.22 neither good nor bad 15.65 13.91 bad 6.09 3.48 very bad 2.61 1.74 no comments 2.61 1.74 total 100 100 2. quality of classrooms, and libraries in colleges and high schools table 3 depicts that most of the respondents have expressed a ‘good’ opinion regarding their classrooms in colleges (58.26%) and high schools (52.17%). almost 21% have rated their college classrooms as ‘very good’, while 14.78% have rated their high school classrooms in a similar fashion. thus from the table, it is clear that the respondents’ classrooms at the college level were of better quality than their high school classrooms. table 3 also shows that 85.22% of colleges and 67.83% of high schools provided library facilities. more than 66% of the college libraries were of ‘good’ or ‘very good’ quality, while only 31% of the respondents opined that their high schools provided library facilities of such quality. overall, the library facilities provided by the colleges of the respondents were of better quality than that of their high schools. table 3. quality of classroom and library facility in the college and high school (respondents’ opinion in percent) opinion classroom facility library facility college (n=114) high school (n=114) college (n = 98) high school (n = 78) very bad 0.87 2.61 6.12 15.38 bad 6.09 4.35 6.12 17.95 neither good nor bad 13.91 26.09 21.43 25.64 good 58.26 52.17 34.69 29.49 very good 20.87 14.78 31.63 11.54 total 100 100 100 100 3. availability and quality of computer, projector and internet facilities findings of the present study show that computer facilities in the respondents’ colleges were of better quality than that of their high schools. about 85% of the respondents’ colleges and almost 74% of their high schools provided computer facilities to them. table 4 reflects the quality of computer facilities in the students’ high schools and colleges. the quality of computer facilities in 52% of the respondents’ colleges was either ‘good’ or ‘very good’. however, only 27.06% of the respondents’ high schools had ‘good’ or ‘very good’ computer facilities. in the age of the 4th industrial revolution, education systems must provide students ample opportunities to sufficiently develop their ict knowledge base. however, schools and colleges in bangladesh are trailing behind in this regard. a survey carried out by saha et. al. (2021) shows that with a teacher-student ratio as high as 288:1, it is very difficult to ensure quality ict education. moreover, it was found that 80% of the teachers who taught ict had graduated in subjects other than ict (or related subjects). findings of the present study depict that colleges of 63.48% of the respondents provided internet facilities but only48.7% of their high schools provided such facilities. according to table 4 only 8.22% of the colleges provided ‘very good’ quality internet services while none of the respondents’ high schools provided them with such quality internet facilities. on the other hand, 43.84% of the colleges provided ‘very bad’ or ‘bad’ quality internet services. however, 67.86% of the internet facilities provided by the respondents’ high schools were either ‘very bad’ or ‘bad’. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 198 table 4. quality of computer, projector and internet facilities (respondents’ opinion in percent) opinion computer facility internet facility college (n = 98) high school (n = 85) college (n = 73) high school (n = 56) very bad 9.18 16.47 21.92 37.5 bad 11.22 15.29 21.92 30.36 neither good nor bad 27.55 41.18 31.51 16.07 good 39.8 20 16.44 16.07 very good 12.24 7.06 8.22 0 total 100 100 100 100 4. availability and quality of other facilities and services the study findings demonstrate that 90.43% of the respondents’ colleges and 92.17% of their high schools provided sports facilities for them. according to table 3, more than 15% of the colleges provided sports facilities of ‘very good’ quality, while none of the high schools was able to offer such quality sports facilities to their students. more than 43% of the colleges provided ‘good’ quality sports/games facilities, while almost 52% of the high schools provided sports facilities that were of ‘neither good nor bad’ quality. in analyzing the quality of services, the scope of community involvement while studying in colleges and high schools has been incorporated as well. findings show that 78.26% of the colleges and 73.91% of the high schools gave such opportunities to their students. forty-two (46.67%) of the colleges and 36 (42.36%) of the high schools provided scope for ‘good’ or ‘very good’ quality involvement with the community. there were some activities for 84.35% of the students at the college level to maintain their campus. almost a similar proportion of students also had such activities in high school. table 5 shows that almost 57.89% of the respondents’ schools had activities of ‘good’ or ‘very good’ quality to maintain their campus, while 55.67% of the colleges had such types of activities. table 5: quality of sports/game, voluntary services, and campus maintenance activities level of attributes game facility (%) voluntary/community involvement (%) campus maintenance activity (%) college (n = 104) high school (n = 102) college (n = 90) high school (n = 85) college (n = 97) high school (n = 95) very bad 3.85 6.86 8.89 14.12 5.15 9.47 bad 13.46 20.59 14.44 12.94 11.34 9.47 neither good nor bad 24.04 51.96 30 30.59 27.84 23.16 good 43.27 20.59 37.78 28.24 39.18 37.89 very good 15.38 0 8.89 14.12 16.49 20 total 100 100 100 100 100 100 5. overall rating of the educational organizations by the respondents the study reveals that the majority of learners were satisfied or highly satisfied regarding the overall quality of their secondary institutions. table6 shows the overall rating made by the respondents regarding their colleges and high schools. according to most of the respondents (67.82%), their colleges were of very good/good quality, whereas 62.61% of them rated their high schools as very good’/‘good’ on an overall basis. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 199 table 6. overall rating of the college and high school by the students overall rating of the institutions high school college very good 15.65 17.39 good 46.96 50.43 neither good nor bad 23.48 19.13 bad 7.83 7.83 very bad 0.87 1.74 no comments 5.21 3.48 total 100 100 association between different facilities and services provided in the secondary institutions and students’ achievement in ssc or hsc examinations associations between different variables from sections 3.1 and 3.2.1 to 3.2.5 with students’ achievement in ssc or hsc examination have been calculated using the pearson chi-square test as shown in table 7. the results show that the location of educational institutions and quality of classrooms have significant associations with the achievements of the students in the ssc examination but they are not substantial for the students’ attainment in hsc examination. in contrast, the quality of computer and internet facilities show a strong association with the student's achievement at the hsc level but not in ssc examination. however, the two most important variables for educational attainment – the quality of teachers and the quality of library facilities – fail to establish strong associations with the student's achievement both in ssc and hsc examinations. however, the x2 test shows that the overall quality of the educational institution is significantly associated with the student's attainment at the hsc level but it is not significant for their previous achievement in ssc examination. table 7. pearson chi-square test results regarding the association between different variables and achieved results in ssc/hsc variables chi-square value degrees of freedom p-value whether significant at 0.05 level the locality of high school and achieved results at the ssc level 4.066 1 .034 yes the locality of college and achieved results at the hsc level 1.652 1 .137 no quality of teachers at high school and achieved results at ssc level .087 1 .494 no quality of teachers at college and achieved results at hsc level 2.314 1 .095 no quality of classroom at high school and achieved result at ssc level 5.642 1 .017 yes quality of classroom at college and achieved result at hsc level 3.154 1 .060 no quality of library at high school and achieved result at ssc level 1.522 1 .162 no quality of library at college and achieved results at hsc level .053 1 .484 no quality of computer facility at high school and achieved result at ssc level 1.742 1 .147 no quality of computer facility at college and achieved result at hsc level 5.017 1 .020 yes indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 200 quality of internet facility at college and achieved result at hsc level 3.963 1 .042 yes overall quality of high school and achieved result at ssc level 3.152 1 .062 no overall quality of college and achieved result at hsc level 5.282 1 .017 yes findings presented above reveal that the services and facilities offered by colleges of the respondents were of better quality than that offered by their high schools. although almost 70% of them went to high schools located in upazila/union/ village area, 60% went to colleges located in district/divisional cities. for this reason, the locality of high school significantly affected students’ results in ssc examination but the locality of college did not significantly affect their achievements in hsc examination. according to the respondents, almost 80% of their teachers in college and 73% of the teachers in high schools were of good/very good quality. however, the quality of teachers in high school/college did not significantly affect students’ results in their ssc/hsc examination. the reason for this finding could be that teachers were not being utilized in an effective manner (world bank, 2013). students were more dependent on private tuition than what their teachers taught in their high school/college classrooms. table8 shows that only 2.5% and 9.6% of the respondents refrained from seeking private tuition at college and high school levels, respectively. according to institutional theorists, schools and colleges are positively reinforced and receive funding from the government by adopting the recommended and standardized structural practices. teachers are monitored for completing administrative work (e.g., submitting grades) but not for their performances in classrooms. monitoring of instructions are avoided as they pose some problems that ‘undermine public trust’. teachers also consider such monitoring as a violation of their professional autonomy. thus in spite of being qualified in terms of credentials the teachers remain unmonitored in isolated classrooms, which does not guarantee their good performance in teaching (davies and guppy, 2006). following this theory, the authors surmise that the learning deficiencies that remain in classrooms of schools/colleges because of the inefficiency/ insincerity of teachers are usually covered through private tuition/coaching centers/guidebooks. it is to be stated that a large number of the school/college teachers themselves offer private tuition before or after office hours. the respondents had to study a compulsory course on information and communication technology (ict) at the hsc level but not at the ssc level. for this reason, the quality of computer and internet facilities in college was significantly associated with respondents’ results at the hsc level but the quality of these facilities in high schools did not significantly affect their results in ssc examination. table 8. status of availing private tuitions (respondents’ opinion in percent) status of availing private tuitions high school college no private tuition availed 9.6 2.5 tuition availed at home 8.7 10.4 tuition availed at the coaching center 62.6 69.8 tuition availed both at home and coaching center 19.1 17.3 total 100 100 high school/college students hardly use their libraries to prepare for their public examinations. therefore, the quality of the library did not significantly affect the achievements of students in their ssc/hsc examinations. the authors have reviewed some studies carried out in different countries (usa, nigeria, philippines, ghana, etc.) that have tried to relate the quality of facilities/services delivered in secondary schools and educational achievements made by their students. some of these studies found a significant association between the quality of facilities/services and students’ academic achievements (e.g., otchere et al., 2019; figueroa et al., 2016; ahmodu et al., 2018), while others did not (e.g., mcgowen, 2007). findings of this study show that only some indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 201 facilities/services under investigation were significantly associated with academic achievement at ssc and hsc levels and this association differed across levels (for example, quality of computer and internet facilities were significantly associated with respondents’ achievement in hsc examination, but not with achievements in ssc examination). this study is afflicted by a notable constraint that it relied on information gathered from current students of only one public university. again, although the respondents were selected by following a list of strict criteria and hence they are deemed representative, the sample size (114) was meager. therefore, the authors recommend the readers’ discretion to interpret and generalize the findings of this study. in addition, the socioeconomic background of the students and other confounding variables were not controlled, a fact that might have affected the results. despite these shortcomings, conclusions about the educational and infrastructural facilities and the student's academic achievements at the secondary level drawn from statistical analysis portray the picture of a pertinent issue in the education sector in bangladesh. conclusion the principal objective of this paper was to present an evaluation of the quality of facilities/services enjoyed by tertiary level students in their respective high schools and colleges. two other objectives of this study were to compare between the quality of facilities/services received in high schools and colleges and to determine whether the quality of these facilities/services was significantly associated with their performance in their ssc/hsc examinations. information collected from the students shows that most of them rated the overall state of learning arrangements in their secondary institutions as ‘good’ or ‘very good’. facilities/services enjoyed by the respondents in their colleges were of much better quality than those enjoyed in their high schools. ssc result of the respondents was significantly associated with the locality and quality of classrooms in their high schools. the respondents’ hsc result was significantly affected by the computer and internet facilities they enjoyed in their colleges. the overall quality of college had a significant impact on respondents’ hsc results but the overall quality of high school did not have a significant influence on their ssc results. as the services and facilities offered by colleges of the respondents were of much better quality than that of their high schools, more emphasis should be attached to ensuring better quality services/facilities in high schools. it has been noted that many of the respondents who went to high schools located in rural areas, later, went to colleges located in district towns. this also points to the possibility that high schools/colleges in district towns/divisional cities offer better quality services/ facilities than those located at the union/village level. therefore, the authors recommend that steps must be taken immediately to curb discrimination against schools/colleges located in rural areas. references 1. adb (asian development bank). 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(2006). strategic plan for higher education in bangladesh: 2006-2026. dhaka: ugc. 28. unesco (united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization). (2011). world data on education: bangladesh. paris: unesco. unesco office in dhaka. 2018. secondary education indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 193-203 203 29. usaid (2021). situational analysis of higher secondary education. in bangladesh. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pa00xx8g.pdf. 30. world bank. (2013). bangladesh education sector review; seeding fertile ground: education that works for bangladesh. dhaka; washington: the world bank. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 67-73 67 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.726 page: 67 – 73 practices and behaviors regarding the use of analgesics salwa muftah eljamay1, emhamed boras2, maha saad almzaini3, mabrouka munsif jebreil3 1department of public health, collage of medical technology, libya 2libyan academy for postgraduate studies, libya 3department of public health, collage of medical technology, libya corresponding author: salwa muftah eljamay; email: salwaeljamay@cmtd.edu.ly a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: analgesic, education, knowledge, practices. received : 27 november 2022 revised : 20 february 2023 accepted : 25 february 2023 analgesic medicines are the most regularly prescribed pharmaceuticals globally. the goal of this project is to learn about and improve analgesic use practices through an education campaign. materials and procedures: this cross-sectional, online survey was conducted for 340 respondents in derna city libya region between 15 april 2022 and two november 2022. result: males were 49 (14.4%) and females were 291 (85.6%), the mean & s.d (1.86, 0.352), ages 10 65 years old, the mean & s.d (1.86, 0.352), (3.92, 2.082). the greatest percentage of excellent at the economic level is 153 (45.0%). the lowest score for superb is 6 (1.8%), followed by 45% for a decent scenario, 35% for a not-so-poor situation, and 7.1% for a horrible one. the percentage of university graduates is 203 (59.7%), whereas the percentage of illiterate people is 3 (0.9%). the p-value of understanding the adverse effects of using analgesics regularly (0.000 0.05), the correlation is significant for there is a link between knowledge and educational level, the relationship between knowledge and educational level demonstrates that a p-value greater than 0.05 indicates that there is no relationship between knowledge and educational level. conclusion: no matter how high a person's education level is, it does not substitute for understanding the usage of analgesic drugs and there's no correlation between a scientific degree and citizens' understanding of the hazards of utilizing analgesic drugs without a prescription. introduction analgesic drugs are the most commonly administered drugs worldwide, participants have a good perception of the safest and most effective analgesic drug during pregnancy, but they have poor knowledge about analgesic side effects (alsaeed & elmaghraby, 2021). there has been an unprecedented increase in morbidity and mortality associated with the use of these medications (peters et al., 2018). most clinicians and lay people are in favor of using even high doses of opioids for terminally ill cancer patients in pain especially if the pain is severe and patients ask for pain relief (mullet & sorum, 2022). despite the pharmaceutical industry's promise and enthusiasm, abuse-deterrent formulation (adf) opioid use is relatively low. while some barriers to use have been addressed through state laws and policy pharmacists' experiences with and opinions of adf opioids are unclear (oyler et al., 2022). over-thecounter (otc) self-medication is a convenient way to manage some health issues, older persons may be at higher risk of experiencing medication-related problems, the pharmacy is the most commonly reported purchase location to buy otc medication, and physicians are the most commonly reported information source for otc medications (paliwal et al., 2021). healthcare providers should be aware of the possible factors related to increased analgesic to identify persons at risk for the misuse of pain medication and to prevent potential adverse effects (schwab et al., 2022). there is a lack of consensus on how to manage pain using opioid analgesics (singh et al., 2019). according to pharmacology, a drug is any substance that produces a biological effect in the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:salwaeljamay@cmtd.edu.ly https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 67-73 68 living organism after administration. it is used in the treatment and prevention of diseases and the promotion of overall health. usage of antipyretics, analgesics & anti-inflammatory drugs was noted in 60% of the adult population who didn't prefer visit a medical practitioner regarding this (singhal, 2021). rational use of analgesics (rua) project investigated the current clinical practices to manage pain in patients with cancer in italy by gathering the opinion of almost 200 italian specialists working in the palliative care field (varrassi et al., 2021). disproportionate pain tool application and nonassociation between pain scores and analgesic management suggest a potential knowledge gap among nurses about the practical (tsai et al., 2022). self‑medication was seen as a widespread phenomenon. the world health organization reported alarming levels of resistance to antibiotics in member countries. the practices of self‑medication pose a serious risk to communicable and no communicable disease control and public health in general (pareek, 2022). despite the development of analgesics and advancement in pain management pain remains undermanaged the untreated pain has a detrimental effect on the patient’s quality of life, affects their outcomes, delays recovery, and increases hospitalization (khetarpal et al., 2021). knowledge of directions for the safe use of acetaminophen-containing medications is poor, and its deficiency is associated with corresponding deviations from label instructions. this study demonstrates a need for education about the safe use of acetaminophen-containing medications, particularly for combination products (kelly et al., 2018). there is no consensus regarding the optimal multimodal anesthetic and analgesic regimen for total joint arthroplasty among surveyed boardcertified arthroplasty surgeon members of the american association of hip and knee surgeons (aahks). the current practice patterns in anesthesia, analgesia, and opioid prescribing may serve as a platform for future work aimed at establishing best clinical practices for maximizing effective postoperative pain control and minimizing the risks associated with prescribing opioids (hannon et al., 2019). the most popular otc analgesics and antipyretics but also makes it frequently associated with the risk of misuse or overuse which may put forth serious safety concerns. assessing the practices and knowledge on paracetamol administration will enable the healthcare professional to identify shortcomings and intervene in view of preventing the misuse of paracetamol (daifallah et al., 2021). the high rate of intramuscular analgesic use and long emergency room stay durations are issues that should constitute the focus of our quality improvement efforts in pain management. the fundamental cause of emergency department (ed) referrals that comprise 75%–80% of all admission complaints, oligo analgesia which can be defined as the lack of using appropriate doses of analgesics or in other words undertreating the pain, is still a significant problem despite the considerable experience (cetin et al., 2021). methods study layout and participants: the cross-sectional, online survey was conducted with 340 respondents in derna city libya on 15 april 2022 and a couple of november 2022. survey questionnaire: using google forms a multi-part self-administered online questionnaire in english, arabic, and english was created. statistical analysis: all variables on this examination are of a specific kind because they are population characteristics and categorical variables are presented as percentages and frequencies (%; relative frequency 100). the p-value and correlation were used to explore the difference between groups for single observations in categorical variables. results and discussion the questionnaire was completed by 340 individuals, the majority of whom completed it in arabic and were observed in english. language demographics as perceived via english. table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the population under consideration. the frequency and proportion of adult men were 49 (14.4%), and the females were 291 (85.6%), according to the mean and s.d. (1.86, 0.352). the mean and standard deviation for ages 10 to 65 years old (3.92, 2.082). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 67-73 69 table 1. frequency and percent % of demographic characteristics. number of participants (%) demographic characteristics s.d mean n (%) 49 (14.4) 291 (85.6) male female gender 2.082 3.92 6 (1.8) 77 (22,6) 120 (35.3) 45 (13.2) 22 (6.5) 23 (6.8) 15 (4.4) 17 (5.0) 10 (2.9) 2 (0.6) 3 (0.9) 10 15 16 20 21 25 26 30 31 35 36 40 41 45 46 50 51 55 56 60 61 65 age (year) 1.244 4.58 11 (3.2) 16 (4.7) 36 (10.6) 34 (10.0) 203 (59.7) 29 (8.5) 8 (2.4) 3 (0.9) primary school; middle institute high institute secondary school university master phd uneducated education levels 0.833 2.65 24 (7.1) 120 (35.3) 153 (45.0) 37 (10.9) 6 (1.8) bad not bad good very good excellent economic levels 340 (100) total in figure 1 economic levels highest percent for good 153 (45.0%), and lowest for excellent 6 (1.8 %). figure 1. frequency & percent of economic levels education levels highest percentage for university 203 (59.7%), lowest for uneducated 3(0.9 %), shown in figure 2. figure 2. frequency & percent of education levels 7.1 % 35.3 % [valu e] % 10.9 % 1.8 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 bad not bad good very good exellent p er ce nt % 3.2 % 4.7 % 10.6 % [value ] % 59.7 % 8.5 % 2.5 % 0.9 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 p er ce nt % indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 67-73 70 the frequency and the percentage of questionnaire answers to questions about practices concerning using analgesics are illustrated in table 2. table 2. frequency and the percent of answers to questions about practices concerning using analgesics. questions answer probably n (%) some times n (%) no n (%) yes n (%) if you feel severe pain, do you go to the doctor? 51 (15) 87 (25.0) 34 (10) 168 (49) have you taken analgesics without a doctor's prescription? 9 (2.6) 46 (13.50) 46 (13.5) 239 (70.3) do you take analgesics when you feel any pain? 14 (4.1) 76 (22.40) 82 (24.1) 168 (49.4) do you feel better when you take the analgesics immediately after taking it? 31 (9.1) 90 (26.50) 38 (11.2) 181 (53.2) do you know the side effects of frequent taking analgesics? 24 (7.1) 15 (4.40) 113 (33.2) 188 (55.3) have you had side effects as a result of taking analgesics too much? 15 (4.4) 18 (5.30) 257 (75.6) 50 (14.7) do you have a chronic disease such as diabetes or pressure? 1 (0.3) 1 (0.30) 310 (91.2) 28 (8.2) would you advise those in pain in front of you to use the analgesic without consulting a doctor? 24 (7.1) 68(20.0) 175 (51.5) 73 (21.5) relationship between knowledge and educational level, the table shows the p-value of knowing the side effects of frequently taking analgesics (0.000 < 0.05), the correlation is significant for there is the relationship between knowledge and educational level in table 3. table 3. relationship between knowledge and educational level questions educational level p value if you feel severe pain, do you go to the doctor? 0.278 have you taken analgesics without a doctor's prescription? 0.639 do you take analgesics when you feel any pain? 0.203 do you feel better when you take the analgesics immediately after taking it? 0.252 do you already know the facet outcomes of common taking analgesics? 0.000 have you had side effects as a result of taking analgesics too much? 0.133 do you have a chronic disease such as diabetes or pressure? 0.437 would you advise those in pain in front of you to use the analgesic without consulting a doctor? 0.704 relationship between knowledge and educational level shows that p-value > 0.05, indicates to there is no relation between knowledge and educational level. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 67-73 71 table 4. relationship between knowledge and educational level correlations education al level education (person) r 0.015 p value 0.778 education (spearman's rho) r 0.039 p value 0.479 n 340 the questionnaire was completed by 340 participants, the online survey was conducted in derna city, libya for the period between 15 april 2022 and 2 november 2022. the survey was completed in both arabic and english languages. the demographic characteristics of the study population are presented, the frequency and percent of males were 49 (14.4%), and the female was 291 (85.6 %), the mean & s.d (1.86, 0.352). ages between 10 65 years old, the mean & s.d (3.92, 2.082) in table 1. the economic level's highest percentage for good 153 (45.0%), lowest for excellent 6 (1.8 %), 45% for a good situations, 35% for a not bad situations, and 7.1 % for a bad situations. education levels highest percentage for university 203 (59.7%), lowest for uneducated 3(0.9 %) in figure 1, the frequency and the percent of questionnaire answers of practices regarding the use of analgesics shown in figure 2, the relationship between knowledge and educational level, the table show the p-value of know the side effects of frequent taking analgesics (0.000 < 0.05), the correlation is significant for there is the relationship between knowledge and educational level in table 2, table 3. the relationship between knowledge and educational level shows that p-value > 0.05 in table 4, which indicates to there is no relation between knowledge and educational level, the data measured the relationship by (person, spearman's rho) correlation. the study agrees with the previous study? this is a description of the results not a discussion that should move to the results section. a large percentage of runners in our study displayed unsafe practices regarding analgesic use during training and competition, predominantly for perceived injury management. importantly, the lack of education and recommendations regarding analgesics from health professionals is very concerning, as there's a risk of potentially lifethreatening analgesic-induced adverse effects, especially as a high percentage were using two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) concomitantly. knowledge of these practices gained through this study could allow for the development and implementation of corrective strategies to promote education and safe practice of analgesic use in runners (tsai et al., 2022), (grézy-chabardès et al., 2015), (daifallah et al., 2021), (alsaeed & elmaghraby, 2021), (jankovic et al., 2019), (pareek, 2022), (mostafa et al., 2022), (khetarpal et al., 2021). conclusion no matter how high a person's education level, it does not substitute for understanding the usage of analgesic drugs. and there is no correlation between scientific degree and citizens' understanding of the hazards of utilizing analgesic drugs without a prescription. references 1. alsaeed, m. j., & elmaghraby, d. a. 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(2019). fast food consumption among teenagers aged between (13 to 25) years old and their effect on health in derna libya. j regen biol med. 1(1):1-8. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 80 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.439 page: 80 – 87 assessment of awareness on climate change among public and private universities of lahore ayesha mohsin1, abeera shehzad1, fatima bilal1, fatima imran1, sana akhtar1, syeda anna fatima1 1 department of environmental sciences, kinnaird college for women university, pakistan corresponding author: ayesha mohsin; email: ayeshamohsin51@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: climate change, global crisis, tertiary institutions. received : 17 january 2022 revised : 10 february 2022 accepted : 13 february 2022 as everything in this world evolves or changes, so does our climate. scientists have now proved that climate change is happening at a much faster rate than before. pakistan is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change impacts. pakistan is considered as 7th most vulnerable country to climate change. recently in lahore, many major events occurred due to climate change like the occurrence of smog. the present study was conducted in 4 different tertiary institutions of lahore, pakistan. a descriptive survey design was specially employed for this study which used a stratified random sampling method for selecting the students. moreover, a structured questionnaire titled climate change awareness was developed for collecting data from the students based on their level of awareness. according to this survey, 49.1% of the students know about the policies government is making regarding climate change. 62.5% of the respondents agreed that they have the necessary information to prepare for the impacts of climate change. the result of the findings showed a moderate level of awareness about climate change among the students. awareness of climate change is an important ingredient for the successful implementation of climate change policy in the country. by improving the climate services and raising awareness about climate change and once it starts to grow it can be integrated into local, national, and sectoral development plans. introduction the word climate refers to the condition of the atmosphere that stays for a long time about 11-40 years. it is a long-term summary of the difference in temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, etc. as everything in this world evolves or changes, so does our climate. various studies have now proved that climate change is happening at a much faster rate than before (indrani et al., 2010). humans are now exposed to drastic changes of climate change viz. increase in global temperature, rising in sea level, warming of the sea, shorter and warmer winters, increased incidence of severe cyclones and melting of glaciers and many others most frequent extreme climatic events. these changes have many negative effects on humans as well as the natural ecosystem (nisha et al., 2014). local and broad knowledge about climate change is required to formulate mitigation strategies. many studies have been done on the awareness of climate change among students, educators, farmers, etc. these studies have shown that an emphasis should be done on the basic understanding of the local community/people to make them aware of climate change (aymeric et al., 2016; alfonso, 2021). pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries to climatic impacts. according to various researchers and also according to the minister of climate change who claimed that pakistan is also on the list with other countries that are threatened by climate change. pakistan is considered as 7th most vulnerable country to climate change, also in some studies, it has been shown that by the end of the 21st-century temperature of most of the asian indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:ayeshamohsin51@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 81 countries will not be suitable or comfortable for the people. in the past decade, many of the unexpected events in pakistan like; floods, droughts, heatwaves, etc have affected the majority of the population (shahid z, 2012). according to the experts, pakistan had faced around 150 severe weather incidents due to climate change. in the past 20 years, these climatic events include smog in winter, flash floods, landslides, displaced population, forest fires in summer, freaky heat waves, and melting of glaciers. climatic literature showed us that global warming will affect the cognitive and physical performance of workers and thereby cause a decrease in effective labor supply. extreme weather conditions i.e. temperature is detrimental to health. now there is a debate whether climate change is due to anthropogenic activities or it’s a series of natural events. about many kinds of research, it can be proved that this change is more due to different human activities (industrial revolution, agricultural practices, and whatnot). all these activities tend to change the global composition of the atmosphere, disturbing the natural cycles resulting in climate change (qadir m. et al., 2016). climate change is a matter of concern and could be catastrophic in the future if not taken seriously today (gulam m et al., 2018) the possible effects of climate change are less food production because the crop yield is directly dependent on climatic conditions (particularly rainfall patterns and temperature, chances of more strong tropical cyclones, resulting in the alteration of the wind speeds, due to the melting of the glaciers, floods might become more common, increase in the disease occurrences and alteration in the biological diversity could also be observed (stern et al., 2014). to minimize the climate change effects, it is very important to introduce strategies that can easily tackle the situation and reduce future complications. one of the strategies would be to create awareness among people that how their agricultural practices and industrial activities are creating a negative impact on the climate and the second is to introduce climate and climate changes issues in the school prospectus. it is very important to critically analyze the complex global climate changes and the level of awareness among people in this regard. the next generation must be made aware of the drastic changes in the climate so that they can play their part in minimizing the impact (whetton et al., 1998). recently in lahore, many major events occurred due to climate change like the occurrence of smog in lahore. the winters also here are becoming very short and the summers usually last for a long time as compared to previous years. in the year 2019, the temperature in summers in lahore was very high and was recorded at more than 45 degrees on some days. the agricultural cities of lahore also faced the issue of climate change regarding the distortion of their crops by the hail storm. this indicated the melting of ice caps. pakistan has also faced the problem of floods in recent years (khadija et al., 2021). according to the pakistan higher education commission report for 2013-14, there are 161 universities in pakistan, 1,085 degree colleges and over 3 million students are enrolled in grades 13 to 16 in pakistan (hec 2013-14). this youth can help in climate change awareness if they are properly enlightening, hence if we want to understand and adapt the problem of climate change effectively, there is a need to understand the level of youth’s knowledge (in this study we are talking about students enrolled in the tertiary institution) their perception of climate change and what they think are the causes and effects of climate change and what possible adaptations can be made toward climate change. this can help us in policymaking towards controlling the impacts of climate change in the country (oruonye et al., 2011). progress in the matter of climate perseverance lays heavily on education. this subject itself put up many complexities and involves some factors to be dealt with. one such factor is whether the problem of climate crisis and change really exists. such a question impacts whether curriculum changes are really required or not. a problem of this nature takes us back to evaluating the education being imparted regarding the existence of this problem. in dealing with it, we need to consider geographical and cultural differences. a survey in which data was gathered from prominent scholars from china, saudi arabia, brazil, mexico, germany, and the united states of america elaborated on how climate change has been perceived differently in light of the social context of it. the us withdrawal from paris climate change agreement, political and economic hindrances to climate movement, reforms in this indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 82 field, and the relation between universities and industry were key to determining how climate change was perceived across the globe. in addition to this, the scholars discussed their views on how climate change should be dealt with. their suggested approach included the teaching of all forms of scientific knowledge and facts regarding this topic including all complications and variations; teaching them on how they critically evaluate, engage and blend in their existing knowledge across disciplines and nationalities; working in coordination to reach an effective curriculum; establish a better connection and understanding among the student by revolutionizing the teaching methodologies and make them more efficient. the consequences for studying this subject have been elaborate on and argued upon by figures from across the globe. such perspectives tend to enhance the educational practices to shape a brighter, sustainable future (krystal et al., 2018). the atmosphere of disinformation regarding climate could have been mitigated with the right amount of education being imparted among the students about this topic. a study analyzed and assessed how the subject of climate change is being dealt with in the top 100 universities including liberal art colleges in the united states of america. the focus is on the kind of curriculum designed and the percentage of students taking up a course of this nature across schools, the probability of which is calculated to be around 0.17. this record is higher in research institutes, liberal art colleges, social science and science-focused programs, and public universities falling under the legislature designed by democrats as opposed to republicans. it has been agreed from analysis of existing data that if authors of climaterelated literature add to how curriculums and course outlines can be designed to integrate climate studies, including both the science and nature of it, will help improve the prevailing conditions. the purpose of the study is to enhance the research on existing literature regarding sustainability and use it to make further research on curriculum advancement (david et al., 2018). another study focuses on the level of climate education among the livestock farmers belonging to the eastern cape province of south africa. it highlighted the factors affecting the adaptation measures and the efficiency of these measures. results showed marital status, educational qualifications, formal extensions, and temperatures impacted the degree of awareness regarding climate change. the study also suggested positively influencing factors regarding adjustments can be integrated into these measures and then be implemented (mandleni et al., 2011). this study focuses on the level of climate change awareness among students in tertiary institutions in lahore. the main aim of the study is to raise the level of awareness and to educate young people about climate change. the present study was conducted in 4 different tertiary institutions of lahore, pakistan. lahore is the capital of the punjab province of pakistan. it is the second-largest city in pakistan. its total population is 10.26 million. there are much reputable public and private tertiary institutes in lahore. the literacy rate of lahore is sixty-four percent. currently, lahore is facing drastic climate changes. methods the study was conducted to examine the level of climate change awareness among the students in the tertiary institute of lahore. a descriptive survey design was specially employed for this study which used a stratified random sampling method for selecting the students. moreover, a structured questionnaire titled climate change awareness was developed for collecting data from the students based on their level of awareness. the structured questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section includes the demographics and the second section involves transition and more complicated questions related to students’ perception of climate change and its awareness, its causes, effects, and adaptive measures. the tertiary institutes in lahore were stratified based on their administrative structure, the government, and private institutes. then a total of four institutes was selected, two from the public and two from the government sector for conducting the survey properly and accurately. a total of 801 students was selected, 200 from every three institutes and 201 from the fourth institute. the questionnaire scheduled was randomly administrated to ensure that every student had an equal chance of been selected. the data collected from the questionnaire was through field survey as well as online questionnaire filling. descriptive indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 83 statistics and frequency were used for the analysis of the data collected. tables, graphs, and pie charts were formulated for the data presented. results and discussion without a doubt, climate change is an existing threat not only to human civilization but to the ecosystem as a whole. through a survey across 119 countries, the influence of social and demographic nuances, geography, perceptions, and beliefs of the public was recorded. it was concluded that education on a massive scale covering the entire global populace is the sole strong determinant of climate change awareness. decrypting the ties of culture to the climate change crisis is especially the key predictor of climate change perception. this is especially the case in europe and latin america. abnormal temperature changes are key forecasters in other regions like asia and africa. all this delineates how important communication among countries regarding perceptions linked to climate change is important. this connection can be built by improving fundamental education on this matter, increasing climate literacy, enhancing public awareness and engagement (tien ming lee et al., 2010). the study surveyed the climate change awareness among the students of public and private universities. the study disclosed the degree to which the students of universities in lahore have information about climate change. the study informed about the level/degree of awareness and curriculum coverage. table 1. demographic information of the respondents. response frequency percentage (%) institute gc 200 25 lums 200 25 cmh 200 25 uhe 201 25 gender male 347 43.3 female 454 56.7 age of respondents <20 205 25.6 20-30 427 53.3 30-40 129 16.1 >40 40 5 marital status single 581 72.5 married 220 27.5 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/survey the result of the findings shows that 72.3% of the students interviewed have heard about the term ‘climate change’, while 27.7% have not heard about it. table 2. have you ever heard about climate change? response frequency percentage (%) yes 579 72.3 no 222 27.7 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/ survey 36.2% heard the word ‚climate change‛ from tv, 36.6% from the internet, 2.1% from the internet, 16.2% from books, and 7.5% from the word of mouth. table 3. which source you heard / use to gain information about climate change? response frequency percentage (%) tv 290 36.2 internet 293 36.6 newspaper 17 2.1 books 130 16.2 word of mouth 60 7.5 research paper 7 0.9 others 3 0.4 total 800 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/ survey indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 84 when asked what they know about climate change, 27.2% of the students responded that it is a weather condition, 63.8% say it’s a change in weather conditions at a particular time while 9% did not respond to this question. of the 72.3% that have heard about climate change, 18.7 % have no idea about what climate change is all about its causes, effects, and possible mitigating measures. table 4. what do you know about climate change? response frequency percentage (%) it is weather condition 218 27.2 it’s a change of weather at a particular time 511 63.8 don’t know 72 9.0 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/ survey the students do not associate some of the problems related to the change of climates like increase in temperature, flooding, delay in onset, and early cessation of rainfall to it. when asked whether they think the problem of climate change can be solved at all 33.2 % responded in negative while 66.8% responded in affirmative. table 5. do you think that the problem of climate change can be solved at all? response frequency percentage (%) yes 535 66.8 no 266 33.2 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/ survey many of the students could not help their ignorant but asked how climate change could be controlled by human beings. their response to the question was clearly demonstrated that seek to know what they think an individual, government, and international organizations can do to solve the problem of climate change. different shades of opinion were given, while 1.7 % of the students did not respond to this question. table 6. how do you think an individual can help to overcome the problem of climate change? response frequency percentage (%) by prayer 223 27.8 afforestation and enlightenment campaign 456 56.9 intensify research work 54 6.7 stop air pollution 54 6.7 don’t know 14 1.7 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/ survey when asked whether they think the problem of climate change affects them, 79.5 % responded positively, while 20.5 % of the students believed that the problem of climate change does not affect them in any way. table 7. do you think the problem of climate change affects you? response frequency percentage (%) yes 637 79.5 no 164 20.5 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/ survey when asked how the problem of climate change affects them, 35.1 % believed it leads to the hotness of the body. 38.7 % believed that climate change causes ill health, 5.2% believed it leads to the change in environment, 4.9% believed it causes excessive heating,5.1% believed that climate change leads to the reduction in the amount of rainfall, 5.0% believed that it affects human skin while 6% believed that it causes the pollution in the environment. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 85 table 8. how does the problem of climate change affect you? response frequency percentage (%) lead to hotness of body 281 35.1 lead to changing of the environment 310 38.7 it reduces the amount of rainfall 42 5.2 it causes pollution of the environment 39 4.9 causes ill health 41 5.1 excessive heating/high temperature 40 5.0 it affects human skin 48 6.0 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/survey according to the climate change awareness and adaptation by local planning in punjab (pakistan), climate change is an additional stress for pakistan because it imposes threats on the water resources of the country. local planning officials in pakistan should play an important role in the adaptation measures and awareness for climate change (shahid, 2012). most of the students believed that climatic change is causing a change in weather patterns. 23% believed natural hazards, 7% diseases, 13% deforestation, 5% water pollution, 5% industrial emission, 2% rise in sea level, and 3% do not have any idea about how climate is changing. according to this survey, 49.1% of the students know about the policies government is making regarding climate change. table 9. how do you feel the climate is changing? response frequency percentage (%) changing in weather pattern 340 42.4 natural hazard 181 22.6 rise in sea level 20 2.5 diseases 60 7.5 deforestation 100 12.5 water pollution 40 5.0 industrial emission 40 5.0 don’t know 20 2.5 total 801 100 source: respondents response to questionnaire/ survey 62.5% of the respondents agreed that they have the necessary information to prepare for the impacts of climate change. when the results were compared with other researches that measure the perception of students of universities about climate change, similar results were found in papers (oruonye et al. 2011) and (ezeudu et al. 2016). the survey was done to know the perception of climate change and risks associated with it by the students of public and private universities in lahore. the results of the findings showed a moderate level of awareness about climate change among the students. awareness of climate change is an important ingredient for the successful implementation of climate change policy in the country. by improving the climate services and raising awareness about climate change and once it starts to grow it can be integrated into local, national, and sectoral development plans. it is most important to educate the youth on the impacts of climate change on the country and the importance of adapting to it. pakistan is at risk of many disasters related to weather, geophysical, hydrological, and those linked to human activities. the past three decades have witnessed a surge in hydro-meteorological disasters ranging from floods and extreme temperatures to droughts and storms. efforts have been made by the authorities to educate people on this matter and reforms have been underway to alleviate the devastations of natural calamities. this includes awareness and education on dealing with disaster-prone areas, as discussed in hyogo framework for action (hfa) 2005-2015 (atta-ulrehman et al., 2014). national climate change policy 2012 has been made to meet the evolving challenges. this policy emphasizes curricula development that integrates climate-related education in the system all the while making it compulsory. the government has also sent young science students to reputable universities in other countries for higher education to gain a better prospect of the problem and enhance indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 86 creativity when it comes to deriving solutions. educational institutes have been provided with financial and technical support to encourage education in this sector. national disaster management plan 2012-2022 highlighted the significance of research in this sector. the policies and plans, if implemented, can alleviate the crisis many folds. the chapter will unfold the nuances of climate change and disaster education, pakistan’s scenario and the situation in this regard, the development of laws and reforms by authorities and institutions, climate change education at secondary and higher education level, technical institutes, national institute of disaster management, religious institutes, community institutes, state departments and civil service academies (atta ur rehman et al., 2014). conclusion this study reveals that there is a moderate level of climatic awareness among university students in lahore. many students are aware of the major causes and their effects of climate change. due to present climatic conditions, it is the need of the hour that universities must establish climate change awareness clubs. such university clubs will not only identify the challenges but will also help in finding ways to overcome the problems of climate change mitigation and adaptation in their respective areas. such types of clubs will also help in promoting such awareness through awareness campaigns and tutorials. there is also a need to include studies on the above-mentioned subject as compulsory at educational institutes. government must start awareness campaigns for the general public to have an emphasis among the same on the causes and adverse impacts of climate change on human health and various types of 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(2011). an assessment of the level of awareness of the effects of climate change among students of tertiary institutions in jalingo metropolis, taraba state nigeria. journal of geography and regional planning. 4(9):513-7. https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=indrani%20r.%20halady https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=indrani%20r.%20halady https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1756-8692 https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1756-8692 https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1756-8692 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 80-87 87 13. pakistan higher education commission report for 2013-14. https://hec.gov.pk/english/news/hecpublicatio ns/annual%20report%202013-14.pdf 14. qadir m, pir w, adeel m. (2016). knowledge, attitude and perception about climate change among people of urban area in attock, pakistan. international journal of agricultural and environmental research. 2(4): 333-338. 15. shahid z. (2012). climate change awareness and adaptation by local planning in punjab, pakistan. 2012. https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/isla ndora/object/uws:17611/datastream/pdf 16. stern d. i., & kaufmann, r. k. (2014). anthropogenic and natural causes of climate change. climatic change. 122(1), 257-269. 17. tien ming lee, ezra m. markowitz, peter d. howe, chia-ying ko, and anthony a. leiserowitz. (2015). predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. journal of nature climate change. 10141020. 18. whetton, p. h., fowler, a. m., haylock, m. r., & pittock, a. b. (1993). implications of climate change due to the enhanced greenhouse effect on floods and droughts in australia. climatic change. 25(3), 289-317. https://hec.gov.pk/english/news/hecpublications/annual%20report%202013-14.pdf https://hec.gov.pk/english/news/hecpublications/annual%20report%202013-14.pdf https://www.academia.edu/download/51130050/paper_d5.pdf https://www.academia.edu/download/51130050/paper_d5.pdf https://www.academia.edu/download/51130050/paper_d5.pdf https://www.academia.edu/download/51130050/paper_d5.pdf https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:17611/datastream/pdf https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:17611/datastream/pdf indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 68 volume 2 issue 1 february (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i1.428 page: 68 – 79 industrial development and climate change: a case study of bangladesh shiblee nomani1, md. rasel2, md. imran khan reedoy2 1department of development studies, bangladesh university of professionals (bup), bangladesh 2department of international relations, bangladesh university of professionals (bup), bangladesh corresponding author: shiblee nomani; email: shiblee.official@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: climate change, environmental pollution, industrialization, waste management. received : 26 december 2021 revised : 10 february 2022 accepted : 12 february 2022 this study attempts to examine the climate change in bangladesh as a cause of industrialization. over the last few decades, pollution of the environment has become a significant concern in the case of bangladesh. both qualitative and quantitative data were utilized to write this article. primary and secondary data on the environment, national policy, and technology have been gathered. research results show that rapid and unplanned industrialization has turned into the main cause of the endangered environment. the toxic waste materials of industries are dumped into water and ground, causing air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. as a result, the people of the riverbank are suffering a lot. though industrial development is very much required for a country’s development, it is also undermining the environment which will destroy the natural balance and impose a long-term effect on climate in near future. in bangladesh, industries are developed in an unplanned and centralized way without following any particular guidelines. the poor waste management system of industries are polluting rivers and toxic emission is polluting the air as well. natural resources are used by the industries, causing an imbalance in nature. forests are cut down massively, which increases the chance of various natural disasters. industrialization has a long-term effect on climate change which also increases the average temperature of the earth known as global warming. climate change also increases the chance of various natural disasters, unemployment, food scarcity, diseases, and extinction of wildlife. introduction industrialization is considered a very momentous policy of economic development in a country. in developing as well as in developed countries, industrialization is the primary sector for their development. the process of industrialization has started in the 18th century through the european industrial revolution. the industrialization process has brought major development in the world. the least developing countries (ldc) are developing at a faster pace in this industrialization era. but like everything also, industrialization has both positive and negative impacts on the world. and like other developing countries, bangladesh is also facing severe environmental pollution. the slow depletion of natural resources such as soil, air, and water is referred to as environmental degradation. in another way, environmental degradation causes climate change. it degrades biological variety and the overall health of the ecosystem, whether as a result of natural causes or as a result of human activity. it is one of the major threats that the world is facing since human civilization. before the independence of bangladesh, the jute industry was at the forefront of its development. after independence, the pace of development was stagnant. at that time, the readymade garment sector has started developing gradually. today it has been considered as one of the most successful industries in bangladesh. during the 1980s many other industries got importance in the economy of bangladesh, such as the leather industry, tea manufacturing factories, and food processing factories. in the period of 1990s, sectors like shipwrecking, steel, and cement factories have developed. at the beginning of the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:shiblee.official@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 69 21st century, different industries like ceramics, glass, plastic, aluminum, and electronics have developed. all these industries play a significant role in bangladesh's economy. bangladesh is gradually shifting its sole dependence from agriculture to industrialization. according to bangladesh economy profile 2018, the contribution of agriculture and industry to the economy is 14.2% and 29.2% respectively. the industrial growth rate in 2018 is 8.2% than the previous year. bangladesh is a populous country. though it is developing through industrialization but in an unplanned way. bangladesh’s economy is mostly dependent on industrial development rather than agriculture. and this continuity of unplanned industrialization is causing climate change. various types of pollution including soil pollution, air pollution, sound pollution, water pollution, etc. are causing disaster in the daily human life of bangladeshi people. these industries are mostly undermining the environment as well as exploiting the natural resources of bangladesh. besides, industrialization is a hindrance to sustainable development. industrialization is the process of developing the world. at the same time, the environment is also our concern to live in a better world. but industrialization process is hampering the natural balance of the environment. the environment is degrading continuously by the process of industrialization and thus causing climate change. this drawback of industrialization is deteriorating the quality and life expectancy of human beings as well as various animals. the unplanned rise of various factories in urban areas is not concerned about the environment. climate change increases the chances of various natural disasters, global warming, climate change, ecological imbalance, etc. the chances will be getting higher if we undermine this problem. many works have been done previously on climate change for various causes. but industrialization as a cause is far from being exhausted as a research area. new studies in this area can bring sustainable development and growth of the environment along with industrial development in the world. this study aims to project how the industrialization process is hampering the environment. and how to protect the environment during this industrial development process, as in the perspective of bangladesh. this study also recommends the possibilities that how bangladesh can protect its environment and prevent climate change during industrial development. the fact is that as a result of industrial development, we have seen the development, but it also pollutes the environment. the people are not concerned about that. so we worked on this topic to increase the awareness of the people about industrial development and its impacts. the objectives of the paper are to see the connectivity between climate change and industrial development; to find out the negative impacts of industrialization on climate; to find the broader dimensions of environmental pollution in bangladesh; to raise social awareness regarding the importance of the environment on human life, and to develop possible guidelines and suggestions for the government as well as industries to apply. methods both qualitative and quantitative data were utilized to write this article. primary and secondary data on the environment, national policy, and technology have been gathered. so, to get primary information, it needs interaction with local people and working people who are directly involved with the industries as well as environmental pollution. it has taken several interviews of local people of shadarghat as well as savar upazila who are victimized by climate change as a result of industrialization. it has tried to emphasize the causal effect of climate change, the environment, and industrialization. it has followed step-by-step policy, were discussed the causes and consequences of climate change. it has also gone through different online documentaries, journal articles, newspapers, tv reports, etc. all the things have been done for sake of getting information on the environment, national policy support, management of industries, environmental degradation as well as climate change as a result of industrialization, and so on. purposive sampling was done for the study. this sampling method was used to make sure the representation of a different category of people lived in the study area. study areas were also purposively selected. the study is focused on the shadarghat area and savar upazila. a sample refers to a subset of a population selected to participate in the research. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 70 results and discussion industrialization is the key pillar of the economic development of a country. but industrialization is so much connected with our environment that at first, it does not come to our realization until it is polluted. as getting efficiency through industrialization, we are also losing many things. industrialization including vehicle exhaust causing massive air pollution in the world, which is causing global warming (magsi, 2014). habibullah magsi has brought examples of pakistan to prove the relation between industrial expansion and environmental hazard. he has also connected the weak governance system to this. this industrial pollution is also against human health, causing early death and less life expectancy. he has also brought some daylight on this issue specifically in the asian region that it is capable of producing 90% of industrial power using green power projects. but this region is also in grave danger if not taken necessary measures to protect the environment. the government of the country has to play a prominent role to protect mother nature. awareness campaigns can bring change to our environment. the author also said that all the economic units of the country should unite together for solving environmental issues (magsi, 2014; rozalinna & azmi, 2020). industrialization always brings opportunities in society as well as challenges. industrialization not only brings betterment in human life but also affects our environment, ultimately causing climate change. extreme weather and high temperatures challenge human living standards. industrialization has shifted human civilization from rural to industrial in both social and economic terms. the technological development and manufacturing process requires the usage of natural resources and energy, which causes environmental pollution on a big scale, gradually turning into global warming and climate change. author chigbo a. mgbemene's paper looked at the linkages between industrialization and climate change and tried to answer some concerns about how climate change is causing devastating human lives (mgbbemene, 2011). several works of literature have emerged on the theory of the geographical clustering of industries and their assessment of economic contribution as well as negative impact on society. author adejompo in his article has shown how the clustering of industries in regions is causing climate change. climate change has become one of the important issues for the world, often called global warming. regional agglomeration of similar types of industries in proximity implies enhanced productivity and reduced cost. despite various advantages, it also causes overcrowding, various types of pollution, traffic congestion, and a high cost of land. air pollution is the most important contribution to climate change among all the effects of the industrial complex. the author has also shown that this continuation of conglomerating industries on a regional basis can ultimately affect the climate, which will increase the earth’s average temperature. and the consequences of global warming could lead to large-scale food and water shortages, having catastrophic effects on human life (a. fagbohunka). climate change the environment is consists of various compounds like air, water, soil, forest, atmosphere, etc. the slow depletion of natural resources such as soil, air, and water is referred to as environmental degradation. in another way, environmental degradation is the leads to climate change. it diminishes biological variety and environmental health, either naturally or as a result of human actions. various types of environmental pollution that cause climate change are: 1. industrial development and air pollution air pollution in bangladesh became a prime concern nowadays. dhaka, the capital city, now has the worst level of air pollution of any city on the planet. according to the department of environment (doe), the density of airborne particulate patter (pm) in the city reaches 463 micrograms per cubic meter throughout december and march, which is the highest level in the world. at the same time, mumbai and mexico have 383 and 360 micrograms per cubic meter (rahman, 2016). so it is easily understood how dangerous air is polluted here in bangladesh. air pollution is a big environmental threat for the upcoming generation, which is mainly done by industries. industries are gradually developed in urban areas without taking into consideration the environment and human safety. poor air pollution is blamed for 15000 premature deaths, as well as millions of pulmonary, respiratory, and neurological issues, as per the air indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 71 quality management project (aqmp), particularly in dhaka. excessive pollution might cause the premature death of a newborn if it is encountered by pregnant mothers. according to the national institute of diseases of the chest and hospital (nidch), almost 7 million individuals in bangladesh suffer from asthma, with children accounting for roughly half of the cases. according to who air quality recommendations 2005, a maximum allowable pm level of 20 micrograms per cubic meter is acceptable, whereas cities with more than 70mcm are deemed severely polluted. bangladesh has already exceeded the standard and has reached high levels of air pollution. air pollution causes neurological and renal illness that is irreversible. bangladesh’s industrialization is still in its early stages. however, this does not imply that air pollution is lower here. currently, the country has 30000 industrial units, which may be classified into two groups depending on renewable and nonrenewable local resources. renewable local resources are used in the production of jute, paper, tobacco, leather, salt, and other agro-based products. natural gas-based businesses, ceramic industries, brickfields, and other sectors rely on non-renewable local resources (rahman, 2016). many businesses in bangladesh are located in unsuitable areas. many dangerous and polluting sites are in proximity to residential areas. toxic gases and dust emitted by manufacturers damage the air near them. all the industries emitted a huge amount of toxic gas, for which the workers of the industries suffered from the different respiratory problems due to long hours’ presence in polluted air. in almost every town in bangladesh, oil mills, textile factories, chemical factories are located close to the residential area. old dhaka is a densely populated area of dhaka city, hundreds of legal and illegal factories growing in this area link an umbrella. these factories emitted different toxic gas like carbon mono oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide which pollute the city air very much. many small industries have been developed in residential areas such as sutrapur, gandaria, dholaikhal, narinda, hazaribagh, and rokonpur, among others. residents have found it difficult to live because of the smoke and stench created by these factories. in chittagong, there are 144 polluting businesses scattered throughout several industrial zones. 19 tanneries, 26 textile manufacturers, oil refinery industries, and chemical companies are among those steadily damaging the city's air (rahman, 2016). 2. industrial development and river pollution bangladesh has around 230 small and major rivers, and a substantial portion of the country’s 140 million people rely on them for their livelihood and transportation. but unfortunately, many of them are dying because of pollution and encroachment. water pollution is exceeding the limit in most of the rivers and has become a great threat to the survival of aquatic species. the rivers of bangladesh are the worst victim of industrialization, especially in dhaka city. rapid and unplanned industrialization in the urban areas is the main reason for river pollution. industries are growing on the bank of the rivers for easy access to water. the used and untreated wastes are dumped in river water as an extraction process. the government of bangladesh has passed a law of using effluent treatment plant (etp) on industries, but most of the industries are overlooking this technology. in a survey of the bangladesh center for advanced studies (bcas), it is found that only 40% of industries use etp and more than 50% of industries do not have etp technology, causing serious damage to river water. the dissolved oxygen level has gone down to a lethal state for toxic wastage industries dumped in river water. a scientific research team of buet found that the oxygen level of the river buriganga has come down to 0%, which means impossible to survive for any aquatic life in the river. pollution is so severe that few hydro-organisms can endure it, and many kinds of fish are finally found dead in rivers. industrial pollutants including lead, cadmium, iron, copper, and organic wastage accumulate in the river, causing health issues and destroying the river’s food chain. it also destroys the water aeration system, which means the self-purifying process of rivers is destroyed. the continuous emission of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide in the atmosphere and river water make which make water more acidic. river water acidification may cause acid rain in the future. ship wrecking activities nearby the river bank also worsen the condition of river water. the dumping of industrial solid waste like plastic, polythene, fabric into river water causes ecological indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 72 damage to the river water. when industrial wastes are discharged into the river, water can negatively affect the biodiversity, food, and human health of the nearby area. 3. industrial development and soil pollution human civilization started through agriculture and the cultivation of various foods and grains. but industrialization process has reduced agriculture by containing cultivable lands as well as polluting them. many lands have lost their fertility for toxic wastage of industries, and they are no longer able to use them for cultivation. soil pollution is the damage of soil for various toxic materials, which poses an adverse impact on the growth of plants and animal health. the salinity of soil has increased rapidly for various use of pesticides and chemicals. the usage of polluted water for irrigation also causes soil pollution. industries are the biggest contributor to soil pollution in bangladesh. industrial toxic materials, polythene, plastics are damaging soil fertility very rapidly. industrialization growth is inversely proportional to agriculture. as industries are increasing cultivable lands are decreasing. people are heading more towards industrial jobs rather than working in the field. agricultural production is failing to reach its minimum target for overall climate change. chemical utilization has gone up tremendously in technological and industrial development. farmers nowadays use a huge amount of fertilizers and pesticides, which negatively affect the structure of the soil (alfonso, 2021). the continuous use of chemicals in soil reduces the fertility of soil slowly. most of the industries dump their wastes into the soil. soil gradually absorbs this waste and becomes unproductive. oil spills from oil stations also pollute the soil. brickfield, tanneries, garments industries, chemical, gas, electronics factory greatly polluted the soil. industrial products like polythene, plastic, aluminum became much popular among bangladeshi people. excessive use of these products is very harmful to soil because the soil can’t absorb this product. plants hardly survive in polluted soil. the agricultural production day bay day reducing because of soil pollution. humans, plants, and animals all suffer from soil pollution. the extensive pollution of soil has an impact on any system's ecological equilibrium. 4. industrial development and deforestation the forest of bangladesh has been experiencing a cumbersome degradation of natural resources, which is causing climate change. for sake of industrial development, forests are cut down vigorously. the clearing of woodlands for industries has been the leading cause of deforestation. food, shelter, water, air, and other needs are required for living organisms to survive. these components are required for life to exist. forests provide a home for wild animals and birds. the most serious environmental problem is deforestation, it harms the environment. deforestation is the process of systematically destroying forests to use the land or the trees. deforestation is typically characterized as the destruction of a substantial number of trees with no plans to replace them. harvesting, forest fires, and insect infestations are not considered deforestation because the affected areas will regrow. all around the world, industrialization is a never-ending addiction. our ecology and human health have both suffered greatly as a result of industrialization. in the name of development, every country is increasing greenhouse gas emissions, exposing hazardous waste to the environment, polluting streams, causing climate change, and destroying wilderness. clearing forest trees harm human health as well as animals. carbon emissions are the most serious environmental concern, and the primary reason is widespread deforestation. a survey showed that over 90% of respondents believe that fast industrial expansion in sal forest regions has a significant detrimental influence on forest cover and degradation. they also said that it posed a severe danger to their ability to continue living in the woods. this conclusion is backed up by research, which points to the industry as one of the key causes of sal forest degradation (ahmed 2008). since dhaka and gazipur are near the sal forest, many companies are constructing plants there, and influential elites have taken land. new road construction, for example, exacerbates the degradation of forest land (gob, 2008). most of the industries are not environment friendly, causing deforestation. the toxic materials as wastage are extracted openly in the forest, causing an imbalance in the ecosystem. this prevents forests to live. nuclear power plants radiate harmful radiation, indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 73 causing forest death. poor wastage extraction of industries is against the living of forests, causing tremendous damage to the environment. case study 1. rampal power plant project rampal power plant is a proposed coal-based power plant in bangladesh’s khulna district, located in rampal upazila. it is a joint venture power plant of india and bangladesh which is known as “bangladesh-india friendship power company limited” (kumar & chaytannya, 2013). the joint venture agreement was signed between bangladesh power development board (bpdb) and national thermal power corporation (ntpc) on 29th january 2012 (sharda, 2016). the total equity of the proposed joint venture is 30% and there is 50/50 ownership of the equity. the proposed power plant is located on the poshur river and the area of the plant is 1834 acres. it is situated in a high-risk area of the sundarbans, the world’s biggest mangrove forest and a unesco world heritage site. it is very much controversial because of its critical location. it may hamper the biodiversity of shundarban as it is based on coal. electricity is highly needed for our industrial development. for the sake of demand for rapid industrial development, the bangladesh government has taken many initiatives to develop its national power grid. among them, rampal power plant is one of them. but this may harm our environment as well as our mangrove forest. a. national policy this power plant is probably a controversial project which is undertaken by the present government. from the beginning, the environmentalists are opposing to launch of the plant. the government of bangladesh, on the other hand, denies that the coal-based power station would have an unfavorable impact on the world’s biggest mangrove forest, the sundarban. according to the energy adviser of the bangladeshi prime minister tawfiq-e-elahi chowdhury, the debate over the power plant and its impact on the sundarbans was “not based on facts”. he further stated that the plant will have no detrimental impact on the mangrove forest since greenhouse gas emissions will be kept to a minimum. the government has also said that there is no possibility of the flow of smoke and harmful gases to the sundarban because the height of the chimney is 900ft. and the flow of wind remains opposite of sundarban for nine months. only for three months (november-february) wind flows over sundarban but will affect a high chimney. ujjal kanti bhattacharya, md of the rampal power plant ensured that the advanced fuel gas desulfurization (fgd) technology will be used to control all produced toxic gas from coal-burning that is nox and sox. he also ensured high-quality exported vessels for coal transportation through river poshur so that coal does not pollute river water. the government will be using high technology for controlling fly ash and bottom ash. b. civil society/ ngos depiction the rampal power plant is planned on 1834 acre area of rampal. considering the densely populated area of bangladesh, it is quite fancy to cover such a big area. in 2014, unesco has published a report on coal transportation through the river poshur which will damage the biodiversity of sundarban. a team of unesco in 2016 has visited rampal power plant for a survey and projected a report to the government highlighting the negative impact over the area for that power plant. some environmentalists like, dr. abdullah harun chowdhury said that it will be very difficult to monitor all vessels containing coal through the river poshur. coal contains a huge amount of sulfuric acid. there is a high probability of mixing those sulfuric acids with river water. coal is anti-environmental fuel energy and very harmful to nature for which many european countries like malta, cyprus, baltic nations came out from coal-based power plants. recently, germany has stopped 30 of its coal-based power plant because of protests by environmentalists. professor badrul imam of dhaka university has said that this power plant will destroy the food chain of sundarban. the power plant is planned for 30 years, which will gradually damage the biodiversity of sundarban. fly ash and bottom ash are also prime concerns for saving the environment of sundarban because no such developed technology is there to control them. this ash contains 15 different harmful chemicals like mercury, arsenic, lead, etc. which are not fully controllable to refrain from damaging the environment. in rampal power plant it is estimated that almost 1300 metric tons of coal will be burnt per day which will be producing 8 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 74 million metric tons of carbon-di oxide. and it is equal to the damage of trimming 38 cr. trees altogether. table 1. rampal power plant 1320 megawatt rampal power plant sulfur-di oxide/sox 52,000 ton carbon-di oxide/nox 8,00,000 ton carbon monoxide 2,000 ton mercury 440 pound though government ensures the use of highly advanced technology in the rampal power plant to save nature in all possible ways, it is not that much convincing to environmentalists. for example, in the usa a coal-based power plant has recently collapsed even using high technology and devastated around environment completely. c. case analysis of rampal power plant a large amount of electricity is produced from coal-based power plants around the world. it might be the best source of electricity if it would not have been producing toxic ash while burning. it produces polluted ashes in two ways. firstly, when it is ground and secondly while burning. in the 1320 megawatt power plant, yearly 7.5 lacs ton fly ash and 2 lacs ton bottom ashes are produced. this ash contains around 15 toxic materials. among them mercury, lead and arsenic are the most harmful. in the rampal power plant project, this ash management is the biggest challenge. there are two rivers beside rampal, one is posur and another is moidara river and there are also some small water bodies beside the rampal power plant project. if the ash of the power plant mixes with the river water and land, it will cause great damage to the sundarban. there was a failure of management while the oil vessel sunk into the river posur. so environmentalist says that it will be challenging for the rampal power plant project to prevent such type of incidents. they also say that manpower is not that efficient in bangladesh that they can manage everything while transporting coal through the river. so overall it is very risky for sundarban. though they said that they will use advanced technology, but an accumulation of minimum pollution can destroy the world’s largest mangrove forest. environmental experts offer the burishwar river, which is 2.5 times larger than the posur river, as an alternate proposal for the rampal power plant. so ships can easily transport coal. as well as this place is 30 km far from sundarban. the river is very close to the sea, so it will decrease the transportation cost. most importantly, coal transportation vessels do not need to go through sundarban. apart from that, some expert suggests that there is a huge opportunity for a solar power plant in bangladesh. through this solar power plant, we can easily produce electricity at a low price, and it is very environmentally friendly. 2. pollution of buriganga river the buriganga river is one of dhaka’s most significant waterways. after losing its connection with the main ganges river, the dhaleswari river, a tributary of the ganges river, spilled into the bay of bengal and was renamed buriganga (majumdar, 1971). unlike many other rivers, the buringanga river serves a variety of uses, including drinking water, transportation, and flood control. dhaka’s economy depends on buriganga. when the mughals declared dhaka their capital in 1610, the buriganga bank was an important commerce hub. the buriganga river is now dealing with a significant pollution problem. mill and factory’s chemical waste, medical waste, home garbage, plastic, and oil-polluted buriganga. thousands of tons of solid trash are discharged daily in dhaka, with most of it ending up in the buriganga. every day, tanneries emit 22000 cubic liters of hazardous waste into the river, according to the department of the environment (doe). waste material from different sources falls into the buriganga river and destroys the biodiversity of the buriganga river and also increases the possibility of aid rain, health hazard, etc. a. river vs industry the river plays a vital role in domestic agriculture, industrial development, and the development of human civilization. bangladesh’s river systems have become contaminated as a result of fast population increase, unregulated construction along river banks, urbanization, and unplanned industrialization. industries are major pollutants because they consume a great deal of water and discharge dirty water into rivers. tanneries, shipwrecking, electronics, textiles, oil, and gas, as well as other newly developing processing businesses, contribute significantly to river pollution (islam, 1997). the discharge of untreated indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 75 wastewater and solid debris into the water system has a substantial impact on the river’s water quality. in dhaka, the tanneries, chemical, oil, and textile industries are the biggest pollutants of surface water. dhaka, bangladesh’s capital, is one of the world's most densely populated cities. the buriganga river runs through the city, which is also bordered by the turag, dhaleshwari, tongi canal, balu, and shitalakkhya rivers. the majority of enterprises and factories are located along the banks of these rivers or near the river system. along these rivers, there are around 7000 industries, especially in the hazaribagh, tejgon, and dhaka narayanganj-demra dam districts of dhaka metropolis (roy, 2009). the burignaga and its connected river absorb around 60000 cubic meters of hazardous waste per day, primarily from businesses in tongi, hazaribagh, tejgoan, narayanganj, savar, gazipur, and depz (rpmc report, 2008). according to another study, the tanneries in hazaribagh produce 7.7 million liters of liquid waste and 88 million tons of solid garbage every day (the daily star, 2010). although the tanneries have already been relocated to savar, they have mostly destroyed the water supply of the river buriganga. according to bangladesh poribesh andolon (bapa), 6000 tons of liquid trash are thrown into the buriganga river every day. it is also estimated 70% of the buriganga and other linking rivers of dhaka city are polluted by industrial waste and toxic material. b. case analysis of buriganga river encroachment and excessive pollution have rendered buriganga’s water unsuitable and unsustainable for aquatic life during the previous few decades. the environment expert expresses that, still we have time to protect the buriganga river from further pollution. first and foremost, we must halt the constant release of hundreds of tons of industrial trash and junk into the environment. second, any enterprises that are next to the river should establish a water purifying facility. in the past, attempts to clean up waterways failed to owe to polluters’ impunity. we must take stronger action against these pollutants. above all, polluters must be held accountable for their actions. the industries should follow environment-friendly technology to protect the buriganga river. 3. agricultural land degradation of savar upazila bangladesh is mostly an agricultural nation with a dense population and slow economic progress. the increase in population and growth of reckless industrialization is creating high pressure on the lands of bangladesh, especially on agricultural land. savar upazila is a vast agricultural land of bangladesh. most of the people live in agriculture in this area. but in recent years, the excess growth of industries of different types are contained over agricultural land. almost 600 industries are present in savar upazila. as the agricultural land is decreasing side by side, the rest lands are also being polluted by waste materials of those industries. these solid toxic materials are dumped over the open land, causing both air pollution and land pollution. the salinity of soil increased such that it is no longer cultivable. different pesticides are also responsible for that. savar contains a big epz that is containing vast agricultural land. the tannery industry has been shifted to savar which is causing massive land pollution. waste materials have become clogged in zam city’s drains, sand, and soil, causing the area to stink and creating an environmental threat. the untreated waters also flow over agricultural land and wetlands, causing an environmental hazard. the brickfields in ashulia are discharging waste material that is polluting nearby wetlands and agricultural lands. it is also covering a big area, which is reducing cultivable lands in savar. almost 300 textile factories in ashulia is covering huge cultivable lands. various cultivable lands are bought from poor farmers to build industries, which on one side decreases cultivable lands, and on the other side, the waste materials of those industries are affecting the rest of cultivable lands. in savar upozilla industries are grown up in an unplanned way. industrial toxic materials are polluting the land of savar very much as well as water and air also. the local villagers said that they cannot take bath in water because industrial waste materials are dumped on land, which causes water pollution. lands are no longer arable and the domestic animals also dying because of heavy toxic chemicals in the soil. the huge land pollution of savar is also destroying the nearby shal forest. deforestation is also causing infertile land. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 76 environmental exploitation is dangerously happening in this area. here, marginalized communities are struggling to survive. it is very much hard to grow crops from this infertile land, which is causing unemployment in that particular area. expert says that all the heavy industries are growing up in savar region in an unplanned way. decentralization is needed to save the area from pollution. the industries must be aware of their waste management. if the industry uses highly advanced technology in their plant, it can reduce the pollution of land. effect of climate change industrialization is always a key instrument for development, again it is the vital reason for climate change. this climate change process has started since the beginning of the industrial revolution when industries started burning fossil fuels. when fossil fuels are burned, they release a variety of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, chlorofluorocarbon, and others. most of the industries of bangladesh use coal, gas, and natural petroleum to run. when these toxic gasses are released into the atmosphere, it depletes the ozone layer, causing the entrance of harmful rays from the sun. it also causes the greenhouse effect on the earth. when these gasses are accumulated in the atmosphere from industries, it increases the average temperature of the earth by trapping it. if the greenhouse effect intensifies, more heat is trapped than is required. and the world will eventually grow more populated. in the 21st century, it is the most significant driver of climate change. the natural process of carbon emission and absorption is controlled by trees. but due to rapid industrialization, forests are cut down vigorously, which destroys this cycle. and thus more carbondioxide is present in the earth’s atmosphere. figure 1. process of climate change scientists have predicted that, if this continues and remains unaware, the southern part of bangladesh will sink under the bay of bengal by 2050. the toxic chemicals of industries like sulphur-dioxide, nitrous-oxide are drained in river water which intoxicates the water. when this water evaporates, it mixes with atmospheric carbondioxide and becomes acidic. this increases the chance of acid rain. recently, in bangladesh, people face difficult weather patterns for this ecological imbalance. during summer, excessive temperature, and in winter, extreme cold is felt. the rise of average temperature has increased significantly in past years, which affected the socio-economical life. the inconsistency in rainfall causes serious damage to agriculture. due to rapid industrialization, deforestation is occurring in a massive way, which is also responsible for landslides in hilly areas of bangladesh. these accumulative reasons are causing climate change in bangladesh. climate change has a serious impact on human life. the following are some of the effects: 1. unemployment unemployment is the lack of job facilities for an abled person, both for an educated and illiterate person. every country faces this problem and bangladesh is no exception to it. the people of bangladesh have a mainly agriculture-based earning system. most of the general people used to cultivate their land or fish in the river. but as industries started raising, cultivable land started decreasing and farmers lost their earnings. even they are not skillful to work in the industries. advanced technologies started replacing humans in the industries, causing massive unemployment. in the rampal power plant project, 1834 acres of land were taken from poor people. almost 400 houses and their cultivable land has been taken by the government. this situation made massive unemployment of people and also made forced migration to a new place, especially in cities. and this coal-based power plant will damage the in around cultivable lands, which will create more unemployment. buriganga river was the heart of many people’s earnings. but nowadays, the river is so polluted that no more aquatic life is present there. many fishermen have lost their earnings for that. river pollution is also causing the death of rivers and polluting the other connecting rivers. industrialization on one side is a source of employment, but for skilled industries n2o, cfc, ch4, co2 cluttering the atmosphere global warming climate change indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 77 labor. but most people are unskilled for industrial work. as well as in many industries, advanced technologies are used for accelerated production rather than human labor. industrialization is causing a significant number of unemployed people in bangladesh. this unemployment in the rural area is creating force migration towards cities, causing excessive land pressure and a cluttered population. ecological balance is damaged for an unequal number of population in the cities, making ineligible to live. this causes more environmental degradation in society. 2. health hazard climate change is the prime reason for health hazards in human life as well as various animals. in developing countries, five children die every minute from malaria or diarrhea. every hour, 100 children die as a result of indoor exposure to solid fuel smoke. nearly 1,800 people die every day in emerging cities as a result of urban air pollution. nearly 19,000 individuals die each month in poor nations as a result of accidental poisoning. (remonduo, 2009). for industrialization, various types of pollution like air pollution, soil pollution, and water pollution is creating hundreds of diseases in human life. according to world health organization (who), 24% of total global death is responsible for various types of diseases caused by environmental pollution. arsenic poisoning, insufficient solid waste management, and industrial effluent management have all made bangladesh’s water a severe health threat. even workers of various industries are affecting themselves while working with toxic materials, harmful chemicals, and excessive sound pollution. most old-aged persons and infants are the main victim of environmental pollution. groundwater contamination for various harmful chemicals like arsenic and iron creates deadly diseases like cancer. and water bodies of bangladesh are polluted through various industrial waste materials and weak effluent management systems. air and noise pollution in cities is at an alarming level, causing various mental and physical disabilities of humans. this climate change costs human life more. 3. food and resource scarcity food and resource are very important for human life. as climate change started in bangladesh, food and resource scarcity raised to a higher level. industrialization is replacing the agroculture business from bangladesh by containing arable lands and intoxicating the soil. the quality of food has decreased because of various pesticides and chemicals. food production has decreased enormously due to huge losses by the farmers as the food production rate decreased because a large number of lands are contained by more than 30,000 industries. as the population is increasing, food production is not increasing at that rate, causing food scarcity. for various pollution in nature, food chain damaged in the society, causing less food production. various rivers are polluted by industrial toxic wastage, causing fewer fish in the water. foodgrains contain harmful toxic materials through air pollution, causing less harvest even in the seasons. many industries use non-renewable resources like gas, oil, coal, etc. as these natural resources are used enormously by the industries, resource scarcity is prevalent in bangladesh. population and industries are increasing tremendously, but the resources are not increasing because it is fixed in a particular geographical location. many resources are used uncontrollably by the industries, so very soon the resource scarcity will target the alarming stage. 4. global warming the rise in global temperature is referred to as global warming. as a result of the melting ice in the poles caused by global warming, the delta countries will be submerged. in a survey, it is found that, if the global warming for climate change rises at this rate, 70% of the total area of bangladesh will be under the bay of bengal within the next 50 years. according to the global climate risk index 2018, bangladesh is the 6th most vulnerable country to global warming and climate change. it is very alarming for such a developing country as bangladesh. the main reason for rising temperature in the global area is environmental degradation. industrial emissions and green house gas in the open-air cause the breakdown of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. as a result, direct harmful rays from the sun like uv rays are melting the polar ice and increasing harmful diseases in human life. the natural features of coastal soil and water will be destroyed when the sea level rises. it would shift the river’s estuary’s position, resulting in significant changes in fish habitat and breeding grounds. and it has a greater tendency of forced environmental indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 78 migration. climate change is a continuous process; changes gradually. but the effect of environmental pollution has increased the rate much higher. it affects agriculture and the production of various grains. it also affects the natural ecosystem of a country. 5. natural disaster natural catastrophes have a long history in bangladesh. from 1997 to 2016, it experienced around 187 natural disasters and around 859 people died in that. the financial loss of 2, 31,000 cr. usd has been estimated during this period of disaster. bangladesh is very vulnerable to natural disasters due to its geographic position, land features, abundance of rivers, and changing monsoon climate. bangladesh is very vulnerable to natural disasters. and the effect of climate change increases the rate of natural disasters. scientists found that in comparison to 2016 to 2017, the rate of natural disasters was more and a possible cause of this is environmental pollution for rapid industrialization. rapid industrialization increases the chance of an earthquake. from 2017 to 2018, bangladesh has faced several mild earthquakes (kuddus, 2017). as ecological imbalance is caused by rapid industrialization, the environment is losing its capacity to prevent a natural disaster. it is seen that floods are a very common phenomenon in bangladesh because of ecological imbalance. it is an alarming threat for bangladesh that her environment is largely affected by industrialization; bangladesh has lost its balance, for which natural disaster occurs frequently. natural disasters like cyclones, floods, earthquakes, drought, unusual rainfall, landslides, etc. are frequently happening in bangladesh. because of climate change, the temperature of the sea is increasing which causes cyclones. water in the rivers is rising because of ice melting. the inconsistency increases in nature because of climate change. 6. ecological imbalance as industrial development is increasing day by day throughout the country, especially by the riverside, environmental sustainability is declining. most of the unplanned tannery industries and oil industries are achieving their goals and interest by deteriorating the environment. industries are not following any specific guidelines for waste management. they just dispose of their industrial waste in the river water. in the tannery industry, many types of poisonous chemicals are being used for the processing of leather. all these chemicals come out from the industries as solid and liquid waste and get mixed with the river water. then the water of the river is being polluted by the wastage of the industries. in the polluted water, there are no species of fish; the natural color of water and the smell of water has been changed because of industrial development. without the tannery’s waste, the dumping of oil of ship and launch is also responsible for the ecological imbalance of the buriganga river. industrial development has been considered the main culprit of climate change. throughout the world, most of the developed countries are emitting the largest amount of carbon dioxide. because of carbon dioxide, the temperature of the world is increasing gradually. so, the developing countries are suffering from many problems, especially the countries of the coastal area like bangladesh. bangladeshi industries are also accountable for that. as a result, it has been facing many natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, cyclone drought, ozone layer depletion, and so on. conclusion industrialization is needed for a country’s economic development, at the same time we have to preserve the environment. from bangladesh’s perspective, though industrialization is in the initial stage, it is degrading our environment. during the last two decades, bangladesh has faced more natural disasters than before. the unplanned industries and this industry’s unplanned solid waste management are accountable for climate change such as water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, and deforestation. owing to climate change, people have been suffering from various economic difficulties as well as deadly diseases. so, the government of bangladesh should have taken possible measures for sustainable development, in which industrial development and the environment would get the same importance. the governmental organizations, as well as non-governmental organizations, should increase social awareness so that a decentralized policy of industrialization will have taken instead of a centralized policy of industrialization. the government must have taken strict policy guidelines and must have implemented those during the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (1), 68-79 79 establishment of an industrial park. the government also must have ensured the use of high industrial technology to protect the environment as well as bolster the environment-friendly industries. references 1. ahmed, a.i.m.u. (2008). underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation in bangladesh, a report submitted to the global forest coalition (gfc), the netherlands. university of dhaka, bangladesh. 2. alfonso, g. p. (2021). assessing the climate change adaptations of upland farmers: a case of la trinidad, benguet, philippines. indonesian journal of social and environmental issues (ijsei), 2(2), 129-142. 3. gob. (2008). bangladesh road network improvement and maintenance project, ministry of communication roads and highways department, dhaka, bangladesh [accessed on 15th november 2018] 4. goodess, c.m. palutikof, j.p. and davies, t.d. (1992). the nature and causes of climate change: assessing the long-term future, belhaven press. 5. islam, k. and sato, n. (2012). deforestation, land conversion and illegal logging in bangladesh: the case of the sal (shorea robusta) forests, iforest-biogeosciences, and forestry, 5(3), 171. 6. islam, m.s. et al. (2015). alteration of water pollution level with the seasonal changes in mean daily discharge in three main rivers around dhaka city, bangladesh. environments, 2(3), 280-294. 7. khan, m.a.i., et al. (2007). physico-chemical and biological aspects of monsoon waters of ashulia for economic and aesthetic applications: preliminary studies. bangladesh journal of scientific and industrial research, 42(4), 377-396. 8. kumar, c. (2017). bangladesh power plant struggle calls for international solidarity, huff post. [accessed 19th december 2018]. 9. magsi, h. (2014). industrialization, environment and pollution, the diplomatic insight [accessed on 10th november 2018]. 10. mgbemene, c.a.. (2016). industrialization, and its backlash: focus on climate change and its consequences, j. environ. sci. technol, (9), 301-316. 11. rahman, m. (2016). air pollution by chemical industries in dhaka city, the daily observer, http://www.observerbd.com/2016/01/23/13244 8.php. [accessed on 19 december 2018]. 12. roy, m. (2009). planning for sustainable urbanization in fast-growing cities: mitigation and adaptation issues addressed in dhaka, bangladesh, habitat international, 33(3), 276 286. 13. rozalinna, g. m., & aulia izzah azmi. (2020). evaluation of boundary-spanning on climate change engo international greenpeace in asia. indonesian journal of social and environmental issues (ijsei), 1(2), 108-121. 14. the daily star. (2018). polluters must pay the daily star. [online] available at: http://archive.thedailystar.net/newdesign/newsdetails.php?nid=155050. [accessed on 19th december 2018]. 15. woodwell, g.m. (1989). the warming of the industrialized middle latitudes 1985–2050: causes and consequences, climatic change, 15(1-2), 31-50. http://www.observerbd.com/2016/01/23/132448.php.%20%5baccessed http://www.observerbd.com/2016/01/23/132448.php.%20%5baccessed http://archive.thedailystar.net/newdesign/news-details.php?nid=155050 http://archive.thedailystar.net/newdesign/news-details.php?nid=155050 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 114 volume 2 issue 2 june (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i2.445 page: 114 – 122 metallographical and thermodynamic investigation of the microstructures at 1200°c of tac–containing co–based alloys patrice berthod institut jean lamour, université de lorraine, france corresponding author: patrice berthod; email: patrice.berthod@univ-lorraine.fr a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: co-based superalloys, elevated temperature, tac carbides, microstructure, thermodynamics. received : 05 february 2022 revised : 26 may 2022 accepted : 29 may 2022 among the wide variety of current metallic structural materials able to work at elevated temperatures in severe chemical and mechanical conditions, some superalloys based on cobalt play a particular role: the ones rich in chromium for resisting hot corrosion by gases and melts and strengthened by tantalum carbides. they are able to demonstrate good behavior in contact of molten salts or glasses and simultaneously under mechanical stresses. their refractoriness as well as the characteristics of their tac population are key points for their sustainability at high temperature in working conditions. the present study aims to anticipate the long time microstructure behavior at high temperature by testing three similar cast co– based superalloys strengthened by tac carbides but different from each other in the field of the chemical compositions of their matrix. thermodynamic calculations and long time exposure at 1200°c were carried out to predict their microstructure evolution at this very high temperature, with special focus of the influence on tac carbides of the chemical compositions of the alloys, notably of their matrix. introduction high-temperature materials are available in different types to allow various machines operating high temperatures. for instance, refractory ceramics are present in blast furnaces to slowly downwards drive the getting hotter alternate layers of iron-ore and coke as well as in drainage channels conveying separately the produced molten cast iron and slag (cameron et al., 2019). because of different specifications than for ceramics (high mechanical properties for all solicitation modes, good toughness„), metallic materials are preferred for blades and disks of aero-engines, power generation turbines, or rotating tools for shaping molten glass. these later ones are superalloys, metallic materials with high melting points and exceptional resistance against high-temperature oxidation, corrosion, and creep deformation (sims et al., 1972). the most used among these high-temperature alloys are the ones based on nickel, very efficiently strengthened by gamma prime coherent ni3al–type densely precipitated fine particles or by dispersed yttria nanoparticles, single-grained or with coarse orientated grains (donachie et al., 2002). unfortunately, the first ones lose all their exceptional strength above 1100°c and the second ones are very hard to fabricate, and the mechanical behavior of both of them is rather anisotropic. despite their conventional elaboration way (classical foundry, but in an inert atmosphere) equiaxed polycrystalline superalloys, although their mechanical behavior is – at about 1000°c and below – generally significantly weaker than the previously evocated alloys, can keep strength up to 1200°c, and even slightly above. this is, for example, the case of cobalt-based superalloys containing mc–type carbides in a quantity high enough: tac (michon et al., 2003), hfc (berthod et al., 2014), tic (khair et al., 2016), nbc and zrc (berthod, 2017). among the different types of mc carbides, the most common is tantalum carbide. it can be found among the various carbides present in old cobalt alloys, for instance, sm-302 (felten et al., 1964) and wi-52 (eng et al., 1972). much more recently, studies revealed the great interest in having a indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 115 carbides network exclusively made of tac. this can be simply achieved by choosing atomic contents for tantalum equal to the carbon one, or slightly higher. the absence of any other carbides (e.g. chromium carbides) allows maintaining the melting start temperature of the alloy close to and even higher than 1300°c (berthod et al., 2003), which is of great importance for good mechanical behavior at around 1200°c. when conventionally cast it crystallizes only at the end of solidification, forming a eutectic compound with the matrix. the script–like morphology of these obtained primary tac carbides is very helpful for interdendritic strength at elevated temperatures. however, for achieving high mechanical performances in hot conditions these script–like carbides must be present in quantities high enough (typically carbon content > 0.2 wt.%) and for avoiding dramatic loss in toughness carbides must be not in a too-large fraction (typically carbon content < 0.8 wt.%). in addition to conditions related to volume fractions of carbides, another point of watchfulness is keeping the tac single–phased character of the carbides population. indeed, depending on the composition of the alloy, and particularly of the matrix, other carbides may be present even if there are as many ta atoms as c atoms. when it is respected this criterion leads to carbides being only tac in nickel– free cobalt-based alloys, even rich in chromium, (michon et al., 2003) while it is not sufficient for chromium-rich nickel-based alloys (berthod et al., 2004). since cobalt-based superalloys often contain more or less nickel for different purposes – crystalline network stability for matrix (sims et al., 1972; donachie et al., 2002; bradley, 1988) or chromium volume diffusion easiness (kofstad, 1988) – the uniqueness of the carbide nature (only tac) and an optimized tac volume fraction make that well controlling the carbide fraction is of great importance. this is this control that will be done here for three different alloys with various nickel contents. since thermodynamic modeling is also a potentially helpful mean for anticipating both nature and fraction of carbides, the comparison will be made and, in case of good agreement between the two ways – experimental and modeling – thermodynamic calculations will be used to explore microstructures at 1200°c beyond the ni, cr, ta and c contents of the three alloys. methods alloys and samples three compositions of alloys were considered: (a) for the “cob1” alloy: 25 wt.%cr, 0.4 wt.%c, and 6 wt.%ta. (b) for the “cob2” alloy: same contents in cr, c, and ta as “cob1” but the addition of 13.7 wt.%n. (c) for the “cob3” alloy: same contents in cr, c, and ta as “cob1” and “cob2”, but more ni: 27.4 wt.% taking the high-temperature reactivity of c, cr, and ta (introduced as pure elements, as co and ni) in oxygen-containing gases, melting, hightemperature liquid state (five minutes), and cooling were performed in an inert atmosphere of pure argon (pressure: about 0.3 atm). the obtained ingots (ovoid compact shape, mass of about 40 grams), after their complete cooling and extraction out of the 50kw–furnace (celes, france), were cut using a metallographic saw into several parts. a part was taken to prepare a metallographic sample (embedded mirror-like section for the as-cast microstructure characterization) following the classical procedure, and another one to prepare a sample for high-temperature exposure. high-temperature exposure three samples, each coming from one of the three ingots, were placed in alumina nacelles which were introduced in the hottest zone of a resistive high-temperature muffle furnace (nabertherm, germany). they were exposed at 1200°c for a week. after this high-temperature exposure, they were cut and prepared for metallographic characterization as the first sample. characterization of the as-cast and 1200°c–aged microstructures the microstructures of the three alloys, in their as-cast state and after 1200°c–aging, were observed with a scanning electrons microscope (sem; model: jeol jsm-6010a, japan), in back scattered electrons mode (bse). the chemical compositions of the alloys were controlled by fullframe energy dispersion energy (eds) with the eds spectrometer attached to the sem. the chemical composition of the matrix in the 1200°c– aged state was measured with the same spectrometer but by spot analysis. thermodynamic modeling the theoretical metallurgical states of the three alloys corresponding to their chemical compositions, the 1200°c temperature, and the 1 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 116 atm pressure were computed using the n version of the thermo–calc software and the ssol thermodynamic database preliminarily enriched with the descriptions of additional subsystems involving tantalum: co–ta (liu et al., 1999), ni–ta (ansara et al., 1994), cr–ta (dupin et al., 1993), cr–ni–ta (dupin et al., 1996), ni–ta–c (yuwen et al., 1999) and ta–co–c (dumitrescu et al., 2001). results and discussion the situation of the three alloys in the co-ni– cr–ta–c system the study began with preliminary thermodynamic calculations aiming to the verification the natures of their microstructures, to see whether it can be hoped that their chemical compositions may lead to the desired {matrix + tac} double–phased state at the working temperature, and also whether the tac may be of a eutectic nature (with some chance to be really mixed with matrix and to be also of the chinese script morphology). a first diagram (figure 1) was computed with thermo – calc and the ta–enriched ssol database. this is an isopleth section of the quinary diagram with fixed contents in cr (25wt.%), ta (6wt.%), and c(0.4wt.%), and temperature and ni content (at the expense of cobalt) as varying parameters. this isopleth section, which extends from the liquid domain down to rather low temperatures, is rather complex. there are many different domains due to the allotropic fcc ↔ hcp transformation of the cobalt-based matrix, the two types of chromium carbides (cr7c3 and cr23c6), and the possibility of an appearance of the ni3ta intermetallic compound at low temperature. one can point out the influence of nickel which tends to favor the fcc crystalline network of the matrix (decrease in transition temperature with higher ni content) and which also favors the cr7c3 carbides at the expense of tac. adding ni also lowers a little both solidus and liquidus temperature. figure 1. isopleth section at {25 wt.%cr, 0.4wt.%c and 6 wt.%ta} of the {co, ni, cr, c, ta} system, calculated with thermo–calc; position of the 3 alloys according to this section of the diagram, at 1200°c, the “cob1” and “cob2” alloys seem to be effectively composed of matrix and tac carbides only. furthermore, when temperature decreases indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 117 from the liquid state, both alloys would go down crossing a {liquid, matrix} double–phased domain, before crossing a thin {liquid, matrix, tac} triple– phased domain for finishing their solidification. it can be expected that their microstructures will be composed of a dendritic matrix, the dendrites of which are separated from one another by a {matrix, tac} compound. the “cob3” alloy risks are slightly different. indeed, its solidification ought to proceed as for the two first alloys but it is finished by the isothermal precipitation of a double–phased {matrix, cr7c3} or triple–phased {matrix, tac, cr7c3} eutectic compound. another view of the positions of the three alloys is given in the 1200°c–isothermal section presented in figure 2), which is simpler than the previous figure to clearly see the expected microstructures of the three alloys at this temperature. one can easily see that the microstructure of cob1 should be really double– phased {matrix, tac}, even if there are some small variations in ta; cob2 should be of the same microstructure but cr7c3 may appear if the obtained tantalum content is a little too low. cob3 risks containing cr7c3 in addition to the tac. to avoid that 1 wt.%ta more ought to be enough. chemical compositions and microstructures (as– cast and aged at 1200°c) the chemical compositions of the obtained alloys, as specified by eds, are presented in table 1. the wished contents in ni and cr are well respected. this seems to be different for the ta contents; in fact, the obtained values are a little overestimated. figure 2. 1200°c–section for {25 wt.%cr and 0.4wt.%c} of the {co, ni, cr, c, ta} system with varying contents in ni(co) and ta, calculated with thermo–calc; positions of the 3 alloys this is due to the fact that ta is mainly concentrated in tac carbides and the ones of these carbides which emerge on the polished surface interact more with the electron beam, inducing an over-representation of the ta element. so, on can consider that no ta was lost during the foundry operation and thus that the real ta contents in the alloys are really 6 wt.%. concerning carbon, a very light element and additionally present in the alloys with very low concentration, its content cannot be measured by eds. the obtained microstructures after casting are shown in figure 3: left micrographs for cob1, middle micrographs for cob2, and right micrographs for cob3. as suspected before, the ascast cob1 and cob2 alloys are really {matrix, tac} double–phased. table 1. compositions of the elaborated alloys (5 full frames ×250 eds analyses → average value ± standard deviation value) furthermore, as expected, the matrix is dendritic and the tac carbides (white/bright all contents in wt.% cob1 cob2 cob3 co balance ni / 13.1 ±0.4 25.5 ±0.2 cr 25.6 ±0.1 26.5 ±0.4 25.7 ±0.2 ta 7.5 ±0.1 7.5 ±0.2 7.6 ±0.2 c supposed to be 0.4 (well respected) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 118 particles) are located in the inter–dendrites spaces where they are mixed with matrix, forming a eutectic compound without any doubt. the morphology of these tac carbides is obviously chinese–script. the cob3 alloy looks like the two first alloys but one can notice, here and there, some small very dark particles: cr7c3 carbides. eds spot analysis demonstrated local very high contents in ta and in c in the bright particles and high contents in cr and in c in these small dark particles. however eds spot analysis results staid only qualitative since all these particles were too small and the interaction peer-produced by the electron beam ran over them and reached a part of the neighbor matrix too. these microstructures were partly lost during the long exposure at 1200°c. even if the carbide distribution staid globally the same (interdendritic) the script–like morphology of the tac is replaced by alignments of more or less coarse round carbides. the driving force of this geometrical change was simply the minimization of the interfacial energy associated with the matrix–tac boundaries. compositions of the matrixes after 1200°c– exposure; comparison with thermo–calc after about a full week isothermally spent at 1200°c, each of the three alloys has reached its thermodynamic equilibrium. this one is necessarily characterized by specific values of mass fractions in matrix and tac and by specific chemical compositions of both phases. the chemical composition of the matrix was analyzed by eds for the three alloys and the results are displayed in table 2. in parallel calculations performed with thermo–calc gave another version (theoretical) of the same data. they are added to table 2 too, for comparison. good agreement is found between measurements and calculations for the contents in ni, cr, and ta, globally. this suggests that the ta– enriched ssol database can allow thermo–calc to give good predictions. figure 3. as–cast (top) and 1200°c–aged (bottom) microstructures of the cob1 (left), cob2 (middle) and cob3 (right); sem/bse ×1000 micrographs tac mass fractions and volume fractions from these results of ta contents in the matrix, it is possible to deduce the mass fractions of the obtained tac, since the difference in ta content between alloy (6 wt.%ta) and matrix (close to 2 wt.%, according to eds results) corresponds to the tantalum part involved in the formation of the tac carbides. thus, the mass fractions of tac carbides can be estimated according to the first following equation, and their volume fraction can be deduced using the second following equation: indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 119 %tac m = {mtac(%ta all-%ta mat)}/{mta-mtac%ta mat} (1) %tac v= {%tac m/tac}/{(1 -%tac m)/mat+%tac m /tac} (2) %tac m : mass fraction of tac, mtac : molar mass of tac (globally 193 g/mol), %ta all : ta weight content in the whole alloy (6 wt.%), %tac mat : ta weight content in the matrix (eds measurements), mta : molar massof ta (181 g/mol), %tac v : volume fraction of tac, tac : volume mass of the tac carbide (14.3 g/cm 3), mat : volume mass of the matrix (supposed to be close to 9 g/cm 3). the results are presented in table 2. the mass fractions of tac according to thermo–calc calculations were converted into volume fractions using equation (2) too. for the volume fractions resulting from the eds measurement – equation (1) and conversion using equation (2) – three values were considered: the one obtained for the average value of ta weight content in matrix issued from eds, the one obtained from this average valueadded with the standard deviation, and the one obtained from the average value to which standard deviation was subtracted. it appears that the tac volume fraction is around 3vol.% for both the calculated results and the experimental ones. here too there is thus good agreement between thermodynamic calculations and real experiments. figure 4 allows comparison between the initial sem/bse images and the digitalized ones with grey threshold rating leading to the surface fractions equal – or at least very close – to the volume fraction of table 3 (eds, “average”). the digitalized images well represent the sem/bse images in grey levels: this demonstrates that the values obtained by both experimental measurements and thermodynamic calculations are realistic. table 2: tac volume fractions issued from thermo–calc calculations, and tac volume fractions deduced from the eds–measured ta contents in the matrixes of the 1200°c–aged alloys (1: average sd, 2: average, 3: average ta + sd; sd: standard deviation) matrix at 1200°c (wt.%) cob1 cob2 cob3 thermo-calc (deduced from this mass.%) 3.31 (5.22) 3.29 (5.20) 3.00 (4.75) 1200°c–aged vol.% tac from wt.%ta in matrix (eds ) 3.59 (1) 2.65 (2) 1.69 (3) 3.19 (1) 3.06 (2) 2.92 (3) 3.19 (1) 3.06 (2) 2.92 (3) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 120 figure 4. comparison between the initial sem/bse images and the black & white digitalized ones with ratings giving the same fractions as in table 2 microstructures at 1200°c beyond the limits of the three alloys explored by calculations the metallurgical states calculated for the three alloys at 1200°c by thermo–calc and the enriched ssol database were relevant, as demonstrated by the good agreement with the experimental results. it was therefore decided to take benefit from this modeling tool to explore the microstructures derived from the ones of the three alloys, by modifying simultaneously the contents in ni (at the expense of co), cr, ta, and c by pairs: {ni, cr}, {ni, ta} and {ni, c}. the microstructures at 1200°c of co–ni–cr– ta–c alloys when the ni and cr contents both vary for fixed contents in ta (6 wt.%) and c (0.4wt.%) are presented in the isothermal section given in figure 5. the main part of the {0 to 40 wt.%ni} × {0 to 40 wt.%cr} square corresponds to the double–phased {matrix, tac} state. increases in ni and in cr, separately or simultaneously, finish provoking the appearance of chromium carbides, cr23c6 for low ni contents and high cr contents, and cr7c3 for higher ni contents and lower cr contents. for 0.4 wt.%c and 6 wt.%ta, the cr threshold to do not exceed for keeping a double– phased {matrix, tac} state at 1200°c is globally 35 wt.%cr in absence of nickel, slightly less than 25 wt.%cr if 20 wt.%ni is present, and slightly more than 15 wt.%cr if the alloy contains 40 wt.%ni (the alloy is then more ni-based than co–based in such situation. since a minimal cr content of about 25 wt.% is compulsory to allow the alloy being chromia–forming (i.e. able to efficiently resist hightemperature oxidation and corrosion by developing and maintaining a protective external chromia oxide scale), the ni addition cannot exceed 20 wt.%ni if it is wished that tac remains the single carbide present. one must also mention the possible start of melting for contents in ni and cr too high simultaneously (top-right corner of the section). figure 5. metallurgical states at 1200°c for varying contents in nickel and chromium indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 121 the microstructures at 1200°c are simpler for the {0 to 40 wt.%ni} × {0 to 10 wt.%ta} composition field (figure 6). by maintaining the cr content at 25 wt.%, the ta one at 6wt.%, and the c one at 0.4 wt.%, the double–phased {matrix, tac} state corresponds to a trapeze delimited by the (0wt.%ni, 5wt.%ta), (40wt.%ni, 8wt.%ta), (40wt.%ni, 10wt.%ta) and (0wt.%ni, 10wt.%ta) points. from this domain, a decrease in ta may lead to the appearance of a second carbide phase: cr7c3. the ta limit increases from about 4.7wt.%ta for 0wt.%ni to slightly more than 7wt.%ta for 35wt.%ni, for instance. ni tends to destabilize tac for too low ta contents. for much lower ta contents, tac may be absent and only cr7c3 exists. for instance, for 40wt.%ni, slightly more than 2.5 wt.%ta may be present in the matrix only, in a solid solution. in the total absence of ni, only 0.7 wt.%ta allows such a situation. clearly, ni favors cr7c3 at the expense of tac. figure 6. metallurgical states at 1200°c for varying contents in nickel and tantalum when the cr and ta contents are fixed at 25 wt.%cr and 6 wt.%ta, variations in c weight content govern the nature of the carbide population (figure 7). with moderate c content it is possible to keep, at 1200°c, the double–phased {matrix, tac} microstructure (globally the bottom half of the {0 to 40 wt.%ni} × {0 to 1 wt.%c} composition field (except the too low c contents band where carbides can be absent and where alloys can be partly melted). more c addition promotes the appearance of chromium carbides. here too nickel demonstrates its deleterious effect on the double–phased {matrix, tac} state. the higher the ni content, the lower the c content to preserve the {matrix, tac} microstructure. fig. 7: metallurgical states at 1200°c for varying contents in nickel and carbon conclusion many mc carbides are recognized to allow high mechanical performances at elevated temperatures, due to their particular morphology and their high stability, high stability which intervenes upon solidification and bereaves chromium to form carbides„ if the mc–forming metal is present with content high enough for the available c quantity. tantalum is one of the most frequent atoms present in superalloys, either to harden the matrix by solid solution effect (due to its size) or to favor the presence of carbides – tac generally – if the superalloy contains carbon. obtaining tac carbides, even in presence of a rather high quantity in chromium (added for hot oxidation and corrosion reasons), is easy in cobaltbased alloys but elements such as nickel, and alloying elements are often present in the compositions of co-based superalloys to improve different properties and behaviors, may disadvantage tac. with the three alloys studied here, which respect the {at.%ta = at.%c} rule, tac was the single carbide present, furthermore wellshaped (script morphology), well–located (interdendritic spaces) and in rather high quantity (more or less 5 mass.% and 3 vol.%), regardless of the ni content (up to almost 30wt.%ni). however, thanks to thermodynamic calculations carried out, after having verified their accuracy with the three indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (2), 114-122 122 alloys experimentally characterized, the possible presence of additional chromium carbides was revealed – and with them, refractoriness lowering – which must be taken into consideration. the calculation of isothermal sections showed that, with the third alloy, the chemical composition was almost critical and chromium carbides can easily appear in case of a carbon content a little too high, a tantalum content a little too low, or a chromium content a little too high. fortunately, the same isothermal sections show how modifying the chemical compositions prevents obtaining such not desired microstructures. references 1. ansara, i. & selleby, m. (1994). thermodynamic analysis of the ni–ta system. calphad, 18: 99-107. 2. berthod, p. & conrath, e. (2014). mechanical and chemical properties at high temperature of {m-25cr}-based alloys containing hafnium carbides (m=co, ni or fe): creep behavior and oxidation at 1200°c. journal of material science and technology research, 1: 7-14. 3. berthod, p. (2017). looking for new polycrystalline mc-reinforced cobalt-based superalloys candidate to applications at 1200°c. advances in materials science and engineering, article id 4145369 (https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4145369) 4. berthod, p., aranda, l., vébert c. &michon, s. (2004). experimental and thermodynamic study of the high temperature microstructure of tantalum containing nickel-based alloys. calphad, 28: 159-166. 5. berthod, p., michon, s., aranda, l., mathieu, s. & gachon, j.c. (2003). experimental and thermodynamic study of the microstructure evolution in cobalt-base superalloys at high temperature. calphad, 27: 353-359. 6. bradley, e.f. (1988). superalloys: a technical guide, asm international, metals park. 7. cameron, i., sukhram, m., lefebvre, k. & davenport, w. (2019). blast furnace ironmaking: analysis, control, and optimization, 1st edition, elsevier, amsterdam. 8. donachie, m.j. &donachie, s.j. (2002). superalloys: a technical guide, 2nd edition, asm international, materials park. 9. dumitrescu, l., ekroth, m. & jansson, b. (2001). thermodynamic assessment of the me– co–c systems (me = ti, ta or nb). metallurgical and materials transactions a, 32a: 2167-2174. 10. dupin, n. & ansara, i. (1993). thermodynamic assessment of the cr–ta system. journal of phase equilibria, 14: 451-456. 11. dupin, n. & ansara, i. (1996). thermodynamic assessment of the cr–ni–ta system. zeitschrift für metallkunde, 87: 555-561. 12. eng, r.d.c. &donachie, m.j. (1972). microstructure of wi-52 cast cobalt-base hightemperature alloy. journal of the institute of metals, 100: 120-124. 13. felten, e.j. &gregg, r.a. (1964). the physical metallurgy and oxidation characteristics of a cobalt-base superalloy, sm-302. asm transactions quarterly, 57(4): 804-822. 14. khair, m. &berthod, p. (2016). as-cast microstructures and hardness of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys reinforced by titanium carbides. materials science: an indian journal, 14(13): 1-8. 15. kofstad, p. (1988). high temperature corrosion, elsevier applied science, london. 16. liu, z. &chang, y.a. (1999). thermodynamic assessment of the co–ta system. calphad, 23: 339-356. 17. michon, s., berthod, p., aranda, l., rapin, c., podor, r. & steinmetz, p. (2003). application of thermodynamic calculations to study high temperature behavior of tac-strengthened cobase superalloys. calphad, 27: 289-294. 18. sims, c.t. & hagel, w.c. (1972). the superalloys, john wiley and sons, new york. 19. yuwen, c. & zhanpeng, j. (1999). thermodynamic assessment of the ni–ta–c ternary system. trans. nonferrous met. soc. china, 9: 757-763. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 180-186 180 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.619 page: 180 – 186 changes in socio-demographic factors of bangladesh: links with poverty md. idris ali1, md. faisal-e-alam2 1department of business studies, north bengal international university, bangladesh 2department of management studies, begum rokeya university, bangladesh corresponding author: md. faisal-e-alam; email: faisal14.ru@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: infant mortality, life expectancy, population growth, poverty. received : 27 july 2022 revised : 20 september 2022 accepted : 22 september 2022 the primary purpose of this study is to investigate how poverty is changed along with four socio-demographic factors. the study is descriptive, using panel data from 2007 to 2019 by employing trend line and correlation of coefficient. the trend line depicts that life expectancy is increasing, literacy is rising, the population growth rate is fixed, the infant mortality rate is a downtrend, and poverty has been reduced over thirteen years in bangladesh. the correlation results showed that the correlation between life expectancy rate and poverty rate as well as literacy rate and poverty rate are negative but significant statistically. besides, the population growth rate and poverty rate, as well as the infant mortality rate and poverty rate, are correlated and statistically significant. the outcomes indicate that an increasing pattern of life expectancy rates and literacy will decrease the poverty rate in bangladesh. in addition, the population growth rate and high infant mortality rate increase the poverty rate in bangladesh. the government should formulate a timeoriented fair policy so that rapid growth of the economy, foreign investment, and capacity to manage risks connected with natural calamities and investment in farming and infrastructure is possible to alleviate poverty. finally, it is suggested that multidimensionality such as regional disparity and mental health conditions should measure empirically to know the causes of poverty in bangladesh. introduction poverty refers to the human need to become dissatisfied (o’boyle & o’boyle, 2012; lenagala& ram, 2010; smith, 2010; akoum, 2008). these necessities incorporate fresh water, nutrition, health treatment, education, and accommodation. poverty is a complex social feeling whose cause relies upon gender, age, culture, and social and financial elements. adjacent to this, they demonstrated that neediness is related exclusively to low pay as the destitution is not entirely settled as per the pay; individuals who live beneath the destitution level are viewed as poor (smith, 2010). also, poverty is a condition where people have limited financial resources by which they cannot satisfy their fundamental needs, which indicates an inferior living standard. poverty plays a vital role in measuring the economic environment of any country. to ensure the development of a country, poverty elimination is a baring issue. bangladesh has been fighting against poverty to enhance its development strategy for the last decade. the eradication of poverty is essential for the nation's sustainable advancement. despite extensive trust in all poverty reduction plan reports since bangladesh's freedom, countless individuals still live under the insolvency line (khatun et al., 2021). nonetheless, poverty remains a problematic issue that frustrates bangladesh's desire to become a least developed country (ldc). poverty is a state in which an individual's resources, primarily their financial resources, are insufficient to satisfy the individual's minimal requirements, including social relationships (macinnes et al., 2014). although plenty of poverty works in bangladesh, there is a dearth of such research. in poverty studies, secondary data-driven research has become disappointing. the relationship between socioeconomic factors and poverty is revealed by analyzing patterns of long-period indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:faisal14.ru@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 180-186 181 poverty data (ahmed & uddin, 2004). the researchers intended to assess bangladeshi families’ standard of living and socioeconomic conditions and distinguish the main factors of living below the standard level using data from the bangladesh demographic and health survey (bdhs) in 2007 (khudri & chowdhury, 2013). however, decreasing poverty is quite tricky for bangladesh (kona et al., 2018). not just underdeveloped nations are experiencing this issue; even the exceptionally industrialized and developed nations are not liberated from this trouble. in bangladesh, it is quite disappointing that illiteracy is the major problem. this issue is one of the significant limitations to the economic advancement of bangladesh. also, socioeconomic pointers such as imbalance, empowerment of women, public health, population growth rate, and life expectancy have been reinforced further. misha and sulaiman (2016) investigated the world's most densely populated nation with 150 million individuals in bangladesh, 31% of whom live beneath the country's poverty line of us $2 daily. life expectancy, literacy, population growth, and infant mortality are the most crucial socioeconomic progress factors connected to the poverty rate, which is prominent for the sustainable development of bangladesh. this study's primary objective is to investigate the association among changes in some significant socio-demographic factors, including poverty rate, over 13 years. in bangladesh, ahmed (2004) mentioned that research focusing on poverty determinants, i.e., the primary factors contributing to poverty, is ignored. although various variables have been studied on the nature and sources of urban and rural poverty, there are few studies based on correlational approaches. hence, this study is a critical point of discussion. in the review of relevant studies, ahmed (2004) recognized the connection between poverty factors and socio-demographic links such as land ownership, sex, family, age, conjugal condition, livelihood, profession, and ownership of the house in one poorest region of bangladesh. age and education of the family head, family size, family types, dependent numbers, salary per head, property, accessibility to power, cultivable land area, engagement with agriculture, family nonfarming resources, and the number of male and female earners were all potential factors that could have a significant impact on poverty (imam et al., 2018). rukunujjaman (2016) revealed that the rangpur and rajshahi have a worse situation than the other divisions in the poverty index. he investigated the level of poverty in bangladesh, shed light on different issues, and examined the relationship between the growth of the economy, inequalities of development, disparity of income, and poverty. along with population health, the average lifespan is another crucial critical indicator of economic progress in a nation. to measure social development, the life expectancy approach has been accepted as an innovative examination instrument, such as equity and poverty in bangladesh (khan & asaduzzaman, 2007). mahumud et al. (2013) concluded that life expectancy directly affects more real per capita income and higher consumption on the well-being of health. nevertheless, wage and real income vulnerability showed that such a development little affected rural areas' pay inequalities or poverty alleviation (khan, 1990). analyst baher kamal noticed that while life expectancy has expanded essentially and poverty has been relatively diminished inside the nation, poverty and its' multifacets keep on existing close by affluence inside and between nations (zamir, 2022). it is also suggested that fast population expansion may restrain economic progress, particularly in low-income nations with unfavorable policy conditions (das gupta et al., 2011). so, population growth is another major factor related to poverty. empirical examinations progressively support the possibility that nations have consolidated policies and planning programs of family in their overall strategies of economic development and have accomplished high and supported sustainable economic growth, and they have likewise overseen critical decreases in poverty (sinding, 2009). likewise, increasing population growth makes it more challenging for poor and lower-middle-income nations to pay the rise in public spending per capita required to end poverty, end food insecurity, and provide access to healthcare, education, and other important facilities (wilmoth et al., 2022). though, there are two major contrasting views (fertility rate and economic indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 180-186 182 policy) about the connection of population growth with poverty (merrick, 2002). education assumes a significant part in moving individuals out of poverty to more self-sufficiency (wamba, 2010). literacy has numerous contributions to a particular country, like economic and social changes. in everyday lives and community, fundamental abilities of literacy proficiency, writing, and reading particularly individuals of rural areas are better prepared to make proper decisions and become active members in the recognized marks of sustainable development: financial, social, wellbeing, political, natural and institutional turn of events (lind, 2008). thus, literacy would not alone help to reduce poverty in an economy like bangladesh. although, a study focused inversely on measuring poverty as a causal factor. like, khan and islam (2013) examined the relationship between poverty and educational attainment. this study has highlighted spatial variations in education facilities by identifying developed and lagging regions in the country. the relationship between infant mortality and poverty (turner et al., 2020) has been found that the infant mortality rate is high in the least poor region. another study proved that the remarkable increase in child mortality excessively impacted the most unfortunate region of the nation, leaving the more well-off regions unaffected (taylor-robinson et al., 2019). nevertheless, poverty is an indicator of infant mortality. like, most newborn fatalities were attributable to poor living conditions in households, predominantly in urban areas (peña et al., 2000). moreover, the life expectancy and infant mortality rates connect with bangladesh's poverty (sen& acharya, 1997). most studies on infant mortality are considered, as noted, one of the primary measures of a country's economic performance and social development (arriagada, 2006; schirnding, 2002). there was a positive, moderate, statistically significant relationship between child mortality and poverty levels. however, the degree of association between the two phenomena also weakened significantly during the period that was analyzed (medina & arevalo, 2015). thus, the conceptual framework presented in figure no. 01 drawn for this study where four sociodemographic factors such as life expectancy rate, population growth rate, literacy rate, and infant mortality rate are considered interconnected with bangladesh's poverty rate. here, life expectancy is defined as an infant is expected to live by the number of years. it measures the overall quality of people in the country. the population growth rate is the average annual percent change (either positive or negative) in a country's population over time, deriving from a balance between migrants entering and departing a nation and if there are more births than deaths. along these lines, literacy is demarcated as employing written and printed information connected to many situations, as the “capacity to recognize, comprehend, translate, generate, share, and perform”. finally, infant mortality is the number of newborns below one year old who passed away in a particular year for every 1,000 live births that same year. this statistic includes the death rate and male and female fatalities by sex. figure 1. the conceptual model source: authors compilation methods a descriptive research design is followed due to the nature of the study. a descriptive study approach offers a high level of validity for the relationship between socio-demographic factors. thus, a quantitative research strategy was pursued to get the findings. this study looks at quantitative panel analysis methods that work well when a researcher estimates factors that affect changes in continuous outcomes (johnson, 1995). this study has taken panel data from different years of five variables. for this purpose, the data were collected from the general economic indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 180-186 183 division, bangladesh bureau of statistics. the data collection year chosen for this study is 2007-2019. incorporating panel data has the benefit of providing more insights into the study. reducing the bias from missing variables is a key reason to use panel data analysis (wooldridge, 2006). results and discussion initially, the yearly scores of the five variables are presented in table 1 from which the mentioned statistics below are performed to infer the overall scenario in bangladesh. this study's findings provided statistical facts for numerically investigating the stated present situation. table 1. status of socio-economic factors year life expectancy rate (year) population growth rate (%) literacy rate (%) infant mortality rate (per thousand live birth) poverty rate (%) 2007 66.6 1.47 56.1 43.0 36.8 2008 66.8 1.45 55.8 41.0 35.1 2009 67.2 1.36 56.7 39.0 33.4 2010 67.7 1.36 56.8 36.0 31.5 2011 69.0 1.37 55.8 35.0 29.9 2012 69.4 1.36 58.8 33.0 28.5 2013 70.4 1.37 57.2 31.0 27.2 2014 70.7 1.37 58.6 30.0 26.0 2015 70.9 1.37 63.6 29.0 24.8 2016 71.6 1.36 71.0 28.0 24.3 2017 72.0 1.34 72.3 24.0 23.1 2018 72.3 1.37 73.2 22.0 21.8 2019 72.6 1.37 74.4 21.0 20.5 source: general economic division, bangladesh bureau of statistics (2007-2019) trend line is drawn using ms excel and pearson correlation test carried out using spss vs. 22 to analyze the interconnection among the study variables. the results were summarized and interpreted in tabular form. therefore, it revealed the pragmatic relationship among life expectancy, population growth, literacy, infant mortality, and poverty in the bangladesh economy. moreover, the panel data in the table considered both rural and urban areas' status of bbs listed 13 consecutive years. but, both urban and rural regions had not equal rates of progress or declination. there are several ways to analyze data based on the data type and the variable's scale. thus, the univariate analysis, such as the trend line and coefficient of correlation test, was completed to reach the study objective. figure 2. trend line source: based on table 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 ler pgr pr lr imr indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 180-186 184 figure 2 demonstrated that the literacy rate increased, and the life expectancy rates stood at 56.1 percent and 66.6 years respectively in 2007 and slightly increased to 74.4 percent and 72.6 years respectively in 2019 in bangladesh. but, the poverty rates and infant mortality rates stood at 36.8 percent and 43 percent (per thousand) respectively in 2007 and dropped to over one-half 20.5 percent and reduced by half 21 percent (per thousand) respectively in the year 2019. within the same time frame, not much was changed in the case of population growth rates in bangladesh. table 2. correlation test poverty rate ler pearson correlation -0.990** sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 pgr pearson correlation 0.668* sig. (2-tailed) 0.013 lr pearson correlation -0.850** sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 imr pearson correlation 0.991** sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 *. correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). source: based on table 1 the correlation between life expectancy, population growth, literacy, infant mortality, and poverty rate in bangladesh are shown in table no02. there is found to be a negative relationship between life expectancy and poverty as well as literacy and poverty, which are -0.990 and -0.850 respectively, and both are significant statistically. the above results indicated that a 1 percent increase in ler will decrease the pr by 0.990 percent, and an increase of 1 percent in lr will decrease the pr by .850percent. furthermore, population growth is correlated to poverty, which is 0.668 and significant statistically. likewise, the infant mortality rate is associated with poverty, which is 0.991 at the significance level of 0.000. the outcomes implied that a 1 percent increase in pgr will increase the pr by 0.668 percent, and a 1 percent increase in imr will also increase the pr by 0.991 percent. in other words, the infant mortality rate increases due to the increasing poverty rate in bangladesh. these results concluded that the progressive socioeconomic factors such as population growth rate and infant mortality rate were significantly accountable for the poverty rate of bangladesh from an economic point of view. conclusion pieces of evidence exhibited that the poverty rate, from 2007 to 2019, seems to be somewhat gradually lower. a plausible explanation for the decrease in the real value of the pr is provided by our analysis of the relationship between some socioeconomic factors and the poverty rate in bangladesh. the analysis also showed that population growth and infant mortality predict bangladesh's poverty. contrarily, ler and lr does change poverty but do not precisely cause poverty in bangladesh. therefore, it is proved that life expectancy and literate people are not the solutions for reducing poverty in bangladesh. for instance, japan has a life expectancy of 84.5 years (2nd highest), but the poverty rate increased steadily to 16% in 2020. moreover, sri lanka has an adult (age 15+) literacy rate of 92.3%, even though the country is bankrupt and spiraling towards poverty. the poverty rate reduced over some time due to many other economic factors. to address these concerns about making appropriate reasons behind poverty over time, the government should propose real non-formal education for educating the poor and street children. furthermore, it is important that interventions to reduce inequalities in income distribution in low-income countries like bangladesh should ideally be more effective, or at least as effective. this may be very obvious but seldom happens in these settings. besides, human resources should be appropriately utilized to develop society and country and to eradicate poverty in the economy. industrialization in bangladesh should be developed by properly utilizing resources, which ultimately decreases poverty, although it is impossible to remove poverty very fast. due to the use of sort period (2007-2019) data, these inferences do not generate an accurate scenario. on the other hand, further study should be conducted using crime, unemployment, poverty, carbon effusion, and any other socio-economic progressive factors as variables to measure the cause of the poverty rate in bangladesh. because crime, unemployment, poverty, and carbon effusion are the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 180-186 185 too much enlarging obstacle for sustainable development in bangladesh. references 1. ahmed, m. u., & uddin, m. 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(2013). impact of life expectancy on economics growth and health care expenditures: a case of bangladesh. universal journal of public health, 1(4), 180186. 17. medina, g. n., & arevalo, j. l. (2015). infant mortality and poverty in the municipalities of chiapas. innovaciónmás desarrollo, iv (9), 3156. 18. merrick, t. w. (2002). population and poverty: new views on an old controversy. international family planning perspectives, 28(1), 41-46. 19. misha, f., & sulaiman, m. (2016). bangladesh priorities: poverty. copenhagen: copenhagen consensus center. 20. muhammad zamir, overcoming evolving challenges and climbing the ladder out of poverty, february 13, 2022, the financial express. 21. o'boyle, e., & o'boyle, m. (2012). global poverty, hunger, death, and disease. international journal of social economics, 39 (1/2), 4-17. 22. peña, r., wall, s., &persson, l. a. 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(2006). introductory econometrics: a modern approach, 3rd ed., mason, ohio: thomson south-western. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 212-218 212 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.662 page: 212 – 218 the awareness of housewives on the quality of healthy food salwa muftah eljamay1, aziza. m. agwida alsheek2, noor-alhooda milood al awkally3, salha youssef elmesoury4 1department of public health, collage of medical technology, libya 2lab medicine, collage of medical technology, libya 3medical laboratory department, higher institute of science and technology, libya 4department of public health, collage of medical technology, libya corresponding author: salwa muftah eljamay; email: salwaeljamay@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: healthy food, housewives, life style, marital status. received : 15 september 2022 revised : 24 september 2022 accepted : 06 october 2022 housewives' knowledge about healthy food may influence the formation of their eating behaviors, methods: using collecting sampling, a total of 313 housewives were recruited for the study. a questionnaire consisting of several sections was used for assessing nutrition knowledge where questions were adopted. demographic data (education level, age, income, and other parameters) about nutrition education, the starting date of collection of questionnaire data was for eight months starting from 01/02/2019 to 01/11/2019. results: the percent of married women was 62.0%, single by 19.0%, widows, by 12.2%, and divorce women by 6.1%, the percent of economic situation, the highest percentage for the medium by 91.0%, the graduate level high percentage of 41.2% followed by a high graduated level of 38.3% then a medium level with 8.3 % and who have no level of education was 12.1%, the mean and respectively, the correlations between the awareness of housewives about the educational level and life style of housewives, and there was no relationship between knowledge with life style & education level that the p-value = 0. 000, that is significant at the 0.01 level (p-value). the education level of housewives about the life style of housewives that the table illustrated there was no relationship between the education level of housewives and life style p-value = 0. 002, which is significant at the 0.01 level (p-value). the life style of housewives and the marital status of housewives that the p-value = 0.005, which is significant at the 0.01 level (p-value). conclusion: from these results, it was found that there is not a strong correlation between the extent of awareness of healthy nutrition, age, school level, and economic level, and that, there is a strong relationship between healthy food awareness and watching tv, and this indicates the importance of education programs. introduction world health organization (who) has developed the five keys to safer food program as a guide available to provide basic principles that everyone should know to ensure safer food and prevent foodborne illness, cook well, keep food at a safe temperature, and use safe water and raw materials (ashkanani et al., 2021). the education level of pregnant women and socioeconomic status were positively associated with nutrition knowledge. the study shows satisfactory knowledge and attitude toward nutrition and diet during pregnancy but practices toward nutrition are still lacking among the study population. thus, a significant gap is there in translating knowledge attitude into practice (sangwan et al., 2022). the good knowledge of minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months old and a very low proportion of children 6–23 months old received diversified meals according to infant and young child feeding indicators. it was identified that different factors indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 212-218 213 are responsible for this discrepancy (hindawi, 2017). lower levels of education and people in rural areas benefit more from increased knowledge about food. the policy implications of this study are also discussed. (sun et al., 2021), the development of consumption of organic food products, many factors that are seen among consumption obstacles is actually related to consumer knowledge (demirtas, 2018). the differences between how single women and single men experience constrained access to country foods may partially account for previous findings that single women in arctic settlements appear to be at particular risk for food insecurity (collings et al., 2016). a more effective strategy is needed to increase the awareness of the malaysian healthy plate concept among rural adults (che abdul rahim et al., 2022). the majority of the mothers of children in jordan with ecc had poor knowledge about their children’s oral health status. moreover, seeking dental treatment was delayed by a large number of mothers of children with ecc (banihani et al., 2021). the most effective nutritional information system to inform consumers about the nutritional quality of foods in morocco, where could constitute a useful tool to help consumers in their food choices in situations of purchase (aguenaou et al., 2021). public health strategies should focus on encouraging parental healthy-eating attitudes rather than simply educating parents on what to feed their children, recognizing the important influence of parental behavior on children’s practices (romanosnanclares et al., 2018), the mothers have good knowledge of minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months old and very low proportion of children 6–23 months old received diversified meal according to infant and young child feeding indicators. it was identified that different factors are responsible for this discrepancy (agize et al., 2017). consumer preference for organic vegetables is still considered quite low. factors influencing low consumer preference are the price of organic vegetables, which is more expensive than nonorganic vegetables, and the unattractive packaging of organic vegetables (adawiyah et al., 2021). healthy dietary habits and stress management techniques need to be incorporated from very early life (kaundal et al., 2022). adequate knowledge and attitudes of mothers about diet can be a factor that prevents nutritional problems (stunting and malnutrition) (marchianti et al., 2022), the food safety knowledge of street food vendors and the sanitary conditions of their street food vending environment in the zululand district, south africa (nkosi & tabit, 2021). products are the healthiest and most nutritious food products, which can have a significant impact on quality of life and health (rahnama, 2017). the food safety awareness did not have a simultaneous effect (p>0.05) on the interest in buying frozen food products which indicates the low level of food safety awareness among housewives in d.i (sari et al., 2022). the food quality of street food showed a stronger influence on utilitarian value among the low-risk perception group than the high-risk perception group depending on the consumers’ level of awareness of food safety (seo & lee, 2021). improved food knowledge and preferences require a positive food environment and time to develop healthy eating behaviors (sirasa et al., 2021). knowledge about the product made by internal stimuli and interpretation of the products happen through external stimuli. internal stimuli are more powerful for women especially when they play the role of mother and caretaker of the family (nevedida et al., 2022). methods study design using convenience sampling, a total of 313 housewives were recruited for the study. a questionnaire consisting of several sections was used for assessing nutrition knowledge where questions from data were adapted. demographic data (education level, age, income, and other data) about nutrition education, the starting date of collection of questionnaire data was between 03/2019 to 01/2020. collecting data after obtaining informed consent, the participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire for the first time, and this served as the baseline data. participants who were not at ease with reading and/or had difficulty writing down the answers were assisted; the questions were read and the answers were jotted down. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 212-218 214 statistical analysis the data analyzed the usage of the statistical package for the social science (spss) ® model 26.0, statistical analyses have been done with the usage of different checks and evaluation of variance to evaluate variations in baseline nutrition knowledge. results and discussion to measure the reliability statistics of the questionnaire, we used cronbach's alpha to verify study consistency = 0.586 nearby 1 that`s means the questionnaire data are real to accreditation. the following table 1. table 1. frequencies of all parameters and their percent frequency percent % 42 86 87 78 15 5 13.4 27.5 27.8 24.9 4.8 1.6 age categories 15 25 years 26 35 years 36 45 years 46 55 years 56 65 years 66 75 years 38 129 120 26 12.1 41.2 38.3 8.3 education level there is no graduated level high graduated level medium level 194 62 38 19 62.0 19.8 12.1 6.1 marital status married single widow divorced 285 2 26 91.1 0.6 8.3 economic situation medium weak high 176 137 56.2 43.8 satisfied of healthy food knowledge yes no 156 53 104 49.8 16.9 33.2 watching cooking programs yes no some times 189 124 60.4 39.6 awareness by the requirement of healthy food yes no 243 6 64 77.6 1.9 20.4 effect of iron absorption by tea drinking yes no i 'don't know indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 212-218 215 311 2 99.4 0.6 food which contain ca+ dairy, eggs, cheese, etc. i 'don't know 311 2 99.4 0.6 food which contain portion meat, poultry, legumes, etc. i 'don't know 176 137 56.2 43.8 change mind about nutrition behavior to improve health yes no 189 124 60.4 39.6 content of healthy food correct answers i don`t know 313 100.0 % total figure 1 shows that the percentage of married women was 62.0% than single by 19.0%, widows by 12.2 %, and divorce women by 6.1 % figure 1. percent of marital status figure 2 shows the percentage of economic situation, that the highest percentage for the medium by 91.0 % figure 2. percent of economic situation figure 3 shows that the graduated level has a high percent 41.2% followed by a high graduated level by 38.3% then a medium level at 8.3% and who have no level of education were by 12.1%. figure 3. percent of education level descriptive statistics parameters are shown as, the mean and respectively, education level, economic situation, food which contains ca+, food which contains portions, change mind about nutrition behavior to improve health, satisfied of food knowledge, essential meals, awareness of the requirement of healthy food, watching to cooking program, as shown in the table in table 2. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 212-218 216 table 2. descriptive statistics parameters, mean & std. deviation mean std. d education level 2.4281 0.80986 economic situation 1.1725 0.55667 food which contain ca+ 13.0064 0.07981 food which contains portion 13.0064 0.07981 change mind about nutrition behavior to improve health 1.3482 0.47718 satisfied of food knowledge 1.4377 0.49690 essential meals 1.3738 0.59718 awareness by requirement of healthy food 1.3962 0.48988 content of healthy food 8.3962 0.48988 watching to cooking program 1.8339 0.89758 table 3 the correlations between the attention of housewives concerning the academic level and life variety of housewives, the table illustrated there was no relationship between information with life vogue & education level that the p-value = 0.000 that the correlation is important at the 0.01 level (p-value). table 3. correlations between the attention of housewives concerning the academic level and life variety of housewives correlations life style education level knowledge (r) 0.440** -0.299-** pvalue 0.000 0.000 n 313 313 table 4 shows the correlation between the education level of housewives about the life style of housewives that the table illustrated there was no relationship between the education level of housewives and life style p-value = 0.002, correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (p-value). table 4. correlation between the education level of housewives about the life style of housewives correlations life style education level (r) -0.171-** p-value 0.002 n 313 table 5 the correlations between the life style of housewives about the marital status of housewives the p-value = 0.005, and the correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (p-value). table 5. correlations between the life style of housewives about the marital status of housewives correlations marital status life style (r) 0.159** p-value 0.005 n 313 from the data, the responsibility statistics of the form, we used cronbach's alpha to verify study consistency = 0.586 close one which means the questionnaire knowledge is real to enfranchisement. within table 1, for highest % for graduated level and high graduated level means the housewives have an honest education, by (41.2%, 38.3%), regarding economic standing the very best percentage for medium (91.1%), the percentage of awareness by demand of healthy food (77.6%). the knowledge of content for healthy food (60.4 %). in table 2, descriptive statistics parameters are shown as, the mean and severally, education level, economic scenario, food that contain ca+, food which contain portion, amendment mind regarding nutrition behavior to boost health, glad of food knowledge, essential meals, awareness by demand of healthy food, looking at to as shown as in table 3 the change of state program, the correlations between the notice of housewives about the tutorial level and life variety of housewives, the table illustrated there has been no relationship among information with life vogue & education stage that the p-value = 0. 000 that the correlation is very large on the 0.01 stage (p-value). table 4 suggests the correlation between the education level of housewives regarding the life variety of housewives that the table illustrated there was no indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 212-218 217 relationship between the education level of housewives and life vogue p-value = 0. 002, the correlation is huge on the 0.01 level (p-value). in table 5 the correlation between the life variety of housewives approximately the legal status of housewives is that p-value = 0.005, that the correlation is huge on the 0.01 level (p-value). conclusion from these results, it was found that there is not a strong correlation between the extent of awareness of healthy nutrition, age, school level, and economic level, and that, there is a strong relationship between healthy food awareness and watching tv, and this indicates the importance of education programs. references 1. adawiyah, r., najib, m., & ali, m. m. 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(2019). fast food consumption among teenagers aged between (13 to 25) years old and their effect on health in derna libya. j regen biol med. 1(1):1-8. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 219 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.605 page: 219 – 233 ethnobotanical study of plants used by traditherapists for the treatment of malaria in the city of butembo, north kivu, east of the democratic republic of congo muhindo aristote syamasamba1, musubao moïse kapiri2, kambale eloge muhesi3, kagheni eugène mbayahi1, blaise mbala mavinga4 1faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, catholic university of graben, democratic republic of congo 2department of water and forests, faculty of agronomic sciences, democratic republic of congo 3institute of agronomic, veterinary and forestry studies, democratic republic of congo 4department of chemistry and industry, university of kinshasa, democratic republic of congo corresponding author: muhindo aristote syamasamba; email: muhindosyamasamba97@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: ethnobotanical study, malaria, pharmacological analysis, traditherapists. received : 15 july 2022 revised : 25 september 2022 accepted : 27 september 2022 malaria is a serious public health problem in the democratic republic of congo (drc) in general and in the city of butembo in particular. to complete the lack of information, the objective of this article is to identify the different plant species used in the traditional treatment of malaria in the city of butembo. ethnobotanical investigations were conducted among 91 traditherapists. semi-structured interviews with the use of a pre-established questionnaire were used for data collection. this study allowed the inventory of 26 plant species belonging to 18 botanical families. the species of the asteraceae family are the most solicited by the therapists of the city of butembo (25.27%). this family is followed by the myrtaceae and rubiaceae families, each with a total of 12.09%. then come the caricaceae, poaceae, and fabaceae with respectively 9.89%, 9.89%, and 8.79% of citations. leaves are the most used organ (70.33%) in the preparation of drugs. the pharmaceutical form of preparation is decoction (81.32%). the antimalarial recipes are administered by oral (100%). the species most solicited by the therapists are artemisia annua (12.09%), eucalyptus maideni var globulus (10.99%), cinchona ledgeriana (10.99%), cymbopogon citratus (9.89%), carica papaya (9.89%), cassia occidentalis (7.69%), and bidens pilosa (8.79%). in consideration of these results, phytochemical and pharmacological analysis of these plants is essential to help validate their traditional use and to find new plants with antimalarial potential that would play the first role in the development of improved traditional medicines (itm) with antimalarial activity. introduction malaria is a serious public health problem in tropical regions. indeed, the natural history of malaria reveals that humans, living in a biotope that the pasmodium falciparum vector, would have coevolved with both the vector and the parasite by developing a mis-mutation of the β globin family gene located on the short arm of chromosome 11 (ngbolua et al., 2013). in the world, 3.4 billion people are exposed to malaria. in 2012, there were approximately 207 million cases of malaria in the world with 80% of cases resulting in death in africa. these deaths were mostly encountered in children under 5 years of age with 77% according to world health organization statistics (dénou et al., 2017). in addition, malaria continues to be one of the causes of mortality and morbidity. the african continent has a significant diversity of medicinal plants (dibong et al., 2020). as a result of reduced access to conventional drugs in rural african areas where malaria is endemic, 80% of the population indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:muhindosyamasamba97@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 220 uses traditional medicine to cure malaria (aguiadaho, 2020; dénou et al., 2017; gnondoli et al., 2015; yolidje et al., 2020). this phenomenon is not new because, for centuries and even millennia, our ancestors have used plants to relieve their pains, heal their ailments and dress their wounds (kouchade et al., 2017). it can be that among the diseases treated in traditional medicine, malaria represents about 20% of the cases (brice et al., 2015). like other tropical countries, the democratic republic of congo is not exempt from malaria. according to a survey by the kinshasa school of public health, malaria is the primary cause of infantile morbidity and mortality in the democratic republic of congo. it is responsible for 67% of external consultations and 47.3% of deaths of children under 5 years old. indeed, a congolese child under 5 years of age experiences between 6 and 10 episodes of malaria fever per year (mutombo et al., 2020; mutombo et al., 2014). to combat this endemic, the national malaria control program in dr congo (nmcp) has implemented different strategies for malaria control as proposed by the who. despite the availability of funds and the existence of means of control, malaria continues to fill hospitals and kill children under 5 years of age (mutombo et al., 2014). indeed, the democratic republic of congo is a country with considerable floristic biodiversity. this flora abounds in medicinal plants of biopharmaceutical interest and is capable of providing new lead molecules (ngunde et al., 2021) in this context where despite the use of anti-malarial drugs, cases of drug resistance represent a major obstacle to the fight against malaria (rusaati et al., 2021). despite a possible probability of finding favorable results recorded by traditional medicine, doubt reigns in the mentality of many congolese as to the diagnosis, dosage, and healing of diseases by this medicine. this is why it is necessary to evaluate the quality of traditional medicine in the drc, starting with an inventory of the plants used in the traditional treatment and the different ways they are used, before proceeding to various analyses of some specimens of therapeutic interest identified by the survey (rusaati et al., 2021). in view of this situation, it is necessary to know whether some of the plants used against malaria in the drc could be used for a truly effective treatment. the richness of the flora of the drc provides hope of finding effective plant-based treatments. with this in mind, an ethnobotanical study in the city of butembo proved necessary. in this city, we observe a more and more massive recourse of the population to traditional medicine. the number of practitioners of this medicine is increasing and many of the traditherapists are recognized by the congolese state while others work in the informal sector. unfortunately, knowledge about the plants used by traditherapists is very fragmentary. therefore, this article is of great importance because it serves as a basis for future researchers who may be interested in the phytochemical analysis of these plants to extract effective drugs against malaria and thus reduce mortality in the city of butembo. the objective of this article is to identify the main plants used in the traditional treatment of malaria and their distribution in families, the different organs of the plant that are used, the modes of preparation of the cures, and the posology. the interest of this article is to provide basic data that can be used as a starting point in research aimed at the development of new antimalarial drugs. methods study area the ethnobotanical investigation was realized in the city of butembo (figure 1), province of north kivu in the east of the democratic republic of congo. this city is located between 0°05" and 0°10" north latitude and 29°17" and 29°18" east longitude. it is 17 km north of the equator. it is located near the western ridge of the albertine rift northwest of lake edward (sahani, 2011). indeed, the city center is drained by the kimemi river, which flows through the urban area in a south-north direction. this river flows through former swampy areas called dambo (kaleghana & mweru, 2018; sahani, 2011). the city of butembo enjoys a humid subtropical climate (afi) tempered by the mountains (vyakuno, 2006). the average temperature hovers around 18°c, with two rainy seasons, march-aprilmay and august-september-october-november, influenced by the passage of the intertropical convergence zone. the two relatively dry seasons are from june to july and january to february. the average annual rainfall (1365 mm) in the region is typical of the equatorial zone, as the area borders indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 221 the forest of this zone (sahaniet al., 2012; sahani, 2011). the soils of butembo are diversified according to the parent rocks, texture, water, and organic matter content. the milieu of butembo is inhabited by the nande, also called yira, who have populated the region for several centuries. among the nande, life is organized around families or households, considered to be the basic units for the undertaking of socio-economic activities. these activities are essentially based on agriculture and business. livestock raising has not in itself constituted the foundation of nande social organization, but it has mainly served to maintain relationships between individuals that are based on social contacts, and accessible to all (vyakuno, 2006). it should be noted that among the nande, livestock breeding has a pragmatic vocation: small livestock is used as currency to settle disputes between men, disputes, land royalties, dowries, etc. agriculture is essentially traditional. sweet potatoes, bananas, beans, corn, cabbage, amaranths, etc. are produced. often, trees accompany these crops in the city's landscape (moïse et al., 2022). the commercial dynamic that the city of butembo has experienced has also contributed greatly to the improvement of the city's housing (mirembe, 2005). the population of the city of butembo is estimated at 936,329 habitats for the year 2020 according to the statistics of the city hall of butembo. figure 1. map of the study area: city of butembo sampling because it is not easy to locate traditherapists throughout the city of butembo, snowball sampling allowed us to reach traditherapistsand interview them in their facilities where they administer medicines to patients. this method is necessary when individuals who could be part of the sample are difficult to contact (audemard, 2016; johnston & sabin, 2010; semaan, 2010; touko et al., 2010). according to audemard (2016), snowballing is therefore a sampling technique in which the aim is to expand a starting sample composed of a limited number of individuals by mobilizing their social capital. in the first stage, the researcher selects a limited number of participants who are asked to nominate other people likely to be of interest to the research. in the second stage, these people are interviewed and may in turn nominate others, and so on (audemard, 2016). in this way, we were able to identify traditional healers in the urban area of butembo, given the scale of the city and the random indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 222 distribution of traditherapists. a total of 91 traditherapists agreed to answer our questions out of an estimated average of nearly 250 traditherapists in the city of butembo. this sample is considered sufficiently representative because it was difficult to reach many traditherapists in view of the informal nature of the activity and the refusal to agree to answer us fearing that we were state authorities. the sample included all traditherapists working in the city of butembo who had a traditional medicine unit, regardless of gender, age, or length of experience in traditional medicine. data collection semi-structured interviews were used to collect data using a previously established survey questionnaire. to limit errors during data collection, the questionnaire was formalized in the kobocollect v1.25 application. this application automatically generated an excel file of the data through the kobotoolbox tool. this was a transverse survey conducted during two months between april 13 and june 13, 2020. the sample was a combination of male and female traditherapists who were randomly selected. for data collection, an ethnobotanical survey form in one language (french) was used. this form included specific questions on age, gender, knowledge of the occupation, length of time in the occupation, plants used in treatment, vernacular and scientific names of the plants, manner of recognition of these plants, time of harvesting, parts of the plants used, their mode of preparation and associated plants or substances. data analysis data analysis was done according to the nature of the variables. the calculation of the mean followed by the standard deviation was done for the quantitative variables, specifically the age of the traditherapists. the comparison of age means between women and men was performed using the wilcoxon rank test at the 5% threshold because the age data do not follow a normal distribution and the variances were not equal. the percentages of citations of species, families, organs, and methods of preparation of the cures were calculated for the qualitative variables. analyses were performed using the r 4.1.2 software (r core team, 2021). results and discussion socio-demographic characteristics of traditherapists the results show that the majority of the traditherapists are men (94.51%) compared to 5.49% of women. the age of women varies from 21 to 43 years with an average of 33.8 ± 9.36 years. on the other hand, the age of the men varied from 20 to 78 years with an average of 41.62 ± 12.95 years. the wilcoxon test indicates that there is no significant difference between the average age of men and women (w=144, p-value=0.2189 ˃ 0.05). in relation to the time experience in the profession of traditherapists, figure 3 demonstrates that 31.87% have already done 1 to 5 years of activity while 31.87% have already practiced this profession for 6 to 10 years and 26.37% for 11 to 15 years. on the other hand, those who have accumulated 16 to 20 years of professional practice represent 18.68%. finally, the traditherapists who had practiced for 21 to 25 years, 26 to 30 years, and 31 to 40 years represented 5.49%, 1.10%, and 1.10% respectively (figure 2). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 223 figure 2. experience of traditherapists in the occupation (in years) of the 91 traditherapists interviewed, 83.52% practiced this profession because they had received professional training in traditional medicine. those who cited training in traditional medicine + transcendence represent 8.79%. the traditherapists who practice their profession because they have inherited the knowledge of their family (transcendence) constitute only 5.49% of the sample. finally, 2.20 % of the traditherapists know the traditional treatment of diseases from other traditherapists (figure 3). figure 3. modes of knowledge acquisition diversity of species families used by the traditherapists the results show that the species of the asteraceae family are the most sought after by traditherapists in the city of butembo with 23 traditional therapists, i.e. 25.27%. this family is followed by the myrtaceae and rubiaceae families, each with 11 traditional therapists (12.09%). among the families most frequently used in the treatment of malaria, caricaceae, poaceae and 15 years 6 10 years 11 15 years 16 20 years 21-25 years 26 30 years 31 40 years 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 y ea rs o f se rv ic e pourcentage (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 traditional medicine training traditional medicine training + transcendance transcendance other traditherapists pourcentage (%) m o d e s o f k n o w le d g e a c q u is it io n indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 224 fabaceae present respective percentages of quotation of 9.89%, 9.89%, and 8.79% (table 1). table 1. families of species used in malaria treatment families n=91 percentage (%) asteraceae 23 25.27 myrtaceae 11 12.09 rubiaceae 11 12.09 caricaceae 9 9.89 poaceae 9 9.89 fabaceae 8 8.79 xanthorrhoeaceae 4 4.4 anacardiaceae 3 3.3 apocynaceae 2 2.2 solanaceae 2 2.2 verbenaceae 2 2.2 cupressaceae 1 1.1 lamiaceae 1 1.1 loganiaceae 1 1.1 moringaceae 1 1.1 myricaceae 1 1.1 passifloraceae 1 1.1 rosaceae 1 1.1 total 91 100 diversity of species used by traditherapists the different species used in the treatment of malaria, the organs used, their modes of preparation, the mode of administration, the dose, and other associated species are summarized in table 2. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 225 table 2. plants used in the treatment of malaria no scientific name families p.u tp m.a q/p np dt spa 1 cinchonaledgeriana rubiaceae f, e dec peros 1/2 glass 2 times 7 days g, v 2 artemisia annua asteraceae f dec, infu peros ½ glass 2times 7days cc 3 eucalyptus globulus myrtaceae f dec, dist peros 1spoon 3times 14days g, gy, le, ac, aa, cc, tr 4 cassia occidentalis fabaceae f dec peros ½ glass 2times 7days cl, g 5 conyza sumatrensis asteraceae f dec peros ½ glass 2times 14days cl 6 carica papaya caricaceae fr, g dec peros 1 glass 2times 14days 7 tetradenia riparia lamiaceae p.e dec peros 1 glass 2times 14days 8 mangifera indica anacardiaceae e dec peros ½ glass 2times 14days 9 physalis peruviana solanaceae f dec peros ½ glass 3times 7days cl 10 cupressus lusitanica cupressaceae f dec peros 1 glass 2times 7days cl 11 lantana camara verberaceae f dec peros ½ glass 3times 5days cc, tp 12 alloe verra xanthorrhoeaceae f mac peros 1 glass 2times 21-30 g 13 vernonia amygdalina asteraceae f, e dec, dist peros 3spoon 3times 14days 14 azedarachta indica anacardiaceae f, e dec peros ½ glass 3times 5days eu, th, tm 15 passiflora edulis passifloraceae f dist peros 1spoon 2times 14days th, tp 16 erigeron canadensis asteraceae f mac peros 3spoon 3times 7days pa, tpcc, cl 17 anthocleista grandiflora loganiaceae f dec peros ½ glass 2times 14days 18 rauvolfia vomitoria apocynaceae f, e dec, dist peros 5spoon 2times 7days cl, ci 19 moringa oleifera moringaceae f dec peros 2spoon 2times 31days 20 prunus africana rosaceae dec paros 1 glass 2times 7days 21 psidium guyava myrtaceae f dec peros ½ glass 2times 30days cl, pr 22 morindamorindoides rubiaceae f infu peros ½ glass 2times 14days 23 senna didymobotrya fabaceae f dec peros ½ glass 2times 14days 24 myrica salcifolia myricaceae e dec peros ½ glass 2times 30days cc 25 bidens pilosa asteraceae f dec peros ½ glass 2times 14days cl, pa 26 cymbogogoncitratus poaceae f dec peros 1 glass 2times 7days cl indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 226 legend: pu: parts utilized; tp: techniques of preparation; ma: modes of administration; q / p: quantity per taken; / j: number of taken per day; dt: duration of treatment; spa: substances or associated plants; f: leaves; r: roots; e: bark; g: grains; fr: fruits; pe: whole plants; dec: decoction; mac: maceration; infu: infusion; dist: distillation substances or associated plants (spa) ci: cinchona sp.; g: garlic (allium sativum); v: erigeron canadensis; pr: persea americana; tp: tropaelum majus; eu: eucalyptus sp.; cc: cymbopogon citratus; le: leucaena leucocephala; gy: psidium guayava; ac: acacia sp.; cl: citrus limon; aa: ananas comosus; tr = tetradenia riparia; th: thymus vulgaris; pa: carica papaya; tm=tagetes minuta. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 227 frequency of citation of species by traditherapists table 3 indicates the frequency of repetition of antimalarial medicinal plants used by our respondents, as well as the vernacular and scientific names of these plants. the most used are artemisia annua (12.09%), eucalyptus maideni var globulus (10.99), cinchona ledgeriana (10.99), cymbopogon citratus (9.89%), carica papaya (9.89%), cassia occidentalis (7.69%), and bidens pilosa (8.79%) table 3. frequency of citation of species local name or vernacular name scientifc name n pourcentage artemizia artemisia annua 11 12.09 citronnelle cymbopogon citratus 9 9.89 dira ouarubaini melica azedarach 2 2.20 muratusi eucalyptus maideni var globulus 10 10.99 herbepuante cassia occidentalis 7 7.69 kantingakake rauvolfia vomitoria 2 2.20 kavingande conyza sumatrensis 1 1.10 kilau cupressus lusitanica 1 1.10 kongobololo morindamorindoides 1 1.10 lantanier lantana camara 2 2.20 mambupuru physalis peruviana 2 2.20 hembe mangifera indica 1 1.10 mapera psidium guyava 1 1.10 maracuja passiflora edulis 1 1.10 mubiriri vernonia amygdalina 2 2.20 mukuvokuvo anthocleista grandiflora 1 1.10 muravumba(mutuvia) tetradenia riparia 1 1.10 muriga moringa oleifera 1 1.10 mutsikili myrica salcifolia 1 1.10 ngaka alloe verra 4 4.40 ngote prunusafricana 1 1.10 omutsora senna didymobotrya 1 1.10 papayi carica papaya 9 9.89 quinquina cinchona ledgeriana 10 10.99 vergerette du canada erigeron canadensis 1 1.10 vukuto bidens pilosa 8 8.79 total 91 100 different organs used in the treatment of malaria it can be seen that the organs most solicited by the traditherapists in the treatment of malaria are the leaves (70.33% of the traditherapists) followed by the combination of leaves and bark (10.99%), bark (7.69%), fruits (4.40%), grains (4.40%) and finally, the combination of leaves and roots (1.10%) and the use of the whole plant (1.10%) (figure 4). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 228 figure 4. methods of preparation of cures the remedies used by the traditherapists are derived from decoction (81.32%), maceration of organs in water (6.59%), and distillation (5.49%). in addition, 3.30% of the traditherapists use both distillation and decoction, 2.20% use both decoction and infusion, and 1.10% use infusion only in the treatment of malaria (figure 5). figure 5. modes of preparation cures in malaria treatment families of species used the results of this study show that the species of the asteraceae family are the most sought after by traditional therapists in the city of butembo with 23 traditional therapists, i.e.25.27%. this family is followed by the myrtaceae, rubiaceae, caricaceae, poaceae, and fabaceae families (table 1). these results are contrary to those of dénou et al. (2017) who found that the antimalarial species used by the populations of the district of bamako (mali) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 leaves and barks barks leaves leaves and roots fruits grains whole plant frequency of citation (%) o r g a n s u se d 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 decoction decoction and infusion distillation and decoction distillation infusion maceration f re q u en cy o f ci ta ti on ( % ) methods of preparation cures indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 229 predominantly belonged to the fabaceae family (22.22%) and rubiaceae and combretaceae represented by 12.97% and 11.11% respectively. in niger, yolidje et al. (2020) found that the most representative families in the control of malaria vector mosquitoes are papillionnaceae (21.4%), lamiaceae (7.1%), euphorbiaceae (7.1%), combretaceae (7.1%) and capparidaceae (7.1%). in togba (commune of abomey-calavi in benin), aguiadaho (2020) found that antimalarial species belonged to the families rubiaceae, fabaceae (4 species), then euphorbiaceae (3 species). families such as meliaceae, arecaceae, verbenaceae, caesalpiniaceae, and bignoniaceae were each represented by (2 species). finally, the families of moringaceae, amaranthaceae, anarcadiaceae, caricaceae, boraginaceae, chailletiaceae, combretaceae, sterculiaceae, and asteraceae each have only one species (aguiadaho, 2020). in central ivory coast, brice et al. (2015) found that antimalarial plants belonged predominantly to the euphorbiaceae family. in abidjan district (ivory coast), sylla et al. (2018) found that rubiaceae and combretaceae (5 species; 9.25%) followed by fabaceae and meliaceae (4 species; 7.41%) are the most represented families in antimalarial treatment. in the democratic republic of congo, rusaati et al. (2021) found based on a literature review of 28 papers on ethnomedicine published between 2001 and 2019, 232 plant species belonging to 67 plant families for malaria treatment. many species belong to the fabaceae, asteraceae, euphorbiaceae, rubiaceae and apocyanaceae families. in the city of bangui, lakouéténé et al. (2009) identified 27 plant species divided into 25 genus and 14 families, 11 of which are eudicotyledons and 3 monocotyledons (cyperaceae, poaceae, and xanthorrhoeaceae). the families most cited by the people of bangui are the fabaceae and asteraceae with 6 and 4 species. in the city of bamako in mali, diarra et al. (2016) found that five families grouped more than half of the species recorded in the treatment of malaria: rubiaceae and caesalpiniaceae were reported with similar percentages (13.47%); euphorbiaceae and combretaceae had 9.62% of the citations each and fabaceae 7.69%. species used in the treatment of malaria in the city of butembo, the most commonly used species are artemisia annua (12.09%), eucalyptus maideni var globulus (10.99), cinchona ledgeriana (10.99), cymbopogon citratus (9.89%), carica papaya (9.89%), cassia occidentalis (7.69%), and bidens pilosa (8.79%) (table 3). species cited for more use in dr congo include cymbopogon citratus, vernoniaamygdalina, rauvolfia vomitoria, and catharanthus roseus. most of the species identified as antimalarial plants are woody species, mainly phanerophyta (rusaati et al., 2021). in cameroon, azadirachta indica, mangifera indica, psidium guajava, cassia occidentalis, khayasenegalensis, tamarindus indica, citrus limon, eucalyptus sp., carica papaya, and cymbopogon citratus are the most commonly used plants for the traditional management of malaria (dénou et al., 2017). ngbolua et al. (2013) found that plants with good antimalarial activity in the democratic republic of congo and madagascar are: annona senegalensis pers., catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don, annickiachlorantha (oliv.) setten& maas, entandrophragmapalustre staner, garcinia punctata stapf, morindamorindoides (baker) milne-redh, phyllanthus niruri l., rauvolfia vomitoriaafzel., sarcocephaluslatifolius (sm.) e.a. bruce, senna occidentalis (l.) linkage, vernonia amygdalina del., polyalthiamadagascariensis cavaco & keraudren, uvariasp, tabernaemontanacoffeoides bojer ex a.dc., vernonia cinerea l. subspvialis (d.c.) h. humb., garcinia loriibenja, garcinia verrucosajum. subsp typica h.perr., paederia sp. in the literature, there is a variability of antimalarial plants. this variability of antimalarial plants from one region to another is due to community-specific beliefs and doctrines (brice et al., 2015). organs used in the treatment of malaria it was found that the organs most solicited by the traditional therapists in the treatment of malaria are the leaves (70.33% of the traditional therapists) followed by the combination of leaves and bark, bark, fruits, grains, and finally, the combination of leaves and roots (1.10%) and the use of the whole plant (1.10%) (figure 4). these results are similar to those of aguiadaho (2020) who also found that the different organs of antimalarial plants used by the population are mainly leaves, fruits/grains (brice et al., 2015) found that leaves (61.53%) are the most used during malaria treatment. in zanzan district (côte d'ivoire), kouadio et al. (2016) also indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 230 found that leaves (including leafy twigs) are the most used parts with 63.96%. in the bamako district of mali, dénou et al. (2017) found that plants are mostly used in the form of the leafy stem (65.52%), aerial part (12.07%), trunk bark (8.62%) and leaf (6.90%). based on 28 articles on ethnobotany in the drc, rusaati et al. (2021) found that the main ingredients identified for the preparation of remedies are the leaves, used in decoction and most often administered orally. sylla et al. (2018) also found that the plant organs most used in the different recipes in the abidjan district are leaves (68.89%). in the city of bangui, leaves are the most used organs in the treatment of malaria. leaves are the most used organs (67%), followed by root parts (15%), bark and whole plants (7% each), and finally fruits (4%) (lakouéténé et al., 2009). in the department of agboville, southeast of ivory coast, the organs used as antimalarial treatment are leaves (49.3%), stem bark (40.0%), roots (9.3%), and leafy branches (1.3%) (kipre et al., 2017). in the south of the dja biosphere reserve in cameroon, betti (2001) found that bark is instead the most used organ (66%), followed by fruits and grains (21%), and finally, leaves (13%) in the treatment of malaria. in the city of bamako, the majority of people use leaves (78.4%) (diarra et al., 2016). according to diarra et al. (2016), this organ is used more because it is very important not only for the survival of the plants and it is the organ that is easily renewed sylla et al. (2018) add that this high preference for use of leaves would be explained by the ease and speed of harvesting but also and especially by the fact that these organs are the seat of photosynthesis and sometimes the place of storage of secondary metabolites responsible for pharmacological properties of the plant. the fact that the roots and the whole plant are little used is justified by the fact that this directly eliminates the possibility of subsequent harvesting. this observation had been discussed also by sylla et al. (2018). methods of preparation of antimalarial cures the cures used by traditherapists in the city of butembo are prepared by decoction (81.32%), maceration of organs in water (6.59%), distillation (5.49%), and infusion (1.10%) when treating malaria (figure 5). all recipes were used orally (peros). these findings are similar to those obtained by (aguiadaho, 2020) who identified two forms of preparation: decoction (90%) and trituration (10%) under which the plants are used by the populations. according to the same study, the product resulting from the preparation is mostly used orally (81.25% of the interviewees) and by a bath (8.75%). in ivory coast, the results of brice et al. (2015) distinguish various modes of drug preparation during malaria treatment (decoction, expression, infusion, maceration, kneading, pounding, pulverization, softening, and trituration). the decoction is the most used method of preparation (65.38%). similar to this study, (brice et al., 2015) also found that the oral way is more used to administer decoctions when treating malaria. this finding is similar to that of kouadio et al. (2016) who found that the pharmaceutical form most used by people in the zanzan district (ivory coast) is the decoction. in abidjan district, sylla et al. (2018) found that the preparation method most proposed by traditherapists is decoction (76.97%) and that most preparations are administered orally (84.09%) in the form of a drink. decoction (76%) is the dominant method of preparation and administration is mostly by mouth in the city of bangui. this medicinal form is followed by maceration (16%) and infusion (8%) (lakouéténé et al., 2009). in the department of agboville, southeast of ivory coast, kipre et al. (2017) note that several preparation techniques are used namely: decoction (55.1%), kneading (24.7%), maceration (15.7%), infusion (3.4%) and expression (1.1%). the modes of drug administration were: drinking (35.5%), enema (20.6%), bathing (14.9%), ocular instillation (9.9%), nasal instillation (8.5%), massage (5.7%) and fumigation (5.0%) (kipre et al., 2017). in the southern dja biosphere reserve (cameroon), betti (2001) also found that decocted (39%) and macerated (36%) forms were the most used when preparing cures. he also found that 8% of the recipes were not prepared at all, 4% as ash, 3% as juice, and 2% as oil. according to brice et al. (2015), this preference is justified by the fact that the ingestion of bio-active principles orally involves a much faster and more efficient metabolic process than by skin (brushing, ablution) and aeropharyngeal (nasal instillation, steam bath) ways. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 219-233 231 conclusion this research consisted in carrying out an ethnopharmacological survey on the traditional treatment of malaria in the city of butembo. its purpose was to list the plant species used in the city of butembo in the traditional treatment of malaria and their different modes of preparation to provide basic data for research aimed at the production of new drugs from local plants. the results indicated that the traditherapists used a variety of species. leaves are the most used plant organ. the formulations are prepared by decoction and are ingested orally. in view of these results, we suggest that future researchers further investigate this new field of research by identifying the active principles within each plant species cited by the traditionalists, to produce locally improved antimalarial drugs (tads). this research will make it possible to produce traditional antimalarial drugs (tads) adapted to the local environment by limiting the cases of antimicrobial resistance. in addition, such investigations could help guide traditherapists in the dosage of traditional recipes administered to patients suffering from malaria and thus reduce mortality due to this disease in the city of butembo. references 1. aguia daho, j. e. c. 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(2020). enquête ethnobotanique sur les plantes utilisées traditionnellement au niger dans la lutte contre les moustiques vecteurs des maladies parasitaires. international journal of biological and chemical sciences, 14(2), 570–579. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 74 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.729 page: 74 – 85 the multi-objective transportation problem solve with geometric mean and penalty methods k.p.o.niluminda1, e.m.u.s.b.ekanayake1 1department of physical sciences, rajarata university of sri lanka, sri lanka corresponding author: k.p.o. niluminda; email: kponiluminda@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: best solution, geometric mean, linear programming, multiobjective transportation problem, penalty method. received : 27 november 2022 revised : 20 february 2023 accepted : 25 february 2023 the traditional (classical) transportation problem (tp) can be viewed as a specific case of the linear programming (lp) problem, as well as its models are used to find the best solution for the problem of predetermined how many units of a good or service need to be shipped from one source to multiple locations, with the goals being to reduce time or expense. classical tp has one objective but when there are two or more objectives to be optimized for in a tp, the strategies used to optimize a single objective are inapplicable. the term “multi-objective transportation problem (motp)” refers to situations in which there are two or more objectives in a tp. the specific extension of the transportation problem is the motp. this work provided a novel alternative algorithm that uses geometric means along with the penalty technique to address motp. specifically, analyzed data by comparing our method with numerical examples and presenting the results in a line graph. our analysis shows that our approach yields better solutions than existing methods, demonstrating the novelty and effectiveness of our approach. the comparison with numerical examples provides a clear and intuitive way of presenting the superiority of our method, making it accessible to practitioners and researchers in the field. these findings have important implications for improving the accuracy and reliability of solutions to the problem at hand. overall, our study contributes to the advancement of the field by providing a novel and effective method for solving the problem. introduction transportation of products and services from several supply locations to several demand centers is an important field in which linear programming is used. the simplex approach may also be used to resolve a tp that is formulated in terms of an lp model. it requires a lot of time to solve a tp using simplex methods, even though it has many variables and constraints. there are several shipping routes from various supply locations to various demand locations that make up the structure of the tp (kankanam pathiranage oshan niluminda, 2022; niluminda & ekanayake, 2022). the goal is to establish shipping routes between supply and demand hubs to fulfill the demand for a certain amount of products or services at each destination location with the supply of those same goods or services at each supply location at the lowest possible transportation expense. there are several types of tp with different cases. one of the special types of tp is called motp. it is referred to as a multi-objective transportation issue when it incorporates numerous objective functions (ekanayake et al., 2022). when dealing with real-world issues, every business aims to convey commodities while also achieving multiple objectives such as minimizing cost, time, distance, risk, etc. the first tp model was created by hitchcock (hitchcock, 1941) in 1941. in realworld scenarios, classical tp can be reformulated as motp models due to the complexity of the social and economic context, which necessitates explicit consideration of factors other than expense. various methods for resolving management-level issues with many competing objectives were initially indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:kponiluminda@gmail.com https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 75 described by charnes and cooper (tjalling c. koopmans, 1941) in 1961. m. zangiabadi (zangiabadi & maleki, 2007) use fuzzy goal programming to address motp in 2007. lushu li (lohgaonkar & bajaj, 2009) proposed a fuzzy compromise programming technique for motp. for the linear motp, lakhveer kaur (ahmed et al., 2016) suggests a straightforward method for obtaining the optimal compromise solution. osuji george (george a., 2014) proposed a method using a fuzzy programming algorithm. the three objective linear tps were solved by doke d.m. (doke, 2015) using the arithmetic mean of the global assessment. evolutionary algorithms were used for the motp by k. bharathi (bharathi & vijayalakshmi, 2016) in 2016. khilendra singh (singh & rajan, 2020) used geometric means to address motp under a fuzzy environment. using an s-type membership function, m.a.m. khan (khan & kabeer, 2015) examines the multi-objective transportation issue. kavita (goel, 2021) suggested the novel row maxima method to motp utilizing c-program and fuzzy methodology. to solve a motp using pareto optimality criteria, khilendra singh (singh & rajan, 2019) created a novel technique called the matrix maxima method. the geometric mean method and ant colony optimization algorithm were proposed by e.m.u.s.b.ekanayake (ekanayake, 2022) in 2022 to address motp in fuzzy environments. moreover, many researchers proposed several approaches to solve motp. m. afwat a.e. (m. afwat et al., 2018), t. karthy (karthy & ganesan, 2018), ekanayake e.m.u.s.b. (e. m. u. s. b. et al., 2021; ekanayake, 2022; ekanayake et al., 2020, 2021, 2022) rakesh verma (zangiabadi & maleki, 2013), abouzar sheikhi (pandian & anuradha, 2011), sanjay r. ahir (college, 2021), kirti kumar jain (jain et al., 2019), and m.a.nomani (nomani et al., 2017) were proposed a different type of algorithms to resolve motp. this work focus on building a new alternative algorithm to solve multi-objective transportation problem using geometric mean combined with the penalty method. in the end, the proposed method compares with existing different methods using illustrative examples of motp with several objectives. methods geometric mean by calculating the multiplication of the values of a collection of numbers, the geometric mean (gm) is the average value or mean that denotes the central tendency of the data. the nth root of the multiplication of n numbers is another way to determine the geometric mean. gm average formula can be shown below in equation (1): √ ∏ ⁄ (1) mathematical formulation of motp amount in the motp is to be carried from sources to destinations at an expense . here i = 1, 2, „ m and j = 1, 2, „, n and also might represent shipping costs/times/ distances, transport risk, or power consumption, among other things. if the problem has a “t” number of objectives to minimize transport expenses, then it can be written as . the mathematical formulation of motp with constraints is given in below: objective functions: bj no 1= 1 x = ∑ ∑ cij 1 nj=1 m i=1 xij 2 bj no 2= 2 x = ∑ ∑ cij 2 nj=1 m i=1 xij 3 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ bj no t= t x = ∑ ∑ cij t nj=1 m i=1 xij 4 constraints: supply constraint: ∑ xij= ai , i=1, 2, „, m n j=1 5 demand constraint: ∑ xij= bj , j=1, 2, „, n 6 m i=1 xij i=1, 2, „, m j=1, 2, „, n indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 76 table 1. general tabular representation of the multi-objective transportation problem with notations destination → d1 d2 „ dn supply (ai) source ↓ s1 c11 1, c11 2, „ c11 t c12 1, c12 2, „ c12 t „ c1n 1, c1n 2, „ c1n t a1 s2 c21 1, c21 2, „ c21 t c22 1, c22 2, „ c22 t „ c2n 1, c2n 2, „ c2n t a2 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ „ ⋮ ⋮ sm cm1 1, cm1 2, „ cm1 t cm2 1, cm2 2, „ cm2 t „ cmn 1, cmn 2, „ cmn t am demand (bj) b1 b2 „ bn here; cijmax = each column's or row's highest cij value cijmin2 = each column's or row's second-minimum cij value the proposed novel algorithm this section presents the proposed novel algorithm with steps. this method can apply both balanced and unbalanced multi-objective transportation problems and the best solution or near-best solution can be obtained. the steps of the proposed method can illustrate as follows: step 1: verify whether your motp is balanced. if the motp table is unbalanced, add a dummy row or column to make it balanced. step 2: calculate the geometric mean (gm) of every cell using the following equation (7) and create a new table using gm values. ∏ ⁄ √ here; is the unit cost of each objective in each cell step 3: use the formula below (8) to determine the penalty value for each row and column: (8) step 4: assign the relevant min (supply, demand) to the minimum cij value cell, selecting the maximum penalty value for each row and column. step 5: if there is a tie in the maximum penalty value for a column or row, choose the penalty value that corresponds to the minimum cij value of that rows or columns. step 6: if the allocation in the previous row meets the supply at the origin, cross out the corresponding row. if it fulfills the requirement there, cross out the corresponding column. step 7: the procedure should be terminated if demand is satisfied at each destination and supply is enough at each origin. if not, repeat the preceding steps. step 8: utilizing a motp allocation table, determine the relevant effective cost values for each objective. results and discussion this section will investigate both balanced and unbalanced motp and compare the newly recommended method to an optimal solution. example 1 (ekanayake et al., 2022). this example represents a multi-objective transportation problem with three objectives such as cost, time, and distance. table 2. step 1 (initial multi-objective transportation table with cost, time, and distance) (cost, time, distance) d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 21 1 11 16 2 13 15 1 17 13 4 14 11 s2 17 3 16 18 3 18 24 2 14 23 1 10 13 s3 32 4 21 27 2 24 18 5 13 41 9 10 19 demand 6 10 12 15 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 77 table 3. steps 2 – 3 (geometric mean of objectives (cost, time, distance)) geometric mean d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 6.13 7.46 6.34 8.99 11 s2 9.34 9.90 8.75 6.13 13 s3 13.90 10.90 10.53 15.45 19 demand 6 10 12 15 table 4. steps 4 – 7 (penalty method for example 1) d1 d2 d3 d4 supply p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 6.13 (6) 7.46 6.34 (3) 8.9 (2) 11 2.65 2.65 1.53 1.12 s2 9.34 9.90 8.75 6.13 (13) 13 1.15 s3 13.90 10.90 (10) 10.53 (9) 15.45 19 4.55 4.55 4.55 0.37 0.37 10.53 demand 6 10 12 15 p1 4.56 1.00 1.78 6.46 p2 7.77 3.44 4.19 6.46 p3 3.44 4.19 6.46 p4 3.44 4.19 p5 10.90 10.53 p6 10.53 table 5. step 8 (final allocation table of example 1) (cost, time, distance) d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 (21, 1, 11) [6] (16, 2, 13) (15, 1, 17) [3] (13, 4, 14) [2] 11 s2 (17, 3, 16) (18, 3, 18) (24, 2, 14) (23, 1, 10) [13] 13 s3 (32, 4, 21) (27, 2, 24) [10] (18, 5, 13) [9] (41, 9, 10) 19 demand 6 10 12 15 minimum cost = (6 × 21) + (3 × 15) + (2 × 13) + (13 × 23) + (10 × 27) + (9 × 12) = 874 minimum time = (6 × 1) + (3 × 1) + (2 × 4) + (13 × 1) + (10 × 2) + (9 × 5) = 95 minimum distance = (6 × 11) + (3 × 17) + (2 × 14) + (13 × 10) + (10 × 24) + (9 × 13) = 632 table 6. comparison analysis of example 1 with different methods comparison analysis minimum cost minimum time minimum distance new row maxima method (goel, 2021) 938 117 457 product approach (m. a. e. afwat et al., 2018) 938 132 552 geometric mean method (singh & rajan, 2020) 904 107 587 ekanayake’s method (ekanayake, 2022b) 904 107 587 proposed method 874 95 632 lingo 796 89 527 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 78 figure 1. comparison analysis of example 1 with different methods example 1 shows the motp, which has three objectives. the objective of that problem is to minimize the cost, time, and distance. table 6 represents a comparison analysis of the proposed method with the new row maxima method (goel, 2021), product approach (m. a. e. afwat et al., 2018), geometric mean method (singh & rajan, 2020), ekanayake’s method (ekanayake, 2022b), and optimum solution obtained by lingo. figure 2 shows the line graph representation of that comparison. the proposed method gives a better solution in cost, time, and distance objectives by comparison to the other existing methods. example 2 (singh & rajan, 2019). this example represents a multi-objective transportation problem with two objectives such as cost and time. table 7. step 1 (initial multi-objective transportation table with cost and time) (time, cost) d1 d2 d3 supply s1 (13, 14) (15, 15) (16, 10) 17 s2 (7, 21) (11, 13) (2, 19) 12 s3 (19, 17) (20, 26) (9, 9) 16 demand 14 8 23 table 8. step 2 – 3 (geometric mean of objectives (cost, time)) geometric mean d1 d2 d3 supply s1 13.49 15.00 12.65 17 s2 12.12 11.96 6.16 12 s3 17.97 22.80 9.00 16 demand 14 8 23 938 938 904 904 874 796 117 132 107 107 95 89 457 552 587 587 632 527 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 new row maxima method product approach geometric mean method ekanayake’s method proposed method lingo o b je ct iv e f u n ct io n v a lu e name of the method comparitive analysis of example 1 minimum cost minimum time minimum distance indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 79 table 9. steps 4 – 7 (penalty method for example 2) d1 d2 d3 supply p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 s1 13.49 (14) 15.00 12.65 (3) 17 1.51 0.84 0.84 0.84 12.65 s2 12.12 11.96 (8) 6.16 (4) 12 0.16 5.96 5.96 s3 17.97 22.80 9.00 (16) 16 4.83 8.97 demand 14 8 3 p1 4.48 7.80 3.65 p2 4.48 3.65 p3 1.37 6.49 p4 13.49 12.65 p5 12.65 table 10. step 8 (final allocation table of example 2) (time, cost) d1 d2 d3 supply s1 (13, 14) [14] (15, 15) (16, 10) [3] 17 s2 (7, 21) (11, 13) [8] (2, 19) [4] 12 s3 (19, 17) (20, 26) (9, 9) [16] 16 demand 14 8 23 minimum time = (14 × 13) + (3 × 16) + (8 × 11) + (4 × 2) + (16 × 9) = 470 minimum cost = (14 × 14) + (3 × 10) + (8 × 13) + (4 × 19) + (16 × 9) = 550 table 11. comparison analysis of example 2 with different methods comparison analysis minimum time minimum cost new row maxima method (goel, 2021) 656 652 product approach (m. a. e. afwat et al., 2018) 440 583 matrix maxima (singh & rajan, 2019) 470 550 proposed method 470 550 example 2 tp has two objectives (time, cost). the goal is to reduce the overall time and expense. table 11 shows the comparative analysis of example 2 and figure 2 represents its graphical representation. by comparing the new row maxima method (goel, 2021), product approach (m. a. e. afwat et al., 2018), and matrix maxima method (singh & rajan, 2019) our proposed method gives a better solution. both matrix maxima and the proposed method give the same results. figure 2. comparison analysis of example 2 with different methods 652 583 550 550 656 440 470 470 0 500 1000 1500 1 2 3 4 o b je ct iv e f u n ct io n v a lu e name of the method comparitive analysis of example 2 minimum cost minimum time indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 80 example 3 (singh & rajan, 2019). this example represents a multi-objective transportation problem with two objectives such as cost and time. table 12. initial multi-objective transportation table with cost and time (time, cost) d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 (6, 1) (4, 2) (1, 3) (5, 4) 14 s2 (8, 4) (9, 3) (2,2) (7, 0) 16 s3 (4, 0) (3, 2) (6, 2) (2, 1) 5 demand 6 10 15 4 table 13. comparison analysis of example 3 with different methods comparison analysis minimum time minimum cost new row maxima method (goel, 2021) 162 83 product approach (m. a. e. afwat et al., 2018) 114 62 matrix maxima (singh & rajan, 2019) 115 57 proposed method 121 54 the motp with two objectives such as time and cost shown in example 3. the objective of that example is to minimize the total time and cost. this example compares with new row maxima method (goel, 2021), the product approach (m. a. e. afwat et al., 2018), matrix maxima method (singh & rajan, 2019), and the proposed algorithm. the proposed method gives the most minimum cost value compared to the other methods in this example. table 13 shows the comparative results of that example and figure 3 represents the line graph analysis with the existing three methods. figure 3. comparison analysis of example 3 with different methods example 4 (ahmed et al., 2016). this example represents a multi-objective transportation problem with two objectives. table 14. initial multi-objective transportation table with objectives z1 and z2 (z1 , z2) d1 d2 d3 supply s1 (3, 5) (4, 2) (5, 1) 8 s2 (4, 3) (5, 4) (2, 3) 5 s3 (5, 2) (1, 3) (2, 1) 2 demand 7 4 4 162 114 115 121 83 62 57 54 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1 2 3 4 o b je ct iv e f u n ct io n v a lu e name of the method comparitive analysis of example 3 minimum time minimum cost indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 81 table 15. comparison analysis of example 3 with different methods comparison analysis z1 z2 kaur’s method (ahmed et al., 2016) 55 40 proposed method 56 39 figure 4 comparison analysis of example 4 with kaur’s method the proposed method was compared with kaur’s method (ahmed et al., 2016) in this example. this tp has two objectives (z1 and z2). the comparative evaluation of that example is shown in table 15 and the graphical evaluation shows in figure 4. by looking at above table 15 and figure 4, the proposed method gives the most minimum value in the z1 objective. example 5 (ekanayake, 2022). this example represents a multi-objective transportation problem with three objectives such as cost, time, and distance. table 16. initial multi-objective transportation table with cost, time, and distance (cost, time, distance) d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 (6, 13, 6) (4, 11, 3) (1, 15, 5) (5, 20, 4) 14 s2 (8, 17, 5) (9, 14, 9) (2, 12, 2) (7, 13, 7) 16 s3 (4, 18, 5) (3, 18, 7) (6, 15, 8) (2, 12, 6) 5 demand 6 10 15 4 table 17. comparison analysis of example 5 with different methods comparison analysis minimum cost minimum time minimum distance new row maxima method (goel, 2021) 112 461 130 product approach (m. a. e. afwat et al., 2018) 114 425 128 geometric mean method (singh & rajan, 2020) 114 425 118 ekanayake’s method (ekanayake, 2022b) 114 425 118 proposed method 114 425 118 lingo 114 424 106 55 56 40 39 0 50 100 1 2 o b je ct iv e f u n ct io n v a lu e name of the method comparitive analysis of example 4 z1 z2 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 82 figure 5. comparison analysis of example 5 with different methods the tp with three objectives (cost, time, distance) is represented in this example 5. the main objective of this example is to minimize the total cost, time, and distance. the comparison analysis of this example shows in table 17. compare to the other existing method proposed method gives the optimal solution to the cost objective and a near-optimal solution to the time and distance. figure 5 presents the comparison result of three objectives using a line graph. compare to the geometric mean method (singh* & rajan, 2020) and ekanayake’s method (ekanayake, 2022b), the proposed method also gives the same outcomes. example 6 ( doke et al., 2015). this example represents a multi-objective transportation problem with three objectives. table 18. initial multi-objective transportation table with cost, time, and distance (z1, z2, z3) d1 d2 d3 d4 supply s1 (3, 2, 8) (2, 5, 4) (5, 7, 3) (7, 9, 2) 10 s2 (4, 4, 5) (3, 4, 3) (3, 5, 4) (5, 6, 2) 20 s3 (2, 3, 7) (1, 2, 2) (4, 6, 6) (3, 8, 8) 40 demand 15 15 20 20 table 19. comparison analysis of example 6 with different methods comparison analysis z1 z2 z3 doke’s method (doke et al., 2015) 205 335 305 proposed method 235 325 265 112 114 114 114 114 114 461 425 425 425 425 424 130 128 118 118 118 106 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1 2 3 4 5 6 comparison analysis of example 5 minimum cost minimum time minimum distance indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 74-85 83 figure 6. comparison analysis of example 6 with doke’s method in example 6 tp has three different objectives (z1, z2, and z3). the main objective of this example is to minimize the objective function values z1, z2, and z3. the proposed method results compare with doke’s method (a solution to three objective transportation problems using fuzzy compromise programming approach, n.d.) in this example. the comparative results between the proposed method and doke’s method are represented in table 19 and it line graph evaluation shows in figure 6. by looking at the comparison table, both values of objective functions 2 and 3 (z2 and z3) are best when using our proposed method. conclusion multiple supply stations to multiple demand stations are connected by a massive number of transport routes in the structure of the tp. the goal is to figure out how many units of a given thing should be moved from one place to another so that there will be enough products or services at each destination point to meet demand. multiobjective transportation problems (motp) are those where more than one objective needs to be optimized. several methods have been put forward in the literature to solve motps. instead of utilizing traditional methods, the geometric mean technique with the penalty method is applied in this study to solve a motp. this paper discussed six different instants which have two or three objectives that have been studied in the literature, and when compared to those other recent multi-objective transportation algorithms, the suggested 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(2013). fuzzy goal programming technique to solve multiobjective transportation problems with some non-linear membership functions. iranian journal of fuzzy systems, 10(1), 61–74. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 181 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.752 page: 181 – 193 healthcare professionals and patient perceptions on the use of herbal medicines to control diabetes mellitus and hypertension in nigeria nwankwo ogechukwu lucy1, ogbonna brian onyebuchi2 1department of pharmacognosy and traditional medicine, nnamdi azikiwe university, nigeria 2department of clinical pharmacy and pharmacy management, nnamdi azikiwe university, nigeria corresponding author: ogbonna brian onyebuchi; email: bo.ogbonna@unizik.edu.ng a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: diabetes mellitus, disease control, herbal medicine, hypertension, medicinal plants. received : 18 december 2022 revised : 13 february 2023 accepted : 30 june 2023 the perception that herbal medicines are generally safe and non-toxic, has all necessitated patients' use of herbs in the management of diabetes and hypertension. the study evaluated healthcare professionals' and patients' perceptions of the use of herbs to control diabetes mellitus (dm) and hypertension. the study utilized a randomized sampling method for the survey; an online form was designed and used for data collection. the questionnaire was sent to professional and non-professional groups having the target population (patients and relatives. the results showed that the majority of the participants stated the use of vernonia amagdalena in the management of htn (33.0%) and dm (9.9%). other plants mentioned include moringa leaves htn n (5.5%), dm n(6.6%); carica papaya; htn (9.9%), dm (8.2); ginger, and dm (12.6%). dogoyaro/agbo (4.9%). notable antidiabetic plants reported in this study include rauwolfia vomitoria (1.1%), ugu leaves (2.2%), hibiscus (zobo) (4.4%), ocimum gratiscimum (1.1%), cucumber (1.1%), neem plant (3.8%). previous knowledge on diabetes mellitus between the patients and healthcare workers was p=0.038 while previous knowledge on hypertension was p=0.029. the knowledge of herbal product(s) used in diabetes was p=0.043 while knowledge of herbal product(s) used in hypertension was p=0.019, at p<0.05. it was thus concluded that the participants believe that herbal medicines can relieve disease within a short period, are effective at the correct dosage, have fewer side effects or no side effects at the proper doses, and can effect a complete cure if standardized, affordable, better tolerated in the body. introduction the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (dm) is one of the most alarming statistics concerning health problems globally. the major concern regarding this observation relates to the development of the chronic complications associated with dm such as microvascular such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy or macrovascular which is cardiovascular disease (cvd) including hypertension, cerebrovascular accidents (cva), and peripheral vascular disease (pvd). it is well-recognized that dm and hypertension negatively affect the quality of life in individuals. a non-communicable disease (ncd) is a non-infectious health challenge the complications of diabetes cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide and, as such, cannot be spread from one individual to another. the disease condition can progress for a long period in an individual. this condition is otherwise referred to as a chronic disease. some risk factors may include detrimental diets, inadequate physical activity, smoking, passive smoking, and inordinate use of alcohol (judith & erica, 2018). ncds are frequently dominant in low-income and middleincome countries. the world health organization (who) estimated that by 2020, 80% of global deaths will be attributed to ncds. in sub-saharan africa (ssa) alone, the ncds burden is expected to increase by 27% in that time frame (who 2013; andrew et al., 2020). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 182 the major types of ncds are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes (who 2021). excess salt/sodium intake has been attributed to over 4.1 million deaths annually, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. about 1.5 million annual deaths attributable to alcohol use are from ncds, including cancer (who 2021). over 1.6 million deaths annually can be attributed to low physical activity (james et al., 2018). the practice of nature cure (herbs) provides a way of understanding the scale and scope of the non-communicable disease as a public health crisis (who 2021). hypertension is a common global health challenge. hypotension is dangerous because it causes the heart to very hard and contributes to atherosclerosis, besides increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke, it can also lead to other conditions such as congestive heart failure, kidney disease, and blindness. about 75 to 80% of the world population use herbal medicines, mainly in developing countries, for primary health care because of their better acceptability with the human body and lesser side effects. in the last three decades, a lot of concerted efforts have been channeled into researching the local plants with hypotensive and antihypertensive therapeutic values (tabassum, & ahmad, 2011). patients may choose to supplement their pharmacological regimen with dietary supplementation in many forms, like vitamin and/or mineral mixtures, but the most popular supplements taken by the patients are those considered to be of natural origin, (herbal medicine). regrettably, significant controversy exists regarding the efficacy of dietary supplements in general and that of herbal medicines, particularly regarding pathophysiological factors related to the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. the controversy exists because reported efficacy data for many natural products are only in the form of uncontrolled studies and anecdotal reports. thus, poor quality control measures may also cause inconsistent effects for certain herbal medicines. there is a paucity of consistent and reproducible efficacy data in humans to suggest any recommendations for most herbs or bioactive supplements as adjunct treatments for risk factors related to diabetes. traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (tcam) comprises indigenous healthcare practices that do not include an orthodox healthcare system o intervention. in the african setting, it may account for local herbal medicines or products, and indigenous healthcare practices (james et al., 2018). it is therefore important to access the public opinion on the use of herbs to control this diabetes mellitus and how effective they are in maintaining their blood sugar levels considering the cost burden. the economic burden of orthodox medicines and the major risk factors of ncds like diabetes and hypertension has been attributed to modernization, the perception that herbal medicines are generally safe and non-toxic, has all necessitated patient's use of herbs in the management of diabetes and other similar conditions hence justifies the need to evaluate the impact of herbal medicines in disease prevention, health promotion, and public health. the study evaluated healthcare professionals' and patients’ perceptions of the use of herbs to control diabetes mellitus (dm) and hypertension. methods study design the study will be a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a questionnaire (online or physical). the survey instrument will be developed based on a literature review of diabetes mellitus, including its medications and preventive measures. a wellstructured questionnaire, which will include three sections. the first section comprises the demographic characteristics of the participants such as age, gender, place of work, and years of experience. the second section will be regarding the knowledge of ncds, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus in particular and prevalence, and the last section will estimate the attitude and perception of herbal medication in diabetes and its relevance in health promotion, disease prevention, and public health. study area and setting the study will be conducted in nigeria. based on the united nations estimates that the population of nigeria as of september 2017 was 193.3 million (worldometers.info, 2017). the pooled hypertension and diabetes mellitus (dm) prevalence of 5.77% observed in a meta-analysis suggests that 11.2 million nigerians (1 out of every 17 adults) are living with dm and hypertension. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 183 regional differences in the prevalence of dm and hypertension, with the highest rate observed in the south-south region of nigeria and the lowest rate seen in the north-western zone (gezawa et al., 2013). sample size determination diabetes mellitus and hypertension are major causes of morbidity and mortality both in developing and developed countries like nigeria, hence, every individual above 18 years of age will be recruited physically or online for the survey. the estimated target population size was two and fifty (250) individuals, drawn from both healthcare providers and patients or patient's relatives, especially those that have previously prescribed, dispensed, or used herbal preparation in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. a total of one hundred and eighty-two (182) online responses were retrieved from the survey, the same was used for the data analysis as presented in chapter three. eligibility criteria inclusion criteria – patients, patient relatives, who might have directly or indirectly experienced diabetes, current diabetic patients and relatives, and healthcare providers above 18 years of age, from every part of nigeria. sampling methods and study instrument a randomized sampling method was used for the survey (clearly describe the randomization unambiguously here), and an online form was designed and used for data collection. the form (questionnaire) was sent to professional and nonprofessional groups having the target population (patients and relatives). validation of study instrument the online questionnaire (google form) was designed and forwarded to the project supervisor for content evaluation and modification. the content was evaluated and subsequently corrected by the supervisor. thereafter, it was sent and distributed across various social media platforms to generate data from healthcare providers, patients, and patient's relatives. outcome measures healthcare professionals and patient's or patient relatives’ perceptions of the use of herbs to control diabetes mellitus (dm) and hypertension, with regards to the type, effectiveness, and relative safety compared to orthodox medicine. data analysis data generated from the survey were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (anova) with spss software version 23.0, and graphpad instat version 3.0. results and discussion data revealed that more females participated in the study compared to their male counterparts, with a percentage distribution of 54.9% (female) and 45.1% (male) respectively. with 12.7 standard deviations from the mean. 2.2% of the participants had no formal education, 4.4% had secondary education, while 93.4% had tertiary educational qualifications, with some having postgraduate diploma-pgd (12.1%), master of science – msc (39.7%), and doctor of philosophy ph.d. (20.9%), respectively. table 1. gender distribution and educational qualification of participants gender n % 82 45.1 female 100 54.9 mean 91 50 sd 12.7 7.0 educational qualification no formal education 4 2.2 primary 0 0.0 secondary 8 4.4 tertiary 170 93.4 mean 45.5 25.0 sd 83.1 45.6 higher education none 68 37.4 pgd 22 12.1 msc 54 29.7 phd 38 20.9 mean 45.5 25.0 sd 19.9 10.9 sd – standard deviation indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 184 location of study participants participants were drawn across nigeria, as google form was distributed in all possible social platforms to generate responses. the majority of the participants were lagos state (13.7%), this was closely followed by anambra (11.0%), bayelsa (10.4%), oyo (7.7%), delta (7.1%), akwa ibom (7.1%), and imo (6.6%) states, respectively. figure 1. location of study participants 5 13 20 19 5 13 11 7 3 12 4 2 4 25 6 3 8 14 8 2,7 7,1 11,0 10,4 2,7 7,1 6,0 3,8 1,6 6,6 2,2 1,1 2,2 13,7 3,3 1,6 4,4 7,7 4,4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 location of study participants frequency (n) percent (%) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 185 table 2. the table of the relationship between the age range of participants and the frequency of distribution age of participants n % 18 – 25 20 11.0 26 – 39 94 51.6 40 – 59 66 36.3 60 – 79 2 1.1 mean 45.5 25 sd 42.1 23.1 table 3. the frequency of marital status and religion of the respondents marital status n % single 56 30.8 married 120 65.9 widow/widower 6 3.3 mean 60.7 33.3 sd 57.1 31.4 region christianity 172 94.5 muslim 10 5.5 mean 91 50.0 sd 114.6 62.9 table 4. participant category, place of work, and household type participant category, place of work, and household type n % healthcare provider 46 25.3 patient relative 42 23.1 pharmacists 46 25.3 patient 42 23.1 medical doctor 2 1.1 medical lab scientist 4 2.2 mean 30.3 16.7 sd 21.3 11.7 place of work public 92 50.5 private 52 28.6 self-employed 36 19.8 unemployed 2 1.1 mean 45.5 25.0 sd 37.4 20.5 household type stay with immediate family (spouse/children) 136 74.7 stay with minos 12 6.6 stay alone 30 16.5 stay with caregiver 4 2.2 mean 45.5 25.0 sd 61.3 33.7 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 186 table 5. the frequency distribution of the social history of the respondents social history n % alcohol intake yes 72 39.6 no 110 60.4 salt intake yes 170 93.4 no 12 6.6 beverages consumption yes 167 91.8 no 14 7.7 sugar intake yes 148 81.3 no 34 18.7 cigarette smoking yes 6 3.3 no 176 96.7 deliberate exercise yes 130 71.4 no 52 28.6 food allergy yes 32 17.6 no 150 82.4 mean 90.9 50.0 sd 65.6 36.0 table 6. previous knowledge on hypertension and diabetes mellitus previous knowledge and experience n % precious knowledge on diabetes? yes 154 84.6 no 28 15.4 precious knowledge on hypertension? 0.0 yes 152 83.5 no 30 16.5 what is diabetes? 0.0 increased blood sugar 178 97.8 increased blood salt level 4 2.2 experienced diabetes? 0.0 yes 24 13.2 no 158 86.8 relative diabetic? yes 106 58.2 no 76 41.8 what is hypertension? 0.0 increased blood pressure 182 100.0 experienced hypertension? yes 44 24.2 no 138 75.8 relative hypertensive? yes 146 80.2 no 36 19.8 mean 97.1 53.3 sd 64.4 35.4 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 187 table 7. assessment of hypertension and diabetes mellitus assessment of hypertension and diabetes mellitus how often do you check blood sugar n % once a week 35 19.2 once in a month 52 28.6 when symptoms persist 41 22.5 frequently 34 18.7 when needed 20 11.0 how often do you check blood pressure? once a week 42 23.1 once in a month 54 29.7 when symptoms persist 34 18.7 frequently 18 9.9 when needed 34 18.7 kind of treatment sort after when blood pressure or sugar is high herbal medicine 34 18.7 orthodox (conventional) 74 40.7 both 51 28.0 don't know 23 12.6 knowledge of herbal product(s) used in diabetes yes 64 35.2 no 118 64.8 knowledge of herbal product(s) used in hypertension yes 50 27.5 no 132 72.5 herbal and conventional medicine, which is more effective in managing diabetes or hypertension? conventional medicine 57 31.3 herbal medicine 13 7.1 both 56 30.8 don't know 56 30.8 mean 49.6 27.3 sd 29.0 15.9 table 8. herbs used in the management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus antihypertensive plants n % anti-diabetic plants n % abere seed 2 1.1 bitter leaf 18 9.9 allium sativum 8 4.4 beetroot 2 1.1 moringa leaves 10 5.5 rauwolfia vomitoria 2 1.1 aloe vera 2 1.1 ugwu leaves 4 2.2 avocado, kiwi 2 1.1 hibiscus (zobo) 8 4.4 bitter leaf (vernona amagdalena) 60 33.0 garsonia (bitter cola) 2 1.1 curry leaf 2 1.1 moringa leaves 12 6.6 nuchwuanwu leaves 4 2.2 eucalyptus 2 1.1 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 188 chanca piedra 2 1.1 bryophyllum pinnatium 2 1.1 bryophyllum pinnatum 4 2.2 chanca piedra 2 1.1 efirin utazi leaf 2 1.1 cucumber 2 1.1 carica papaya 18 9.9 digitalis 2 1.1 occimum gratissimum 2 2.2 avacado seeds 2 1.1 cucumber 4 2.2 ocimum basilicum 2 1.1 dogoyaro/agbo 9 4.9 hyptis suaveolens 2 1.1 gymnemia sylvester 4 2.2 lapell green tea 2 1.1 honey 2 1.1 lemon grass 4 2.2 green garden 4 2.2 matchstick plant 2 1.1 lapell green tea 4 2.2 mukta bati 2 1.1 madhunasin 2 1.1 palm kernel nut 2 1.1 red potatoes 4 2.2 parsley leaves 2 1.1 neem 4 ginger 23 12.6 okra 4 scent leaves 2 1.1 stc30 4 2.2 sobo flowers hibiscus sabbri 2 1.1 boiled utazi leaves 4 2.2 unripe pawpaw 15 8.2 2.2 neem plant 7 3.8 2.2 unripe plantain 2 1.1 mean 6.3 3.0 mean 4.8 2.4 sd 11.3 5.9 sd 5.6 3.0 table 9. cost-effectiveness of herbs used in the management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus herbal medicine and conventional medicine, which is cost-effective n % herbal medicine 59 32.4 conventional medicine 47 25.8 both 26 14.3 don't know 50 27.5 which has improved your health in managing diabetes or hypertension herbal medicine 46 25.3 conventional medicine 54 29.7 both 26 14.3 don't know 56 30.8 can you recommend any herbal mixture to your friend or family? yes 76 41.8 no 106 58.2 can you share the benefits of herbal products with your healthcare provider? 0.0 yes 98 53.8 no 84 46.2 mean 60.7 33.3 sd 25.6 14.1 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 189 table 10. correlation analysis of categories of participants and previous knowledge on diabetes, hypertension, and the use of herbal medicines category previous knowledge on diabetes mellitus chi-square (x2) df p-value yes no 16.269 5 0.039 healthcare provider 46 0 patient relative 24 18 pharmacists 46 0 patient 32 10 medical doctor 2 0 medical lab scientist 4 0 previous knowledge on hypertension 8.365 5 0.029 healthcare provider 46 0 patient relative 24 18 pharmacists 46 0 patient 30 12 medical doctor 2 0 medical lab scientist 4 0 knowledge of herbal product(s) used in diabetes 16.301 5 0.043 healthcare provider 4 42 patient relative 3 39 pharmacists 46 0 patient 8 34 medical doctor 2 0 medical lab scientist 1 3 knowledge of herbal product(s) used in hypertension 5.999 5 0.019 healthcare provider 2 44 patient relative 2 40 pharmacists 41 5 patient 2 40 medical doctor 2 0 medical lab scientist 1 3 several nigerian medicinal plants have been reported to possess antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties. the study revealed some species of nigerian medicinal plants with anti-diabetic and antihypertensive properties based on evidence-based and first-hand experience by healthcare providers, patients, and patient's relatives. data revealed that more females participated in the study compared to their male counterparts, with a percentage distribution of 54.9% (female) and 45.1% (male) respectively. with a 12.7 standard deviation from the mean (this is presented in table 1). this could be due to the inability of some persons not having internet access or data subscription as at the time of the survey, etc. the study was conducted nationwide, hence participants were drawn across all the states including fct of nigeria, as google form was distributed on all possible social media platforms to generate responses. the majority of the participants were lagos state (13.7%), this was closely followed by anambra (11.0%), bayelsa (10.4%), oyo (7.7%), delta (7.1%), akwa ibom (7.1%), and imo (6.6%), enugu (6.0%), rivers and osun state (4.4% each), fct (3.8%), ogun (3.3%), states, respectively. fewer responses were gotten from the northern part of nigeria such as kwara, kaduna, which were 2.2% each, and 1.6% from gombe state indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 190 (this is shown in figure 1.). this shows that majority of the participants were from the western part of nigeria, where most herbal medicines or traditional medicines practice is well known across nigeria. age distribution and religion of participants it is generally believed that religion always affects the perception and the pattern of how people live and make their choices as regards to management and treatment of certain ailments using orthodox or herbal medicines, respectively. from the survey, it was observed that the majority of study participants were young people, while the rest population was distributed across various age groups. 51.6% out of the total population were between the age group of 26 – 39, 36.3% were 40 – 59 years of age, 11.0% were between 18 – 25 years and only 1.1% were between 60 – 79 years old (table 2). it is believed that religion affects the lifestyle and use of certain remedies in the management of various disease conditions. almost all participants (94.5%) were christians, while 5.5% muslims were recorded. 65.9% were married, 30.8% were single while 3.3% were either widows or widowers (this is presented in table 3). similar results were in a study conducted by judith and colleagues in 2018, where most of the survey respondents were more of young persons, etc., (judith & erica, 2018). educational background and category of participants another factor that might influence the use of some (herbal of orthodox) remedies to a very large extent is the level of exposure which could be attributed to the standard or level of education one has acquired. about 2.2% of the participants had no formal education, 4.4% had secondary education, while 93.4% had tertiary educational qualifications, with some having postgraduate diploma pgd (12.1%), master of science – msc (39.7%), and doctor of philosophy ph.d. (20.9%), respectively. 37.4% of the participants had no higher education (this is shown in table 3.4). different categories of participants were observed in the study, based on an online form designed to generate their responses. the majority of the participants (25.3%) were healthcare providers, 25.3% were pharmacists, 1.1% were medical doctors, 2.2% were medical laboratory scientists, while 23.1% each were patients and patient's relatives respectively. more than half of the study population (50.5%) were government or public servants, 28.6% were private or ngo workers. almost all the subjects (74.7%) were staying with their immediate family (i.e., spouse and/or children), while 16.5% stays alone, 2.2% stays with health caregivers, while 6.6% lives with minos (table 5). the social lifestyle of individuals often affects the substances (herbal or orthodox) they consume. almost all participants use or take salt (93.4%), 39.6% consume alcohol and related substances, 81.3% take sugar while only 3.3% smoke cigarettes. 71.4% participate in a deliberate exercise, and 17.6% reported having experienced food allergies/reactions (table 6), this also relates to the study by judith & erica, (2018). participants had the correct knowledge on hypertension and diabetes mellitus. 84.6% indicated they know about diabetes, while 83.5% indicated their understanding of hypertension. 13.2% and 24.2% have experienced diabetes and hypertension respectively. also, a higher percentage of the population affirmed that their relatives currently or have managed either diabetes or hypertension. assessment of diabetes and hypertension it was observed that the majority of the participants assess their blood sugar (28.6%) and pressure (29.7%) once every month. 40.7% of the population uses orthodox medicines while 18.7% sort after herbal medicines in the management and treatment of diabetes and hypertension, respectively. 35.2% and 27.5% had prior knowledge of herbs used in the management of diabetes and hypertension, respectively. finally, 7.1% believe that herbal medicines are more effective than the conventional medicines currently used in the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. some of the participants stated that they only check their sugar (22.5%) or blood pressure (18.7%) when symptoms persist (table 8, shows this information). herbal medicines used in the management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus various herbal plants and remedies were listed by study participants as used by them or relatives or have been recommended or dispensed to patients in the management of hypertension (htn) and diabetes mellitus (dm). the majority stated that they have used bitter leaf (vernonia amagdalena) in the management of hypertension (33.0%) and diabetes mellitus (9.9%). other plants mentioned indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 181-193 191 include moringa leaves htn (5.5%), dm (6.6%); carica papaya; htn (9.9%), dm (8.2); ginger, dm (12.6%), respectively. other herbs reported by study participants used in hypertension include abere seed (1.1%), allium sativum (4.4%), aloe vera (1.1%), nuchwuanwu leaves (2.2%), bryophyllum pinnatum (2.2%), ocimum basilicum (1.1%), cucumber (2.2%), etc., others were okra (2.2%), dogoyaro/agbo (4.9%). notable antidiabetic plants reported in this study include rauwolfia vomitoria (1.1%), ugwu leaves (2.2%), hibiscus (zobo) (4.4%), ocimum gratiscimum (1.1%), cucumber (1.1%), neem plant (3.8%), (table 9). this confirms the report by ozougwu (2017) in the article nigerian medicinal plants with anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties. cost-effectiveness of herbal medicines the cost of treatment is another factor that has been reported to influence the use of medicinal agents by different individuals. a greater proportion of the participants (32.4%) stated that herbal medicines are more cost-effective than their conventional (orthodox) counterparts. also, 25.3% thought that herbal medicines have helped improve their lifestyle in the management of diabetes and/or hypertension (table 10). on a general note, many of the participants perceive that herbal medicines are more cost-effective than orthodox medicines. correlation analysis of categories of participants and perception, previous knowledge on diabetes, hypertension, and the use of herbal medicines there was significant relationships between the participant's previous knowledge of diabetes, hypertension, and the use of herbal medicines. in line with this, there was a positive significant difference among the participants' category and previous knowledge on diabetes mellitus. also, participants were not aware of the use of herbal medicines in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. it was then observed, among the participants, pharmacists were 100% aware of the use of herbal medicines in the management of diabetes and hypertension. this could be attributed to the undergraduate and postgraduate curriculum currently obtainable in all accredited schools of pharmacy. conclusion the participants of this study had previous knowledge and use of herbal medicines. some believe that herbal medicines can relieve disease within a very short period, are effective at the right dosage, have fewer side effects or no side effects at the right doses, and can affect a complete cure if standardized, affordable, and better tolerated in the body. bitter leaf was the most frequently reported plant used in the management of diabetes and hypertension by study participants. some stated that bitter juice helps to check diabetes, while scent leaf (ocimum gratiscimum) juice and ugu juice are used for bp control with minimal side effects, quick onset of action, possibilities of treating other unknown diseases, decreased blood sugar, decreased cholesterol level, decreased blood sugar, decreased cholesterol level, easy access, and costeffectiveness. there was a significant difference among participant's category and their previous knowledge and perception of the use of herbal medicines in the management of diabetes and hypertension at p-value < 0.05. references 1. ahmed d, sharma m, mukerjee a, ramteke pw, kumar v, (2013). improved glycemic control, pancreas protective, and hepatoprotective effect by the traditional polyherbal formulation “qurs tabasheer” in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. bmc complementary alternative medicine, (13), 10. 2. aja p m, nwachukwu n, ibiam u a, igwenyi i o, offor c e, orji u o (2014). chemical constituents of moringa oleifera leaves and seeds from abakaliki nigeria. america journal of phytomedicine and clinical therapeutics, 2(3), 310–321. 3. alter js, nair rm, nair r. 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(2017) worldometers live counters (based on information from the united nations document “world population prospects: the 2017 revision”). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 255 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.617 page: 255 – 266 vegetation structure and species composition inside the habitat of critically endangered white-bellied heron (ardea insignis hume, 1878) along the phochu in punakha district, bhutan rabten1, ugyen dorji2, jigme tenzin3 1pemagatshel forest division, dofps, ministry of agriculture & forest, bhutan 2college of natural resources, royal university of bhutan, lobesa, bhutan 3sarpang forest division, dofps, ministry of agriculture & forest, bhutan corresponding author: jigme tenzin; email: jigmetenzin16@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: conservation, habitats, species composition, vegetation structure, white-bellied heron. received : 27 july 2022 revised : 04 october 2022 accepted : 07 october 2022 floristic compositions and vegetative structures are key determinants for selecting nests and roosting habitats of critically endangered white-bellied heron. however, none of the bhutanese researchers had ever studied to date. gradient-directed transect methods were adopted using systematic sampling. vegetation surveys were carried out inside 10 x 10 m (trees), 5 x 5 m (shrubs), and 2 x 2 m (herbs) in 48 plots across the pochu landscape. the result shows that the phochu landscape recorded 10 trees species belonging to six families. pinus roxburghii is the most dominant species with relative density [rd] (86.77%), relative frequency [rf] (37.50%), relative dominance [rd] (79.93%), and ivi (204.20). while, l. ovalifolia and a. lebbeck were the lowest (rd (0.53%), rf (6.25%), rd (0.07%), (0.83%), ivi (6.85), and 7.61 respectively. while shrub constitutes 19 species and belongs to 14 families. chromolaena odorata (32.15%, n = 933) and cymbopogon sp. (21.26%, n = 617) were the most dominant herbs, while, galium aparine (0.03%, n = 1) were lowest with 38 herbs species belongs to 20 families. for vegetative structures, maximum trees (38.62%, n = 73) dbh ranges from the 11-15 cm, which are found in day roosting site 1 (34.25%, n = 25). while, lowest ((0.53%, n = 1) was dbh ranges of 51-55 cm, 61-65 cm, 66-70 cm and 71-72 cm respectively. therefore, similar vegetation composition and structure studies are suggested in other core habitats across bhutan to deduce its habitat ecology for the long-term conservation of critically endangered wbh in bhutan. introduction the white-bellied heron ardea insignis (hume, 1878) is one among eight heron species which is critically endangered since 2007 due to highly fragmented distribution and small population (birdlife international, 2018; kyaw et al., 2021). generally, the geographical range is small (56,300 km²) that extends from bhutan through northeast india to northern myanmar, but appears in low densities since 2010 (kyaw et al., 2021). low reproduction rates and relatively shorter lifespans (10.5 years) are suggested as the key reasons for higher levels of mortality across the range of countries (birdlife international 2018, iucn redlist, 2018, kyaw et al., 2021). globally, wbh is endemic to bhutan, india, and myanmar (birdlife international, 2001, acharja, 2019) with a population ranging from 50-249 individuals (iucn redlist, 2018). in bhutan, wbh is mostly sighted along punatsangchu, mangdichu (khandu, 2020) and recently sighted along the drangmichu basin in the east (wangdi et al., 2017, khandu, 2020). according to the royal society for protection and nature (2015), bhutan had recorded 30 individuals in 2015 but now declined to 22 individuals in 2021 (rspn, 2015; rspn, 2021). however, the exact reasons for the decline are still unknown in bhutan. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 256 studies suggested that habitat degradation and widespread human disturbance are the major causes of population decline (stanley-price and goodman, 2015; iucn redlist, 2018; menzies et al., 2020; rspn, 2021). besides this, kyaw et al. (2021) also suggested that dam construction and hunting culture by ethnic group and rapid deforestation also contributes to the declining population in the range countries. on other hand, dewalt et al. (2003) have also reported that even the slightest changes in the floristic composition and structures inside the core habitats will have significant implications for the avian species. besides this, habitat destruction is also identified as the leading cause of species extinction as per wilcove et al. (1998). however, in-depth habitat ecology and impacts of changing vegetation composition and structure inside the core habitats of wbh were not adequately studied in bhutan. therefore, the current study aims to examine the vegetation composition and structure inside the habitats of wbh to ascertain the habitat characteristics and impacts of disturbance on the wbh (rajpar & zakaria, 2011). through this, mortality and extinction risk of the critically endangered can be lower through various conservation programs which will contribute to the long-term conservation of critically endangered wbh along the landscape of punatsangchu basin under punakha district in bhutan. methods study area the study was conducted along the stretch of phochu under the punatsangchu basin which is identified as one of the core habitats of wbh under the punakha district in bhutan (figure 1). the area is located at an elevation range of 1276 -1464 masl (rabten, 2016). vegetation is dominated by the chirpine (pinus roxburghii) at lower elevations and mixed broadleaved forests at the upper elevations with moderately warmer winters and hotter summers. the settlements are found along the valleys of river banks where farmers mostly depend on paddy cultivation due to abundant wetlands. due to the plain landscape commensurate with diverse shallow pools along the clean-running phochu, the landscape provides conducive nesting and roosting sites for the critically endangered wbh. therein, the royal government of bhutan (rgob) has recognized the significance of the wbh and issued the order from the cabinet secretariat that phochu basin is declared a protected habitat of whitebellied heron vide letter no com/04/07/887 on dated 1st march of 2007 during 336th ccm sessions (stanley et al., 2015; rabten, 2016). figure 1. bhutan map showing the location of phochu basin (study area) and nesting and roosting sites of wbh along the phochu basin data collection the study area was stratified into three distinctive habitats based on the nesting and nightday roosting sites along the pochu landscape. night roosting sites were confirmed through community consultation and the presence of droppings beneath the trees, while day roosting sites were confirmed through field observations. the single line transacts using gradient-directed transect (gillison and brewer, 1985) were runned along the center of each nesting and roosting trees. observation points were systematically established at every 50 m rise in altitude from starting point of transacts. any trees that have a dbh more than 10 cm were classified as trees, 5-10 cm (shrubs) and 0-5cm (herbs) whereby trees were enumerated inside10x10m, 5x5m (shrubs), and 2x2m (herbs) respectively. a total of 48 sample plots were laid, out of which 8 plots each in 2 nesting sites; 2-day roosting sites, and 2-night roosting sites. canopy cover percentages for each sample plot were classified into open canopy (1039%), moderately closed (40-69%), and closed canopy (70-100%) (rabten, 2016). inter-distance between nearest settlements, roads, agriculture fields, and feeding sites (river banks) from the centroid point of nesting and roosting sites were recorded using measuring tape to describe the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 257 characteristics of the habitats. besides these, environmental variables like aspect, slope percent, and altitude were also been collected. plants species were identified using various field guides authored by (parker, 1992), (thinley, 2004), (polunin and stainton, 2006), and (nbc, 2009). data analysis for calculating the composition and structures of the vegetation, relative dominance, density, frequency, diversity, and important value index (ivi) were used: 1. relative dominance = (total basal area for a species/total basal area of all species) × 100. 2. relative density = (number of individuals of a species/total number of individuals) × 100. 3. relative frequency = (frequency of a species/sum of all frequencies) × 100. 4. relative diversity = (number of species in a family/total number of species) × 100. 5. the importance value index (ivi) = relative dominance + relative density + relative frequency. 6. the frequency of a species =the number of transects in which the species occur. the theoretical range for relative dominance, relative frequency, relative density, and relative diversity is 0 – 100%, so that ivi of the species and fiv may vary between 0 and 300% (froumsia et al., 2012). while for determining vegetative structure characteristics, dbh (diameter at breast height), height and basal area (ba), and canopy cover were calculated. likewise, for comparing species diversity between transects, shannon’s measure of evenness (eh), shannon-wiener’s diversity index (h'), and species richness (s) were calculated. dbh was used to determine the basal area (ba cm2) and the relative basal area (rba) in % was used as abundance to measure the species in a community (wangdi, 2014). the formula described by zobel et al. (1987) was used for calculating basal area (ba), the relative basal area percentage (rba), and species diversity index (h') as shown below: 7. basal area (ba) = πr2 or πd2/4 d = dbh (diameter at the breast height); radius (r) = (diameter / 2) 8. relative basal area (rba) = basal cover of individual species × 100/total basal cover of all species the species diversity index (h') was calculated using the shannon-wiener diversity equation (pielou, 1977). the proportion of species i relative to the total number of species (pi) was calculated, and then multiplied by the natural logarithm of this proportion (lnpi). then the resulting product was summed across species and multiplied by -1 to remove the negative sign of h' value as shown below: 9. shannon-wiener index (h') = where pi= number of individual of one species total number of all individual (one forest only) the height and coverage percent were used to determine the volume and the relative volume or dominance of the herb layers and the ground flora. important value (pi) was calculated to find the diversity using a natural logarithm. meanwhile, data were sorted using microsoft excel 2019 and analyzed using spss (version 23) software. results and discussion tree species and composition of families phochu landscape has recorded 10 tree species that constitutes 189 individuals/stems that belongs to six families. among them, pinus roxburghii was the most common species with relative density (rd) of 86.77%, relative frequency (rf) (37.50%), and relative dominance (rd) (79.93%) with ivi of 204.20. while, l. ovalifolia and a. lebbeck were the lowest with rd of 0.53%, rf (6.25%), rd (0.07%) and (0.83%), and ivi of 6.85 and 7.61 respectively. the overall analysis showed that p. roxburghii was the most dominant and most important species in the core habitat of wbh with higher ivi (table 1). this indicates that the presence of p. roxburghii is inevitable for the sustenance of wbh within the core habitat along the pochu landscape. thus, studies by razavil et al. (2012) also reported that the slightest removal of dominant species from the core habitat along the pochu will have serious implications on the biotic and abiotic components of the habitat. therefore, constant monitoring by the concerned conservation agency is critically required for the long-term conservation of this critically endangered wbh in those landscapes. pipi n log indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 258 table 1. family composition and important value index of tree species species name no. of individuals frequency ba (cm2) relative density relative frequency relative dominance ivi pinus roxburghii 164 6 92469.33 86.77 37.5 79.93 204.20 quercus grifithii 7 1 9809.07 3.70 6.25 8.47 18.43 quercus glauca 2 2 346.43 1.05 12.5 0.29 13.85 schima wallichii 5 1 3937.28 2.64 6.25 3.40 12.29 macaranga pustulata 5 1 1131.32 2.64 6.25 0.97 9.87 alnus nepalensis 1 1 3318.30 0.53 6.25 2.86 9.64 docynia indica 1 1 2463.01 0.53 6.25 2.13 8.91 quercus semecarpifolia 2 1 1170.24 1.06 6.25 1.01 8.32 albizia lebbeck 1 1 962.11 0.53 6.25 0.83 7.61 lyonia ovalifolia 1 1 78.53 0.53 6.25 0.06 6.85 grand total 189 16 115685.70 100 100 100 300 tree species diversity, richness, and evenness among six transects, the highest tree species (s) was recorded in nest 1 (62.5%, n = 10), followed by nest2 (12.5%, n = 2), while, night and day roosting sites were the lowest (6.25%, n = 1). nonetheless, nest 1 has the highest diversity (1 (1.84) and the lowest was nest 2 (0.07), and there is no tree diversity across the transects or sites (table 2). table 2. transect-wise tree community parameters transect id diversity (h’) species richness(s) species evenness rs stem count family n1 1.84 10 0.8 62.5 40 6 n2 0.07 2 0.1 12.5 20 2 nr1 0 1 6.25 23 1 nr2 0 1 6.25 39 1 dr1 0 1 6.25 36 1 dr2 0 1 6.25 33 1 note: n1 = nest 1; n2 = nest 2; nr1 = night roosting site 1; nr2 = night roosting site 2; dr1 = day roosting site 1; dr2 = day roosting site 2; and rs = relative species richness comparison of tree species composition among the habitat types there were significant differences in tree species composition among the habitat types (h(2) = 52.179, p = .000). this may be due to some nesting sites being located at an ecotone as it constitutes a mosaic of plants from the two adjacent ecosystems and creates a mosaic of habitats that increases the species diversity (harker et al., 1999). however, there was no significant difference in species composition between the two roosting sites (table 3) may be due to the existence of a monodominant forest. table 3. mann-whitney comparison of species composition among the different habitats statistic between nesting and night roosting between nesting and day roosting between day roosting and night roosting u 1147.000 1258.000 2108.000 z -5.179 -5.397 0.000 p 0.000 0.000 1.000 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 259 structural characteristics of tree species the dbh of the tree ranges from 10-106.50 cm (m = 22.79, sd = 16.15). maximum trees (38.62%, n = 73) falls within the dbh class of 1115 cm, which were found in day roosting 1 (34.25%, n = 25). while, dbh ranges of 51-55 cm, 61-65 cm, 66-70 cm and 71-72 cm were the lowest (0.53%, n = 1). in the case of tree heights, most of the tree height ranges between 5-39 m (m = 13.06, sd = 6.31) with most of the individuals (17.46%, n = 33) height falls between 7-8 m found in day roosting 1 (85.9%, n = 15), followed by night roosting 2 (8.2%, n = 6) and none of the trees were fallen within the height ranges of 37-38 m (figure 2). meanwhile, the canopy cover was classified as open to closed with the value ranging from 5-40 (m = 12.99, sd = 6.95). demographic traits of tree species demographic characteristics of the tree species were categorized into three regeneration types; unimodal (emergent), sporadic, and inverse-j types (ohsawa, 1991). ohsawa (1991) classified vegetative structure into three models. the emergent or unimodal type has no offspring within the community and exhibit an even-aged population, the sporadic or multimodal type has several even-aged populations within the community and exhibit a multi-aged population, inverse-j type has offsprings without intermission and exhibits an all-aged population. in this study area, the distribution of trees constitutes unimodal to multimodal types in the nesting habitats. both the day and night roosting habitats showed inverse-jtype patterns (figure 2). while, an inverted jshaped pattern shows the high distribution of individual species in the lower dbh classes and a gradual decrease toward the higher dbh classes (kuma and shibru, 2015). this study revealed that, unlike the roosting sites, nesting sites were relatively far away from human settlements and motorable roads and destruction is more on matured trees along the roosting habitats. figure 2. transect-wise dbh and height class distribution of tree species st em co un t http://www.hindawi.com/78606278/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 260 comparison of structural traits among different habitats there were significant differences in dbh (h(2) = 6.813, p = .033), height (h(2) = 10.779, p = .005), and canopy cover (h(2) = 12.363, p = .002) among the different habitats. however, there was a slight difference in dbh between nesting and night roosting habitats. while, there were significant differences in all dbh, height, and canopy cover in between nesting and day roosting habitats. there was not much significant difference in dbh, height, and canopy cover between day roosting and night roosting habitats (table 4). table 4. mann-whitney comparison of vegetation structure among different habitats between nesting & night roosting between nesting & day roosting between night & day roosting statistic dbh height canopy cover dbh height canopy cover dbh height canopy cover u 1716.50 1273.50 1283.50 1508.50 1429.50 1360.50 1683.50 1990.50 2058.50 z -583 -2.886 -2.406 -2.406 -2.793 -3.210 -1.979 -549 -239 p 560 .004 .016 .016 .005 .001 .048 583 811 the highest mean dbh was 25.25 cm (sd = 15.70) in nesting sites, followed by 23.68 cm (sd = 16.95) in night roosting sites, and the lowest mean dbh with 19.86 cm (sd = 15.56) in day roosting sites. the highest mean height and canopy cover were also recorded at nesting sites (table 5). table 5. habitat type-wise mean dbh, height, and canopy cover percent for trees nesting night roosting day roosting mean dbh(cm) 25.25 23.68 19.86 mean height(m) 14.80 11.98 12.53 mean canopy cover (%) 15.25 12.01 11.91 species composition and structural characteristics of sapling species the saplings (< 10 cm > 5 cm dbh) were recorded from all the sample plots. in total, the study area had recorded 47 individuals/stems of 7 species that belong to 5 families (table 6). p. roxburghii was the most common sapling with the highest ra (65.96%, n = 31), followed by s. wallichii (14.89%, n = 7). while, p. emblica, q. glauca and r. chinensis were the lowest (2.13%, n = 1). among seven species in all nesting and roosting habitats, p. roxburghii was the dominant species with a relative dominance of 71.50 (table 6). table 6. sapling species composition and relative dominance species name stem count relative abundance family ba(cm²) relative dominance macaranga pustulata 2 4.26 euphorbiaceae 90.62 4.75 phyllanthus emblica 1 2.13 euphorbiaceae 35.26 1.85 pinus roxburgii 31 65.96 pinaceae 1362.75 71.50 quercus glauca 1 2.13 fagaceae 58.09 3.05 quercus graffithii 4 8.51 fagaceae 155.93 8.18 rhus chinensis 1 2.13 anacardiaceae 20.43 1.07 schima wallichii 7 14.89 theaceae 182.96 9.60 the mean dbh and height of the saplings in entire transects were 7.09 cm and 5.45 m respectively. the maximum dbh recorded at sapling layers was 9.3 cm and the minimum was 5 cm. the maximum height in the layers was 7 m and the shortest was 4 m. like tree species composition, there was a significant difference in species composition of the saplings among different habitats (h(2) = 21.492, p = .000). there was no significant difference between two roosting sites (u indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 261 = 72.000, z = .000, p = 1.000). however, the significant differences were found between nesting and night roosting (u = 48.000, z = -3.477, p = .001), and between nesting and day roosting (u = 48.000, z = -3.477, p = .001). species composition of shrubs and regenerations shrub and regeneration layers comprised 19 species that belong to 14 families. fagaceae (15.79%) and euphorbiaceae (15.79%) were the most dominant families followed by leguminosae (10.53%). in the case of the shrubs species, p. roxburghii was the most dominant and q. semecarpifolia was the least (table 7). table 7. shrub and regeneration species composition and relative dominance species name stem count relative abundance family ba (cm²) relative dominance aesandra butyracea 15 5.70 sapotaceae 33.33 4.96 berberis asiatica 11 4.18 berberidaceae 34.80 5.18 bridelia retusa 13 4.94 euphorbiaceae 67.78 10.09 cinnamomum sp. 7 2.66 lauraceae 7.07 1.05 desmodium elegans 19 7.22 leguminosae 38.81 5.78 ficus sp. 22 8.37 moraceae 98.59 14.68 indigofera dosua 23 8.75 leguminosae 98.59 14.68 lyonia ovalifolia 4 1.52 ericaceae 4.04 0.60 macaranga pustulata 10 3.80 euphorbiaceae 10.10 1.50 phyllanthus emblica 13 4.94 euphorbiaceae 62.22 9.26 pinus roxburghii 74 28.14 pinaceae 153.20 22.81 quercus glauca 4 1.52 fagaceae 4.04 0.60 quercus griffithii 5 1.90 fagaceae 5.05 0.75 quercus semicarpifolia 1 0.38 fagaceae 1.01 0.15 rapanea capitellata 24 9.13 myrsinaceae 24.24 3.61 rhus chinensis 8 3.04 anacardiaceae 12.93 1.92 schima wallichii 7 2.66 theaceae 8.28 1.23 wendlandia sp. 1 0.38 rubiaceae 5.56 0.83 yushania sp. 2 0.76 gramineae 2.02 0.30 grand total 263 100 671.67 100.00 there were significant differences in species diversity (h(2) = 19.007, p = .000), species richness (h(2) = 11.622, p = .003), and species evenness (h(2) = 11.555, p = .003) in shrubs and regeneration composition among different habitats. the highest mean species diversity, richness, and evenness were recorded at the nesting sites, while, day roosting sites has the lowest (table 8). table 8. mean species diversity, richness, and evenness of shrubs and regenerations among different habitats nesting night roosting day roosting mean species diversity(h’) 1.12 0.35 0.64 mean species richness(s) 4.69 2.53 4.44 mean species evenness(e) 0.76 0.44 0.45 species composition of herbs and ground flora the lowest layer is comprised of herbs and ground flora which constitutes 38 species that belong to 20 families representing the ground flora of the entire study area. among them, chromolaena odorata (32.15%, n = 933) and cymbopogon sp. (21.26%, n = 617) were the most dominant understory plant species, while galium aparine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sapotaceae indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 262 (0.03%, n = 1) and gnaphalium affine (0.07%, n = 2) were the lowest (table 10). however, there were significant differences in species composition (h(2) = 9.909, p = .007), species diversity (h(2) = 19.007, p = .000), species richness (h(2) = 11.622, p = .003), and species evenness (h(2) = 11.555, p = .003) in herbs and ground flora composition among different habitats. the highest mean species diversity, richness, and evenness were found in nesting sites, while, night roosting sites were the lowest in terms of mean species diversity, richness, and evenness (table 9). table 9. mean species diversity, richness, and evenness in herbs and ground flora among different habitats nesting night roosting day roosting mean species diversity (h’) 1.12 0.35 0.64 mean species richness (s) 4.69 2.53 4.44 mean species evenness (e) 0.76 0.44 0.45 table 10. herbs and ground vegetation composition and relative dominance species name stem count relative abundance family relative volume relative dominance acmella uliginosa 10 0.34 compositae 0.07 0.01 aconogonon molle 20 0.69 polygonaceae 5.63 0.94 ageratina adenophora 50 1.72 compositae 10.52 1.75 ageratum conyzoides 153 5.27 compositae 21.91 3.65 argyreia roxburghii 13 0.45 convolvulaceae 3.26 0.54 artemisia myriantha 79 2.72 compositae 14.86 2.48 bidens pilosa 25 0.86 compositae 0.91 0.15 boehmeria platyphylla 12 0.41 urticaceae 0.63 0.10 carex sp. 75 2.58 cyperaceae 1.69 0.28 chromolaena odorata 933 32.15 compositae 297.14 49.52 clematis sp. 15 0.52 ranunculaceae 2.25 0.38 crassocephalum crepidoides 6 0.21 compositae 0.10 0.02 curcuma sp. 102 3.51 zingiberaceae 8.89 1.48 cymbopogon flexuosus 617 21.26 gramineae 167.83 27.97 cynoglossum furcatum 13 0.45 boraginaceae 0.14 0.02 cyperus sp. 19 0.65 cyperaceae 2.39 0.40 daphne involucrata 4 0.14 thymelaeaceae 0.42 0.07 desmodium elegans 19 0.65 leguminosae 1.50 0.25 desmodium sp. 13 0.45 leguminosae 0.80 0.13 duhaldea cappa 177 6.10 compositae 17.39 2.90 galinsoga parviflora 14 0.48 compositae 0.21 0.03 galium aparine 1 0.03 compositae 0.01 0.00 gnaphalium affine 2 0.07 compositae 0.02 0.00 hedychium sp. 13 0.45 zingiberaceae 3.38 0.56 hyparrhenia sp. 238 8.20 poaceae 11.28 1.88 indigofera heterantha 3 0.10 leguminosae 1.88 0.31 jasminum nepalense 5 0.17 oleaceae 0.46 0.08 nephrolepis sp. 12 0.41 nephrolepidecaeae 2.78 0.46 oxalis corniculata 105 3.62 oxalidaceae 1.00 0.17 piper sp. 6 0.21 piperaceae 1.25 0.21 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 263 pteracanthus urticifolia 36 1.24 acanthaceae 5.50 0.92 pteridium sp. 1 28 0.96 polypodiaceae 4.21 0.70 pteridium sp. 2 15 0.52 polypodiaceae 1.25 0.21 pteridium sp. 3 19 0.65 polypodiaceae 3.75 0.63 rubia cordifolia 5 0.17 rubiaceae 1.88 0.31 rumex nepalensis 22 0.76 polygonaceae 0.25 0.04 spergula arvensis 8 0.28 caryophyllaceae 0.07 0.01 woodwardia unigemmata 15 0.52 blechnaceae 2.50 0.42 grand total 2902 100.00 600.00 100.00 nest and roost tree characteristics of wbh rspn (2011) mentioned that wbh roosted and nested on the tall chir pine trees (p. roxburghii) which is consistent with the current study. however, in the case of other range countries like india where vegetation is completely different from bhutan, there is also evidence of nests in broadleaved species like east indian almond (terminalia myriocarpa), (singh, 2014) which clearly indicated that wbh doesn’t exhibit selective behavior in selecting specific trees species for nesting and roosting, rather its selection completely depends upon the types of vegetation present in respective range countries. the current studies recorded six trees: two nesting trees; two-day roosting trees, and two-night roosting trees. the highest dbh recorded for night roosting tree 1 was 106.50 cm, followed by nesting tree 1 (105.70 cm) and the lowest was 46.90 cm at nesting tree 2 (figure 3) with a mean height of 30.23 m for nesting and roosting trees respectively. meanwhile, the height of nesting and roosting trees ranges from 15.45 m (nest tree 2) to 45.29 m (nest tree 1) (figure 4). figure 3. dbh of nesting and roosting trees figure 4. heights of nesting and roosting trees the slope percent of nesting and roosting sites ranges from 0% each at day roosting 1 and 2 to 95% at night roosting 1 with a mean slope percent of 44.83%. most of the roosting and nesting trees were located in the southwest and southeastern aspects whereby wbh prefers day roosting trees which are lying in the plain area along phochu river banks in winter. however, the selection of day roosting trees for the summer season needs to study in this same landscape. rspn (2011) observed wbh below 1500 masl regularly along the punatsangchu basin and most of the nests were found on chir pine trees within the elevation ranges of 700-1000 masl. however, the current study revealed that the highest nest recorded was at an elevation of 1464 masl (tshomenchoesa) and the lowest at 1260 masl which is slightly lower than the previous studies in the phochu area. most of the nest trees were observed nearby the feeding sites (river) at mean distance of 86 m, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 n1 n2 nr1 nr2 dr1 dr2 d b h ( c m ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 n1 n2 nr1 nr2 dr1 dr2 h e ig h t ( m ) indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 255-266 264 and some are away from the motor road (1481m), human settlement (618 m), and agriculture field (487 m) respectively. rspn (2011) also reported that wbh needs larger territories for nesting as the nesting sites were recorded at a flight distance of 10.37 km away from other. delong (2009) reported that evergreen trees provide nest sites for birds in the spring and thermal cover in winter. similarly, tall chir pine trees with well-branched provide the best thermal cover to the birds in the study area. these roosting trees were close to agriculture fields and human settlements with an average distance of 37 m and 209 m respectively. however, these trees were far away from the feeding ground as compared to day roosting sites. the average nearest distance from night roosting trees to the feeding ground is 497 m. meanwhile, wbh preferred to roost on the tree when people and animals approaches near to them. the day roosting trees were very close to the feeding ground with an average distance of 10 m. conclusion the chir pine forest along the stretch of phochu landscapes serves as a core habitat for critically endangered wbh which has become one of the conservation priorities for bhutan. floristically, p. roxburghii was the monodominant species widely prevalent within the nesting and roosting habitats, and even a modest change in the vegetation covers nearby the nesting and roosting sites will have significant implications on the persistence of critically endangered birds. however, a human disturbance was identified as the main factor that affects the forest structure and dynamics of these core habitats. therefore, an in-depth investigation of vegetation structure and composition covering the entire core nesting and roosting habitats across punatsangchu, mangdichu, and drangmichu basins is suggested to understand more about the habitat ecology. besides this, the demarcation of pochu landscapes constituting core conservation habitat and restriction of development activities within this landscape is suggested for the long-term conservation of this critically endangered heron within the landscape of phochu under the punatsangchu basin in bhutan. references 1. acharja, i. 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(1987). a practical manual for ecology. ratna book distributors, kathmandu, nepal. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 204-211 204 volume 2 issue 3 october (2022) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v2i3.628 page: 204 – 211 the nexus of altruistic and courteous behaviors on job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment among pharmaceutical executives theophilus ehidiamen oamen1, maduabuchi romanus ihekoronye1 1department of clinical pharmacy and pharmacy administration, obafemi awolowo university, nigeria corresponding author: theophilus ehidiamen oamen; email: oamentheo@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: affective commitment, altruistic behavior, courtesy behavior, job satisfaction, structural equation modeling. received : 04 august 2022 revised : 29 september 2022 accepted : 30 september 2022 prior research in several management disciplines has shown that altruistic and courtesy organizational citizenship behavior (ocb) positively enhances affective organizational commitment (oc) and job satisfaction (js) in employees. the study aims to test the assumption that altruism and courtesy ocb positively influence js and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives in nigeria. a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey with data randomly collected from selected respondents (n=401). the assumptive model was evaluated with structural equation modeling using advanced analysis of composites software (adanco). the structural model had an acceptable fit and internal reliability of constructs. study findings revealed that altruism ocb was not a significant predictor of js and affective oc (p>0.05). courtesy ocb was a significant predictor of js and affective oc (p<0.01). courtesy ocb's influence on oc is partially mediated by js. pharmaceutical executives' level of emotional attachment and sense of connection towards their organization improves substantially in a friendly, supportive work environment. the empirical model supports intra-collegial collective performance and productivity instead of focusing on an individual's altruistic tendencies. the study reinforces the team-based sales approach as well as the need to reward altruistic behavior from employees and subordinates. introduction in management literature, the study of organizational citizenship behavior (ocb) and commitment is essential to exploring relations between organizations and their employees especially as they relate to job satisfaction, motivation, employee retention, and job performance (hasani et al., 2013; mercurio, 2015; suryani & tentama, 2020; cropanzano et al., 2017). ocb has been consistently positively linked to enhanced performance and minimized turnover among employees in an organization (mercurio, 2015; suryani & tentama, 2020). although, prior research in several management disciplines has shown that altruistic and courteous ocb positively elicits and enhances affective oc and job satisfaction (js) in employees. there is a need to investigate if individual-based organizational citizenship behavior such as altruism and courtesy, as exhibited by employees in marketing organizations influences js and affective oc. in other words, do altruistic and courteous employees have statistically significant high levels of satisfaction and emotional attachment to their organizations? (suryani & tentama, 2020; cropanzano et al., 2017). in nigeria, a significant number of research publications have been devoted to exploring the impact of work conditions, employer behavior, and employer-employee relations on critical organizational outcomes such as job satisfaction, motivation, performance, turnover intentions, and productivity (oamen, 2021; oamen & omorenuwa, 2021). these aforementioned outcomes are not the case with employer-employee interactions. this survey is based on the assumption that altruism and courtesy ocb positively influence js and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 204-211 205 organizational citizenship behavior (ocb) is a behavioral construct that expresses the willingness (essentially prosocial in nature) of an individual employee to perform tasks and actions that are of benefit and help to colleagues and the organization at large (habeeb, 2019; knez et al., 2019). in the literature, five major domains existaltruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, civic virtue, and courtesy. there are further crystallized into two main groups based on the direction of focus-the organization or individuals. firstly, organizationbased ocb (conscientiousness, sportsmanship, and civic virtue): is directed at organizational objectives and goals (hasani et al., 2013; knez et al., 2019). in the same vein, individual-based ocb (courtesy and altruism) express prosocial, supportive behaviors towards co-employees or colleagues (hasani et al., 2013). this study’s theme is hinged on individualbased ocbs. altruism refers to the selfless attitude of an employee to provide help and support to a colleague without expecting reciprocation of the same and/or any form of compensation. while courtesy relates to a friendly, supportive atmosphere created that enables or elicits feelings of support and positivity between colleagues (hasani et al., 2013; asif et al., 2013; guinot et al., 2015). affective organizational commitment (oc) belongs to the three key domains of oc: affective, continuance, and normative (nkhukhu-orlando et al., 2019; alsiewi & agil, 2014). it reflects the emotional attachment and positive inclination to continue working in an organization. affective oc refers to an emotional state of involvement in which the employee has strong feelings partly due to perceived benefits enjoyed (mustafa et al., 2019; khajuria & khan, 2022; ficapal-cusi et al., 2020). job satisfaction (js) refers to a positive psychological disposition of an employee towards his/her job. js is substantially improved in enabling work environments where the employees are supported with the provision of work tools and healthy work culture. the level of employees' satisfaction largely influences their level of motivation and job performance (shah et al., 2016; alegre et al., 2016; oamen & omorenuwa, 2021; alam & shahi, 2015). the purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that altruism and courtesy ocb positively influence js and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives in nigeria. methods study design a cross-sectional study design was utilized to obtain relevant data from four hundred and one randomly selected pharmaceutical executives in nigeria. respondents gave informed consent before filling out the questionnaire forms. the items or indicators forming each construct were adapted from allen and meyers’ organizational commitment scale (mustafa et al, 2019) and organizational citizenship questionnaire (habeeb, 2019) while js was measured from a single scale measure (oamen & omorenuwa, 2021). sample size and sampling method a-priori sample based on the daniel soper calculator for structural equation modeling studies. (soper, 2022). the parameters used for estimating the minimum sample size were: the number of latent variables (n=4), number of observed or indicator variables (n=13), probability at 5%, moderate effect size (0.3), and power of 80%. (mukaka, 2012; soper, 2022) the recommended sample size was 166. however, the final sample number obtained was 401 through the random sampling technique. data analysis basic descriptive statistics were obtained from spss version 25. advanced analysis of composites (adanco) version 2.3.1 software developed and tested the hypothesized relations between independent (altruism and courtesy) and dependent variables (affective oc and js) using compositebased structural equation modeling methods (henseler & dijkstra, 2015). bootstrapping method using the maximum likelihood estimation method for 4,999 samples was used to determine the significance and confidence intervals of estimations. mode a (consistent partial least squares) was used for each reflective construct in the structural model. measurement of variables the employee-directed organizational citizenship behavior (ocb) domains are (1) altruism (aa1 to aa3), and (2) courtesy (cs1 to cs3). altruism indicators are: aa1=i engage in additional tasks in my organization without expecting anything in return, aa2=i do not expect to be commended or praised for doing tasks outside indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 204-211 206 my current job role, and aa3=i provide assistance and support to colleagues even though not required. courtesy indicators are: cs1=i take special care to be polite to those i work with, cs2=i take care to be considerate towards those i work with, and cs3=i ensure that my behavior at work does not influence my colleagues negatively. furthermore, reflective constructs were operationalized for the affective domain of ocmeasured from oca1 to oca6. oca1= i would happily spend the rest of my career in my present company, oca2=i feel my company's problems are my own, oca3=i do not feel emotionally attached to my organization (reverse coded), oca4=my company has a great deal of personal meaning to me, oca5=i do not feel a strong sense of belonging to my organization (r), and oca6=i do not feel like part of my family in my organization (reverse coded). js was measured by one indicator item (are you satisfied with your job?) on a 5-point likert scale ranging from 5=very satisfied to the least 1=very dissatisfied. affective ocb was measured with a 5-point likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (never, rarely, sometimes, often, always) respectively. oc constructs were measured with a 5-point likert scale (1 to 5) ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. abbreviations job satisfaction=js, affective organizational commitment=affective oc, organizational citizenship behavior=ocb, study hypotheses the following are the stated hypotheses of the study: h1a: positive relationship exists between altruistic and courtesy behaviors among pharmaceutical executives. h1b: positive relationship exists between altruistic behavior and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives. h1c: positive relationship exists between altruistic ocb and js among pharmaceutical executives. h2a: positive relationship exists between courtesy ocb and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives. h2b: positive relationship exists between courtesy ocb and js among pharmaceutical executives. h3: positive relationship exists between js and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives. h4a: js mediates the relationship between altruism ocb and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives. h4b: courtesy behavior mediates the relationship between altruistic behavior and js among pharmaceutical executives. h5: js mediates the relationship between courtesy ocb and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives. results and discussion the purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that altruism and courtesy ocb positively influence js and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives in nigeria hence, the composite-based structural equation modeling using adanco software was used to test hypotheses of underlying structural relationships (direct and indirect) between altruistic, courtesy behaviors, and js and affective oc among pharmaceutical executives in nigeria. demographic attributes of participants a majority of study participants are male (n=264, 66%), and female (n=137, 33%). in terms of marital status, 208 (51.9%) are married, and 191 (47.6%) are single. respondents between the age of 20 to 30 years accounted for 38.2% (n=145), 31 to 49 years accounted for 63.3% (n=254), and 2% were greater than 50 years. bachelor of pharmacy & doctor of pharmacy degree holders represented 23% (94) of the study sample compared to higher national diploma & bachelor of science degree holders (n=307, 77%). a significant majority of respondents (n=389, 97%) had between 1 to 10 years of experience in their present company while those with 11 to above 15 years were much lower (n=12, 3%). total industry experience had cumulatively lower representation for those less than 1 to 5 years (n=239, 69.9%) compared to those with 6 to above 15 years of aggregate experience (n=162, 40.4%). a majority of respondents (n=258, 64%) work with privately owned pharmaceutical companies, while 143 (36%) work with multinational companies. model fit evaluation standardized root means squared residual (srmr) assessed the fit of the structural model. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 204-211 207 the srmr value of 0.0807 (approximately 0.081) was obtained. this value although marginally above the cutoff of 0.08, is below the absolute cutoff of 0.1. hence, the model fit is acceptable. this means that the model reflects the real-world view of the hypothesized relationships (hair et al., 2014; henseler et al., 2013; henseler & sarstedt, 2013; cangur & ercan, 2015). table 1. internal reliability and multicollinearity of research tool indicator constructs vif mcdonald’s omega (ω) inference sl job satisfaction 1.000 1.000 satisfactory aa1 1.266 aa2 1.195 aa3 altruism 1.074 0.700 satisfactory cs1 1.468 cs2 1.563 cs3 courtesy 1.227 0.704 satisfactory oca1 1.322 oca2 1.345 oca3 1.292 oca4 1.514 oca5 2.086 oca6 affective oc 1.921 0.780 satisfactory note: js has a single indicator construct, hence value is 1, vif=variance inflation factor mcdonald's omega macro in spss (hayes & coutts, 2020) explored the reliability of the data instrument. mcdonald’s omega produces less restrictive reliability scores and robust values, especially for constructs with few indicators or observed items (dunn et al., 2014). the constructs all had measures of internal reliability greater than the 0.7 thresholds as shown in table 1. (hayes & coutts, 2020). the vif of the indicators of each construct was below the strict benchmark of 3.3. thus, it suggests that common method bias does not exist in the model as well as the absence of collinearity concerns (kock, 2015; kock, 2019). table 2. discriminant validity test construct altruism courtesy affective oc satisfaction altruism 0.0351 courtesy 0.0157 0.4312 affective oc 0.0251 0.1356 0.3747 satisfaction 0.0025 0.0449 0.2788 table 2 above showed that the square root of the average variance explained values (0.0351, 0.4312, and 0.3747) across the diagonal are higher than the intercorrelations between the constructs. this establishes that each construct is different from the other and hence cannot be confused to be measuring the same construct. this criterion is known as fornell & larcker which establishes the presence or absence of discriminant validity of the constructs in a measurement instrument (henseler et al., 2015). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 204-211 208 figure 1. structural model diagram (standardized path coefficients) of relationships the structural model in figure 1 shows the causal relations between the independent variables (altruism and courtesy) and job satisfaction and affective oc (dependent variables). significant path coefficients were obtained between courtesy and job satisfaction on affective oc at p<0.01. altruism, on the other hand, had non-significant paths. table 3. causal effects between constructs and hypotheses testing path (direct effects) β value t-value p-value lci uci hypothesis altruism -> courtesy 0.125 0.949 0.171 -0.283 0.338 h1a: not supported altruism -> affective oc 0.103 1.231 0.109 -0.143 0.317 h1b: not supported altruism -> satisfaction 0.024 0.265 0.395 -0.230 0.206 h1c: not supported courtesy -> affective oc 0.256 4.027 0.000 0.092 0.421 h2a: supported courtesy -> satisfaction 0.209 3.045 0.001 0.033 0.388 h2b: supported satisfaction -> affective oc 0.469 8.579 0.000 0.319 0.605 h3: supported *p<0.05, **p<0.01, for t-values>1.96 and 3.84 respectively, β-beta from table 3, the path coefficients were related to the tests of the hypothesis. significant path coefficients with t-values above the threshold of 1.96 and 3.84 at p<0.01 and 0.01 respectively had hypothesis supported compared to non-significant paths. table 4. mediation effects between constructs and hypotheses testing path (mediation effects) mediator variable β value t-value p-value lci uci inference altruism -> affective oc satisfaction 0.0554 0.777 0.219 -0.164 0.165 h4a: not supported altruism -> satisfaction courtesy 0.0261 0.881 0.189 -0.071 0.092 h4b: not supported courtesy -> affective oc satisfaction 0.0979 2.901 0.002 0.015 0.195 h5: supported p<0.05 at t-values>1.96, lci-lower confidence interval, uci=upper confidence interval limit in table 4, the mediating variable job satisfaction had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between courtesy and affective oc. this effect is partial mediation because the direct relationship between courtesy and affective oc is significant as shown in table 3. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 204-211 209 path analysis of structural model the findings of the study (table 3) revealed that altruism does not relate to or influence courtesy, js, and affective oc constructs (p>0.05), while courtesy positively influences affective oc and js. similarly, js positively influences affective oc (p<0.05). the study showed that employees’ level of emotional attachment and commitment to their organization thrive significantly under two conditions: (1) when there is a positive, friendly, supportive, and collegial work environment; (2) when pharmaceutical executives are satisfied with their jobs (ficapal-cusi et al., 2020). these scenarios are important enablers for employees in selling organizations to adapt and contribute their unique skillsets for the good of the team and the organization as a whole. this aligns with extant research which asserts that a conducive work environment and satisfaction with work generally improve organizational commitment (chordiya et al., 2017; shah et al., 2016; alegre et al., 2016; oamen & omorenuwa, 2021; alam & shahi, 2015). therefore, this suggests that it is important for management teams to adapt and strengthen the existing team structures to enhance collective performance and productivity, and not rely on individual-based performance only. however, the non-significant role of altruism in the hypothesized relations is contrary to the assertion of established literature (hasani et al., 2013). in the context of the study, it may be due to a couple of reasons: (1) apparently, altruistic behaviors are not encouraged among employees; (2) altruistic behaviors exhibited by co-employees may not be done necessarily to further organizational objectives but voluntarily on a personal or individual level (guinot et al., 2015). furthermore, the mediation analysis shows that js mediates the effect or influence of courtesy on affective oc (table 4). in other words. the linkage between courtesy and affective oc is partially mediated by js. this invariably means that js has a causal effect on the relationship between courtesy and affective oc (shah et al., 2016; alegre et al., 2016; alam & shahi, 2015). the high coefficient of determination (r2) of the main dependent variable affective oc showed that 35.8% of the dependent variable were adequately explained by js, altruism, and courtesy constructs as shown in figure 1. this shows a moderate to high predictive effect value (mukaka, 2012). this outcome confirms the adequacy of the model. implications of study to operational management the task of aligning altruistic and courtesy behaviors to yield desired js and affective oc is the prerogative of managers in any organization. it is suggested that altruistic behavior is encouraged among employees. this can be done in two ways: (1) recognition and rewards by management would encourage this behavior to thrive; (2) aligning the behavior to ensure that it is not done excessively to the detriment of the individual employee (that is, feelings of not being appreciated, valued, or adequately encouraged). likewise, encouraging intraand inter-collegial relationships through healthy team spirit and work are advocated as a modus operandi in selling, marketing, and fieldbased organizations. operational and human resource managers have a major role to play in ensuring the attainment of positive, optimum employee-based behaviors for the overall benefit of the organization. the prioritization of courtesy over altruism as evident from the findings of the study implies that employees require supportive and friendly work relations more than attitudes of altruism expressed by colleagues. conclusion the study utilized a composite-based structural equation model to unravel the relationships between altruism, courtesy ocb, js, and affective oc. the study highlights the relevance of encouraging emotionally vested organizational commitment and job satisfaction by establishing an optimum balance between promoting friendly, supportive interactions and exhibiting selfless, altruistic behaviors among pharmaceutical executives. the study inherently focused on js and affective oc as outcome variables while excluding normative and continuance oc constructs. thus, extrapolation to these oc constructs should be done in the proper context to avoid distortion of meaning. also, js was explained by a single indicator item. hence, future studies should involve more items to enhance robustness. thus, should be expanded in future research to include other measures. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 2 (3), 204-211 210 references 1. alam, s., & shahi, m. 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[accessed january 2022]. https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 118 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.807 page: 118 – 132 advance an automated indoor hydroponic unit for plant growth detection with compatible for two different plant varieties r.m.u.i. rathnayake1, d.n. liyanage1, h.c. ganege1, e.u.u. rathnathunga 2 1department of engineering technology, university of ruhuna, sri lanka 2department of urban bioresources, university of sri jayewardenepura, sri lanka corresponding author: d.n. liyanage; email: dulani@fot.ruh.ac.lk a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: arduino, automated, hydroponic, plant growth, sensors. received : 07 february 2023 revised : 16 june 2023 accepted : 20 june 2023 the study aimed to design and fabricate an automated indoor hydroponic plant growth chamber, by comparing the manual system to determine plant growth and development and the sub-objective was to send data to the iot platform. the sensor-based automated system incorporated ph, tds, temperature, and humidity sensors, controlled by solenoid valves using arduino. tomato and lettuce plants were grown in both systems and growth parameters were measured. the results showed that the automated system maintained consistent temperature, humidity, ph, and ec levels similar to the outdoor system (vary in 30-32, 52-79, 5.5-6.5, and 1.52.5 ds/m ranges respectively). furthermore, the automated indoor system significantly enhanced the plant growth of tomato and lettuce plants compared to the manual system. significantly higher plant heights of 27.9±1.9 cm and 27.4±4.9 cm, the leaf lengths of 3.2±0.1 cm and 3.9±0.1 cm were observed for the tomatoes and the lettuces respectively in the automated indoor system. a significant difference was observed between the spad reading of the automated indoor tomato of 30±0.9 and the outdoor tomato of 26±0.4. similarly, spad readings for the automated indoor lettuce of 23±0.3 and outdoor lettuce of 17±0.5 were significantly different (pr=<0.0001, pr≤0.05). these findings highlight the effectiveness of the automated hydroponic system in accommodating plant preferences and its potential for improving agricultural practices. by integrating iot platforms for data analysis, this technology can optimize plant growth, enhance yields, and facilitate informed decision-making in hydroponic farming. introduction sri lanka is a tropical agricultural country, that is frequently affected by which is frequently affected by sudden damages in agricultural production due to drastic climatic disasters like droughts, floods, and landslides (weerasekara et al., 2021). the present economic crisis in sri lanka has exacerbated the country’s agricultural production. the prime goal of farmers is to produce an adequate nutritious food supplement to feed the world's expanding population, eradicated food scarcity, and improve food security (ginigaddara, 2020). there are different farming practices are practiced in various parts of the world based on a variety of variables such as plant variety, climate, water, and soil conditions. the type of farming is determined by some factors (stringer et al., 2020). farmers must identify the particular farming practices that are compatible with the local physical environment. they must also guarantee that their goods will be purchased in the neighborhood market. the sort of farming in question is determined by particular agricultural practices and the products that are produced (balmford et al., 2012). in 1925, greenhouses were established and the trend has initiated to grow plants in the plant houses with considering the disadvantages of traditional farming. due to the rapid growth of the population, traditional farming methods could not afford to supply adequate food production for the rising demand (fussy & papenbrock, 2022). even though indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:dulani@fot.ruh.ac.lk https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 119 cultivation in greenhouses has advantages, the soil medium application has become a burden due to the difficulty in conducting frequent management practices. as a result, hydroponic farming has been introduced and identified as a new alternative for the soil medium application that has many advantages and has later become the best form of indoor farming type. currently, sri lanka has made significant advancements in hydroponic farming and has effectively applied it to a variety of small-scale and large-scale agricultural output. initially, only cultivation in nutrient fluids was referred to as hydroponics. later cultivation in nutrient solutions as well as in other non-soil mediums became known as hydroponics cultivation. today, all cultivations with or without soil, with or without other mediums, with the help of nutrient fluids, are known as irrigated/non-irrigated cultivations (mazoyer & roudart, 2006). urbanization and the current drawbacks in the food supply chain have brought new insight into the popularization of home gardening, urban gardening, and indoor farming in sri lanka. urban home gardens usually possess limited space to cultivate. where indoor farming, vertical farming, and hydroponics become fruitful solutions for modern world people (kulathunga et al., 2022). indoor farming has become the future of agriculture, as it needs limited spaces, and can grow using smart chambers, which could be automated and monitor the plant growth by providing all the required nutrients for healthy growth (woodard, 2019). indoor plant technology refers to hydroponics or aquaponics which translates as soilless gardening. it can be performed both indoors and outdoors and using high-end or low-profile technology (dholwani et al., 2018). hydroponics is a form of gardening that usually uses no soil but instead grows plants in a solution of water and nutrients. “albert solution” is the most commonly used nutrient solution used for hydroponics in sri lanka. faster and year-round plant and food growth are possible with a hydroponic system. wick system, deep water culture (dwc), ebb and flow (flood & drain) system, drip (recovery or non-recovery) system, nutrient film technique (nft), aeroponics, and aquaponics could be identified as the different types of modern advanced hydroponic systems (alexander, 2000). the ability to control optimum environmental conditions according to considered facts is one of the major advantages of automated systems. conventional farming methods require a large amount of water for irrigation as they require large open spaces. but in an indoor system, it can be farming using limited space and limited resources. they are fitted with led grow lights so that they provide adequate light needed by plants. now, there are a lot of indoor hydroponic systems developed with the technology (rexford & rexford, 1910). several plants can be grown this way such as lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, root vegetables, herbs, greens, and all kinds of flowering plants. growing two different crop types which possess different environmental conditions and nutrient levels in one hydroponic system is a challenging fact. it is important to identify the optimum levels of the different crop types which are compatible with the efficient automated levels. to observe that, compare two systems by automatically controlling ph values and electrical conductivity (ec) in the indoor system and manually controlling the outdoor system. when water flows in the normal way it can affect the plants because ph and ec values change. but when it is automated ph and ec values are balanced automatically so it fluctuates in the optimum range and continuously provides a balanced nutrient solution. to observe the design of two hydroponic systems as indoor and outdoor systems and compare the results of both systems. the main objectives of this research are to design and fabricate an automated indoor hydroponic plant growing chamber with compatible the different plant architectures of two plant varieties, to determine the efficiency of the system compared to the manual system, and to compare the plant growth and development. sub-objective is to send data to the iot platform (thingspeak) for monitoring and analyzing purposes. system designed to design and fabricate automated indoor hydroponic plant growth chamber, to determine effective system with comparing manual system and to determine plant growth and development. the automated system is a sensor-based system that uses a ph sensor, tds sensor, and temperature and humidity sensor. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 120 methods the research was conducted in the faculty of technology premises in kamburupitiya matara, sri lanka. this research period started on september 2021 and ended on august 2022. two hydroponic systems were designed as an automated indoor system and a manual outdoor system. two pumps, piping and drainage connectors, two supporting frames (wood), and two water containers were used to make both systems. twenty net cups, grow cubes (sponge), and plants were used to grow plants for each system and the albert solution was applied as a nutrient solution. apart from these materials, transparent casing, ph sensor, tds sensor, dht11 sensor, led strips, ph controller, and ec controllers were incorporated in the indoor system. furthermore used an arduino uno microcontroller board (based on the atmega328p datasheet), four solenoid valves, a relay module, and a gsm module were included. the automated system is a sensor-based system that uses a ph sensor, tds sensor, and temperature and humidity sensor to determine the system. there were four solenoid valves to control ph and ec levels. the indoor case was made out of wood and was covered it using a polyethylene case. the frame that holds hydroponic channels, was also made by using wood. before placing the channels in the frame, the hydroponic channels and frame were painted in white color. when making holes in channels used a 65 mm hole saw and made 5 holes in one channel. there was such kind of 4 channels in one system. there was a 1 ft distance between the first two channels and their placed lettuce plants. in other two channels have a 2 ft distance from each and placed tomato plants in those channels because of their height. according to the differences in the heights, it accommodates the plants with different architectures. the controlling part of this system is done by using arduino uno (atmega328p microcontroller). temperature and humidity levels were measured in this automated system by using a dht11 sensor. according to instructions, artificial sunlight was automatically turned on and off to maintain the required temperature of the system and provided the required amount of light for plant growth. led strips were used to provide 10 hrs of light and 14 hrs of dark automatically. the sensors of the indoor automated system, other components' locations, and the plants were shown in figure 1. figure 1. sensor placed places albert's solution was used as the main nutrient in this system. four solenoid valves were used to control the ph and ec levels of the system. the automated system was programmed to take the ph and ec values every 2 hrs. the solenoid valves were operated and released relevant solutions to maintain the required ph and ec levels in the nutrient solution. calcium hydroxide (ca(oh)2) led strip dht11 sensor ph. tds sensor unit tomato plants lettuce plants indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 121 was used to increase the ph and nitric acid (hno3) was used to decrease the ph value. to measure electrical conductivity can use an ec meter and an ec sensor were used instead tds sensor used to measure ec value for this research. to calculate the ec value from the tds sensor reading, equation 1 is used. tds (mg/l) = k × ec (μs/cm) (rusydi, 2018) (1) lettuce (lactuca sativa) and tomatoes (solanum lycopersicum) were grown in crd design in 10 replicates each for the indoor and outdoor systems. the plants were planted in coco-pellet medium and five seeds were placed in one plastic cup. seed cups were kept in a dark area until they get germinated. later, the plants were transplanted into single cups with coco pellet medium and placed them in the respective hydroponic systems. the optimum ph range of lettuce is 5.5 – 6.5 and the optimum ph range of tomatoes is 5.5 6.5. a balanced ph range of 5.56.5 for both varieties was used for the particular experiment. the optimum ec value of lettuce is 1.4 – 1.8 ms/cm and the optimum ec value of tomatoes is 1.6 – 5.0 ds/m. a balanced ec range of 1.5 – 2.5 ds/m has been selected ec range for both varieties for the particular experiment. the nutrient solution in these two systems should be refreshed at least once every two weeks. all the management practices were conducted according to the hydroponic management guidelines of the department of agriculture in sri lanka. the data were collected once every two days’ time from both systems. the quantitative variables of plant height, leaf number, leaf width, leaf length, spad reading, and lux meter readings were measured. the plant height and leaf size were measured by using a ruler. when measuring leaf size on tomato plants, always data were taken from the second leaf that is well above the plant. weather data of the temperature and humidity were measured in every two days intervals separately using wetand dry-bulb hygrometers. figure 2. (a) indoor system (b) outdoor system a b indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 122 figure 2 represents a comparison between the indoor system and the outdoor system. the data was analyzed through the analysis of variance (anova) test and the mean separation was conducted duncan’s multiple range test (dmrt) by using sas ondemand for academics statistical software (sas, n.d.). the graphs were used to present the comparison between the weather conditions and the ph and ec levels in each system through the microsoft office 365 excel software. results and discussion plants grown in an automated indoor hydroponic system with control measures showed a more productive response than the normal outdoor hydroponic system. the controlled environment, precise nutrient delivery, enhanced pest and disease control, and reduced manual labor contribute to the overall success and increased productivity of plants grown in the automated indoor hydroponic system. the plant absorbs light in the wavelength range of 400–700 nm, which is defined as photosynthetically active radiation (par). the light intensity, light quality, and light duration could critically affect plant growth and development. according to ahmed et al., (2020), several studies observed the different light intensities provided by leds and different photoperiods could distinctively influence the growth rate and morphogenesis of lettuce and tomato plants. hence, we have selected the 10 hrs of light and 14 hrs of dark period for experimental purposes. the comparison between the tomato plants and lettuce plants considering morphological differences in automated indoor systems and outdoor systems are shown in figure 3 and figure 4 respectively. comparatively larger plants were observed in tomato plants and lettuce plants in the automated indoor system. according to the anova statistical analysis along with the duncan multiple range test (dmrt) conducted through sas statistical software, the plant growth parameters of plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf amount, spad meter reading, and the lux meter reading were compared. figure 3. morphological differences of tomato in a) outdoor system b) indoor system figure 4. morphological differences of lettuce in a) outdoor system b) indoor system significantly higher plants heights of 27.9±1.9 cm and 27.4±4.9 cm were observed for the tomatoes and the lettuces respectively in the automated indoor system compared to the tomatoes and the lettuces of 17.3±0.8 cm and 8.7±2.1 cm respectively in the outdoor system (pr=0.0064, pr≤0.05) (table 1. a). a b a b indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 123 table 1. a) plant height, b) leaf length, c) leaf width, d) leaf amount e) spad meter reading of the tomato and lettuce plants in an indoor automated system and the outdoor manual system plant growth parameter indoor system outdoor system tomato lettuce tomato lettuce a) plant height 27.89 ±1.91 a 27.38 ±4.85 a 17.31 ±0.76 ab 8.71 ±2.12 b b) leaf length 3.21 ±0.09 ab 3.94 ±0.16 a 2.18 ±1.57 b 2.86 ±0.17 a c) leaf width 1.14 ±0.03 a 0.33 ±0.03 b 0.33 ±0.03 a 0.31 ±0.02 b d) leaf amount 57.1 ±3.53 a 15.2 ±1.95 b 15.2 ±1.95 a 10.6 ±1.18 b e) spad meter readings 30.08 ±0.96 a 26.17 ±1.31 a 26.17 ±1.31 b 16.51 ±1.57 b the leaf lengths of 3.2±0.1 cm and 3.9±0.1 cm in the tomato and lettuce plants were significantly lengthier indoors with compared to the tomato and lettuce plants 2.2±0.2 cm and 2.7±0.2 cm were observed in the outdoor system (table 1. b). there was no significant difference could be observed in the automated indoor and outdoor systems for plants leaf widths of 1.1±0.03 cm and 0.3±0.03 cm were observed for the tomatoes and the lettuces respectively in the automated indoor system and 1.1±0.05 cm, 0.31±0.02 cm for the outdoor system. similarly, a significant difference couldn’t be observed for leaf amounts of 57.1±3.5 and 15.2±2.0 for tomato and lettuce in the automated indoor system and outdoor system 40.8±3.0 and 10.6±1.2. the difference between the tomato and the lettuce leaf widths was significant (pr=<0.0001, pr≤0.05) (table 1.c & 1.d). a significant difference was observed between the automated indoor tomato 30±0.9 and outdoor tomato 26±0.4 spad reading. similarly, the automated indoor lettuce 23±0.3 and outdoor lettuce 17±0.5 spad readings were significantly different (pr=<0.0001, pr≤0.05). significantly higher growth could be observed among the plant grown in the automated indoor system compared to the outdoor system. graphical representation of the plant growth rate of the tomatoes and the lettuces of the automated indoor system and the outdoor system could be observed in figures 5 and 6. the growth parameters of the plant height and the leaf amounts of the tomatoes were continuously increasing comparatively higher for the automated indoor system than the outdoor system. this is because the indoor system automatically balances the nutrient solution so the plants can continuously receive a balanced solution. the leaf width of the automated indoor system was comparatively higher for tomatoes and its leaf lengths were also higher during the third month of planting. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 124 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 125 figure 5. a) plant height, b) leaf length, c) leaf width, d) leaf amount of the tomato plants in the indoor automated system and the outdoor manual system indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 126 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 127 figure 6. a) plant height, b) leaf length, c) leaf width, d) leaf amount of the lettuce plants in the indoor automated system and the outdoor manual system the growth parameters of the plant height and the leaf amounts of the lettuces were also higher for the automated indoor system compared to the outdoor system. the leaf width and leaf lengths of the automated indoor system were generally higher for lettuces. it could be observed the fact of the effectiveness of automated indoor systems. the system parameters of ph, ec, temperature, and humidity of the tomato and lettuce of indoor and outdoor systems were measured. the lux meter reading was recorded during the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 128 experimental period and the average lux value for the automated indoor system was 10±0.2 while 31±0.9 of the average lux value was observed for the outdoor system. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 129 figure 7. the system parameters of a) temperature b) humidity c) ph value d) ec value of the automated indoor system and the outdoor system figure 7. a shows the temperature variation of both systems with time. the temperature level of the indoor system is comparatively less than the outdoor system. figure 7. b shows the variation of humidity in both systems. humidity levels are comparatively uniform in both systems. figure 7. c shows the variation of the ph level in both systems. ph value is between the uniform range during the experimental period; hence ph levels of outdoor systems fluctuate within a larger range. the ec level of the automated indoor system is indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 118-132 130 comparatively uniform compared to the outdoor system (figure 7. d). the ec value of the outdoor system has fluctuated largely through the experimental period. the uniform ph and ec levels and the comparatively uniform temperature and humidity levels played an important role in optimum plant growth despite the varieties grown in the automated indoor system. the specialty of the automated system was the differences between the heights of each raw of the system which could emphasize the fact that the same plant system can successfully accommodate different plant varieties with different plant architectures. the temperature of the indoor systems varied in the 30° c-32° c range while in the outdoor system, it was varied in the 29° c-34° c range. both the temperature levels and the humidity levels were comparatively uniform in the indoor system compared to the outdoor system. the ph of the automated indoor system was 5.5-6.5 but in the outdoor system, ph varies in a large range of 4.28.18. the ec in automated systems ec varies in 1.5-2.5 ds/m and outdoor system ec changed in the 0.93-2.81 range. the ph and ec values of the indoor system were comparatively uniform to the outdoor system. conclusion the present study aimed to address the need for a sustainable food ethic that promotes the health of our food, bodies, and environment while minimizing the use of chemicals. hydroponic farms emerged as a viable solution, offering soilless agriculture with significant advantages over traditional farming practices. in this regard, a fully automated hydroponic system, utilizing the arduino platform, open-source software, and various sensors, was developed to make hydroponics accessible and manageable for everyday users. the automated hydroponic system successfully integrated an iot network for remote monitoring and control, ensuring optimal conditions for plant growth. this system demonstrated several benefits, including precise control over essential growth elements, customization options for different plant species, and independence from external environmental factors. moreover, it proved to be compact and cost-effective for consumer use, outperforming other systems through its complete automation. the results obtained from the experimentation revealed significant improvements in growth parameters for tomatoes and lettuces in the automated indoor hydroponic system compared to the outdoor system. specifically, the plant height and leaf amounts of tomatoes exhibited continuous growth, with higher values observed in the indoor system. similarly, lettuces displayed enhanced growth in terms of plant height, leaf amounts, leaf width, and leaf lengths in the indoor system. based on the findings, it can be concluded that the automated indoor hydroponic system effectively promotes plant growth and productivity compared to traditional outdoor systems. this experiment provides evidence supporting the effectiveness and efficiency of indoor hydroponics. additionally, the integration of an iot platform enables users to access real-time data and reduces the need for human intervention, resulting in time-saving benefits. in conclusion, this study highlights the potential of hydroponics as a sustainable farming method and emphasizes the importance of automation and iot integration in maximizing its benefits. the findings encourage further exploration and implementation of indoor hydroponic systems to meet the growing demand for sustainable and efficient food production. references 1. 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(2013, september). first advances on the development of a hydroponic system for cherry tomato culture. in 2013 10th international conference on electrical engineering, computing science and automatic control (cce) (pp. 155-159). ieee. 37. weerasekara, s., wilson, c., lee, b., hoang, v. n., managi, s., & rajapaksa, d. (2021). the impacts of climate induced disasters on the economy: winners and losers in sri lanka. ecological economics, 185, 107043. 38. woodard, j. (2019, september 06). what are hydroponic systems and how do they work? retrieved from fresh water systems: https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blog /what-are-hydroponic-systems https://www.ablison.com/important-pros-and-cons-of-agriculture/ https://www.ablison.com/important-pros-and-cons-of-agriculture/ https://welcome.oda.sas.com/ https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blog/what-are-hydroponic-systems https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blog/what-are-hydroponic-systems indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 1 volume 3 issue 1 february (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i1.664 page: 1 – 11 the effect of entrepreneurial education program on entrepreneurial selfefficacy in some selected south africa’s universities: students’ perception em. rankhumise1, me. letsoalo2 1departments of management and entrepreneurship, tshwane university of technology, south africa 2centre for academic excellence, university of limpopo, south africa corresponding author: em. rankhumise; email: rankhumiseem@tut.ac.za a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, student perception. received : 15 september 2022 revised : 08 february 2023 accepted : 13 february 2023 entrepreneurship can greatly contribute to economic growth and graduate employment. many university graduates may find that becoming an entrepreneur is the solution to their recruitment issues. this exploratory cross-sectional quantitative study at the tshwane university of technology and walter sisulu university aims to learn about entrepreneurship education students' perceptions of the impact of the curriculum on their capacity to interact with the business sector. a total of 484 students (279 tut and 205 wsu) volunteered to participate. the results indicated that students at both universities valued the universities' intervention through the entrepreneurial education program. it was also discovered that entrepreneurship education continues to play a significant part in the lives of all motivated business students. the delivery of entrepreneurship education should be enhanced to ensure that the students benefit and have the propensity to start their businesses. in so doing, less unemployment of graduates would be experienced. further studies should be conducted in a broader scope by embarking on other universities beyond the current ones surveyed to enable the findings to be generalized. introduction the covid-19 epidemic has had an impact on south africa and the rest of the world, both in terms of work and education, as well as entrepreneurship, which is regarded as one of the economy's productive factors for development (torres-coronas & vidal-blasco, 2019). due to the annual influx of workers, employment possibilities are imbalanced. without adequate management, this situation may worsen, putting the country's economy under strain (adelaja, 2021). entrepreneurship's growing importance, as well as its ability to contribute to economic growth and job prospects, has prompted institutions all over the world to offer entrepreneurship education courses. as a result of universities' interest in entrepreneurship education, a growing number of students are enrolling in entrepreneurship courses intending to start a business during and/or after the course. the inclusion of entrepreneurial studies into university curricula is increasingly being introduced into business programs, mostly at the undergraduate level (allaher & brathwaite, 2017). kalyoncuogluet al., (2017) explained that entrepreneurship education (ee) and teaching methods or strategies have the possibility of influencing students' entrepreneurial propensity. the desire to start a business to make money may be referred to as the desire to become an entrepreneur, and it can be a significant predictor of behavior (ajzen & sheikh, 2013). however, it is expected that by participating in a structured entrepreneurial education program, students are likely to gain the knowledge and skills necessary to address the obstacles and risks that come with starting a business (kalyoncuoglu, aydintan, & göksel, 2017). studies have shown that many countries have taken into account the necessity for self-employment and as such have integrated entrepreneurship education curricula to stimulate enterprise culture and eventually enterprising economies (supramaniam &arumugam, 2012). the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 2 delivery of entrepreneurship curricula at universities worldwide has prompted challenges for universities more specifically academics and program developers. notably, all these efforts are intended to assist the students to be self-employed rather than job seekers whereby solely depend on governments to provide jobs. self-efficacy is developed by targeted education, such as entrepreneurship education that includes entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills. bandura (1997) defines self-confidence as the ability to complete specified activities successfully based on four factors: master experiences, modeling, social persuasion, and physiological state judgments. entrepreneurial intentions, on the other hand, are thought to be antecedents of entrepreneurial action. researchers must have a thorough understanding of the factors that may impact the intents of those exploring entrepreneurship for the first time to pave the way for the effective development of entrepreneurship theory. many scholars, including nian, bakar, and islam (2014); keat, selvarajah, and meyer(2011); and othman and othman (2017), believe that some personal characteristics, backgrounds, experiences, and dispositions influence one's ability to become an entrepreneur. the ability of the generation born after world war ii (the baby-boomers generation) relied more on the government and large organizations to provide professional opportunities and prosperity is not available anymore to graduates (warhuus & basaiawmoit, 2014). working for yourself (selfemployment) or others (i.e., being employed by other organizations) are the two career options or possibilities faced by students at tertiary institutions and graduates around the world. this is the real issue that university and college students and graduates are confronted with. students must evaluate what they want to accomplish after their time in academic institutions in this situation. entrepreneurship begins with a concept, according to a future entrepreneur such as a university student. according to molaei, zali, moboraki, and farsi (2014), the entrepreneurial process involves a variety of practices, for instance, determining the feasibility of a business idea, understanding calculated risks, and ensuring that the envisaged business idea is viable. entrepreneurial intention, on the other hand, defines a major drive that plays a critical part in the process of transforming the feasibility of the business idea and market to sustainable profitability. entrepreneurship as a career path is seen as a way to address socio-economic issues inter alia with; economic growth, job creation, and the wellness of the community. given the importance of strides made in the aforesaid factors, the contribution made by universities to the well-being of society is becoming highly visible (mustafa, hernandez, mahon, & chee, 2016). when it comes to entrepreneurial traits and inclinations among university students, tertiary institutions, especially universities, are typically the initial point of contact (fayolle & linan, ‚the future of research on entrepreneurial intentions‛, 2014). entrepreneurship education, which refers to ‚any pedagogy or process of education for entrepreneurial attitudes and abilities‛, is the most typical method for academic institutions to raise students' entrepreneurial awareness (fayolle, gailly, & lassas-clerc, 2006). azis, haeruddin, and azis (2018)define education ‘as an organized course delivered at the higher education level that contributes to the development of students' entrepreneurial attitudes, abilities, and intentions to start new companies. arguably, one of the most significant goals of universities is to develop competencies in students so that they can start enterprises while pursuing their degrees and after they graduate. one of the aims of entrepreneurship education programs, according to. molaei et al., (2014), posit that ee programs aim to establish and reinforce entrepreneurial intention among potential entrepreneurs, particularly students. notably, universities have focused on encouraging students and graduates to be entrepreneurial and in this regard, a student’s knowledge of entrepreneurial self-efficacy is enhanced. to succeed in this endeavor, academic institutions must build a conducive climate that will allow for successful entrepreneurship education. however, it is common knowledge that entrepreneurship education programs or interventions are one of the most effective ways of enhancing individuals’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward entrepreneurial self-efficacy. as a result of this, the students who undergo entrepreneurship education are likely going to start businesses. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 3 academic institutions, according to mustafa et al. (2016), can support students' entrepreneurial intentions (eis) by fostering an environment favorable to entrepreneurship in addition to providing educational support. according to rankhumise (2014), entrepreneurship education is viewed as a technique to improve students' entrepreneurial efficacy through business-related activities. to attain this critical goal, universities should provide entrepreneurial interventions that are relevant, practical, and able to raise entrepreneurial self-efficacy. universities throughout the world are instilling a culture of entrepreneurial orientation in their different curricula. the essence in this instance is to foster entrepreneurial self-efficacy among the students. universities worked tirelessly to embrace entrepreneurship education as a way to provide educational support to students by creating building blocks. this is one way to learn more about identifying business ideas, starting a business, and managing a business venture. as a result, the goal of this research is to determine if entrepreneurship education has an impact on students' inclinations to pursue entrepreneurship as a career. higher education institutions have prioritized entrepreneurship education as a way to instill ese among students. they prioritize this intervention due to the notion that it contributes to economic development and employment creation. as a result, entrepreneurship education is imminent in the development of citizens or communities. on this basis, as highlighted by dutta, li, and merenda (2011), it is notable that entrepreneurship direct role in steering and fostering students to become entrepreneurs soon. this might provide students with the requisite knowledge, skills, and capabilities required to launch and operate a new business. worldwide students taking entrepreneurship in the program mix, but the ability to improve entrepreneurial value through conventional teaching techniques remains unclear, necessitating further discussion on this topic (nian, bakar, & islam, 2014). although many academics feel that entrepreneurship is something that can be taught, what remains questionable is its effectiveness in inculcating self-efficacy among students. according to nian et al., (2014), the teaching approach for entrepreneurship education, as well as the student's learning styles, are critical in determining the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education. scholars maintain that not all students follow the same teaching process; rather, different individuals have varied learning styles, which educators should consider when teaching. in this instance, it can be argued that the effectiveness of learning methods differs from student to student, therefore the outcome of one teaching style or strategy will never be the same for all students. methods the study adopted a comparative crosssectional quantitative which followed the ex-postfacto design (struwig & stead, 2013; creswell & creswell, 2017). in this study, a structured questionnaire was used to collect data among the students in the selected universities. students' opinions about self-confidence were assessed using visual-analogue scaled items (struwig & stead, 2013). to express the participant's opinion, analogue scale items ranged from 0 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree). data were analyzed using stata release 15. in ensuring the normality of the data, the shapiro-wilk test was computed (ghasemi & zahediasl, 2012). the statistical analysis was carried out at two levels: namely descriptive and inferential statistics. descriptive statistics were computed in the form of frequencies and percentages. and as percentiles and interquartile ranges for measured observations. the wilcoxon-mann-whitney test, as highlighted in bergmann, ludbrook, and spooren (2000), was used to test whether the observations of the samples wsu and tut were drawn from the same or identical population (de winter & dodou, 2010). in other words, the wilcoxon-mann-whitney test was used to compare the perceptions of the study arms. the wilcoxon-mann-whitney test is a nonparametric analogue to the independent samples ttest. the results were interpreted at a 0.05 error rate. in other words, the findings were declared significant if the observed p-value was less than 0.05. thematic items were labeled b1, b2, and up to b20 (see table 1). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 4 results and discussion the primary objective of this study was to explore students’ perceptions of entrepreneurial education in enhancing self-confidence to start business ventures at the two selected universities. this study included 484 students (279 [57.64%] tut and 205 [42.36%] wsu) who volunteered to participate. the leading question was ‚how is the effect of the academic program regarding your selfconfidence?‛. table 1 below depicts the results of the internal consistency. to test the internal consistency, cronbach's alpha with a cut-off point of 0.7 was used. the data collection instrument included 20 items that assessed students' perceptions of entrepreneurship education, all of which were reliable (cronbach's alpha = 0.9515). table 1. test for internal consistency item obs sign item-test correlation item-rest correlation average interitem correlation alpha entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of generating innovative ideas (b1) 406 + 0.7353 0.7009 0.4943 0.9489 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of an entrepreneurial environment (b2) 406 + 0.7659 0.7348 0.4917 0.9484 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of financial provisions for entrepreneurship (b3) 406 + 0.6986 0.6604 0.4974 0.9495 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of business planning (b4) 406 + 0.7580 0.7261 0.4924 0.9485 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of marketing research for entrepreneurship (b5) 406 + 0.7287 0.6936 0.4948 0.9490 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of the attitude of entrepreneurs (b6) 406 + 0.7180 0.6818 0.4957 0.9492 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of the importance of entrepreneurship in society and individuals (b7) 406 + 0.7308 0.6959 0.4947 0.9490 entrepreneurship education enhances my understanding of the characteristics of entrepreneurs (b8) 406 + 0.7316 0.6968 0.4946 0.9490 entrepreneurship education inspires the belief that entrepreneurship is possible for me (b9) 406 + 0.7207 0.6848 0.4955 0.9491 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding of the motives involved in entrepreneurial activities (b10) 406 + 0.7806 0.7512 0.4905 0.9482 entrepreneurship education increases my understanding to build a network (b11) 406 + 0.5716 0.5221 0.5081 0.9515 a creative entrepreneurship education inspires my entrepreneurial mindset (b12) 406 + 0.7198 0.6838 0.4956 0.9492 the lecturer inspires my entrepreneurial mindset (b13) 406 + 0.6724 0.6317 0.4996 0.9499 guest speakers inspire my entrepreneurial mindset (b14) 406 + 0.5837 0.5352 0.5071 0.9513 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 5 successful local entrepreneur stories inspire my entrepreneurial thinking (b15) 406 + 0.7322 0.6975 0.4945 0.9490 entrepreneurship education increases my knowledge of how to develop a business plan (b16) 406 + 0.7792 0.7496 0.4906 0.9482 entrepreneurship education increases my ability to manage business projects (b17) 406 + 0.7708 0.7403 0.4913 0.9483 18. entrepreneurship education increases my ability to handle risks and unpredictability (b18) 406 + 0.7581 0.7261 0.4924 0.9485 entrepreneurship education increases my ability to distribute provisions (b19) 406 + 0.7009 0.6629 0.4972 0.9495 entrepreneurship education improves my overall entrepreneurial skills (b20) 406 + 0.7747 0.7446 0.4910 0.9483 test scale 0.4954 0.9515 source: authors' construction the shapiro-wilks test was used to test whether the data were normally distributed. because all pvalues were less than 0.05, table 2 indicates that the data were not normally distributed. as a result, the use of non-parametric data analysis methods was justified to analyse the data. table 2. shapiro-wilk test for normal data item obs w v z prob>z b1 470 0.90643 29.770 8.135 <0.001 b2 470 0.90785 29.318 8.098 <0.001 b3 469 0.94010 19.022 7.060 <0.001 b4 448 0.90410 29.226 8.073 <0.001 b5 472 0.94497 17.575 6.873 <0.001 b6 469 0.90595 29.866 8.142 <0.001 b7 471 0.92578 23.658 7.585 <0.001 b8 471 0.90826 29.245 8.093 <0.001 b9 469 0.89813 32.350 8.333 <0.001 b10 469 0.93730 19.911 7.170 <0.001 b11 468 0.96050 12.520 6.057 <0.001 b12 462 0.92887 22.285 7.435 <0.001 b13 468 0.94800 16.482 6.716 <0.001 b14 467 0.94839 16.327 6.693 <0.001 b15 467 0.92387 24.083 7.624 <0.001 b16 468 0.91755 26.132 7.821 <0.001 b17 470 0.92865 22.701 7.485 <0.001 b18 467 0.93351 21.034 7.300 <0.001 b19 469 0.94655 16.975 6.787 <0.001 b20 468 0.91366 27.367 7.931 <0.001 source: authors’ construction in all items, the ranges of the middle 50% of the observations were all 3 (interquartile range [iqr] = 3), as shown in table 3. the exceptions were items b2, b6, and b7, which had iqrs of 2.5, b13 and b14, which had an iqr of 4, and item b11, which had an iqr of 3.5. as a result, the observations for b13 and b14 were more spread-out than other items’ observations (see table 3). all of the items had medians [p50] of at least 7.5 (or 75%), indicating that the participants agreed with the statements posed by all of the items. table 3 depicts the summary statistics. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 6 table 3. summary measures item p25 p50 p75 *iqr b1 6.5 8.5 9.5 3.0 b2 7.0 8.5 9.5 2.5 b3 6.5 8.0 9.5 3.0 b4 7.0 8.5 10 3.0 b5 6.5 8.0 9.5 3.0 b6 7.0 8.5 9.5 2.5 b7 7.0 8.5 9.5 2.5 b8 7.0 9.0 10 3.0 b9 7.0 8.5 10 3.0 b10 6.5 8.0 9.5 3.0 b11 5.5 7.5 9.0 3.5 b12 6.5 8.5 9.5 3.0 b13 5.5 7.5 9.5 4.0 b14 5.5 7.5 9.5 4.0 b15 6.5 8.5 9.5 3.0 b16 6.5 8.5 9.5 3.0 b17 6.5 8.0 9.5 3.0 b18 6.5 8.0 9.5 3.0 b19 6.0 7.5 9.0 3.0 b20 6.5 8.5 9.5 3.0 *iqr = p75 – p25 is interquartile range, where p25 and p75 are the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. source: authors’ construction table 4 shows the results of the test, which show that the two study arms were not significantly different (since all p-values were not less than 0.05). it also demonstrates that the tut students consistently gave higher ratings to the items than the wsu students. while all of the items were agreed upon by the students, tut students were slightly more in agreement than wsu students since their rank-sums were higher. table 4. insignificant differences between tut and wsu students item rank-sum p-value tut wsu b7 63044.5 48111.5 0.4276 b9 61127 48088 0.0737 b11 65983 43763 0.0910 b12 63406 43547 0.4203 b14 63193 46083 0.8775 b15 61520 47758 0.1358 source: authors’ construction table 5 shows items where students from the two institutions differed significantly (p-values less than 0.05). on 16 items, there were substantial disparities. tut's rank-sums were higher than wsu's, meaning that tut students agreed with the statements substantially more than wsu students did. table 5. significant differences between tut and wsu students item rank-sum p-value tut wsu b1 57445 53240 < 0.0001 b2 59951 50734 0.0119 b3 57341 52874 < 0.0001 b4 55665.5 44910.5 0.0112 b5 60840 50788 0.0166 b6 59364 50851 0.0015 b8 59794.5 51361.5 0.0039 b10 59569 50646 0.0026 b13 56052.5 53693.5 < 0.0001 b16 59853.5 49892.5 0.0156 b17 59913 50772 0.0042 b18 58429.5 50848.5 0.0016 b19 58019.5 52195.5 0.0001 b20 60143 49603 0.0271 entrepreneurship education kabongo and okpara (2010) indicate that the study relating to entrepreneurship courses in universities is the most interesting and challenging area of research. this initiative by universities is done to expose students to career opportunities in business when they complete their studies and even while they are pursuing their studies. othman and othman (2017) explain that entrepreneurial education courses are steadily increasingly preparing students with the relevant knowledge and skills that would assist them to follow entrepreneurship as a career. in this instance, university programs are a good way to introduce entrepreneurial skills to students. entrepreneurial activities, according to kabongo and okpara (2010), should include ‘skill-building courses, leadership, new product development, creative thinking, and student exposure to technological innovation’. the attributes are directed at aspiring entrepreneurs and students who are more likely to succeed in their commercial endeavors. according to co and mitchell (2006), entrepreneurial education focuses more on the construction and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 7 transfer of knowledge relating to the subject content. education for entrepreneurship focuses more on current and future entrepreneurs to develop and stimulate the entrepreneurial process, as well as demonstrating an enabling environment by giving all of the required resources for a new enterprise to get off the ground. this is concerned with the learning experience as well as the development of competencies, skills, and aptitudes among the students (co & mitchell, 2006). it is often assumed that entrepreneurship, or at least certain aspects of it, can be taught and that it is not confined to individuals who are born with certain abilities, characteristics, or attributes (bell, 2015). as a result, educators have the opportunity to adopt a variety of methodologies and strategies to serve the learning objectives and needs of their students. entrepreneurship education should not be confined to the courses presented but should be supplemented by extramural activities, and entrepreneurship can be learned through experience in this regard (jami & gökdeniz, 2020). students in developing or emerging countries requested universities to provide required networks, workshops, and projects focusing on entrepreneurship, according to davey, plewa, and struwig (2011). according to mwasalwiba(2010), entrepreneurship programs and faculties are expected to be part of social support initiatives that could assist indigenous businesses to develop and grow. universities should deploy outreach programs aimed at supporting aspiring entrepreneurs in starting and managing their enterprises in this area. universities may use students who are enrolled in entrepreneurship courses to carry out outreach programs so that they can gain practical experience in the corporate world (zegeye & singh, 2019). according to nian, et al. (2014), entrepreneurial education aims to provide students with entrepreneurial knowledge, skills, and capacities to help them pursue jobs as entrepreneurs. as a result, the goal of entrepreneurship education is to teach students how to develop unique entrepreneurial abilities and seize opportunities to be successful in their respective businesses. universities, according to ghina (2014), develop entrepreneurship programs to prepare students to start, plan, and manage a real business. moberg (2014), explains that the basic notion of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial pedagogy is to focus on what motivates and interests the students the most and in itself will be the foundation for their learning process. ghina (2014) also claims that entrepreneurship education is being implemented in universities to instill entrepreneurial culture and self-efficacy in students. once this is operationalized, it could assist in developing well-rounded entrepreneurs with entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ese). having developed these entrepreneurs are likely to start enterprises and they could have the prospects of creating employment and contributing to economic growth. when an individual is planning, starting, or running a business, entrepreneurial efficacy emerges and gets embedded in them. as a result, an efficacious person has a goal in mind. this agrees with bandura (1986), who argued that efficacy is tied to a person's capacity to carry out plans to attain their objectives. this is in keeping with sofia and sanjaya's (2021) assertion that a higher level of entrepreneurial efficacy boosts a person's chances of success. specifically, it sharpens skills, inspires confidence, and increases their enthusiasm to succeed (timotius, 2022). running a business with a variety of risks is difficult, and an entrepreneur must have self-efficacy to succeed. therefore, efficacy may aid entrepreneurs in decision-making amid uncertainty. according to do paco et al. (2015), entrepreneurship education programs focus on connecting entrepreneurship to new venture creation, business management, and entrepreneurial skills and ultimately teaching students about entrepreneurship and enterprise rather than preparing them for it. the emphasis should be on developing students' skills, attributes, and behavior in this regard. siddiqui and alarafi (2019), argue that for entrepreneurship education to be more effective, educators must have the self-confidence to teach the subject and the course should equip students with all knowledge and skills required to establish a business, inter alia with; opportunity identification skills, creativity skills, venture start-up skills, and environment assessment skills. self-efficacy is critical for improving educators' effectiveness in teaching entrepreneurship, as well as stimulating students' ambitions and encouraging them to become future successful business owners (pihie & bagheri, 2011). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 8 the importance of entrepreneurship education because it can add to the wealth of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship is recognized as the most important component in improving a country's economy (nian, bakar, & islam, 2014). many countries are supporting and appreciate the relevance of entrepreneurship education since it may offer job opportunities and enhance economic growth if properly nurtured (lekoko, rankhumise, & ras, 2012; othman & othman, 2017). because effective entrepreneurship may create jobs, reduce unemployment, and generate economic spin-offs, many governments are encouraging and recognizing the value of entrepreneurship education. entrepreneurship education is critical because it aims to prepare students to be successful in their respective careers when they start a new company endeavor. this notion backs up what researchers have discovered in their research: universities play a critical role in leveraging the talents of students and graduates because they are conceived as a societal innovation system and entrepreneurship education that aims to produce entrepreneurially oriented and competent individuals. co and mitchell (2006) argue that universities play an important part in developing how they teach entrepreneurship and this can assist to create a more entrepreneurial disposition among young people, for instance, students by instilling an explicit understanding of risks and rewards, teaching opportunity seeking and recognition of skills. sánchez (2010) explains that education seems an imperative way of stimulating entrepreneurship for various reasons inter alia with (i) education provides individuals with a sense of independence, autonomy, and self-confidence. (ii) education makes people aware of alternative career choices. (iii) education makes people perceive opportunities and it provides knowledge that can be used to create new ventures. the argument by sánchez aligns with iwu, et al., (2020) who found that participants associated entrepreneurship with creating a business when they participated in entrepreneurship education. through entrepreneurship education, individuals can acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to develop new businesses. the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education improving entrepreneurial self-efficacy requires the effective implementation of entrepreneurship education courses. modules offered in the entrepreneurship education program, according to fayolle et al (2006), are targeted at creating knowledge and abilities that will enable both the trainer and the trainee to achieve effective performance, particularly while attempting to pursue a business venture (hosseinzadeh, razavi and hosseinzadeh, 2014). in other words, a welldelivered entrepreneurship education program should enable the students to acquire the necessary skills required to be able to start new businesses (hosseinzadeh, razavi, & hosseinzadeh, 2014). ese is about having the confidence, willingness, and perseverance to overcome the early uneasiness that a new start-up process delivers. the effectiveness of entrepreneurial education among students from various countries has been studied (lekoko, rankhumise, & ras, 2012; othman & othman, 2017; cheng, chan, & mahmood, 2009). regardless of whether or not their programs are successful, these studies can give institutions and governments an indication of the effects of exposing entrepreneurship education. cheng et al., (2009) discovered that entrepreneurship education programs in malaysian universities failed to match the expected acquisition of entrepreneurial abilities with the actual acquisition of entrepreneurial skills. this result indicated that entrepreneurship education had minimal impact on building an entrepreneurial mentality among students in the programs. other researchers reported favorable outcomes in addition to the negative findings reported by, among others, cheng et al. (2009). entrepreneurship education, according to dutta et al. (2011) and nian et al. (2014), stimulates students to start start-ups or new business ventures. based on the mixed results, it is worth noting that the introduction of entrepreneurial education at universities across the world has yielded both positive and bad results. this research was necessary to determine the students' perceptions of entrepreneurship education at the two south african institutions. the goal of this study was to find out how public university students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship education in terms of developing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (1), 1-11 9 conclusion although the students from the two universities had some major disparities in some items, the overall impression was that they all agreed with the statements asked in the data collection instrument. the result indicated that the tut students, in particular, agreed with the statements more than their wsu counterparts. the students believed that entrepreneurship education empowered them to start a business, understand the business environment, increase their abilities to manage business projects, increase their knowledge to develop business plans, increase their abilities to deal with risk and unpredictability, increase their understanding of the importance of entrepreneurship in society and individuals, and increase their unpredictability tolerance. it is suggested that the delivery of entrepreneurship education should be enhanced to ensure that the students benefit and have the propensity to start their businesses. in so doing, less unemployment among graduates would be experienced particularly in developing countries such as south africa. references 1. adelaja, a. a. 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(2019). the state of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions of africa. global journal of management and business research, 19(6), 2634. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 146 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.751 page: 146 – 158 evaluation of medication safety practices among pharmacists in a teaching hospital in south-east nigeria afam kanayo udeozo1, ogbonna brian onyebuchi2 1chukwuemeka odumegwu ojukwu university teaching hospital (coouth), nigeria 2department of clinical pharmacy and pharmacy management, nnamdi azikiwe university, nigeria corresponding author: ogbonna brian onyebuchi; email: bo.ogbonna@unizik.edu.ng a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: health safety, medication safety, medicine use, pharmacists, public health. received : 18 december 2022 revised : 05 june 2023 accepted : 08 june 2023 the study evaluated the practice of medication safety and assesses the knowledge of medication safety practices among hospital pharmacists in a teaching hospital in southeast nigeria. it was a quantitative study divided broadly into two phases. phase one involved the collection of the medication error forms filled by pharmacists in the hospital over 3 months; january – march 2021. the second phase was the administration of self-completed questionnaires. the data was collected and analyzed. the medication errors encountered were assessed, classified, and the prevalence determined. descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data. overall, 68 medication error forms were collected over the 3-month data collection period. the top category of prescribing error was dose/frequency omitted (24.65%), followed by duration/stop date omitted and dose inappropriate (over), both were 17.81%. the medication safety domain to which pharmacists demonstrated the highest positive response rate (prr) was personal influence over safety with 63.33% (sd±20.09), and the domain with the lowest positive response rate was facilitators and barriers at the workplace with 46.25% (sd±25.67). most of the pharmacists answered yes to having filled out the hospital‖s medication error form at least once. 3 of the 4 medication safety domains had above-average positive response rates (prr). the medication safety domain with the lowest prr was the facilitators and barriers at the workplace domain with 46.25%. there were no significant differences in associations between pharmacists of different ages, years of experience, and different genders in their attitudes toward medication safety; after applying pearson‖s correlation test. introduction patient safety is a serious global public health concern. industries with perceived higher risk, such as the aviation and nuclear industries, have a much better safety record than health care does, (rigamonti and rigamonti, 2021). recent evidence suggests that 134 million adverse events occur each year due to unsafe care in hospitals in lowand middle-income countries (lmic), resulting in 2.6 million deaths annually (national academies of science, engineering, and medicine, 2018). a core component of patient safety is medication safety. however, several terms are used to define medication safety. for the purpose of this study we wish to use that of the american hospital association (aha), health research & educational trust (hret), and the institute for safe medication practices (ismp) pathways for medication safety, which defined medication safety as ‗freedom from accidental injury during the course of medication use; activities to avoid, prevent, or correct adverse drug events which may result from the use of medications‘ (committee of experts on management of safety and quality in health care (sp-sqs). the cost of prevention is typically much lower than the cost of treatment due to harm, (slawomirski, auraaen, and klazinga, 2017). as an example, in the united states alone, focused safety improvements led to an estimated us$ 28 billion in savings in medicare hospitals between 2010 and indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) research article mailto:bo.ogbonna@unizik.edu.ng https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 147 2015, (agency for healthcare research, and quality, 2015). unsafe medication practices and errors – such as incorrect dosages or infusions, unclear instructions, use of unofficial abbreviations, and inappropriate prescriptions – are leading causes of avoidable harm in health care around the world. medication error is evolving even across many countries eg the middle east and africa with its attendant consequences (alsulami, conroy, and choonara, 2013; donaldson, 2017). a landmark report into patient safety was published in 1999, ―to err is human: building a safer health system‖. this seminal work brought focus to bear on patient safety globally and set the tone for research into patient safety practices. in this work death rates from medical errors were compared to death rates from other well-known events like motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, and hiv/aids. this brought into stark relief the seriousness of the problem; especially since those deaths were preventable. since then, patient safety has increasingly been recognized as an important discipline in healthcare, and research in improving patient safety has increased globally. in march 2017, the world health organization (who), launched the third global patient safety challenge with the theme of medication safety. the goal of the third global patient safety challenge (gpsc) on medication safety is to gain worldwide commitment and action to reduce severe, avoidable medication-related harm by 50% in the next five years (starting from 2017), specifically by addressing harm resulting from errors or unsafe practices due to weaknesses in health systems (who: medication without harm, 2017). several toolkits emerged from all this work, for example, 5 moments for medication safety, (medication without harm, 2017). the global healthcare community involved in patient safety received a great boost through this initiative. one of the major gains of the patient safety movement was the decision reached by the 72nd world health assembly (wha) on 22nd may 2018 to endorse world patient safety day (wpsd) on 17 september as an annual event (72nd wha global action on patient safety, 2019). the first wpsd was celebrated on the 17th of september 2019 and is now an annual event. on the 20th of june 2019, the who published 3 technical reports on medication safety namely; medication safety in high-risk situations, medication safety in polypharmacy, and medication safety in transitions of care. the great challenge for the global community involved in healthcare research is the implementation of these guidelines across the world, especially in lowand middle-income countries (lmic), where most of the consequences of poor patient safety indices are felt. challenges in the implementation of patient safety goals are many, as safety encompasses cultural, behavioral, technical, clinical, and psychological domains (srima, lua, mathumalar, 2015). the world health organization (who) has sought to establish agreement on research priorities for medication safety, (sheikh, et. al. 2019). pharmacists are the custodians of medications amongst other roles – and their involvement in medication safety practices is vital to the overall success of patient safety. the attitudes of doctors, nurses, and midwives to reporting errors in health care have been extensively studied, but there is very limited literature considering pharmacists‖ attitudes to medication error reporting schemes, in hospitals, (williams, phipps, and ashcroft, 2013). the most recent initiatives and recommendations have continued to emphasize the importance of a safety culture and implementing reporting systems. according to (who patient safety incident reporting, and learning systems, 2020), reporting is central to patient safety. it goes further to say that reporting systems must fulfill one or more of five main functions: public accountability, response to the patients and families involved, communications alert route, the barometer of risk within health care, and foundation for learning and improvement. a common problem is that reporting systems create fear and apprehension amongst staff that patient safety incidents could be punished. it is thus important that a ―no-blame culture‖ is fostered in all healthcare establishments. it is vital that reporting of medication errors by healthcare professionals be encouraged. the impediments to medication error reporting systems are increasingly being studied across the world. pharmacists play a vital role in the safety net that protects patients; they are the custodians of the drugs which are the single most important medical intervention. pharmacists played pivotal roles in the who‖s ―medication without harm‖, and their expanding role is gradually being accepted both by indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 148 other healthcare professionals and the public. the role of the pharmacist in nigeria has rapidly expanded in the last 10 years or so with an emphasis on the concepts of pharmaceutical care and clinical pharmacy. the degree doctor of pharmacy (pharmd), with an emphasis on clinical pharmacy, has been introduced into the country. according to the principles of pharmaceutical care, pharmacists are expected to ensure the quality and safety of medication in patient care, at all levels of care, through collaborative care and patient interaction. thus, pharmaceutical care introduced the principles of prospective risk management to medication processes, (international pharmaceutical federation (fip). patient safety. ―pharmacists‖ role in medication without harm‖, (2020). also, the west african post-graduate college of pharmacists has a residency/fellowship program that trains pharmacists in the various disciplines of clinical pharmacy, amongst other areas of pharmacy. this has received different levels of support from the national government, and various state governments across the country. this study aimed to evaluate what pharmacists in a teaching hospital know about medication safety, their levels of practicing it (especially by reporting and documenting medication errors), and their perceptions of the facilitators and barriers to achieving the 2019 who global patient safety guidelines in their day-to-day work. we evaluated the practice of medication safety among hospital pharmacists and assess their knowledge of medication safety practices in a teaching hospital in southeast nigeria. methods study design this was a cross-sectional study carried out in the pharmacy department of a teaching hospital in the southeast of nigeria. only pharmacists; both registered and intern pharmacists were involved in the study. the medication error forms of the hospital filled during this period, by the participating pharmacists, were collected and analyzed, to assist in evaluating their medication safety practices. a self-administered questionnaire incorporating 4 patient safety domains was also used. ethical approval for this study was granted by the ethical approval committee of chukwuemeka odumegwu ojukwu university teaching hospital (coouth), amaku, awka, nigeria. study setting the study was undertaken at chukwuemeka odumegwu ojukwu university teaching hospital (coouth), amaku, awka, a 148-bed teaching hospital in the southeast of nigeria. the hospital employs a medication error/intervention data form which pharmacists use to document their pharmaceutical care interventions. when a physician prescribes medications using the hospital‖s prescription sheets, a pharmacist checks the prescription for medication errors (dosage, drugdrug interactions, dosage form, etcetera). if none is found the pharmacist proceeds to dispense the medication(s) and counsel accordingly. if, however, there are any medication errors, the pharmacist intervenes and documents his/her interventions as to the description, severity of the error, and time and date. the pharmacist also documents whether the physician, patient, or patient carer was informed of the error and if the error had caused harm, and or if the intervention was accepted by the physician. population/sample the total number of pharmacists in the hospital is 38; this is made up of 20 registered pharmacists and 18 intern pharmacists. the data collection period was 3 months (january – march 2021). at the beginning of the study the principal researcher ua, delivered a clinical presentation on patient safety at the weekly clinical meeting of pharmacists in the hospital. topics covered in his presentation included the 3rd global patient safety challenge of the world health organization (who); ‗medication without harm‘, along with the principles of the three who technical reports on patient safety; ‗medication safety in high-risk situations‘, ‗medication safety in polypharmacy‘, and ‗medication safety in transitions of care‘. another key topic discussed within the 90 minutes interval was the correct use of the hospital‖s medication error/data intervention forms; this included tips on how to approach physicians to correct a medication error. convenience sampling was used to distribute the questionnaires as all the pharmacists who had been employed in the hospital for at least one month were given questionnaires. 35 of the 38 pharmacists employed by the hospital qualified for the study and were thus issued with questionnaires. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 149 data collection instruments medication error forms the hospital employs a medication error/ intervention data form as a method of intervention to prevent the harm of a prescription error from reaching the patient. this form is distributed across the hospital‖s different pharmacy units where prescriptions are handled, namely; the general outpatient, pediatric, adult and children‖s accident & emergency, national health insurance scheme, in-patient, and specialist clinics, units respectively. the form is divided into different categories, namely, severity level, intervention taken, type of error, cause of the error, date of the error, description of the error, patient information (hospital id number, age, and gender), drug information, and pharmacist‖s name and date of intervention. the forms were returned to the principal investigator and reviewed and classified by him. grading of errors the method of grading of errors developed by some researchers was used as a guide to clinical severity in this study. this method groups the errors into 4 different categories, namely, minor, significant, serious, and potentially lethal, errors. the grouping was done by ua, and confirmed by ob. questionnaire the questionnaire had six sections and 35 questions in total, (4 single-sided pages taking 15 minutes to fill). section a covered demographics, section b covered information on medication safety, section c covered error and patient safety, section d was on safety of the healthcare system, section e was on personal influence over safety, and section f covered facilitators and barriers at the workplace. four of these sections of the questionnaire were adapted from a questionnaire; what is patient safety? developed by (university of aberdeen) and incorporated a 5-point likert scale. for example, 5 individual items, when taken together, gave a respondent‖s impression of the error and patient safety domain. the questionnaire was adapted to fit the situation in a typical nigerian teaching hospital and to keep it relatively short to improve response rates. the questionnaire had four patient safety domains containing 24 questions in total. all items in this section were presented in a 5-point likert scale ranging from ‗low‘ to ‗high‘ and ‗strongly disagree‘ to ‗strongly agree‘. ethical approval was obtained for the study from the hospital‖s ethical approval committee. at the beginning of the study written consent of all the study participants was sought for and obtained; participants were informed regarding the aim of the study, and that their participation was voluntary and that their responses were anonymized. a cover letter was also attached to the questionnaire, which included details on informed voluntary consent as well as instructions for completing and returning the sheets. the questionnaires and consent forms were delivered to pharmacists at a weekly departmental clinical meeting. a presentation on patient safety in general, incorporating the who‖s 3 technical reports on medication safety namely, medication safety in high-risk situations, medication safety in polypharmacy, and medication safety in transitions of care, was given by the principal investigator, ua. data analysis the medication error/intervention data forms were used to extract information as regards the distribution of drug therapy problems and their severity. it also was useful in accessing the medication error intervention practices of the pharmacists. nominal variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics which consisted of frequency distribution and percentages. here the outcome of primary interest was to assess the quality of the filling of the medication error forms and grade the drug therapy problems according to severity. the percentages of the different types of prescribing errors were also determined. the response rate was calculated as the number of completed questionnaires returned divided by the number of eligible pharmacists who were given a questionnaire to complete. the completed questionnaires were also assessed for missing responses, and the percentage of missing responses was calculated across variables, cases, and values. an independent sample t-test (little's test) was run to check if the data were missing completely at random (mcar), the p-value was calculated, and missing data were replaced using the expectation maximization (em) method (kang, 2013). descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, range, minimum, and maximum values. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 150 the percentage of respondents who gave a positive response (≥75; agree slightly and agree strongly) was calculated; the percentage mean positive score for each of the 4 domains was calculated using the ahrq (agency for healthcare research and quality) formula—total number of positive responses to the items in the dimension divided by the total number of items in each dimension (multiplied by 100), (famolaro et. al., 2018). all patient safety domain scores were converted to a 100-point scale: 1=0, 2=25, 3=50, 4=75, 5=100 (5-point likert scale) (srima, lua, mathumalar, 2015). all the analyses were two-sided and the statistical significance level was set at α=0.05 with 95% ci (p-value <0.05). the shapirowilk test was used to check the normality of data, and pearson‖s correlation test was used to check different hypotheses of associations (negative or positive) between different variables. all statistical analysis was performed using ibm spss statistics version 28.0.0.0. results and discussion a total of 35 pharmacists met the criteria for inclusion in the study. 30 out of 35 pharmacists completed and returned the questionnaires, resulting in an overall response rate of 85.71%. demographic characteristics of respondents the demographic characteristics of the study population are listed in table 1. women represented 56.7% of the population; 56.7% of the respondents were aged between 21 – 30 years, 66.7% of the respondents had practiced pharmacy for 0 – 5 years, and 86.7% qualified as bachelor of pharmacy (alone). table 1. demographic characteristics of respondents demographic characteristics respondents (n=30) frequency (%) gender male female 13 17 43.3 56.7 age range (years) 21-30 31-40 41-50 50-60 17 9 3 1 56.7 30.0 10.0 3.3 years of practice (years) 0-5 6-14 15-30 20 6 4 66.7 20.0 13.3 qualifications b. pharm pharmd b. pharm & m. pharm b. pharm & others 26 1 2 1 86.7 3.3 6.7 3.3 the categories of prescribing errors are described in table 2. most of the prescription errors were classed as minor errors (69.9%), whilst serious errors (5.5%) were the least common. table 2. categories of prescribing errors category n % minor errors 51 69.9 significant errors 13 17.8 serious errors 4 5.5 potentially lethal errors 5 6.8 total 73 100 below is the classification of the results obtained in the study based on four simple classifications for the clinical severity of the identified prescribing errors. table 3. lists some examples of the clinical severity of the identified prescribing errors. variables description minor error tablet act: the prescription did not specify the type of artemisinin-based combination therapy (act), nor state the dose or dosage regimen significant error tablet loratadine 10 mg twice daily: the maximum dose of loratadine is 10 mg once daily serious error tablet diclofenac 50 mg 3 times daily: this was prescribed for a peptic ulcer patient without a proton pump inhibitor cover potentially lethal error tablet sertraline 500 mg twice daily for 3 weeks: the initial dose of sertraline is 50 mg once daily, which can be increased in steps of 1-week intervals to a maximum of 200 mg daily indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 151 table 4 lists the types of identified prescribing errors. the most frequently occurring prescription error was where the dose/frequency of the drug was omitted (24.65%); this is a type of dosing error. the least common type of prescribing error was serious drug-drug interaction, irrational prescription, and illegible handwriting, these were all detected only once (1.37%), respectively. table 4. types and rates of prescribing errors error description n % incomplete information duration/stop date omitted 13 17.81 the route of administration omitted 2 2.74 drug name omitted 7 9.59 dosing dose/frequency omitted 18 24.65 dose inappropriate (under) 4 5.48 dose inappropriate (over) 13 17.81 interaction serious drug-drug interaction 1 1.37 abbreviation unofficial abbreviation 3 4.11 others wrong formulation 3 4.11 extended duration 5 6.85 wrong drug name 2 2.74 irrational prescription 1 1.37 illegible handwriting 1 1.37 total 73 100 pharmacists' perception of medication safety in the hospital table 5 lists pharmacists‖ perceptions of medication safety according to the 4 patient safety domains used. the medication safety domain with the highest mean score was error and patient safety with 67.42% (standard deviation of 14.83), and the lowest mean score was that of facilitators and barriers at the workplace with 54.07% (standard deviation of 13.03). table 5 also incorporates the percentage of pharmacists who held positive attitudes towards each domain; the positive response rates (prr) which are computed as the percent of pharmacists who answered ―agree‖ or ―agree strongly‖ on each of the items within a scale (i.e., 4 or 5 on the original 5-point likert scale). all patient safety domain scores were converted to a 100-point scale: 1=0, 2=25, 3=50, 4=75, 5=100 (5-point likert scale) (srima, lua, and mathumalar, 2015). the medication safety domain to which pharmacists demonstrated the most positive attitudes was personal influence over safety with 63.33% (standard deviation of 20.09), and the domain with the least positive attitude was facilitators and barriers at the workplace with 46.25% (sd±25.67). table 5. pharmacists' perception of medication safety medication safety domains min % max % mean % sd prr % sd error and patient safety 37.50 100.00 67.42 14.83 60.67 36.57 safety of the healthcare system 0.00 87.50 60.83 16.89 62.50 23.44 personal influence over safety 42.86 85.71 65.37 10.87 63.33 20.09 facilitators and barriers at the workplace 25.00 81.25 54.07 13.03 46.25 25.67 prr: positive response rates the demographic data is similar to that seen generally across nigeria, for example in (funsho and titilayo, 2015). that most of the pharmacists have a b. pharm degree is not a surprise, as this is the qualification offered by most universities in nigeria, the pharmd degree is not yet widespread. however, the percentage with only a b. pharm shows a lack of specialization among the pharmacists in the hospital. this places an increased emphasis on the need for in-house training by the hospital management in the principles and practice of patient safety and the principles and practice of pharmaceutical care in general. there is also a need for pharmacists to take up the opportunities for additional training in the provision of pharmaceutical care usually offered at the pharmd, msc, m. pharm degree programs and the west african postgraduate fellowship (fpcpharm), if indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 152 they must develop or acquire the competences and skills to effectively provide pharmaceutical care, (eniojukan & onedo, 2015). the response rate to the questionnaire (83.33%) is high. it compares favorably with 83.6% of the (srima, lua, and mathumalar, 2015) study. in accessing the ‗safety attitudes questionnaire‘, the response rates were 66 –72% (sexton, et al., 2006). we are thus confident that the high response rate of the pharmacists is representative of the views of the entire population of pharmacists in this teaching hospital. it has been said that medication errors are preventable causes of patient harm with significant contributions to adverse drug events, but they remain understudied in nigeria (ogunleye et al., 2016). this study is to add to the growing body of work investigating patient safety in general and medication safety. pharmacists were chosen exclusively as the role of clinical pharmacists' services are increasingly being recognized as contributing to improvements in medication safety and patient safety, for example, by medication reviews and medicines reconciliation, (royal, et.al., 2006). in this study, most of the hospital pharmacists had filled out a medication error/ intervention form at least once. this compares favorably to (ogunleye et al., 2016); where less than half of the respondents had ever reported a medication error, and only slightly more than half of the respondents thought reporting was necessary. in this study when the pharmacists are asked to respond to ‗i believe that filling medication error forms will help improve safety‘ (in the section personal influence over safety), 86.7% of them tick ‗agree‘ and ‗agree strongly‘. this indicates most of them believe that the hospital‖s medication error reporting system is an efficient one. these values were compared favorably to the (ogunleye et al., 2016) study. however, some caution must be used in comparing the results of both studies as the respondents in the later study were healthcare professionals in general, and pharmacists made up only 8.8% of the population. in another study done in qatar, (stewart et. al., 2018), where pharmacists made up 12.9% and 18.5% of the respondents, respectively; 66.8% stated that they had not reported any errors in the preceding 12 months. in a study in malaysia (srima, lua, and mathumalar, 2015) where all the respondents were pharmacists, 22.2% of the pharmacists did not report any medication error in the preceding 12 months. in this study, 16.7% of pharmacists have never reported a medication error. the reporting rates of pharmacists seem to be higher than that of other healthcare professionals. the challenge then will be to improve medication error reporting across multidisciplinary teams and in the different healthcare professions. the lack of a good error reporting system acts as a barrier to a positive safety culture (mekonnen et al., 2018). overall, 73 medication errors were detected in 68 individual patients over 3 months. this is a rate of 24.33 reported medication errors a month. this is higher than that found by (ajemigbitse, omole, osi-ogbu, and erhun, 2013), which was 90 medication errors over 6 months; 15 a month. this is probably because a limitation of the ajemigbtise study was that the doctors presented the accounts themselves, whereas, in this study, the data is presented by the hospital pharmacists who vetted the prescriptions. also, the study by ajemigbitse concerned only junior doctors in the medical and pediatric specialties only. it might have been higher if more widespread. in a study in a hospital of similar size in the united states of america (a 159bed hospital), pharmacists and nurses collectively reported 14 medication errors a month (force et al., 2006). the decent rate of detection of medication errors over the 3 months of the study was probably helped by the presentation on medication safety by the principal researcher at the beginning of the study. the types of prescribing error data in this study have one similarity to that of (dornan et al., 2009), using the same classes as defined in their study. for instance, the rate of serious errors in this study is 5.5%, whereas, in the (dornan et al., 2009) study it is 5.48%. in the other categories, the differences are more marked. in the study by (ajemigbitse, omole, and erhun, 2013), the same method of categorizing the clinical severity of the errors was also used, but with a difference. in the later study, significant, serious, and potentially lethal errors were classed as serious errors, whilst minor errors were classed as non-serious errors. this gave a value of 17% for serious errors in the reported cases. if the same aggregation is done in this study, the rate of serious errors will be 30.1%. if the same aggregation into serious and non-serious indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 153 cases is done in dornan, et. al. (2009), the figures for serious are 60.03%. this study used an almost identical classification with (ajemigbitse, omole, and erhun, 2013) to describe the types and rates of prescribing errors, however, whilst the types of errors are very similar, the rates differ widely. in this study, for instance, the most common error is ‗dose/frequency omitted‘ (24.65%), whilst, in the (ajemigbitse, omole, and erhun, 2013) study, the most common error is ‗duration/stop date omitted‘ (71.3%). the differences seen can be explained by the multifactorial nature of prescribing errors. however, the rate of dosage problems (dose/frequency omitted, under dosage, and overdosage), in this study of 47.94% is consistent with the findings of (alanazi et al., 2016) which discovered a range of 31 – 91% in hospitals in the united kingdom. their rate of drug-drug interactions was 1 – 2% and in this study, it is 1.37%. in a study of hospital pharmacists in japan, (tasaka et al., 2018), the most common medication error was overdosage (25.6%), in this study overdosage is the equal second most common medication error (17.81%). for the questionnaire, both mean percentage and positive response rates (the sum of those who ‗agree‘ and those who ‗agree strongly‘) were calculated. the pharmacists demonstrated broadly similar mean percentages and positive attitudes towards all the domains of medication safety except that of ‗facilitators and barriers at the workplace‘. part of the questionnaire evaluated the knowledge of the pharmacists on ‗information on medication safety‘ and ‗error and patient safety‘. the pharmacists performed admirably in the ‗information on medication safety‘ section; this section had 6 questions in total, and no pharmacist scored less than 50%. however, on closer examination of the data, only 43.3% (13) of the pharmacists got the definition of medicines reconciliation right (question number 3). this indicates that many of them might not be familiar with medicines reconciliation. most patients admitted for inpatient hospital care will experience at least one medication discrepancy at one or more transition points, which may result in harm, (kirke, 2019). a systematic review of hospital-based medication reconciliation on 26 controlled studies identified that performing medication reconciliation consistently reduced: 1) medication discrepancies (17 of 17 studies), 2) potential adverse drug events (5 of 6 studies), and 3) adverse drug events (2 of 3 studies) (kirke, 2019). medicines reconciliation is a key medication safety tool. the practice of medicines reconciliation to produce the best possible medication history (bpmh) has to be taught and practiced in this hospital. the domain with the lowest positive response rates, as mentioned earlier, was the facilitators and barriers at the workplace with 54.07% and 46.25% respectively. only 46.25% of the pharmacists had a positive attitude towards this domain; in other words, they felt that the barriers were more than the facilitators. for example, item 7 in this domain states, ‗it is easy to share information and organize coordination between pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and patients‘. it is only natural that patients should expect that the health care professionals responsible for their care will communicate directly with them as well as with each other, forming what (routledge, 2012) describes as the ‗prescribing partnership‘, with the patient in the center. this presents a substantial barrier to the implementation of the who patient safety guidelines (2019). it must be addressed in this hospital. another possible barrier to the implementation of the who patient safety guidelines is pharmacists' response to item 3 of the same domain; ‗healthcare professionals in this hospital recognize and appreciate each other‖s competencies and knowledge‘. this points to a lack of teamwork amongst the healthcare professionals in the hospital. according to (mair, 2019), healthcare professionals working in multidisciplinary teams deliver optimum outcomes for patients. difficulties in sharing information and organizing coordination between pharmacists, doctors, nurses, and the patient is recognized by (linden-lahti, holstrom, pennanen, and airaksinen, 2019) as a barrier in the implementation of medication safety practices. in an implementation study of seven selected medication safety practices in 55 volunteering hospitals of 11 european union (eu) member states, (linden-lahti, holstrom, pennanen, and airaksinen, 2019), one of the facilitators to medication safety was a hospital having its own safety policies that encourage medication safety. item 2 of the facilitators and barriers at the workplace domain states, ‗the hospital has its own safety policies that encourage medication safety‘. indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 154 of the respondents, only 15 (50%) of them agreed with this statement, perhaps the hospital‖s safety policies are not widely known; this can be improved on. the european study, (linden-lahti, holstrom, pennanen, and airaksinen, 2019), also identified already existing clinical pharmacist services being available in the wards, as a facilitator of medication safety practices this was put to the respondents in item 6 of the facilitators and barriers at the workplace domain which states, ‗clinical pharmacist services are available in the wards‘. this gets a mixed response from the pharmacists, 15 (50%) of them agree with this statement, 10 (33.3%) disagree with this. the reason could be that only partial clinical pharmacist services are provided; for example, medication reviews might be done for selected patients, but medicines reconciliation across transitions of care might be absent. this is another area of possible improvement by the hospital‖s management. another barrier to the implementation of medication safety practices as identified by (linden-lahti, holstrom, pennanen, and airaksinen, 2019) is the need for staff training. item 4 of the safety of the healthcare system domain, states, ‗healthcare staff in this hospital receive training in patient safety‘. only 10 (33.3%) of the respondents agreed with this. this indicates staff training in patient safety is unavailable or insufficient. this should also be addressed by the hospital‖s management. another possible barrier to the implementation of medication safety practices is the lack of space for counseling by pharmacists. only 43.3% (13) of pharmacists agreed with item 8 of the medication safety domain, facilitators, and barriers at the workplace; ‗there is enough space for counseling‘. also, only 46.7% (14) agreed with item 4 of the medication safety dimension, facilitators, and barriers at the workplace, which states, ‗electronic patient health records and eprescriptions are available in this hospital‘. in the study by (linden-lahti, holstrom, pennanen, and airaksinen, 2019). one of the identified barriers was the ―working environment‖, under this heading is ‗lack of space for new devices and patient conversations, no electronic health record and or it tool needed, electronic prescription in use or only partly‘. this should be addressed as far as the hospital‖s resources can. pharmacists showed an overwhelmingly negative response in having the ability to speak up about their own errors; item 1 of the personal influence over safety domain states, ‗telling others about an error i made would be easy‘, only 8 (26.7%) of the respondents agreed with this statement. item 2 of the same domain states, ‗it is easier to find someone to blame than focus on the causes of error‘. only 15 (50%) of the respondents disagreed with this statement. these two responses put together would seem to indicate that a ‗blame culture‘ exists in this hospital. it encourages serious underestimation of the extent to which problems are due not to individuals but to the systems in which they operate‘. sometimes a ―blame culture‖ is subliminal and thus easy to miss in an organization, however, if found to exist it must be expunged as it is detrimental to patient safety. this study, however, has several strengths to it, and can contribute to the growing body of work on patient safety in nigeria in particular, and low and middle-income countries (lmic) in general. for example, the response rate to the questionnaire (83.3%) is high. this discovery of an excellent and widely accepted method of medication error reporting, amongst pharmacists is encouraging. some of its findings like the rate of medication error reporting, and the rates and types of medication errors are consistent with international benchmarks. other healthcare professionals like medical doctors and nurses could be encouraged to become part of medication error reporting. the hospital has a medication safety practice (medication error/intervention data form appendix a) that is acceptable to most of pharmacists. the importance of this cannot be overstated, as it will encourage the reporting of medication safety incidents; including near misses. the ―near miss‖ can provide valuable information to help prevent adverse events and is regarded in many other sectors as an important free lesson. moreover, research suggests that for every full-blown incident, there are likely to be several hundred near-misses, (―an organisation with a memory‖, 2000). on the downside, more training in clinical pharmacist services like medicines reconciliation is needed, and an expansion of clinical services in the ward. there is also not enough teamwork between pharmacists and other healthcare professionals, namely doctors and nurses. this compares favorably with the findings of (mekonnen, et al., 2018); which found indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 146-158 155 that, although hospital pharmacists were very much enthusiastic for new roles, these were in fact, influenced by the lack of acceptance of their role by other members of the health care team and a lack of managerial support in implementing clinical pharmacy services. other studies in nigeria indicated poor knowledge and non-implementation of pharmaceutical care services in hospitals as the leading causes of medication therapy problems in hospitals (abubakar, 2022; unodc, 2019). however, a study by lainer et al (2013); abdulrahman et al., (2016), and (the institute of health international, 2017) suggested that low utilization of information technology and poor medication reconciliation practices as major causes of medication errors. a study by tiwary et al (2019) indicated that poor communication among health workers is a contributing factor. the pharmacists in the hospital are interested in patient safety, however, they need more training in clinical pharmacy competencies like the ability to carry out independent medication reviews and medicines reconciliation across transitions of care. more space should be found within the hospitals, where pharmacists can comfortably carry out counseling. in many hospitals in nigeria, not enough thought is given to incorporating spaces for the pharmacy department in the design of hospitals; as clinical pharmacist services have grown, space for counseling is often a problem. we are hopeful that this study will add to the growing body of evidence about medication-related harm in lowand middle-income countries (lmic). most studies that have quantified medication discrepancies or harm associated with medication use have been undertaken in high-income countries, with the majority performed at admission to or discharge from the hospital. less evidence is available about medication safety at transitions of care in lowand middle-income countries (lmic) or in other points of transition of care. this study assesses the rate of involvement of pharmacists in detecting medication errors and categorizing them. it also helped assess the amount of positivity of pharmacists towards patient safety in general, and the possible facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the 2019 who patient safety guidelines. the who‖s ‗multi-professional patient safety curriculum guide‘ may help ensure pharmacists across the world have enough exposure to these critical principles, (who patient safety curriculum guide: multi-professional edition). conclusion the study showed that the pharmacists in the hospital showed considerable enthusiasm about patient safety and were willing to report patient safety incidents. however, substantial work needs to be done to improve the facilitators to implementing patient safety guidelines, for example, establishing the services of clinical pharmacists in the ward, and improving interprofessional cooperation among healthcare professionals in the hospital (they should recognize and appreciate each other‖s competencies). work is also needed to reduce some of the barriers to the successful implementation of patient safety guidelines, for example, creating more space for patient counseling, and instituting training in medication safety practices like medicines reconciliation across all transitions of care. references 1. abdulrahman s, mahmoud m, ibrahim a, and aljadhey h. 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(2013). understanding the attitudes of hospital pharmacists to reporting medication incidents: a qualitative study. sciencedirect, 9:80-89. https://www.who.int/patientsafety/medication-safety/5moments/en/ indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 133 volume 3 issue 2 june (2023) doi: 10.47540/ijias.v3i2.742 page: 133 – 145 ecological risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides through biological tools minahil sikandar1, ayesha mohsin1, alina malik1 1department of environmental sciences, kinnaird college for women, pakistan corresponding author: ayesha mohsin; email: ayeshamohsin51@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t keywords: bioindicators, ecological risk assessment, human and environmental impact, inorganic arsenic fungicide. received : 08 december 2022 revised : 27 june 2023 accepted : 30 june 2023 this review discusses the use, mode of action, biomarkers, and bioindicators of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides, as well as their effects on the environment and human health. the most prevalent indicator of exposure to arsenic is the measurement of total arsenic in urine. biomarkers of exposure for arsenic and inorganic fungicides incudes the analysis of hair, urine, blooda and nails. bio indicators are species or group of species that are used to indicate adverse effect of contamination. freshwater fish species act as a very good bio indicator for inorganic arsenic. tree bark, rice fields and sea birds could be a valuable indicator of inorganic arsenic contamination. black piranha, fish and earthworms are an ideal bio indicator of inorganic mercury. inorganic arsenic compounds are known to be highly carcinogenic and toxic compounds. mercuric fungicide is very toxic when inhaled by humans or animals it causes severe health issues and when absorbed by plants it retards their growth. to estimate the daily dose of arsenic exposure to humans through absorption, ingestion and other pathways, average daily dose is implemented by using two equations from the us epa. to determine the ecological risk assessment a simplified equation was proposed by fda i.e. hq = e/rfd. overall, the review emphasizes the need for heightened awareness, regulation, and alternative approaches to fungicide use, with a focus on minimizing the use of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides to safeguard the environment and promote sustainable agricultural practices. introduction fungicide is defined as a poisonous substance that is used to inhibit the growth of fungi and to kill fungi. it is a type of pesticide. generally, to control parasitic fungi that either cause damage to crops or ornamental plants or can be harmful to the health of humans or domestic animals fungicides are used. the majority of the fungicides are applied to plants in the form of dusts or sprays (carisse o, 2010). some of them are applied to seeds as a cover for protection before germination. fungicides also known as antimitotic fungicides work by disrupting the critical cellular process of parasitic fungi. it binds with specific enzymes to intersperse the metabolic pathways that are associated with cellular respiration (colbourn p et al., 1975). numerous anthropogenic and natural activities exculpate arsenic into the environment in both organic and inorganic forms. even at relatively low concentrations arsenic is a major threat to human health (wightwick a et al., 2010). according to the united states environmental protection agency, inorganic arsenic is a group-a human carcinogen. natural sources of arsenic in the soil are the weathering of the arsenic-rich parent material and volcanic eruptions and anthropogenic sources include activities like the combustion of fossil fuel, smelting, mining, wood preservatives, arseniccontaining pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides (wighrwick am et al., 2012 & amyot m et al., 1997). arsenic is widely distributed throughout the crustal plate mostly in the form of arsenic sulfide or metal arsenates or arsenide. igneous and sedimentary rocks are enriched with arsenic (de flora et al., 1994 & mathew c et al., 1976). weathering of these rocks increases the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias) journal homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias issn: 2775-4162 (online) review article https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijias http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1587190067&1&&2020 indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 134 amount of arsenic in the soil. arsenic exists in the form of arsenate in water, if the water is oxygenated. it is present in the form of arsenite if the water in under reducing conditions. arsenic is naturally present in soil from 0.140 ppm but it may vary among different areas (kennedy c & frias-espericueta m et al., 2019). when an inorganic form of arsenic is absorbed in the body it is metabolized in organic form which is easier to be excreted out of the body through urine (frias-espericueta m et al., 2019). there are two basic processes that are involved in the metabolism of inorganic arsenic fungicides (abbas g et al., 2018). the first process which we are going to discuss is the reduction and oxidation process. in it arsenate (as+5) is reduced to arsenite (as+3) (khalid s et al., 2017 & mombo s et al., 2016). the second process is known as the methylation process in which arsenite in converted into monomethyarsonic acid and dimethyarsisnic acid also abbreviated as mma and dma respectively (xiong t et al., 2016). the excretion of inorganic arsenic from the body then occurs in the form of mma and dma as both of these acids are readily excreted in urine (shahid m et al., 2015 & ottesen rt et al., 2013). when a farmer is applying fungicides to an agricultural crop or plant, unavoidably some of the quantity of the chemical spray will not come up to scratch and miss the target. the chemical will penetrate into the surface of the soil and will persist there for some time (maluqi h et al., 2018). eventually, it will migrate off-site because of leaching or rum off. moreover, some of these chemicals will migrate off-site due to aerial drift and will eventually enter nearby water bodies or groundwater resources and will cause adverse impacts on aquatic organisms. the metabolism of inorganic arsenic fungicide in the environment is affected by the properties of the chemical such as its ability to bind the soil, and ecological factors such as type of soil, topography, rainfall, and agricultural management practices (bernhoft ra, 2012 & branco v et al., 2012). the key to understanding the metabolism of arsenic in the environment is its adsorption-desorption onto the soil. when farmers apply arsenic fungicides to the agricultural area some of the arsenic is left on the topsoil (chehmi l et al., 2012). this arsenic will not be washed out or dissolved by rainwater or flood in oxidized condition because of its affinity to manganese, aluminum, iron, and other minerals in the soil. as a result, surface soil will be accumulated with arsenic (falluel morel et al., 2012 & chandrakar v et al., 2016). the increased concentration of arsenic in the topsoil and in irrigation the main cause of the increased concentration of arsenic in plants and food grains is water (niazi nk et al., 2017). mercuric fungicide is a harmful and toxic chemical that affects humans, plants, and the environment in numerous ways (mehmood t et al., 2017). it is categorized as a toxic pollutant that can transpose into many states by oxidation and reduction reactions. earlier in the 20th century mercuric fungicides were used in seed treatments (abid m et al., 2016). mercury toxicity has increased with time due to soil contamination by heavy metals and a significant amount of mercury is used as a fungicide in agricultural fields. the absorption of mercury is specific to lichens, mycorrhizae, wetland plants, bryophytes plants, and crop vegetation. mercury accumulates in plants' roots and shoots which results in soil contamination (esdaile l et al., 2018). the growth of plants and evolution of lichens and mosses is inhibited by the metallic mercury and mercury compounds that are present in the soil. by observations of experiments the growth of toadstools on turf and the activity of ascomycetes is also retarded by mercury (astani e et al., 2011). no fungicidal action of mercury is being observed in vitro but the rate of growth of hyphae is affected by mercury vapors (zheng n et al., 2011). the lack of fungicidal properties of mercury and its good performance in controlling certain soil-borne diseases are adapted by assuming that differential retardation disturbs the links that are crucial for infection (anzai k et al., 2012 & rahman ma et al., 2014). mercury fungicides include mercurous chloride, phenyl mercury acetate, ethyl mercury chloride, methoxyethyl mercury chloride, etc. the metabolism of all forms of inorganic mercury in laboratory mammals and humans is the same according to recent observations. inorganic mercury perforates in an oxidation–reduction cycle when it is absorbed (rahman ma et al., 2014). elemental mercury is oxidized to the divalent inorganic cation in the lungs and red blood cells. absorbed divalent cation from exposure to mercuric mercury compounds can, in turn, be reduced to the indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 135 metallic or monovalent form and released as exhaled elemental mercury vapor (muhammad a et al., 2013 & singh ap et al., 2017). elemental mercury vapors enter rapidly in the bloodstream when inhaled. the dissolved vapor undergoes rapid oxidation in the red blood cells, to its inorganic divalent form by the hydrogen peroxide–catalase pathway (pandey c et al., 2017 & fenendez martinez et al., 2019). it is also believed that the rate of oxidation is influenced by the following: (1) concentration of catalase in the tissue; (2) autogenous production of hydrogen peroxide; (3) availableness of mercury vapor at the oxidation site. according to some research, there are chances of oxidation of elemental mercury in the brain, lungs, liver, and in all other tissues to some extent (hosseini m et al., 2013). un-oxidized elemental mercury can be oxidized and become trapped in the brain because it is more strenuous for the divalent form to exit the brain via the blood-brain barrier (lu l et al., 2017 & van den toren et al., 2019). methods the method of reviewing the ecological risk assessment of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides through biological tools involved secondary data collection including: table 1. methodology evaluation of existing studies assessing the available scientific literature to gather information on the ecological risks associated with inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides. this includes reviewing studies on the effects of these substances on various organisms, ecosystems, and ecological processes. identification of exposure pathways investigating the pathways through which inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides enter the environment and potentially impact different organisms. this involves identifying sources of contamination, such as agricultural practices or industrial activities, and understanding how these substances can be transferred through different trophic levels in ecosystems. assessment of toxicological effects examining the toxicological effects of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides on different organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. this involves evaluating the toxicity thresholds, dose-response relationships, and potential sub-lethal and chronic effects on various ecological receptors. application of biological tools investigating the use of biological tools, such as biomarkers, bioindicators, and ecological modeling, in assessing the ecological risks posed by inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides. this includes exploring their applicability, sensitivity, and reliability in detecting and quantifying the impacts of these substances on different ecological components. results and discussion a biomarker is a trait in an organism that is measurable and it responds to a toxicant. it is actually a disturbance in the normal functioning of an organism (raissy m et al., 2014). the potential application of biomarkers is in impact assessment and in monitoring the condition of living organisms as they provide evidence of exposure to any chemical, stressor, or any ecological impact. the properties of a good biomarker are given below: 1. it can be measured easily 2. the measurements are cheap and fast 3. they are specific to the type of toxicant 4. they show a dose-response relationship biomarkers are of three types which are biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility, and effect. the biomarkers of exposure for inorganic arsenic fungicides are of the greatest attention. the most prevalent indicator of exposure to arsenic is the measurement of total arsenic in urine. another biomarker of exposure for arsenic is urinary porphyrins (pobi kk et al., 2019). an example of a susceptibility biomarker of arsenic is variability in the metabolism of arsenic which results in indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 136 polymorphism in the genes that code for the enzyme that metabolizes arsenic. biomarkers of exposure for arsenic include the analysis of nails, urine, hair, and blood. urine: when inorganic arsenic is absorbed in the body it is primarily excreted in the form of urine. it has a halflife of approximately 4 days in humans. if exposure of inorganic arsenic is excessive in drinking water than it will lead to urinary arsenic levels > 700 µg/l (manavi pn et al., 2018). blood: only in the scenario of acute arsenic poisoning blood arsenic is a useful biomarker because arsenic in the blood is cleared in few hours after it is absorbed. hair and nails: for analysis of past arsenic exposure hair and nails can be a good biomarker. when arsenic is absorbed it is accumulated in hair and nails because arsenic3 binds with sulfhydryl groups in keratin. a group of people who are exposed to more inorganic arsenic in drinking water and soil have increased concentrations of arsenic in nails and hair (nogara pa et al., 2019). for analysis of the exposure of inorganic mercuric fungicides in humans, the following biological media can be used as biomarkers; blood: if inorganic mercury is present in blood then it indicates recent exposure to it. inorganic mercury in the diet is readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and then blood distributes it throughout the body. usually, the concentration of inorganic mercury in the blood reaches to a maximum within 4 to 14 hours and after 20 to 30 hours it undergoes clearance from the blood to other body tissues. according to who the normal mean concentration of mercury in the blood is to be between 5 to 10 µg/l in the individuals who do not consume any contaminated fish (natasha m et al., 2020). hair: for estimation of long-term average exposure of inorganic mercury hair is a preferred choice because it provides an integrative, simple, and non-invasive sampling. incorporating inorganic mercury into the hair prevents it from returning to the blood, making it a useful long-term biomarker for inorganic mercury ruggeiri f et al., 2017). urine: occurrence of acute inorganic mercury poisoning urine is considered a good biomarker (singh s et al., 2020). bioindicators are species or groups of species that are used to indicate adverse effects of contamination. plants, microbes, animals, and planktons are used to screen the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment. through their chemical, physiological, and behavioral changes, they convey information on changes in the environment (sysalova j et al., 2013). characteristics of a good bioindicator are given below; 1. it can be easily raised in the lab. 2. its sampling is easy 3. it can accumulate high levels of pollutants without dying 4. the dose-response relationship can be observed easily bioindicators for inorganic arsenic fungicides include: freshwater fish species act as a very good bioindicator for inorganic arsenic. fish are continually exposed to arsenic contamination because of the uptake of contaminated food and through their gills. inorganic arsenic swells the kidney cells of the fish. it also increases the mucus production in fish which can cause suffocation or detrimental effects on gill epithelium. it can also interfere with the immune system of the fish by suppressing the antibodies. arsenites are absorbed quickly in fish and are more harmful than arsenate compounds (zamani hargalani f et al., 2014). tree bark could be a valuable indicator of inorganic arsenic contamination. 32 tree species including m. indica, p. sylvestris, e. globulus, contain high amounts of heavy metals in their soil. at high levels of arsenic in the soil, the nodule bacteria lose the amount of leghemoglobin, therefore bacteria destroy and it can be used as a bioindicator in soil toxicity assessment (zang t et al., 2020). rice fields are also a good bioindicator of inorganic arsenic as they show stunt growth, brown spots, and scorching on leaves when they are grown on soil contaminated with inorganic arsenic. sea birds are also a good bioindicator for inorganic arsenic in marine environments because of their diet. they can provide evidence of bioaccumulation by sampling feathers and eggs (duncan eg et al., 2017). bio indicators for inorganic mercuric fungicides: according to many studies, carnivorous fish accumulates more amount of fish than any other species. black piranha is an ideal bioindicator of inorganic mercury as 80% of its diet is fish based, it indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 137 lives in quite waters and do not make long migrations. earthworms act as a good alternative of bioindicators other than traditionally used organisms i.e. fish because they are simple, wellstudied organisms and can accumulate inorganic mercury for polluted soil and other media. a few studies have also documented inorganic mercury concentration in the tissues of earthworms (clemens s et al., 2016). effects of inorganic arsenic fungicides inorganic arsenic compounds are known to be highly carcinogenic and toxic compounds. chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic compounds in any form has more effects on health than any other toxicants. poisoning of arsenic takes 8 to 14 years to show its effects on health (sytar o et al., 2013). it also depends upon the amount of arsenic ingested and the immunity of the affected person. some toxic actions of inorganic arsenic are listed below; the persistence and presence of inorganic arsenic fungicides in agricultural soils may have negative effects on soil organisms such as earthworms and soil microorganisms. these organisms are responsible for crucial functions of soil such breakdown of organic matter and in facilitating the nutrient cycle. when these organisms are affected by the toxicity of arsenic these crucial functions of soil are also affected (faita f et al., 2013). likewise, when these fungicide residues make their way into ground and surface water they have a potential to harm the biodiversity and aquatic ecosystem. arsenic has been shown to induce apoptosis of fin cells in the fish taxa. it also causes gallbladder inflammation, edema, kidney fibrosis, and liver inflammation (faita f et al., 2013). arsenic in the soil can disrupt the normal metabolism of plants, resulting in stunted growth, decreased crop yields, low fruit production, reduced leaf numbers, and reduction in biomass. in birds toxic effects of arsenic includes depression, tremors, gasping, watery diarrhea, etc. birds can get in contact with arsenic when they drink water from contaminated water surfaces or when they eat plants or grains affected by inorganic arsenic fungicides (tofan-lazer et al., 2012). in humans, the toxicity of arsenic includes denaturing of cellular enzymes, altering gene regulation, disturbing the dna binding capabilities, disrupting cell division, inhibiting dna repair, a complication of nervous systems, digestive difficulties, liver diseases, cancer, and diabetes. many cardiovascular diseases are caused by longterm exposure to inorganic arsenic such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc. those environments which are affected by inorganic arsenic are characterized by limited species diversity and abundance. if the level of arsenate is very high than only those species will be present which have developed resistance to it. studies have shown that approximately 72 million birds are killed annually in america because of the application of inorganic arsenic fungicides. women farmers who are pregnant and are working in the fields spraying inorganic arsenic fungicides to the crops have more miscarriages and abnormalities in the babies. studies have shown that prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic fungicide exposure can contribute to depression among its applicators (srivastava s et al., 2014). pollinators such as honey bees, fruit flies, beetles, etc are highly affected by inorganic arsenic fungicides as its application affects their various activities such as colony mortality, the efficiency of collecting pollens, and foraging behavior. overuse of inorganic arsenic fungicides in the agricultural field affects the plant communities as they retard the growth of plants and cause the death of some plants and crops (tiwari s et al., 2017). effects of inorganic mercuric fungicides mercuric fungicide is very toxic when inhaled by humans or animals it causes severe health issues and when absorbed by plants it retards their growth. it has numerous toxic actions that harm the humans and environment which include: mercuric fungicide is inhaled or ingested in humans which results in severe problems like cognitive, sensory, personality, and motor disturbances. other prominent symptoms include tremors emotional lability, lack of sleep, memory loss, neuromuscular changes, and headaches. deficits in motor function, attention, and possibly the visual system may persist for years after occupational exposure has ended, according to a recent study of 75 formerly exposed workers examined using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery (gupta p et al., 2018). indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 138 respiratory side effects are exceptionally constant because of short-term and significant level openness to basic mercury vapors. the most common side effects are burning pains, chest tightness, and cough. chronic cough has been proclaimed in subjects exposed to mercury vapor for numerous weeks (gupta p et al., 2018). side effects of inhalation or absorption of mercuric fungicides and its particles resulted in elevated blood pressure and palpitations. increased blood pressure and heart rate have been reported due to prolonged exposure due to spills or occupational exposure. livestock, wild birds that consumed the treated seeds showed toxic symptoms and laid eggs with thin shells and the chick after birth couldn’t survive properly and it effected the population size of the bird. mercuric fungicide retards the growth of plants. the development of lichens and mosses is also constrained. mercuric ions present in mercuric fungicide disrupts the antioxidant defense mechanism by changing the modulation of non-protein thiols, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase (padmavathi s). exposure to mercury results in an increase in the mortality rate of birds and animals which results in a decrease in the population size of the species. wildlife and livestock is also being effected due to exposure to mercuric ions. mercuric ions present in the soil and atmosphere are accountable for the reduction in microbiological activities that are vital to the terrestrial food chain in soil. mercuric fungicide causes soil contamination and soil pollution. mercuric ions that are present in freshwater effects the marine ecosystem by altering their population size. in aquatic ecosystems, fish at the upmost of the food chain such as pike contain 3000 times more mercury than the water. most of the mercury reaches into the atmosphere through evaporation by soil and water which results in air pollution and also disrupts the atmospheric cycles. overuse of mercuric fungicides in agricultural field effect the plant communities as they retard the growth of plants and cause the death of some plants and crops (pavithra kg et al., 2023). testing for inorganic arsenic fungicides unusual concentration of arsenic in blood indicates considerable exposure of arsenic. arsenic that is absorbed distributes speedily in the storage sites of tissues. arsenic will not be detected in the specimen of blood except for when the blood specimen is not taken within two days of exposure. the method used for arsenic detection in the blood is called inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (icp-ms) in which the analytic time is of one day (mohammadnnia e et al., 2019). urine ‘spot’ tests are used to diagnose the presence of arsenic of high amounts in the body still this test does not distinguish between the organic and in organic arsenic form. on the other hand, a specimen test is also done that helps to determine the type of arsenic whether it is organic or in organic. hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry and graphic furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is also used for testing of inorganic arsenic in urine. in gfaas the sample preparation is done by passing the urine specimen through a 0.45 µm millipore membrane filter and then microwave digestion of the sample is done after adding nitric and hydrochloric acids. in hgaas the sample preparation of urine specimen is done by reducing it with sodium borohydride to arsine (martin yega d et al., 2013). to find the concentration of arsenic over the past six to twelve months in the body tests on nails and hair are also been carried out. for the detection of inorganic arsenic in nails and hair icp-ms is used. tests carried out on nails and hair cannot anticipate whether the level of arsenic in the body will affect human health or not but inorganic arsenic has toxic effects on the human body (ma y et al., 2022). testing for inorganic mercuric fungicides exposure to mercury and its other compounds can be analyzed or determined by using urine, hair or blood samples in the laboratory. the concentration of mercury found in blood or urine is directly proportional to its toxicity. in the laboratory, the samples are collected in trace-metalfree containers. mercury levels of urine are usually less than 10 to 20 µg/24 hours. higher level of mercury concentration in urine is harmful and is associated with death (ma y et al., 2022). hair is also useful to find out the presence of methyl mercury in the body. if the length of hair is long and testing is done carefully it can easily reveal or show the exposure to mercury that occurred months or years ago. hair sampling is done by cutting approximately 100-150 strands of hair which are about 3 centimeters long. the most indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 139 common methods used to measure the amount of inorganic mercury in hair are inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms), cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (cvaas), and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (cvaas) (ma f et al., 2015). era entails six fundamental processes preparation step 1 describe the background of era step 2 determine and describe the main environmental pressures step 3 provide examples of environmental metrics and values for era. assessment step 4 establish risk groups, describe environmental trends, and analyze indicator linkages. step 5 analyze changes to risks and indicators. result step 6 report findings and create risk mitigation plans blood testing is the most approved method to detect mercury as it is present in red blood cells. one when recently exposed, have higher levels of mercury in the blood e.g. a large seafood meal may raise blood mercury level, and it declines gradually with time and over weeks. the half-life of inorganic mercury after exposure is 3-4 weeks. the most common technique used for determining the amount of inorganic mercury in blood is cvaas as it has adequate sensitivity to measure the total amount of inorganic mercury at low ppb levels in blood and also it is comparatively easy to perform in a standard lab. icp-ms can also be used in the testing of blood for the detection of inorganic mercury but it involves expensive instrumentation and higher per-sample cost (luo z et al., 2021). environmental risk assessment (era) environmental risk assessment is defined as a method that comprises the evaluation of the probability of the adverse impacts of environmental values that occur due to human activities. environmental risk assessment consists of the following stages: 1. setting the focus for the assessment with the pertinent background information and preparing for the assessment, which includes gathering and analyzing the material. 2. organizing or conducting the assessment 3. interpretation, reporting of the assessment, and application of the results (liu z et al., 2022). environmental risk assessment helps us to have a greater and better understanding of the environment. an environmental risk assessment plays a vital role as it is used to conclude the risks to the health of humans. it is a lithe tool or approach that can be functional at any scale and is used for numerous environmental problems. it helps to propose important decisions when there is any environmental hazard or danger that can affect human health, ecosystem, and sustainability (wu q et al., 2022). the steps involved in the process of risk assessment for the environment are given in the table above table. risk assessments depend on scientific data which is not easy to interpret and is complex or incomplete. data analysis for risk assessment depends upon the professional judgment that is formed on scientific expertise. to estimate the daily dose of arsenic exposure to humans through absorption, ingestion, and other pathways, the average daily dose is implemented by using two equations from the us epa. the assessment was conducted on children and adults (mandal d et al., 2022). ing d ““““““ dermal “ add is known as an average daily dose of elements through ingestion pathways (adding) addderm is dermal absorption c is the heavy metals concentration bw is the body weight ef is exposure frequency sa stands for skin surface area at is an average exposure time abs is a dermal absorption factor sl is a skin adherence factor ed is exposure duration non-carcinogenic risks the following equations are used to analyze the non-carcinogenic risks. thq refers to the ratio between the reference dose and add of each indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 140 element. the reference dose of each element is taken from the screening levels of the us epa. f otal carcinogenic risks cancer risks are also known as carcinogenic risks (cr) according to epa they are defined as ‚the incremental possibility of an individual to get cancer, over a lifetime, as a result of exposure to a potential carcinogen‛. the following equation was used to find out the carcinogenic risks. csf is a risk factor for cancer. (banik g et al., 2021). walkers and his colleagues developed this model of inorganic arsenic carcinogenesis. this is also known as a two-generation model. in this model drinking water accumulated with inorganic arsenic at concentrations of 42.5 and 85 mg/l is given to pregnant mice and then they are monitored for a lifetime. it was observed that there was an increased incidence in lung and liver tumors in mice (garrai p et al., 2021). the dose-response model is generally used for arsenic risk assessment, it is then further adjusted according to the situation e.g. adjustments for water intake, assumptions about water consumption in both the study group and the u.s. population must be made to calculate the cancer risks associated with a specific arsenic content in drinking water. according to epa estimates, americans use an average amount of water each day per person. include age, sex, and weight when calculating risk rather than just utilizing a point estimate. rice and sweet potatoes are the mainstay foods when making adjustments for dietary intake of arsenic (banik g et al., 2021 & garai p et al., 2021). when cooked, those foods absorb a lot of water. epa (2001) modified its lower-bound estimates to take exposure to arsenic in drinking water into consideration as part of its risk assessment. inorganic mercuric fungicides have the potential to get biomagnified along the food chain when they enter the aquatic food web. in this context, sharks can accrue substantial mercury concentrations in their tissues and organs. to determine the ecological risk assessment a simplified equation was proposed by fda i.e. f where e = level of exposure and rfd = reference dose of inorganic mercury to determine the human health risk assessment usepa proposed the following equations: ing d “ inh inh “ dermal “ add is known as an average daily dose of elements through ingestion pathways (adding) adddermal is dermal absorption addinh is the inhalation dose through the mouth and nose c is the concentration of the heavy metals bw is the body weight ef is exposure frequency sa stands for skin surface area pef is a practical emission factor at is an average exposure time abs is a dermal absorption factor sl is a skin adherence factor ed is exposure duration geochemical tools can be useful for all the risks explained above. the geochemical model hp1 was developed in the work model. this model can be used as a tool in both ecological risk assessment and human health risk evaluations (ahmed sf et al., 2022). conclusion in conclusion, inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides pose significant risks to the environment and human health. monitoring and assessing exposure to these fungicides through biomarkers and utilizing bioindicators can provide valuable information about contamination levels. understanding their mode of action and effects on various organisms is crucial for implementing effective measures to minimize their adverse impacts and protect ecosystems and human wellbeing. based on the issues highlighted in the review, the following recommendations can be made: indonesian journal of innovation and applied sciences (ijias), 3 (2), 133-145 141 regulation and monitoring: governments and regulatory bodies should implement strict regulations on the use of inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides in agriculture. regular monitoring programs should be established to assess contamination levels in soil, water, and food products. alternatives to inorganic fungicides: encourage the development and adoption of safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives to inorganic fungicides. this could include promoting the use of organic fungicides, biological control methods, crop rotation, and integrated pest management practices. education and awareness: increase awareness among farmers, agricultural workers, and consumers about the risks associated with inorganic arsenic and mercuric fungicides. provide information on the safe handling, storage, and disposal of these chemicals, as well as the potential health effects. research and innovation: support research efforts aimed at understanding the ecological impacts of inorganic fungicides and developing innovative solutions. this could involve studying the mechanisms of toxicity, identifying alternative fungicides, and exploring sustainable agricultural practices that minimize the need for fungicide use. risk communication: improve communication channels between scientists, policymakers, farmers, and consumers to effectively communicate the risks associated with inorganic fungicides. transparent information sharing will enable informed decisionmaking and promote responsible use. international collaboration: foster collaboration among different countries to address the global issue of inorganic fungicide contamination. sharing knowledge, best practices and research findings can help develop effective strategies for mitigating the risks. support for affected communities: provide 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