indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 109-114 109 customer satisfaction with massage service (sport personnel and general) iskandar1*, y. touvan juni samodra2, uray gustian3 1*23department of sports coaching education, faculty of teacher training and education, tangjungpura university article history: received: 6 june 2021 accepted: 28 september 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract the problem in this study is how the level of customer service satisfaction for massage for sports / general practitioners. this study aims to see the level of customer satisfaction with massage services (sports and general practitioners) with variables 1. reliability (reliability), 2. responsiveness (responsiveness), 3. assurance (assurance), 4. empathy (empathy), 5. direct evidence (tangibles). ex post facto quantitative descriptive research design for customers who had received massage services from october 2020 to february 2021. the instrument is in the form of a questionnaire in descriptive statistical analysis. the results of the research data concluded that the level of customer satisfaction in the very satisfied category was 91% and 7% satisfied. keywords: satisfaction; customer; massage service how to cite: iskandar, samodra, y. t. j., gustian, u. (2021). customer satisfaction with massage service (sport personnel and general). indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 109-114. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1127 corresponding author: iskandar, department of sports coaching education, faculty of teacher training and education, tangjungpura university, indonesia email: iskandarherman724@gmail.com1, tovan@fkip.untan.ac.id2 indonesian journal of sport management iskandar, et al., 1(2), 2021, 109-114 110 introduction athletes / people who perform massage aim to reduce nervous tension and relax the mind before facing sports events and after ape work. in massage, the types of manipulation used include effleurage (rubbing), petrisage (squeezing), shalking (shaking), tapotement (hitting), and many other types (park et al., 2017). manipulation in massage helps blood and lymph circulation, muscle relaxation, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and various other benefits both physically and mentally (priyambada et al., 2018). massage has a function as a feeling of relaxation physiologically and psychologically. massage is a passive method to avoid fatigue and recovery (sukmawati et al., 2018). according to (juliantri et al., 2015) showing that massage has an eff ect on decreasing the pulse after doing activities. the positive effect of massage is that it can stimulate nerve receptors so as to improve blood circulation, relieve pain and accelerate recovery both physically and mentally (park et al., 2017). according to sukmawati et al (2018) massage can reduce anxiety and relax. among them are yanuar & anshari (2018), the results of the study show that the trainer's perception and interest in massage is good. this research study provides evidence that massage is a form of service by providing good services, because it can make the body's condition fitter. massage is a product in the form of a service that functions to maintain a healthy body for athletes and the general public. west kalimantan, especially sports players, is still not aware of the services and benefits of massage, even though massage is a form of selling services that are useful for maintaining health for sports and general practitioners. as stated by saputro (2017) massage can help reduce acid levels in muscles. massage is very much needed for people and athletes who experience muscle tension because it can interfere with movement during activities and training. according to purnomo (2015) massage can help increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and cleanse lactic acid. likewise, according to nopriansyah (2015) muscles that are experiencing tension need to be relaxed with massage. in the sale of consumer services will judge from a different point of view. service quality, price, and customer value have a positive and significant effect on client satisfaction, either partially or simultaneously (aryani & rosinta, 2010). all trading businesses of every consumer will see and assess the performance of each seller in the form of goods or services. services in the physical form (tangible) of a comfortable waiting room, (realibility) the ability to serve customers, responsiveness, responsiveness, empathy are the most important parts (putri & utomo, 2017). the main indicators that affect service quality are direct evidence (tangibles), reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy (normasari et al., 2013). service quality is an important root and factor that gives satisfaction to its customers (sulistyawati & seminary, 2015). service quality has a significant effect on customer satisfaction (lailia et al., 2013). several studies have confirmed that good service will create satisfaction and an indicator for service success that later customers will feel comfortable, even the most likely customers will come back for a treatmant. the above research studies form the basis for this research. seeing the development of this modern era, it is very important to know the level of consumer satisfaction with massage. in this modern era, west kalimantan still lacks knowledge about massage to keep the body in shape. massage is an excellent indonesian journal of sport management iskandar, et al., 1(2), 2021, 109-114 111 method to keep the body in shape and can improve blood circulation and help accelerate metabolism in the body. this opinion can be argued to determine the level of client satisfaction by us ing massage services to clients. the evidence from the above arguments is supported by the following research. based on the results of research conducted by ulinuha, (2014) bpjs (social security administering body) patient satisfaction with the outpatient services at permata medika hospital semarang ''. in this variable, 51.51% of respondents were satisfied with the medicine given according to the prescription, 45.45% of respondents were satisfied with the cleanliness, tidiness and comfort of the room, for 46.47% of respondents said they were quite satisfied with the tidiness and cleanliness of the appearance of the officers (employees), 52.53% of respondents were quite satisfied with the completeness, readiness, and cleanliness of the tools used. research results from yulia et al., (2016) on consumer satisfaction with pharmacy services and the level of consumer knowledge about the applicable pharmaceutical service standards (case study in the city of depok). the level of customer satisfaction represented by the respondents in this study based on the csi results as a whole is in the sufficient category (csi 51.82%), but is still under the 'satisfied' category. based on the results of the research above, it can be said the same, because in this study using a descriptive research approach, this research is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach using a survey method, by prioritizing the results of completeness, readiness, cleanliness, responsiveness, and neatness. this research is very important to prove the variable level of satisfaction with massage services. the benefit of this research is to provide understanding data between massage services and treatments. method this study used a quantitative descriptive research design ex post facto services to clients. the strength that becomes the object of research is the level of customer satisfaction with massage services. the study was conducted at the gang physiotherapy clinic. healthy in pontianak has a time span from november 2020 to february 2021. the sample in this study were clients who had received massage services totaling 58 samples at the gang physiotherapy clinic. healthy. data were collected by giving a questionnaire. after the data was collected, data analysis was carried out. data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. result and discussion based on the test using a questionnaire, the data shown in table 1. based on this table it can be understood that in fact the level of customer satisfaction in the category is very satisfied 91% and 7% satisfied. table 1. results overall percentage descriptive no criteria interval frequency percentage (%) very dissatisfied 31-60 1 2% not satisfied 60-89 0 0% indonesian journal of sport management iskandar, et al., 1(2), 2021, 109-114 112 satisfied 89-118 4 7% very satisfied 118-147 53 91% total 58 100% figure1. results overall percentage descriptive based on these findings, it can be concluded that the service business is a complex business, because the complexity of the client's satisfaction is not the same as other clients, the service business depends on the expectations and perceptions of each client. every employee must have good communication skills and skills as well as broad enough insight into their business, be polite and polite in speaking. every business must have complete facilities such as a comfortable waiting room, lighting, temperature atmosphere and complete with free internet, if all businesses have met good sops. clients will feel a very good quality service business, if the client will feel comfortable with the treatment of employee service, obviously visitors will increase and the client will become loyal. based on the relevant study, it confirms that good service will create satisfaction and indicators for the success of the service, later the customer will feel comfortable, and even more likely the customer will come back again to be treated. services in the physical form (tangible) of a comfortable waiting room, (realibility) the ability to serve customers, responsiveness, responsiveness, empathy are the most important parts (putri & utomo, 2017). (eliyawati et al., 2016) conveyed the level of importance that each service must have, namely; reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy (empathy), and physical evidence (tangibles) it turns out that the quality of service is a factor that gives satisfaction to its customers (arie sulistyawati & seminary, 2015). this conclusion is very convincing because it can be the patient's point of view towards care. the researcher concluded that each service must have an attitude of mutual respect for patients, sufficient knowledge in the field of massage, comprehension in speaking, humility, and polite attitudes. all of these bases are important in a service, so that patients will feel comfortable and have confidence in the performance of the service. the impact of practitioner research turns out that very satisfied service will get a positive value from the community on massage. theoretically, the level of indonesian journal of sport management iskandar, et al., 1(2), 2021, 109-114 113 consumer satisfaction with massage greatly affects customer loyalty so that it needs to be maintained properly. based on research, those who have a massage service business are advised to have materials from the results of this study. limitations of this study. the results of this study only took the gang physiotherapy clinic. healthy which is done to sports actors and the general public. this study provides an opportunity for research to be carried out on other samples. involvement in another sample that should be with a different sample so that the results and information from the study are unusual. conclusion based on the research findings, it was found that there were positive results between service quality and service businesses. further research will be very useful if analysis is carried out on different samples such as athletes, to determine the fitness level of athletes after receiving massage treatment. this suggestion is suggested by comparing samples of athletes and the general public in order to see differences and similarities in maintaining general fading conditions a nd high fitness for athletes. acknowledgement this study was not receive any support. there is no conflict of interest in this study. references arie sulistyawati, n., & seminari, n. (2015). pengaruh kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan restoran indus ubud gianyar. e-jurnal manajemen universitas udayana, v4, 8, 2318–2332. aryani, d., & rosinta, f. (2010). pengaruh kualitas layanan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan dalam membentuk loyalitas pelanggan. jurnal ilmu administrasi dan organisasi, v17(2), 114–126. eliyawati, w., sutjipta, n., setiawan, i. g., putra, a., studi, p., agribisnis, m., pascasarjana, p., & udayana, u. (2016). kualitas pelayanan dan tingkat kepuasan anggota koperasi unit desa suraberata kecamatan selemadeg barat the quality of service and the level of members satisfaction of the suraberata. jurnal manajemen agribisnis (journal of agribusiness management), 4(1), 68–80. juliantri, v., nurfianti, a., & maulana, m. a. (2015). efektivitas massage ekstremitas terhadap perubahan tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi di klinik pratama universitas tanjungpura tahun 2015. jurnal cerebellum, v1, 3. lailia, n., suryoko, s., & saryadi, s. (2013). pengaruh kualitas pelayanan, harga dan nilai pelanggan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan pengguna jasa servis bengkel ahass 0002 semarang honda center. jurnal ilmu administrasi bisnis s1 undip, v2, 1, 219–226. nopriansyah, n. (2015). perubahan kadar laktat darah akibat manipulasi sport massage pada latihan anaerob. jurnal ilmiah penjas, 1(2), 271. normasari, s., kumadji, s., & kusumawati, a. (2013). effect of service quality on customer satisfaction, image company and customer loyalty (survey on customer guests staying at hotel pelangi malang). jurnal administrasi bisnis, 6(2), 1–9. indonesian journal of sport management iskandar, et al., 1(2), 2021, 109-114 114 nowo tri purnomo. (2015). perubahan kadar laktat darah akibat manipulasi sport massage pada latihan anaerob. jurnal ilmiah penjas, 1(2), 271. park, j., shim, j., kim, s., namgung, s., ku, i., cho, m., lee, h., & roh, h. (2017). application of massage for ankle joint flexibility and balance. journal of physical therapy science. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.789 priyambada, g., raharja, a. t., & putra, f. (2018). persepsi dan minat pelatih olahraga sekolah khusus olahraga internasional terhadap sport massage perception and interests of sports coaches of sekolah khusus olahraga internasional on sport massage. jurnal keolahragaan. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v6i1.21180 putri, y. l., & utomo, h. (2017). pengaruh kualitas pelayanan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dengan kepuasan sebagai variabel intervening (studi persepsi pada pelanggan dian compp ambarawa). among makarti, v10(1). saputro, y. a. (2017). pengaruh jenis massage terhadap kelelahan atlet bulutangkis ditinjau dari perbedaan jenis kelamin. multilateral jurnal pendidikan jasmani dan olahraga, 514–523. https://doi.org/10.20527/multilateral.v16i1.3661 sukmawati, a. s., pebriani, e., & setiawan, a. a. (2018). terapi swedish massage menurunkan tingkat kecemasan lansia di balai pelayanan sosial tresna wredha (bpstw) unit budi luhur yogyakarta. jurnal ners dan kebidanan (journal of ners and midwifery). https://doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v5i2.art.p117-122 yanuar m, andi anshari b, a. (2018). metode sport masase sebagai pemulihanan pasif dalam peningkatan kapasitas daya tahan maksimal (vo2max) atlet futsal ikip mataram. jurnal ilmu sosial dan pendidikan, v2(3), 504. . copyright holder: ©(2021) iskandar, y. touvan juni samodra, uray gustian first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 108 investigating the cultural and social effects of football among the students of physical education department at kandahar university khalid amarkhil 1a, enayatullah dadman 2b-c*, sultan mohammad stanikzai 3e 1physical education department, kandahar university, kandahar, afghanistan 2history department, kandahar university, kandahar, afghanistan 3english language and literature department, kandahar university, kandahar, afghanistan abstract the aim of this study is to investigate the socio and cultural effects of football among the students of the physical education department at kandahar university the foot obviously has a lot of symbolic significance. because football is primarily played with the foot, it has issues with identity, class, and history. due to its connection to the "common man" and the masses, its appeal, and its role in fostering liberation, football has risen to the top of the cultural consciousness, transcending sport and turning into a religion. this is a result of these issues. nations attach their identities to football matches, making them symbols of so much more than just a game or a rivalry. football is a venue for social and political discussion. thus, it turns into a lens through which we can understand various social systems all over the world. sport is both. this study used a descriptive qualitative methodology. the findings of this study show that the game of football has many advantages for football players, one of which is improved physical health. football players engage in rigorous training to help them develop the strength, stamina, and other crucial qualities needed for football games. keywords: socio; cultural; effects; football; physical education corresponding author: *enayatullah dadman,history department, kandaharuniversity,kandahar,afghanistan; email: dadmanenayat@gmail.com article history: received: february 23, 2023 accepted after revision: march 30, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: amarkhil, k., dadman, e., & stanikzai, s.m. (2023). investigating the cultural and social effects of football among the students of physical education department at kandahar university. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 108-112. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4710 introduction to better reflect the nature of (hyper) digitalized societies and the ways audiences are experimenting with and moving the boundaries and possibilities for football and leisure, leisure and football studies must evolve empirically, methodologically, and theoretically (lawrence & crawford, 2022). football, in particular, is widely seen as a tool for fostering social inclusiveness. also, a practical framework for small-scale project evaluation is being created. football clubs and the communities they serve, as well as players, practitioners, and policymakers, can all gain from the evaluation of social inclusion programs based on the sport of football (tacon, 2007). beneficial outcomes that can be attributed to the football program, however, are more the result of the school's football tradition and culture than the team's on-field success. when compared to the effects of non-athletic institutional qualities on the caliber of students enrolling at the school, the football program's effects on sports advertising mailto:dadmanenayat@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4710 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0046 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0046 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0046 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ amarkhil et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 108-112 109 are negligible (smith, 2009). instead of questioning prevailing beliefs or acting as a catalyst for more profound, systemic societal change, football unintentionally serves as a mass indoctrination tool (bar-on, 1997). racism in english football is evolving. it aims to demonstrate that, in order to adequately account for the complex ways in which racism is expressed in contemporary football cultures, existing analytical frameworks need to be revised. this is done by starting with a critical analysis of some of the key themes in the literature on football (back et al., 1999). the emergence of regulated and professional football in the 19th century under the influence of the industrial working classes became a symbol of masculinity for millions of boys and men, who then became embedded in future generations of male fans. one particular element of this was increased sexism and homophobia, and this was illustrated by the horrified reaction of fans (cleland, 2018). the horizontal, non-hierarchical nature of the game develops critical awareness and community leadership for game participants (pollock, 2021). corporate social responsibility (csr) has attracted considerable\interest in the field of management, but has rarely been evaluated and\researched in the sports management research area (breitbarth & harris, 2008). key events and episodes in football history are central to personal and collective understanding of the global game at local, national and international levels(giulianotti, 2019). football clubs and agents are cited as the main obstacles to creating a more open and enlightened environment: participants say they pressure gay players to hide their sexuality, thus fostering a culture of secrecy that enables and potentially authorizes continued homophobic abuse. contributors speculated that the continued lack of openly gay players was in fact true (cashmore & cleland, 2011). the conscious cultural creation of sydney fans is a series of songs and chants which, while stemming from an increasingly globalized and commercialized football culture, manage to express a local identity. moreover, these songs can even be considered to express the identity of local and global fans, as fans bridge local and distant spaces in global football culture (collinson, 2009). use standardized categories and descriptions of activities and participants, and consider integrating the situational and interactional contexts into the analysis of football performance while taking into account the limitations of the reviewed studies (sarmento et al., 2014). the two largest risk factors for injury among elite icelandic football players were age and prior injury (arnason et al., 2004). depending on the technical, tactical, and physical demands placed on each player, the type and quantity of training should be game-related and tailored to those needs (iaia et al., 2009). the most popular sport in the country is american football. its success is probably due to the intense, quick-paced, and physically demanding gameplay. football success depends heavily on strength and conditioning, which has long been known. in fact, american football can be credited with giving the strength and conditioning industry its start in north america. the beneficial relationships between strength, speed, and power to success in this activity, however, have only lately been validated by scientific study. although every american football program emphasizes strength and conditioning, the collaboration with sport scientists has not been as successful (hoffman, 2008). indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ amarkhil et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 108-112 110 methodology this study used a descriptive qualitative methodology. qualitative research approaches, according to creswell (2014), are investigative procedures that produce descriptive data by understanding the phenomenon and presenting it through the description in the form of words and language in a special natural context. research on religion, society, culture, and philosophy as well as observations on meaning, values, and understanding can all be done using the information. the researcher chose this qualitative approach because they wanted to be able to use the research data exactly as it is in the field. the information was gathered using the grounded theory method, which is an inquiry-based approach. participants were observed, observed during interviews, and documented during the data collection procedure (miles, 1992). results it's obvious that the foot has a lot of symbolic meaning. football has identity, class, and history-related issues because it centers on the use of the foot. these problems contribute to football's ascendance to the top of the cultural consciousness, where it transcends sport and becomes a religion due to its connection to the "common man" and the masses, its popularity, and its role in promoting liberation. football matches become symbols of so much more than just a game or a rivalry, and nations affix their identities to it. football serves as a forum for social and political debate. as a result, it becomes a lens through which we can comprehend various social systems around the globe. soccer is both. according to (sarmento et al., 2014). use standardized categories and descriptions of activities and participants, and consider integrating the situational and interactional contexts into the analysis of football performance while taking into account the limitations of the reviewed studies. anyone can understand the game of football, but not everyone can play it. the game is well-liked all over the world, and its fan base is steadily expanding. football is a sport that calls for perseverance, selfcontrol, physical fitness, and above all, teamwork. therefore, it is clear that football is a game that fosters social interaction and relationship development. fans admit that they enjoy watching games with other fans more than they do by themselves because there is more spirit of competition when fans are present. it might even encourage supporters to wager money to demonstrate their unwavering devotion to their teams. football is a game that anyone can play. the game of football has many advantages for football players, one of which is improved physical health. football players engage in rigorous training to help them develop the strength, stamina, and other crucial qualities needed for football games. have you ever seen soccer players perform bicycle kicks in the air? it requires a lot of training and work, as well as strength, power, and skills that you might find difficult to acquire elsewhere. the players' good health can be attributed to their cardio fitness, compound body movements, strength, power, and endurance. you'll adore the game's speed, balance, and acrobatic moves. when football players adhere to the guidelines suggested by experts, they live long, healthy lives. football players typically exhibit a positive attitude, are liberal, and are unconstrained by cultural norms. it's not uncommon to see a well-known international team comprised of athletes from indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ amarkhil et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 108-112 111 various cultural backgrounds who play the game with ease, bridging any cultural barriers that may exist. conclusion undoubtedly, physical and cultural functions of physical education in modern societies have many social and cultural functions and should be considered in the field of social and cultural research. after rapid development in recent decade, physical education and training gained a high and global status. scientists and sport managers , especially reporters and sports writers , devoted to and tribute to this phenomenon and forced human beings to watch sports myths in the stadium or through tv , so that the development of sport and promotion in the world sports table was a major indicator of cultural and social progress in the new civilization and the determining factor in economic and industrial growth. football is generally filled with appropriate opportunities to deal with obstacles and problems and to adopt suitable methods for solving them. his situation is very important in terms of mental health and especially for youths. inform fact, choosing the method or methods (tactics) that lead to mastery and overcoming obstacles (gaining success) is very important in terms of mental health since it not only develops the sense of satisfaction in the individual, but also makes it flexible, in football, a teenager learns how to start running and how to improve running skills to a conscious skill and run smoothly . at the football academy, every day practice practice is done individually, and every sportsman’s with a private trainer will learn football techniques. the technique of pass, shoot, control, deception, head and etc. is among the techniques that are practiced every day with sporters. also, every day in the training sessions juvenile sporters psychologists study the set of motivation, self confidence, and focus groups during the exercise and if they are weak in each of these sessions, the psychological techniques will be resolved for their missions. conflict of interest author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references arnason, a., sigurdsson, s. b., gudmundsson, a., holme, i., engebretsen, l., & bahr, r. (2004). risk factors for injuries in football. the american journal of sports medicine, 32(1_suppl), 5-16. http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1_suppl/5s back, l., crabbe, t., & solomon, j. (1999). beyond the racist/hooligan couplet: race, social theory and football culture. the british journal of sociology, 50(3), 419442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.1999.00419.x bar-on, t. (1997). the ambiguities of football, politics, culture, and social transformation in latin america. sociological research online, 2(4), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.127 breitbarth, t., & harriss, p. (2008). the role of corporate social responsibility in the football business: toward the development of a conceptual model. european http://ajs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1_suppl/5s https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.1999.00419.x https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.127 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ amarkhil et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 108-112 112 sport marketing quarterly, 8(2), 10-1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802024484 cashmore, e., & cleland, j. (2011). glasswing butterflies: gay professional football players and their culture. journal of sport and social issues, 35(4), 420-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2019.1680490 cleland, j. (2018). sexuality, masculinity and homophobia in association football: an empirical overview of a changing cultural context. international review for the sociology of sport, 53(4), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216663189 collinson, i. (2009). 'singing songs, making places, creating selves:'football songs & fan identity at sydney fc. transforming cultures ejournal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5130/tfc.v4i1.1057 giulianotti, r. (2019). football events, memories and globalization. soccer & society, 20(7-8), 903-911. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2019.1680490 hoffman, j. r. (2008). the applied physiology of american football. international journal of sports physiology and performance, 3(3), 387-392. iaia, f. m., ermanno, r., & bangsbo, j. (2009). high-intensity training in football. international journal of sports physiology and performance, 4(3), 291306. lawrence, s., & crawford, g. (2022). towards a digital football studies: current trends and future directions for football cultures research in the post-covid-19 moment. leisure studies, 41(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2021.1948595. pollock, b. (2021). three-sided football: diy football and social transformationalism. sport, education and society, 26(9), 1026-1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1944080 sarmento, h., marcelino, r., anguera, m. t., campaniço, j., matos, n., & leitão, j. c. (2014). match analysis in football: a systematic review. journal of sports sciences, 32(20), 1831-1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898852 https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802024484 https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2019.1680490 https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216663189 https://doi.org/10.5130/tfc.v4i1.1057 https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2019.1680490 https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2021.1948595 https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1944080 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898852 16 indonesian journal of sport management original article determining content strategy: the case of one championship indonesia’s youtube channel authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: november 24, 2021 revision: december 12, 2021 accepted: march 25, 2022 published: april 5, 2022 muhammad rizatha1a-e* raden aswin rahadi2b-d 1*school of business and management, institut teknologi bandung, indonesia 2school of business and management, institut teknologi bandung, indonesia muhammad rizatha, school of business and management, institut teknologi bandung, bandung, indonesia; e-mail: muhammad_rizatha@sbm-itb.ac.id how to cite: rizatha, m. & rahadi, r. a. (2022). determining content strategy: the case of one championship indonesia’s youtube channel, indonesian journal of sport management, 2(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.1709 abstract. today the internet makes the world connected. therefore, marketing techniques have begun to shift from conventional to digital methods. in this digital world, content is considered key, not only as part of the promotion method but also as a communication bridge between brands and consumers to create credibility and loyalty. however, with so many choices of social media platforms with different characteristics and trends, content creators need to know the expectations and tastes of their consumers. in this study, the authors use a case study of a sports property media company, one championship, which launched a social media platform specifically for the indonesian market. since october 2020, the company headquartered in singapore has launched a youtube channel dedicated to the indonesian market. through this research, the author hopes to determine the right content strategy for the one championship indonesia youtube channel according to local consumers' tastes. this study uses qualitative methods and thematic analysis. primary data was obtained through interviews with three one championship employees operating the indonesian-language one championship youtube platform and seven one championship consumers in indonesia. the findings of this study produce a variety of data on consumer tastes in content, consumer habits in consuming content, and consumer expectations for future content. the author then re-analysed the data to find a content strategy that the one championship team can implement on its indonesian youtube channel over the next two years. keywords: digital marketing; social media strategy; content marketing; content strategy copyright ©(2022) muhammad rizatha & raden aswin rahadi https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.1709 indonesian journal of sport management rizatha & rahadi, 2 (1), 2022, 16-22 17 introduction the digitalization of the world today has changed the way we live our life. while the market’s behaviors are shifting, the marketers are changing their marketing-game plan from traditional marketing channels to digital channels such as social media platforms, using digital marketing strategy to enhance their performances. digital marketing refers to implementing marketing strategies on several channels such as search engine optimization (seo), social media, email marketing, and so forth. moreover, social media is the most popular platform for appliance marketing strategies for marketers. a survey by nielsen suggests that three-quarters of advertisers around the globe had used social media for advertising, and 64% of them planned to increase their social advertising budgets (neilsen, 2013). also, according to fleishman-hillard, 79% of consumers said they like or follow brands on social networks to get more information about the company and its products and services”. according to the association of indonesian internet network providers (2020), it showed that from 266 million indonesian residents, 196 million are internet users. moreover, as globalwebindex’s 2019 trend report reported, indonesians spend on average just over three hours and twenty minutes per day just on social media (globalwebindex, 2019). conforming to hootsuite we are social indonesian digital report 2020, 160 million people are active social media users (we are social, 2020). these figures aided one championship, a singapore-based sports media company, in realizing their goal of expanding their business into indonesia by establishing a branch office in jakarta and developing a youtube channel devoted to indonesian consumers. as one championship stated on their official web page (onefc.com, 2021), one is asia’s largest global sports media property in history, with a global broadcast to 150+ countries. one has achieved some of the highest tv ratings and social media engagement metrics across asia with its unique brand of asian values, world-class athletes, and world-class production of bouts across the full spectrum of martial arts such as muay thai, kickboxing, mixed martial arts, submission grappling, and more. one championship aims to dominate the martial arts market in indonesia by leveraging digital content as a primary basis for promoting its activities, build awareness of the brand, strengthen its credibility, and maintain consumer loyalty. therefore, to achieve success in digital platform, especially youtube in this case, a company must understand what consumer desires that should go into their content strategy to repeat the same success as in other countries. literature review subsequently, when determining content strategy, it is necessary to formulate the image and credibility to be addressed in digital media at first (ramadanty et al., 2020). based on previous research of peruta & shields (2018), strategies on social media content strategies that can increase engagement include: a) post type. certain types of posts can produce a stronger engagement than other types of posts. for example, posts in the form of photos with text and status updates will usually receive more likes and comments than posts with links or videos that must be clicked on; b) frequency. previous research shows that engagement received by posting 1-2 times a day is 40% higher than posting more than 3 times a day. maintaining the quality of uploaded content is more effective than increasing the quantity of uploads to increase engagement; c) timing. the right time to do the actual upload is when it is needed. the second is to analyze when our followers have the most time to respond to our uploaded in a day. most people will see their social media when they get home from work or while on public transportation, and the best posting time for facebook is noon and after 7 pm; d) call-to-action. indonesian journal of sport management rizatha & rahadi, 2 (1), 2022, 16-22 18 calls to action are a particular action that are considered effective to increase engagement on social media. uploads with posts that invite you to click likes or for comments will bring more likes and comments. method there are several steps to resolve the problem in this paper that is built into the methodology figure 1. methodology (author analysis) data processing and analysis the semi-structured interview is conducted to collect the data needed for this research. semi structured interviews are often used when the researcher wants to delve deeply into a topic and to understand thoroughly the answers provided (harrell & bradley, 2009). a written guide containing questions related to the research topic was used in this semi-structured interview. the interviewer has some discretion about how questions are asked, but the questions are standardized, and probes may be provided to ensure that the researcher covers the correct material. this study uses a total of ten respondents. three from one championship employees are involved in indonesia's business. the other seven come from one indonesia customers who followed one championship social media platforms for at least a minimum of one year and following fight industry at least five years. there are 8 questions for one indonesia customers, created based on 4 sub-variables in the content strategy model. and 12 questions for one championship employees, created based on 4 sub-variables in content strategies on social media strategies that can increase engagement by peruta & shields (2018). the data collected from the interviews were then processed using the maximum variation sampling. according to etikan et al. (2016), the idea behind maximum variation sampling or mvs is to look at a subject from all available angles, thereby achieving a greater understanding. it involves selecting candidates across a broad spectrum relating to the topic of study. the results of this research interview will be processes using the thematic analysis. the author must identify themes and patterns that relate to the data and present the interview findings from it. thematic analysis is a type of qualitative analysis. it is used to analyze problem identification research question research objective data collection literature review data analysis conclusion and implementation plan indonesian journal of sport management rizatha & rahadi, 2 (1), 2022, 16-22 19 classifications and present themes (patterns) that relate to the data. it illustrates the data in detail and deals with diverse subjects via interpretations (boyatzis, 1998). thematic analysis provides the opportunity to code and categories data into themes. for example, ho w issues influence the perceptions of participants. in the case of thematic analysis, processed data can be displayed and classified according to its similarities and differences (miles & huberman, 1994). result and discussion post type there are meeting spots on the company's customers' expectations and strategy after evaluating various responses from one championship indonesia customers and the post of type strategy from one championship personnel. according to the findings of the interviews, the most frequently used keyword from the customers' perspective is storytelling content. because it focuses on the athletes' personal lives, numerous respondents stated that the storytelling affects their perspectives on their personal lives and encourages them to engage more with the athletes and the brand. build-up hype content is considered as part of storytelling content. this content emerges hype feeling before the fight or event is held. this came into ranked third from the perspective of the customers based on repeated keywords. moreover, action highlight content is the second of the most repeated keywords from the customer's perspective. based on these interview findings, they are aligned between the company content strategy and the expectations from customers. however, one that should be underlined, the customers expect more indonesian athlete's storytelling content appeared on one championship indonesi a youtube channels. frequency after analyzing both answers from the company and the customers, there are in-line expectations about upload frequency. both customers and one championship seem to agree that uploading videos twice a day is the ideal frequency. timing the time to post for one championship indonesia's youtube channel is in accordance with the behavior of all respondents in terms of social media access hours, especially youtube. so far, the one championship team has always matched video upload hours with viewer behavior based on data from viewers on youtube. to accommodate twice a day frequency for content uploading on one championship indonesia youtube, they pick the two best times at 3 pm and after 7 pm call-to-action the study found that one championship should upload more call-to-action content for future events respondents' answers and the company's call-to-action content strategy. according to some respondent’s advice, the company should increase the number of associated external media partners to spread awareness about cta contents of one forthcoming event. research question rq i: what type of content that indonesia one championship customers preferred? the researcher found that the customers preferred and the company strategy already in line, but there are small details that the company could improve. the customers demand more storytelling content from one championship indonesian athletes in documentary or f eature content with high-quality production. most customer respondents said the 'from zero to hero' indonesian journal of sport management rizatha & rahadi, 2 (1), 2022, 16-22 20 content is the type of content they mostly crave because martial arts are more than just a hobby or entertainment—they believe martial arts changed their life. 'from zero to hero' type of content could inspire them to do more and be more on their personal lives. by comparing both sides' statements, the finding shows that what customers revealed about storytelling aligns with the company values. however, two post types reappear constantly from the consumer's perspective: fight highlight and build up hype content. customers revealed that this type of fight highlight post is one of the reasons they become fans of one championship. rq ii: what is the customer’s preferred upload times and frequency? furthermore, the researcher discovered that customer preferences regarding time and frequency were aligned with the company's strategy. according to a few customers, is not about the content's quantity. it is all about the content's quality. rq iii: is call-to-action content for upcoming events sufficient? meanwhile, some fans have mentioned that they sometimes miss info regarding one championship upcoming events because news about upcoming events is not widely posted on one's social media channels and other media. as a result, researchers suggest the company increase their call-to-action content. the findings revealed from the data that the company should cooperate with additional external media outlets to repost information about upcoming events to increase fan awareness and engagement regarding one championship upcoming events. implementation plan the implementation plan is suggested to use for two years’ timeline until being evaluated to develop a new strategy for the following year. these following are the stages of the implementation plan for achieving better results based on research findings which have been prepared: 1) create content strategies for the next two years based on the favourable post-type contents discussed in this research. according to the research data, storytelling is the most frequently used keyword by respondents. according to this research, this type of post can increase engagement between customers with athletes and brands;2) add the number of media partners who also are willing to spread the call-to-action content about upcoming one championship events. according to alexa, the global pioneer in analytical insight, bola.com and bolasports.com are the best sports news websites in indonesia based on traffic and pageviews. try to collaborate with them to spread the news and videos, including call -to-action content towards one championship upcoming events; 3) create one championship indonesia inhouse content with the available human resources. find the right third-party sources to execute the favorable content regarding one championship indonesia athletes if additional resources are needed. for instance, to produce a great storytelling feature, one championship indonesia can hire third-party resources with a proven track record in delivering storytelling movies. like visinema pictures, an indonesian well-known production company with an excellent track record of producing inspiring movies; 4) make contents collaboration with popular sports leagues in indonesia like football, badminton, or basketball to reach a more mass audience. for instance, one championship indonesia can collaborate with the football association of indonesia, pssi, or the indonesian basketball league, ibl, to create content. there is a win-win solution for both parties. pssi or ibl has strength that one championship does not has: awareness in the indonesia market, and pssi or ibl does not have the strength that one championship has: awareness in the global market, especially asia. so , this collaboration will benefit each party by gaining awareness on each market; 5) keeps eyes opening for another popular content collaboration in indonesia. try to reach non-sports partnerships to get more diverse target viewers. for instance, bring one of the greatest one championship indonesia athletes to a youtube podcast show like endgame by gita wirjawan. a couple of times endgame podcast try to invite athletes who had big achievements and have ‘zero to hero’ life story like olympic gold medalist lilyana natsir. because one championship is the second highest mixed indonesian journal of sport management rizatha & rahadi, 2 (1), 2022, 16-22 21 martial arts in the world, if one of the one indonesia athlete becomes the high ranked athlete in this league, it will be credible to bring this athlete to the endgame podcast. references boyatzis, r. e. (1998). transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development . sage. etikan, i., musa, s. a., & alkassim, r. s. (2016). comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. american journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1–4. harrell, m. c., & bradley, m. a. (2009). semi-structured interviews and focus groups. rand corporation. miles, m. b., & huberman, a. m. (1994). qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. sage. neilsen. (2013). paid social media advertising: industry update and best practices. nielsen, 1–10. peruta, a., & shields, a. b. (2018). marketing your university on social media: a content analysis of facebook post types and formats. journal of marketing for higher education, 28(2), 175–191. ramadanty, s., safitri, y., & suhendra, h. (2020). social media content strategy for higher education, indonesia. 2020 international conference on information management and technology (icimtech) , 336–341. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 65-71 65 management industry of shuttlecock sport equipment in tegal district arini ayuningtyas1*, hermawan pamot raharjo2, mugiyo hartono3, aris mulyono4 1*234department of physical education health and recreation, faculty of sport science, universitas negeri semarang, indonesia article history: received: 2 april 2021 accepted: 25 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract the purpose of this research is to know how the management function that applied by each shuttlecock craftsman in lawatan village. this research uses qualitative methode. the data source for this research are primary and secondary. the primary data is taken by observation and interview, meanwhile the secondry data is taken by documentation. there are four interviewees. the research is condusted in two different shuttlecock companies, they are ud. tri sakti and gramedia. the purpose of the research is to know the management of shuttlecock industry in lawatan village. the verification of data validity in this research used credibility test, transferability test, dependability test, and confirmability test. the result of this research found that the management in 2 shuttlecock companies have been applied well. the planning is well planned by each manager of shuttlecock companies. the orginizing from each company have been stated by the manager with some criterias. the briefing is well performed by each manager, so that the employee is be able to work according to the direction. then controlling from each company need to be improved to minimilize error in working. the conclution is management of sport equipment industry shuttlecock in lawatan village implements well four management functions, that are planning, orginizing, briefing, and controlling. keywords: management; industry; shuttlecock how to cite: ayuningtyas, a, raharjo, h. p, hartono, m, & mulyono, a. (2021). management industry of shuttlecock sport equipment in tegal district. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.992 corresponding author: arini ayuningtyas, department of physical education health and recreation, faculty of sport science, universitas negeri semarang, central java, indonesia email: ayuningtyas@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management arini ayuningtyas, et al., 1(1), 2021, 65-71 66 introduction management is a process in order to achieve an organization or company goal by working together with the people and resources they have. management is mandatory for the best in a company. management will make it easier for each individual or group in the company to run the entire framework effectively. by carrying out an activity, company management can design strategies to achieve goals in an effective, rational, systematic manner. the meaning and definition of management from various literature can be seen from three definitions, namely management as a process, a collectivity and as a science and art (fauzi and rita, 2018). the concept of management does not represent a neutral and technical set of activities, carried out by technically neutral experts. as flynn (girginov, 2010) said, the technique and management style itself is "political" and forms the core of "managerialism" as an ideology. clarke, gewirtz, and mclaughlin (girginov, 2010) argue that managerialism defines a set of expectations, values and beliefs. managerialism is thus a normative system with its own parameters of what is considered valuable knowledge. according to syamsuddin (2017), there are 4 general functions of management, namely: planning, organization, actuating / directing and controling. the planning aspect at cv gramedia is simpler, namely the vision and mission of the company which is important that the company can run well, is able to generate profits and all workers can work and are able to pay all existing workers, while ud tri sakti has the same vision and mission as ud tri sakti. cv gramedia, besides that, ud tri sakti has a long-term hope, which is to become a producer of shuttlecocks with the best quality shuttlecocks and is known in various places throughout the country. organizational aspects at cv gramedia and ud tri sakti have the same system, namely there are permanent workers and freelancers, thus the company cannot monitor all workers maximally. there are several aspects of direction from these two companies and one of them is the evaluation of employee performance, for cv gramedia the evaluation is only limited to face-to-face between the manager to the employee concerned if things do not go according to expectations, while for ud tri sakti in terms of evaluation it is more carried out by good, because ud tri sakti conducts routine evaluation once a month in the forum, all employees and managers gather in the room and evaluate the performance results for one month, so when evaluating existing problems it can be a joint learning and find the best solution. the supervisory aspect for cv gramedia is the position of the leader and concurrently as a manager, so this is prone to subjective employee performance appraisals, while at ud tri sakti for leaders delegating superviso ry responsibilities to managers, so that managers according to their duties will objectively assess employee performance according to work results. them, this is according to the opinion of schraeder, et al (2014), namely "the four core functions of manage ment (ie, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) can be used to foster interpersonal trust between supervisors and employees". one of the shuttlecock producers in central java is in lawatan village, dukuhturi district, tegal regency. the village of lawatan is one of the villages known as the village for making shutlecocks. there are several producers of indonesian journal of sport management arini ayuningtyas, et al., 1(1), 2021, 65-71 67 shuttlecock making in lawatan village, so lawatan village is often referred to as the center for making shuttlecocks that have been passing through the world. this village has been known for a long time as the village that produces shutlecocks which is quite recognized in the city and tegal regency areas. the producer of shuttlecock making in lawatan village is famous for its good processing and results as well as good enough quality for loading shuttlecocks in the traditional way, so consumers come to hunt for shuttlecocks from lawatan village producers. shuttlecock enthusiasts in lawatan village are not only local but also outside tegal city and regency. the shuttlecock manufacturers also have their own brands for the products of the home factory. according to priyono (2012), there are three patterns related to the growth and development of the sports industry below: a) in indonesia, there is a potential for sports actors and various scopes/dimensions of sports. this is one of the successes of the government's program to promote sports, b) there are three areas of the arable sector, namely educational sports, recreational sports and achievement sports, c) large opportunities for industrial growth and development in the sports sector. good management will create a comfortable business place to work, the company will also develop and progress as expected, and the quality of the company will increase. thus, good corporate management is needed in the industry, because a company will run well if it is supported by good management. basically, sports management is a combination of management science and sports science. so that someone who has graduated from the college of administrative sciences or from the institute of business management sciences does not automatically master or be able to apply sports management (harsuki, 2012). being a manager is not easy, because the manager's job is to combine several heads into one, with the hope that several heads can be invited to advance the company with the same vision and mission. in this thesis, the researcher will examine how the management is carried out by each company in order to be able to face the tough competition in this industry. how to maintain the shuttlecock home industry company they run, where is their marketing and other things. method creswell (shakouri, 2014) state that, qualitative research is a me ans to “empower individuals to share their stories, hear their voices, and minimize the power relationships that often exist between a researcher and the participants in a study”. the place where individuals are given the power and freedom to conduct their lives in their own ways, the survival of such individuality entails doubts. hiley (shakouri, 2014) state that, doubt about the validity of one’s convictions breeds relativism. in a sense, qualitative research is inclined towards relativism. brink (mohajan, 2018) state that, qualitative researchers are interested in people’s belief, experience, and meaning systems from the perspective of the people. qualitative research does not include statistical analysis and empirical calculation. researchers here will use qualitative research methods. in this study, the researcher wanted to make observations about the management activities of the shuttlecock sports equipment industry in the village of lawatan, tegal regency. the qualitative research method is called a new method, because of its recent popularity, it is called the postpositivistic method because it is based on the philosophy of indonesian journal of sport management arini ayuningtyas, et al., 1(1), 2021, 65-71 68 postpositivism. this method is also referred to as an artistic method, because the research process is more artistic (less patterned) (sugiyono, 2017). qualitative methods are used to obtain in-depth data, a data that contains meaning. meaning is real data definite data is a return value of visible data. therefore, qualitative research does not emphasize generalizations, but rather e mphasizes meaning (sugiyono, 2017). the sample in this study were 2 companies that specialized in making shuttlecokc. the 2 shuttlecock companies are ud. trisakti and ud. gramedia result and discussion the results of the study stated that the management carried out in 2 shuttlecock industries was carried out quite well. clear planning has been planned by each owner and manager. the organization of each company has been determined by the manager with various predefined criteria. the directions given by each company are good enough, so that employees can work in accordance with the directions. then the control of each company needs to be improved in order to minimize work errors. auld and cuskelly (chappelet, 2013), show that the challenges faced by managers of non-profit sports organizations are very different from those faced by private sector sports companies. gratton and kokolakakis (chappelet, 2013), provide an excellent overview of how the sports industry has grown from a local market in the 1960s to a global market today dominated by major sporting events, sports equipment manufacturers, and multinational sponsors and the media. transnational investing in sports. the management of the shuttlecock sports equipment industry in lawatan village carries out four management functions, namely planning, organizing, directing and controlling quite well. suggestions that can be given are that each company is expected to have an open attitude to improve management functions that have not been carried out properly. the improvements made are aimed at making the shuttlecock company led to be more advanced and developing. the planning function of ud. tri sakti and gramedia have done well. every activity carried out in each place has been planned and calculated so as to minimize errors in activities. the organizing function is also good. every position in the organizational structure, every position has been occupied by experienced people. the position of a person in the organizational structure cannot be determined arbitrarily. a person who occupies a position in the structure must already have expertise in that field. both of these companies use a system of permanent workers and freelancers, the advantages of such a system are minimizing the budget for wages and making it easier to control the course of production with a manager in each section of production, but with this system it has a disadvantage, namely that in every part of the production there is no number of workers definitely because it only relies on freelancers. gramedia shuttlecock companies are expected to do bookkeeping like ud company. tri sakti, because bookkeeping is a good thing. so that the planning that has been planned can be applied in time. the briefing function carried out at ud. tri sakti and gramedia have done well. the briefing was carried out by a very influential person in this case, the manager of each cottage industry. the advantage of having a manager as a permanent worker indonesian journal of sport management arini ayuningtyas, et al., 1(1), 2021, 65-71 69 and having freelance workers is that the production will continue to r un well because there is someone who always controls each part according to their respective expertise, and for the drawback, the manager does not have the authority to direct workers to tomorrow's work because they are workers off daily. the control function has been performed well as a whole. control carried out at ud. tri sakti and gramedia are carried out by receiving reports on employee work results, so that managers can assess the work results of employees. with the system of permanent workers and freelancers, it has advantages, namely the assessment of the work results of employees handled by a manager in each section so that it becomes more effective, but this system has a drawback, namely that the results of employee performance on that day may not necessarily be used as evaluation material for these employees later because they are freelancers who are not under any contract with the company. control of gramedia and ud companies. tri sakti has pretty good control. it would be better if it was improved again because it would benefit the company itself and minimize errors in work. organizing each company has organized well. for the gramedia shuttlecock company, it is expected to provide innovations such as expert workers in several fields. the directions from each company were good. so that employees can work easily and according to directions. for gramedia, the briefing is good, but it would be even better if a large meeting was held with all employees. so that it can evaluate as a whole and improve quality and produce more. sports innovation management theory has the potential to provide a framework for predicting behavior and guiding future research. this can lead to a better understanding of innovation in the context of sport, which is an important area of global business. in addition, it helps contribute to the continuing interest in innovation management as an interdisciplinary foundation. sports innovation management theory is offered as a way to study the complex and evolving nature of sport as an area of interest (ratten, 2016). conclusion gramedia shuttlecock company is expected to do bookkeeping like ud company. tri sakti, because bookkeeping is a good thing. so that the planning that has been planned can be applied in time. acknowledgement we would like to thank ud gramedia and ud tri sakti for providing information to the researchers so that this research can be completed. references astono, f. (2017). survey manajemen fitness center di kabupaten kendal 2017. skripsi. universitas negeri semarang chapplet, j. (2013). managing sport business: an introduction. european sport management quarterly, 13(5), 602-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.837085 duff, a. j. (2011). performance management coaching: servant leadership and gender indonesian journal of sport management arini ayuningtyas, et al., 1(1), 2021, 65-71 70 implication. canada: york university. fauzi, & rita, i. (2018). pengantar manajemen edisi revisi. yogyakarta: cv andi offset. girginov, v. (2010). culture and the study of sport management. european sport management quarterly, 10(4), 397-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2010.502741 harsuki. (2012). pengantar manajemen olahraga. jakarta: pt raja grafindo persada. mertens, d. m., & hesse-biber, s. (2012). triangulation and mixed methods research: provocative positions. journal of mixed methods research. 6 (2): 75-79. mohajan, h. k. (2018). qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related subjects. journal of economic development, environment and people, 7(1), 23-48. online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85654/ morozov, v. y.,dkk (2017). formation of human resource management system in organizations. european research studies journal, 408-421. pramono, h. (2014). pedoman penyusunan skripsi. semarang: fik unnes. priyono, b (2012). pengembangan pembangunan industri keolahragaan berdasarkan pendekatan pengaturan manajemen pengelolaan kegiatan olahraga. jurnal media ilmu keolahragaan indonesia. 2 (2), 112-123. purnomo, j. (2010). sebuah definisi industri olahraga. retrieved from marketing and sport industry: poernomojoko.blogspot.com/2010/09/ normal-0-false-false-falseen-us-xnone.html (diakses pada tanggal 1 oktober 2019) ratten, v. (2016). sport innovation management: towards a research agenda. innovation: management, policy & practice, 18(3), 238–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2016.1244471 samsul, budiman, a. a., & anshariah. (2018). analisis olahraga rekreasi dan industri olahraga sebagai bentuk pembangunan bangsa. vol. 6: 2. shaukori, n. (2014). qualitative research: incredulity toward metanarrativeness. journal of education and human development, 3(2), 671-680. shcraeder, and friends. 2014. the functions of management as mechanisms for fostering interpersonal trust. university of north georgia: advances in business research. vol 5: 50-62. sugiyono. (2017). metode penelitian pendidikan. bandung: alfabeta. syamsuddin. (2017). penerapan fungsi-fungsi manajemen dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. fakultas tarbiyah dan keguruan universitas islam negeri alauddin makassar. 1(1) williyanto, s., & raharjo, h. p. (2016). manajemen pembinaan prestasi pada klub bulutangkis se-kabupaten wonosobo. journal of physical education, sport, health and recreations, 5(2) indonesian journal of sport management arini ayuningtyas, et al., 1(1), 2021, 65-71 71 copyright holder: ©(20xx)first author, second author, etc. first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: 22 indonesian journal of sport management original article the managing of sport centre: a case study authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: february 3, 2022 revision: april 4, 2022 accepted: april 4, 2022 published: april 6, 2022 arijana llagjevic-govori1a-d enver tahiraj2a-d* dardan llagjaj3b-c 1university of montenegro, faculty for sport and physical education, niksic, montenegro 2*ubt higher education institution, pristina, kosova 3hight school, hoxhe kadri pristina, pristina, kosovo corresponding author: enver tahiraj, ubt-higher education institution, pristina, kosova; e-mail: envertahiraj@live.com how to cite: llagjevic-govori, a., tahiraj, e., & llagjaj, d. (2022). the managing of sport centre: a case study, indonesian journal of sport management, 2(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2005 abstract. the sport center in prishtina as a public property has the role of functioning the sportsmen services and their clubs doing the sport and competitive activities. sport centre “pallati i rinisë” (youth palace) in prishtina, as a complex includes the manifestation of different kinds of activities: social, public, cultural, entertaining, sport-recreation, economic activities, the center that has start its function around 1977 with the total operating space of 8.136 m2. the goal in this project is the managing of this object, into which there are two sport halls; the big and the small one, with about 1.450 m2 (the small hall) and 5 mini halls of about 1.130m2 for different sport trainings, also it is included national medical center of sport with an area of 480m2. in this project is used the swot analyze dedicated for in this center for sportsmen and competitors of different sports per m2. in this written work, prospective steps of developing of this center have been treated, then more sports spaces will be created for sportspersons and their compete activities for the specific sport. keywords: sport center; swot analysis; prishtina; areas on m2; sport halls copyright ©(2022) arijana llagjevic-govori, enver tahiraj, dardan llagjaj https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2005 indonesian journal of sport management llagjevic-govori, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 22-27 23 introduction the youth palace was founded by municipality assembly of prishtina on the date of 18.02.1975, where it was decided for approvement of detailed urban plan of social cultural sport centre “former boro and ramizi” that was legalized on official bulletin municipality assembly of pristina, no. 011/12/1975-01 of date 18.02.1975. after the aforementioned decision, executive organs of municipality assembly of pristina have made the decision to organize the referendum of citizens in the whole territory of municipality of pristina, for the beginning of selfcontribution among citizens of 2% of their monthly personal incomes, for the construction of youth palace in the period of time 01.01.1976 to 31.12.1980. the goal for building this complex was and stills, organizing different manifestations, of social, public, cultural, entertaining, educational, pedagogical, sport character, so from that time and now days is still the most important building for capital city (www.pallatirinise.com). in focus of institutional life, the sport in kosovo has shown its boost in activities, development and functioning (tahiraj, et al., 2011), so this success is seen in the international arena, being risen further in aspect of results despite of actual sufficient infrastructure. knowing the role and importance of sport objects and sport activities and recreation, it is seen their contribution to the health itself, improvement of functional skills for work and defense, developing of habits for free activities that are useful for participants of such events (jashari, 1990), so the essence of these events is owning the space for sporting that has infrastructure parameters for doing these activities. literature review the scope of the study in this work paper the authors present the using of this space meanwhile using the swot analyze as a short example of such analyze for making strategic decisions (škorić & bartoluci, 2011) an analyze deals with 4 columns clearly defined by hard sides, light, possibilities a nd risks that have to do with this center, where many authors dealt with these kinds of problems by this analyze on their works (dugalić, 2005; dumancic & siric, 2013; lalazi, 2011; llagjevicgovori, et al, 2019a, 2019b; novak, 2006; škorić & bartoluci, 2011; vučetić, 2012), an analyze by which detailed information are provided, about positive and negative achievements inside sport center and possibilities and risks that can be threatened by outside of this sport center (llagjevic-govori, et al, 2019a, 2019b). the scope of this work is the managing condition of the sport center in capital hierarchic structural organization then dividing and using the spaces in m2, aiming that clubs can do activities, trainings, competitions and training hours etc. organizational structure sport center in pristina has its organizational structure into which has the function, developing, strategy, sections, and managing which is consisted by a group of people with their ideas and duties for developing the sport palace in capital (tahiraj, et al., 2014). sport center based on the law for public enterprise and the law for trading society, managing organs of which are: shareholders board, which consists of three members and is elected by municipal assembly of pristina. the board of directors is chosen by shareholders board consisting of five members, one of whom is the executive main chief elected by four other members of the directors` board. the structure of the managing board consists of: executive chairman and the directors of relevant departments. the inner structure is organized through some professional departments like: • central administration department-judicial unit and human resources. • economic-financial–financial and accounting unit. indonesian journal of sport management llagjevic-govori, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 22-27 24 • program and marketing department–cultural unit, sport unit and the unit of promotional activities. • technical and hygienic maintenance department divided into: electronic unit, energy unit, machinery unit, construction and hygienic maintenance and • physical security and security against fire department (pallatirinise.com). division of sport object on m2 the division and operation of sport center in pristina as a public property, its role is in functioning of sportspersons and club activities that do sport and competitive activities, and cultural activities as well., but the sports hall about which we are talking in this work paper, in this object is the small hall and other six smaller halls dedicated for sport activities with all other attached parts. the small sport hall has the space of 1.450m2, for over 2.500 spectators. this hall is used for basketball, handball, volleyball, footstall, box, kick-box, wrestling, judo, karate, taekwondo, table tennis etc. result and discussion according to the table 1. other small halls are separated according to sports for example, martial sports hall with 200m2 of space, where the activities are mainly trainings so this hall is used for boxing, full-contact, kick-box, taekwondo, aikido etc., another hall with 180m2 of space is used for the training process wrestling sports and judo, table tennis hall is also used on a space of 222m2; hall for sport gymnastic, karate, acrobatic gymnastic, etc., on a space of 285m2, then it is the hall of shooting with air guns, on space of 250 m2 and the trim cabinet hall on space of 104 m2 that now is used for weightlifting, all of these halls have a total space of 2.691 m2, for over 600 participants that do their activities. inside this palace there are spaces for sport medicine with 480m2 of area, possessing the health care and equipment for examination. table 1. sports infrastructure of the object type m2 sports with clubs diameter equipment sports hall 1.450 basketball (2), handball (2), volleyball (3), footstall (2). the width and length of the field 20x40m (+ 2 meters aside corners) and the length 10-14 m two handball goals, volleyball poles and seats two moving construction and static of basketball, two electric semaphores sideways and 4 electronic semaphores high above the hall in four sides. over 2500 seats for spectators. table tennis hall 222 table tennis (5) 15x14.8 m six table tennis boards and official desks martial sports hall 180 wrestling (1), judo (1), taekwondo (1) hapkido (1) aikido (1). 13x14.5 m wrestling mattresses gymnastic and karate halls 285 gymnastic (2) karate (11) 17x16.8 m tatami, jumper, adjustable parallel, filled pits, for jumping swedish box the gymnastic horse, weightliftin g hall 104 weightlifting (2) 10x10.4 m tatami and weight shooting hall 250 shooting (2) 14x17.9 m shooting equipment and other additional box halls 200 box (2) thai box (1), kick-box (1), full contact (1). 10x20 m tatami, mat, training bag, improvised, ring indonesian journal of sport management llagjevic-govori, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 22-27 25 in table 2. is seen the sport space with schedule and number of hours daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly calculated in the process of training for the 5 days of the week. according to an earlier paper of the author jashari (1990) we will present a collation of using hours yearly earlier and now. the number of hours yearly of the small hall that is used mainly and maximally in total of 4.080 hours earlier according to jashari (1990) with 1.450 hours difference, of over 2.630 hours more now, then the hall of martial sports with 3.120 hours for now and earlier of 500 hours yearly , with 2.620 hours yearly more, the hall of gymnastics is used now 3.360 training hours and earlier 1.600 hours, and the difference now is with 1.760 training hours more, there are 3.360 training hours in the table tennis hall, where the earlier there were 1.450 hours and the difference is 1.910 hours more, and finally the box hall is used 3.120 hours yearly that earlier there were 1.600 hours yearly and the difference is 1.520 hours. table 2. using the halls in training hours, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly training schedule hours daily hours weekly hours monthly hours yearly small hall for the sports of basketball, handball, volleyball and footstall 07.00–24.00 17 85 340 4.080 wrestling and judo hall 10.00-23.00 13 65 260 3.120 gymnastics and karate hall 09.00-23.00 14 70 280 3.360 table tennis hall 10.00-24.00 14 70 280 3.360 box hall 09.00-23.00 13 65 260 3.120 according to the jashari (1990) in 1998 in this center all halls had been used, but now days there is not the same situation, where the big hall is not used and is out of function that is used to be, so this a fact that the other halls are overloaded extremely, so because the unused of this hall. another sport area or the billiard hall and throwing the spheres, according to the author (jashari, 1990), in the years of 80`s, these halls had functioned, but now they are out of use for sport and recreation activities or are destined for other cultural activities, and this way other halls are still overloaded making the number of training hours to be risen. by these records it is clearly seen that sport center is overloaded and the managing complicates the work of clubs, is about 45 where all of these clubs do exercise and competitive activities in this center, so that disables respecting the norms, spaces and hygiene in this center, adding the problem of ventilation and lightening (in some halls) etc., this makes worse the functioning especially for new generations. swot analyze in sport center “youth palace” the swot analyze is used in sport center where in the table below we have presented 4 sides about the situation in this center. coaches and the accompanying staff who work here, they have given their professional and educational contribution in advancing of this school, so we have asked the stuff of this sport object, where is this sport space through this swot analyze, positive sides, its shortcomings, what and which are the possibilities in further advancing, from the risk and competition (llagjevic-govori, et al, 2019a, 2019b). the analyze is based on a real review of the members of the sport center from the professional resources, to other members and volunteers who march in this center to do activities, so in order that this center being advanced in the best way possible in the capital in all aspects either in infrastructure, professionalqualifying, financially, and managing, and for those results that any sport organization, club or school is aiming (llagjevic-govori, et al, 2019a, 2019b), so the swot analyze has presented its sides. indonesian journal of sport management llagjevic-govori, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 22-27 26 table 3. swot analyze presented for sport center “youth palace” in pristina positive sides (internal) negative sides (interior) external possibilities external menaces hospitality volunteer parents and coaches the success of sport clubs-schools work with young age groups, the education of children sport-historical activities considerable number of players and competitors good geographical position national center of sport medicine problems about funds financial plan-budget marketing managing the risk and security not good planning, organization sport infrastructure not in a satisfied level the lack of donors and sponsors proportion sport space in m2(for sportspersons) cooperation with other centers prospective sponsor and partners attracting the businessmen and companies investments in infrastructure–fixing the big the hall (destroyed) designing a long-term strategy absorbing the financial goods from the inside parlors and their managing. violence in competitive activities and out of them (it could be possible) socio-economic crisis or low living standards. the lack of financial means from the internal parlors and the managing on them atmospheric conditions (not good weather, not favorable) that can be shown as threatening for the object. conclusion sport infrastructure, so the professional stuff too, is prerequisite for performing the sport, specifically sport activities and recreation. there were less clubs earlier, so was the sport population too, but now days in developing and being accepted in an international arena, and rising the sport results has imposed the extension the sport infrastructure in the case of this object. so, the main base thing for massing and raising the quality of sport is the number and the function of these sport objects, starting from the must needs that they do exist in our country and the capital of pristina, and it’s time to improve the existing infrastructure. by this entire situation that is presented above, it can be concluded that it is necessary immediate intervention by municipal authorities, and central authority to be seriously invested in this sport center. references dugalić s. (2005). swot analiza i takmičarsko-ekonomska efikasnost, conference: 1st international conference `management in sport': belgrade, volume: conference proceedings 1, 353-359 dumancic, d & siric, z. (2013). "reforming of the football club osijek into joint stock sports company," economy of eastern croatia yesterday, today, tommorow, josip juraj strossmayer university of osijek, faculty of economics, croatia, vol. 2, pages 282-291. http://pallatirinise.com (01.12.2019) https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/pallati_i_rinise_dhe_sporteve (13.11.2019) https://www.dubrovnik.hr/uploads/posts/12258/3.strategija-razvoja-sporta--20182028.pdf (03.12.2019) jashari, m., (1990). mundesit e shfrytezmit dhe organizimit te aktiviteteve rekreativo-sportive ne qks “boro dhe ramizi”. acta kineziologica, universiteti i prishtines, fakulteti i kultures fizike, 1-2, prishtine. lalazi, y. (2011). “bazat e marketingut sportiv”, tiranë. llagjevic-govori, a., tahiraj, e., gashi, a., & llagjaj, d. (2019a). swot analyse of football school “2 korriku”. sport mont, 17(1), 87-90. doi: 10.26773/smj.190216 indonesian journal of sport management llagjevic-govori, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 22-27 27 llagjevic-govori, a., tahiraj, e., llagjaj, d., grajqevci, f., & shkodra, a. (2019b). organizing manage of international half marathon “run for peace and tolerance”. sport mont, 17(1), 97-100. doi: 10.26773/smj.190219. novak. i., (2006). sportski marketing i industrija sporta, maling d.o.o zagreb. škorić, s. & bartoluci, m. (2011). dijagnostika u sportskim organizacijama, 20. ljetna škola kineziologa republike hrvatske. tahiraj e., berisha m., & alaj i. (2017). financial management results of the “sportmarketing”company in kosovo, zbornik radova medimurskog veleucilista u cakovcu, prosinac, 2017, god.8,br.2. tahiraj, e. (2008). menaxhimi i klubit sportiv, punim në revistën profesionale sportive “eurosporti”. tahiraj, e., miftari, f., damo, e., shatri, f. (2014). organizing and sponsorships of a basketball club “prishtina”, icrae 2014 conferencepaper proceedings, issn: 2308-0825. tahiraj, e., shatri, f., & fazlija, a. (2011). material funds allocation for sports in kosovo. sport mont, ix (31-32-33), 128-131. thaqi, a., fazlija, a., & tahiraj, e. (2011). “struktura organizative e klubit te futbollit “2 korrku” punim në revistën profesionale sportive “eurosporti”. vučetić, m. (2012). swot analize u sportskim organizacijama (application of swot analysis in sports organizations), zbornik radova meďimurskog veleučilišta u čakovcu, vol.3no.2prosinac.http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=141139. www.pallatirinise.com. 1 indonesian journal of sport management original article soccer in times of covid-19: remarks on the contamination of brazilian soccer players authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: october 19, 2021 revision: january 25, 2022 accepted: march 2, 2022 published: april 3, 2022 jeferson roberto rojo1a-e* fernando augusto starepravo2a-c 1*department of physical education, state university of maringá, brazil 2department of physical education, state university of maringá, brazil corresponding author: jeferson roberto rojo, department of physical education, state university of maringá, maringá (87020-900), brazil; e-mail: jeferson.rojo@hotmail.com how to cite: rojo, j. r. & starepravo, f. a. (2022). soccer in times of covid-19: remarks on the contamination of brazilian soccer players, indonesian journal of sport management, 2(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.1653 abstract. this manuscript discusses the contamination and dissemination of covid-19 within sports competitions. data related to the number of athletes in the first division of brazilian soccer were used as a starting point. after the competition was resumed, 302 out of 653 players tested positive for covid19. compared to the rate for the total population of brazil, that number is extremely high and reveals major differences in implementing preventive measures as well as controlling transmission. this can be explained by differences in financial resources to support protocols in strict ways, or even by the fact that the individual social dynamics of athletes did change despite the new life style imposed by the pandemic. keywords: soccer; covid-19; sport; pandemic copyright ©(2022) jeferson roberto rojo & fernando augusto starepravo https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.1653s indonesian journal of sport management rojo & starepravo, 2 (1), 2022, 1-6 2 introduction in early 2020, as we know, the world health organization (who) declared a new pandemic. the virus responsible for spreading covid-19 has plagued all parts of the planet and caused intense transformations in different spheres of society (martins et al., 2021). the sports sector has suffered significantly due to social changes imposed by the pandemic (hammerschmidt et al., 2021). at first, the main action taken by sports leagues and championships around the globe was to suspend training and competitions. for example, the 2020 olympic games, in tokyo, were postponed (taku & arai, 2020). besides, matches in the european champions league and in national soccer championships, such as in brazil, italy, and england, were suspended (drewes, daumann & follert, 2020). leagues and teams were forced to adapt to these changes, so that some sports competitions could be held in compliance with strict protocols designed to reduce transmission of the virus. under the conditions of these protocols, it was possible to resume competitions, support the financial recovery of clubs and leagues, and limit the infection rates among athletes and staff. for instance, the nba managed to create a sort of ‘bubble’ for all players and teams, so that they could carry on with the 2020 season (vaudreuil et al., 2021). most sports championships in brazil were suspended in march 2020 (boschilia, moraes & marchi junior, 2020). according to agência brasil (2020), on march 20, 2020, the last state soccer championship still in course was interrupted. therefore, professional soccer activities in the country were completely stopped. most of the regional competitions were resumed in july. the idea was finishing them as soon as possible. the brazilian soccer league, which is the main soccer competition in the country, was resumed on august 8, 2020, almost 4 months after its official kick-off. the season was concluded only at the end of february 2021. however, not all the leagues that resumed their matches managed to ensure the due preventive measures against the virus. therefore, the aim of this text is to discuss the impact of covid -19 on the 2020 season of the brazilian soccer league. sports and covid-19 lierature review the advent of the covid -19 pandemic and its impacts on society, which includes the sports field, led to the emergence of a research agenda (evans et al, 2020). due to the scientific urgenc y of knowing the impacts of the pandemic and the perspectives imposed by this new context, several research efforts have been made in different areas of sports sciences. among the studies already developed, those that have a stronger connection with aspects directly related to health can be highlighted. as an example, there are studies that analyze the influence of physical exercise on the clinical condition caused by covid-19 (dwyer et al., 2020; crisafulli & pagliaro, 2020). another perspective is the analysis of the effects and sequelae presented by athletes who have been infected by the virus (baggish et al., 2020; rajpal et al., 2020). through a more sociocultural viewpoint, we can mention studies that analyze the impact of the pandemic and its restrictions on sports economy management (parnell et al., 2021). beyond the financial health of clubs and leagues, there are also studies that sought to analyze a more micro-sociological dimension by focusing on the effects felt by the players, not only regarding their performance in competitions, but also at the economic, training, and psychosocial levels (bowes, lomax & piasecki, 2020). some researchers have also investigated how sports activities were resumed. in this context, some studies presented methods and protocols to be followed (mohr et al., 2020; castagna et al., 2020), while others analyzed the procedures adopted by leagues and championships (meyer et al., 2021). in light of the foregoing, seeking to enhance information and qualify the discussions regarding the recent or, perhaps, momentary research agenda on indonesian journal of sport management rojo & starepravo, 2 (1), 2022, 1-6 3 covid-19, we aim to discuss the contamination of brazilian soccer players after resuming the main national soccer league. consequences faced by soccer in the pandemic after the first public pandemic-related decrees were published, the brazilian soccer confederation (cbf) suspended the main soccer league in the country. after a few months, the brazilian soccer league was resumed, in august 2020. for the first time in history, all matches were held with no fans in the stadiums. additional measures were taken to minimize the risk of transmission, including protocols for personal hygiene, wearing masks, distance from the field, and regular tests for the diagnosis of covid19 (cbf, 2020). however, despite the measures suggested by cbf and all the adaptations required, 302 out of 653 (46.2%) players eligible to compete for the 20 clubs registered in the first division of the league ended up being infected by the virus during the 2020 season. figure 1. number of athletes infected per team. the data show a different reality from that disclosed by a cbf report on the effectiveness of the protective measures among players. according to the report, the positivity rate among soccer players in the league in question was 3.1% of the 11,514 tests performed (cbf, 2021). however, each player underwent multiple examinations over the course of 38 rounds in the competition, and this is why the data brought by the report are deceptive. these results are far from those of the german soccer league, in which only 22 players tested positive for covid-19 by the end of season (meyer et al., 2021). yet, the brazilian scenario is similar, even in a distant reality, to the data presented by the premier league (england), which, from august 2020 to april 2021, had 25 6 positive results for covid-19, including players and the coaching staff (premier league, 2021). it is important to mention that, in the brazilian league, 18 people were infected among over 600 members of the coaching staff, which corresponds to less than 3%. however, this rate refers to all the people identified by the clubs as members of the coaching staff, which includes all the professions involved in a soccer competition. however, not all of them stay around the field during matches, and it is unknown whether they are included in the data provided by cbf. according to cbf (2021), an analysis of clinical records shows that there was no evidence of contamination through interactions during matches. yet, it is important to note that the 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 n u m b e r o f p e o p le i n fe c te d teams indonesian journal of sport management rojo & starepravo, 2 (1), 2022, 1-6 4 preventive measures requested from clubs did not include isolating their players in certain areas. therefore, they were able to approach or have physical contact with members of the clubs and people from the external community, who could be vectors of the virus. that was not something unexpected, since soccer players in brazil were seen at parties and nightclubs during the period of social restrictions (globo esporte, 2020). all this information combined with data on the distribution of infected individuals per club show that the control measures within the clubs had more influence in terms of transmission than those measures related to the matches. in other words, the strictness of the clubs’ internal control accounts for much of the discrepant result among them, since some teams had 26 athletes infected, whereas others had only three. in addition to the data presented, it is important to highlight that brazil still ranks as a country of great inequality, and that situation has been even worsened by the pandemic. another aspect is that brazilian public policies to fight covid-19 have presented weaknesses. the data disclosed in this short communication refers to the highest elite of national soccer, where teams’ structure includes medical departments, which is not the case of teams from lower or regional divisions. reports on the infected none of the 302 cases of players infected in the brazilian soccer league required hospitalization. however, their physical conditions for performance in professional soccer were affected either by the interruption of their training routine or by the consequences of the virus. in the former case, an athlete stated the following ‘during the second half, my pace was unstable. that’s because i spent ten days inside my house doing nothing, since i couldn't go out’ (matheus henrique, 2021). regarding the latter case, another player said ‘it was very difficult to get back to work. i felt very tired until i reached my level again. i think it was about 30 days’ (everton being interviewed by viana, branco & maleson, 2021). however, the experience of the members of the coaching staff was different, because these people were older than the players were. thus, they were at a higher risk. a coaching staff member reported the following about his infection: i left the hospital 33 pounds thinner. i lost a lot of muscle mass and it directly impacted m y motor coordination. so, i couldn't stand up. at the most critical moment of my clinical condition, i had a lot of hallucinations. i thought i had been cremated from the waist down, and that they were preparing my funeral (hugo paulista interviewed by viana, branco & maleson, 2021). cuca was another coaching staff member who was contaminated by the coronavirus and faced complications. the coach of one of the greatest brazilian soccer clubs, santos, was hospitalized and spent 6 days in an intensive care unit (espn, 2021). the disease affected both his physical and mental conditions. even though there are no records of hospitalization of soccer players, it is not known whether those who have already been contaminated will have problems or not. eventual occurrences could include heart and respiratory problems. thus, it is important to follow up the athletes during the following months (baggish et al., 2020; rajpal et al., 2020). final considerations during the pandemic, major sports competitions had their activities suspended, postponed, or even concluded in different parts of the world. after months, brazilian soccer activities were resumed in the middle of 2020, with social distancing and a set of precautionary sanitary indonesian journal of sport management rojo & starepravo, 2 (1), 2022, 1-6 5 measures. one of the most noticeable measures has been the absence of spectators at the stadiums. however, not even the restrictive measures adopted inside the stadiums were enough to stop the spread of the virus within the brazilian soccer community. unfortunately, those measures have been limited to the competition environment. anyhow, it is the responsibility of all clubs, as well as the athletes themselves, to care for their health, even though both the economic power of the clubs and the local culture have a great negative influence on this scenario. references baggish, a., drezner, j. a., kim, j., martinez, m., & prutkin, j. m. (2020). resurgence of sport in the wake of covid-19: cardiac considerations in competitive athletes. british journal of sports medicine, 54(19), 1130-1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102516 boschilia, b., moraes, l. c. l., & marchi junior, w. (2021). football and covid -19: the effects of the pandemic on training and performance of south american and brazilian referees. soccer & society, 22(1-2), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1829597 bowes, a., lomax, l., & piasecki, j. (2020). the impact of the covid-19 lockdown on elite sportswomen. managing sport and leisure, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1825988 castagna, c., bizzini, m., leguizamon, a. p., pizzi, a., torquati, r., & póvoas, s. (2020). considerations and best practices for elite football officials return to play after covid-19 confinement. managing sport and leisure, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1783841 confederação brasileira de futebol (2020). medical guide to protective suggestion for returning to brazilian football activities. recovery from https://conteudo.cbf.com.br/cdn/202006/20200610151650_484.pdf confederação brasileira de futebol (2021). relatório operacional da comissão médica especial da cbf. recovery from https://conteudo.cbf.com.br/cdn/202103/20210310110835_974.pdf crisafulli, a., & pagliaro, p. (2020). physical activity/inactivity and covid -19. european journal of preventive cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320927597 drewes, m., daumann, f., & follert, f. (2021). exploring the sports economic impact of covid -19 on professional soccer. soccer & society, 22(1-2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1802256 dwyer, m. j., pasini, m., de dominicis, s., & righi, e. (2020). physical activity: benefits and challenges during the covid-19 pandemic. scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(7), 1291– 1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13710 espn (2021). cuca, do santos, pede vacina da covid-19 e relata internação: “refém”. recovery from https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/8035699/cuca-do-santos-pede-vacina-da-covid19-e-relata-internacao-refem evans, a. b., blackwell, j., dolan, p., fahlén, j., hoekman, r., lenneis, v., ... & wilcock, l. (2020). sport in the face of the covid-19 pandemic: towards an agenda for research in the sociology of sport. european journal for sport and society, 17(2), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2020.1765100 globo esporte (2020). borrero e marrony são flagrados por organizada em festa dias após surto de covid indonesian journal of sport management rojo & starepravo, 2 (1), 2022, 1-6 6 no atlético-mg. recovery from https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/atleticomg/noticia/borrero-e-marrony-sao-flagrados-por-organizada-em-festa-dias-apos-surto-decovid-no-atletico-mg.ghtml hammerschmidt, j., durst, s., kraus, s., & puumalainen, k. professional football clubs and empirical evidence from the covid-19 crisis: time for sport entrepreneurship?. technological forecasting and social change, 165, 120572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120572 martins, d. j. q., moraes, l. c. l., & marchi júnior, w. (2021). covid-19 impacts on school sports events: an alternative through e-sports. managing sport and leisure. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1928537 meyer, t., mack, d., donde, k., harzer, o., krutsch, w., rössler, a., ... & gärtner, b. c. (2021). successful return to professional men’s football (soccer) competition after the covid-19 shutdown: a cohort study in the german bundesliga. british journal of sports medicine, 55(1), 62-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103150 mohr, m., nassis, g. p., brito, j., randers, m. b., castagna, c., parnell, d., & krustrup, p. (2020). return to elite football after the covid-19 lockdown. managing sport and leisure, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1768635 parnell, d., bond, a. j., widdop, p., & cockayne, d. (2021). football worlds: business and networks during covid-19. soccer & society, 22(1-2), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1782719 premier league (2021). latest statement on results of covid-19 tests. recovery from https://www.premierleague.com/news/1814863 rajpal, s., tong, m. s., borchers, j., zareba, k. m., obarski, t. p., simonetti, o. p., & daniels, c. j. (2021). cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in competitive athletes recovering from covid -19 infection. jama cardiology, 6(1), 116-118. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4916 taku, k., & arai, h. (2020). impact of covid-19 on athletes and coaches, and their values in japan: repercussions of postponing the tokyo 2020 olympic and paralympic games. journal of loss and trauma, 25(8), 623-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1777762 vaudreuil, nj, kennedy, aj, lombardo, sj e kharrazi, fd (2021). impact of covid -19 on recovered athletes returning to competitive play in the nba “bubble”. orthopaedic journal of sports medicine. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211004531 viana, branco & maleson (2021). brasileirão tem 320 casos de covid-19 entre atletas e técnicos; veja os times mais afetados. globo esporte, rio de janeiro. recovery from https://globoesporte.globo.com/programas/esporte-espetacular/noticia/brasileirao-tem-320casos-de-covid-19-entre-atletas-e-tecnicos-veja-os-times-mais-afetados.ghtml indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 58-64 58 implementation of small sided game in improving aerobic capacity of futsal women players at stkip muhammadiyah kuningan ribut wahidi1*, intan aprilia utami2, oman hadiana3, firman adityatama4 1*234stkip muhammadiyah kuningan, indonesia article history: received: 1 april 2021 accepted: 26 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of small sided game training on aerobic capacity in futsal. this research method is an experimental method with a one-group pretestposttest design research. the sample used is 12 futsal players in the women's futsal ukm stkip muhammadiyah kuningan. the instrument used in this study was the bleep test. data analysis techniques in this study using prerequisite test analysis and hypothesis testing. the results obtained by researchers from the results of the calculation of the t test paired sample test explained that there is a significant difference in the effect of the aerobic capacity level using the small sided game method. keywords: small sided game; aerobic; futsal how to cite: wahidi, r, utami, i, a, hadiana, o, & adityatama, f. (2021). implementation of small sided game in improving aerobic capacity of futsal women players at stkip muhammadiyah kuningan. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 58-64 corresponding author: ribut wahidi, stkip muhammadiyah kuningan, west java, indonesia email: ributwahidi37@upmk.ac.id indonesian journal of sport management ribut wahidi, et al., 1(1), 2021, 58-64 59 introduction meanwhile, 81.8% suggested that futsal can develop multifunctional players and is important to soccer. however, data show coaches’ perceptions were weaker for rules which differ strongly to soccer, such as the fly keeper rule and no off -sides in futsal. only 54.6% felt that the fly keeper rule was very important or important to soccer talent development (yiannaki, et. al., 2018). the tactical structure of such a sport as futsal is a complex one. the great physical and tactical burden of this sport encourages the study of the principles of offensive and defensive play (agras, et. al., 2016). the futsal game requires players to always make movements during the game, these movements are carried out continuously and repeatedly. performing movements with such intensity clearly requires good physical condition (owen, et al., 2004). in the futsal game, aerobic endurance abilities or high vo2 max are prioritized. vo2max is the ability of the human respiratory organs to breathe as much oxygen as possible during exercise (sukadiyanto, 2011). endurance is the ability to fight fatigue during sports or work activities for a long time (sukadiyanto, 2011). after doing well-programmed physical exercises, the results of these physical exercises can be seen from the increasing appearance of a player which ultimately has a positive impact on team performance (lhaksana, 2011). one form of resistance training is the small sided game. the small-sided games (ssg) are being suggested as an excellent practice-tool to stress out the players’ decision-making and move towards a better understanding of tactical performance (davids, et. al., 2013; gonçalves, et. al., 2016). sscgs are commonly considered as modified games played on reduced pitch dimensions (small-sided), often using adapted rules and involving a smaller number of play ers than traditional games (representing manipulations of playing conditions) (dellal et al., 2008; gabbett, et. al., 2009; hill-haas, et. al., 2011; vilar, et. al., 2014). small-sided games are very popular not only in adult soccer players but also in young players and their use begins from an early age. due to the smaller pitch and the less number of participants during small-sided games, each player comes into contact with the ball and deals with common game situations more often (capranica et al., 2001). which means that small sided games are very popular not only in adult soccer players but also among young players and their use starts at an early age. due to the smaller pitch and the fewer number of participants during small matches, each player is in contact with the ball and more frequently faces common game situations (capranica et al., 2001). the use of small sided games and game conditioning is widely suggested as an efficient strategy to increase certain practice times for players (duarte et al., 2009). and, furthermore according to katis and kellis (2009) states that small sided games are mainly used for endurance and improvement of physical conditions, the effectiveness of small-sided games as conditioning stimuli needs to be optimized to allow players to compete at the highest level. small-sided games can be modified by changing factors such as the number of players, the size of the field, the rules of the game, and training encouragement (aguiar, et al., 2012). kristono (jonni, 2003) "aerobics i s an exercise that aims to improve the ability of the lungs, heart and blood circulation, where oxygen is the main factor in generating energy in body cells”. jamil (1998) gives the term "aerobic indonesian journal of sport management ribut wahidi, et al., 1(1), 2021, 58-64 60 to live with air", which means a variety of physical exercises that can spur heart and lung activity for a long enough time to cause beneficial changes to the body. and, furthermore according to irawan (1996) also states the notion of aerobics, namely "a type of exercise that uses a lot of oxygen, and uses a lot of energy such as carbohydrates and fats. based on the description above, it can be concluded that aerobics is a type of exercise that uses a lot of oxygen, or exercises to increase oxygen. and aerobic exercise aims to improve the ability of the lungs, heart and blood circulation, the main factor is for energy generation. small sided games training is a form of training that modifies the game with restrictions, including restrictions on the number of players, field size, and length of play (hadi et al., 2004). and furthermore, according to wisesa et al., (2013) small side games training can also have an effect on increasing aerobic fitness because players can adapt to the environment they face and develop mental and physical technical skills to achieve maximum performance. the priority of small sided games training is to develop technical skills, tactics, mental and physical conditions of players (rapids, 2010). the main findings of research conducted by (dellal et al., 2011) state that by changing the number of touches on the ball instructed in smallsided games, the coach can manipulate the physical and technical demands in the game. available studies show that physiological responses (e. g. heart rate, blood lactate concentration and perceived activity rating), tactical and technical skill requirements can be modified during small-sided games by changing factors such as number of players, field size, rules of play, and train encouragement (aguiar, et al., 2012). from the above understanding, it can be concluded that the small sided game is a small game because it reduces the number of players and the size of the field so that the player's physical, technical and technical skills can increase. method the method used in this research is the experimental method. according to arikunto (2013), “experiments are a way to find a causal relationship between two factors that are deliberately caused by researchers by reducing or setting aside disturbing factors. experiments are always carried out with the intention of examining the consequences of a treatment. this research includes pre-experimentation. the experimental method is defined as a systematic method for building relationships that contain causal-effect relationships (sukardi, 2015). the design used in this study is "the one group pretest posttest design" or the absence of a control group (sukardi, 2015) while the design can be described as follows: o1 x o2 figure 1. pre-ekperimental deign (one group pretest-postest) according to sugiono (2015: 118) the sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by the population the sample taken must be truly representative. the research sample used was a sample of 12 players. the sampling technique used was saturated sampling by determining the population to be the research sample in order to obtain 12 players. sugiyono (2015: 148) states that "a indonesian journal of sport management ribut wahidi, et al., 1(1), 2021, 58-64 61 research instrument is a tool used to measure observed natural and social phenomena". the instrument that will be used for this research is the bleep test: iztok kavcic1 et al. (2012) “the multi-stage 20m shuttle run test or also known as the bleep test is a popular field test used to find the estimated vo2max value. the vo2max value data is used as an evaluation for athletes, both in evaluation in training and as a parameter of training achievement. figure 2. bleep test then before testing the hypothesis, it is necessary to do a prerequisite test. testing the measurement results data related to the results of the researchers aims to help the analysis to be better. for this reason, this study will test the normality and homogeneity of the data. the decision to accept or reject the hypothesis at the 5% significance level to analyze the data using parametric statistics is used with the help of a computer program ibm spss statistics 25. result and discussion based on the results of the prerequisite test with the normality test the data is normally distributed and the homogeneity test has homogeneous data. so that the hypothesis testing in this study uses the paired samples t test. the data from the calculation results can be seen in the table below. data collected in tables / figures must be accompanied by narrative text and presented in a form that is easy to understand. do not repeat at length the data that has been presented in tables and figures. complete the existing table / figure by writing the source below each table/figure in 10 size. here's an example table and figure: table 1. paired samples test results paired differences t df sig. (2tailed) mean std. deviation std. error mean 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper pair 1 pretest posttest -14.53288 7.67970 2.21694 19.41233 -9.65344 -6.555 11 .000 indonesian journal of sport management ribut wahidi, et al., 1(1), 2021, 58-64 62 based on the results of the calculation of the table above, it is known that the sig. (2-tailed) is 0.000 <0.05, then ha is accepted and h0 is rejected. this means that there is a significant difference in the effect of the level of aerobic capacity using the small-sided game method in futsal sports at women's futsal ukm at stkip muhammadiyah, kuningan. several training innovations need to be developed in order to achieve a better performance quality. however, it is not certain what training innovations are most suitable for the characteristics of a field of science, especially for physical training for female futsal players. because physical training has several forms of exercise that can be developed and must be improved. therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study to determine whether an application of small side games can have an impact on aerobic capacity in futsal players, in this case, namely increasing aerobic endurance which is one of the most important things to support playing performance. in this study, a small side game training method was applied to increase the aerobic capacity of futsal players. another thing that is the finding of this study is that the small sided games pattern is an application of the special and specific principles of sports training, because the small sided games pattern in the study applies the principles of physical training using ball media as needed in soccer match conditions. therefore, the results of this study reinforce the theory that to achieve maximum performance one must apply the principles of training properly, in this case the principles of specialization and training specifics. in addition to this, the findings found that players were more enthusiastic in doing physical training through the pattern of small sided games, this was because players could improve the quality of work in situations such as real games. as well as with the pattern of small sided games through training methods, besides being able to improve the quality of physical conditions, especially in terms of anaerobic capacity, the sample group also experienced an increase in ball possession during the actual game, this was seen in several friendly matches that were carried out after the final test of this research. there is evidence that small-sided games (ssgs) are an effective training modality used for soccer-specific aerobic endurance (balsom, 1999; bangsbo, 2003). this kind of specific training can lead to adequate exercise intensity for improving both soccer-specific skills and generic aerobic fitness such as maximal oxygen uptake (vo2max) and anaerobic thresholds (hill-haas, rowsell, coutts, & dawson, 2008; impellizzeri et al., 2006; rampinini et al., 2007; halouani, et. al., 2014). to illustrate this, there are some differences between studies about the inclusion of goalkeepers and scoring without goalkeepers (dellal et al., 2008; mallo & navarro, 2008). in this context, dellal et al. (2008) found that the 8 vs. 8 ssg with goalkeepers showed a 12% increase in the heart rate (hr) response expressed in percentage of heart rate reserve compared to the same game without goalkeepers. however, other studies reported a reduction in hr when the goalkeepers were included (mallo & navarro, 2008; sassi, reilly, & impellizzeri, 2004; halouani, et. al., 2014). indonesian journal of sport management ribut wahidi, et al., 1(1), 2021, 58-64 63 conclusion in the small side games pattern training, the condition is that they have a fairly good fitness ability, so that in practice the player does not feel heavy. because the implementation of the small side games training pattern has an impact on increasing average fitness and anaerobic capacity, it is recommended that futsal coaches be able to design specific training programs regarding the varied small side games patterns because it is very important so that training needs become more meaningful and precise. on the training target. adequate application of training by paying attention to training methods, training patterns, training principles, and training norms appropriately is an important key to getting a player's peak performance. for further research it is suggested that scientific development in coaching methods is more effective and efficient, so in this study it can be developed through other studies or application to other groups such as gender, age group, sports level (at the level of coaching or the professional level). acknowledgement thank you to the stkip muhammadiyah students, especially the female futsal players who had the pleasure to help in completing this research. references agras, h., ferragut, c & abraldes, j. a. (2016). match analysis in futsal: a systematic review. international journal of performance analysis in sport, 16(2), 652-686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868915 aguiar, m., botelho, g., lago, c., maças, v., & sampaio, j. (2012). a review on the effects of soccer small-sided games. journal of human kinetics, 33(1), 103– 113.https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-0120049-x arikunto, s. 2013. prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktek. jakarta: rieneka cipta. capranica, l., tessitore, a., guidetti, l. and figura, f. (2001) heart rate and match analysis in pre-pubescent soccer players. journal of sports sciences 19, 379-384. dellal, a., chamari, k., lee owen, a., wong, d. p., lago-penas, c., & hillhaas, s. (2011). influence of technical instructions on the physiological and physical demands of small-sided soccer games. european journal of sport science, 11(5), 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010 .521584 duarte, r., batalha, n., folgado, h & sampaio, j. (2009). effects of exercise duration and number of players in heart rate responses and technical skills during futsal gonçalves, b., marcelino, r., torres-ronda, l., torrents, c & sampaio, j. (2016). effects of emphasising opposition and cooperation on collective movement behaviour during football small-sided games. journal of sports sciences, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1143111 hadi, f. s., hariyanto, e., & amiq, f. (2004). pengaruh latihan ladder drills terhadap peningkatan kelincahan siswa u-17 di persatuan. halouani, j., chtourou, h., dellal, a., chaouachi a & chamari k. (2014). physiological responses according to rules changes during 3 vs. 3 small-sided games in youth soccer players: stop-ball vs. small-goals rules. journal of sports sciences, doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.899707 https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010%20.521584 indonesian journal of sport management ribut wahidi, et al., 1(1), 2021, 58-64 64 irawan, a. (1996). senam aerobik. jakarta: pustaka setia iztok kavcic dkk. (2012). comparative study of measured and predicted vo2max during a multi-stage fitness test with junior soccer players. comparative study of measured and predicted.kinesiology (2012). jamil, r. (1998). kebugaran jasmani. jakarta: pt gramedia owen, a., twist c dan ford, p. (2004). small-sided games: the physiological and technical effect of altering pitch size and player number. insight-issue 2, volume 7. rapids, m, f. 2010. spring 2010 academy guide book montana: spring soccer academy. http://flatheadrapids.com/academy%20guide%20book.pdf. diunduh 02 februari 2012. sugiyono. 2013. metode penelitian pendidikan pendekatan, kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan r&d. bandung: alfabeta. sugiyono. 2015. metode penelitian pendidikan pendekatan, kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan r&d. bandung: alfabeta. sukadiyanto dan muluk, dangsina. 2011. pengantar teori dan metodologi melatih fisik. bandung: cv. lubuk agung. sukardi. (2015). evaluasi pendidikan. jakarta: bumi aksara. vilar, l., duarte, r., silva, p., chow j. y & davids, k. (2014). the influence of pitch dimensions on performance during small-sided and conditioned soccer games. journal of sports sciences, 32(19), 1751-1759. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.918640 wisesa.d.a. 2013. pengaruh latihan small side game 4 vs 4 dan 6 vs 6 terhadap peningkatan kemampuan aerobik tim sepakbola ukm uny. skripsi tidak diterbitkan. yogyakarta: fik uny yiannaki, c., carling, c & collins d. (2018). futsal as a potential talent development modality for soccer-a quantitative assessment of high-level soccer coach and player perceptions, science and medicine in football, https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2018.1483079 copyright holder: ©(2021) ribut wahidi, intan aprilia utami, oman hadiana, firman adityatama first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: 167 indonesian journal of sport management original article impact of outdoor sports on preschool children’s motor skills development authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: june 26, 2022 revision: july 18, 2022 accepted: october 5, 2022 published: october 25, 2022 usman tunde saadu1a-d* 1*department of early childhood and primary education faculty of education kwara state university, malete corresponding author: usman tunde saadu, department of early childhood and primary education faculty of education kwara state university, malete; e-mail: usman.saadu@kwasu.edu.ng how to cite: saadu, u. t. (2022). impact of outdoor sports on preschool children’s motor skills development. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 167-173. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2728 abstract. the main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of outdoors sports on preschool children’s motor skills development in ilorin metropolis. the study adopted a pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental research design. the population of this study consisted of all preschool children in public schools the ilorin metropolis, kwara state. purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 public schools who had preschooler with motor skill coordination problem. the sample size for this study comprised of 47 preschoolers who had motor skills coordination problems. the instrument was titled “preschoolers performance scores (pps)” were used to elicit information. it consisted of 10 items on a 3 likert-scale; options on “low”, “moderate” and “high” based on what preschoolers were able to do before and after exposing them to outdoor sports. some of the items were kicking a ball at 5m target, throwing at a 2m target, running forward, balancing on right and left foot, throwing and catching a ball. the keys used were low 0.00-0.09, moderate 1.0-1.4 and high 1.52.5. instruments were validated by lecturers in the department of human kinetics and reliability score was 0.79. the data were analyzed using frequency counts and percentage and analysis of covariance (ancova) at 0.05 level of significance. the findings of the study revealed that there was a significant main effect of treatment on preschool children motor skill development (f(1; 47) = 264.448, p < 0.05). also, there was no significant main effect of gender on preschool children motor skill development (f (1; 47) =1.422; p > 0.05) and there was no significant interaction effect of treatment and gender on preschool children motor skill development ( (f (1; 47) =1.538; p >0.05). the study concludes that sports especially outdoor activities have positive impact on preschoolers’ motor skills development. based on the findings, the study recommends among others that; teachers in preschools should be encouraged on the use of outdoor sports in improving motor skills development in children and workshops and trainings should be organized by school owners regularly, in order to educate teachers on new ways of improving motor skills development. keywords: motor skills; outdoor; sports; preschool; children copyright ©(2022) usman tunde saadu mailto:usman.saadu@kwasu.edu.ng https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management saadu, 2(2), 2022, 167-173 168 introduction to ensure that children grow to their full potential, children should be provided with opportunity for play and especially outdoor activities. regular physical activity improves functional status and limits disability during the middle and later adult years. physical activity contributes to quality of life, psychological health and the ability to meet physical work demands. physical education can serve as a vehicle for helping children to develop the knowledge, attitudes, motor skills, behavioral skills and confidence needed to adopt and maintain physically active lifestyle. while many parents in competitive western technological societies are anxious to start their children on the road to academic success as early as possible, the foundations of that success are rooted in the physical competence in the world. yes, a child learns more in the first three years of life, than it will during all its years in elementary school, but that life is literally a “child’s play” in seeking to maximize the potential of the first three years, adults must remember the development needs of children. physical development is vital for children and it lays the foundation for a healthy and active life. when it comes to children, the best physical activity is play! outdoor active play experiences are important for a child’s development and should always be supervised by a teacher or a care giver. theorists stated that large muscle activity through play is not a luxury rather it is a necessity for young developing children. according to nuhu, obinna and ike, (2014), childhood sports participation is a significant predictor of young adults’ participation in sports and physical fitness activities. physical activities are associated with improved academic achievement, including grades and standardized test scores. further, such activities can affect cognition skills, attitudes and academic behavior, including enhanced concentration, attention and improved classroom behavior (calbom, 2012). according to meier (2012), a number of studies provide support for the premise that physical activity and sports in particular can positively affect aspects of personal development among young children such as self-esteem and leadership. however, evidence indicates that availability of outdoor equipment and extensive exposure are key factors in maximizing positive effects on physical skill development of children. paul (2021) posited that, there is a growing concern among preschool education practitioners on the current approach to early childhood education that emphasizes the academic component at the expense of other areas of child development especially physical development which promotes motor skills development. over emphasis on cognitive development observed, goes against child development research findings that define quality and relevance of preschool to be, that which caters for total development of the child. it is not new to early childhood educators that the learning and development of motor skills develops the young child holistically from the cognitive, the social and emotional to the physical phases of development (brownrigg & tremby, 2018). while the majority of young children develop the fundamental motor skills such as running, skipping and hopping, it is becoming more apparent that some of them do not show mastery of these skills as they get older (trost 2011) adults visualise movements of infants and toddlers as non-verbal communication and can use this communication channel to monitor their progress in developmental milestones. this is especially so for infants who often cannot express themselves accurately or clearly through verbal communication but use movements as their primary means of communication (jocab, 2004). the sensitive learning period during fundamental motor stage is important as it establishes the foundation for specialized movement abilities in later years (gabbard, 2010) the traditional view of how the brain and muscles worked was simply the body responded to the brain’s instructions (thelen & kelvin, 2013). development of motor skills was thought to be primarily a result of maturation (bushnell & boudreau, 2018). however, diamond’s study (2020) examining motor and cognitive development suggests that they may be interrelated. through movement, young children learn about their bodies and movement indonesian journal of sport management saadu, 2(2), 2022, 167-173 169 capabilities and develop fine and gross motor skills which then facilitate cognitive growth. while piaget (1952) believed that cognitive abilities were developed through the interaction with the environment, diamond (2020) further explained that the overall cognitive development can be established through the coordination of bodily movements and brain synapses. in early childhood education, the outdoor environment is a significant component influencing curriculum design and planning for young children. it allows extended potential to foster whole child development, particularly in physical and motor development. further, the research suggests that outdoor environments give young children more positive effects such as greater sense of freedom, more creative play and fun (fjørtoft, 2021), compared to indoor movement experiences in early education settings. mabu (2011) carried out a study on the influence of sports on the development of preschool children's motor skills in uyo. the study revealed that availability of play materials influenced children's social skills development. however, majority of the teachers allocated 30 minutes for children play in the timetable which was deemed inadequate for children play. findings also revealed that allowing preschool children into physical activities outside assisted them acquire motor skills. willons (2020) investigated on the effect of sports on preschooler’s physical development in kastina. the study used 73 preschool children as sample size in both public and private schools using both genders. the study revealed that, male preschoolers’ physical development was improved more than their female counterpart when through sports. thelen and kelvin (2013) revealed that sports improve the motor skills development of male children than female preschoolers in imo. also, bushnell & boudreau (2018) posited that the use of physical activities such as sports enhances motor skills development in children. irrespective of gender difference. creating equal opportunity for girls and boys children with different interest in all aspects of sports in schools may improve motor skills development. however, there is a lot of rote learning with more emphasis on academic achievement depriving the learner time for outdoor sports. evidence is seen in schools that have perfected teaching over the weekends even to preschools yet what is done is within the confines of classrooms (ojuondo, 2015). statement of the problem researchers opined that too many educators and parents, believe outdoor sports takes time away from academic activities. as a result, outdoor activities in many preschools is limited or eliminated. further, programs that do not advocate outdoor play often focus on learning cognitive and academic skills, rather than encouraging needed physical pursuits and social interactions. major reasons for this problem are the adoption of academic standards by parents and even ministry of education on motor skills development. the idea has left preschool children unhealthy such as being obese or overweight because they don’t get a chance to exercise and learn new skills through outdoor sports. given that many researchers support the “sensitive learning period” for the emergence of fundamental motor skills, which builds the foundation for more complex movement abilities in later years. the urgency of children’s involvement in movement programmes is apparent. missing the sensitive learning opportunities may not achieve positive and optimum improvement in motor learning and sports performance. without the mastery of fundamental motor skills, young children may fail to participate adequately in physical activities. this would inevitably affect motor development during their fundamental stage as well as the later stages of sports performance. therefore, providing the foundation for fundamental motor skills is essential to maximize children’s potential and/or future participation in sports. the following research hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. ho1: there is no significant main effect of treatment on preschool children motor skill development. indonesian journal of sport management saadu, 2(2), 2022, 167-173 170 ho2: there is no significant main effect of gender on preschool children motor skill development. h03: there is no significant interaction effect of treatment and gender on preschool children motor skill development methodology the study adopted a pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental research design. the population of this study consisted of all preschool children in public schools the ilorin metropolis, kwara state. purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 public schools who had preschooler with motor skill coordination problem. the sample size for this study comprised of 47 preschoolers who had motor skills coordination problems. the study had two groups, some preschoolers with motor skills coordination problem were exposed to outdoors sports as the experimental group, while the second groups were taught in their classroom with placebo. observation was used as a technique to assess preschoolers on their motor skills development before and after treatment. the instrument was titled “preschoolers performance scores (pps)” were used to elicit information. it consisted of 10 items on a 3 likert-scale; options on “low”, “moderate” and “high” based on what preschoolers were able to do before and after exposing them to outdoor sports. some of the items were kicking a ball at 5m target, throwing at a 2m target, running forward, balancing on right and left foot, throwing and catching a ball. the key used were low 0.00-0.9, moderate 1.0-1.4 and high level 1.5-2.5. instruments were validated by lecturers in the department of human kinetics and reliably tested at 0.79. the data were analyzed using frequency counts and percentage and analysis of covariance (ancova) at 0.05 level of significance. result and discussion table 1 shows the effect of treatment on preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis. there was a significant main effect of treatment on preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis (f(1; 47) = 264.448, p < 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore rejected in the light of the result since the significant value (.000) is less than 0.05. this implies that treatment had significant effect on preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis. table 1. summary of analysis of covariance (ancova) showing the main effect of treatment on preschool children motor skill development. source type iii sum of squares df mean square f sig. corrected model 669.767a 8 167.442 125.411 .000 intercept 333.135 1 333.135 249.512 .000 pretest 2.818 1 2.818 2.111 .153 main effect treatment 353.076 1 353.076 264.448 .000 gender 1.898 1 1.898 1.422 .239 two way interaction treatment* gender 2.053 1 2.053 .282 .221 error 62.752 47 1.335 total 111811.000 52 corrected total 732.519 52 a. r squared = .914 (adjusted r squared = .907) table 1 also revealed the effect of gender preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis. there was no significant effect of gender on preschool children motor skill indonesian journal of sport management saadu, 2(2), 2022, 167-173 171 development in ilorin metropolis (f (1; 47) =1.422; p > 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value (.239) is greater than 0.05. this implies that gender had no significant effect preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis. table 1 also revealed the interaction effect of treatment and gender preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis. there was no significant interaction effect of treatment and gender on preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis (f (1; 47) =1.538; p >0.05). the hypothesis is therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value (.221) is greater than 0.05. this implies that interaction of treatment and gender had no significant effect of preschool children motor skill development in ilorin metropolis. table 2 revealed that the significant main effect exposed by table 2 is as a result of the significant difference among: outdoor sports and conventional method. this implies that those exposed to outdoor sports (mean = 18.551) performed better than those exposed to control group had (mean = 11.057). table 2. summary of estimated marginal means with the groups group mean std. error 95% confidence intervals for difference lower bound upper bound outdoor sports 18.551 .303 6.566 8.420 control 11.057 .269 -8.420 -6.566 table 3. summary of bonferroni’s post hoc pairwise comparison of the scores within the two groups treatment mean difference experimental control group outdoor sports 18.551 * conventional method 11.057 * table 3 revealed that the significant main effect exposed by table 1 is as a result the significant difference between outdoor sports and conventional method. outdoor sports refers to experimental groups, while conventional method is known as control group. this implies that those exposed to outdoor sports (18.551) performed better than those exposed to conventional method (11.057). discussion of findings based on the finding of the study, it was revealed that there was a significant effect of treatment on preschool children motor skills development in ilorin metropolis. this implies that preschool children with motor skills coordination were observed to have enhanced through outdoor sports. this finding is in tandem with mabu (2011) who carried out a study on the influence of sports on the development of preschool children's motor skills in imo and it was revealed that allowing preschool children into physical activities outside assisted them acquire motor skills also, the study revealed that gender no significant effect on preschool motor skills development in ilorin metropolis. this finding implies that irrespective of male and female preschoolers, the use of outdoor enhanced motor skill development. this study is in line with bushnell and boudreau (2018) posited that the use of physical activities such as sports enhances motor skills development in children irrespective of gender difference. this finding negates willons (2020) who investigated the effect of sports on preschooler’s physical development in kastina. the study revealed that, male preschoolers’ physical development was improved more than their female counterpart when through sports. thelen and kelvin (2013) revealed that sports improve the motor skills development of male children than female preschoolers in imo. the indonesian journal of sport management saadu, 2(2), 2022, 167-173 172 lastly, the finding revealed that treatment and gender had no significant effect on preschool motor skill development in ilorin metropolis. this implies that male and female preschoolers exposed to outdoor sports had similar effect on their motor skills development. despite the differences on the gender, outdoor sports enhanced both fine and gross motor development in preschoolers. conclusion based on the findings of the study, it is evident that outdoor sports can enhance motor skills development on both make and female preschoolers. the study thus, concludes that sports especially outdoor activities have positive impact on preschoolers’ motor skills development. based on the findings, the study recommends as follows: teachers in preschools should be encouraged on the use of outdoor sports in improving motor skills development in children, workshops and trainings should be organized by school owners regularly, in order to educate teachers on new ways of improving motor skills development, male and female preschoolers should be encouraged and allowed to use outdoor sports in schools and homes for motor skills development. references brownrigg & tremby (2018). active healthy kids canada report cards on physical activity for children and youth. in children and exercise xxiv: the proceedings of the 24th pediatric work physiology meeting (p. 115). routledge. bushnell, e. w., & boudreau, j. p. (2018). motor development and the mind: the potential role of motor abilities as a determinant of aspects of perceptual development. child development, 64(4), 1005-1021 calbom, l. (2012). school-based physical education and sports programs. report to congressional requesters. gao-12-350.us government accountability office. diamond, a. (2020). close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. child development, 71(1), 44-56. fjørtoft, i. (2021). the natural environment as a playground for children: the impact of outdoor play activities in pre-primary school children. early childhood education journal, 29 (2), 111-117 gabbard, c. p. (2010). outcome-based preschool physical education. international journal of physical education, 37(1), 17-23. jocab. w.. (2014). a study of gross motor skills of preschool children. journal of research in childhood education, 19(1), 32-43. mabu, y., (2011). influence of sports on the development of preschool children's motor skills in uyo. doctoral dissertation submitted to the university of uyo meier, g. (2012). laureus chairman edwin moses welcomes u.s. government report on youth sport and urges congress to reverse budget cuts. retrieved from https://www.laureus.com/news/laureus-chairman-edwin-moseswelcomes-us-govermentreport-youth-sport-and-urges-congress nuhu. l. k., obinna. p., and ike. r., (2014). childhood sports participation as predictors of physical fitness activities during young adulthood. journal for sports. , 35(4), 495-520 ojuondo, m. a. (2015). influence of play on development of language skills among preschool children in plateau state. journal for gender and behviour. 3(1) indonesian journal of sport management saadu, 2(2), 2022, 167-173 173 paul e., (2021). factors that influence the quality and relevance of ece in nigeria. unpublished med, thesis university of nigeria, nsukka. thelen, e. and kelvin f., (2013). developmental biodynamics: brain, body, behavior connections. child development, 21(3). trost, s. g. (2011). interventions to promote physical activity in young children. encyclopedia on early childhood development, 1-6 willons, h. g. (2020). effect of sports on preschooler’s physical development in kastina.an undergraduate project submitted to university of jos. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 101-108 101 management skills as determinant for selecting management model among sports managers in kwara state, nigeria ibraheem musa oluwatoyin1*, abdulraheem yinusa owolabi2, aina gbemisola michael3 1*23departmen of human kinetic education, university of ilorin, nigeria article history: received: 2 june 2021 accepted: 28 september 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract knowledge, understanding and displaying good management skills will help sports managers of the sports organization to position the teams and clubs. descriptive correlation study carried out using a survey method for this study. purposive sampling technique was used to select 85 sports managers of the sports organization. data were collected using self-developed questionnaire as an instrument. the entire questionnaire yielded a reliability value of 0.77r. data were analysed using multiple linear regression at the 0.05 alpha levels.the findings show significant multiple correlations. the regression indicated that the management skills was a good contributor for the selection of management model (f (4, 95) = 2.267, p ˂ .000). based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that management skills contribute to the selection of the management model. recomendation on government and stakeholder in the state should organize seminar, workshop and training for sports managers of the sports organizations in kwara state for them to have knowledge on management skills which is crucial to their job. keywords: sports, managers effectiveness, management skills, management model how to cite: oluwatoyin, i. m., owolabi, a. y & michael, a. g. (2021). management skills as determinant for selecting management model among sports managers in kwara state, nigeria. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.1112 corresponding author: ibraheem musa oluwatoyin, department of human kinetic faculty of education, university of ilorin, nigeria, pmb 1515 email: ibramus20@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management oluwatoyin, et al., 1(2), 2021, 101-108 102 introduction the choice of management skills to be adopted by the organization is been determined by the executives with regards to the objectives motivate effort, coordinate activities and allocation of avoidable resource. the executive chooses the management model to be used to run the organization, understand the principle of operation and the behaviours in the organization and finally the executives made choices on the appropriate management model to use on a host circumstantial and competitive factors. goodarzi (2012) submitted that the structures of management models reveal the new styles have the most influences among leadership with regard to adapting to changes and developments in organizations. in the new hastily altering economy, stimulated sports activities manager to have turn out to be the sports organization’s most valuable and productive resource. this is in line with forghani’s (2015) submissin that sports organizations concerned in sports development are no exception; they additionally want efficient man agers and leaders. adopting unique types of management styles, managers facilitate the success of goals, enhance the experience of happiness and job pride of the employee, expand initiatives and eventually assist the inner organizational technique and to obtain organizational desires and consequently enlarge organizational effectiveness. simulation scenarios, reflective exercises, and role-playing may be beneficial to facilitate the desire of optimistic warfare management styles (nazari, 2017). the sports managers repository of understanding is central to sports organization’s aggressive gain to the improvement and execution of strategies, particularly in today’s fast-paced, more perplexing world, where pinnacle management alone can no longer guarantee firm’s competitiveness. awareness of management is crucial for sports manager to better manipulate the affairs and assigned responsibilities considering the fact that management is the most enormous and influential elements in the improvement of sports and attainment of the goal. sports management is the scientific management tendencies which are explained by means of benefiting from the frameworks of management science (naderian 2008). at all levels, corporations want suitable efficaciously directed management skills towards attaining noted objectives. gabriel (2014) cited international efforts being made to educate specialized and dedicated sports managers. sports organizations want capable and tremendous sports managers. seyedinejat (2014) lamented that; prioritization of managerial skills is one of the major challenges in senior management, most especially in sports organizations. effectiveness and efficient management of sports organizations, sports managers want extraordinary skills in technical skills, human skills, perceptual abilities and political skills. the necessity for the executive to have knowledge, vision, effectiveness and efficient management via perceptual, human, technical and political (afshari, honari, ghafouri 2010). technical skill is a skill that involves the knowledge and capacities to perform specialized tasks associated to a particular area and the ability to practice knowledge, technique and approach of the potential required to function the task thru experience, education and training. human skills are essential for sports organizations to make sure they have excellent personnel to attain their strategic objectives, this human skill is the judgment required to work with people, alongside with awareness of encouragement techniques and use of an indonesian journal of sport management oluwatoyin, et al., 1(2), 2021, 101-108 103 effective management model. perceptual skill is the method through which persons select, prepare and interpret the enter from their senses to give which means and order to the world around them. political talent refers to the capability to effectively understand others in the workplace and hire such understanding to have an effect on others and to take measures to promote organizational or personal desires (fani, 2014). it used to be revealed by way of harris, harris, & harvey (2007) that organizational politics can cause members of the organization to experience a superb deal of uncertainty and ambiguity because they do not understand what actions will be rewarded, punished, or even recognized. productivity in-game organizations can be hampered by using organizational politics. zellars and fiorito (1999) pointed out, organizational effectiveness is decreased as an end result of organizational politics. respondents in a study carried out by ram and prabhaker (2010) reported that organizational politics adversely influence involvement at the workplace and can dampen the motivation degree to an outstanding extent. for the purpose of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of sports organizations in kwara state, it is essential for sports managers of any sports organizations to contain some activities that correspond to their efficiency and positive management of sport organizations with intention of enhancing technical skill, perceptual skills, human abilities and political skill which assist them to pick out a management model that will be suitable for their sports organization. sports managers who foster precise management skills are in a position to propel the sports organization’s mission. sports managers use management skills for positive and efficient management of sports organization. sports manager who lack management skills usually have issues like develop unclear processes, poor documentation and inability to share sports organization knowledge, outline the scope and objectives of any information management initiatives, create a sports organisation culture of information sharing between athletes and management, set clear goals and techniques to assist in making use of the collective understanding (otherwise, it will be of no use to the sports organization), reflect on consideration on budget, strategy and training needs for any new information management system, consider trade management techniques for introducing new information management practices. the researcher observed that majority of sports managers in kwara state most especial those appointed by state and local government have little or no management skills because the majority of them are not expert in the area of sports management. this has resulted in poor management of sports councils in the state and local government, and this has also led to the terrible overall performance of sports teams/ clubs in the state and local government. it is on this note research work was carried out to find out if management skills will determine the selection of management model among sports managers in kwara state. method a descriptive correlation study carried out using a survey method for this study. the population for this comprised 85 managers of sports organizations include all managers of sports organizations in kwara state, kwara state sports activities council, sports activities clubs, physical education managers, sports directors at the greater organization in kwara state, all nearby authorities sports directors. eightyindonesian journal of sport management oluwatoyin, et al., 1(2), 2021, 101-108 104 five (85) sports manager and sports activities directors have been purposively chosen for this study. a self-developed questionnaire was the instrument for data collection and was validated by three experts. test-retest method of reliability was adopted whereby 20 copies of the questionnaire was administered on sports managers in oyo state, twice between the interval of two weeks and results of the two administered were correlated using ppmc and 0.77r was obtained. the questionnaire was administered with the help of three trained research assistants. the data collected was analysed using multiple linear regression at .05 alpha level. result and discussion result table 1. model summary of multiple regression for the contribution of management skills to the selection of management model among sport managers models r r2 adjusted r2 std. error of the estimate (see) anova f df1 df2 sig. management skills .295 .087 .049 .935 2.267 4 95 .000* p ≤ 0.05 the table above revealed the model summary of multiple linear regression analysis. in the model, the managements skills (perceptual management skill, technical, human skills and political) was used as a contributor to the selection of management model among sports manager. the model shows significant multiple correlations. r .295. the model indicates that this variable account for 8.7% of the variance in management skills which indicate that other factors are not included in this study r2 .049, see .935. the anova of the regression indicated that the management skills was a good contributor for the selection of management model (f (4, 95) = 2.267, p ˂ .000). table 2. relative contribution of management skills to the selection of management model among sport managers variables unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 1 (constant) 2.393 .424 5.638 .000 perceptual management skills -.078 .101 -.082 -.780 .000 technical -.111 .133 -.093 -.834 .000 human skills -.195 .114 -.188 -1.702 .000 political .341 .121 .324 2.811 .000 a. dependent variable: management model table 2 above present the parameter estimate (b), the standard error (se), t ratio and the probability level of association between the independent variable of managements skills (perceptual management skill, technical, human skills and indonesian journal of sport management oluwatoyin, et al., 1(2), 2021, 101-108 105 political) and the dependent variable of management model. the table showed that. the table showed that political made the highest significant contribution to management model (b = 0.341; t = 2.811; p ˂ 0.05). the second highest significant contribution was made by human skills (b = -0.195; t = -1.702; p ˂ 0.05). technical made the third significant contribution to management model (b = -0.111; t = -0.834; p ˂ 0.000). perceptual management skills made the least significant contribution to management model (b =-.078, t = -.780, p ˃ 0.000). this result revealed that management skills (perceptual management skill, technical, human skills and political) made a significant contribution to selection management model among sports manager. therefore, hypothesis two is rejected which implies that management skills contribute to the selection of management model. discuss of findings the effects on hypothesis one revealed that management skills (perceptual management skill, technical management skill, human management talent and political management skill) contribute to the selection of management model amongst sports activities managers in kwara state. these findings corroborate forghani (2015) submitted that sports organizations invo lved in sports development are no exception; they also need efficient managers and leaders. adopting different types of management styles, managers facilitate the achievement of goals, enhance the sense of happiness and job satisfaction of the employee, extend initiatives and eventually support the internal organizational process and to attain organizational desires and therefore increase organizational effectiveness. simulation scenarios, reflective exercises, and role-playing may also be useful to facilitate the preference of optimistic hostilities management styles (nazari, 2017). robert (2019) submitted that superb administration relies upon on three basic personal skills, which have been called technical, human, and conceptual. the administrator desires adequate technical skill to accomplish the mechanics of the particular job for which he is responsible; adequate human skill in working with others to be an effective group member and to be able to build cooperative effort inside the team he leads; and adequate conceptual skill to recognize the interrelationships of the various factors involved in his situation, which will lead him to take that motion which is likely to achieve the maximum excellent for the complete organization. the results on hypothesis two revealed that political management skills made the highest significant contribution to the selection of management model (b = 0.341; t = 2.811; p ˂ 0.05). this implies that political management skill played the absolute best role to sports managers in the selection of management modelas corroborated by douglas & ammeter (2004) observed that manager political skill accounted for a great increment in group overall performance variance after controlling for a number of manager traits. it was also found that political skill positively helped the subordinate and supervisor rankings of managers’ effectiveness (douglas & ammeter, 2004) and employee perceptions of perceived support and trust (treadway, hochwarter, ferris, kacmar, douglas, ammeter and buckley 2004). harris, kacmar, zivnuska & shaw (2007) found that managers who engaged in influence management skill were rated greater favourably by their supervisor when they had excessive political skill. however, employees who had low indonesian journal of sport management oluwatoyin, et al., 1(2), 2021, 101-108 106 political skill rankings however engaged in influence management obtained less beneficial overall performance evaluations from their supervisors. the results on hypothesis two also revealed the second-highest significant contribution was made by human management skills to the selectio n of management model (b = -0.195; t = -1.702; p ˂ 0.05). this implies that human management performed the second very best position to sports managers in the selection of management model. the results on hypothesis two also revealed that technical management skills made the third significant contribution to the selection of management model (b = 0.111; t = -0.834; p ˂ 0.000). this implies that technical management skill played the third-best possible role to sports managers in the selection of management model. sylvia (2008) submitted that technical skill ought to incrementally predict first-tier technical managers’ performance over and above what managerial skill should predict. further submit that technical skill is predictive of subordinate perceptions of managerial performance, over and above managerial skills non significant contribution. though counterintuitive on the surface, this paradox makes sense when the results of the mediation analyses are considered. sylvia (2008) suggested that subordinates can be productive “in spite of” their perceptions of their supervisors and, on a greater serious note; and that technical skill can add value to first-tier managerial overall performance by way of improving supervisor subordinate relationships. when subordinates become aware of a manager to be technically skilled, they ascribe referent and professional power to him/her. referent and expert power, in turn, translate into greater superb subordinate perceptions of managerial performance and job pleasure (sylvi a, 2008). the results on hypothesis two, in the end, revealed that perceptual management skills made the least significant contribution to the selection of management model (b =-.078, t = -.780, p ˃ 0.000). this implies that perceptual management skill played the least position to sports managers in the selection of the management model but also contribute to the management model. this finding was in line with seyedinejat, et al., (2014) who affirmed that perceptual skill refers to the ability to understand the general problems of the organization and identify the section of the organization in which a person is best fitted to work. such knowledge allows the person to act based on the goals of the entire organization, rather than the goals and needs of one’s own group. conclusion based on findings of this study, the researcher concluded that management skills (political, technical, human and perceptual skill) contribute to the selection of management model. this indicates the roles management skills played i n the selection of management model and how it's important as it relates to several constructs such as job satisfaction, job stress and leader effectiveness. acknowledgement based on the finding of the study, the following are recommended: 1. government and stakeholder in the state should organize seminar, workshop and training for sports managers of the sports organizations in kwara state them indonesian journal of sport management oluwatoyin, et al., 1(2), 2021, 101-108 107 to have knowledge on perceptual management skills, political management skills, technical management skills, and human management skills which is crucial to their job. 2. sports managers in the state should address the issue of lack of management skills among sports managers through their professional association in order to improve sports managers effectiveness and efficiency in managing the affairs of sports organizations in kwara state. 3. sports managers should do everything possible to improve their management skills because is very crucial their overall performance or outcome as the manager to sports organization references benar n, ramezani nejad r, surani m, gohar rostami h, yeganehfar n. (2014) designing a managerial skills model for chief executive officers (ceos) of professional sports clubs in isfahan province. ssr.;23(1-2):59-77. douglas, c. & ammeter, a.p. (2004). an examination of leader political skill and its effect on ratings of leader effectiveness. the leadership quarterly, 15, 537–550. fani a. a, sheikhinejad f, danaee-fard h, hasanzadeh a. (2014) investigating the moderating effects of political skill and political will on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and political behavior case study: water industry of iran. management research in iran.;18(1):193-221 [article in farsi]. ferris, g.r., treadway, d.c., kolodinsky, r.w., hochwarter, w.a., kacmar, c.j. douglas c. & frink, d.d. (2005). development and validation of the political skill inventory. journal of management, 31, 126-152 ferris, g.r., treadway, d.c., perrewé, p.l., brouer, r.l. douglas, c. & lux, s. (2007). political skill in organizations. journal of management, 33, 290-320 harris, k. j., kacmar, k., zivnuska, s. & shaw, j. d. (2007). the impact of political skill on impression management effectiveness. journal of applied psychology, 92(1), 278285. harris, m. m., & schaubroeck, j. (1988). a meta-analysis of self-supervisor, self-peer, and peersupervisor ratings. personnel psychology, 41(1), 43-62. harris, r.b., harris, k.j., & harvey, p. (2007). a test of competing models of the relationships among perceptions of organizational politics, perceived organizational support, and individual outcomes. journal ofsocial psychology, 147(6), 631-656. ram, p. & prabhakar, g.v. (2010). leadership styles and perceived organizational politics as predictors of work-related outcomes. european journal of social sciences, 15(1), 4055. seyedinejat ss, razaghi me, dousti m. (2014) prioritizing managerial skills based on katz’s theory cast study: the managers of sports and youth in mazandaran province. pamukkale journal of sport sciences. ;5(1):33-47. sylvia h (2008). the role of technical skill in perceptions of managerial performance: journal of management development 27(3):275-290 templer kj. (2018). dark personality, job performance ratings, and the role of political skill: an indication of why toxic people may get ahead at work. personality and individual differences.;124:209-14. indonesian journal of sport management oluwatoyin, et al., 1(2), 2021, 101-108 108 treadway, d. c., hochwarter, w. a., ferris, g. r., kacmar, c. j., douglas, c., ammeter, a. p. & buckley, m. (2004). leader political skill and employee reactions. the leadership quarterly, 15, 493-513. copyright holder: ©(2021) ibraheem musa oluwatoyin, abdulraheem yinusa owolabi, aina gbemisola michael first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: 38 indonesian journal of sport management original article strategic approach of managing violence during recreational sports events in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state, nigeria authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: november 11, 2021 revision: february 13, 2022 accepted: april 4, 2022 published: april 10, 2022 ibraheem tajudeen olanrewaju1a-e abdurahman owoade2a-e* 12*department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin nigeria corresponding author: abdurahman owoade, department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin nigeria e-mail: abdurahmanowoade@gmail.com how to cite: owoade, a. (2022). strategic approach of managing violence during recreational sports events in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state, nigeria, indonesian journal of sport management, 2(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.1733 abstract. this study examined strategic approach of managing violence during recreational sport events in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state, nigeria. descriptive design of survey type was employed with a population of 144 respondents sampled purposively for the research. a researcher structured questionnaire of strategic management of violence during recreational sports (qsmvdrse) of 4 likert scale, validated by three experts in human kinetics and tested for reliability was used to collect data from respondents. the postulated hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level using pearson’s product moment correlation co-efficient. the results (0.320 > 0.147 at df = 142), (0.240> 0.147 at df = 142) and (0.310> 0.147 at df = 142) respectively revealed that facilities, organizational pattern and community involvement are correlates of management of recreational sport violence. i was concluded that availability of facilities, good organizational pattern and community involvement leads to reduction or eradication of violence during recreational sports events. by this, it was recommended that new facilities should be built while old ones are upgraded to standard, previous events should be properly evaluated, community heads, parents, community security outlets and other stakeholders should be included in the organization and planning of sports event. keywords: strategic, involvement, facilities, organizational pattern, violence. copyright ©(2022) abdurahman owoade https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.1733 indonesian journal of sport management owoade, 2 (1), 2022, 38-44 39 introduction the value for recreational sports has increased across the globe, owning to the exposure and comments on its physical health benefits and its socio-cultural ability to foster unity, peace and teamwork among other values. based on the aforementioned, government at different levels, non-governmental and community, based organisations among others now have diverse policies and programs to promote participation in recreational sports among the populace with the underrepresented or marginalized groups in especial. yet, some members of the population, don’t find it safe to participate due to violence that erupts during recreational sports events (ramón, et al., 2020). worthy of note for immediate intervention of stakeholders is the alarming rate at which recreational sport events which is meant to enhance and facilitate peaceful coexistence turns into battle fields leading to chaos and enmity that brings about the opposite of the objectives associated with participation in recreational activities in communities is an eyesore which calls. violence during recreational sport events has becoming a strong hinderance to the participation of elites and various classes of people who does not like been associate d with chaos and further reduces the level of participation in active recreational activities generally and further prevents the populace from enjoying the benefits of participation. the benefits of recreational sports are evidenced in the works of olaitan, et al. (2012) stating that sporting activities provides opportunity for social interaction, cost-effective health prevention, building community strength, decrease anti-social behavior among participants and promotes ethno-cultural harmony within the host community. recreational sports are an integral part of human existence, it has outstanding effect on the development of a whole man in the psychomotor, affective and cognitive domains. sturts and ross (2013), revealed that recreational sporting activities aids recovery process from stress and a chance to socially interact with peers. it further avails youths the opportunity to exhibit inbuilt talent and create room for the incubation and development of talents which in turn helps to create jobs and other opportunities for community and individual development. zou et.al (2019) defined recreational sports (rs) as all forms of sport engaged in by individuals voluntarily for enjoyment purpose during leisure time. it was further stated to be practiced at different levels of the society as amateur sport, this includes various sports played for the fun of it and not to earn a living by it. furthermore, ibraheem and ojo (2014) submitted that recreational sports events are organized to accommodate people from different backgrounds in sports of choice providing a platform for the peaceful coexistence among participants and spectators. recreational sports create an avenue for relationship between individuals from different with a leveled playing ground for all participant to enjoy the benefits accrued. notwithstanding all the benefits mentioned above, some communities ado -odo ota local government area inclusive witness the occurrence violence durin g recreational events. violence in recreational sport is generally described as all actions against the rules and regulations guiding participation of the games, prone to cause harm or damage to others. fields, collins and comstock (2010) classified violence in sport into two major parts including, the athlete violence and spectator violence, the athlete violence is perpetrated by a player against the rule of the game and injurious to his others, while the latter is based on acts of the spectators which is offensive and could cause chaos at the venue of a sporting event. young (2012) stated that sports being competitive in nature requires defense and attack in the course of play. for this reason, athletes have bodily contact and sometimes due to the quest to win they make harmful moves. spectators on the other hand gets violent due to their passion for their team and may eventually engage in actions that may be harmful. nwaogu, (2020) emphasized that that proper officiating of sporting events maintains order liness and ensures the success of such events by maintenance of rules and regulations governing the process of all sports designed to prevent and manage violence to the barest minimal. however, indonesian journal of sport management owoade, 2 (1), 2022, 38-44 40 in recent times it is observed that the presence of rules and regulation and proper officiating alone have not stopped the report of sports violence making it an obligation on recreation and sports managers and administrators to research and make professional submissions which can be employed in the management of sports violence noting that violence during recreational sports events reduces the enjoyment and participation in sports to a large extent. according to the united nations (2015), community involvement means joint and harmonious participation or cooperation of individuals and groups in a certain community to proffer feasible solutions to their own problems. kyung (2018) emphasized that the relevance and values of community involvement has been regained across the world giving birth to a wide range of innovation and the inclusion of the concept in solving community-based problems. notwithstanding, some fields like sports are yet to utilize this in abundance. asodike (2008), posited that the historically, involvement of communities in sport can be traced back to the colonial administrators who made use of the local communities in the provision and furtherance of western education. this resulted in the creation of the parent teacher association as an avenue for collaboration between schools/structures and the community. furthermore, the federal government of nigeria emphasizes the role of the community in its own development and management system listing parent, religious organizations, town unions, alumni association, business organizations as stakeholders required to get involved in the development of sport in the community (ogbonnaya, 2011). travis et.al (2019) is of the opinion that when the community is involved in sporting events there is high possibility of reduction in the tendency of violence among other a nomalies. this in turn increases success rates. arowolo (2014) further opined that recreational sport events with community member’s involvement in strategic phases of organisation records significant success and less or no violence. however, the involveme nt of the community in recreational sport will go beyond ordinary organisational roles, hence, it is essential to contribute immensely through donation of funds and provision of sporting facilities to reduce violence in secondary schools. community involvement is however considered a strategy for managing sports violence due to its history of accomplishment in many other social fields such as conflict resolution, health and governance. the function of facilities in the management of sports violence cannot be overemphasized. adesoye (2012) is of the opinion that one of the means to the achievement of successful sport events in schools and other establishments depends to a great extent, on adequate maintenance and proper management of sport facilities. sport facilities is a significant device in managing sport violence through provision of seats to spectators, provision of security posts and having a facility which restricts entrance to wanted guests alone goes a long way in managing sports violence. ogunleye, (2012) further emphasized that inadequate sporting facilities among other inadequacies leads to violence during sports events at all levels exposing athletes, spectators and host communities to havoc and unquantifiable tragedy. administrative practices of organizers of recreational sport events goes a long way in ensuring the success of such events. zaman (2012), opined that, organizers should educate spectators on the adverse effect of violence and should control entrance to the venue by denying entrance to known fanatics and hooligans. he further stated that there is usually variation in the nature of sports events depending on the forms of institutions. in the submission of fawz (2013), it was established that the success of a recreational sports event can only be achieved through credible and proper organization and management thereby involving effective organizational pattern which makes provision for inconsistencies observed in the process of evaluation of past events. hall (2014) further submitted that organizers of secondary school sporting events lack proper organizational pattern revealing their failure to plan properly and train key personnel responsible for security management of sporting events. indonesian journal of sport management owoade, 2 (1), 2022, 38-44 41 ado-odo ota local government is one of the 19 local government areas in ogun state, it has been in existence since may 19 1989 after the merging of ota a part of the old ifo/ota local government to the ado odo/igbesa area parts of yewa south local government, the local government with headquarters in ota which boarders metropolitan lagos is said to be the second largest local government area with a population of 526,565 populaces according to the 2006 population census. ado odo ota local government consists of towns namely ota, ado -odo, agbara, igbesa, itele, iju ota, kooko ebiye,owode, sango ota and other villages, the local government consists mainly of the awori people, a subset of yorubas who are indigenously hunters and farmers. statement of the problem the researcher observed that most recreational sports, football competitions in especial in ota township of ado-odo ota local government end in riot or violence with reverence to the competition organized in 2016 which went smoothly until the award of penalty kick to the visiting team against the home team, the penalty kick led to protest by the home supporters eventually leading to physical combat between players and supporters. the absence of security personnel made the free for all last for hours affecting movement of people and hinderin g people from engaging in their everyday activities. a lot of properties were damaged and lots of people injured. it is observed that ordinary management does not assure a perfect success story in the management of sport violence, thus the proposal of strategic management pattern which channel investigations on the community, organizational pattern and facilities are required in the management of sports violence in ado-odo/ota local government area ogun state. most times the simple aggression in some sports turns into an uncontrolled situation leading to riots and crises causing major and minor physical injury, psychological and emotional tension. the issue of most sporting events ending up being disrupted and resulting into violence is prominent in this area. in the works of hanafiah, et al. (2010), sports violence and some other factors were recorded to result to thousands of deaths and injuries during and after sports events. the study of ibraheem, et al. (2015), observed that credentialing of sports venue, poor facilities and officiating usually lead to sports violence, therefore recommended that credentialing of participating athletes, availability of good sports facilities and officiating determined sports venue security. however, the variables worked upon need to be beefed up in which this research investigates the following research questions were answered: how adequate are sports facilities as provisions against violence in ado-odo/ota local government area of ogun state? method this research was conducted in ado-odo ota local government area of ogun state to examine strategic ways of managing of recreational sports violence among youths. adopting a descriptive research of survey type. the population of the study contains all the 48 principals of public secondary schools, 48 games masters of all public schools and all 48 chairmen of parent teachers association (the selected respondents are active members of based community organisations and major stakeholders in administration of recreational sports in ado-odo/ota local government area). purposive sampling was used to select 144 respondents for the study. a researcher designed questionnaire was used to elicit data from respondents. the questionnaire consisted of two sections; section (a & b). section a seeks information of demographic data and section b ask questions to gather information on the postulated hypotheses. the questionnaire was validated by three experts of human kinetics. a test-retest method of reliability was used to test the consistency of the instrument. 10 copies of the questionnaire were administered within the interval of two weeks to principals, games masters indonesian journal of sport management owoade, 2 (1), 2022, 38-44 42 and chairmen of parent teacher association of secondary schools in ifo local government area, ogun state and a correlation of 0.82r was obtained which confirmed that the instrument was reliable. the instrument was administered by the researchers, respondents were requested to fill and return the questionnaire after completion. descriptive statistics of frequency count and percentage was used to analyze the demographic data of the respondents while inferential statistics of pearson product moment correlation was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. result and discussion there is no significant relationship between facilities and managementof violence during recreational sports events in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state. table 1. pearson’s product moment correlation analysis showing the correlation of facilities and management of violence during recreational sports events in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state. variable n mean st. deviation r-value critical value sig remark facilities 21.20 1.312 0.310 0.147 0.01 reject 144 142 sport violence 30.11 1.153 table 1 indicates that the mean and standard deviation 21.20 ± 1.312 calculated value of 0.310 and the critical value of 0.147 with the degree of freedom of 142 at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this implies that provision of standardized facilities supports the management of sports violence in ado odo/ota local government area, ogun state. the tested hypothesis one revealed that there is significant relationship between facilities and management violence during recreational sports events in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state. this finding supports the view of fried (2012) who emphasized that inadequate sporting facilities among other inadequacies leads to violence during sports events at all levels exposing athletes, spectators and host communities to havoc and unquantifiable tragedy. revealing that a facility which controls the entrance of spectators to checkmate potential violent spectators which could disrupt the peace of the venue goes a long way in preventing sports violence. the tested hypothesis two revealed that there is a significant relationship between organization pattern and management of violence during recreational sports events in adoodo/ota local government area, ogun state. this finding is in the support of the view of roth and theodore (2006) who established that the success of an intramural sports event can only be achieved through credible and proper organization and management thereby involving effective organizational pattern making provisions for inconsistencies observed in the process of the evaluation of past events. the tested hypothesis three revealed that there is a significant relationship between community involvement and management of violence in recreational sports events in ado odo/ota local government area, ogun state. this finding support the view of arowolo (2014) who stated that sport events which admitted community member’s involvement from planning to the staging of the event recorded significant success and less or no violence, community members involves in sport through contributions, donation of funds, building of sporting facilities and support of the events with security personnel who have first grade knowledge of the community and its members. indonesian journal of sport management owoade, 2 (1), 2022, 38-44 43 conclusion based on the finding of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: there is significant relationship between sporting facilities and management of violence during recreational sports events in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state. the following recommendations were made, new facilities should be built and available facilities should be upgraded to standard while new and old facilities should be properly maintained periodically to provide for management of recreational sports violence in ado-odo/ota local government area, ogun state. references adesoye, a. a. (2012). perceived limitations of female students participation in sports in institutions of learning. a paper presented at waug. university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria, university press. fawz, n. m. (2013). cross-border students gender, religion, nationality and nature of university and satisfaction with facilities in universities in uganda. journal of east african researcher (ear) interdisciplinary, issn 1816-6822, 3(1) 1-17 fields, s. k., collins, c.l., & comstock, r.d. (2010). violence in youth sports: hazing, brawling and foul play. british journal of sports medicine, 44(1), 32-37. fried, g. (2005). managing sport facilities. campaign, il: human kinetics. hall, s. (2006). effective security management of university sport venues. the sport journal, 9(4), 1-10. hanafiah, m.h.m., harun m.f.m. & jamaluddin, m.r. (2010). bilateral trade and tourism demand. world applied sciences journal, (special issue of tourism & hospitality): 10(1) 110-114. ibraheem, t. o. & ojo, a. v. (2014). building green sport facilities. journal of current and contemporary issues in sport management 6(1): 56 – 67. ibraheem, t.o, olaoye, a.k, ojo, a.v & ibraheem, m.o. (2015) correlate pf venue security and sporting events at the kwara state stadium complex ilorin, nigeria. journal of peace security and development. 1 (4) 55-65. kyung, s. (2018). searching for 'community' and 'community involvement' in urban policy. international journal of urban sciences, 22(4), 473-485, https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2018.1455529(2018) nwaogu, f. (2020). officiating and security as indices for effective organisation of inter-faculty sports competition in university of port-harcourt, nigeria. european journal of education studies, 0. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.150 ogunleye, e. b. (2009). factors responsible for low participation in intra and extramural sports programmes of undergraduates of nigerian universities. international journal of applied psychology and human performance, 5(1)1020-1028 olaitan, o. l, bakinde, s. t & ibraheem, t. o (2012). recreational activities and body exercise. international journal in ayurved and phamarcy. 3(5) 690-695. ramón s, annelies k, ruth, j. (2020) “we want more diversity but…”: resisting diversity in recreational sports clubs, sport management review, 23(3), 363-373, issn 14413523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.007 sturts, j. r. & ross, c. m. (2013). collegiate intramural sports participation: identified social outcomes. international journal of sport management, recreation and tourism, 11(1) 25-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.007 indonesian journal of sport management owoade, 2 (1), 2022, 38-44 44 travis e. d, michael q. k, sarah t, keith v. i, ryan d & chalyce p. c (2019) parent education in youth sport: a community case study of parents, coaches, and administrators, journal of applied sport psychology, 31:4, 427-450, doi: 10.1080/10413200.2018.1510438 young, k. (2012). sport and violence. in j. coakley & e. dunning (eds.), handbook of sports studies 382407. thousand oaks, sport, violence and society. abingdon, uk: routledge. zamans, o. (2012). mapo sports preparation. tell magazine.45(1) 54-55 zou, x., kayani, s., wang, j., imran, m., zagalaz sánchez, m. l., amador jesús, l. s., & qurban, h. (2019). a study on the relationship between urban residents’ perception of recreational sports and their participation in recreational sports: based on gender differences. sustainability, 11(19), 5466. doi:10.3390/su11195466 https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1510438 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 82-89 82 the influence of self-talk on athletes’ performance in national youth games competitions daud rofiat olisola*1, jimoh r. olaitan2 1*department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria 2department of social sciences education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria article history: received: 27 may 2021 accepted: 25 september 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract the application of psychological principles of human performance to help people consistently perform in competitive games is an aspect of interest in sport psychology. self-talk is one of the cognitive factors believed to contribute to athletes’ performance which are lacking in majority of the athlete’s attitude based on some factors. this study was to assess athletes’ belief in self-talk relative to their performance in competitive games. the study was a survey conducted in north-central nigeria. participants (n=100) were sampled from contingents who represented twenty-two states that participated in the third edition of the national youth games (nyg) held in the university of ilorin, nigeria. to guide this study, three research questions were raised and one hypothesis was formulated. an instrument; belief in self -talk questionnaire (bsq), was used for data collection. descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyze the data collected. results of this study revealed that belief in use of self -talk during competition significantly improved performance of athletes. participants reported that positive thoughts make them relax enough to perform well on tasks. finding also showed that belief in negative thoughts mar performance of athletes. finally, investigation of this study revealed that use of self-talk by individual sport athletes and team sport athletes differ significantly; the former reported more frequent use of self-talk than the latter. keywords: belief in self-talk; performance; national youth games; athletes how to cite: olisola, d. r. & olaitan, j. r. (2021). the influence of self-talk on athletes’ performance in national youth games competitions. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 82-89. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1106 corresponding author: olisola. daud rofiat, department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria email: rofiatd@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management olisola & olaitan, 1 (2), 2021, 82-89 83 introduction previous studies have demonstrated that specific cognitive strategies influence the intensity and duration of someone’s performance (scott, scott, bedic, & dowd, 1999; tammen, 1996). one of the most commonly used strategies is self-talk (gould, finch, & jackson, 1993; madigan, frey, & matlock, 1992). self-talk includes the thoughts of athletes with themselves that are made silently or out loud, either during the execution of an activity, or a sport skill, either before or after its execution. this process of thoughts happens usually unconsciously and affects the feelings and, consequently, the acts of the athletes (zetou, e.; nikolaos, v. & evaggelos, b., 2014). anderson (1997) suggested that self-talk refers to what athletes say to themselves in an attempt to think both more appropriately about their performance and to direct their actions in such a way to reach the desired outcome. hardy, gammage, and hall, (2001) defines self-talking as the internal dialogue in which the individual interprets his lived perceptions, changes his evaluations and beliefs and gives himself instructions and reinforcements. also, hardy (2006), describes self-talk as: 1) expressions or statements that address ourselves, 2) being multidimensional from its nature, 3) having explanatory points that coincide with the content of the statements. landin and hebert (1999) suggested that athletes use self-talk in both practice and competition as the result of, or to bring about, a specific outcome. hardy, gammage et al. (2001) examined reasons why athletes talk to themselve s and identified two main functions of self-talk, instructional and motivational. instructional self-talk was further divided into: cognitive-specific self-talk that assists the athlete in learning and executing individual skills and cognitive-general self-talk that helps the athlete to focus on overall performance and carry out strategies. motivational self-talk was subdivided into three: motivational mastery, arousal and drive. motivational mastery self-talk is composed of four themes: mental readiness, focus, self-confidence and coping with difficulties, all required if athletes are to successfully master their circumstances (hardy et al., 2009). motivational arousal self-talk helps athletes in controlling their arousal-levels, psyching themselves up and for relaxation purposes. motivational drive self-talk is associated with maintaining or increasing drive and effort levels and keeping on track in achieving the desired goals (hardy, gammage et al., 2001). zinsser and his colleagues (2001) mention that positive self-talk is separated into two big categories, positive motivational self-talk and positive instructional self-talk. instructional self-talk refers to statements relevant to technical instructions, tactical choices and kinesthesis, while motivational self-talk refers to statements which are relevant to the increase of self-confidence, of effort and the creation of positive mood. the content of individual self-talk tends to be positive, negative, or neutral, although the specific type used may be task-specific (hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2004, moran, 1996). in descriptive research hardy, hall and hardy (2005) reported that content of athletes’ self-talk is generally positive, abbreviated, and expressed covertly. furthermore, hardy, hall and hardy (2005) found that male athletes used significantly more negative, less covert and more overt self-talk than female athlete counterparts. indonesian journal of sport management olisola & olaitan, 1 (2), 2021, 82-89 84 the popularity of self-talk would seem to support the belief that it is related to sport performance. it has been suggested that self-talk interventions are some of the most widely applied and effective strategies used by athletes (park, 2000; weinberg, grove, & jackson, 1992). according to lepadatu (2011), self-talk is an important tool for the learning process. hardy, jones, and gould (1996) also suggested that positive self-talk may enhance performance through increases in confidence and anxiety control. zinsser, bunker, and williams (1998) stated that self-talk influences performance in a number of ways including the acquisition of skills, the development of the self-regulation of habits and the self-confidence. self-talk strategies have been examined in a wide variety of sports and tasks including golf (harvey, van raalte, & brewer, 2002), ice hockey (rogerson & hrycaiko, 2002), cricket (holt, 2003; slogrove, potgieter, & foxcroft, 2003), swimming (wang, huddleston, & peng, 2003), soccer (papaioannou, ballon, theodorakis, & auwelle, 2004), tennis (mamassis & doganis, 2004), and water polo (hatzigeorgiadis, theodorakis, & zourbanos, 2004). some studies have reported that positive self-talk is associated with enhanced performance in a number of sports, including figure skating (ming & martin, 1996), golf (kirschenbaum, owens, & o’connor, 1998; thomas & fogarty, 1997), soc cer (papaioannou et al., 2004), and tennis (mamassis & doganis, 2004; mcpherson, 2000; defrancesco & burke, 1997). dagrou, gauvin, and halliwell (1992) reported that positive self-talk was associated with superior performance, as did schill, monroe, evans, and ramanaiah (1978). theodorakis, weinberg, natsis, douma, and kazakas (2000) examine the influence of instructional versus motivational self-talk on various motor skills. they found both self-talk strategies to be effective at improving performance. however, instructional self-talk was found to be more effective than motivational self-talk for fine motor skills, with both motivational and instructional self-talk being equally effective for motor skills requiring strength and endurance. cotterill, sanders and collins (2010) found that self-talk was the second of the cognitive techniques used by golf champions during pregame routines. in another perspective, van raalte, brewer, rivera, and petitpas (1994b), observed a series of games of young tennis athletes, found that the winners used less negative dialogue than those that lost out in the game. the purpose of this study is to examine the influence of positive and negative self-talk on performance of athletes who participated in the second edition of the national youth sports festival held in ilorin, kwara state, nigeria. specifically, the study was geared towards finding out: 1) whether belief in positive self-talk make athletes relax enough to perform a task well, 2) whether belief in negative self-talk mar athletes’ performance of a task, 3) whether individual sport athletes and team sport athletes differ significantly in their use of self-talk. method this study adopted a descriptive survey research design. the study was carried out in ilorin, kwara state, nigeria, the venue of the third edition of the national youth games. the population for the study comprised all the? athletes which made up the contingents from the? states that participated in the event. a proportionate sampling technique was adopted to select 100 athletes that participated in the indonesian journal of sport management olisola & olaitan, 1 (2), 2021, 82-89 85 study. the instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire, belief in self talk questionnaire (bsq), adopted from athletic insight™, which was developed by k. araki; j. k. mintah; m. g. mack; s. huddleston; l. larson; and k. jacobs (2006). the bsq is a self-report inventory with 8 items. four of the items asked respondents to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with statements regarding belief in positive self-talk to enhance performance and four items examined belief in negative self-talk to harm performance (see appendix a). participants rated the items on a scale with anchors of strongly disagreed (0) to strongly agreed (5). based on the recommendation of embree (1996), a single tot al belief score was calculated for each participant, with a possible range from 0 to 40. a total of 100 copies of the questionnaires were administered by the researchers to the respondents and all were retrieved. mean score was used to answer the research questions. a criterion mean of 2.5 (0 +1 +2 +3 +4+5= 15/6) was used to reach a decision. an item with mean score of 2.5 and above is accepted, while item with mean score below 2.5 was rejected. t-test was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. result and discussion the results of the data analysis in relation to the research questions and hypothesis are presented as follow: table 1. mean ranking of responses with respect to athletes’ belief in positive thoughts s/ n statement frequency n x decision sd (0) md (1) ds (2) as (3) ma (4) sa (5) 1 i believe that my positive thoughts really help me to concentrate on a task 2 2 2 4 13 77 100 4.55 accept 2 i believe that my positive thoughts can lead to a good performance 3 0 1 7 13 76 100 4.55 accept 3 i believe that my positive thoughts will relax me enough to perform well. 3 1 4 6 22 64 100 4.35 accept 4 my belief in my ability to do a task will help to improve my performance 4 2 3 11 16 64 100 4.25 accept weighted mean 4.43 as shown in table 1, the mean of each item responded to is above 2.5 and the weighted mean (4.43) is also above 2.5. this means that athletes’ responses indicated that belief in positive thoughts make them relax enough to perform better on a task. indonesian journal of sport management olisola & olaitan, 1 (2), 2021, 82-89 86 table 2. mean ranking of responses in respect with athletes’ belief in negative thoughts s/ n statement frequency n x decision sd (1) md (2) ds (3) as (4) ma (5) sa (6) 1. i believe that my negative thoughts can directly hurt my performance 3 3 6 18 12 58 100 4.07 accept 2. i believe that my negative thoughts can break my concentration 3 5 10 14 11 57 100 3.96 accept 3. i believe that my negative thoughts can increase my anxiety about performance. 7 9 7 23 23 31 100 3.39 accept 4. i believe that doubting my ability to do a task hurts my performance. 10 3 8 11 15 53 100 3.77 accept weighted mean 3.79 as shown in table 2, the mean of each item responded to is above 2.5 and the weighted mean (3.79) is also above 2.5. this is to say that athletes’ responses indicate that belief in negative thoughts hurt their performance on a task. table 3. t-test analysis of difference between male and female athletes’ belief in self-talk scores gender no mean std df cal.t sig.(2-tailed) decision male female 70 30 33.01 32.57 6.76 7.78 98 .29 0.31 h01 not rejected p > 0.05 from table 3, result showd that the t-value = 0.29 and the p-value= 0.31> 0.05 alpha level. therefore, the hypothesis is not rejected, which implies that there was not a statistically significant difference in the belief in self-talk scores for male and female athletes. discussion the study aimed to examine the influence of positive and negative self-talk on performance of athletes with emphasis on participants at the third edition of national youth games held in the university of ilorin, kwara state, nigeria. the first finding showed that athletes’ belief in positive self-talk make them relax enough to perform well on tasks (see table 1). this finding supports those of araki, mintah, mack, huddleston, larson, and jacobs (2006) who maintained that the type of self talk an individual engages in (positive or negative) was more important than his or her belief in self-talk. participants engaging in positive self-talk performed better on the balance task than those expressing negative/mixed self-talk, the researchers indonesian journal of sport management olisola & olaitan, 1 (2), 2021, 82-89 87 noted. hatzigeorgiadis, zourbanos and theodorakis (2007) have also charac terized self-talk as an effective cognitive strategy for increasing athlete’s performance. however, this finding contradicts those of van raalte, brewer, rivera, and petitpas (1994) who found and reported that in accord with self-report research, positive self-talk was not associated with better performance. this lack of a relationship between positive self-talk and performance may indicate that positive self-talk is ineffective, as observed by the researchers. the inconsistency between the finding of the present study and those of van raalte, brewer, rivera, and petitpas (1994) may relate to the type of the tasks and skill level of participants. chroni, perkos and theodorakis (2007), contended that task complexity significantly affects the efficacy of self-talk in skill acquisition and improved performance. the second finding of this study suggested that belief in negative thoughts hurt athletes’ performance on a task (see table 2). this finding was in accorded with the finding of van raalte et al. (1994) who found that negative self-talk was associated with worse performances among tennis players. contrarily, goodhart (1986) found that subjects who used negative self-talk were motivated to avoid a negative outcome and tried harder on an anagram task than subjects who were asked to use positive self-talk. horn and lox (1993) suggested that performers who receive criticism, which presumably includes negative self-talk, actually perceive themselves as more competent than performers who receive neutral responses to failure. lastly, the finding of this study suggested that belief in self-talk scores of male and female athletes are not significantly different (see table 3). hardy, hall and hardy (2004) reported that skilled athletes (male and female) believed that s elf-talk affected their performance. this report is a support for the present study in which the participants all reported to believe that what they said to themselves affected their performance in a way. bsq was not able to adequately differentiate betwee n those individuals strongly believing in self-talk and those who did not. one of the limitations of this study was relatively lack of information regarding the validity of the bsq. however, results did reveal a 25-point range out of 40 possible, adequate pilot test-retest reliability, and acceptable internal consistency. thus, while initial supportive evidence has been provided, it is recommended that future research continue to examine methods by which belief in self-talk is assessed. thus, it would appear that the broader classifications of positive and negative self-talk need to be delineated in future research. conclusion self-talk assist athletes in using appropriate keywords in order to control and organize their thoughts, to focus or get motivated for greater execution of an event or task especially during a competition. thus, scholars considered self-talk as be an indispensable part of psychological programs in practice and many coaches should integrate self-talk in their programs. more specifically, motivational self -talk can be used to propel athletes' performance. it can help novice athletes develop selfconfidence of executing a task during competitions. at the same time, motivational self-talk can help even the most advanced and experienced athletes in task execution indonesian journal of sport management olisola & olaitan, 1 (2), 2021, 82-89 88 and to increase the cognitive mechanisms and psychological skills such as selfconfidence, focus attention, automaticity, emotion and cognitive control and effort. this process of self–talk strategy is continuous, either at practice or at competitions. the results of this particular study come to the conclusion that the athletes that participated in the third edition of the national youth games believe and used motivational self-talk to improve their performance. in similar studies in the future, it would be interesting to investigate the degree to which male and female athletes differ in their belief in self-talk. it may be useful, also, to explore the relationship between both positive and negative internal self-talk and performance. it is recommended that athletes’ trainers, during practice, teach them to use instructional self-talk if the goal is to improve the teaching of skills, and to inculcate in them the essence of using motivational self-talk to stir self-confidence and boost their performance during competitions. acknowledgement this study was not receive any support. there is no conflict of interest in this study. references araki k.; mintah j. k. (2006). belief in self-talk and dynamic balance performance. online journal of sport psychology, 8, (4) chroni s.; perkos s.; & theodorakis y. j. (2007). sport psych. 66, 88-101. embree. r. a. (1996). personal beliefs scale redux: a model for hypothesis testing. psychological reports, 78, 195-203 goodhart, d. e. (1986). the effects of positive and negative thinking on performance in an achievement situation. journal of personality and social psychology, 51, 117-124. hardy, j., gammage, k., & hall, c. r. (2001). a descriptive study of athlete self-talk. the sport psychologist, 15, 306-318. hardy, j.; hall, c. r.; & hardy, l. (2004). a note on athletes’ use of self-talk. journal of applied sport psychology, 16, 251-257. hardy, j. (2006). speaking clearly: a critical review of the self-talk literature. psychology of sport and exercise, 7, 81-97. hardy, j. & craig, r. hall (2006). exploring coaches’ promotion of athlete self-talk. hellenic journal of psychology. 3, 150-163 hatzigeorgiadis, a., & biddle, s. j. h. (2000). negative self-talk during sport performance: relationships with pre-competition anxiety and goal-performance discrepancies. journal of sport behavior, 31 (3) judy, l. r.; britton, w. b.; patricia, m. r., & albert j. p (1994). the relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players' match performances, journal of sport & exercise psychology, 16,400-415 kaori a., joseph k., mintah m. g., huddleston s., larson l., & jacobs, k. (2006). belief in selftalk and dynamic balance performance. athletic insight. 8 (4) landin, d., & hebert, e. p. (1999). the influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. journal of applied sport psychology, 11, 263-282. indonesian journal of sport management olisola & olaitan, 1 (2), 2021, 82-89 89 linnér, l. (2010). the effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on self-efficacy and performance in golf players. (c-essay in sport psychology 61-90 ects credits). school of social and health sciences. halmstad university. van raalte, j. l., brewer, b. w., rivera, p. m., & petitpas, a. j. (1994). the relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players' match performances. journal of sport and exercise psychology, 16, 400-415. zetou, e.; nikolaos, v. & evaggelos, b. (2014). the effect of instructional self-talk on performance and learning the backstroke of young swimmers and on the perceived functions of it. journal of physical education and sport, 14(1), 27 – 35 doi:10.7752/jpes.2014.01005; zinsser, n., bunker, l., & williams, j. m. (2006). cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. in j. m. williams (ed.), applied sport psychology: personal growth to peak performance (5th ed., pp. 349-381). london: mcgraw-hill. copyright holder: ©(2021) daud rofiat olisola, jimoh r. olaitan first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 50-57 50 sports industry management in demak regency amad fa’is1*, tri nurharsono2, lulu april farida3, agus widodo suripto4 1*234department of physical education, health and recreation, faculty of sport sciences, universitas negeri semarang, indonesia article history: received: 2 april 2021 accepted: 24 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract the purpose of the research to know the description of management includes planning, organizing, driving, and supervision of sports industry management in demak regency. methods this research is a survey research using qualitative descriptive approach. the result of this research is 1) the planning process done by sports industry in demak regency has been run in accordance with the management function, 2) the management of sports industry in demak regency is still lacking, because the whole of sports industry does not have organizational structure so there are many double function to the owner and employees, 3) the management of sports industry in demak regency is quite good, because the communication between owner, manager and employee is good, employees al so execute manager's orders well in accordance with their duties, 4) sports industry supervision management in demak regency is good, because all owners always supervise their employees. keywords: survey; management; industry; sport how to cite: fa’is, a, nurharsono, t, farida, l. a, & suripto, a. w. (2021). sports industry management in demak regency. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.991 corresponding author: amad fa’is, department of physical education, health and recreation, faculty of sport sciences, universitas negeri semarang, central java, indonesia email: amadfais@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management amad fa’is, et al., 1(1), 2021, 50-57 51 introduction sport is an activity to train a person's body, not only physically but also spiritually, exercise is also very beneficial for the health of the body, by exercising the body's metabolism to be smooth so that the distribution and absorption of n utrients in the body becomes more effective and efficient. this makes people aware of the importance of health by exercising, people begin to flock to the sports they like both young people, parents, men and women, they are very excited to exercise in order to maintain their physical, spiritual and fitness health. busy urban life demands physical fitness in order to be able to do activities properly and to maintain health (setyawan, 2015). nowadays, the role of sport is increasingly important and strategic in the life of a global era that is full of change, competition and complexity (apriyanto, et. atl., 2015). despite the unique aspects of asian sports business, relatively few studies on sports economics and management have attempted to empirically study the industry in the region (lee and watanabe, 2019). sports management aspires to assert an ideal self-realization image with a certain physically active lifestyle (girginov, 2010). sport today penetrates into all spheres of life of people, forms relations with the state, creating a specific sphere for running a business. sport also represents one of the most important spheres of entrepreneurial activity that provides, on the one hand, the engagement of a large number of people in the branches of the sports industry, while on the other hand, these branches of entrepreneurship fill state and local budgets at the expense of taxes, which to some extent allows the state to solve various social problems. consequently, modern sports, and therefore the sports industry, are activities of public interest for each state. that is why the state should influence the creation of new conditions for the further development of sports (solncev, 2012; savić, et. al., 2017). the sport industry is a large and fast-growing industry. the u.s. market accounted for as much as $400-435 billion in 2012 (plunkett’s sport industry almanac; ko, 2013). the conventional definition of the sport industry includes “the products offered to its buyers are sport, fitness, recreation, or leisure-related and may be activities, goods, services, people, places, or ideas” (pitts & stotlar, 1996; ko, 2013). today, the sports market is extending its boundaries by encompassing the entertainment industry and becoming a global cultural phenomenon (gillentine, 2012; ko, 2013). in exercising, of course, requires facilities and infrastructure. the higher the public's interest in sports, the higher the demand for facilities and infrastructure to fulfill their needs in exercising. this is certainly not wasted by other people to take advantage of these opportunities in creating new jobs in the sports industry to meet consumer demand. national sports system (skn) 2005, it is explained that: the sports industry is a business activity in the field of sports in the form of goods and / or services (undang-undang sistem keolahragaan nasional). the sports industry in the field of goods is a physical product that is visible or tangible so that it can be given to the buyer, so that it can be transferred from the seller to the buyer. examples of the sports industry in the field of goods include the sale of martial arts uniforms, sports team uniforms (jersey) and sales of sports equipment. indonesian journal of sport management amad fa’is, et al., 1(1), 2021, 50-57 52 the sports industry in the service sector is any activity or service work that is offered from one party to another. examples of the sports industry in services such as futsal court rental services and fitness massage services (massage). the supporting factors for the advancement of the sports industry are created from the quality of human resources who have knowledge and experience in an area of ability that is mastered. aspects of the sports industry are supported by management from various fields and have a leader who is able to understand each area that he manages himself. one of the roles of the sports industry, among others, is to encourage rural areas to be more developed, by absorbing labor, increasing community income, and spreading the industry (prakoso, 2015). some of the many sports industries in the field of goods and services that are currently in the business of clothing convection, sales of sports equipment, rental of sports facilities and infrastructure and many more. in addition to supporting norms in society, sports clothing is also very important in adjusting clothing to the sports field. therefore, the sports industry in the manufacture of various types of sports clothing is growing very rapidly in all levels of society, such as the school environment, sportsmen, adults, and even children who are fond of sports have their own clothes in their activities. the important thing besides sports clothing is sports equipment to support activities. sports that develop in society have great potential in selling sports equipment that are tailored to the development of each separate sport to maximize these sports activities. people who are starting to become aware of the importance of sports in order to maintain physical and spiritual health as well as to maintain fitness have made them much involved in certain sports, this has also greatly influenced the development of the sports industry. in the relationship between each sport and the sports industry, it is very closely related, given the need for various facilities and infrastructure to maximize these activities. with a wide variety of models and designs that are desired to describe the characteristics of a particular sport, this will have a big impact on the development of the sports industry, especially in the goods and services industry, given the need for the identity of a sport that annually accepts new members. quality and quality that are not less competitive with other products will provide comfort in their use. in sports, of course, it requires a place or field to maximize s ports activities, but nowadays the difficulty of land for exercising has made rental services for sports venues and sports equipment more widespread in society, this has made the rental of sports facilities and infrastructure a promising industry. with the rental of facilities and infrastructure, people can channel their hobbies without thinking about finding a place to exercise, this makes the rental of facilities and infrastructure very vital in the community. a good sports industry will not develop without good management in it, because good management will contribute significantly to the development of the industry. the management division, such as the functions of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling each other, is related to supporting the development of a sports industry. the sports industry, both goods and services, is well known in indonesia. however, the management on average is still traditional and lacks attention, where the owner still holds quite a lot of roles. in the goods industry , usually the owner still has many roles, as a shopper, as a marketing, as a guard and indonesian journal of sport management amad fa’is, et al., 1(1), 2021, 50-57 53 many more. very few in the sports industry use modern management systems for a variety of reasons. likewise, in the service sector, it is not known whether the place management business management supports aspects, one of which is how to promote, organize management, how to serve customers, the feasibility level of facilities and infrastructure and whether or not consumers are satisfied with these service providers. based on the description above, that the sports industry greatly influences the development of sports in society, in reality the sports industry is underdeveloped to meet the needs of society. so, from the authors are interested in examining research related to the management of the sports industry in demak regency in order to mine knowledge about management patterns that can be applied to a sports facility and infrastructure packaged in an effort to improve the economy. method the method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. this research was conducted in the demak regency area. the location in the research of the sports industry management survey in demak regency. the place for the sports goods and services industry in demak regency. the research objectives are all elements under study. the target of this study is the manager as a structured interview respondent which includes: planning, organizing, directing and monitoring. in this case the variables used are planning, organizing, directing and monitoring. in the data collection method, the first step taken is to first adjust it to the purpose of the information required. then determine the focus of the problem to be reviewed in the research. after that, what is done is determining and scheduling interviews, observing the object of research, and taking the required documentation of information. types and sources of data used are interviews and documentation. to determine the validity (trustworthiness) of data, an inspection technique is needed. the implementation of the inspection technique is based on a number of certain criteria. there are four criteria used, namely the degree of trust (credibility), transferability (transferability), dependability (dependability), and certainty (confirmability). the initial conclusions put forward are still temporary, and will change if there is no strong supporting evidence found at the next data collection stage. but if the conclusions put forward at an early stage are supported by valid and consistent evidence when the researcher returns to the field to collect data, then the conclusions put forward are credible conclusions. so that the conclusion in this research is that it will be able to find out the extent of the management of the sports industry in demak regency to date, and then suggestions will be included if needed. result and discussion planning based on this research, it can be seen that the planning process carried out by all sports industries is good because it has clear objectives. strategic p lanning is a development process and a process to analyze the mission of the sport organization, the overall purposes, general strategies and allocations of its resources. this is the indonesian journal of sport management amad fa’is, et al., 1(1), 2021, 50-57 54 part of the strategic management and in its based it is long term defined, directed to problem solving. precisely said the definition that most clearly describes the strategic planning is the process of defining the most important purposes of the sport organization as well as the strategy that helps to activate all disposable resources toward performing purposes process (ilić, 2013). organizing the organization in all sports industries is good enough and is appropriate for its function, but all sports industries do not yet have a written organizational structure. identifying and grouping the work to be performed on individual projects is a very different proposition from doing so in permanent organizations. projects are temporary organizations, with several distinctive phases, often with quite different people contributing to each phase. this typically involves quite different approaches to effectively structuring the work for each phase, and organizing resources accordingly (stretton, 2015). in an overview of management organizing, it was recognized that most, if not all, permanent organizations undertake projects, but that there were two quite different types that do so, namely production-based organizations and projectbased ones. projects in the former may be undertaken in-house, or by an external project provider, or a mixture of both. those undertaken in-house are typically done using a matrix organizational format (stretton, 2015). directing the function of directing sports industry managers in demak regency is good, managers motivate and direct employees by using kinship so that employees are easy to accept, besides that managers also give bonuses if they meet targets and there is also an agenda for trips for employees. the need to face new challenges in a globalized world requires leaders to accept a complex role which involves combining continuity with innovation, based on a solid foundation of social values, ethical principles and the practice of integrating groups of professionals from different areas (javier, et. al., 2015). in comparison with typical traditional leadership, there have emerged new models of leadership much more dynamic and in step with reality. thus, we see other types of leadership, for example, the transformational model which demonstrates positive correlations not only among different individual variables in the leader (ethics, emotional management, knowledge -building, etc.), but also with results at the organizational level (better performance, higher team satisfaction) (javier, et. al., 2015). controlling managers always make observations and checks on employee performance as well as on facilities that need improvement, the intensity of supervision carried out by managers varies, from once every 3 days to every day. it is concluded that the supervision by the manager is quite good. specific for controlling in the sport management are the concern for the transparency of the analyzes, considerations and evaluations of the situations and the economic perspective on some problems, situations and initiatives from the sports organization. in addition, specific for indonesian journal of sport management amad fa’is, et al., 1(1), 2021, 50-57 55 controlling in sports management is the combination of management duties and even multidisciplinary tasks (guță, 2019). achieving the objective of implementing a complete and balanced concept of controlling within sports organizations, accepted on a sustainable basis at all levels and in all sectors and which brings added value usually lasts between one and three years, but this aspect is only considered as general standard, being relevant this time also the particularities of each individual situation. a successful implementation of controlling in sports management can only be achieved by a coalition between the promoters holding positions of power and the specialized ones, through their joint efforts being possible to overcome both the cognitive barriers, as well as those of will and competence (guță, 2019). sports marketing belongs to sports science and it explains the factors of the sports industry. according to milojević, sport is a domain of human activity in which marketing plays an important role, since many sports events are mass media events of the highest level (milojević, 2003; savić, et. al., 2017). the basis of each sports marketing attempt is reflected in the satisfaction of the buyer (the mark et) of sports products through loyal competition. people buy things for a variety of reasons, and marketing is the means to gain insight into the needs of the target group and to satisfy these needs with ready-made products. sports marketing, in the sphere of economy is connected to the manufacture of sports products and provision of services and their supply and demand. its significance and importance in the sports industry is invaluable. then rightly ask the question of what constitutes a sports product. odio (andrew, et. al., 2019), argues that time is an important factor that is often neglected in the development of theories related to sports management. time, for example, affects the seasons and production factors that accompany various sports as well as contexts such as gym attendance and recreational sports. certainly, sports products include results, final products, services and manifestations or sports events (tomić, 2001; savić, et. al., 2017). marketing has its place in all forms of planning. the final product in sport is the ultimately prepared athlete, the result and the win. this is the effect of a vigorous training process which often in practice contains elements of illegal activities, but also abuse. the emphasis is on the fact that positive and legal means are predominant, although in practice there are cases, especially when it comes to larger competitions that illegal substances are used and certain abuse in sport can be identified. athletes, quite often as a result of inexperience (nutritional information, side effects, dosing, means of use…), do not even know how to use certain illegal substances. the sports industry has found its roots in both one type of behavior and the other. conclusion based on the results of research on a survey on the management of the sports industry in demak regency, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the planning management of the sports industry in demak regency is sufficient in the provision of facilities and facilities and infrastructure. all industries have almost the same objectives, namely doing business and facilitating and advancing sports in demak regency. 2) the organizational management of the sports industry in demak regency is still lacking, because the entire sports industry does not yet have an indonesian journal of sport management amad fa’is, et al., 1(1), 2021, 50-57 56 organizational structure so that there are many dual functions for owners and employees. 3) the management of the sports industry in demak regency is sufficient because communication between owners, managers and employees has been going well, employees also carry out manager's orders properly according to their duties. 4) supervision management of the sports industry in demak regency is good, because all owners always supervise it every few times a day or every day to see the performance of employees and the feasibility of facilities and infrastructure. acknowledgement i would like to express my deepest gratitude to companies in the field of sports who have agreed to be willing to be the object of this research. references andrew, d. p. s., grady, j & kim, s. (2019). is there anything unique about sport management? an introduction to the jgsm special issue on “the uniqueness of the sport context”. journal of global sport management. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1641831 apriyanto, a. a., priyono, b., & supriyono. (2015). survei manajemen wahana outbound di pancasan dream land park kabupaten banyumas tahun 2013. journal of physical education, sport, health and recreations, 10(2), 680-685. https://doi.org/10.15294/active.v2i10.2025 guță, e. l. (2019). importance in the organization of controlling in sports. annals of the „constantin brâncuşi” university of târgu jiu, economy series, issue 6, 319-324 girginov, v. (2010). culture and the study of sport management. european sport management quarterly, 10(4), 397-417. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2010.502741 ilić, r. (2013). strategic planning at sports organizations. journal of process management – new technologies, international, 1(4), 113-121. javier, i. o., alfonso, c. r., & josé luis, c. m. (2015). sports management, leadership in the organization. journal of physical education and sports management, 2(2), 56-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jpesm.v2n2a5 ko, y. j. (2013). sport management and marketing: overview and recommendation for future research. international journal of sport science, 9(33), 205-207. doi:10.5232/ricyde2013.033 lee. h. l., & watanabe, n. (2019). sports economics and management of asian sports business. journal of global sport management, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1553023 prakoso, a. i. (2015). survei manajemen industri olaharaga arung jeram di rainbow rafting kabupaten pemalang tahun 2014. journal of physical education, sport, health and recreations, 12(4), 2214-2218. savić, z., ranđelović, n., stojanović, n., stanković, v, & šiljak, v. (2017). the sports industry and achieving top sports results. facta universitatis series: physical education and sport, 15(3), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.22190/fupes1703513s indonesian journal of sport management amad fa’is, et al., 1(1), 2021, 50-57 57 setyawan, b. y. p. (2015). survei manajemen sarana dan prasarana di stadion jatidiri kota semarang pada tahun 2013. journal of physical education, sport, health and recreations, 4(4), 1753-1758. https://doi.org/10.15294/active.v4i4.4858 stretton, a. (2015). management organizing function and activities. pm world journal (management organizing function and activities series on general management and pm), 4(10), 1-11 undang-undang republik indonesia nomor 3 tahun 2005 tentang sistem keolahragaan nasional. 23 september 2005. lembaran negara republik indonesia tahun 2005 nomor 89. jakarta undang-undang republik indonesia nomor 3 tahun 2005 tentang sistem keolahragaan nasional. 23 september 2005. tambahan lembaran negara republik indonesia nomor 4535. jakarta copyright holder: ©(2021) amad fa’is, tri nurharsono, lulu april farida, agus widodo suripto first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 41-49 41 dynamism of instructional aids on teaching physical education among secondary school in kogi state, nigeria ajadi memunat tunrayo1*, falaye elijah kayode2, adebayo babatunde samson3 1*23department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria article history: received: 9 march 2021 accepted: 25 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract this study examined dynamism of instructional aids on teaching of physical education among secondary school in kogi state, nigeria. descriptive research design of survey type was used. the population for this study consist all secondary school students within the study area. purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select 394 respondents. researcher– structured questionnaire was used for data collection. the instrument was validated by three lectures in the department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin and tested for reliability. a correlation coefficient of 0.85 was obtained. the administration of the instrument was done by the researchers. the data collected were analysed using pearson product moment correlation (ppmc) and percentage count. the results revealed that, there was a significant relationship between behavioural benefits and cognitive benefits of instructional aids on teaching of physical education among secondary schools. the study concluded that uses of instructional aids are significant to quality teaching of physical education in schools. the study recommends that effective uses of instructional aids plays a significant role in teaching and learning of physical education in schools which also enhance the behavioural and cognitive benefits of the students. keywords: dynamism; instructional aids; physical education; behavioural benefits; cognitive benefits how to cite: tunrayo, a. m, kayode, f. e, & samson, a. b. (2021). dynamism of instructional aids on teaching physical education among secondary school in kogi state, nigeria. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.931 corresponding author: ajadi memunat tunrayo, department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria email: sampayoo2014@gmail.com and mtajadi2014@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 42 introduction effective teaching beckons on teachers approach in terms of teaching methods and medium of impacting knowledge. current trend in teaching-learning process stressed the importance of the use of instructional materials which aid both the teacher and the learners in discharging their duties in and after classroom situation (akinbi, fatoki & lawal, 2019). instructional aid learning resources associated with objects, person or other aspects of the environment which can be used to impact or help in any learning activity. apart from the chalkboard and textbooks which are often available for teachers to use, instructional aid teaching materials that aid or are capable of complementing the teacher’s effort in teaching-learning process (onyilagba and nnajiofor, 2016). furthermore, the use of appropriate instructional materials in the classroom during the teaching-learning process will often make the learners to attain employable skill development through hands-on experiences especially in practical classes (perello-marin, ribes-giner & diaz, 2018). igiri and effiong (2015). submitted that the use of instructional aids significant impact on teaching and learning of students in the following ways; the use of teaching aids often makes learning real and permanent, it promotes retention and influences the academic achievement of students. the influence of instructional aids on teaching and learning of physical education in schools could be grouped into behavioural, cognitive and emotional benefits. similarly, onyilagba and nnajiofor (2016) stressed that instructional aids are diverse which include the printed and audio-visual materials, visual instructional aids for teaching of physical education are materials that are feasible, real, touchable and helpful to the teaching and learning of skills. these teaching aids include the following; the fluid, court, gymnasium, 3-dimensional camera, goal post, ball, racket, canvas, net, instructor. audio materials needed for the teaching and learning of physical and health education in schools could include recorded materials and live radio transmission on the other hand, audio-visual materials for teaching and learning physical and health education at primary and junior secondary schools include television, talking board, computer and projector. instructional aids could be tool locally made or imported that often use to facilitate learning (ajadi, adebayo & falaye, 2018). instructional aids also play an important role in teaching-learning process as they enhance the memory level of the learners. in the recent time, education has gone beyond oral ways of teaching and learning for successful pedagogy to take place, the teacher has to use instructional aids to make teaching and learning process interesting especially in practical classes. oyekan (2018) advances the fact that visual materials are effective in conveying ideas and content more easily than verbal descriptions for visual learners and are important learning enhancements in the classroom. according to oyekan, course content enriched with charts, diagrams, photographs, visual presentation, videos and maps is more easily absorted by pupils. however, as a means of facilitating teaching and learning visual materials are not just a means of transforming knowledge but the most important thing is the extension of both the teacher and chalkboard. instructional aids play a key role in successful teaching of physical education, it gives the students a new platform on which to focus their attention after indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 43 successive speaker and when done correctly can really capture and utilize this attention to motivate student’s behaviour. in like manner, teachers need interactive multimedia in their teaching situations o illuminate contents to aid student’s achievement of instructional objectives (ofuani, 2014). some of the reasons why instructional material should be employed in teaching and learning of physical education include: instructional aids assist teachers to transmit the knowledge in an impressive way giving diversity to classroom teaching and making learning more effective, interactive media also ensures that students acquire larger knowledge and ensures that the gained knowledge is relatively permanent, instructional resources make learning more meaningful and satisfying to learners; when interactive media are used in teaching and learning situations, it appeals to the learners sensory organs thereby motivating the learners. instructional materials helps the teachers in preparing and presenting the learning contents in a more organized and systematic way teaching aids also helps to adjust learning climate to promote acceptance of an idea by the students, it also provides for time control of display of most media in conformity with instruction design and in so doing, reduces redundant and repeated pieces of course c ontents and saves time meant for writing on the blackboard. (bhaliya, 2015). classroom interaction is also very important as these interactions are between teachers and students which may also include discussion, debates in practical class that play a role and collaborating in the learning process. abdulraheem (2014) stated that instructional aids often develop students’ idea through the creation of events and objectives which will improve the students continuity through effective use of instructional materials that will facilitates, stimulated and aids students to take active interest in the subject under study. it improves the emotional instruction of students by providing them with the required knowledge. it helps the students to understand the working model introduced by the teacher. the students captures the true picture of what is taught by the teacher in presenting subject content and motion pictures, instructional aids plays an efficient role by making sure that the students captures the main points or the subject matter (iyunade, 2014). the instructional aid serves as an instrument for impacting positively to the students to survive and choose their choice of career in tertiary institution. instructional aids also help students to attain to his high level effectively through the use of appropriate instructional objectives and other teaching resources students who manifest a lot of inconsistence in their behaviours are those who are not able to attain enough use in the aspect of their affective, cognitive and psychomotor domain (abdulraheem & oluwagbohunmi, 2015). the use of instructional aids usually took to the account the background of the students in the physical education classes of secondary schools level. however, effective instruction enables students to acquire specified skills, knowledge and attitudes. in order to ensure an effective teaching–learning process, it is important for the teachers to be thoroughly acquainted with the teaching aids and services available for the teachers to be thoroughly acquainted with the teaching aids and services available for him/her. teachers have a great impact on the effective application of teaching aids or instructional material; this is because the teachers need to understand the sequential presentation of the instructional gadgets so as to indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 44 suit the interest of the learners and its appropriateness with the instructional task (adeoluwa, 2018). the failure of educational system to provide adequate and appropriate teaching – learning aids in order to improve academic performance of students is of great concern to government, educational institutions and other concern citizens. it is in view of this that this study examined effectiveness of instructional aids on teaching of physical and education in schools in kogi state, nigeria. education process is changing on daily basis, it has moved away from the era of oral teaching to the use of instructional aids. technology provides various ways of designing the best instructional aids that suit the subject matter in order to facilitate teaching–learning process. physical education is a science subject that cannot be taught through oral means alone but with the use of concrete objects especially during the practical class, if proper acquisition and execution of skills are required. the researchers observed that most of the physical education teachers in the study area find it difficult to use modernized instructional aids to teach the subject and this often hindered the performance of secondary school students especially in both terminal exam and external exams like national examination council (neco). the evaluation of students’ performance in physical education is necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of the teacher as regard using instructional aids to teach or to impart knowledge. also, some of these teachers are also found of using primitive idea to teach due to the fact that they are not computer literate. hence, this study therefore examined the effectiveness of instructional aids on teaching of physical education among schools in kogi state, nigeria. method descriptive research design of survey typed was employed for this study. this research design was considered appropriate for the study because of the relative characteristics of the respondents with a view to determine the relationship between effective use of instructional aids and teaching and learning of physical education. the population for this study comprised all senior secondary school students (s.s iii) in 14 schools in okene local government area with approximately (8,698) students (kogi state teaching service commission, 2020). the sampling technique for this study consist of random, purposive and propionate sampling technique. purposively ss iii students were sampled and proportionate sampled was used to select 30% from each school sampled. in school a 107 that represent 30% were sampled, school b 73 respondents were sampled, school c 73 respondents were sampled, school d 104 respondents were sampled and in school e, 37 respondents were sampled. in all 394 respondents were sampled for this study. a researcher structured questionnaire titled “effectiveness of instructional aids on teaching and learning of physical education among secondary schools” (eiatlpess). the instrument was validated and tested for reliability using pearson product moment correlation (ppmc) correlation coefficient of 85 was obtained. the administration of the questionnaire was done by the researchers and two (2) trained research assistants. the data collected were analysis using descriptive statistics of percentage to answer the research question while inferential statistics indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 45 of pearson product moment correlation (ppmc) was used to test the postulated hypotheses set for the study at 0.05 alpha level. result and discussion research question one: will the behavioural benefits of instructional aids have influence teaching and learning of physical education among secondary school students in okene local government? table 1. response of instructional materials in teaching and learning of physical education s/n items sa a fr d sd ur rt 1. the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of physical education modifies students’ actions in the society 89 (22.6%) 189 (48%) 278 (70.6%) 46 (11.7%) 70 (17.7%) 116 (29.4%) 394 2. social interaction among students is encourages through the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of physical education. 110 (27.9%) 226 (57.4%) 336 (85.3%) 36 (9.1%) 22 (5.6%) 58 (14.7%) 394 3. bad attitudes among students are corrected through the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of physical education. 108 (27.4%) 198 (50.3%) 312 (79.2%) 29 (7.4%) 53 (13.4%) 82 (20.8%) 394 4. morals are inculcated into students when they pass through the teaching and learning of physical education. 87 (22.1%) 189 (48%) 276 (70.1%) 78 (19.8%) 40 (10.1%) 118 (29.9%) 394 the analysis of items one in table one reveals that 278 (70.6%) of the respondents agreed that use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of physical education modifies students’ actions in the society. also, 296 (75.1%) of the respondents agreed that social interaction among students is encourages through the use of instructional aids in teaching and learning of physical education. moreover, 306 (77.7%) of the respondents agreed that bad attitudes among students are corrected through the use of instructional maids in teaching and indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 46 learning of physical education. the table one also reveals that 276 (70.1%) of the respondents agreed that morals are inculcated into student when they pass through the teaching and learning of physical education. the analysis of overall results of the items presented in table one shows that 1156 (73.3%) of the respondents responded favourably that there is relationship between the behavioural benefits of instructional maids and teaching-learning of physical education among secondary school students in okene local government, while 420 (26.7%) of the respondents responded unfavourably that there is no relationship between the behavioural benefits of instructional maids and teaching-learning of physical education. table 2. respondents agreed that physical education students recall vividly lessons taught using instructional maids s/n items sa a fr d sd ur rt 1. physical education students recall vividly lessons taught using instructional materials. 98 (24.9%) 190 (48.2%) 288 (73.1%) 68 (17.3%) 38 (9.6%) 106 (26.9%) 394 2. physical education taught with the use of instructional materials promote mental alertness. 85 (21.6%) 204 (51.8%) 289 (73.4%) 74 (18.8%) 22 (7.8%) 58 (26.6%) 394 3. the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of physical education improve students’ performance in other subjects. 110 (27.9%) 226 (57.4%) 336 (85.3%) 36 (9.1%) 22 (5.6%) 58 (14.7%) 394 4. there is distortion of information since teaching and learning of physical education comes inform of play. 84 (21.3%) 288 (57.9%) 312 (79.2%) 29 (7.4%) 53 (13.4%) 82 (20.8%) 394 the analysis of items two in table two reveals that 288 (73.1%) of the respondents agreed that physical education students recall vividly lessons taught using instructional maids. also, 289 (73.4%) of the respondents agreed that physical education taught with the use of instructional maids promote mental alertness. furthermore, 336 (85.3%) of the respondents agreed that the use of instructional maids in teaching and learning of physical education improve students’ performance in other subjects. the table two also reveals that 312 (79.2%) of the respondents agreed that there is distortion of information since teaching and learning of physical education comes inform of play. the analysis of overall results of the items presented in table seven shows that 1225 (77.7%) of the respondents responded favourably that there is relationship between the cognitive benefits of indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 47 instructional aids and teaching-learning of physical education among secondary school students in okene local government, while 351 (22.3%) of the respondents responded unfavourably that there is relationship between the cognitive benefits of instructional materials and teaching-learning of physical education among secondary school students in okene local government, kogi state. table 3. correlation analysis of the behavioural benefits of instructional maids and teaching learning of physical education among secondary school students variables n mean sd df cal. r-value sig. decision behavioural benefits 394 19.32 12.447 392 ho rejected .346 .000 teaching and learning of physical education 394 15.32 20.188 table 3 revealed that the calculated r-value of 0346 and significant value of 0.000 computed at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated r-value is greater than the p-value, hence, the null hypothesis is hereby not accepted. this means that there was a significant relationship between the behavioural benefits of instructional maids and teaching-learning of physical education among secondary students in okene local government, kogi state. table 4. correlation analysis of the cognitive benefits of instructional maids and teaching -learning of physical education among secondary school students variables n mean sd df cal. r-value sig. decision cognitive benefits 394 12.13 4.335 ho rejected 392 .433 .000 teaching and learning of physical education 394 21.22 3.221 table 4 revealed that the calculated r-value of 0.443 and significant value of 0.000 computed at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated r-value is greater than the p-value, hence, the null hypothesis is hereby not accepted. this means that there was a significant relationship between the cognitive benefits of instructional maids and teaching-learning of physical education among secondary school students in okene local government, kogi state. the pearsons product moment coefficient result for hypothesis one as show n in table three necessitated for the rejection of null hypothesis. this means that there was a significant relationship between the behavioural benefits derived from the use of instructional aids and teaching-learning of physical education among secondary school students in okene local government. this finding is in line with the submission of abdulraheem (2014) stated that instructional material help students attain to his high level effective development through the use of appropriate instructional objectives and use of material. students who manifest a lot of inconsistencies in their behaviours are those who are not able to attain enough development in their aspect of the affective domain. oyekan (2018) also stated that instructional materials took into account the background of the student in the indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 48 physical and health education in the secondary schools. it adequately modifies students by proving instructional media together with sound institution management techniques. the pearson product moment coefficient result for hypothesis two as shown in table four necessitated for the rejection of null hypothesis. this means that there was a significant relationship between cognitive benefits derived from the use of instructional maids and teaching-learning of physical education among secondary school students in okene local government. this finding is in line with the submission of bhaliya (2015) that instructional aids stimulate students desire to learn. equally assist the student learning process by making assimilation and memorization materials easy and help to hold attention as well as longer retention of information. similarly, onyilagba and nnajkofor (2016) affirmed that it improve the emotional instruct of students by providing them with the required knowledge. improve students from understanding the working model introduced by the teacher. the student captures the true picture of what is taught by the teacher. in presenting subject content and motion pictures, instructional materials plays an efficient role by making sure students captures the main points or the subject matter. conclusion the use of instructional aids is significant to quality teaching and learning of physical education in schools. this implies that behavioural benefits and cognitive benefits are fundamental to effective teaching and learning of physical education in secondary schools. this study therefore recommends that government should assist in the provision of expensive instructional materials needed in schools to teach physical education. acknowledgement thank you to all those who have supported the completion of this research, especially to secondary school students. references abdulraheem, b.o (2014) improvision of instructional materials for teaching and learning in secondary schools as predict of high academic standard. nigeria journal of social studies, 17(1) 131-143. abdulraheem, b.o, & oluwagbohunmi m.f (2015) pre-service teachers’ problems of improvisation of instructional material in social studies in ekiti state. journal of education and practices 6, (3) 160-169. adeoluwa, o.v (2018) innovative classroom practice and sustainable development in education: the way forward, keynote address presented at the 8th annual nationa conference of the school education, adeyemi college of education, ondo state. ajadi, m.t, adebayo, b.s & falaye, e.k (2018) utilization of ict for effective teaching and learning of physical education in secondary schools in kwara state. ekiti state university journal of education 8 (2) 137-143. indonesian journal of sport management ajadi memunat tunrayo, et al., 1(1), 2021, 41-49 49 akinbi, y.a, fatoki, o, r & lawal, b.o (2019) utilization and significance of instructional materials for an effective teaching – learning process and sustainable development in basic education. nigerian journal of educational foundations. 18 (2), 15-23. bhaliya, r.s (2015) classroom interaction retrieved from www.slideshare.net on 12th may, 2018 igiri, c, e & effiong o, e (2015). impact of instructional materials in teaching and learning of biology in senior secondary schools in yakurr local government area. international journal of humanities and social sciences. 4, 62-72. iyunade, o.t (2014). availability and utilization of instructional material in selected andra gogical setting in ogun state, nigeria. international journal of humanities and social science 4 (4) 268-277. ofuani, f.n (2014) learning environment for literacy development. journal of reading association of nigeria (ran) 15 (2) 301-307. onyilagba, j.c & nnajiofor, f.n (2016) comparative study of the impact of instructional materials and technology on traditional and distance education systems. international journal for innovation education and research. 4(2) 71-78. oyekan, s.o (2018) implementation of innovative classroom practices for sustainable development in education. a lead paper presented at the 8th annual national conference of the school of education, adeyemi college education, ondo state. perello-marin, m.r, ribes-giner & diaz, o, p. (2018) enhancing education for sustainable development in environment university programme. copyright holder: ©(2021) ajadi memunat tunrayo, falaye elijah kayode, adebayo babatunde samson first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: http://www.slideshare.net/ indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 72-81 72 dissociative identity disorder scan in national wrestlers and comparison according to several variables ünsal tazegül department of physical education and sports teaching, iğdır university, school of physical education and sports, iğdır, turkey article history: received: 10 may 2021 accepted: 24 september 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract the purpose of this study was to scan dissociative identity disorders in wrestlers who represented their nations in international tournaments. dissociative experiences scaledes was used as a data collection tool. relational and causative comparison models in quantitative research methods were also used in our research. study group consisted of 14 male wrestlers competed in international tournaments. as sample number did not meet parametrical norms, non-parametric tests were taken place. descriptive statistics, mann-whitney u test, one-way variance analysis and spearmen correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. as a result of statistical analysis, dissociative scores of wrestlers in study group were determined to be above 30. when this result was evaluated according to dissociative experiences scale, it can be suggested that there might be dissociative disorders in wrestlers inside study group. consequently, as a result of statistical analysis, wrestlers were determined to have 30 and above dissociative scores. and when this is examined according to dissociative experience scale; it indicated that there is a dissociative disorder in wrestlers. keywords: dissociative identity disorder national, wrestler how to cite: tazegül,ü. (2021). dissociative identity disorder scan in national wrestlers and comparison according to several variables. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1065 corresponding author: ünsal tazegül, department of physical education and sports teaching, iğdır university, school of physical education and sports, iğdır, turkey email : unsaltazegul@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 73 introduction as a result of literature readings, it was seen that there were studies carried out related to dissociative identity disorders with different population groups. however, as a result of literature research in turkish and english languages, there were no any groups to be found related to athletes. as this situation was thought as a negative one, this study was carried out. on that sense, this study was thought to contribute on sports literature. electronic resources like elsevier-science direct database, press reader, proquest thesis database, proquest periodical publication database, google academics and dergi park were used in literature research. dissociation as a dictionary meaning, means ‘’separation and disintegration.’’ dissociaton is one of the mechanisms towards protecting self of a person. while process like memory, thought, identity and emotion were in harmony under normal circumstances, in dissociation these processes change or dissociate. even though dissociation seem as a function used in order to overcome a traumatic experience, this may become a pathological situation in time (arabacıoğlu, 2017). generally, dissociation had been described as having more than one personality in a body of a person. in most cultures, there is a ‘’possession’’ case like entering into someone else’s body or dominating him/her. one of the best examples for this, exorcism; which meant to exclude evil souls and demons out of somebody’s body in medieval period. possession was described as; a person loses suddenly his/her self and become someone else. in this case, that person exhibits the behaviors of their new self. similar situations can be seen in muslim cultures as well. in islamic culture, a devil impose himself on a person, and having someone do something and make people see devils and speak to them can be shown as an example to this (yargıç, 1995). the concept ‘’dissociation’’ was first proposed by moreau de tours in 1845 neurologist and psychologist pierre janet described dissociation as an escape process of someone from his/her control and perception. nemiah described dissociation as not remembering eagerly of cognitive functions like sudden feeling, emotion, fantasy or behavior as a whole or as groups and excluding them from the cognition (cited: kılıç, 2006). spiegel and cardena described dissociation as ‘’a structured disintegration of cognitive process like thought, emotion, memory, identity normalcies. braun (1988) described dissociation as ‘’the separation of idea and thought process from main stream’’, and golf (1992) described dissociation as discontinuity in the perception of environment and the self of a person, and hunter (1990) described it as coping method with a painful experience; a process where a person separates his/her several parts of his/her body, personality, feelings and where they see these apart from themselves (cited: kılıç, 2006). nemiah stated that there are two main principles characterizing dissociation. the first one is the differentiation in identity perception during dissociative reaction. being an amnesic to self-identity or impersonation can be shown as an example to this. second main principle is the changes in memory process related to the event during dissociation. this can be in severities like perceiving it like a dream experienced in a real amnesia (cited: kılıç, 2006). disocciation is a process which make noticeable changes in emotions and thoughts of a person. in many definitions of dissocations, it is observed whether indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 74 consciousness, identity feeling and behaviour of a person were separated enough or not (putnam, 1991). dissociative experiences start from simple inattentiveness, forgetting, dreaming and result with dissociative personality disorder respectively. while a constant transition was thought to happen between pathological cases seen in a normal dissociative living before, in our day it was thought that pathological dissociation was different from normal dissociative experiences. during a dissociative experience, a different knowledge in cognition, breaks its connection through a new knowledge where normally it should have a connection (şar, 1998a). changes depended on accessibleness of these knowledges with regard consciousness lead to a series of clinical symptoms which may include some identity and memory swings (şar, 1998; şar, 2000). contrary to what is believed; dissociative disorders may influence not only the memory but also the cognition and identity. main characteristic of dissociative personality disorder is to influences own self-perception. the main thing in dissociative personality disorder is to perceive one’s own behavior as someone else’s behavior rather than recollecting the main behavior (şar, 1998b; şar, 2010). dissociation is a spiritual defending way and a spiritual process including psycho-biological components. while it was used for only overcoming a traumatic experience in the beginning, it becomes a pathological process in time. in the occurence of trauma-caused psychopathologies as a result of breaking the continuity in the experiences, it is i mportant to use dissociation as a defending mechanism. also, in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative symptoms were thought to occur after the traumas. particularly, in the ethiology of chronical and complicated dissociative disorders, it is known that traumatic cases like emotional, sexual and physical abuse occupied an important place. if the trauma was in the level of influencing to be aware or a voluntary control, then dissociative experience or symptoms show up (semiz, 2000). dissociative symptoms were stated to be a strong indicator of anti-social behavior. in a study condected to male arrestees related to borderline personality disorder who had b group personality disorder, arrestees were stated to show a highly observable dissociative symptoms and these symptoms were thought to be related to personality structure (boysan, 2005). in a study of ross which he made on 1042 people, he determined minor dissociative experiences (reverie, reverie during listening to a conversation or while driving, and while watching t.v or reading a book) were quite widespread (ross, 1991). dsm-iv diagnosis criteria for dissociative personality disorder existence of two or more personalities or separate identities different from eachother. sometimes, at least two of these identities or personality, control over the behaviors of a person. not being able to recollect important personal informations that can’t be explained through an ordinary forgetfulness. this disorder is not based on the direct physiological effects of a substance (blackouts or chaotic behaviors seen during alcohol intoxication) or a medical case (complex partial seizures) note: symptoms in children can’t be applied to imaginary game friends or a different kind of game fantasy. imagination and fantasy capacity against a grim reality, imagination and fantasy capacity enabling to window to an alternative world were claimed to be developmentally associated with indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 75 dissociation from two aspects. the first of these, imaginary friends would turn into ‘’alter’’ personalities who had different functions in situations when developmental continuity stopped and trauma continued, and the claim of dissociative disorder might develop. there were a lot of case notifications that variou s alters in dissociative personality disordered patients stating that it first occured as an imaginary friend, but became a different state of internalized personality and recognising this claim. most part of the adult dissociative disordered patients stat ed that they had imaginary friends during their childhood (cited: kılıç, 2006). method participants study group consisted of 14 wrestlers competing in international competitions. two of wrestlers who voluntarily participated in study were world champion, one of them had 2nd – 3rd rank, one of them was a europe champion, four were 2 and 3rd in european championships, four were turkey champion and two were 2nd and 3rd in turkey championships. average age of wrestlers were determined as 21,500 ±4,146 sports ages were determined as 8,28±3,799. all athletes participated in the study voluntarily. data collection tool in study dissociative experiences scale was used as a data collection tool. scale is based on self-notification which used in deteremining dissociative identity disorder and other chronic complicated dissociative disorders. scale consisted of 28-item in total. general des score is obtained by addition of 28 questions and dividing it to 28 and it changes between 0 – 100. average scores obtained from the scale indicate the existence of dissociative disorder. this test is highly reliable and have internal consistency. turkish validity and reliability study of the scale were made by yargıç et al. in 1995 and it was found as reliable as the original one (cited: balıkcı, 2010; semiz, 2000). internal consistency (cronbach alfa=0,97 gutman half test r= 0,95) , of scale and test repetition test correlation (r=0.77) was found as high. (cited, aydemir and köroğlu, 2009). in our study, cronbach alpha was found as =0,96. many studies indicate that des score is able to sort dissociative personality disorder patients from other psychiatric disorder groups. the diagnosis that 17% of individuals who had more than thirty average score was indicated through a multicentric study. des average scores of most dpd patients were above 40. however, des scores were under 20 in approximately 15% of dpd patients (semiz, 2000). in des scores were found about 7 in normal individuals, and 5% of population had 30 scores or above which was a necessary score in order to be diagnosed with dissociative disorder (ross, 1991). data analysis spss 20 programme was used in statistical analysis of data obtained. descriptive statistics, mann-whitney u test, one way variance analysis and spearman correlation analysis were used in the analysis of data. indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 76 result and discussion table 1. scores of wrestlers received from de scale mean 1 23,93 2 48,21 3 18,93 4 17,14 5 30,36 6 53,93 7 64,29 8 38,93 9 21,43 10 64,64 11 64,64 12 67,5 13 21,07 14 37,5 table 2. mann-whitney u test n mean std. deviation . p did you ever do mental training? yes 11 43,1818 19,84357 ,217 no 3 32,5000 13,20173 did you imagine yourself as a champion in your daily life? yes 12 43,7500 18,80379 ,035 no 2 23,7500 7,62927 did you ever imagine that you were training in your mind or seen yourself as a champion during walking out of training times? yes 12 43,7500 18,80379 ,035 no 2 23,7500 7,62927 did you ever behave like an athlete you pattern on? yes 11 38,5714 17,37373 ,312 no 3 49,4048 23,60676 did you behave like athletes from your branch in order to be like them? yes 13 39,8901 19,30020 ,371 no 1 53,9286 0,00000 did you ever receive a psychological support to increase your performance? yes 10 43,5000 20 ,221 no 4 34,3750 8 as shown in table 1, the scores which wrestlers received from des were given in the table. as shown in table 2, as a result of statistical analysis, dissociation scores of athletes who receive a psychological support to increase performance, imagining that they were training in their mind or seen themselves as a champion during walking out of training times, imagining themselves as a champion in their daily life, and doing mental training were determined to be high. indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 77 table 3. descriptive statistics findings related to dissociation according to ranks variable wrestlers received n mean std. deviation world champion 2 45,7143 25,15598 world 2-3 1 64,2857 0,00000 europe champion 1 37,5000 0,00000 europe 2-3 4 22,5000 5,17197 turkey champion 4 57,8571 7,56893 turkey 2-3 2 28,9286 11,54701 as shown in table 3, as a result of descriptive statistics, dissociation score of wrestlers were defined as 40,8929. table 4. one way variance analysis sum of squares mean square f sig. between groups 6791,709 1358,342 10,352 ,000 within groups 2886,735 131,215 as shown in table 4, as a result of analysis, wrestlers who received 2nd and 3rd rank in world championship had 64,2857 dissociation score, turkey champions had 57,8571 dissociation score, world champions had 45,7143 dissociation score, europe champion wrestlers had 37,5000 dissociation score, 2nd and 3rd wrestlers in turkey championships had 28,9286 dissociation score, and wrestlers who received 2nd and 3rd ranks in european championship had 22,5000 dissociation scores. table 5. comparison of dissociation scores according to rank variables wrestlers achieved the best rank achieved mean difference (i-j) std. error sig. world champion avrupa 2-3 23,21429* 7,01468 ,033 world 2-3. turkey 2-3 35,35714* 9,92025 ,019 europe 2-3 41,78571* 9,05591 ,002 europe 2-3 world champion -23,21429* 7,01468 ,033 world 2-3 -41,78571* 9,05591 ,002 turkey champion -35,35714* 5,72746 ,000 turkey champion turkey 2-3 28,92857* 7,01468 ,005 europe 2-3 35,35714* 5,72746 ,000 indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 78 as shown in table 5, as a result of tukey test, there were statistically significant difference among wrestlers who achieved 2-3 rank in world and europe championships; among wrestlers who achieved 2-3th rank and again 2-3th rank in europe and turkey championships; among wrestlers who achieved 2-3th rank and world champions, and wrestler who achieved 2-3th rank in world championship and turkey champion wrestlers, and among wrestlers who were turkey champion and wrestlers who achieved 2-3th rank in europe and turkey championship. table 6. correlation analysis dissociatio n did you ever do mental training? correlation coefficient -,238 sig. ,223 did you imagine yourself as a champion in your daily life? correlation coefficient -,406* sig. ,032 did you ever imagine that you were training in your mind or seen yourself as a champion during walking out of training times? correlation coefficient -,406* sig. ,032 did you ever behave like an athlete you pattern on? correlation coefficient ,195 sig. ,321 did you behave like athletes from your branch in order to be like them? correlation coefficient ,172 sig. ,381 did you ever receive a psychological support to increase your performance? correlation coefficient -,236 sig. ,227 as shown in table 6, as a result of correlation analysis, there was a negative way relationship between imagining oneself in daily life and doing mental training while walking on the road or imagining oneself as a champion and dissociation were determined. in this study carried out with national wrestlers, their dissociative personality disorders were tried to determine. in addition, dissociative personality disorders of wrestlers were statistically examined according to several variables. as a result of statistical analysis; dissociative scores of wrestlers answering yes to ‘’did you ever do mental training’’ question were 43,181 and wrestlers who answered no had 32,500, and dissociation scores of wrestlers who answered ‘’did you imagine yourself as a champion in your daily life’’ question as yes, was 4 3,750 and wrestlers who answered no had 23,750, and dissociation scores of wrestlers who answered ‘’did you ever do mental training or imagine yourself as a champ while walking on the road’’ question was 43,750, and wrestlers who answered no had 23,750, a nd indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 79 dissociation scores of wrestlers who answered ‘’did you behave like an athlete you pattern on’’ question as yes was 38,571 and wrestlers who answered no had 49,404 scores and dissociation scores of wrestlers who answered ‘’ did you behave like athletes in order to be like them’’ question as yes was 39,890 and wrestlers who answered no had 53,928 scores, and dissociation scores of wrestlers who answered ‘’did you ever get psychological support to boost your performance’’ as yes was 43,500 and wrestlers who answered no had 34,375 scores. total dissociative experience scores of wrestlers were determined as 40,892. as it can be inferred from these statistical results; dissociative experience scores of wrestlers were above 30. average scores above 30 according to dissociative experiences scale are an indicator of dissociative disorder. this has shown that wrestlers had dissociative disorders. for this reason, wrestlers need to receive a support from a psychiatrist. as a result of analysis, wrestlers who received 2nd and 3rd rank in world championship had 64,285 dissociation score, turkey champions had 57,857 dissociation score, world champions had 45,714 dissociation score, europe champion wrestlers had 37,500 dissociation score, 2nd and 3rd wrestlers in turkey championships had 28,928 dissociation score, and wrestlers who received 2nd and 3rd ranks in european championship had 22,500 dissociation scores. as a result of correlation analysis, there was a negative way relationship between imagining oneself in daily life and doing mental trainin while walking on the road or imagining oneself as a champion and dissociation were determined. this result which appears to be negative, actually represented a positive situation. because while the questions were coded, yes option was coded with 1, no option was coded with 2 in the questions asked as ‘’did you ever imagine yourself as a champion in your daily life and did you do mental training while walking on the road or did you imagine yourself as a champion’’. according to correlation analysis as wrestler’ imaginations related to seeing themselves as a champion while they were walking on the road and their imagination related to being a champion status get increased, it can be suggested that there is an increase in their dissociative experiences as well. dissociative symptoms were stated to be a strong indicator of anti-social behaviour. in a study condected to male arrestees related to borderline personality disorder who had b group personality disorder, arrestees were s tated to show a highly observable dissociative symptoms and these symptoms were thought to be related to personality structure (boysan, 2005). cooper, noakes, dunne, lambert and rochford 14 in their study, streoid using athletes; found that borderline, antisocial, paranoid, schizotypal, histrionic, passive, aggressive and narcissistic personality scores were higher than non-users. hendawy and awad, 101 in their work with the national egyptian athletes, 16 athletes on the threshold level and 26 athletes under the threshold that they are obsessive; 6 athletes at the threshold level and 14 athletes under the threshold paranoid; 7 athletes were at the threshold and 17 athletes were under the threshold; 9 athletes at the threshold level and 16 athletes under the threshold borderline; personality disorder. indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 80 conclusion consequently, as a result of statistical analysis, wrestlers were determined to have 30 and above dissociative scores. and when this is examined according to dissociative experience scale; it indicated that there is a dissociative disorder in wrestlers. for this reason, wrestlers need to recieve a support from a psychiatrist. in addition, with more comprehensive studies to be carried out with different athletes from different branches there must be a dissociative identity disorder scan should be carried out. the causes of this occured in wrestlers should be examined more in details. also, in literature readings, it was understood that there was no any reserches could be seen related to dissociative disorders in athletes. from this aspect, this research was thought to contribute to sports science literature and may be considered and served as an example for further research. acknowledgement this study was not receive any support. there is no conflict of interest in this study. references aydemir, m & köroğlu, e. (2009). psikiyatride kullanılan klinik ölçekler, hby basım yayın, ankara. arabacıoğlu, t, (2017), vajinismus hastalarında çocukluk çağı travma yaşantılarının ve disosiyatif özelliklerin araştırılması, üsküdar üniversitesi sosyal bilimleri enstitüsü, uygulamalı psikoloji anabilim dalı yayınlanmış yüksek lisans tezi. balıkcı, a. (2010). antisosyal kişilik bozukluğunda kendine zarar verme davranışı, disosiyatif yaşantılar ve başa çıkma tutumları, yayınlanmış tıpta uzmanlık tezi, genelkurmay başkanlığı gülhane askeri tıp akademisi askeri tıp fakültesi ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları anabilim dalı başkanlığı, ankara. boysan, m. (2005). üniversite öğrencilerinde disosiyatif yaşantilar, travma ve ölüm anksiyetesi: yüzüncü yıl üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerine bir çalişma, yayinlanmiş yüksek lisans tezi, yüzüncü yıl üniversitesi sağlik bilimleri enstitüsü. cooper c.j., noakes t.d., dunne t., lambert m.i & rochford k. a. (1996). high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. british journal of sports medicine, 30, 246-250. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.30.3.246 hendawy h. m. f. m., awad, e. a. a. (2013). personality and personality disorders in athletes. clinical sports psychiatry: an international perspective (eds da baron, cl reardon and sh baron), john wiley & sons, oxford. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118404904.ch6 kılıç, f, (2006), dissosiyatif bozukluklu ergenlerde polisemptomatik klınik özellikler ve dissosiyasyonun i̇ntihar ve self mutilasyon oluşumundaki rolü, yayınlanmış uzmanlık tezi, gaziantep üniversitesi tıp fakültesi çocuk ruh saglıgı ve hastalıkları anabilim dalı. putnam, f.w, (1991), dissociative phenomena. annual review of psychiatry ,vol.10, (eds) tasman, a., goldfınger, s.m. washington dc, american psychiatric press, 145-159 ross, c.a .(1991). epidemiology of multiple personality disorder and dissociation. psychiatr. clin.north am., 14:503517, (140). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0193indonesian journal of sport management ünsal tazegül, 1(2), 2021, 72-81 81 953x(18)30286-7 şar, v. (1998a) disosiyatif bozukluklar konusuna genel bir bakış. ege psikiyatri sürekli yayınları.; 4: 543-552,. şar, v. (1998). “dissosiyatif kimlik bozukluğu: tanı ve nozolojik sorunlar”, klinik psikiyatri, 1: 13-21. şar, v. (2000) “çoğul kişilik kavramı ve dissosiyatif bozukluklar”, psikiyatri dünyası, 4, 711. şar, v. (1998b). dissosiyatif kimlik bozuklugu: tam ve nozolojik sorunlar. klinik psikiyatri; 1:13-21 şar, v. (2010). dsm-5 taslak tanı ölçütlerine genel bir bakış:”batı cephesinde yeni bir şey yok” mu? klinik psikiyatri dergisi, 13, 196-20. semiz, b. (2000). disosiyatif kimlik bozukluğu üzerine çok yönlü kesitsel bir çalışma, yayınlanmış uzmanlık tezi genelkurmay başkanlığı gülhane askeri tıp akademisi haydarpaşa eğitim hastanesi ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları servis şefliği. yargıç, l.i̇, (1995), çoğul kişilik bozukluğunun yapılandırılmış bir görüşme çizelgesi ve bir özbildirim ölçeği kullanılarak ayırıcı tanısının yapılması, yayınlanmış uzmanlık tezi, i̇stanbul üniversitesi i̇stanbul tıp fakültesi psikiyatri anabilim dalı. copyright holder: ©(2021) ünsal tazegül first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 11-19 11 relationship between leadership styles of sports administrators and orgranisational development in ilorin metropolis, nigeria issa yaqub ajeigbe1*, abdulraheem yunus owolabi2, semiu alasinrin3 1*3department of human kinetics and health education, faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria 2department of human kinetics and health education, university of ilorin, nigeria article history: received: 13 march 2021 accepted: 25 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract the research employs descriptive survey design of correlation type which is very important as the study tries to find out the relationship between leadership styles of sports administrators and organization performance in ilorin. populations for the study are 62 sports personnel in the sports council ilorin which comprised of director of sports, stadium manager, organizing secretaries and coaches of the existing 20 sports in the kwara state sports council. researcher questionnaire designed in a modified four points likert rating scale was used to collect data from the respondents which was validated by a professor of sports management and a season sports administrator, ministry of youth and sports, abuja and tested for reliability using split half method and cronbach alpha was used to determine the result with a coefficient of 0.80 obtained. inferential statistic of multiple regressions was used to test the null hypotheses formulated at 0.05 level of significance. the findings reveal that leadership styles of sports administrators have significant relationship with organization performance, each leadership style has significant contribution to organization performance and all the leadership styles significantly contributed to organization performance. among the recommendations suggested include: sports administrators must be able to employ variety of leadership style is the best among others. keywords: leadership style; sports administrator; organization performance how to cite: ajeigbe, i. y, owolabi, a. y. & alansinsin, s. (21). relationship between leadership styles of sports administrators and orgranisational development in ilorin metropolis. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.933 corresponding author: issa yaqub ajeigbe, department of human kinetics and health education, faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria email: issa.ajeigbe@kwasu.edu.ng indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 12 introduction one of the basic and most important needs in an organization is leadership which is often considered as the solution to most important needs in an organization experience (daft & marcic, 2006). kent and chell adurai (2001) avowed that leadership is an important determinant in the effective functioning of an organization. drucker (2003) affirms that the manner in which a leader interacts with subordinates in an organization determines how well they perform. among the human resources which occupy leadership positions in a sports organization are coaches and sport administrators such as director of sports, stadium manager and organization secretaries’ e.t.c. leadership has been defined as the process of an individual influencing the activities of an organized group towards goal achievement (northouse, 2010). leadership is also defined as the process goal of influencing the activities of organized group towards goal achievement. this individual would influence the activities of the sport department towards the goals of athletic success and economic viability all within the unique atmosphere in academia (dexter & davis, 2002). naidoo (2007) expressed that sport a dministrator in an organization is required to demonstrate effective leadership qualities to manage the subordinate in the sports department. dexter and davis (2002) suggest that, the sports administrator can influence the activities of the sports department towards the goals of athletic success and economic viability. the relevance of effective leadership is high for skill-related, excellent-related, sustenance-related and curative-related service organizations in sport and physical activity (chelladurai, 1999). the sports leaders are responsible for empowering subordinates to establish and achieve personal and organizational goals. therefore, the degree of their leadership skills will largely dictate their actions with subordinates (herrera & lim, 2003) citing (naidoo, coopoo & surujjlal, 2015). effective leadership is considered a significant determinant of managerial effectiveness in any organization context (doherty & danylchuk, 1996). there is no one leadership style that is the best for staff effectiveness and development of the organization, therefore, a leader must use as many leadership styles as possible to foster organization development. leadership style refers to a leader’s behavior. esere (2005) stated that a leader in an organization is an embodiment of a force that directs the entire organization towards the realization of the organizational goals. for instance, a sport administrator will ensure that staff work diligently to achieve the success in the organization, coaches would ensure that players come’s for regular trainings so as to acquire and perfect skills that will enhance their better performance. however, there are different types of leadership styles that can be used by sports administrators to ensure optimal performance of staff in an organization that will facilitate organization development. authoritarian leader: under this leadership style all decision-making power are centralized in the leader. such leader does not entertain any suggestion or initiative from subordinates (kurt, 2009). an autocratic leader is otherwise known as hard-boiled, dictator as well as a domineering leader who uses his/her power to enforce rigid discipline on the staff. ladani (2007) described authoritarian leader as a leader who strongly believes in strict compliance and obedience to command in the authority without considering the opinion of the staff under him. kurt (2009) indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 13 affirms that autocratic management have been successful as it provides strong motivation to the administrator. it also, permit quick decision-making as only one person decides for the whole group and keep each decision to themselves until they feel it is needed by the rest of the group. participative leader: is otherwise known as a consultative or democratic leader. the participative leadership style favours’ decision making by the group. such a leader gives instruction after consulting the group. kurt (2009) affirms that the decision of a participative leader is not unilateral as with the authoritarian leader because they arise from consultation with the group members and participation by them. a consultative leader encourages group participation in decision-making. he believes in people and communicates that belief (clark, 2009). lassez-faire leader: is described as the avoidance or absence of leadership (judge & piccolo, 2004). this type of leadership approach, the leader surrenders or disclaim responsibilities and refused making decisions (robbin, judge & sanghi, 2007; limsila & ogunlana, 2008). kurt (2009) described laissez-faire type of leadership as the type of leadership that is used to mi nimize the leaders’ involvement in decision making, and hence allowing people to make their own decision. this type of leadership style is otherwise known as free rein. a free rein leader does not lead but leaves the group entirely to itself. this leadersh ip approach is the most passive and ineffective form of leadership. transactional leader: this type of leader offers a cognitive framework which helps to explain the willingness of an administrator to embrace a methodology of working with subordinates in purely a contractual manner (case, 1998) as cited by (ajeigbe,2015). in this type of leadership style, leaders would set expectations, goals and provide recognition and rewards when a task is completed (goethals, sorenson & burns, 2004). transactional leader may be regarded as a reward-driven behavior wherein the subordinate behaves in such a manner as to elicit rewards or support from the leader (field & herold, 1997; hsu, bell & cheng, 2002). there is great emphasis on the exchange, conditions and rewards associated with the fulfillment of requirements as stipulated by the leader (bass & avolio, 1994). jung, wu and chow (2008) posit that the contractual is the motivating factor that drives individuals towards the achievement of task set out for them. for example, with regard to sport administrators this may mean offering incentives or rewards to get teams or individuals to qualify, to compete or to win in high level competitions. transformational leader: this leadership style involves a process of aligning subordinates’ commitment to the organization’s objectives and inspiri ng them to exceed their expected performance to achieve the organization’s goals (sivanathan & fekken, 2002; pihie, sadeghi & elias, 2011). burns (1978) and ingrid (2006) affirms that a transformational leader motivates his team to be effective and efficient. communication is the base for goal achievement focusing the group on the final desire outcome or goal attainment. this leader is highly visible and uses chain of command to get the job done. the leader is always looking for ideas that move the organization to reach their vision. in this type of leadership approach, employers’ or subordinates’ intrinsic motivation and personal development is emphasized. dexter and davis (2002) argue that transformational leadership is the key to the continued success of organizations, because it promotes team cohesion and organization commitment. armstrong (2001) laid out four main characteristics of indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 14 transformational leadership which include: ethical behavior, shared vision, shared goals and leadership by example. transformational leadership style is described as behavior that transcends the need for rewards and appeals to the higher -order needs of employees or subordinates, inspiring them to act in the best interest of the organization rather in their own self-interest (bass, 1998; northouse, 2010). according to pierce and newstrom (2008), transformational leaders use their personal values, vision, commitment to a mission, and passion to energize and move others towards accomplishment of organizational goals. organizational development is a technique used for bringing change in the entire aspect of the organization, rather than focusing attention on the individuals so that change is readily absorbed. according to french and bell (n.d.), organizational development is a long-range effort to improve an organization’s problem-solving and renewal processes particularly, through a more effective and collaborative management of organization culture with special emphasis on the culture of formal work teams with the assi stance of a change agent or catalyst and the use of the theory and technology of applied behavior science (m.embrary.net). researchers at the university of oxford found that the leaders can be effective change-agents within their own organizations if they strongly committed to “knowledge leadership’’ targeted towards organizational development. in their three-year study of uk healthcare organizations, the researchers identified three different mechanisms through which knowledge leaders actively “transposed”, “appropriated” or “contended” change concepts, effectively translating and embedding these in organization practice. the objective of organizations development is to improve the organizations capacity to handle its internal and external functioning and relationships. this includes improved interpersonal and group processes, more effective communication, and enhanced ability to cope with organization problems of all kinds. it also involves more effective decision processes, more appropriate leadership styles, improved skill in dealing with destructive conflict, as well as developing improved levels of trust and cooperation among organizational members. organizational development is aimed at organizational effectiveness. it therefore, has a number of outcomes. these can differ between organizations, but usually, they do include financial performance, customer satisfaction, organizational member engagement, and an increased capacity to adapt and renew the organization. method the research design adopted in this study was a descriptive survey design of correlation type. this design became necessary as the study tried to find out the relationship between leadership styles of sports administrators and organization development in the sports council ilorin. the target population for the study is the director of sports, stadium manager, organizing secretaries and coaches of existing twenty sports in the state sports council totaling 62. no sample is selected as the researcher made use of all the 62 personnel as respondents for the study. the researcher developed as structured questionnaire targed relationship between leadership styles of sports administrator and organization development (rblssaod) to elicit pertinent information from the respondents. a section in the questionnaire requested demographic information of the participants. two indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 15 research questions and hypotheses were generated for the study and the hypotheses were tested using linear regression to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in hypothesis one and to bring out the relative contribution each leadership style to organization development. all hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significant. result and discussion relationship between the predictor variables (authoritarian, participative, laissezfaire, transactional and transformational leadership styles) and the criterion variable (organization performance). there was significant and positive relationship between leadership styles of sports administrators and organization performance (autoritarian [r=.695, p<0.05], participative [r=.709, p<.05], laissez faire [r=.696, p<.05], transactional [r=.535, p<.05], transformational [r=.606, p<0.05]). table 1: table showing the relationship between leadership styles of sports administrators and organization performance variables perfor mance authorit arian participa tive laissez -faire transacti onal transform ation sig performance 1.000 .695 .709 .696 .535 .606 authoritarian .695 1.000 .719 .501 .726 .882 .000 participative .709 .719 1.000 .624 .892 .739 .000 laissez-faire .696 .501 .624 1.000 .539 .462 .000 transactional .535 .726 .892 .539 1.000 .870 .000 transformatio n .606 .882 .739 .462 .870 1.000 .000 mean 22.97 16.19 15.60 14.44 16.10 16.69 sd 3.98 2.974 2.62 2.88 2.60 2.47 table 2 shows the relative contribution of each leadership style of sports administrators to the prediction of organization performance. authoritarian (β=.041, p>.05), participative (β=.990, p<.05), laissez-faire (β=.377, p<.05), transactional (β=-1.192, p<.05) and transformational (β=.702, p<.05). this indicates that while participative, laissez-faire, transactional and transformational were significant in their relative contribution to the predictio n of organization performance, authoritarian leadership style was not. table2: the table showing the relative contribution of each leadership style of sports administrators to the prediction of organization performance. model unstandardized coefficient standardized coefficient t sig ranking b std.error β (constant) 1.530 1.890 .809 .422 authoritarian .055 .215 .041 .256 .799 participative 1.504 .263 .990 5.717 .000 laisser-fair .521 .112 .377 4.650 .000 transactional -1.825 .346 -1.192 5.270 .000 transformational 1.134 .356 .702 3.184 .002 indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 16 table 3: table showing the composite contribution of leadership styles of sports administrators to the prediction of organization performance df model sum of square mean square f sig 5 regression 755.148 151.030 39.747 .000 56 residual 212.787 3.800 61 total 967.935 r=.883 r2 =.780* adj. r2 =.761* it is shown in table 3 that the leadership styles were significant in their composite contributions to the prediction of organization performance (f (5,56) =39.747, r=.883, r2=.780, adj. r2=.761). about 78% of the variation in organization performance was accounted for by the predictor variables. the result of hypothesis one (ho1) shows a significant and positive relationship between leadership styles of sports administrator and organization performance corroborates with the submission of daft and marcic (2006) who affirms that leadership styles of administrators is one of basic and most important needs in an organization that can enhance better performance of subordinate. kent and chelladurai (2001) avowes that leadership is an important determinant in the effective functioning of an organization. naidoo (2007) express the view that sports administrator in an organization is required to demonstrate effective leadership qualities to manage the subordinates for better performance. the sports administrators are responsible for empowering subordinates in an organization to establish and achieve personal organization goals. therefore, the degree of their leadership skills will largely dictate their actions with subordinates (herrera & lim, 2003) citing (naidoo, coopo & surujlal, 2015). therefore, effectiveness in any organizational context (doherty & danylchuk, 1996). there is no one leadership style that is the best for staff effectiveness and development of the organization, therefore, a leader must use as many leadership styles as possible to foster organization development. drucker (2003) affirms that the manner in which a leader or administrator interacts with subordinates in an organization determines how well they perform. the result of hypothesis two (ho2) indicates that participative, laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership style were significant in their relative contribution to the prediction of organization performance while authoritarian leadership style was not. this finding corroborates the finding of murray (2002) when he stated that when participative leadership style is employed in an organization, the staff are always more committed to actions social commitment to one another in enhanced and commitment to put in their best fo r better performance is enhanced. also, when laizzez-faire approach is employed by administrator by encouraging the subordinate well they will initiate new things and they will be more creative in their thinking which may improve organization performance (kurt, 2009). in addition, transactional leader may be regarded as a reward-driven behavior where in the subordinate behaves in such a manner as to elicit rewards or support from the leader (field & herold, 1977, hsu, bell & cheng, 2002). jung, wu and chow (2008) posit that the contractual agreement in the motivating factor that drives individuals towards the achievement of task set out for them. for example, with regards to sport administrators this may mean offering incentives or rewards to get teams or individuals to qualify, to compete or to win in. indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 17 transformation leader is a leadership style that involves a process of aligning sub-ordinates commitment to the organization’s objectives and inspiring them to exceed their expected performance to achieve the organization’s goals (sivanathana & fiekken, 2002, pihie, sadeghi & elias, 2011). ingrid (2006) affirms that a transformational leader motivates subordinates to be effective and efficient o as to improve their performance in the organization. finally, the result of hypothesis three (ho3) equally reveals that the leadership styles were significant in their composite contributions to the prediction of organization performance. this implies that all the leadership styles addressed in this study contributes to organization performance. this finding is in-line with the submission of naidoo (2007) who expressed that the sport administrator in an organization is required to demonstrate effective leadership qualities to manage the subordinate in the organization. esere (2005) stated that a leader in an organization using different leadership approach towards the realization of organization goals. conclusion it was concluded that there was significant positive relationship between leadership styles of sports administrator and organization performance, it was also concluded that participative, laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership styles were significant in their authoritarian leadership style was not. it was also concluded that leadership styles were significant in their composite contribution to the prediction of organization performance. the following recommendations were suggested based on the findings of study. the sports administrator must employ variety of leadership styles to enhance subordinate performance in organization based on the belief that no single leadership style is the best. the sports administrator must be conversant with the use of participative, laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership styles on de aling with subordinates in the organization as they are found to be predictor of organization performance. sports administrator should employ the use incentives and rewards to encourage good performance of staff so as to enhance their further commitment to duty that will bring about achievement of organization goals. acknowledgement thanks to the sports director, stadium manager, organizing secretary and coaches who helped complete this research. references ajeigbe, y.i. (2015). coaches leadership styles as predictors of athletes performance in nigeria colleges of education games. america strategic leadership journal. 1(2) 1-21. arstrong, s. (2001). are you a transformational coach? journal of physical education, recreation and dance 72(3), 44-47 bass, b. & avolio, b. (1995). mlq multifactor leadership questionnaire. redwood city, c.a: mind garden. case, r. (1998). leadership member exchange theory and sport: possible applications. journal of sport behavior 21 (4) 387-392 indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 18 chelladurai, p. (1999). human resources management in sports and recreation ii. champaign illinois: human kinetics clark, d. (2005). concepts of leadership. http://www.nwlink.com retrieved from the internet 12th nmay, 2005. daft, r.l. & marcic, c. (2006). understanding management (5th ed.). mason. oh: thomson higher education. dexter, j. & davis, d.j. (2002). an analysis of perceived leadership styles and levels of satisfaction of selected junior college athletic directors and head coaches. the sport journal 23(2), 22-27. doherty, a.j. & darrylchuk, k.e. (1996). transformational and transactional leadership in intervarsity athletics management. journal of sport management, 10(3), 45-49 drucker, p.f. (2003). on the profession of management. boston: harvard business school press. esere, m.o. (2005). leadership styles of husbands in homes: implications for family stability. the nigerian journal of guidance and counseling. department of counselor education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, nigeria. fields, d. & herold, d. (1997). using the leadership practices inventory to measure transformational and transactional leadership hsu, c.h., bell, r.c. & cheng, k.k. (2002). transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness in recreational sport/fitness programs. the sport journal, (2), 1-7. ingrid, b. (2006). facilitating to lead. jossey-bass. judge, t.a. & piccolo, r.f. (2004). transformational transactional leadership: a metaanalytic test of their relative validity. journal of applied psychology, 89(5), 755-768. jung, d., wu, a. & chow, c.w (2008). towards understanding the direct and indirect effects of transformational leadership on firm innovation. the leadership quarterly, 19,582-594. kent, a.& chelladurai, p. (2001). perceived transformational leadership, organizational commitment and citizenship behavior: a case study in inter collegiate athletics. journal of sport management, 15, 135-159 kurt, l. (2009). leadership styles. www.legecee.com/leadership/leadership styles.html55k-cached-similar pages. retrieved 30th september, 2009. ladani, b.a. (2007). an introduction to sports management. kaduna: sunjo a.j. global links ltd. linsila, k.& ogunlana, s.o. (2008). performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and sub-ordinates commitment. engineering, construction and architectural management 15(2), 164-184. murray, j. (2002). understanding the many different types of leadership styles is necessary first step in leadership development. naidoo, p. (2007). an analysis of perceived leadership styles and levels of job satisfaction of sport administrators employed at tertiary institutions in south africa. unpublished doctoral thesis, durban: university of kwazulu-natal. naidoo, p., coopoo, y. & surujlal, j. (2015). perceived leadership styles of sports administrator and the relationship with organizational effectiveness. african journal http://www.nwlink.com/ http://www.legecee.com/leadership/leadership indonesian journal of sport management issa yaqub ajeigbe, et al., 1(1), 2021, 11-19 19 for physical, health education, recreation and dance, november (supplement 1), 167181. northhouse, p.g. (2010). leadership-theory and practice (5th ed.). thousand oaks, ca: sage. pihie, z.a.l., sadeghi, a. & elias, h. (2011). analysis of head of departments’ leadership style: implication for improving research university management practices, procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 29, 1081-1090. robbins, s.p., judge, t.a. & sanghi, s. (2007). organization behaviour (12th ed.). new delhi, india: pearson prentice hall. sivanathan, n. & fekken, g.c. (2002). emotional intelligence, moral reasoning and transformational leadership. leadership and organization development journal, 23(3/4), 198-204. copyright holder: ©(2021) issa yaqub ajeigbe, abdulraheem yunus owolabi, semiu alasinrin first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 128 learning management of student center based physical education in improving student character arnaz anggoro saputro a-d* stkip pgri jombang, physical education, indonesia abstract learning management is an important thing that needs attention. in this case, an understanding of the 2013 curriculum needs to be mastered by a teacher so that learning is effective. the lack of teacher facilities or media to add insight into this matter is the impact of inappropriate learning. based on this, it is necessary to know how to manage physical education learning at smp negeri 1 jombang. descriptive qualitative methods are used to find out findings in the field, and these analytical methods can present research results in more detail. two teachers who teach physical education were selected as research respondents based on the criteria of the subjects taught. data collection uses observation guide instruments, interviews, and documentation. through the research that has been done, it has been found that the management of physical education at smp negeri 1 jombang has been carried out well. however, there are several factors that need to be improved, namely regarding the preparation of teachers in completing learning equipment such as a syllabus before learning activities are carried out. the lesson plan is prepared so as not to create the impression that a sports and physical education teacher is carrying out his duties. their daily lives only carry out their obligations or fulfil the demands of their superiors, which in the end makes student learning outcomes less than optimal. keywords: management; learning; physical education corresponding author: *arnaz anggoro saputro, stkip pgri jombang, physical education, indonesia; email: arnazsaputro@gmail.com article history: received: march 5, 2023 accepted after revision: april 27, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: saputro, a. a. (2023). learning management of student center based physical education in improving student character. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4884 introduction law of the republic of indonesia number 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system in chapter ii, article 2, which contains: "national education plays a role in the development of skills and the formation of dignified national character and culture in the context of educating the nation's life, aims at developing the abilities of learners so that the creation of human beings who have faith and are devoted to god almighty, have noble character, are healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and as democratic and responsible citizens. the educational background is a reflection of the nation's personality, which shows the world around him, norms, culture, social life, and the behaviour of people close to him as a system of psychological symptoms (jalil, 2012). applicable laws are applied in accordance with the management of the first educational activity. through this, it can be interpreted as the legal basis used in secondary education policies, namely the 1945 constitution, article 31 of the constitution, law no. 20 of 2003, article 17 paragraphs 1–3, and law no. 20 of 2003, chapter iv, article 5 paragraph 1. a system for naming personality values consisting of elements of knowledge, awareness, or desire and treatment in the implementation of these values, both towards god almighty, oneself, others, the environment, and nationality, is called mailto:arnazsaputro@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4884 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ saputro, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 128-135. 129 character education. national character development can be carried out through changes in one's individual personality. however, the development of one's individual personality can only be carried out in the relevant social and cultural environment because humans live in a certain social and cultural environment (omeri, 2015). personality formation has three main functions. first, the function of forming and developing potential formation and educational development of students' personal abilities so that they have a good mindset, a good heart, and behave in accordance with the pancasila philosophy second, the functions of correction and confirmation character education has a strong and positive influence on the role of families, educational groups, communities, and the government in contributing to and being responsible for developing the capabilities of citizens and building the nation towards an advanced, independent, and prosperous nation. next is the filter, namely the third function, in which character education selects its own national culture and sorts the cultures of other nations according to the nation's cultural values and dignified national character zubaidi (santika, 2020). an educational innovation, namely character education, which is to deal with character problems in indonesia, and as a form of educational reform that needs to be carried out, especially in elementary schools, by involving all elements of the school in order to produce meaningful learning (mustoip et al., 2018). a number of junior high schoollevel education groups were found, totaling 50 educational units in jombang regency. the educational problems that are felt and those that occur in jombang regency are not much different; the educational problems are more or less the same as those that are felt nationally, including the subjects of physical education, sports, and health. through the initial observations made, it was clear that there was no exclusive socialisation among the participants, namely physical education teachers, regarding the 2013 curriculum. socialisation about the 2013 curriculum had been carried out, but the socialisation was less effective because there was no agenda for further discussion regarding the initial material that had been presented. so in the 2013 curriculum socialisation, each physical education teacher only received socialisation from the school delivered by the principal and vice principal in the curriculum field. where this affects the level of understanding of physical education teachers at jombang 1 public middle school, it is still lacking, and this can have an influence on the learning activities carried out. a process in which activities occur that make the learner go from those who don't know to know, from those who don't understand to understand, and from those who don't understand at all to understand is called learning (wulandari, 2022). as implementers of learning management in schools, teachers must be capable of planning, implementing, evaluating, making improvements, and enriching the learning process. the teacher competency factors in managing learning are: (1) making lesson plans; (2) conducting teaching and learning interactions; (3) assessing student learning; and (4) conducting follow-up assessments. (mawardi, 2019). based on the previous elaboration, it is understandable that the duties and responsibilities of a teacher are not easy, so we can understand together that in the field there are many school elements in which physical education sports and health teachers are not alert in managing their learning in the classroom, therefore there is various problems that must be found solutions or solutions so that the learning process gets the desired direction, the author tries to describe and discuss some of indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ saputro, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 128-135. 130 the problems faced by sports and health physical education teachers at smp negeri 1 jombang in improving student character, as for the elements that includes: readiness or learning plans, learning management, evaluation of learning that has been done, and follow-up of evaluation results. learning sports and physical education is not the same as learning other subjects. in physical education, sports, and health, extra strict class management and selective regulations are needed. because in physical education, learning, sports, and health, students are dominant in demonstrating their emotional characteristics from learning in a class. it can be seen that the difference is very prominent, namely in the learning part. sports and health physical education will get several fields at once that are effective, cognitive, and psychomotor; this is a special characteristic of learning in sports and health physical education subjects that other subjects do not have. then it was also found that problems occurred regarding the management of physical education learning in jombang 1 public middle school, namely that student and school achievements were at a low level, supporting facilities were incomplete, new student admissions systems were not optimal, there was a lack of funding, and there was a lack of collaboration with other schools. the problems that exist are so interesting to be discussed further, so the writer tries to find out how student-centred physical education learning management improves the character of jombang 1 public middle school students, which is run by physical education teachers. methodology a qualitative approach is used in this study, where the method is based on natural objects in order to obtain comprehensive and meaningful data, so qualitative research can be used as an appropriate method. (sugiyono, 2013). this study does not emphasise generalisation. where the research will be presented in the form of descriptive data because the research is done on natural objects. descriptive research was used in this study. according to lexy j. (2006), descriptive research is a type of research where the data is obtained in the form of a series of words. in this study, the results of the research will be presented in the form of an analysis of statements about the learning management of physical education teaching at smp negeri 1 jombang. the purposeful sampling technique is used as a sampling technique in the research conducted. where sambel is determined based on certain observations in accordance with the needs of research data, the survey used by researchers when determining research subjects is a teacher who has a background in physical education education, and the teacher teaches subjects at smp negeri 1 jombang to as many as 2 people. results a form of analysis that contrasts, classifies, directs, reduces or eliminates unnecessary information, then manages the data, which can then be taken as a final summary and verified, is referred to as data reduction. through the results of data reduction and research focus, data presentation can be grouped into four parts, namely: (1) learning design, (2) application of learning in the classroom or field, (3) evaluation work, and carrying out follow-up evaluation results. in planning, implementing, evaluating, and carrying out follow-up on the results of an assessment in a lesson, namely managing learning that needs to be carried out by individual indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ saputro, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 128-135. 131 teachers as a business, based on these four things, the first task for a teacher includes teaching physical education, sports, and health. the efforts that have been conveyed need to be carried out by a teacher uninterruptedly or continuously until the teacher really gets the learning strategy, so that the teacher can apply the programme according to the needs and diversity of students. an implementation of learning or when interpreting learning, a teacher must be able to carry out three processes of learning activities that adapt to important tasks that must be carried out by a teacher, namely: 1) arrange lesson preparations, 2) carry out learning, 3) carry out evaluations, and follow up on results evaluation. the following is a description of the discussion of the management of sports and health physical education learning carried out by sports and health physical education teachers at jombang 1 public middle school: 1. learning planning based on the previous discussion regarding the preparation for learning carried out by the physical education teacher who was carried out at smp negeri 1 jombang, based on the rule, the teacher had designed a lesson plan to adjust some of the teacher's obligations, even though on average the teacher only photocopied other people's designs or ones made by the mgmp, and some even didn't make it at all. the impact of copying or adapting without making adjustments to the needs, so that teachers do not have creativity and do not enrich their abilities when planning their lessons, even though this is so important and affects student learning outcomes, is that the lack of creativity will make learning feel the same or sluggish, which can result in children getting bored easily when learning is carried out, and then the desired results are also not optimal. the impact or other causes of photocopying learning plans designed by other people where the results of the photocopies without any selection are implemented in their schools, even though there are competency standards and basic competencies that are the same as those in the schools whose study plans are photocopied, will be striking because the learning designs used as learning references will conflict with the established curriculum. because the strengths and weaknesses between one school and another—both facilities, infrastructure, teacher potential, as well as student potential, and others—are not the same. on the other hand, the information conveyed regarding checking documents, such as in the submission of the previous data, illustrates that, in principle, the physical education, sports, and health teachers implemented at jombang 1 public middle school have completed several of their tasks, namely designing lesson plans, even though they are plagiarising, namely copying other people's designs. this shows that the sports and health physical education teacher at jombang 1 public middle school, when carrying out some of his duties, is carrying out learning plans with learning administration plans as a ceremonial course or undermining his obligations in carrying out some of the tasks that must be carried out by a teacher. 2. implementation of learning the psychomotor part is the most important element of implementing physical education, even though there are affective and cognitive elements. when learning physical education, teachers and health physical education teachers need to organise or study properly. starting from the beginning of the lesson to the end, there are indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ saputro, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 128-135. 132 warm-up times, from core hours to cooling. the process of learning sports and health education and training is also related to discipline, both administrative discipline or being obedient to time, so that physical and sports education teachers must be able to manage these disciplines to identify all their learning activities in the form of student learning. attendance list and curriculum. in addition, sports and health teachers must also know how to manage time as well as possible, not to waste too much time, because optimising time will affect learning outcomes. based on the data described above, the implementation of sports and health classes taught by teachers of sports and health physical education subjects at jombang 1 public middle school has been running well, but there are still teachers who do not carry out learning properly, such as without textbooks and doing learning as volunteers. which are not based on production materials. 3. evaluation implementation and follow-up evaluation the course of the learning assessment by the physical education teacher at jombang 1 public middle school went according to plan. the dominant teacher conducts an assessment whenever they have practised a basic skill, and then the teacher performs the assessment, regardless of how the assessment was carried out. process, there are those who assess the results, and there are those who judge well according to the basic skills acquired, depending on the basic competencies learned. in addition to a series of learning assessment activities, the first procedure that needs to be carried out by the teacher is compiling a grid, and after completing the learning assessment, the teacher needs to carry out an analysis of learning outcomes, implementing physical education teachers at jombang 1 public middle school in a series of learning assessment activities as explained in the explanation below. above, not all of them are networks in the implementation of learning assessment. as the main tool that must be owned by a teacher to translate the results achieved by students into their academic achievement, the teacher must have an accurate list of values associated with all concerned. similar to the presentation of the data above, all fitness, sports, and health education teachers who teach at smp negeri 1 jombang have a list of perfect score data. the teacher's task when carrying out a series of lessons is not only limited to conducting assessments but also monitoring the results achieved by students through learning assessments. as i described earlier, after the teacher has finished carrying out learning assessments, the teacher must monitor the results of the assessment. the evaluation monitoring programme is often underestimated by many teachers because they consider the programme a trivial matter. in fact, this service programme is so important compared to other programmes because it can be used by teachers to reflect on their own improvement or further learning. there are three learning assessment monitoring programmes that must be carried out by teachers, namely: calibrating, enriching, and accelerating the presentation of data on the implementation of monitoring and evaluation of physical education teacher learning outcomes at smp negeri 1 jombang showing that all physical education teachers at jombang 1 public middle school carry out the monitoring programme implementation of the results of the assessment in the form of remedial tutoring programmes and enrichment programmes. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ saputro, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 128-135. 133 discussion after discussing the information obtained in the implementation of the research, it can be seen that the implementation of the management of physical education learning at smp negeri 1 jombang can be seen as follows: through interview questions sent by researchers to two teachers, several conclusions can be drawn. first, regarding the design of lesson plans, according to anggriani & indihadi (2018), learning objectives in class can be achieved if the lesson plan is prepared by a teacher in a sane and directed manner, which can be used as well as possible as an educator's guide. after that, the lesson plan was prepared by the teacher, photocopied by someone else, or made by the mgmp, until someone didn't do it. in addition, the description of the data included in the literature review, as seen in the presentation of the information above, explains that, in principle, the physical and health education teachers who teach at smp negeri 1 jombang have carried out some of their functions. knowing how to compile a lesson plan, even if it's just tracing what other people have done, shows that the teacher of physical education, sports, and health at smp negeri 1 jombang carries out several of its functions, namely implementing the lesson plan by making learning management a mere formality or override. the obligation to carry out several tasks that must be carried out by the teacher. second, carry out learning, which, according to febrina (2018), involves the implementation of lesson plans that include preliminary, foundational, and closing activities. the implementation of fitness and health lessons taught by sports and health teachers at jombang 1 public middle school ran smoothly, as before starting lessons, the teacher was always happy to ask them to read the holy book and attend the interview results from question 5. all physical education teachers at jombang already middle school have learning procedures that will be implemented during learning, such as the illustration method, the tutoring method, the problem solving method, and the team game method (tgt), which is obtained through the results of the interview. question 6. third, in the implementation of learning evaluation, according to afryansih (2018), the main purpose of carrying out the assessment in the implementation of teaching and learning is to obtain accurate information about the extent to which student educational goals are achieved and from where tracking learning outcomes can be followed up and carried out. conclusion the learning assessment process carried out by physical education, sports, and health teachers at jombang 1 public middle school went according to plan. the sports and health instructors at smp negeri 1 jombang carry out an assessment every time they complete a basic skill, and then the teacher carries out an assessment. in addition to a series of learning assessment activities, the first step that must be taken by a teacher is to form a network, and after completing the assessment, the teacher is required to carry out an analysis of the results of the assessment. the presentation of performance monitoring data on the results of the performance assessment of physical education teachers at jombang 1 public middle school shows that all physical education teachers run compliance assessment programmes in the form of tutoring programmes and enrichment programmes. through the presentation of the results of the interviews above, it can be concluded indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ saputro, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 128-135. 134 that the management of physical education learning at smp negeri 1 jombang is running well, but in preparation for learning, carrying out learning, practise, currently evaluation and monitoring of evaluation results is not the best and needs improvement for teachers, namely completing learning material first, such as compiling programmes and lesson plans so as not to evoke feelings of physical education teachers, it is enough for health workers to carry out their daily duties, cancelling their obligations or simply responding to requests from superiors, in the end, student academic performance becomes less than optimal. conflict of interest author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references afryansih, n. (2018). hubungan motivasi belajar dengan hasil belajar siswa geografi sman 5 padang. jurnal spasial, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.22202/js.v3i1.1600 anggriani, w., & indihadi, d. (2018). analisis rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran dalam pembelajaran menulis narasi di sd. pedadidaktka:jurnal ilmiah pendidikan guru sekolah dasar, 5(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.17509/pedadidaktika.v5i1.7129 febrina, d. i. (2018). studi tentang pelaksanaan pembelajaran geografi berdasarkan standar proses di sma negeri 7 padang. jurnal buana, 2(1), 338–349. https://doi.org/10.24036/student.v2i1.81 gustiawati, r., fahrudin, f., & stafei, m. m. (2014). implementasi model-model pembelajaran penjas dalam meningkatkan kemampuan guru memilih dan mengembangkan strategi pembelajaran penjasorkes. majalah ilmiah solusi, 1(03). https://doi.org/10.35706/solusi.v1i03.55 jalil, a. (2012). karakter pendidikan untuk membentuk pendidikan karakter. jurnal pendidikan islam nadwa, 6(2), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.21580/nw.2012.6.2.586 kurdi, f. n. (2009). penerapan student centered learning dari teacher centered learning mata ajar ilmu kesehatan pada program studi penjaskes. in forum kependidikan (vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 108-113). lexy j, m. (2006). metodologi penelitian kualitatif. pt remaja rosdakarya. mahmud, a., supriyanto, e., & maryadi, m. a. (2013). pengelolaan pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani, olahraga dan kesehatan berbasis prestasi ekstrakurikuler di smk negeri 1 purworejo (doctoral dissertation, universitas muhammadiyah surakarta). mawardi, m. (2019). manajemen dalam pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani olahraga dan kesehatan sma negeri 3 pinrang. universitas negeri makassar. millah, d. (2015). audience centered pada metode presentasi sebagai aktualisasi pendekatan student centered learning. edukasia: jurnal penelitian pendidikan islam, 10(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/edukasia.v10i2.794 munawir, r. (2015). manajemen pembelajaran penjaskes pada sma negeri 3 https://doi.org/10.22202/js.v3i1.1600 https://doi.org/10.17509/pedadidaktika.v5i1.7129 https://doi.org/10.24036/student.v2i1.81 https://doi.org/10.35706/solusi.v1i03.55 https://doi.org/10.21580/nw.2012.6.2.586 http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/edukasia.v10i2.794 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ saputro, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 128-135. 135 bulukumba (doctoral dissertation, pascasarjana). mustoip, s., japar, m., & zulela. (2018). implementasi pendidikan karakter. cv. jakad publishing. omeri, n. (2015). pentingnya pendidikan karakter dalam dunia pendidikan. manajer pendidikan, 9(3), 464–468. https://doi.org/10.33369/mapen.v9i3.1145 rahayu, s. (2021). penilaian autentik pada mata kuliah metodologi penelitian pendidikan program studi pendidikan jasmani, kesehatan, dan rekreasi. indonesian journal of physical education and sport science, 1(1), 5266. https://doi.org/10.52188/ijpess.v1i1.136 santika, i. w. e. (2020). pendidikan karakter pada pembelajaran daring. indonesian values and character education journal, 3(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.23887/ivcej.v3i1.27830 sugiyono. (2013). metode penelitian bisnis. alfabeta. supriadi, a. (2012). efektivitas manajemen pembelajaran pendidikan calon guru penjasorkes di fakultas pendidikan olahraga dan kesehatan fpok universitas pendidikan indonesia upi bandung (doctoral dissertation, universitas pendidikan indonesia). taufik, m. s., iskandar, t., & sungkawa, m. g. g. (2021). manajemen penjas. penerbit adab. wijaya, n., hartati, h., & aryanti, s. (2021). pengembangan buku ajar administrasi dan manajemen pembelajaran penjaskes berbasis android. in prosiding seminar nasional pendidikan jasmani dan kesehatan (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 435443). http://ejournal.fkip.unsri.ac.id/index.php/semnaspenjas/article/view/414 wulandari, a., wibowo, d. e., & arifin, m. (2022). pergeseran pembelajaran berbasis student centered learning. pegas (jurnal pendidikan guru sekolah dasar), 1(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.56721/pegas.v1i1.78 https://doi.org/10.33369/mapen.v9i3.1145 https://doi.org/10.52188/ijpess.v1i1.136 https://doi.org/10.23887/ivcej.v3i1.27830 http://ejournal.fkip.unsri.ac.id/index.php/semnaspenjas/article/view/414 https://doi.org/10.56721/pegas.v1i1.78 159 indonesian journal of sport management original article effect of physical exercise on the motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: may 24, 2022 revision: september 7, 2022 accepted: october 4, 2022 published: october 24, 2022 adedayo adesokan1a-d* 1*department of special education, faculty of education, kwara state university malete, nigeria corresponding author: adedayo adesokan, department of special education, faculty of education, kwara state university malete, nigeria; e-mail: adedayo.adesokan@kwasu.edu.ng how to cite: adesokan, a. (2022). effect of physical exercise on the motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2490 abstract. decrease in physical activities among pupils with intellectual disability has been noted to affect motor skill acquisition, thus the need to carry out a study on possible ways to improve motor skill acquisition is necessary, this is the purpose of this study; which is to examine the effect of physical exercise on motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability. three research hypotheses were posed in this work. a 2x2 pre-post test control group quasi-experimental research design was used for this study. the population was all students with intellectual disability in kwara state as a sample of 40 children from schools located in ilorin west local government area of the state were selected through the use of simple random sampling technique. the instrument used for this study was a researcher’s designed rating scale. the rating scale had two section; section a contains the demographic information of the respondents such as gender, while section b contains 10 items which is a 3 likert scale, ranging from always, sometimes and never. the instrument was subjected to face and content validity by physical education teachers and experts in education. in order to determine the reliability of the instrument, the instrument was trial-test to 20 respondents who were not part of the sample size. data collected were analyzed using frequency count, and percentage for the demographic information, while analysis of covariance (ancova) was used for the research hypotheses. it is revealed that; physical exercise had significant effect on motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability, there was no significant effect of physical exercise on motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability based on gender and there was no significant interaction effect of physical exercise and gender on motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability. thus, it can be concluded based on the findings of the study that, physical activities enhance motor skills acquisition among intellectually disabled pupils. based on the findings, the study recommends among others that sensitization of teachers should be regularly done in order to inform them of the importance of physical activities on learners with intellectual disability. keywords: intellectual disability; physical exercise; motor skills copyright ©(2022) adedayo adesokan mailto:adedayo.adesokan@kwasu.edu.ng https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management adesokan, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 160 introduction intellectually disability individuals have with varying degrees of functioning, share common behavioural and psychomotor characteristics. a specially designed instructional approach and positive social attitude are necessary when dealing with this population. research reveals that many of these individuals have developmental delays in the acquisition of basic motor skills. when compared as a group to their non-handicapped peers, intellectually disabled display low physical fitness, which affect their learning. the major difficulty these individuals are faced with stems from language comprehension barriers and their failure to grasp instructions. in addition, some possess physical characteristics, which pose constraints in learning and performing of motor skills. the state of intellectual disability (id), also referred to mental retardation or developmental disability, has likely been in existence since the beginning of human life (carmeli, imam, bachar, merrick, 2012). however, the definition used to describe this state of the behavior and the human potential of this group of individuals is constantly changing and has changed over the years. advancement of research, practice and the emphasis on human rights contributed to a better understanding of human behavior. from the definition and interpretation of the term intellectual disability, one learns that the true potential of those with intellectual disability is untapped and maybe still unknown. many intellectually challenged students display a wide range of behavior and abilities, depending on the level of intellectual functioning (mental age), chronological age and experience. there is a paucity of literature focusing on the students in the psychomotor domain. children with intellectual disorders show a delay on motor development with important impairments in adaptive functioning and daily living skills limiting their autonomy and independence as well as their participation in social activities (ferreira-vasques & lamônica 2015). increasing research has targeted the gross motor proficiency in down syndrome (ds) people, a genetic syndrome characterized by intellectual disability (alesi, battaglia, roccella et al 2014). in contrast little research has been produced on the relationship between motor and intellectual proficiency in population with borderline intellectual functioning (bif). meegan, maraj and weeks 2006) opined that children with ds show a delayed motor development corresponding to an atypical cerebrum size and maturation disorders of central nervous system. motor deficits in down people population have been categorized by a rating scale and subdivided into: mild impairment characterized by motor patterns that are similar to those of children with typical development (td); moderate impairment characterized by the ability to initiate, adapt, and maintain movements with minor efficiency, high motion, wide base of support, limited balance and insufficient muscle tone; severe impairment characterized by difficulty in initiating, adapting and maintaining movements, reduced balance, scarce muscle tone, and limited voluntary control (palisano, walter, russell et al 2001) the milestones of motor development are not normally reached but show a gap increasing with the growth and the complexity of motor tasks. children with ds were found to achieve the fundamental motor skills of standing and walking between the ages of 18 months and 3 years old (14% by 18 months, 40% by 24 months, and 73% by 30 months) and the motor skills of running, walking up, and jumping between the ages of 3 and 6 years with improvement proportionally corresponding to the complexity of movement, the stability of support base, the rate of necessary motor control (palisano, walter, russell et al 2001). croce and horvat (2019) posited that motor skills are very important for the intellectually challenged and contribute to locomotion, daily living skills, play, leisure, recreation and vocational pursuits. motor and physical skills are also important for health and well-being. the need to identify and improve the physical activity patterns of individuals with intellectual disabilities. individuals with intellectual disabilities, who were not provided with indonesian journal of sport management adesokan, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 161 the opportunities to learn, exercise, and build work capacity, demonstrated lower levels of functioning (croce & horvat 2019). in addition to physical and health benefits, motor skills and motor activity also have social value. physical and motor activities provide opportunities for gaining movement confidence, developing self-image, and being able to take appropriate risks in life. alghadir, gabr and al-eisa (2016) noted that motor development and brain functions in healthy children and adolescents were shown to be correlated with active physical performance in healthy and id children or adolescents with lower or poor motor functions. this was significantly associated with a sedentary lifestyle or low physical activity (alghadir, gabr, anwer , al-eisa, 2016). it was reported that participation of individuals with id to programmed physical exercise interventions with varying intensities may have a positive impact results upon motor functions, id scores, and quality of their life (canivez & watkins, 2010). however, the physiological and biochemical effects of physical exercise on the status of intellectual abilities among young individuals still have to be fully elucidated. therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of 12-weeks of aerobic moderate exercise on motor functions and oxidative stress in school children with intellectual disability. in addition, we would like to see if there is any correlation between id scores, motor function performance. it is true that there is a dearth of significantly accumulated research on physical activity for persons with intellectual disabilities, in comparison to other groups of disabilities (rimmer 2014). in early childhood, physical activities serve as the platform for the development of motor skills essential for performance of activities of daily living, interaction and education achievement (desforges and abouchaar, 2003). motor skills development and learning in children increase rapidly within two to six years of age. zwolinska, podstawki and monosielska (2014) reveal that children developed fundamental motor skills at a differentiated manner and those with id may require early intervention programmes in which adults are involved. in their study, they assessed children with id of age 5-6 years attending therapy on development movement. results indicated significant influence on motor skills improvement in children who were accompanied by adult special educators and concluded that children with id can greatly improve in their motor skills abilities if given a chance to be a part of early intervention program. karpljuk, masleja and videmek (2012) involved individuals with intellectual disability in an eight-week martial art training programme. results of a t-test showed statistically significant differences between the initial and final measurements of seven subsets of motor abilities. the results did not have significant magnitude of mean difference between control and experimental groups. this was an indication that the children with id in the control and experimental groups received an equal guidance in organized programme of pa and the children had similar entry and exit behaviour. there was significant increase in motor ability performance after participating in the organized physical exercise programme both in the experimental and the control group. although mean differences were high among children with id in the experimental group than those in the control group, this did not significantly differ in children’s motor abilities. this was an indication that the groups of children with id were homogeneous and equally benefited from the organized physical exercise programme. however, cumulative mean scores were significantly higher among children with id in the experimental group than those in the control. this was associated to the experimental group participating in the organized physical activity programme with children. alghadir, gabr and al-eisa (2016) posited that there was no significant effect of treatment and gender on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability. in this study it was also revealed that, there was no significant effect of physical exercise on male and female motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability (alghadir, gabr and al-eisa 2016). indonesian journal of sport management adesokan, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 162 zwolinska, podstawki and monosielska (2014) also revealed that, motor skill are better acquired by male than their females counterparts. a social attitude of equality and acceptance plays a major role in the successful inclusion of pupils with intellectual disability in society. researchers agreed that the limitations mentioned above, affect the motivation of these individuals and lead to a lack of opportunity for regular participation in movement, physical activities and sports. this situation leads to low performance in the motor domain and in other areas as well. this article describes the effect of physical exercise on the motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability. statement of the problem over the years there has been decrease in students with intellectual disability activities in schools, most especially in the area of physical development. this prompted previous researchers in trying to solve the issue related to health education, gross motor skills, etc that promotes physical development for students with intellectual disability. it was reported that participation of individuals with intellectual disability to programmed physical exercise interventions with varying intensities may have a positive impact results upon motor functions, intellectual disability scores, and quality of their life’s. however, the physiological effects of physical exercise on the status of intellectual abilities among young individuals still have to be fully elucidated. therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability. also, there is limited number of empirical studies on physical exercise across the globe, leading to no empirical studies on the effect of physical exercise on motor skill acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability in the chosen location, based on literatures assessible to the researcher. although previous researchers have carried on the use of different other strategies to improve motor skills acquisition, yet the issue among intellectual disability pupils still persist. this creates a knowledge gap that this study intends to fill by examining the effect of physical exercise on motor skill acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. methodology a 2x2 pre-post test control group quasi-experimental research design was used for this study. the population was all students with intellectual disability in kwara state as a sample of 40 children from schools located in ilorin west local government area of the state were selected through the use of simple random sampling technique. the instrument used for this study was a researcher’s designed rating scale. the rating scale had two section; section a contains the demographic information of the respondents such as gender, while section b contains 10 items which is a 3 likert scale, ranging from always, sometimes and never. the instrument was subjected to face and content validity by physical education teachers and experts in education. in order to determine the reliability of the instrument, the instrument was trialtest to 20 respondents who were not part of the sample size. data collected were analyzed using frequency count, and percentage for the demographic information, while analysis of covariance (ancova) was used for the research hypotheses. result and discussion table 1 shows the effect of treatment on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in ilorin west local government area, kwara state there was significant main effect of treatment on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability (f (1;35) = 39.521, p < 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore rejected in the light of the result since the significant value indonesian journal of sport management adesokan, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 163 (.000) is less than 0.05. this implies that treatment had significant effect of treatment on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. table 1 also revealed the effect of treatment on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability based on gender in kwara state. there was no significant effect of treatment on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability based on gender in kwara state (f (1, 35) =1.355; p > 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value (.252) is greater than 0.05. this implies that gender had no significant effect on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in kwara state. table 1 also revealed the effect of treatment and gender on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in kwara state. there was no significant effect of treatment and gender on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in kwara state (f(1,35) = .467; p > 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value (.499) is greater than 0.05. this implies that treatment and gender on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in kwara state. table 1. summary of analysis of covariance (ancova) showing the main effect of there treatment on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in ilorin west local government area, kwara state source type iii sum of squares df mean square f sig. corrected model 7303.045a 4 1825.761 29.909 .000 intercept 4485.160 1 4485.160 73.474 .000 pretest 1.070 1 1.070 .018 .895 main effect treatment 2412.529 1 2412.529 39.521 .000 gender 82.696 1 82.696 1.355 .252 two way interaction treatment * gender 28.484 1 28.484 .467 .499 error 2136.555 35 61.044 total 175334.000 40 corrected total 9439/6000 39 a. r squared = .774 (adjusted r squared = .748) table 2 revealed that the significant main effect exposed by table 4 is as a result the significant difference between physical activity and conventional method. physical activity refers to experimental group, while conventional method is known as control group. this implies that those exposed to pause-prompt-praise approachphysical activity (mean = 74.601) performed significantly better than those exposed to conventional method (mean = 46.155). table 2. summary of bonferroni’s poc hoc pairwise comparison of the scores within the two groups treatment mean difference experimental control group physical activity 74.601 * conventional method 46.155 * the findings from the analysis table 6 indicated the calculated chi-square value of 211.032 and the table value of 16.92 with the degree of freedom of 3 at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this means that the appointment of board members have a significant influence on the management structure and performance of the players of kwara united football club. discussion of findings based on the findings of this study, it was revealed that treatment had effect on motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability, this implies that, pupils with intellectual indonesian journal of sport management adesokan, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 164 disability can develop and acquire motor skills through physical activity. this finding supports that of gaffar 2022, who revealed that there was significant effect of physical activities on pupils’ gross motor skill acquisition. this finding also is in tandem to zwolinska, podstawki and monosielska (2014) which revealed that children developed fundamental motor skills at a differentiated manner and those with id may require early intervention programmes in which adults are involved. results indicated significant influence on motor skills improvement in children who were accompanied by adult special educators and concluded that children with id can greatly improve in their motor skills abilities if given a chance to be a part of early intervention program (physical activities). this finding negates karpljuk, masleja and videmek (2012) which revealed that there was no significant difference between children with intellectual disability in the control and experimental groups who received an equal guidance in organized programme of physical activity and the children had similar entry and exit behaviour. secondly, the study revealed that there was no significant effect of treatment on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability based on gender in kwara state. this implies that, irrespective of male and female pupils with intellectual disability, physical activities enhances acquisition of motor skill. this finding supports alghadir, gabr and al-eisa (2016) which revealed that, there was no significant effect of physical exercise on male and female motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability. lastly, this study revealed that there was no significant effect of treatment and gender on motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability in kwara state. this implies that, physical exercise and the two different gender (male and female) had the same effect on motor skills acquisition among pupils with intellectual disability. this finding supports alghadir, gabr and al-eisa (2016) posited that there was no significant effect of physical exercise on male and female motor skills acquisition among intellectual disability. conclusion it can be concluded based on the findings of the study that, physical activities enhance motor skills acquisition among intellectually disabled pupils. based on the findings, the study recommends the following: 1) sensitization of teachers should be regularly done in order to inform them of the importance of physical activities on learners with intellectual disability, 2) school owners and administrators should consistently identify and provide suitable physical activities and sports that pupils with intellectual disability can participate in, 3) male and female children with intellectual disability should be encouraged to use physical activities to enhance motor skills acquisition. references abdullah b, jaafar wmw, ayub afm., (2012). the development of gross motor analysis system software: a preliminary concept. procediasocial and behavioral sciences.;64:501-6. alesi m, battaglia g, roccella m. (2014). improvement of gross motor and cognitive abilities by an exercise training program: three case reports. neuropsychiatr dis treat,14:479–85. alghadir ah, gabr sa, al-eisa es. (2016). effects of moderate aerobic exercise on cognitive abilities and redox state biomarkers in older adults. oxid med cell longev;2016:2545168 alghadir ah, gabr sa, anwer s, al-eisa e. (2016). fatigue and oxidative stress response to physical activity in type 2 diabetic patients. int j diabetes dev ctries;36:59-64 auxter d, pyfer j, huetting c. (2001). principles and methods of adapted physical education and recreation, 9th ed.. dubuque, ia: mcgraw hill, indonesian journal of sport management adesokan, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 165 bianca, a. b. (2013). extracurricular activities and development of social skills in children with intellectual and learning disabilities. journal of intellectual disability, 29(5), 152-171. bremer, e. & cairney, j. (2018). fundamental movement skills and health-related outcomes. a narrative review of longitudinal and intervention studies targeting typically developing children. american journal of lifestyle medicine. 12(2), 148-159. canivez g, watkins m. (2010) exploratory and higher-order factor analyses of the wechsler adult intelligence scale-fourth edition (wais-iv) adolescent subsample. school psychology quarterly;25(4):223-5. carmeli e, imam b, bachar a, merrick j. (2012). inflammation and oxidative stress as biomarkers of premature aging in persons with intellectual disability. res dev disabil.;33(2):369-75. 19. castello,k. & warne, j. (2020). a four -week fundamental motor skill intervention improves motor skills in eight to ten-year-old irish primary schools children. cogent social sciences, 6:1, 1724065. croce r & horvat m. (2019). effect of reinforcement-based exercise on fitness and work productivity in adults with mental retardation. adapt physical activity quarterly; 9:148-78. 3. drew cj, logan dr, hardman ml. mental retardation desforges, c. & abouchaar, a. (2003). the impact of parental involvement: parental support and family education on pupil achievement and adjustment. chicago, university of chicago press. epestein, j. (2005). national standards for parent/family involvement of the centre on school, family and community partnerships. chicago, johns hopkins university press. epstein, j., sanders, m., simon, k.,salines, c., johnson, n. & voorhis, f. (2002). school and community partnership: your handbook for action (2nd ed.). corwin thousand oaks, california. epstein, t. beniah s., o’here, a., goll j. c. & tucks, s. (2008). associated features of episodes syndrome and their relationship to parenting stress: journal of child care health and development, 34, 503-511. ferreira-vasques at, lamônica da. (2015). motor, linguistic, personal and social aspects of children with down syndrome. j appl oral sci,;23:424–30 haibach, p, reid, g. & collic, d. (2011). motor learning and development. champaign, il human kinetics. herbert, e. b. (2014). factors affecting parental decision –making regarding intervention for their child with autism. journal of focus on autism and other developmetal disabilities, 29(2), 111-124. jane w. mwangi, andanje mwisukha, peter w. bukhala. (2020). motor abilities of children with intellectual disability participating in organized physical activity programme in nairobi county, kenya, international journal of sports science, vol. 10 no. 3, pp. 62-67. doi: 10.5923/j.sports.20201003.02. karpljuk, d., masleja, s. & videmek, m. (2012). motor abilities, movement skills and their relationship before and after eight weeks of martial arts training in people with intellectual disability. journal of intellectual disability. 42(2), 15-26. lam h. (2011). assessment of preschoolers’ gross motor proficiency: revisiting bruininksoseretsky test of motor proficiency. early child development and care.;181(2):189-201. 7. indonesian journal of sport management adesokan, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 166 leeni, t. b. & karin, c. r. (2014). swedish parents activities together with their children and children’s health: a study of children aged 2-17 years. journal of public health, 42(15), 41-51. meegan s, maraj bkv, weeks d. (2006). gross motor skill acquisition in adolescents with down syndrome. down syndr res pract, 9:75–80 muhammad, n. m., tariq, m. k., ashiq, h. d., and ahmed, s. a. (2011). role of parents in training of children with intellectual disability. international journal of humanities and social science, 1 (9), 4-11. palisano rj, walter sd, russell dj, et al. gross motor function of children with down. syndrome: creation of motor growth curves. arch phys med rehabil 2001;82:494–500. rimmer j. (2014). fitness and rehabilitation programs for special populations. madison, wi: brown & benchmark, sandeep, k. j. (2017). role of parental involvement and some strategies that promote parental involvement. journal of international academic research for multidisciplinary, 2320-5083, 5(2). schaw, c. (2012). quasi experimental designs. chancery, breaknell publishers. tonkin, b. l., ogilvie, b. d., greenwoods. a., law, m. c. & anaby, d. r. (2014). the participation of children and youth with disabilities in activities outside of school: a scoping review. canadian journal of occupational therapy, 81(4), 220-236. zwolinska, d., podstawki, r. & monosielska, d. s. (2014). the importance of persons accompanying children with moderate intellectual disability in the therapy of veronica sharbone development movement. journal on advances in rehabilitation, 28(2), 33-40. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 128-137 128 influence of sports marketing strategies in the promotion of organization products and services in ilorin metropolis issa yaqub ajeigbe department of human kinetics and health education faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria article history: received: 28 august 2021 accepted: 1 october 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract sport marketing remain an important aspect of global sports innovation as it is relevant to the growth of business as well as its survival. it is further prescribed as a means by which company or an organization communicate their services in a sport-oriented context. sports marketing has been developed to promote sports events and teams as well as promotion of other products and services to consumers. descriptive survey design was used in this study. the population comprised the sport marketers and organizations that produce and sell sport products and services to consumers totaling 54 and no sample was selected as all the marketers and organization staff were used as sampled for the study. structured questionnaire designed in a four-point likert rating scale which was validated by experts in sports marketing and tested for reliability with coefficient result of 0.82 was used to elicit data from the respondents. two research questions and two research hypotheses were formulated for the study. the two research questions were analysed using frequency, percentage and means score while the hypotheses were tested using independent t-test at 0.05 level of significant and funding reveals that there was no significant difference in the sport marketer perception of the influence of sport marketing strategy on the promotion of organization products as well as to produce valued products based on gender. among the recommendations, suggested include: organization must strengthen btheir marketing strategies in order to promote their products among others keywords: sports marketing, strategies, promotion of organization, products and services how to cite: ajeigbe, i. y. (2021). influence of sports marketing strategies in the promotion of organization products and services in ilorin metropolis. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1311 corresponding author: department of human kinetics and health education faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria email: issa.ajeigbe@kwasu.edu.ng indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 129 introduction sport marketing is an important aspect of global sports innovation as it is relevant to the business growth as well as survival. sport marking is prescribed further as the chance for a company or an organization to communicate their service in a sportoriented context. it notes that sports marketing has been developed to both the promotion of sports events and teams as well as promotion of other products and services in relation to sports events. mason (1999) discussed the role of the sports products and services and customer – supporters from a business perspective, the goal is to provide business companies with strategies to promote the sports or products and services through sports events. thus, the primary sports products can be tangible as well as intangible in nature. sport marketing is a recent addition with the broad concept of marketing. it is history is not well documented. however, shilbury, westerbeek, and quick et. al (2009), gray and mc evoy (2005) and fullerton and merz (2008) attributes the genesis of the term sport marketing to a story in 1978 issue of the advertising ag e where sport marketing was characterized as the activities of consumer and industrial product marketers who are increasingly using sport as promotional vehicle. fullerton and merz (2008) note that despite it is acknowledged towards the economic success of sport and non-sport organizations, there is no consensus as to what exactly is meant by sport marketing. a review of sports marketing literature noted serious inconsistencies in the definition of the sport marketing. however, most of the definitions shows that there are two thrusts of sports marketing that is, marketing of sports and marketing through sports. marketing of sport involves the marketing of sport goods and services directly to sport customers, advertising sports teams and events, selling tickets and writing press releases etc. while marketing through sport involves using sports to market other consumer goods and services which may include such activities as naming right to venue, team or sport event sponsorship, product or brand endorsement by prominent sport people. marketing of sports includes marketing sporting events and equipment to fans and participants. this sort of marketing is intrinsic in the introduction of new sports such as action sports and innovative new sports products (fullerton & merz, 2008). marketing through sports is considered as communications media or sponsorship alternative for organizations that market consumers, and to a lesser extent enterprise product. while marketing of sports is an approach to marketing activities and processes of marketing, goods as well as services toward sports fans and spectators. marketing through sports means the promotion of non-sporting products and or services at sporting events and the use of players to support non sport products and or services (fullerton & merz, 2008; ratten & ratten, 2011; rundh & gott fridsson, 2015; shilbury, 2009). in general, sport marketing is characterized as a social and managerial process by which the sports managers look for obtaining what sporting companies requ ire and desire through creating and exchanging products and benefits with people and other companies (shilbury, 2009). fullerton and merz (2008) reveals that sports marketing strategy is the activity of planning and implementing processes for production, pricing, promotion and distribution of sport and products to satisfy the needs or desires of customers to achieve the organization’s result. for smith and indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 130 westerbeek (2003), sports marketing must have focused on marketing of sports products as a basis for creation of revenue for sports organizations. sports marketing consists of all activities designed to meet needs and wants of sports customers through exchange processes. evans, james and tomes (1996) describes sport marketing as the use of sports as a promotional vehicle for consumer and industrial goods and services and as the marketing of sports products, services, and events to consumers of sprorts. the marketing strategy is defined as the marketing logic by which a business hope to create value for customers (kotler & armstrong, 2010). the authors argue that this strategy include decisions about which customers to serve and how these customers will be served. hawkins and mother baugh (2010) explain that the basis of a sport marketing strategy is an understanding of those consumers that the business wishes to target. these authors elaborate that the sports consumers’ reaction to the sports marketing strategy determines the business success or failure. target marketing is done by identifying the total market, then dividing it into smaller segments, selecting the most promising segments and focusing on serving and satisfying the customers or consumers in those segments (kotler & armstrong, 2010). perreault et al. (2008) asserts that a marketing strategy should begin with anticipating potential consumers’ needs. the strategic marketing of sport products and services aims at finding a competitive edge on the market by identifying the different needs in the market and doing so better than others. (mcdaniel et al; 2008). hawkins and mothersbaugh (2010) emphasize that in order to survive in progressively competitive environment a business must provide its target consumers with more valued products than its competitors, while at the same time considering value for the consumer’s perspective. this means providing superior value products requires that the sport business should anticipate and react to consumer needs more effectively than its competitors, which is the essence of a good sport marketing strategy. at the most fundamental level, sports marketing plan or strategy embraces a general philosophy or a set of beliefs about marketing performance in an organization. it is not only sport marketers and marketing sector of sports entity that are responsible for marketing activities and processes. a marketing philosophy means putting the needs and wants of a customer – fan in the centre of decision making (silva mazzon, 2016). it is pertinent to include that the needs of the customer – fans must complement the objectives of the sports entities. marketing principles involves generating a winwin exchange process for both the sport club and customer – fans, but it realizes that no one will win if customer – fans expectation is not achieved (blumrodt, desbordes & bodin, 2013). sport marketing may be summarized as a philosophy based on some commercial strategies which involve sorne processes, a set of general rules and guidelines as well as a tools for managing customer relationship (mastermann, 2004; maltese &danglade, 2 014). fullerton and merz (2008) identify four domains that comprise the sports marketing environment as theme-based, product – based, alignment – based and sports-based strategies. theme-based strategies is defined as the use of traditional marketing strategies that incorporate a sport theme into the marketing programme for non-sport products. this may involve the use of a sports-related platform to indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 131 advertise, non-sports products (lysias, (2014) citing (fullerton & merz, 2008). the author further note that a key aspect of theme-based strategy is that the marketer efforts are not predicated upon an official relationship with any specific sports property in its effort to create the sports overlay for its marketing efforts. “products related strategies on the other hand, are these effort to market sports products using traditional marketing strategies when the marketer has no official relationship with the sports=]] entity being used in its marketing efforts (lysias, 2014). this may involved initiatives by marketers of sports equipment and attire who drop prices and provide incentives for the retailers. alignment-based strategies involves marketers of non-sports products who officially align themselves with sports properties via one or more of the four forms of sponsorship e.g. traditional sponsorships, venue naming rights, endorsements and licensing agreements. finally, lysias (2014) reveals that official sponsors of a sports property who are selling other sport products characterize the final domain i.e sports-based strategies. however, because of the role of sports in both the product and integration dimensions, this sports-based strategies may reflect the greatest reliance on sports-oriented initiatives. one of the best new marketing strategies to promotes sports products is to work with influential people that have large social followings. as influential people increasingly build their own media platform and reach, brands must consider how to best pair their product offerings with the influencers that can best promote them. as it turns out, not only is this more effective than most digital advertising, the campaigns go well beyond the promotion period because prospective customers are more likely to remember the campaign since it features someone they trust and respect. for example, research was conducted by forbes (2014) on “bmx “flatland” pro rider jorge “viki” gomez and a fellow rider created the “bmx plore tour” traveling around the world and performing acrobatics with their bikes for all to enjoy. he ensure that the tour extended through 2014 “the idea is to visit-place where bmx has never been seen before and to inspire people with new ways of expressing art and the use of bicycle, meanwhile promoting a young and healthy lifestyle. the sponsors receive brand visibility and awareness through social media, in a new and modern way for the growing market in sports, travel and fashion”. the impact is that not only will gomez be promoting the products he likes around the world, he will also cement them in the minds of his followers through social media. (mark, 2014). another one was conducted on jackie joyner-kersee, three-time olympic gold medalist and one of the all time greatest athletes in the women’s heptathlon and long jump, her concerned is about the consumpt ion of sugary drinks that lead to obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. kersee worked with a company emphasizing how cool it is to drink water. she focused on the positive aspect of why drinking water is so important. she utilized some of her athletic friend to post on social channel about why they drink water and share stories about how water has made a difference in their training “the impact is that imagine working with kersee to promote nearly anything related to sport she’d moved the awareness needle and the product with it. since we are interested in using the popularity of sport to create compelling attention to organization products and services, what we need to do is to create the indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 132 right product, making it a brand and promoting it with sport start with understanding the right sport marketing strategy to use. these right sport marketing strategies to use include; understanding of target audience which will give you clue on how to reach them, create a unique angle which is an excellent idea to position once brand from an unusual or unique perspective i.e. what one can do to make your brand stick in the minds of fans that come around to watch the games, lessons on sports marketing from google home which explain to the organization how in the world do the organization complete with a device like amazon echo, a device that made a name for itself globally. google home can do the selling of consumers on google better than amazon, create engaging content that suits your target audience by tailoring your message to suit audiences identify the best channel to reach the audience i.e social media marketing channels like twitter, instagram, and facebook are the likely options or content marketing platforms like youtube, blogs and press releases, build up partnershipsbrands are becoming ever data driven, hence the need for partnerships to scale up promotions and finally sponsorship which remains the top sport marketing strategy to generate quality brand (sport managenthub.com/2019). the following research hypotheses are generated for this study. ho1: there is no significant difference in the sport marketers’ perception of the influence of sports marketing strategy on the promotion of organization products based on gender . ho2: there is no significant difference in the sport marketers’ perception of the influence of sports marketing strategy on the organization to produce valued products method the study examined the influence of sports marketing strategies on the promotion of sport organization product and services in ilorin metropolis. the research design used was a descriptive survey design. this design became important as the study involves data collection, organized, analyzed and then described as they exist without interfering with them (aloysius 1998). the population for the study comprised the sport marketers and organizations that produce sport products in the metropolis, totaling 54 and no sample was selected as all the identified sports marketers and staff of organizations producing sports goods and services are used for the study. structured questionnaire designed in a four-point likert rating format was used to generate data from the respondents. the questionnaire was validated by experts in the field of sports management and the reliability of the instrument was established using split half method and results were correlated using cronbach alpha to determine the coefficient result and co-efficient result of 0.71 was obtained. the research questions were analysed using frequency counts percentage and mean score while the hypotheses were tested using independent t-test at 0.05 level of significance result and discussion table 1, shows the influence of sport marketing strategies on the promotion of organization products. the respondents strongly agreed with the following statements: product related strategies are those efforts to market sport products indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 133 (3.64), using influential people to market sport products will enhance promotion of organization product (3.56). similarly, the respondents strongly agreed with the following statements: consumers are more likely to remember the campaign since it features some influential people they trust and respect (3.31). the use of influencer as a sport marketing strategy will help to promote nearly anything related to sports and create awareness needle and the products with it (3.22). marketing strategies will enable the organization to survive in a progressively competitive environment (3.47). sport marketing strategies will enable the organization to understand the consumer and the business wishes to target thereby promoting their products (3.38). sports marketing plan must embrace a general philosophy that enhances organization performance (3.40). the weighted mean is 3.43 which is a numeric indicator that sports marketing strategies influence promotion of organization products. table 1. the influence of sport marketing strategies on the production of organization products. s/n statements sa a d sd mean 1 product related strategies are those efforts to market sport products. 41(74.5) 10(18.2) 2(3.6) 2(3.6) 3.64 2 using influential people to market sport products will enhance promotion of organization product. 32(58.2) 22(40.0) 1(1.8) 3.56 3 consumers are more likely to remember the campaign since it features some influential people they trust and respect 22(40.0) 29(52.7) 3(5.5) 1(1.8) 3.31 4 the use of influence as a sports marketing strategy will help to promote nearly anything related to sport and create awareness needle and the product with us. 21(38.2) 26(47.3) 7(12.7) 1(1.8) 3.22 5 marketing strategies will enable the organization to survive in a progressively competitive environment 29(52.7) 23(41.8) 3(5.5) 3.47 6 sports marketing strategies will enable the organization to understand the consumers and the business wishes to target thereby promoting their products 26(47.3) 24(43.6) 5(9.1) 3.38 7 sport marketing plan must embrace a general philosophy that enhances organization performance 25(45.5) 28(50.9) 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 3.40 indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 134 weighted mean 3.43 table 2. the influence of sports marketing strategies on the organization to produce valued products for the consumers. s/n statements sa a d sd mean 1 marketing strategy will help the organization to create value for consumers 28(50.9) 19(34.5) 8(14.5) 3.36 2 it is a technique by which business organization provide its target consumers with more valued products than its competitors 27(49.1) 20(36.4) 7(12.7) 1(1.8) 3.33 3 sponsorship which remains the top sports marketing strategy will help organization to generate quality brand 21(38.2) 24(43.6) 8(14.5) 2(3.6) 3.16 4 understanding of target audience will give clue to organization to reach the consumers with valued products 24(43.6) 18(32.7) 11(20.0) 2(3.6) 3.16 5 the use of influential people to market sport products will enable consumers to suggest new ideals on how to improve products because of the trust and respect they have for the consumers 22(40.0) 27(49.1) 5(9.1) 1(1.8) 3.36 6 the consumers’ reaction to sports marketing strategy determines the organization success or failure 21(38.2) 23(41.8) 10(18.2) 1(1.8) 3.16 7 providing supervisor value products requires that the sport organization should anticipate and react to consumers’ need more effectively. 25(45.5) 24(43.6) 5(9.1) 1(1.8) 3.33 weighted mean 3.27 table 2, shows the influence of sport marketing strategies on the organization to produce valued products for the consumers. the respondents strongly agreed with the following statements: marketing strategy will help the organization to create value for consumers (3.36), it is a technique by which business organization provide the target consumers with more valued products than its competitors (3.33), sponsorship which remains the top sports marketing strategy will help organization to generate quality brand (3.16). understanding of target audience will give clue to the organization to reach consumers with valued products (3.16). the use of influential people to market sport products will enable consumers to suggest new ideas on how to improve products because of the trust and respect they have for the consumer (3.36). the consumers reaction to sports marketing strategy indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 135 determine the organization success or failure (3.16). providing superior valued products requires that the sports organization should anticipate and react to consumers needs more effectively (3.33). the weighted means is 3.27 which is a numeric indicator that sports marketing strategies influence organization to produces valued products for the consumers table 3. the difference in the sport marketer perception of the influence sports marketing strategy on the promotion of organization product based on gender variable no means std t df sig remark male 29 46.72 4.11 -284 53 .816 not significant female 26 47.00 4.63 table 3 shows the difference in the sport marketers’ perception of the influence of sports marketing strategy on the promotion of organization products based on gender (t = 284; df = 53, p> 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value is greater than 0.05. table 4. the difference in the sport marketers’ perception of the influence of sports marketing strategy on the organization to produce valued products based on gender variable no means std t df sig remark male 29 43.52 4.00 -296 53 .724 not significant female 26 46.28 4.36 table 4 show the difference in the sport marketers’ perception of the influence of sports marketing strategy on the organization to produce valued products based on gender (t = -296; df = 53, p > 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value is greater than 0.05. discussion of finding the result of (h01) which reveals that there was no significant difference in the sports marketers’ perception of the influence of sport marketing strategy on the promotion of organization products based on gender is line with the submission of gray and mcevoy (2005) and fullerton and merz (2008) who both attributed the genesis of the term sports marketing to a story of 1978 issue of the advertising age where sports marketing was characterized as the activities of consumer and industrial product marketers who are increasingly using sports as promotional vehicle. in addition, fullerton and merz (2008) reveals that sports marketing strategy is the activity of planning and implementing processes for production, pricing, promotion and distribution of sport products to satisfy the needs or desires of customers to achieve the organization’s results. in addition, the result of hypothesis two (h02) also reveals that there was no significant difference in the sport marketers’ perception of the influence of sports marketing strategy on the organization to produce valued products based on gen der is in line with the submission of kotler and armstrong (2010) when they described marketing strategy as the marketing logic by which a business hopes to create value for customers. in addition, hawkins and morthersbaugh (2010) emphasise that in order to survive in a progressively competitive environment, a business must provide its target consumers with more valued products than its competitors, while indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 136 at the same time considering value for the consumer’s needs more effectively than its competitors, which is the essence of a good sports marketing strategy. conclusion the following conclusion were drawn from the findings of this study. the respondents (male and female) are the same in their opinion that sports marketing strategy influence the promotion of organization products. also, respondents (male and female) are not different in their perception about the influence of sports marketing strategy on the organization to produce valued products for the consumers. the following recommendations were suggested based on the findings of the study. the organization must strengthen their marketing strategies the more in order to promote their products. organization should employ the best new strategy by working with influential people that have large social followings to promotes their products. additional efforts should be put in place by organization to ensure more marketing strategy to produce valued products and services for the customers in order to edge their competitors. acknowledgement this study was not receive any support. there is no conflict of interest in this study. references blumrodt, j., desbordes, m. & bodin, d. (2013). professional football clubs and corporate social responsibility. sport business and management,3(3),205-225. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-04-2011-0050 evans, a., james, t. & tomes, a. (1996). marketing in uk sport associations. the services industries journal, 16 (2), 207-222 fullerton, s. & merz, g.r. (2008). the four domains of sport marketing: a conceptual frame work. sports marketing quarterly, 17 (2), 90 – 108. gray, d., & mc evoy (2005). sport marketing strategies and tactics. in park house, b (ed). the management of sport: its foundations and application, mc graw-house inc, new york. hawkins,d. i. & mothersbaugh, (2010). consumer behavior: building marketing strategy (book, 2010) [worldcat.org] https://www.worldcat.org kotler, p., & armstrong, g (2010). principle of marketing, (14th ed.). prentice hall new jersey. maltese, l., of danglade, j.p. (2014). marketing du sport et evenementiel sportif. paris: dunod. mark fidelman http://www.forbes.com/sites/markfidelman/2014/02/19/16-powerfulsport-marketingpromotion-that-are-better-than-google/#157/age6603d mcdaniel, k. (2008). against composition as identity-mcdaniel-2008-analysis-wiley online library. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-04-2011-0050 http://www.forbes.com/sites/markfidelman/2014/02/19/16-powerful-sport-marketingpromotion-that-are-better-than-google/#157/age6603d http://www.forbes.com/sites/markfidelman/2014/02/19/16-powerful-sport-marketingpromotion-that-are-better-than-google/#157/age6603d indonesian journal of sport management ajeigbe, 1(2), 2021, 128-137 137 mason, d.s. (1999). what is the sports production and who buys it? the marketing of professional sport leagues. european journal of marketing 33 (3/4), 402-418. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090569910253251 masterman, g. (2004). strategic sports even management: an international approach. london, uk: elsevier butterworth-heinemann. parreault, b. (2008). basic marketing: a global managerial approach// request pdfresearch gate. ratten, v. & ratten, h. (2011). international sports marketing: practical and future research implications. journal of business of industrial marketing, 26 (8), 614 – 620. http://doi.org/10.1108/08858621111179889 rundh, b of gottfridsson, p. (2015). delivering sports events: the arena concept in sports from network perspective. journal of business of industrial marketing, 30 (7). 785794. http://doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2013-0131 shibury, d. (2009). sport management series (3rd ed). sydney: allen of unwin shibury, d., westerbeek, h., quick, s., & funk, d. (2009). strategic sport marketing (3rd ed.). allen & unwin, crowsnest: (australia). silva, e.c. of mazzon, j.a. (2016). delivering social marketing plan for for health promotion. international journal of public admmistration, 39 (8), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1023447 smith, a.m & westerbeek, h. (2003). sport business in the global market place. new york: palgrave, macmillan. copyright holder: ©(2021) issa yaqub ajeigbe first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: http://doi.org/10.1108/03090569910253251 http://doi.org/10.1108/08858621111179889 http://doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2013-0131 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1023447 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 1-10 1 analysis of aggression tendencies elite athletes karate in turkey abdullah arisoy1*, mert i̇mran koç2, alperen akpinar3, dilara özsaraç4 1*faculty of sport sciences, süleyman demirel university, isparta, turkey 23sports management department, faculty of sport sciences, süleyman demirel university, isparta, turkey 4institute of health sciences, erciyes university, kayseri, turkey article history: received: 18 march 2021 accepted: 20 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract the aim of this study is to examine the aggression tendencies of elite karate athletes according to some variables. the sample group of the study was composed of 160 karate athletes selected voluntarily among 400 karate athletes who reached the level of nationality. in the study, the participants were asked to fill in the socio-demographic information form and the buss and perry aggression scale. the analysis of the data was done in computer environment. the arithmetic, mean and standard deviation of the scores the participants got from the scale are presented as x±sd. for paired comparisons, t-test for independent variables and anova were used for more than two comparisons. lsd test was applied to reveal a significant difference in more than t wo comparisons. the level of significance was accepted as p <0.05. as a result, karateists aggressive tendencies are above average, a statistically significant difference was found among the subtitles in physical aggression, physical aggression and aggression total scores according to nationality of according to gender. it is thought that this situation is caused by the physical and psychological influences of elite athletes are exposed to before, during or after the competition. keywords: karate, athlete; aggression how to cite: arisoy, a, koç, m. i., akpinar, a, & özsaraç, d. (2021). analysis of elite karate athletes aggression tendencies according to some variables. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.948 corresponding author: abdullah arisoy, faculty of sport sciences, süleyman demirel university, isparta, turkey email: abdullaharisoy@hotmail.com indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 2 introduction the concept of sport first evokes terms such as comfort, struggle, health, development and entertainment in the human mind. sport contains many feelings and thoughts besides just these terms. people are in an effort to explore beyond their own limits and prove themselves to the community through sports (görmez, 2017). however, with the help of the competitive environment of sports and the developing science of sports, performance in many sports branches has increased. performance is the meaningful and successful application of an individual's ability and capacity while performing a task (başer, 1996). sportive performance, on the other hand, is defined as all efforts to achieve success in the performance of an athletic task (kurtoğlu, 2004). performance is not only a physical feature, but also a psychological process. psychological factors that affect performance consist of characteristics such as motivation, anxiety, self-confidence, personality, attention, concentration, assertiveness, determination, persistence, and self-control (arno, 1984). as a training process aimed at optimizing the physical and mental strength, technical and tactical capacities of athletes against physical and psychological loads (türkay & gökbel, 2020), their training, psychological preparation for competitions is one of the most important factors for success in sports (karabulut, 2010). in the studies conducted, reasons such as excessive tension, insufficient concentration, lack of motivation, negative thoughts, self -confidence and inability to cope with stress negatively affect performance (ekstrand & hodson, 2003). this situation can be seen in sportive activities, such as aggression and violence seen in all aspects of our lives. kuru (2000) defines aggression as a tendency to show aggressive behavior and has a relatively continuous feature. according to another definition, aggression is defined as “behaviors that aim to harm a living thing and that the target individual wants to escape” (richardson, 1994). in the literature review made by the researcher; in addition to team sports such as football, volleyball, futsal and basketball (afyon & metin, 2015; aksu & tutar, 2020; özdemir & abakay, 2017; erdoğdu et al, 2018; aktaş et al, 2004), taekwondo (kahveci et al, 2020), wrestling (shokoufeh & türkmen, 2019; ersoy et al, 2012) muay thai (eraslan et al, 2019) and studies examining the aggression levels of athletes engaged in some defense sports (güvendi & pehlivan, 2020) were discussed. however, it has been observed that studies on karate athletes are limited. therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the aggression tendencies of elite karate athletes in terms of some variables. method in the research, a method for descriptive scanning aiming to reveal the current situation was used. in descriptive methods, the event, individual or object subject to research is tried to be defined in its own conditions and as it is. (karasar, 2004). the sample group of the study was composed of 160 karate athletes selected voluntarily among 400 karate athletes who reached the level of nationality. in the study, they were asked to fill in the socio-demographic information form and the buss and perry aggression scale. indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 3 a 4-question socio-demographic information form including gender, age, education and nationality of the volunteer students participating in the study was created. socio-demographic information of karate athletes is presented in table 1. table 1. descriptive statistics of the participants variables groups n % gender male 95 59,4% female 65 40,6% total 160 100% age 18-20 34 21,3% 21-23 86 53,8% 24+ 40 25,0% total 160 100% education status prelicense 24 15% license 120 75% graduate 16 10% total 160 100% being national athlete yes 85 53,1% no 75 46,9% total 160 100% when table 1 is examined, 59.4% of the athletes are male, 40.6% are female, according to age groups, 21.3% are 18-20, 53.8% are 21-23, 25.0% are 24+. according to educational status it was determined that 15.0% was pre-license, 75.0% was license, 10.0% was graduate and above, and according to national status, 53.1% was national athlete and 46.9% was not national athlete. the scale, which aims to determine aggression with its different dimensions, was developed by buss and perry (1992) and adapted to turkish by mardan (2013). the scale is 5-point likert type and consists of 29 items. the scale has 4 dimensions: oral aggression, physical aggression, anger and hostility. for the turkish form of the internal consistency coefficients of the scale items; it was 0.78 for the physical aggression subscale, 0.71 for the hostility subscale, 0.71 for the anger subscale, 0.48 for the oral aggression subscale, and 0.85 for the whole scale. the existence of studies evaluating the buss and perry scale on the total score, as well as evaluating the subtitles, were also reported (mardan, 2013). result and discussion statistical analysis the analysis of the data was done in computer environment. kolmogorov -smirnov test was applied for the normality distribution of the scores obtained from the scale and the test results are presented in table 2. when table 2 is examined; in the distribution of the scores of the scale, it was found that aggression total and aggression subtitles were normal for hostility (p> .005), and physical aggression, anger and oral aggression (p<0,5) from the aggression scale subtitles were not found to be normal. it was found that the skewness and kurtosis values were in the range of ± 1. when the literature is indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 4 examined; it was seen that these values being in the ± 1 interval was interpreted as not excessive deviations from normality (büyüköztürk, 2007). table 2. skewness-kurtosis and kolmogorov-smirnov test significance level results of the scale scores of the participants buss and perry aggression n skewness kurtosis p physical aggression 160 .238 -.488 .000 anger 160 -.002 -.361 .018 hostility 160 -.079 -.397 .200 oral aggression 160 .079 .081 .006 aggression total 160 .014 .188 .200 based on this information, it has been accepted that the data show a normal distribution. in the study, the arithmetic means and standard deviation of the scores obtained by the participants from the scale are presented as x±sd. in paired comparisons, t-test for independent variables and anova were used for more than two comparisons. lsd test was applied to reveal a significant difference in more than two comparisons. the level of significance was accepted as p <0.05. findings table 3: descriptive statistics scores of the participants received from the scales buss and perry aggression n min max x±sd physical aggression 160 13.00 45.00 31.125±6.415 anger 160 11.00 33.00 22.906±4.447 hostility 160 12.00 37.00 25.988±5.258 oral aggression 160 5.00 25.00 15.513±3.338 aggression total 160 41.00 133.00 95.531±15.859 it was determined that the aggression level average of 160 karate athletes participating in the study was 95.53 ± 15.85. when the sub-dimensions of the aggression scale are examined; it was determined that physical aggression was 31.12 ± 6.41, anger was 22.90 ± 4.44, hostility was 25.98 ± 5.25, oral aggression was 15.51 ± 3.33 (table 3). table 4: aggression scale scores by age of athletes age n x±sd f p lsd physical aggression 18-20 34 31.76 ± 6.52 .534 .588 21-23 86 30.63 ± 6.38 24 + 40 31.62 ± 6.45 anger 18-20 34 22.17± 4.62 1.594 .206 21-23 86 22.72± 4.24 24 + 40 23.92 ± 4.64 hostility 18-20 34 24.88 ± 6.00 2.072 .129 21-23 86 25.81 ± 4.66 24 + 40 27.30 ± 5.63 oral aggression 18-20 34 14.61 ± 3.50 1.799 .169 21-23 86 15.61 ± 3.33 24 + 40 16.05 ± 3.12 aggression total 18-20 34 93.44 ± 17.14 1.296 .276 21-23 86 94.79 ± 15.29 24 + 40 98.90 ± 15.82 indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 5 it was determined that there was no significant difference between the aggression total scores and aggression sub-dimensions of the athletes and their ages (p> 0.05). however, considering the average scores, it was observed that athletes aged 24 and over were more aggressive than others in the sub-dimensions of aggression total score, anger, hostility, and oral aggression. in the physical aggression sub-dimension of the scale; it has been observed that athletes between the ages of 18-20 are more aggressive than others (table 4). in comparison of the aggression levels of karate athletes according to gender variable; after the t test for anger comparison, no significant difference was found between the aggression scores of females (x̄ = 94.14) and male (x̄ = 97.55) athletes. when sub-dimensions of the aggression scale were compared, it was found that physical aggression levels of male and female athletes were different from each other (t = 2.522). accordingly, the physical aggression levels of male athletes ( x̄ = 32.64) are higher than the physical aggression levels of female athletes (x̄ = 30.08). when the other sub-dimensions were examined, no significant difference was found between male and female athletes (table 5). table 5: aggression scale scores of athletes according to gender variable gender n x±sd t p physical aggression female 95 30.08 ± 5.97 -2.522 .013* male 65 32.64 ± 6.76 anger female 95 22.81 ± 4.55 -.328 .743 male 65 23.04 ± 4.31 hostility female 95 25.75 ± 5.20 -.667 .506 male 65 26.32 ± 5.35 oral aggression female 95 15.49 ± 3.50 -.081 .935 male 65 15. 53± 3.11 aggression total female 95 94. 14 ± 15.58 -1.338 .183 male 65 97.55 ± 16.16 it was determined that there was no significant difference between the aggression total scores and aggression sub-dimensions of the athletes and their education level (p> 0.05). however, considering the average scores, it was observed that graduate students were more aggressive than others in the sub-dimensions of aggression total score, oral aggression, and anger. in the hostility subscale and physical aggression score of the scale; it has been observed that athletes with associate degree education are more aggressive than others (table 6). table 6: aggression scale scores according to the educational background of the athletes education n x±sd f p lsd physical aggression pre-licence 24 31.83 ± 7.08 .192 .826 licence 120 30.95 ± 6.05 graduate 16 31.31 ± 8.20 anger pre-licence 24 22.58 ± 4.58 .111 .895 licence 120 22.92 ± 4.29 graduate 16 23.25 ± 5.55 hostility pre-licence 24 26.29 ± 5.64 .047 .954 licence 120 25.93 ± 4.97 graduate 16 25.93 ± 6.91 oral aggression pre-licence 24 15.20 ± 3.86 .193 .825 licence 120 15.52 ± 3.12 indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 6 graduate 16 15.87 ± 4.19 aggression total pre-licence 24 95.91 ± 15.72 .038 .963 licence 120 95.34 ± 15.03 graduate 16 96.37 ± 22.20 a significant difference was found between the aggression scores of national and non-national athletes (t = 2.506) after the t test performed to compare the aggression scale scores of national and non-national athletes. accordingly, the aggression scores of national athletes (x̄ = 98.43) are higher than the aggression scores of non-national athletes (x̄ = 92.24). when the sub-dimensions of the aggression scale of national and non-national athletes were compared, only physical aggression scores were found to be different from each other (t = 2.625). accordingly, the physical aggression scores of national athletes ( x̄ = 32.35) are higher than the physical aggression levels of non-national athletes (x̄ = 29.73) (table 7). table 7: aggression scale scores according to the national status of athletes national status n x±sd t p physical aggression yes 85 32.35 ± 6.37 2.625 .010* no 75 29.73 ± 6.21 anger yes 85 23.48 ± 4.81 1.756 .081 no 75 22.25 ± 3.91 hostility yes 85 26.61 ± 5.62 1.607 .110 no 75 25.28 ± 4.75 oral aggression yes 85 15.98 ± 3.60 1.905 .055 no 75 14.97 ± 2.94 aggression total yes 85 98.43± 17.34 2.506 .013* no 75 92.24 ± 13.34 in this study, it is aimed to examine the aggression levels of elite karate athletes according to some variables. when table 3 was examined, it was found that the sub-dimensions of aggression and total score averages of the athletes participating in the study were high. when the literature is examined, in the studies about the aggression levels of the athletes; tutkun et al. (2010) found high aggression mean scores of athletes who do individual sports. yamak et al. (2019) found that the aggression levels of the students at sports high schools and faculties of sports sciences were moderate. in another study, güner (2006) found that the aggression level average of athletes engaged in team sports and individual sports was medium in team sports, while it was high in individuals engaged in sports. considering that the total score that can be obtained from the aggr ession scale will also vary according to the desire to achieve, win, or victory, it is thought that the high level of aggression of elite karateers is due to the direct effect of individual athletes' performance on their own achievements. in table 4, when the aggression levels of karate athletes were compared in terms of their ages, no significant difference was found. in some studies, it was seen that there were studies that did not find a significant difference, like our study (demirci et al. 2020; kahveci et al. 2020; filiz, 2009). however, as in our study, according to average scores, some studies show that aggression increases in children, adolescents, adolescents, and adults as age increases (çetinkaya et al. 2010). alp and ergül (2018) in their research; found that physical activity and sports indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 7 activities have a positive effect on the decrease in the behavior of adolescents with a tendency to violence. especially, they suggested that adolescents should be encouraged to participate in physical activity and sports activities. in our study, when the total aggression scores of karate athletes were examined by gender, no significant difference was found (table 5). when the literature was examined, kahveci et al. (2020) reported that there was no difference between the aggression scores of the athletes according to gender in their study to determine the aggression and happiness levels of licensed taekwondo players. another study was conducted by demirci et al. (2020) found that there is no difference in aggression levels of karate athletes in the 17-19 age group, which supports our study. considering that doing sports has a preventive effect on displaying aggressive behaviors (baltaş, 2008); it has been concluded that the athletes who are interested in the karate branch do not make a difference in terms of gender because of regular sports. in terms of gender variable, a significant difference was found in physical aggression from sub-dimensions of the aggression scale, and no difference was found in other sub-dimensions. looking at the literature; there are studies supporting our study in which physical aggression scores of males are higher than females in physical aggression sub-dimensions (donat-bacıoğlu and özdemir, 2012; giles and heyman, 2005). in our study, although there was no statistically significant difference in anger, hostility, and oral aggression sub-dimensions, when the mean scores were considered, the ratio of females to males was higher. it is thought that the reason for this may be that female athletes express their anger more orally and males prefer to use more physical means to express their anger. in table 6, when the level of aggression of karate athletes was compared in terms of their education, no significant difference was found. however, w hen the average scores were examined, it was seen that the athletes with associate degree education were higher in the physical aggression and hostility sub-dimension than the others, and the anger and oral aggression sub-dimensions of those with graduate education were higher than the others. when the literature was examined, topuz (2008) found in his study to examine the aggression levels of amateur football players, that the mean scores of the players who were primary, high school and university graduates in aggression sub-dimensions and total did not differ significantly. in another study by dervent (2007), it was found that high school students who play sports and play football have a high average score of general aggression levels. according to this result, we can say that the different educational levels of karateists have no effect on their level of aggression. when table 7 is examined, a significant difference was found when the aggression total scores of the karate athletes in our study were examine d according to their nationality status. again, a significant difference was found in physical aggression, which is one of the sub-dimensions of the aggression scale, in terms of the national status variable, and no statistically significant difference was found in the other sub-dimensions. in the literature review conducted by the researcher, there was no study examining aggression levels in individual and team sports according to the variable of being national. alp et al. (2014) defended the necessity of aggression in competitions where sportive success is desired, and even the necessity of aggression for sportive success, and they suggested that sportive indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 8 activities do not matter the winner and the loser, and that they should have a physical education character in game form. conclusion as a result, a statistically significant difference was found in the aggression tendencies of karateists, which are above average, in the subtitles of aggression by gender, physical aggression, physical aggression and aggression according to nationality. this situation is thought to be caused by the physical and psychological pressures elite athletes are exposed to before or after the competition. studies can be conducted to examine the aggression levels of karate athletes on a larger scale. karate athletes can be trained on aggression tendencies, and studies can be conducted to examine the changes in their aggression levels. studies can be conducted to compare the aggression levels of karate athletes with the aggression levels of athletes engaged in other defense sports such as taekwondo, wushu, muay thai. studies can be conducted to examine the aggression levels of athletes engaged in individual and team sports. studies can be conducted to examine the aggression levels of private athletes engaged in individual and team sports. acknowledgement i would like to thank all karate athletes who have been willing to help complete this research. references afyon, y., & metin, s. (2015). muğla süper amatör ligindeki futbolcuların saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi. spor ve performans araştırmaları dergisi, 6(1), 5-11. aktaş, z., çobanoğlu, g., & yazıcılar, i̇. (2004). profesyonel erkek basketbolcuların saldırganlık düzeyleri ile maç başarıları arasındaki i̇lişkinin araştırılması. spormetre beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 2(3), 127-134. alp, h., ergül, o.k. (2018). şiddet eğilimli ergenlerin saldırgan davranışlarına fiziksel aktivite ve sportif oyunların etkisi. akademik bakış, 66, 1-11. alp, m., eraslan, m, atay, e, özmutlu, i̇. (2014). düzenli spor yapan ve yapmayan çocukların sosyo-demografik özelliklerine göre saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi. e-kafkas journal of educational research, 1(1) aksu a & tutar, ö. f. (2020). elazığ 1. amatör küme futbolcularının saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi. kesit akademi dergisi, (23), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.29228/kesit.42886 baltaş, a., baltaş, z. (2008). stres ve başa çıkma yolları (24. basım). i̇stanbul: remzi kitabevi. baron, r. a. & richardson, d. r. (1994). human aggression. second edition. new york: plenum press. başer e. (1996). futbolda psikoloji ve başarı, sporsal kuram dizisi-4. (2. baskı), bağırgan yayınevi, ankara, 91-93 bayraktar b, kurtoglu m. (2004). sporda performans ve performans artırma yöntemleri, in: atasü t, yücesir i̇ (eds), doping ve futbolda performans artırma yöntemleri, i̇stanbul, 269-296. https://doi.org/10.29228/kesit.42886 indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 9 buss, a. h., & perry, m. (1992). the aggression questionnaire. journal of personality and social psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452 büyüköztürk, ş. (2007). sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (7. baskı), pegem akademi yayıncılık, 40. çetinkaya yıldız, e. ve hatipoğlu sümer, z. (2010). saldırgan davranışlarını yordamada çevresel risk, çevresel güvenlik ve okul iklimi algısı. türk psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik dergisi, 4(34), 161-171. çobanoğlu güner, b. (2006). takım sporları ve bireysel sporlar yapan sporcuların saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi, ondokuz mayıs üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü yüksek lisans tezi, samsun demirci, e., karagün e., alp a.f. (2020) 17-19 yaş grubu karate sporcularının saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi. 18. uluslararası spor bilimleri kongresi 07-09 kasım 2020. sb447 demirtaş mardan, h. a. (2013). buss-perry saldırganlık ölçeği’nin türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. türk psikiyatri dergisi, 24(2), 124–129 dervent f. (2007). lise öğrencilerinin saldırganlık düzeyleri ve sportif aktivitelere katılımla i̇lişkisi, gazi üniversitesi eğitim bilimleri enstitüsü beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenliği ana bilim dalı yüksek lisans tezi, ankara donat-bacıoğlu, s. ve özdemir, y. (2012). i̇lköğretim öğrencilerinin saldırgan davranışları ile yaş, cinsiyet, başarı durumu ve öfke arasındaki ilişkiler. eğitim bilimleri araştırmaları dergisijournal of educational sciences research, 2(2), 169–187. ekstrand j, karlsson j, hodson a. (2003). football medicine. taylor and francis group: 39121 eraslan, m., karafil, a. y., akgül, m. h., & korkmaz, s. (2019). üniversiteler arası spor müsabakalarına katılan muay thai sporcularının şiddet eğilimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. mehmet akif ersoy üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitüsü dergisi, 9(22), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.359528 erdoğdu, m., koçyiğit, m., kayışoğlu, n. b., & yılmaz, b. (2018). futbol ve futsal branşlarında spor yapan genç kadınların saldırganlık yaklaşımları. uluslararası kültürel ve sosyal araştırmalar dergisi (uksad), 4(special issue 3), 1-14 ersoy, a., tazegül, ü., & sancaklı, h. (2012). güreşçilerin saldırganlık düzeylerinin sosyo demografik açıdan incelenmesi (ankara örneği). uluslararası i̇nsan bilimleri dergisi, 9(1), 385-397. filiz a. (2009). farklı lise türlerindeki öğrencilerin empatik eğilimleri ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi (yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). yeditepe üniversitesi, i̇stanbul. giles, j. w. & heyman, g. d. (2005). young children's beliefs about the relationship between gender and aggressive behaviour. child development, 76, 107-121. görmez, a. (2017). ankara i̇li merkez i̇lçelerinde öğrenim gören ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin spora yönelmelerini etkileyen etmenlerin chaid analizi ile i̇ncelenmesi, ankara üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü yüksek lisans tezi, ankara. güvendi, b., & pehlivan, m. y. (2020). dövüş sporcularının kendi kendilerine konuşmaları ile saldırganlık ve öfke davranışlarının i̇ncelenmesi. beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 14(2), 168-176. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.359528 indonesian journal of sport management abdullah arisoy, et al. 1(1), 2021, 1-10 10 kahveci, i̇., karagün, e., & kahveci, m. s. (2020) kocaeli i̇linde çalışan lisanslı taekwondocuların saldırganlık ve mutluluk düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi, 16(29 ekim özel sayısı), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.728250 karabulut, o., atasoy, m., kaya k., karabulut, a. (2013). 13-15 yaş arası erkek futbolcuların durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeylerinin farklı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi. ahi evran üniversitesi kırşehir eğitim fakültesi dergisi, 14(1), 243-253 karasar, n. (2004). bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. nobel yayıncılık, ankara, 52. kuru, e. (2000). sporda psikoloji, gazi üniversitesi i̇letişim basımevi, ankara. özdemir, n., & abakay, u. (2017). kadın voleybol ve futbolcularda iletişim becerileri ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. gaziantep üniversitesi spor bilimleri dergisi, 2(1), 41-52 shokoufeh, s., & türkmen, m. (2019). türkiye'de elit erkek ve bayan güreşçiler i̇le spor yapmayan bireylerin liderlik ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi. uluslararası egzersiz psikolojisi dergisi, 1(1), 33-37 tutkun, e., güner, b. ç., ağaoğlu, s. a., & soslu, r. (2010). takım sporları ve bireysel sporlar yapan sporcuların saldırganlık düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. spor ve performans araştırmaları dergisi, 1(1), 23-29. topuz r. (2008). amatör futbol oyuncularının saldırganlık düzeylerinin i̇ncelenmesi, selçuk üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü yüksek lisans tezi, konya türkay, i̇.k.& gökbel, s. (2020). 11-13 yaş tenisçilerde uygulanan kombine antrenmanların vücut kompozisyonlarına etkisi, spor eğitim dergisi, 4(1), 33-41 wittig a. fe. (1984) sport competition anxiety and sex role. journal of sport psychology, 469473. yamak, b., i̇mamoğlu, o., eliöz, m., mehmet, ç. e. b. i̇., & i̇slamoğlu, i̇. (2019). spor lisesi ve spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin öfke ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin araştırılması. opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi, 14(20), 314-332. copyright holder: ©(2021) abdullah arisoy, mert i̇mran koç, alperen akpinar, dilara özsaraç first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.728250 the author(s). 2022 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 32 archer and coach communication at the 2020 tokyo olympics teguh dwi putranto a-e* department of communication science, faculty of communication science, universitas multimedia nusantara, indonesia abstract in competition, communication between athletes and coaches is essential to the individual athlete's success in achieving peak performance. communication is important and cannot be abandoned during matches and practice. the evolution of sports, including archery, has made communication in sports a crucial component. in archery matches, communication is increasingly intense during individual events. the research examined the communication between archers and archery coaches in south korea during the 2020 tokyo olympics. because south korean archery is one of the best archery teams in the world. in addition, south korean archery dominated almost all numbers that were contested and brought south korea to the top of the standings. semiotics (peirce) was used to analyze the archery match finals of individual numbers in which south korean archers participated. the results of this research revealed that communication between the archer and their coach was dominated by non-verbal communication in individual numbers symbolized by the high five. keywords: non-verbal communication; symbolism; semiotics; athlete communication; coach communication corresponding author: * teguh dwi putranto, department of communication science, faculty of communication science, universitas multimedia nusantara, indonesia; e-mail: teguh.putranto@umn.ac.id article history: received: march 23, 2023 accepted after revision: april 25, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: putranto, t. d. (2023). archer and coach communication at the 2020 tokyo olympics. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4879 introduction the development of sports in reaching financial goals has used a variety of marketing communications, including advertising what they offer in a variety of ways, including social media, print media, television media, and integrated marketing communications, such as events (reftari et al., 2018), o that the role of communication in sports has become an essential part of the development of sports, one of which is archery. archery is an ancient sport with a long history that was initially developed for hunting rather than recreational activity (maxson, 2013). in addition to hunting, archery was employed for self-defense, particularly in combat, and as a sport for royal family members (hitti, 2002). archery became a helpful way to obtain sustenance in the form of animal protein before having the abilities and knowledge to manage cattle. because archery is not developed in just one place, but in many, there are a variety of historic tournaments for this sport (nauright, 2012). archery was no longer a royal activity but rather a sport for athletes. since 1900, archery has been a part of the olympic games (nauright, 2012). archery is a popular sport that mailto:teguh.putranto@umn.ac.id https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4879 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4741-9522 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 33 has produced some of the best athletes in the world (indahwati & ristanto, 2016). archery was originally displayed at the 1900 paris olympics and was shown again in 1908 and 1920. the rules fluctuate and entirely depend on the host country, making things challenging for the participants. after a 52-year hiatus, the modern sport was reintroduced in munich in 1972 and has stayed on the olympic program ever since. in tokyo 2020, athletes compete in men's and women's singles, men's and women's teams, and mixed teams. the mixed team event is a newer addition to the olympic calendar (olympics.com, 2020). more specifically, this research focuses more on south korean archery as one of the best archery teams in the world. the south korean archery team dominated almost all the events contested and led south korea to the top of the standings (putranto, 2021). south korea topped the medal tally in the olympics, winning 26 gold medals. south korea also led at the 2020 tokyo olympics, winning two gold medals in the first two days of play. south korea won its first gold medal in the mixed team event and its ninth gold medal in the women's team event the following day (yonhap, 2021). at the 2016 rio olympics, south korea also swept the gold medals in archery (al-yamani, 2021). the team also won the men's gold medal at the 2020 tokyo olympics (jawapos.com, 2021). yumenoshima park will host the archery competition at the tokyo 2020 olympics from july 23 to july 31, 2021. recurve archers compete in five medal events: men's and women's individual, men's and women's teams, and a mixed team making its olympic debut. this is the most medals the sport has won since its return to the schedule in 1972 (worldarchery, 2021). the south korean women's archery team achieved a new olympic record on july 25, 2021. they earned a gold medal in archery for the second time and a gold medal in the mixed team the day before. their second gold medal in the women's team confirms their supremacy in the last nine olympics, dating back to the 1988 seoul olympics (al-yamani, 2021; azizah, 2021). so that at the 2020 tokyo olympics, the south korean archery team dominated the medal tally, with four gold medals out of five gold medals being contested. the four medals were obtained from the mixed team, women's team, men's team, and women's individual numbers. in archery, there is a link between athlete achievement and coach communication, including verbal and nonverbal communication. coaches' ability to generate or create communication messages (content) that share concepts, are open, and provide solutions for mutual interests (athletes and coaches) has a stronger association than the other three characteristics of cooperation, critical thinking, and creativity (faisal et al., 2018). in archery, social contact leads to a shift in values. during the learning phase, the value exchange, which includes the value transformation process, occurs with a procedure that promotes safety and ethics in archery (sepadya et al., 2020). in sports performance, the function of an athlete's communication with the coach in various scenarios is critical. the archer must communicate with coaches on equipment selection and management (kim & park, 2020). the archery regional training centre (pelatda), of which dki jakarta province is a member, has established effective communication between individual coaches and athletes based on openness, empathy, support, positivism, and equality (oktafiranda & ilham, 2020). the coach-athlete connection can have a favourable or negative impact on athletes' physical and psychological performance during competition and training. it can provide insight into the recurring consequences of coach communication activities in dynamic sports. the coach will be able to foresee indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 34 the exact situation in which an athlete will be required and will be able to develop communication tactics accordingly. coaches can develop individualised feedback insights and communication tactics to help individual athletes reach their full potential. still, they should know that positive comments can backfire depending on the athlete's personality and situation. as a result, knowing the precise situation and substance of suitable coach communication activities observed by olympic archers is critical to establishing an effective coaching program (kim & park, 2020). the korean national team archers were better at modifying their attentional strategies, broadening them, and limiting their focused attention in response to task demands than undergraduate archers. the regularity with which professional shooters survey their surroundings has ramifications for formulating training regimens for aspiring athletes (kim et al., 2019). in several previous studies on communication in sports, especially in archery, communication was carried out directly. however, in this research, the focus of communication in archery is on video. based on this background, this research aimed to determine how the communication between south korean archers and archery coaches in the 2020 olympics was communicated. research methodology this research focuses on assessing and comprehending the relevance of social or human problems for a specific person or organisation (creswell & poth, 2017). researchers employ the semiotic technique. semiotics is a branch of psychology that focuses on the identification of signals. signs are the tools we use to find our way through this world (peirce, 1977). pierce is more aware of linguistic signs. these signs are related to the item they appear to be, have a causal relationship with signs, or are similar to signs. this research's data analysis method is based on semiotic analysis, particularly charles sanders peirce's semiotic approach. a triangle theory of meaning is suggested by such an approach, consisting of three key elements: sign, object, and interpreter, all of which complement and strengthen one another. semiotics is a method of studying signs that is scientific or analytical. these symbols indicate a universal system of human and human-to-human guidance. semiotics is the study of how humans comprehend something to comprehend it (signify) but not when communicating (to communication) (sobur, 2001; hardy & susilo, 2022). the word symbol is derived from the greek word sym-ballien, which refers to thinking or a sign communicating with another person. metonyms, or names for other items that characterise them, enable the presence of symbols. symbols are frequently metaphorical, with words or phrases based on figures of speech or equations used to represent objects or concepts (sobur, 2001). this research is based on the semiotics of charles sanders peirce. because of his widely recognised idea of the structural explanation of all signs, charles sanders peirce's definition of semiotics is known as the "great idea." pierce attempted to classify the fundamental components of signs and rearrange them into a single structural component. peirce divides symbols into three categories: sign, object, and interpreter, a semiotic mechanism (connecting the steps of sending and receiving signals) (zaimar, 2014). in previous studies, the semiotic method has been used in several studies, such as research by meyer & wedelstaedt (2022), that boxing match social interactions are made up of "multi-layered semiotic practices." what is referred to as a semiotic practice is added to this layer of semiotic practice. a indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 35 review contains semiotic routines that a semiotic practice uses to undermine its semiotic potential. in addition, research from putranto (2022) related to the xx national sports week (pon) in papua saw more communication from the east java women's team archery squad. the final footage of the east java women's team archery competition at the papua national sports week, obtained through the youtube channel "media second tv," used the semiotics of charles sanders peirce. this research demonstrates that non-verbal communication predominates in the final match of the east java women's team recurve archery at the xx national sports week (pon) in papua. based on previous semiotics research, the researcher provides an overview of the differences with this research. in the first previous research, the research conducted by meyer & wedelstaedt (2022) focused on boxing, while this research focused on archery. the second research conducted by putranto (2022) that second previous research raised archery, which also focused on archery. however, the first research only examined one match number (women's team). meanwhile, this research looked at individual numbers. then from the competition level, previous research discusses the national competition, namely the national sports week (fouryearly multi-event in indonesia), while this research is at the international level, namely the olympics (four-yearly multi-event in the world). in semiotics, an icon is a symbol that can describe a significant property of something even if the reference object, often known, does not exist. icons and indexes can also represent the relationship between a sign and a thing, but they do not require agreement. an index is a sign that occurs associatively due to a fixed reference feature relationship. words, names, and labels are all terms used to describe symbols. in the symbol section, researchers link based on the delivery of information divided into verbal and non-verbal communication. data collection the researcher used the final video of the archery match, obtained through the olympics.com website. figure 1. olympics.com profile page source: (olympics.com, 2022) video is considered the optimal recording of the virtual reality simulation experience (o. meyer et al., 2019) and is effectively used in teaching and learning activities (kamelia, 2019). the videos used in this research are match videos with individual numbers categories which put the south korean archer in the final. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 36 figure 2. women's individual champion source: (olympics.com, 2021) figure 2 shows the figure of the women's individual champion at the 2020 tokyo olympics, an san, from south korea. an san won 3 gold medals at the 2020 tokyo olympics in women's individual recurve, mixed team recurve, and women's team recurve. data analysis the researchers chose scenes with indicators of communication between verbal and nonverbal communication. the data analysis technique used in this research is to characterise the meaning present in each video series so that researchers can derive meaning that can be used to formulate research questions. the primary goal of qualitative data analysis is to organise, structure, and give meaning to the information gathered through analysis or description. results in this section, the researcher has collected data from the final video of the archery match with the individual categories which was obtained through the olympics.com website. next, the researcher took selected screenshots and then described them based on icons, indexes, and symbols based on the semiotics of charles sanders peirce. the individual matches are described in more detail, where an san from south korea faced elena osipova representing the russian olympic committee (roc). table 1. analysis of data related to talking sign information icon index two people in white shirts are facing each other with one's mouth slightly open. symbol talking (verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 37 table 2. data analysis related to talking sign information icon index two people in white shirts and caps are facing each while holding a bow. symbol talking (verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) based on table 1, the icon displayed is two people in white shirts are facing each other with one's mouth slightly open, symbolising talking (verbal communication). in table 2, the icons displayed are two people in white shirts and caps are facing each while holding a bow, a symbol of talking (verbal communication). table 3. analysis of data related to high fives and shouts sign information icon index a person in a white shirt and cap is wearing a bow and touching a fist with someone behind a person in red with a wide-open mouth. symbol high fives and shouting (verbal and non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) table 4. data analysis related to concentration sign information icon index a person in a white shirt and cap with a bow is looking straight in one direction. symbol concentration (non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 38 based on table 3, the icon displayed is a person in a white shirt and cap wearing a bow and touching a fist with someone behind a person in red with a wideopen mouth, symbolising high fives and shouting (verbal and non-verbal communication). in table 4, the icon displayed is a person in a white shirt and cap with a bow looking straight in one direction, symbolising concentration (non-verbal communication). table 5. data analysis related to concentration sign information icon index a person wearing a white shirt and cap is standing and holding a bow on a white line. symbol concentration (non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) table 6. analysis of data related to instructions sign information icon index a person in a white shirt and cap is standing while holding a bow and glancing at someone in white. symbol instructions (verbal and non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) based on table 5, the icon displayed is a person wearing a white shirt and cap standing and holding a bow on a white line, symbolising concentration (non-verbal communication). in table 6, the icon displayed is a person in a white shirt and cap standing while holding a bow and glancing at someone in white, symbolising instruction (verbal and non-verbal communication). indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 39 table 7. data analysis regarding self-correction sign information icon index a person in red with a bow and a person in white are setting their bow. symbol self-correction (non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) table 8. analysis of data related to confidence sign information icon index a person in a white shirt and cap is looking in one direction with his hands clenched in front of his chest. symbol confidence (non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) based on table 7, the icon displayed is a person in red with a bow, and a person in white is setting their bow, a symbol of self-correction (non-verbal communication). in table 8, the icon displayed is a person in a white shirt and cap king in one direction with his hands clenched in front of his chest, symbolising confidence (nonverbal communication). table 9. analysis of data related to applause and praise sign information icon index a person wearing a white shirt and hat is clapping his hands above his head. symbol applause and praise (verbal and non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 40 table 10. data analysis related to hugs and praise sign information icon index two people in white clothes and hats are hugging each other. symbol hugs and praise (verbal and non-verbal communication) source: (researcher processed data, 2022) based on table 9, the icon displayed is a person wearing a white shirt and hat clapping his hands above his head, symbolising clapping and praise (verbal and nonverbal communication). in table 10, the icon displayed is two people in white clothes and hats hugging each other, symbolising praise (verbal and non-verbal communication). discussion the researcher attempts to detail the use of archer communication both outside and inside the shooting line. it is also associated with match numbers. table 11. analysis of communication types in individual match symbols verbal communication non-verbal communication verbal and nonverbal communication position 1 talking  outside the shooting line (beginning) 2 talking  3 high fives and shouts  4 concentration  5 concentration  inside the shooting line 6 instructions  7 self-correction  8 confidence  outside the shooting line (end) 9 applause and praise  10 hugs and praise  2 4 4 source: (researcher processed data, 2022) table 11 shows that in individual matches, there are three positions: outside the shooting line (beginning), inside the shooting line, and outside the shooting line (end). first, the archer is outside the shooting line (beginning), and the type of communication seen is verbal communication verbal communication along with non-verbal non-verbal communication. second, the archer is in the shooting line, and the type of communication seen is non-verbal communication verbal communication along with non-verbal non-verbal communication. third, the archer is outside the shooting line (end), and the type of communication seen is non-verbal communication verbal communication along with non-verbal. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 41 conclusion the data analysis that has been described shows that the communication between south korean archers and archery coaches at the 2020 olympics is non-verbal communication and verbal communication along with non-verbal communication (individual). interactions that appear inside and outside the shooting line, “high five” interactions always appear during the individual matches. the high-five interaction between the archer and the coach outside the shooting line was an attempt to congratulate him on his success. conflict of interest the author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. acknowledgement the author would express his gratitude to the respective affiliation, universitas multimedia nusantara, for research support. references al-yamani, z. (2021). sejarah panjang dominasi korsel di panahan olimpiade. https://www.viva.co.id/sport/gelanggang/1390231-sejarah-panjang-dominasikorsel-di-panahan-olimpiade azizah, n. (2021). korea selatan dominasi emas panahan olimpiade tokyo. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qwsz9m463/korea-selatan-dominasi-emaspanahan-olimpiade-tokyo creswell, j., & poth, c. (2017). qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. sage publications. faisal, f., zulham, z., syukur, a., & safitri, d. (2018). hubungan komunikasi dengan prestasi atlet. communicatus: jurnal ilmu komunikasi, 2(1), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v2i1.1625 hardy, m., & susilo, d. (2022). jakarta’s urban culture representation on social media@ jakarta_tourism: a semiotics analysis. simulacra, 5(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v5i1.13648 hitti, p. (2002). history of the arabs: from the earliest times to the present. new york, ny: palgrave macmillan. indahwati, n., & ristanto, k. (2016). the application of pettlep imagery exercise to competitive anxiety and concentration in surabaya archery athletes. international journal of educational science and research (ijesr), 6(3). jawapos.com. (2021). korea selatan menggila di cabang panahan olimpiade tokyo 2020. https://www.jawapos.com/sports/26/07/2021/korea-selatan-menggila-dicabang-panahan-olimpiade-tokyo-2020/ kamelia, k. (2019). using video as media of teaching in english language classroom: expressing congratulation and hopes. utamax: journal of ultimate research and trends in education, 1(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v2i1.1625 https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v5i1.13648 https://www.jawapos.com/sports/26/07/2021/korea-selatan-menggila-di-cabang-panahan-olimpiade-tokyo-2020/ https://www.jawapos.com/sports/26/07/2021/korea-selatan-menggila-di-cabang-panahan-olimpiade-tokyo-2020/ indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 42 https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v1i1.2742 kim, y., chang, t., & park, i. (2019). visual scanning behavior and attention strategies for shooting among expert versus collegiate korean archers. perceptual and motor skills, 126(3), 530–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512519829624 kim, y., & park, i. (2020). “coach really knew what i needed and understood me well as a person”: effective communication acts in coach–athlete interactions among korean olympic archers. international journal of environmental research and public health, 17(9), 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093101 maxson, l. (2013). the archery: the history of archery series. worcestershire: read books ltd. meyer, c., & wedelstaedt, u. (2022). semiotic and asemiotic practices in boxing. semiotica, 2022(248), 251–278. https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2022-0075 meyer, o., omdahl, m., & makransky, g. (2019). investigating the effect of pretraining when learning through immersive virtual reality and video: a media and methods experiment. computers & education, 140(october), 103603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103603 nauright, j. (2012). sports around the world: history, culture, and practice [4 volumes]: history, culture, and practice. abc-clio. oktafiranda, n., & ilham, m. (2020). komunikasi antarpribadi pelatih dan atlet panahan pelatda dki jakarta. jurnal segar, 9(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.21009/segar/0901.06 olympics.com. (2020). archery overview. https://olympics.com/tokyo2020/en/sports/archery/ olympics.com. (2021). women’s individual champion. https://olympics.com/en/video/women-s-individual-qfs-sfs-finals-archery-tokyo2020-replays olympics.com. (2022). halaman profil olympics. https://olympics.com/ peirce, c. (1977). semiotics and significs, ed. charles hardwick. bloomington in: indiana university press. putranto, t. (2021). instagram panahan korea selatan pada olimpiade tokyo 2020 dalam perspektif determinisme teknologi. scriptura, 11(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9744/scriptura.11.2.65-73 putranto, t. (2022). komunikasi kelompok recurve beregu putri jawa timur pada pekan olahraga nasional xx. jurnal pustaka komunikasi, 5(2), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.32509/pustakom.v5i2.2198 reftari, d., suryana, a., & setiaman, a. (2018). komunikasi pemasaran olahraga renang. jurnal kajian komunikasi, 6(2), 247–260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v6i2.13221 sepadya, p., rachmah, n., & ali, m. (2020). internalisasi nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter dalam olahraga panahan. universitas muhammadiyah surakarta. https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v1i1.2742 https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512519829624 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093101 https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2022-0075 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103603 https://doi.org/10.21009/segar/0901.06 https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/sports/archery/ https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/sports/archery/ https://olympics.com/en/video/women-s-individual-qfs-sfs-finals-archery-tokyo-2020-replays https://olympics.com/en/video/women-s-individual-qfs-sfs-finals-archery-tokyo-2020-replays https://olympics.com/ https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.9744/scriptura.11.2.65-73 https://doi.org/10.32509/pustakom.v5i2.2198 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v6i2.13221 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ putranto, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 32-43 43 sobur, a. (2001). analisis teks media: suatu pengantar untuk analisis wacana, analisis semiotik dan analisis framing. bandung: remaja rosdakarya. worldarchery. (2021). tokyo 2020 olympic games. https://worldarchery.sport/competition/14904/tokyo-2020-olympicgames?photos_tag=17 july venue yonhap. (2021). [tokyo olympics] why is s. korea so good at archery? athletes find answer in transparency, internal competition. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210726000558 zaimar, o. (2014). semiotika dalam analisis karya sastra. pt komodo books. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210726000558 123 indonesian journal of sport management original article how social media enforces athlete accountability in sport? authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: july 5, 2022 revision: september 12, 2022 accepted: september 19, 2022 published: october 24, 2022 novan bastian dwi ardha1a-d* kurnia ekasari2c-d ari kamayanti3c-d 1*accounting department, state polytechnic of malang, malang, indonesia 2accounting department, state polytechnic of malang, malang, indonesia 3accounting department, state polytechnic of malang, malang, indonesia corresponding author: novan bastian dwi ardha, accounting department, state polytechnic of malang, malang, indonesia; e-mail: bastian.novan@gmail.com how to cite: ardha, n. b. d., ekasari, k., & kamayati, a. (2022). how social media enforces athlete accountability in sport? indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2842 abstract. this study aims to explore how social media enforces athlete accountability through a case study in badminton. this study employed netnography and supported by interpretive approach to understand accountability process in the social media, twitter. the object of this study is a badminton fanbase account namely badminton talk. the research finding indicated that this badminton fanbase account in twitter brings a complete component of accountability into social media. the process of accountability was presented by spreading information regarding the misconduct of indonesian badminton athletes, posting a clarification video from an athlete, evaluating the athlete’s explanation from the badminton fans, and followed by imposing sanctions for shortfalls in doing sport integrity. this study implies on enriching sport governance strategy to strengthening athlete accountability by using social media as it engages fans involvement. there is an opportunity for future research to employ mixed methods approach and also to conduct research in different settings of location and culture in obtaining interesting new findings of study. keywords: accountability; social media; netnography; badminton; sport copyright ©(2022) novan bastian dwi ardha, kurnia ekasari, ari kamayanti https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 124 introduction on january 8th, 2021, the badminton world federation (bwf) as the worldwide governing body of badminton announced on its official website about the results of the investigation of two cases in integrity violations. one such case involved indonesian badminton athletes. eight indonesian athletes were punished for committing match-fixing and gambling on badminton matches. this bwf publication sparked a lot of discussion among indonesian badminton fans on twitter. the reaction tweets to this incident from badminton fans on twitter is an example of a mechanism that scott & orlikowski (2012) call an audit society. they posted comments on twitter as part of the process of verifying accountability of indonesian badminton athletes. the purpose of this study is to explore how social media namely twitter enforces athlete accountability through a case study in the world of badminton. the aforementioned case of cheating by indonesian badminton athletes relates to the accountability in the sphere of individual to individual. carmona & ezzamel (2007) explain that individual-individual accountability is manifested as the implementation of social norms, when someone is trusted by another party to carry out a certain task. for indonesian badminton athletes, the emotional bond with the spectators and the indonesian people is truly part of this social norm. this is what freeman et al. (2010) define as a stakeholder, that is a group or individual who can influence and be influenced by an organization. badminton fans are referred to as stakeholders in the sports world since they have a close relationship with athletes. badminton is a popular sport and is very close to the lives of many indonesian people. since the 1992 barcelona olympics, indonesia has never failed to bring a medal in this sport event. the badminton players put forth a lot of effort and sweat to achieve their goal. for indonesians, this sport is a source of pride. every badminton match in indonesia is always attended by a large crowd. these events demonstrate that badminton is one important source of social capital in indonesian society. sport, according to tonts (2005), can increase social capital bonds by fostering new friendships and strengthening social relationships between players, coaches, and supporters thereby increasing a culture of trust and reciprocity. when indonesian badminton athletes commit acts of cheating in the world of sport, they are certainly violating these social norms which can lead to regret among indonesian badminton fans. however, this is not the first time that indonesian badminton athletes have been caught cheating. for indonesian badminton fans, the women’s doubles badminton matches at the 2012 london olympics is noted as a reminder of an athlete’s responsibility. the indonesian duo, along with three other pairs from south korea and china, were convicted of match-fixing at that time for not doing their best to win the game. in addition to the poor competition system that opened up gaps for cheating (yang & liu, 2013), this act also violated the olympic values of “faster, higher, stronger”. this is obviously against to the principle of sportsman accountability. athletes who have an accountability will embody goals, rules, and standards into their performance and motivation (dipaolo, 2017; joubert & cloete, 2017; white & rezania, 2019). furthermore, there was an increase in media attention. the news of match-fixing committed by indonesian badminton athletes set people start discussing morality, formats and competition systems in the sports world. likewise with the current condition when indonesian badminton fans are discussing this shuttlecock sport on various social media as the development of information and communication technology. social media has changed a lot in the world of sport especially for the fans who determined by samson & oluwatoyin (2021) as an important social group of people who have contribution to the athlete. badminton fans in indonesia form a large fanbase on social media twitter. twitter users or well known as tweeps talk about various aspects of the badminton including the athletes, coaches, clubs, national badminton associations, international indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 125 badminton organization, international matches and even the personal lives of badminton players that often discussed on the twitter fanbase. social media has an important role in building relationships between badminton fans and the athletes. this is supported by stavros et al. (2014) which explains that the motivation for sports fans to interact using social media is to channel the values of passion, hope, self-esteem, and friendship to improve social relation in the world of sports. meanwhile, lee (2020) explains that twitter provides an insight of opportunities the athletes have to develop distinct online engagement platforms with their fans that can generate dialogue in connection to the relationship building. method this study employed netnography as its research method. netnography is a tool for collecting, analysing, and observing data that is openly shared on the internet (kozinets, 2015). this method is suitable for the purpose of this study since this method allows researchers to comprehend the social interaction that take place on social media twitter. in fact, there is a number of social media that have information regarding badminton in indonesia including facebook. facebook and twitter are the most popular places where the users of social platforms having interactions. however, there is a key advantage between facebook and twitter is that most of the content on twitter is publicly accessible via the twitter application programming interfaces (api) meanwhile most facebook content is private due to the complexity of its privacy settings that affects the extent and type of data actually accessible to researchers (giglietto et al., 2012; ruiz-soler, 2017). by sharing messages on twitter, badminton fans can build what saxton & guo (2011) call an interactive dialogue. that is to improve relations between parties, particularly in response to the stakeholders’ request. in regards to this, badminton fan is one of the sports’ stakeholders in indonesia as they have strong relationships to this sport. social interaction in social media is not only displayed in words, but also picture, images, photos, sounds, audio-visual presentations, and other digital works of art (kozinets, 2015). therefore, the researchers also use an interpretive approach as a supporting tool in this study. through an interpretive approach, researchers can translate products in social media such as comments from badminton fans on twitter, into study analysis. gummesson (2003) explains that the interpretive approach may codify subjectivity in the form of judgments, intuitions, and experiences of researchers but what distinguishes between research opinion from personal interpretation is the scientific demand to compile them systematically, relate them to theory, and present them transparently through scientific publication that easily accessible to the academic and practitioner communities. to understand the occurrence of athlete accountability in social media, this study selected a badminton fanbase account on twitter, badminton talk with the username @badmintontalk as the object of the study. as cited in its official website at https://badmintalk.com/joinus.php, badminton talk is a place that facilitate the sharing of information, aspiration and inspiration about badminton so that this sport is getting known and loved by indonesian. it was founded on march 26th 2015 by four people of indonesia. its activity was started from the website and currently it has various social media to actively interact with the badminton fans, mainly on twitter, instagram, and youtube channel. twitter is chosen for this study as puschmann et al. (2014) explain that this social media has become a key source of open data on a wide range of personal and societal practices. meanwhile, badminton talk is one of the most popular badminton’s fanbases on twitter, having over 500 thousand followers. this fanbase has also been verified by twitter, inc. which is indicated by a blue check mark on the account. this demonstrates that the badminton talk account has become a popular destination for badminton fans in indonesia to interact on social media. https://badmintalk.com/joinus.php indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 126 based on internal twitter, inc. data from january 1st to november 15th, 2021, this fanbase is clearly one of the most talked-about sports accounts in indonesia in 2021. figure 1. badminton talk twitter account’s profile this observational study was carried out from the beginning of december 2021 to the end of december 2021 by accessing the tweets on the @badmintontalk account which discussed integrity violations committed by indonesian badminton athletes. the administrator of the @badmintontalk fanbase has tweeted about this case three times, on january 8th, 2021 at 12:35 western indonesia time (wib), january 8th, 2021 at 12:37 wib, and january 9th, 2021 at 08:05 wib. data is collected by taking screenshots of other twitter users that posted replies or responses to the @badmintontalk fanbase’s three tweets. the results of the collected screenshots were used to conduct data analysis. the findings of the data analysis will be used to draw conclusions about how athlete accountability operates in social media, particularly through twitter. in addition to reply, twitter also provides “a retweet” facility that helps users to re-send a tweet and to share tweet quickly to other users. meanwhile, “like” helps users to show appreciation for a tweet. these facilities make a tweet alive in twitter as the tweeps could communicate each other. the symbols of reply, retweet, and like are presented in figure 2 below. figure 2. the symbols of reply, retweet, and like on twitter original data of this study is presented in bahasa indonesia or indonesian language as @badmintontalk is a badminton fanbase account that is founded by indonesian and its followers are mostly native indonesian. the researchers translated those data into english language as this is a fundamental for understanding indonesian culture. werner (n.d.) and indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 127 sturge (1997) explain that translation is a practice of intercultural communication which attempts to understand other cultures as far as possible from original terms. this study follows the procedures proposed by kozinets (2002) and convery & cox (2012) when conducting internet-based research which is the first, researchers must disclose their whereabouts, affiliations, and intentions while conducting research in internet and secondly, researchers must ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of sources. for the first, the researcher declared that he did not have a special relationship with twitter users whose tweets were used as data in this study. he follows the @badmintontalk fanbase account on twitter is intended to collecting data for this study and also as one of the badminton fans. the researcher’s interest in this sport fostered intention to carry out this study. furthermore, to maintain the confidential information and security of twitter users who were used in this study, the researchers covered up their usernames and accounts’ name. result and discussion the bwf, as the worldwide badminton governing body, has released the findings of an inquiry into two incidences of badminton integrity violations. one such case involved indonesian badminton athletes. the eight indonesian badminton athletes were found guilty of match-fixing and gambling in badminton matches by bwf independent hearing panel (ihp) as stated in decision no. 2020/2. the eight indonesian badminton athletes were accused by bwf of not giving it their all to win the game, obtaining a monetary reward for committing fraud, changing the outcome of a match in a sport tournament, and failing to disclose matchfixing activities. on january 8th, 2021 the bwf official website broadcasted the publication, which was then tweeted on the same day by the bwf official twitter account, @bwfmedia. right after that, badminton talk’s twitter account @badmintontalk retweeted the bwf posted tweet. figure 3 shows a screenshot of a retweet from the @badmintontalk. figure 3. @badmintontalk retweeted a bwf tweet indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 128 it is clearly seen from the tweet above that there is a lot of engagement from other twitter users. there were 145 retweets, 66 quote retweets, and 280 likes in response to the tweet. this demonstrates that badminton fans are eager to participate in the discussion of this issue. these social interactions that take place on twitter are then defined using accountability components described by ebrahim & weisband (2007), namely transparency, answerability or justification, compliance, and enforcement or sanctions. table 1 below defines each component of accountability. table 1. the component of accountability by ebrahim & weisband (2007) the component of accountability process transparency collecting information and making it available for public scrutiny answerability or justification providing clear reasoning for actions and decisions, including those not adopted, so that they may be reasonably questioned compliance monitoring and evaluation procedures and outcomes, combined with transparency in reporting those findings enforcement or sanctions imposing sanctions for shortfalls incompliance, justification, or transparency badminton talk twitter account forms a transparency in the sports world indonesian badminton fans who follow the @badmintontalk fanbase account have responded in various comments after @badmintontalk retweeted the information on cases of violations to the badminton sport’s code of conducts by indonesian athletes. several tweeps remarked that the behaviour of indonesian athletes who fraudulent acted was embarrassing. there was also a profanity-laced response from a tweep whose identity was kept hidden. he said this as if he was expressing his displeasure with the athletes who had tarnished indonesian badminton. figure 4 shows a screenshot of the tweeps’ replies. translation: first reply: how embarrassing is that! second reply: *a swearing response*... that’s embarrassing to the country third reply: it just shameful figure 4. several replies from tweeps against to the news of the athletes’ misconduct indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 129 badminton talk then followed up with a second tweet two minutes later. the second @badmintontalk tweet received more attention with 172, 98, and 254 retweets, quote retweets, and likes, respectively. the fanbase tweet went into greater detail about which athletes the bwf has sanctioned for breaking the sportsman’s code of conduct. figure 5 presents a screenshot of the tweet from @badmintontalk. figure 5. @badmintontalk retweet about sport integrity misconduct of indonesian badminton athletes on twitter, the two tweets above garnered responses from badminton fans. they conveyed their dissatisfaction with the fraud incident. as one tweep put it in response to the second tweet with a reply: “lah, agri ngapain juga ikutan beeeuuuhhhh 🤬” “hey, why is agri also involved in the case 🤬” as shown in the figure below. the use of the word “lah” in indonesian and an angry emoji shows that the fan feels regret to the mentioned badminton athletes. figure 6. a reply from a badminton fan in twitter indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 130 fans’ regrets voiced on twitter are the consequences of a transparency to the fraud committed by indonesian badminton athletes. badminton talk has engaged its followers to communicate each other in the social media. they expressed their feelings into an openly free tweet. the fans felt regret for the indonesian badminton player, who failed to uphold his obligations as a professional in the sport they supported. according to zeelenberg et al. (1998), feelings of regret emerge when people think about other people’s faults, have the desire to fix those mistakes, and want for a second opportunity. twitter reserves space for athletes to explain their case following the numbers of badminton fans replied to the two @badmintontalk tweets above, on january 9th, 2021 the fanbase account posted a video from a badminton athlete who has been sanctioned by the bwf for violating the code of conducts. the video from agripinna regarding his match-fixing case was taken from a video broadcasted on the youtube channel on january 8th, 2021. it was then tweeted by @badmintontalk with the title “video from agrippina regarding his match-fixing case”. when this video was reviewed, it was discovered that the athlete explained the detail of the situation that had occurred to him. the use of social media by the mentioned athlete to communicate an explanation about himself being sanctioned by the bwf is a type of public exposure of the athlete’s responsibility. the target audience is a group of people who are regarded to be stakeholders in the sports world. it could be explained that the social media twitter provides a space for the athlete to explain his actions and decision in regards to the case. response from tweeps as an evaluation stage of the athlete’s responsibility however, badminton fans have diverse reactions to the athlete’s video explanation. a tweep inquired as to how the athlete had engaged in match-fixing fraud, which was then explained by another user. as we can see in this figure below. translation: the inquirer: how come the badminton athletes did the match fixing? a tweep replied it: just being lose as the gambler’s request figure 7. an interaction model in twitter the preceding tweets demonstrated the presence of a dialogue process and a relationship engagement between sports fans. the benefit of this is that tweeps will have a greater sense of athlete accountability. it surely states that twitter has become a knowledge sharing medium for nowadays. another sport fan responded to the video’s tweet with more critical comment. according to a sport fan, the athlete in the video only revealed one claimed infringement, namely matchfixing, while the violation on his participation in the badminton match gambling game was not declared by the athlete in the video. other tweeps who sent the tweet also approved it. indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 131 translation: a badminton fan: he just explained that he refused to do match-fixing that offered by ht. however, as referred to the bwf report, he was also involved in the match gambling in badminton. he placed a bet on badminton matches through ht. figure 8. the critical response from a badminton fan translation: an upper reply from a fan: he should be speaking up with his club, national federation, or team-mates to discuss this case as a prove that he has disclosed it to another party. a lower reply from a fan: in regards to the bwf report, in addition failing to report his match-fixing offering from ht, he also has an online betting account. so, the problem is not only to be speaking up. figure 9. the second model of interaction on twitter indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 132 the supportive comments from indonesian badminton fans to conduct sanction and rules different comments were sent by two other twitter users expressed their appreciation to bwf for punishing athlete who violated sports integrity. a badminton fan wrote his response: “the badminton world federation should be firm to keep the sport integrity” while another fan tweeted: “i only know agripinna after saw the list of badminton athletes who doing misconducts. the punishment is also firm and consistent @bwfmedia, ensuring that badminton is kept clean” figure 10. the response from the tweeps from these tweets, it could be concluded that the fans surely supported bwf to charge against the athletes who doing misconducts. most of them clearly understood that the sanctions will give beneficial impact for the sport, including for the athletes, the coaches, or even the national badminton association to make badminton better in the future. hence, the badminton fans who live on twitter that actively engaged and discussed on this case represents the process of accountability on social media. conclusion social media has become a place of accountability for the world of sport. badminton fans on twitter can voice their comments on athletes who have violated the sport integrity. the comments are not only expressed in words, but also emojis that show the feelings and emotional state of sports’ fans. an accountability process composed of a transparency information, an opportunity for athletes to explain their cases, an evaluation process provided indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 133 by social media users on the disclosure of information presented by the athlete, and sanctions enforcement can be formed through the expressions of sports fans on social media. this study can be used for practitioners and academics, especially for those who deal with sports governance and management to increase the role of social media in enforcing athlete accountability for a better world of sport. it is hoped that all stakeholders can be more widely involved using social media as a channel to improve mutual relationships between the athlete and sports’ spectators. however, there are several limitations to this study including in relation to the application of data collection method. this study only employed netnographical approach that analyse small scale of messages on twitter although this social platform provides a big data to explore for getting more insights. therefore, there is an opportunity for future research to conduct mixed methods approaches to gather data on twitter by combining computational method, in instance, depending on the research questions and strategies. this research method requires collaboration among scholars coming from different backgrounds that will emerge interesting discussion and result of study. constructing the same research in a new or different context and culture is another suggestion for future research. references carmona, s., & ezzamel, m. (2007). accounting and accountability in ancient civilizations: mesopotamia and ancient egypt. accounting, auditing & accountability journal, 20(2), 177–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570710740993 convery, i., & cox, d. (2012). a review of research ethics in internet-based research. practitioner research in higher education, 6(1), 50–57. dipaolo, d. g. (2017). leadership education is not enough: advancing an integrated model of student-athlete development. journal of leadership education, 16(1), 216–229. https://doi.org/10.12806/v16/i1/i2 ebrahim, a., & weisband, e. (2007). global accountabilities: participation, pluralism, and public ethics. in global accountabilities: participation, pluralism, and public ethics. cambridge university press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490903 freeman, r. e., harrison, j. s., wicks, a. c., parmar, b., & de colle, s. (2010). stakeholder theory: the state of the art. in stakeholder theory: the state of the art. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511815768 giglietto, f., rossi, l., & bennato, d. (2012). the open laboratory: limits and possibilities of using facebook, twitter, and youtube as a research data source. journal of technology in human services, 30, 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.743797 gummesson, e. (2003). all research is interpretive! journal of business and industrial marketing, 18(6–7), 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1108/08858620310492365 joubert, p., & cloete, r. (2017). accountability under the coach-athlete relationship in sport study supervisor. kozinets, r. (2015). redefining netnography. in netnography: redefined (issue 416). sage publication ltd. kozinets, r. v. (2002). the field behind the screen: using netnography for marketing research in online communities. journal of marketing research, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935 https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570710740993 https://doi.org/10.12806/v16/i1/i2 https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490903 https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511815768 https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.743797 https://doi.org/10.1108/08858620310492365 https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935 indonesian journal of sport management ardha et al., 2(2), 2022, 123-134 134 lee, j. w. (2020). sport teams, fans, and twitter: the influence of social media on relationships and branding. international journal of sport communication, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0115 puschmann, c., bruns, a., mahrt, m., weller, k., & burgess, j. (2014). epilogue: why study twitter? twitter and society, 89, 425–432. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/66330/ ruiz-soler, j. (2017). twitter research for social scientists: a brief introduction to the benefits, limitations and tools for analysing twitter data. revista dígitos, 1(3). samson, a. b., & oluwatoyin, i. m. (2021). influence of fan behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state, nigeria. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1111 saxton, g. d., & guo, c. (2011). accountability online: understanding the web-based accountability practices of nonprofit organizations. nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 40(2), 270–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764009341086 scott, s. v., & orlikowski, w. j. (2012). reconfiguring relations of accountability: materialization of social media in the travel sector. accounting, organizations and society, 37(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2011.11.005 stavros, c., meng, m. d., westberg, k., & farrelly, f. (2014). understanding fan motivation for interacting on social media. sport management review, 17(4), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.004 sturge, k. (1997). translation strategies in ethnography. translator, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1997.10798986 tonts, m. (2005). competitive sport and social capital in rural australia. journal of rural studies, 21(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.03.001 werner, o. (n.d.). ethnography and translation l issues and challenges. white, s., & rezania, d. (2019). the impact of coaches’ ethical leadership behaviour on athletes’ voice and performance: the role of accountability. sport, business and management: an international journal, 9(5), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-112017-0079 yang, h. z., & liu, w. (2013). analysis of the badminton match-throwing in london olympics. procedia computer science, 17, 1222–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.156 zeelenberg, m., van dijk, w. w., manstead, a. s. r., & van der pligt, j. (1998). the experience of regret and disappointment. cognition and emotion, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0115 https://eprints.qut.edu.au/66330/ https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1111 https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764009341086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2011.11.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.004 https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1997.10798986 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.03.001 https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-11-2017-0079 https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-11-2017-0079 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.156 https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 20-30 20 investigation of teachers' attitudes towards sports in turkey mehmet şakir salar1*, hulusi alp2 1*2suleyman demirel university, turkey article history: received: 27 march 2021 accepted: 20 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract this research was conducted to examine the attitudes of teachers working in public schools towards sports in terms of different variables. the data of the research were obtained from 403 teachers working in aydın during the 2020-2021 academic year. as the data collection tool, "attitude scale towards sports" made by halil evren şentürk (2012) was used. descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data. mann whitney u-test was used for comparisons of two groups, and kruskal wallis h was used for comparing more than two groups. the cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.97. as a result of the research, a statistically significant difference was found as a result of the analysis made between the sub-dimensions of the attitude towards sports in the variables of the teachers' gender, education and branch (p <0.05). in the gender variable, it was concluded that the attitudes of female teachers towards sports were higher than male teachers in all sub-dimensions of the scale. when the educational status variable is examined, it is seen that in the dimension of interest in sports, graduate teachers' attitudes towards sports are higher than undergraduate teachers. in the active sports dimension, it is concluded that the graduate teachers' attitude towards sports scores are higher than the undergraduate teachers. it was concluded that there was no statistically significant difference between the sub-dimensions of age, marital status, education level and attitude towards sports (p> 0.05). keywords: sport; attitude; teacher how to cite: salar, m. s, & alp, h. (2021). investigation of teachers' attitudes towards sports in aydin province. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.967 corresponding author: mehmet şakir salar, suleyman demirel university, turkey email: ekim1778@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 21 introduction sport is defined as "an activity that involves physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for fun" (oxford english dict, 2017). although sport is as old as the history of mankind, it has been seen as an action that develops by affecting civilizations and affects individuals both personally and socially (kalfa, 2 019). the primary goal of sport is to promote physical activity, improve health, performance, psychosocial development, and motor skills (hold et al., 2017). in addition, doing sports provides a chance to be a part of a community, to acquire new social environments, to establish social norms and attitudes, to create an identity and to develop a sense of belonging (hassmen et al., 2000). as physical activity is carried out in a more planned and programmed way around the world, the role of sport in society has become more important over time, not only for the individual but also for public health (malm et al., 2019). absence of physical activity increases the risk of major noncommunicable diseases, shortens life expectancy, and significantly increases the cost of healthcare expenditures (lee, 2012). during childhood and adolescence, physical education classes offered in schools can be ideal environments to encourage and direct the implementation of physical and sports activities and active physical activity (standage et al., 2005). physical education and sports aim to provide children and adolescents with basic movement skills knowledge and active attitude for lifelong physical activity (hills et al., 2015). regular participation in physical activity is important to maintaining the benefits of the activity. active individuals enjoy a high level of fitness and we had lower health risks than inactive people (lopez sanches et al., 2016). due to the sedentary lifestyle of people, the promotion of physical activity and sports has become one of the most important goals of schools in most developed societies. societies are aware that physical exercise and sports play a very important role in the protection and improvement of health in humans (janssen, 2007). each individual has their own ideas and attitudes towards sports, which is accepted as an integral part of life (tükel, 2018). attitudes are not congenital, they are learned over time, show a certain continuity, regulate the relationship between the individual and the object, help people to interpret their environment, and affect the individual's behavior internally (tavşancıl, 2002; pepe et al., 2011; turan et al., 2018; dalbudak et al, 2016; dalbudak and yiğit 2019; binbaşıoğlu and tuna, 2014; akıncı, 2020a). the teacher is one of the main supporters of the implementation of physical activities, so their figures are very important for students to increase their regular physical activity levels (gil arias et al., 2017). teachers' attitudes towards sports are very important for sports to become widespread. determining teachers' attitudes towards sports; situations such as active sports, their perspective to sports, and their approach to sports habits have an important role in increasing the number of individuals engaged in active sports (ünver et al., 2019). st udies have determined that teachers have positive psychological aspects such as increasing the intrinsic motivation of students in physical education classes and will allow the development and reinforcement of physical activity-related behaviors (sanches oliva et al., 2017). during the school period, positive attitudes towards sports can be formed in this period as the attitudes, self-efficacy, social skills, personality traits of the individuals on certain subjects are shaped and become a lifestyle (balyan et al., 2012; akıncı, indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 22 2020b). the situation of individuals who are interested in sports, who make sports a part of their life, who strive to do sports at an elite level in the future, and who do sports at an elite level, reflects their attitudes towards s ports (şentürk, 2015). with the explanation of the basic concepts of the research, it was made in order to determine the attitudes of the teachers in different branches who were selected as the target group in the study and working in the province of aydın towards sports. method in the research, scanning model, which is one of the non-experimental quantitative research types, was used. in the non-experimental research model, the researcher does not make any intervention. the existing situation is being examined within the scope of the research (şata, 2020). the universe of the study was composed of teachers working in aydın province, nazilli district. the sample consisted of 403 teachers who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. the data of the study and the scale forms of 403 teachers who make up the sample group were prepared on google form and filled out on a voluntary basis. as a data collection tool, the attitudes towards sports scale (atss) was used. in the reliability analysis performed to determine the internal consistency of the scale, its total value was found to be 0.972. interest in sports dimension was found as 0.972, living with sports dimension as 0.983 and active sports dimension as 0.954. in addition, there is no negative relationship between any item in the scale and the total correlation. the scale is rated between 1-5 in 5-point likert type (şentürk, 2012). a total of 403 people were reached, and 323 questionnaires were found suitable for analysis after 80 questionnaires that were found to be incomplete or inaccurate were removed. descriptive statistics and parametric tests were used in the analysis of the data. the normality test was applied to the data set in order to determine which of the parametric tests is appropriate. since the significance level was less than 0.05 according to the kolmogorov-smirnova test, it was seen that the data did not show normal distribution and non-parametric tests were found suitable for analysis. mann whitney-u test was used to compare two independent variables, and kruskal wallis h test was used to compare more than two variables. tamhane's t2, one of the post-hoc tests, was used to detect the difference between multiple variables. result and discussion the highest variables in their own category are respectively 27.9% (n = 90) in the age variable of teachers, teachers in the age range of 22-30, female teachers with 57.3% (n = 185) in the gender variable, 71.8% in marital status (n = 232) married teachers, graduates with 86.1% (n = 278) in the education variable, 44.3% (n = 143) secondary school at the level of education they worked in, and 11.1% (n = 36) physical education and sports teachers in the branch variable. table 1 shows descriptive statistics regarding the demographic characteristics of teachers. indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 23 table 1. distribution of teachers' demographic data variables characteristics f % age 22-30 90 27,9 31-35 78 24,1 36-40 62 19,2 41-45 42 13,0 46 60 51 15,8 gender female 185 57,3 male 138 42,7 marital status married 232 71,8 single 91 28,2 education status license 278 86,1 graduate 45 13,9 education level at work primary school 45 13,9 middle school 143 44,3 high school 135 41,8 branch physical education and sports teacher 36 11,1 foreign language teachers 35 10,8 chemistry, physics, biology and science teacher 27 8,4 turkish and literature teacher 30 9,3 history, geography and social studies teacher 29 9,0 music and visual arts teacher 14 4,3 preschool and classroom teacher 31 9,6 special education teacher 30 9,3 religious culture and ethics teacher 19 5,9 pdr and philosophy teacher 18 5,6 mathematics teacher 31 9,6 information technologies, vocational courses and technology design teacher 23 7,1 total 323 100 table 2. comparison of teachers' attitudes scale subdimensions gender n mean rank sum of rank u z p interest in sports famele 185 186,20 34447,50 8287,500 -5,398 ,000 male 138 129,55 17878,50 living with sports famele 185 180,72 33432,50 9302,500 -4,184 ,000 male 138 136,91 18893,50 playing active sports famele 185 175,61 32488,00 10247,000 -3,041 ,002 male 138 143,75 19838,00 when table 2 is examined, it was seen that there is a statistically significant difference between the teachers' attitudes towards sports and the gender variable, in all sub-dimensions of the scale, according to the mann whitney u test results (p <0.05). indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 24 table 3.comparison of teachers' attitudes towards sports according to marital status variable scale subdimensions marital status n mean rank sum of rank u z p interest in sports married 232 164,34 38127,50 10012,500 -,721 ,471 single 91 156,03 14198,50 living with sports married 232 161,62 37495,50 10467,500 -,118 ,906 single 91 162,97 14830,50 playing active sports married 232 160,03 37126,00 10098,000 -,608 ,543 single 91 167,03 15200,00 when table 3 is examined, it has been observed that there is no statistically significant difference in all sub-dimensions of the scale between the teachers' attitudes towards sports and the marital status variable according to the mann whitney u test results (p> 0.05). table 4. comparison of teachers' attitudes towards sports according to educational level variable scale subdimensions education status n mean rank sum of rank u z p interest in sports license 278 157,04 43657,00 4876,000 2,375 ,018 graduate 45 192,64 8669,00 living with sports license 278 159,77 44415,00 5634,000 1,072 ,284 graduate 45 175,80 7911,00 playing active sports license 278 157,20 43700,50 4919,500 2,304 ,021 graduate 45 191,68 8625,50 when table 4 is examined, it was seen that there is a statistically significant difference between the teachers' attitudes towards sports and the educational status variable in the sub-dimensions of interest in sports and active sports according to the mann whitney u test results (p <0.05). table 5. comparison of teachers' attitudes towards sports by age variable scale sub-dimensions gender n mean rank x2 df p interest in sports 22-30 90 157,86 1,628 4 ,804 31-35 78 160,12 36-40 62 157,38 41-45 42 177,93 46-60 51 164,69 living with sports 22-30 90 160,19 1,306 4 ,860 31-35 78 165,96 36-40 62 158,69 41-45 42 173,52 46-60 51 153,67 playing active sports 22-30 90 158,60 2,132 4 ,711 31-35 78 172,89 36-40 62 165,90 41-45 42 156,40 46-60 51 151,21 indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 25 when table 5 is examined, according to the kruskal wallis h test results, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between the teachers' attitudes towards sports and the age variable in all sub-dimensions of the scale (p> 0.05). table 6. comparison of teachers' attitudes towards sports according to the variable of education level they work in. scale subdimensions education level at work n mean rank x2 df p interest in sports primary school 45 182,34 2,901 2 ,235 middle school 143 162,21 high school 135 155,00 living with sports primary school 45 183,73 3,607 2 ,165 middle school 143 163,20 high school 135 153,49 playing active sports primary school 45 172,28 ,907 2 ,636 middle school 143 157,52 high school 135 163,32 when table 6 is examined, according to the kruskal wallis h test results, it was seen that there was no statistically significant difference between the teachers' attitudes towards doing sports and the educational level variable they work with in all sub-dimensions of the scale (p> 0.05). when table 7 is examined, a statistically significant difference was observed between the teachers' attitudes towards sports and the branch variable in all subdimensions of the scale (p <0.05). post-hoc test was conducted to determine which groups caused the difference. in the sub-dimension of interest in sports, the attitude scores of physical education and sports teachers are foreign language teachers (german and english), chemistry, physics, biology and science, turkish and literature, history, geography and social, religion and ethics, pdr and philosophy, mathematics and information technologies, vocational courses and technology design teachers' attitude scores. in the sub-dimension of life with sports, physical education and sports teachers' attitude scores are foreign language teachers (german and english), chemistry, physics, biology and science, turkish and literature, religion and moral knowledge, pdr and philosophy, mathematics and information technologies, profession it is higher than the attitude scores of the courses and technology design teachers. in the active sports sub -dimension, physical education and sports teacher s' attitude scores are higher than all other teachers except music and visual arts teachers. indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 26 table 7. comparison of teachers' attitudes towards sports according to the branch variable scale subdimen si ons branş n mean rank x 2 df p posthoc interes t in sports 1physical education and sports teacher 36 250,22 58,238 11 ,00 1>2 1>3 1>4 1>5 1>9 1>10 1>11 1>12 2foreign language teachers 35 126,23 3chemistry, physics, biology and science teacher 27 134,06 4turkish and literature teacher 30 164,93 5history, geography and social studies teacher 29 160,45 6music and visual arts teacher 14 172,43 7preschool and classroom teacher 31 180,53 8special education teacher 30 191,28 9religious culture and ethics teacher 19 107,00 10pdr and philosophy teacher 18 111,44 11mathematics teacher 31 137,40 12information technologies, vocational courses and technology design teacher 23 157,91 living with sports 1physical education and sports teacher 36 236,36 50,639 11 ,00 0 1>2 1>3 1>4 1>9 1>10 1>11 1>12 2foreign language teachers 35 139,93 3chemistry, physics, biology and science teacher 27 149,35 4turkish and literature teacher 30 148,55 5history, geography and social studies teacher 29 173,29 6music and visual arts teacher 14 175,39 7preschool and classroom teacher 31 177,58 8special education teacher 30 199,63 9religious culture and ethics teacher 19 93,39 10pdr and philosophy teacher 18 112,33 11mathematics teacher 31 145,19 12information technologies, vocational courses and technology design teacher 23 137,30 playing active sports 1physical education and sports teacher 36 258,71 56,007 11 ,00 0 1>2 1>3 1>4 1>5 1>7 1>8 1>9 1>10 1>11 1>12 2foreign language teachers 35 150,19 3chemistry, physics, biology and science teacher 27 156,39 4turkish and literature teacher 30 150,93 5history, geography and social studies teacher 29 151,55 6music and visual arts teacher 14 160,21 7preschool and classroom teacher 31 172,42 8special education teacher 30 173,10 9religious culture and ethics teacher 19 105,66 10pdr and philosophy teacher 18 108,47 11mathematics teacher 31 139,10 12information technologies, vocational courses and technology design teacher 23 154,67 in this study, teachers' attitudes towards doing sports; the way it differs according to gender, age, marital status, educational status, level of work and branch indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 27 was examined. when the attitude scores of the teachers participating in the study are examined according to the gender variable, it is seen that there is a significant difference in all sub-dimensions of the scale (p <0.05). it has been observed that female teachers tend to do sports more than male teachers. the reason for this may have been effective in women's tendency to do more sports in order to lose weight and remain weak. considering the literature studies conducted, there are studies that are similar and not similar to the research in terms of the results obtained. atalay et al. (2015) found that the attitude towards sports is higher in favor of women according to the gender variable, and it is similar to the result of the study. üner et al. (2019), tomik et al. (2012) in poland, it was found that male participants showed a higher attitude towards sports than female participants. göksel et al. (2017) found no significant difference according to gender in the study. the result of this study is not similar to the result of the study. the reason for this can be considered as a result of being influenced by factors such as place of residence, age and living habits, although the two studies show similarities in terms of variables. there is no significant difference between the participants' attitudes towards sports in terms of age variable (p> 0.05). the lack of a meaningful difference between the age variable has increased the experience, experience and perspective of people with age, their level of enjoyment of life and the desire to live healthy, and the awareness of the problems brought by a sedentary life to human life with the benefits of technology in today's modern societies, and the participation of people in sports and sports organizations. it is thought to increase (uğurlu, 2012). when the previous studies in the literature are examined in terms of their results (varol et al., 2017; atalay et al., 2015; koçak, 2014), some studies show similar results with the study done, while some studies show that kangalgil et al. (2006) found that there is a significant difference in terms of age in their study, and a significant difference in terms of the age variable in the study by göksel and caz (2016). it was found that there was no significant difference between the attitude towards sports and the marital status variable (p> 0.05). in the study conducted by togo and öztürk (2019), it was found that there was no difference in terms of age and attitude towards sports. amount of meat. (2020) found a significant difference in his research. considering that the life standards of married individuals ar e more planned and that single individuals tend to more different social activities, it can be thought that the reason for the difference is. there is a significant difference between the attitude towards sports and education variable (p <0.05). in the dimension of interest in sports and active sports, it is seen that postgraduate teachers' attitude scores towards sports are higher than undergraduate teachers (p> 0.05). although there is no significant difference in the dimension of living with sports, attitude scores of graduate teachers are relatively higher than teachers at undergraduate level. it has been determined that there is no significant difference between the type of school they work in and their attitude towards sports. there was a statistically significant difference between the teachers' attitudes towards sports and the branch variable in all sub-dimensions of the attitude towards sports scale (p <0.05). in all subgroups, it is seen that physical education and sports teachers' atti tude scores are higher than other branches. indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 28 conclusion it can be said that teachers' attitudes towards sports are also very important in guiding students to sports. tournaments can be organized to improve teachers' attitudes towards sports. school administrations and teachers can hold seminars at schools in the presence of guidance counselors to raise awareness of sports in parents. by including in-school and out-of-school sports activities, teachers can participate in sports activities. by applying this research on a larger sample group, the results can be made more generalizable. acknowledgement we would like to thank all those who have supported the completion of this research. references akıncı, a.y. (2020). a research on the relationship between academic self-efficacy of prospective physical education and sports teachers and their attitudes towards the turkish education history course. journal of education and learning, 9(4), pp. 131139, 2020a. akıncı, a.y. (2020). the relationship between teacher candidates’ self-efficacy and attitudes of sports history. international education studies, 13(7), pp.105-112, 2020b. atalay, a., akbulut, a., yücel, a., göral, k., and korkmaz, m. (2015). analysis of the attitudes of student-atheletes playing in the universities volleyball 2nd league in turkey towards sports. j. appl. environ. biol. sci., 5(4)1-6. balyan, m., balyan, k. y., ve kiremitçi, o. (2012). the effects of different sports activities on the social skills and self-efficacy levels of primary school 2nd grade students' attitude towards physical education lesson. selcuk university journal of physical education and sports science,14(2), 196-201. binbaşıoğlu, h., and tuna, h. (2014). university students' attitudes towards their leisure time: a research for vocational school students in the eastern anatolia region. journal of academic approaches. cilt 5, s2. dalbudak i̇, and yiğit ş.m (2019). hearing ımparied students’ attitudes towards physical education and sports. journal of education and training studies, vol. 7, no. 9; 55-60. dalbudak, i.,gürkan, a.c., yigit, s.m., kargun, m., hazar, g., and dorak, f. (2016). investigating visually disabled students’ attitudes about physical education and sport. international journal of environmental and science education, vol. 11, no. 16, pp:9437-9447. gil-arias, a., harvey, s., cárceles, a., práxedes, a. ve del villar, f. (2017). the effect of a mixed tgfu-sports training unit on student motivation in physical education. plos, 12 (6). göksel, a. g., and caz, ç. (2016). examination of anatolian high school students' attitudes towards physical education lesson. marmara university journal of sports sciences, 1(1), 3-10. göksel, a. g., caz, ç., and i̇kizler, h. (2017). comparison of students' attitudes towards sports in different departments: the case of marmara university. journal of sports and performance researches, 8(2). indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 29 hassmén p, koivula n, uutela a. physical exercise and psychological well-being: a population study in finland. prev med. 2000 jan;30(1):17-25. hills ap, dengel dr, lubans dr. supporting public health priorities: recommendations for physical education and physical activity promotion in schools. prog cardiovasc dis. 2015 jan-feb;57(4): 368-74. holt, n. l., neely, k. c., slater, l. g., camiré, m., côté, j., fraser-thomas, j., macdonald, d., strachan, l., & tamminen, k. a. (2017). a grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative metastudy. international review of sport and exercise psychology, 10(1), 1–49. janssen i. (2007). physical activity guidelines for children and teens. appl physiol nutr metab, 32: pp. 109 –121. kalfa, m. (2019). attitudes of dentistry students towards sports. spormeter journal of physical education and sport sciences, 17(1), 165-181. koçak, f. (2014). university students' attitudes towards sports: a scale development study. 12(1),59-60. lee im, shiroma ej, lobelo f, puska p, blair sn, katzmarzyk pt(2012). lancet physical activity series working group. effect of physical inactivity on major noncommunicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. lancet, 21;380(9838):219-29. lópez sánchez, gf, gonzález víllora, s. ve díaz suárez, a. (2016). usual level of physical activity among children and adolescents in the murcia region (spain). springer plus, 5 (1), 386. malm, c., jakobsson, j. ve isaksson, a. (2019). physical activity and sport-real health benefits: a review with insights into swedish public health. sport (basel, i̇sviçre), 7 (5), 127. oxford english dictionary. sport. oxford english dict. online. 2017 [cited may 12, 2017]. available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sport pepe, o., taşkıran. c., pepe, k., çoksevim, b. (2011). attitude of first grade teachers of primary education schools related to physical education and sport lessons ovidius university annals. series physical education and sport / science, movement and health vol. 11, issue 2; pp:221-228. sánchez-oliva, d., pulido-gonzález, jj, leo, fm, gonzález-ponce, i., & garcía-calvo, t. (2017). effects of an intervention with teachers in the context of physical education: selfdetermination theory approach. plos, 12 (12). standage, m., duda, jl, & ntoumanis, n. (2005). a self-determination theory test in school physical education. british journal of educational psychology, 75 (3), 411-433. şata, m. (2020). quantitative research methods. e. oğuz (ed.), research methods in education (77-97). ankara: educational book. şentürk, h. e. (2012). sportive attitude scale: its development, validity and reliability. cbü journal of physical education and sport sciences, 7 (2), 8-18. tavşancıl, e. (2002). measuring attitudes and data analysis with spss. nobel publishing, ankara. 5. edition, p. 224. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sport indonesian journal of sport management mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp, 1(1), 2021, 20-30 30 togo, o. t., and öztürk, a. (2019) examining the attitudes of employees participating in sports organizations towards sports: the example of the corporate league. journal of sports and performance research, 11 (1), 55-64. tomik, r., olex-zarychta, d., and mynarski, w. (2012). social values of sport participation and their significance for youth attitudes towards physical education and sport. studies in physical culture and tourism, 19 (2), 99-104. turan, m.b., usuflu, o., koç, k., karaoğlu, b., and ulucan h. (2018). investigation of human rights attitudes and uniqueness levels in sports of professional football players. gaziantep university journal of sport sciences vol: 3, issue: 4, pp: 1-18. amount, ö. f., nacar, e., and gacar, a. (2020). investigation of alienation levels in sports of enforcement officers. munzur university journal of social sciences (müsbi̇d), 9 (1), 6878. tükel, y. (2018). evaluation of athletes playing table tennis as a sports recreation activity towards sports according to gender and marital status. sportive, 1(1), 12-18. uğurlu, f. (2012). investigation of university students' level of participation in sports activities and their social adaptation and communication skills (adıyaman province example). gaziantep university, institute of health sciences, department of physical education and sports, master's thesis, 5-81. ünver, g., ersan, k.ve kocaman, h. (2019). examination of teachers' attitudes towards sports in different branches. journal of physical education and sport sciences, 13 (1), 38-50. varol, r., varol, s., and türkmen, m. (2017). determining the attitudes of students studying at bartın university towards sports. international journal of cultural and social studies (uksad), 3 (2), 316-329 copyright holder: ©(2021) mehmet şakir salar, hulusi alp first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 90-100 90 influence of fan behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state, nigeria adebayo babatunde samson*1, ibraheem musa oluwatoyin2 12department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria article history: received: 6 june 2021 accepted: 25 september 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract since the inception of organized sports, there have been fans or spectators cheering for their favorite athletes and teams in order to increase their confidence and improve their overall performance. this study examined the influence of fan behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. the variables investigated are fans’ perception, discrimination, violent reactions, and feelings of disappointment. descriptive research design of survey method was adopted for the study. the population for the study was amateur athletes from four sports (football, basketball, volleyball, and handball). purposive and sample technique was used for the study. the sample for the study consists of 140 amateur athletes in kwara state. the research instrument for this study was questionnaire developed by the researcher which was used for data collection. frequency and percentage was used to analyze the demographic data of respondents while the hypotheses were tested using inferential statistic of chi-square at 0.05 alpha level. the findings of the study revealed that; fans perception of athletes as a failure, discrimination, violent reactions, and feelings of disappointment influenced the self-esteem of amateur athletes. based on the findings, the study recommends that stakeholders such as media, sports council and relevant agencies of government should conduct enlightenment programmes on management and control of fan behaviour in kwara state. keywords: behaviour; self-esteem; amateur; athletes how to cite: samsom, a. b & oluwatoyin, i. m. (2021). influence of fan behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state, nigeria. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1111 corresponding author: adebayo babatunde samsom, department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria email: tundeadebayo13@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 91 introduction sports cannot be enjoyed without fans and spectators, thus, fans are important social group of random people from various socio-cultural groups having different identity to a team or athlete (atalay 1998). therefore, fan, being an enthusiast or fanatic of a particular team or athlete would likely go to the extreme to contribute to the team success as well as that of the athlete. fan behaviour in sports environment could be positive or negative, and can directly affect the outcome of sports events as a result of the consequences of their behaviour. this behaviour manifests itself in a number of different ways, depending on the venue. positive behaviour could be in form of singing, and cheering positive exclamations toward the field of play and ultimately using favorable objects. likewise, negative behaviour such as booing, abuse, shouting and throwing of harmful object into the field. however, fans form parts of the group that contribute to the holistic experience within a sporting event having different motives or intentions as some cheer and motivate the team or their favorite athletes; while some choose to boo the opposing team or the athletes. though it is usually accepted that cheering positively influences a team’s performance, negative cheering has also shown to be a greater disadvantage mostly toward the athletes. madison (2009) stated that fans’ negative behaviour has shown to have influence on the performance of athletes which have caused them to perform below expectation and or perhaps even distract them completely off the competition as a result of certain behavioral characteristics exhibited by the fans. fan can be an enthusiast for a particular athlete, team, sport, or all of organized sports as a whole. sports fans often attend sporting events in stadium, sports bars, or watch them at home on television, and follow news through newspapers, websites, and social media. according to wann (1995), a sports fan is considered to be “one who is enthusiastic about a particular sport or athlete. agas, et. al. (2012), perceived ‘fan’, as the shortened form of the word ‘fanatic’, expresses enthusiasm, passion and eagerness and even “moving beyond reason”. the incontestable influence a large group of sport fans have directly translates to the electric atmosphere and excitement at largest sporting events. dobel (2010), submitted that “fans matter so much that sports often have a ‘home field advantage’ largely created by the fans in the stands”, because enthusiastic sports fans are able to support and uplift athletes and players by transferring their energy and emotional support to them through their positive behaviour such as cheering and chanting which serve as motivation to the athletes. also, the opposite of this is true when sports fans display negative behaviour that affect the whole experience of sports events. behaviour could have an obvious influence on the game, particularly the hostile fan. therefore, this study intends to investigate certain fan behaviour that may influence the self-esteem of athletes, determinants of fan behaviour, potential challenges or effects of unethical behaviour in sports events, causes of the problems of unsporting behaviour, on amateur athletes in kwara state. self-esteem is now a household concept and high self-esteem is regarded as something that causes positive outcome in life, in general, and in specific situations. self-esteem as a construct has had many varying definitions that explain the concept and ways of measuring its impact on oneself. (rosenberg, 1979), it is a reflection of how one feels, think, and value his own skills, abilities, and social relationships indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 92 (coatsworth & conroy, 2006). self-esteem refers to person’s overall sense of his or her worth. it is considered a sort of measure of how much a person think, feel, and believes about him or herself. according to self-esteem expert morris rosenberg, self-esteem is quite simply one’s attitude toward oneself. as described by rosenberg, it as a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self. furthermore, self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself, as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. it is attractive as a social psychological construct because researchers conceptualized it as an influential predictor of certain outcomes, such as academic achievements, happiness, and satisfaction among others. (peggy &julia, 2003). but athletes are especially vulnerable to this problem of self-esteem as a result of the consequences of fan behaviour which can be led to lack of concentration and unstable mind. therefore, this study examined the influence of fan behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. the researcher through interaction discovered that the performance of amateur athletes in kwara state has a link with individual self-esteem. this is because certain behavioural factors could influence the self-esteem of the athletes to a greater extent as well as their experience of the game. researched has proved that the fans’ negative behaviour has proved to have influence on the performance of athletes which have caused them to perform below expectation during competition as a result of certain characters exhibited by fans (madison, 2009). the focus of this research was to examine fan behaviour ranging from violent reaction, discrimination and feelings of disappointment on the self -esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. fan behaviour has directly affected the outcome of sports events, while violence, unethical behaviour among others have posed serious challenges to improving the self-esteem of athletes in sports events through character such as verbal (slangs, odd songs, boo, chants) and non-verbal cues such as writings, gesture, signs and posters among others. method the descriptive design of survey type was adopted for this study. the researcher described the processes, opinion and characteristics that exist in the population being studied. the population comprised amateur athletes selected from four (4) sports; football, basketball, volleyball, and handball in ilorin, kwara state. one hundred and forty (140) amateur athletes were sampled for this study. random sampling technique was used to select four (4) sports, while proportionate sampling technique was used to select 20% from each sport, 55 amateur athletes from football, 35 from basketball, 25 from volleyball and 25 from handball. the instrument that was used for this study is a researcher’s developed structured questionnaire. the instrument elicited relevant information from the respondents on influence of fan behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. the instrument was tagged “influence of fan behaviour on the selfesteem of amateur athletes” (ifbsaa). the questionnaire comprised two sections, a and b. section a focused on demographic data of the respondents such as gender, age and type of sport, while section b contained items on influence of fan behavio ur on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. the 5-point likert scale of indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 93 “strongly agree”, “agree”, moderately agree and “disagree and strongly disagree” responses were used for the items on the questionnaire. the validity of the instrument was ascertained with the help of three (3) lecturers from department of human kinetics education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, nigeria. the comments, corrections and suggestions were incorporated in the instrument for administration. in order to ensure the reliability of the instrument, the researcher adopted test-retest method whereby 20 copies of the questionnaire were administered on athletes from the following sports; table tennis, athletics, cricket and tennis. the instrument was analyzed using pearson product moment correlation (ppmc) statistic, a coefficient of 0.78 was obtained. permission was obtained from the management of the kwara state sports council and the coaches prior to data collection. three trained research assistants were employed for the study. the data collected for this study was subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. section a which entails the demographic data of respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage, while inferential statistic of chisquare was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. result and discussion result table 1. frequency distribution of the respondents on gender, type of sport and length of participation in sport s/n criteria frequency percentage (%) gender male 114 81 female 26 19 total 140 100 type of sport football 61 44 basketball 30 21 volleyball 26 19 handball 23 16 total 140 100 length of participantion < 5 years 96 69 5-10 years 31 22 10 years & above 13 9 total 140 100 table 1 presents information on the demographic characteristics of the respondents. 114 respondents (81%) were male while 26 respondents (19%) were female. also, the type of sport of the respondents shows that 61 respondents (44%) played football, 30 respondents (21%) played basketball, 26 respondents (19%) played volleyball, while 23 respondents (16%) played handball. also, the length of participation in sport revealed that 96 respondents (69%) were less than 5 ye ars, 31 respondents (22%) were between 5-10 years, while 13 respondents (9%) were 10 years and above. indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 94 table 2. chi-square analysis on fans feelings of disappointment on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state item sa a ma d sd row total df cal x2 valu e pvalu e rem ark when i make error during performance, fans perceive me as a failure. 14 30 60 33 3 140 when i miss chances to score, fans perceive my performance as poor 21 58 45 13 3 140 i become anxious of what fans might perceive about my performance. 35 63 34 6 2 140 16 85.1 50a .000 ho rejec ted fans sometimes perceive athletes as a failure if he/she performs below expectation. 37 66 29 7 1 140 fan perception of athletes sometimes determines the level of performance. 45 57 30 5 3 140 total 152 274 198 64 12 700 (21.7%) (39.1%) (28.3%) (9.1%) (1.7%) (100%) @ 0.05 alpha level table 2 revealed that 21.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that fans feelings of disappointment have a significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state, 39.1% agreed, 28.3% moderately agreed, 9.1% disagreed, 1.7% strongly disagreed. also, the calculated chi-square value was 85.150, table value was 34.267 at 16-degree of freedom while the p-value is .000 at 0.05 alpha level. therefore, hypothesis one was rejected which means there was significant influence of feelings of feelings of disappointment on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. table 3. chi-square analysis on influence of fans violent behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state item sa a ma d sd row total df cal x2 val ue pvalu e rem ark my self-esteem drops quickly when i experience discrimination from fans 21 49 39 25 6 140 when i encounter discrimination, i struggle to concentrate as it interferes with my performance. 27 72 29 11 1 140 experience of discrimination discourages me much and shake my self esteem 42 63 27 7 1 140 16 87.1 31a .000 ho reje cted indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 95 i struggle to control my emotion whenever i am assaulted by fans. 36 71 24 2 7 140 i do not perform to my best as my attention flips back and forth when assaulted by fans. 47 63 24 2 4 140 total 173 318 143 47 19 700 (24.7%) (45.4%) (20.4%) (6.7%) (2.7%) (100%) @ 0.05 alpha level table 3 revealed that 24.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that fans violent behaviour has a significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state, 45.4% agreed, 20.4% moderately agreed, 6.7% disagreed, 2.7% strongly disagreed. also, the calculated chi-square value was 87.131, table value was 34.267 at 16-degree of freedom while the p-value was .000 at 0.05 alpha level. based on the result, hypothesis two was rejected which means there was significant influence of fans violent behaviour on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. table 4. chi-square analysis on fans discrimination and self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. item sa a ma d sd row total df cal x2 value pvalu e rema rk most fans engaged in disorder and riot act. 33 49 35 18 5 140 i seldom cope under fans verbal and gesturing violence reaction. 32 71 31 5 1 140 throwing of harmful objects affect my selfconfidence. 54 57 19 6 4 140 20 66.261a .000 ho reject ed fans violent threats often make me perform poorly. 48 54 24 7 7 140 fan nature of hooliganism hinders me of using my full potential. 44 64 16 12 4 140 property destruction and physical challenge often affects my selfesteem. 58 269 54 349 21 146 6 54 1 22 140 840 total (32%) (41.5%) (17.4%) (6.4%) (3%) (100%) @ 0.05 alpha level indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 96 table 4 revealed that 32% of the respondents strongly agreed that fans discrimination has a significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state, 41.5% agreed, 17.4% moderately agreed, 6.4% disagreed, 3% strongly disagreed. also, the calculated chi-square value was 66.261, table value was 39.997 at 20-degree of freedom while p-value is .000 at 0.05 alpha level. therefore, hypothesis three was rejected, which means there was significant influence of fans discrimination on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. table 5. chi-square analysis on fans perception of athlete as a failure and self -esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state item sa a ma d df row total df cal x2 value pvalu e rem ark i sometimes remember my past failure more than my success. 28 51 32 16 13 140 i feel grossly disappointed when we lose a match which affects my subsequent performance. 43 73 20 2 2 140 athletes need the fans to stay confident even though one performs poorly. 64 56 18 2 140 12 44.896a .000 ho rejec ted i feel angry with myself for not contributing to the team success. 51 67 18 2 2 140 total 186 247 88 22 17 560 (33.2%) (44.1%) (15.7%) (4%) (3.0%) (100%) @ 0.05 alpha level table five revealed that 33.2% of the respondents strongly agreed that fans perception of athlete as a failure has a significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state, 44.1% agreed, 15.7% moderately agreed, 4% disagreed, while 3% strongly disagreed. also, the calculated chi-square value was 44.896, table value was 32.910 at 12-degree of freedom while the p-value is .000 at 0.05 alpha level. therefore, hypothesis four was rejected, which means there is a significant influence of fans perception of athlete as a failure on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. discussion of findings based on the result, hypothesis one was rejected, this connotes that fans feelings of disappointment have a significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. sports fans are considered as those who are enthusiastic about a particular sport or athlete. agas,et al, (2012) affirmed that fans may be emotional and feel disappointed if their favorite athlete performs below expectations or their team lost a match. research has also proved that there is a strong propensity for particular sporting event characteristics to contribute to the spectators’ emotional states (yoshida & james, 2010). indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 97 furthermore, it has been affirmed by scholars that feelings of enjoyment have a positive impact on spectators’ satisfaction with the stadium (kuenzel & yasshimu, 2007), and feelings of excitement have a positive impact on spectators plans to watch future events (sumino & harada, 2004). in essence, spectators’ emotions can be used to predict spectator behavior. hypothesis two was also rejected, this signifies that fans violent reaction significantly influence the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. this tallies with the research by daniel, wann et. al. (2004), they reported that between 1900 and the early 1940s, crowd violence was common: bottles and other objects were thrown at players and umpires, and world series games were disrupted by fans angered by umpires’ calls or the actions of opposing players (scheinin, 1994). collins (2008) affirmed that spontaneous fan violence that occurs during a soccer match often appears to be a more direct result of events on the pitch. fans are subject to the same rhythms of dramatic tension as players, they tend to express their emotions collectively as fans are attracted to attending a game in person. archrivalry between opposing fans seemed to further increase the likelihood of violent reactions (yusoff, 2015), such negative incidents can bleed from one game into the next, suggesting that sporting rivalries could potentially become increasingly intense over time. hypothesis three was rejected, this shows that discrimination from fans has a significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. sports, which is known for housing careers of the most passionate and the aspiring youth, has shown to be major concern when it comes to the issue of discrimination that is gradually becoming a nightmare not only for participants but for others who took interest in the field of sports. raced-based discrimination is one of the major challenges experienced in sports events till today with well-documented harmful impact on health and wellbeing, in particular mental health. being a target of racism can reduce self-esteem and social support; increase stress, drug and alcohol use, self-harm, and have a detrimental effect on athlete performance. racism can also reduce athlete’s chance of getting decent performance. hypothesis four was rejected, this indicates that fans perception of athlete as a failure significantly influence the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. fans perceive athletes as a failure if he/she fails to perform up to the expected standard overtime. this is in line with the submission of wann, (2004) who affirmed that the perceptions and actions of fans depend on the extent to which they identify with teams and athletes. highly identified fans are more likely than others to link their team’s performance to their own emotions and identities. fans usually placed so much expectation on athletes and on the team they whole heartedly support as they always expect them to produce high flying performances at all-time perhaps due to the pedigree of the athletes and the magnitude of the team. on the other hand, fans will perceive athletes as a failure, if they fail to meet up with the expected performance standard set by the fans he/she is assumed to be a failure in his/her area of sports. conclusion based on the findings of the study, following conclusions were drawn. fans feelings of disappointment had significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 98 in kwara state. fans violent behaviour had significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. fans discrimination had significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. fans perception of athlete as a failure had significant influence on the self-esteem of amateur athletes in kwara state. recommendations is coaches should seek the assistance of sports psychologists to integrate psychological skills training to help the athletes maintain their self-confidence. various sports clubs should set standard cautions and discourage their fans from the act of discrimination and use of racial abuse on the athletes. government and sports council should make strict regulations and policies to control violent reactions of fans in sports events. stakeholders such as media, sports council and relevant agencies of government should conduct enlightenment programmes on management and control of fan behaviour. acknowledgement this study was not receive any support. there is no conflict of interest in this study. references agas, k., georgakarakou, c., mylonakis, j., & panagiotis, a. (2012). traveling abroad internal and external motives toward different sports fan types. international journal of business and management, (7)3, 111-126 anderson, d. (1979). sports spectatorship: an appropriation of identity or appraisal of self? review of sport and leisure 4, 115-127 atalay a: sporgazeteciliği. 1998; 11–15 [in turkish] branscombe, n. r., &wann, d. l. (1992). role of identification with a group, arousal, categorization processes, and self-esteem in sports spectator aggression.human relations, 45(10), 1013-1033. branscombe, n., &wann, d. (1991a). the positive social and self-concept consequences of sports team identification. journal of sports and social issues, 15, 115-127 carroll, r. (2001). racist. violent. corrupt: welcome to serie a. guardian unlimited, (retrieved from www.guardian.co.uk/archive/articles/0,4273,4179057,00.html) coakley, j. (2009). sports in society (10th ed.) boston, ma: mcgraw-hill. coatsworth, j., & conroy, d. e. (2006). enhancing the self-esteem of youth swimmers cohn, p. (2006) self-esteem in the athlete. brian mackenzie's successful coaching, (issn 1745-7513/ 38/ december), 9-10. cox, h r. (1985). sport psychology, concepts and application. second edition. daniel l. wann; merrill j. melnick; gordon w. russell; (2001). sport fans: the psychology and social impact of spectators. london: routledge. isbn 0-415-92463-4. dobel, j.p. (2010). the difference between fans, spectators and audiences. [online] availablefrom:http://pointofthegame.blogspot.com/2010/04/spectatorsaudiences-and-fans.html earnheardt, adam c.; haridakis, & paul m. (may 30, 2013). "understanding fans' consumption and dissemination of sports: an introduction". in earnheardt, adam c.; http://www.guardian.co.uk/archive/articles/0,4273,4179057,00.html mhtml:file://c:/users/tobi/desktop/fan%20(person)%20-%20wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/international_standard_book_number mhtml:file://c:/users/tobi/desktop/fan%20(person)%20-%20wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/special:booksources/0-415-92463-4 indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 99 haridakis, paul m.; hugenberg, barbara. sports fans, identity, and socialization: exploring the fandemonium. lexington books. 1–6. isbn 978-0739146217. earnheardt, adam c.; haridakis, paul m. (2009). "an examination of fan-athlete interaction: fandom, parasocial interaction, and identification". ohio communication journal.47: 27–53. elsevier emotions, and competition outcome. journal of sport & exercise psychology, 16, 347-364 feltz, d. l., & lirgg, c. d. (2001). self-efficacy beliefs of athletes, teams, and coaches. handbook of sport psychology, 2(2001), 340-361. fink, j. s., trail, g. t., & anderson, d. f. (2002). an examination of team identification: which motives are most salient to its existence? international sports journal, 6(2), 195-207. funk, d., & james, j. (2006). consumer loyalty: the meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance. journal of sport management, 20(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.2.189 hocking, j. (1982). sports and spectators: intra-audience effects. journal of communication, 32, 100-108 madison, wis. (2009). for better or for worse, fan behavior impacts athletes. sport psychology consultants help athletes cope with fans madrigal, r. (1995). cognitive and affective determinants of fan satisfaction with sporting event attendance. journal of leisure research, 27, 205-227 madrigal, r., & chen, j. (2008). moderating and mediating effects of team identification in regard to causal attributions and summary judgments following a game outcome. journal of sport management, 22(6), 717-733. miller, s. (1976). personality correlates of football fandom. journal of human behavior, 13, 7-13 peggy, e. julia, a. (2003). self-esteem, sports and physical activity, canadian association for the advancement of women and sport and physical activity. rhoden, w. c. (2001, march 30). tennis, race and much more. the new york times, d1 (l). rosenberg, m. (1979). conceiving the self. new york: basic books. shank, m. & beasley, f. (1998). fan or fanatic: refining a measure of sports involvement. journal of sport behavior, 21, 435-450. smith, g. (1988). the noble sports fan.journal of sports and social issues, 12, 54-65. smith, michael d. (1983). violence and sport. canada. butterworth & co. spinrad, w. the function of spectator sports. in g. luschen and g. sage (eds) handbook of social science of sport. champagne, il: stipes. 1981 wann, d. (1995). preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. journal of sports and social issues, 19, 377-396. wann, d. l. (2006). the causes and consequences of sport team identification. in a. a. raney & j. bryant (eds.), handbook of sports and media (pp. 331–352). mahwah, nj: erlbaum. mhtml:file://c:/users/tobi/desktop/fan%20(person)%20-%20wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/international_standard_book_number mhtml:file://c:/users/tobi/desktop/fan%20(person)%20-%20wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/special:booksources/978-0739146217 http://digitalcommons.kent.edu/commpubs/2 http://digitalcommons.kent.edu/commpubs/2 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.2.189 indonesian journal of sport management samson & oluwatoyin, 1 (2), 2021, 90-100 100 wann, d. l., hunter, j. l., ryan, j. a., & wright, l . a. ( 2001) . the r elat i onshi p between t eam i denti fic ati on and wi lli ngness of sport fans t o c onsi der i llegally assi sti ng t hei r t eam . soc i al behavior and personality, 29(6), 531-53 wann, d., & dolan, t. (1994). influence of spectator’s identification on evaluation of past, present and future performance of a sports team perceptual and motor skills. perceptual and motor skills, 78, 547-552. wann, d.l., & branscombe, n.r. (1990). die-hard and fair-weather fans: effects of identification on birging and corfing tendencies. journal of sport and social issues, 14(2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359001400203 wann, daniel l. (january 10, 2001). sport fans: the psychology and social impact of spectators. routledge .isbn 978-0415924641. copyright holder: ©(2021) adebayo babatunde samsom, ibraheem musa oluwatoyin first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359001400203 mhtml:file://c:/users/tobi/desktop/fan%20(person)%20-%20wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/international_standard_book_number mhtml:file://c:/users/tobi/desktop/fan%20(person)%20-%20wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/special:booksources/978-0415924641 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 1, april (2021), 31-40 31 taekwondo sports equipment business management in semarang city prima ganda saputra1*, tri nurharsono2, heny setyawati3, endro puji purwono4 1*234department of physical education heath and recreation, faculty of sport science, universitas negeri semarang, indonesia article history: received: 2 april 2021 accepted: 23 april 2021 published: 26 april 2021 abstract the purpose of this study is to figure out the existence of the taekwondo supply business in semarang. this study approach uses descriptive method. techniques of collecting data using purposive sampling. sources of data in the form of primary data and secondary data. the primary data obtained by interview and observation while secondary data obtained by documentation. source triangulation and technique triangulation are used to examine the validity of the data. data analysis obtained by reduction, display data, and conclusion. based on the research in semarang, there is a taekwondo supply business that has distributed their goods to several regions in indonesia. in the operational level, these two companies still use manual methods in the production process and the human resources used are taken from the local community. basically, these two companies have carried out the management process, while the financial aspects of these two companies differ in capital and objectives. for the information systems, zao makes better use of them. the company has a fairly good management system because it has fulfilled its four management functions, namely planning, organizing, implementing and controlling. suggestion the taekwondo supply company in semarang should develop their marketing management in order to maintain its stability in the field of the taekwondo supply business. keywords: management; industry; sport how to cite: saputra, p. g, nurharsono, t, setyawati, h, & purnomo, e. p. (2021). taekwondo sports equipment business management in semarang city. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i1.990 corresponding author: prima ganda saputra, department of physical education heath and recreation, faculty of sport science, universitas negeri semarang, central java, indonesia email: primaganda@gmail.com indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 32 introduction law of the republic of indonesia number 20 of 2008 concerning micro, small and medium enterprises, that micro, small and medium enterprises are business activities capable of expanding employment, providing broad economic services to the community, equitable distribution. community economy, improve the community economy. however, even so, micro and medium enterprises still f ace various problems ranging from sales, capital and human resources. these constraints are felt by the micro sports industry. according to priyono (2012), strengthening public policies on poverty alleviation efforts through the development of the micro sports industry. the sports industry is one of the most important aspects in the economic development of a country. in countries such as america, england, germany, france, italy, korea, and china, the sports industry is growing rapidly, even becoming a leadi ng industry as a supplier of foreign exchange. in building national character, sport has become an industrial identity that has significant added value. in indonesia, the development of the sports industry requires the participation of the community in realizing sports that excel with the support of the domestic sports industry. the state ministry of youth and sports through the deputy of youth entrepreneurship and sports industry in indonesia has launched an idea to develop the sports industry as a creativ e, empowered industry high competitiveness. according to economics, business is an organization that sells goods or services, is busy doing activities and jobs that bring consumers or other businesses. business comes from bussiness which means busy or busy in the context of an individual, community or society. in the sense of profit. etymologically, business means a situation in which a person or group of people is busy doing work that generates profits. the word "business" has three uses, depending on the scope the singular use of the word business can refer to a business entity, namely a juridical (legal), technical, and economic entity aimed at profit or profit. broader usage can refer to a specific market sector. yang (zhan, 2016) state that, the sports industry is defined as the production unit of sports-related products and services, including sports organization and administration, sports venue management, fitness and entertainment, sports intermediation, sports training, sports lottery, production o f sports goods and equipment, sales of goods. and sports equipment, and construction of sports venues. the understanding of the sports industry in chapter i paragraph (18) of the general provisions of law no. 3 of 2005 concerning the national sports system is a business activity in the field of sports in the form of products and / services. sports management professionals generally believe that sport as participation is more important to american society than sport as entertainment. indeed, the plurality of sports management professionals in this study are reported to be working in the context of community recreation. at the same time, sport as entertainment is a more attractive career path for most sport management students and alumni. the variety of sports management careers reported by respondents indicates that graduates explore and accept positions in many fields to pursue desired careers in the sports industry. they understand the growing role of sport in american society and they want to be a part of it (schwab et al., 2015). indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 33 sport is a global industry that influences many other sectors of the economy through its own traditions and relationships with society. there are tacit and unwritten rules about the sport that set it apart from other segments of the industry (ratten, 2016). as a discipline, sports management is still in its infancy but has grown in scholarship and significance in relation to the integral role of sport in society (peachey, borland, lobpries, & cohen, 2015; ratten, 2016). engagement with sports equipment has received little direct research attention, although it has been studied regularly in the context of defining recreational specialization (bryan 1977; bryan 1979; donnelly et al. 1986; bloch, et. al., 1989). according to this stream of research, commitment to sport is exemplified by specific behaviors and the use of certain equipment which represent a larger than average financial investment. highly specialized sports participants seek maximum recreational satisfaction and rely on sports equipment as a means of achieving that goal. so, there appears to be a two-stage process at work. commitment to recreation generates high involvement or interest in related equipment which in turn is associated with outcomes such as high equipment expenditure rates (bloch, et. al., 1989). the numbers of marketing definitions presented in literature have led to ambiguity about what marketing is for marketing managers, senior management and other functional managers. mcdonald (contreras and ramos, 2015) states that although there are many “admirable and correct” definitions, these definitions provide little guidance on what to include and exclude in the marketing practice. definitions of the american marketing association show that marketing is much more than promotion and personal selling (kerin, hartley, & rudelius, 2013; contreras and ramos, 2015). they have academic and professional relevance and are developed using the consensus of academic and professional marketers. marketing is a social and managerial process in which individuals and groups get what they need and want by creating and exchanging products and services and values between one person and another. the role of marketing today is not only to deliver products or services into the hands of consumers, but also how these products or services can provide satisfaction to customers on an ongoing basis, so that company profits can be obtained by the occurrence of repeated purchase (putri, 2014). there are several kinds of understanding strategies from experts. according to marrus (umar, 2001; wibowo, et al., 2015) strategy is defined as a process of determining the plans of top leaders that focus on the long-term goals of the organization, along with the preparation of a method or effort to achieve these goals. prahalad (umar, 2001; wibowo, et al., 2015) states that strategy is specifically defined as actions that are incremental (always increasing) and continuous, and carried out based on the point of view of what customers expect in the future. the taekwondo equipment industry business carried out by the zao and adsus brands is in the city of semarang. from preliminary observations, information is obtained that this industrial business is always growing from year to year, although in terms of marketing the products produced are only consumed by taekwondo sports players and are not generally consumed by the wider community on an ongoing basis. fulfilling the need for various types of taekwondo sports equipment has made taekwondo equipment manufacturers in semarang start producing taekwondo indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 34 equipment that dare to compete with foreign products. it is from this business that taekwondo equipment manufacturers have begun to benefit from the production of taekwondo sports goods and services which are of course in accordance with the standards of facilities and infrastructure used in taekwondo sports. taekwondo sports facilities and infrastructure are very diverse, the diversity of taekwondo equipment is caused by developments in technology and knowledge. from year to year there have been several changes to the model of the equipment. method the method used in this research is descriptive qualitative survey research type. surveys are used to determine and measure a broad range of information, such as knowledge, attitudes, values, opinions, actions, intentions, behaviours and beliefs (wagstaff, 2006; polit and beck, 2010; robert, 2012). they are a valuable research method to examine comparisons and variations between large groups of people, providing the researcher with a broad overview of a certain situation or phenomena and potentially to provide a platform for further studies (hallberg, 2008 robert, 2012). survey research is, however, reliant on the willingness of the respondents to take part; it is therefore important that time and consideration are spent on its design to encourage participation. a survey is essentially quantitative in nature (polit and beck, 2010; robert, 2012); although ‘qualitative aspects’ may be present in the form of open questions, data analysis is always determined by statistical analysis. though surveys belong to the quantitative paradigm, they are non-experimental in design (parahoo, 2006; robert, 2012); variables are not manipulated, but information is gathered about the variables to determine or measure their relationships to one another, whereas experimental research involves the manipulation of at least one variable (watson and keady, 2008; robert, 2012). the goal of sampling strategies in survey research is to obtain a suffic ient sample that is representative of the population of interest. it is often not feasible to collect data from an entire population of interest (e.g., all individuals with lung cancer); therefore, a subset of the population or sample is used to estimate t he population responses (e.g., individuals with lung cancer currently receiving treatment) (ponto, 2015). locations in the zao and adsus brand places with respondents 14 zao employees and 8 adsus employees. the data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interviews, and documentation. the data analysis method used in this research is descriptive qualitative analysis. qualitative descriptive analysis is describing completely and accurately the data obtained from various sources to achieve research objectives. in the qualitative data analysis activities, they are grouped into three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and drawing. result and discussion marketing aspects the marketing of the two taekwondo equipment companies in semarang city has not fulfilled the marketing mix which consists of: 1) develop a product, 2) indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 35 determine the price, 3) spread it to various places, 4) promote it to be purchased by consumers. both brands have produced equipment that meets the standards and criteria for taekwondo sports equipment. the company's consistency in making taekwondo equipment is also good. the drawbacks of these two companies are seen from the work process which still depends on orders, and sometimes product processing and product delivery exceed the deadline for processing orders. this is a negative value that will have an impact on decreasing the level of customer satisfaction for the two companies. table 1. product concepts, sales concepts and marketing concepts aspects zao adsus product aspects • using the same type of material for clothes. the striated channel is a little stiff • the target / pad uses the same semi-skin material with 3-4 cm. • semi-leather body armor with a thickness of 7-8 cm • use the same type of material for the channel with a softer material • the target / pad uses the same semi-skin material with 4-5 cm • semi-leather body armor with a thickness of 7-8 cm sales aspect • using the ordering system • in 1 month, approximately idr 20,000,000 to idr 30,000,000 • using an ordering system • within 1 month, rp. 25,000,000, to rp. 40,000,000, marketing aspects using social media and business partners using business relations / partners in the manufacture of zao and adsus, they have not set product standards to consumers. because in this case zao and adsus themselves are still classified as a cottage industry. the standardization of taekwondo equipment and clothes, both adsus and zao, was different because the two brand owners were in the manufacturing process based on observations. so that for quality materials that are affordable but do not close reduce the convenience factor and consumer desires. the marketing activities of a company have several goals to be achieved, both short-term and long-term goals. in the short term, it is usually to win the hearts of consumers, especially for newly launched products. meanwhile, in the long term, this is done to maintain existing products in order to continue to exist. in general, understanding the concept of marketing, it is necessary to introduce an understanding of the concept of a marketing strategy. to deal with in getting customers, a company must realize that it is not young without a real action in the form of hard work by using the right strategy to increase the number of customers, strategy is an important key to the success of a company in reaching customers. consumers are currently facing a variety of choices of products, brands, prices, and suppliers. to determine the intention to take, consumers will consider which offers will provide the highest benefits and value to build and run a business to be successful and reliable, not just fixated on a few either the product or service you are offering. an important factor in the is in that also affects consumer satisfaction with products or services from the business is the existence of good service (rusdi, 2019). indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 36 in making zao and adsus still have not set product standards to consumers. because in this case, zao and adsus are still classified as home-based industry. the standardization of taekwondo equipment and clothes, both adsus and zao, was different because the two brand owners were in the manufacturing process based on observations. operational aspects the production capacity of a company is different from other companies. even though they come from one area, these companies have different production capacities. production capacity is also largely determined by the state of the production equipment and machines used. in its production, zao is preferred because the number of production tools and the number of employees are more weighted by adsus. zao with 4 sewing tools while adsus 3 sewing tools for making clothes or dobok. these two companies are companies that still use manual methods in their production processes. production results are largely determined by the expertise of employees in the manufacture of products and in operating the tools. zao and adsus are in accordance with the theory which states that for the manufacturing industry business, for example, it is necessary to discuss the production capacity, the type of technology used, the use of equipment and machines, the location of the factory and the most profitable factory layout. the company has a location for reasons of safety and comfort in the production process, as well as minimizing the bad impact on the surrounding community. the placement of zao production is preferred because it is in one scope in the sense of one place, while the adsus is divided into two by making clothes and equipment. table 2. production concept aspects zao adsus product aspects • still using the manual system (1 screen printing tool and 3 sewing tools) • number of employees: 13 people • there is already a division of tasks in one direction • product manufacturing capacity; approximately 150 / week • still using the manual system (4 sewing tools and 2 screen printing tools) • number of employees: 7 people • there has been no special assignment because it is divided into 2 places • product manufacturing capacity; approximately 200 / week aspects of human resources the human resources employed in each company have almost the same background, namely the close relatives and families of the company owners. the human resources that are sought are those who are able to work and study, are not lazy and skilled at work and there are no formal requirements as in large companies. human resources that are employed always receive compensation funds which are interpreted as work wages or salaries. the funds are provided with a “borong” system for adsus and a monthly salary for zao. indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 37 with all the conditions mentioned above, it is known that the relationship between company owners and employees is going well and harmoniously. however, in these two companies there is no human resource training process before being contracted to work by the owner of the business entity. this is not in accordance with the theory which states that companies in obtaining human resources according to their needs must go through three stages, namely recruitment, training or lectures and job appraisals. a company which has proactive and creative marketing employees can regularly launch even better and more interesting products and services. it can reach its customers in the right way, at the right place and time, by using interesting and memorable communication message, with the goal of outrivaling the competition and achieving as high market share as possible (cvitanović, 2018). human resource management (hrm), as a key player in the creation and development of a highly productive workforce, lies in the center of the debate on the competitiveness of businesses (lepak et al., 2006; de brito and de oliveira, 2016). practices that promote employee motivation and effort, knowledge, skills, and abilities, and opportunities for employee’s contribution (jiang et al., 2012; de brito and de oliveira, 2016) generate favorable conditions for the development of resources and capabilities that create value for organizations (barney; wright, 1998), contributing to their performance and to the emergence of sustained competitive advantages (huselid, 1995; wright; mcmahan; mcwilliams, 1994; de brito and de oliveira, 2016). management aspects companies that produce taekwondo equipment in semaran g city have basically implemented a management process. judging from the four existing functions, the two companies have fulfilled these four functions. this is in line with the theory put forward by sukirno (2006: 98-99) which states that from the planning function, all companies each have a company plan that has been set to support the progress and development of the company. from the organizing function, both companies already have organizational structures. adsus and zao's organizers are still simple in nature, zao already has a good and more structured organization, including managers, treasurers, secretaries, in charge of production and in charge of shipping but have not been listed and written. meanwhile, adsus is still dependent on the owner of the company. the functions of direction, adsus and zao have divided work assignments to employees based on their respective fields and decisions by employees depend on the owner. the supervisory function, the evaluation process has been carried out by the two companies. evaluation is carried out by the company owner and all employees, while the monthly evaluation is carried out by the company owner. adsus and zao also carry out supervision of the product before the product is marketed. the two taekwondo equipment companies in semarang city have fulfilled all the management elements. the management elements consist of: 1) men, namely human labor, 2) money, namely the money needed to achieve the goal, 3) methods, namely the methods used in an effort to achieve goals, 4) materials, namely the indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 38 materials needed to reach the destination, 5) machines, namely machines or tools that are needed or used to achieve the goal, 6) market, which is a market for selling goods and services produced. financial and accounting aspects the two taekwondo equipment companies in semarang city have different financial circumstances. where the finance for the initial capital of the company is obtained from the personal funds of the company founders who have different backgrounds and goals. utilization of the existing initial capital in the company is used to procure materials and production machines. procurement of production sites (factories), procurement of production materials and procurement of promotional funds. the existing capital and products are always developed and always innovated by the owners or authorized persons such as directors and partners, until the current company turnover is achieved. despite the intention for bringing closer very different standpoints and despite the aim to improved mutual understanding between marketing employees and accounting/finance employees, they will maintain different perceptions, way of working and approach to activities for which they share responsibility. therefore, different conclusion can be made on the optimal way of organizing the implementation of such business tasks. in marketing function, proactivity and creativity are very important characteristics of each employee because through them marketing managers ensure that key marketing function goals will be attained (cvitanović, 2018). information systems aspects all companies have owned and are able to take advantage of the information technology that is developing at this time. examples of this information technology are websites, computers, e-mails, telephones, cell-phones. all of this information technology is used by the company in order to facilitate the company's work and support product marketing. however, in this case, adsus still does not make good use of technology compared to zao. information and communication technologies (icts) are a significant enabler for enhancing decision-making and supporting knowledge creation within an organization. companies that are not able to keep up with the pace of the latest ict developments may lose their competitive advantage and the ability to compete under the same conditions as their competitors, leading to shrinking market share and profitability (turban, et al. 2011; compos, 2015). based on the results of the research and discussion obtained, it can be concluded, namely: the state of the taekwondo equipment industry business in the city of semarang which is carried out in zao and adsus can be seen into 4 aspects: a) aspects of production: zao has 13 employees with 4 production tools so that he can maximize the production of products and adsus has 7 employees with 3 production tools that can fulfill consumer orders. b) product aspects: in terms of products made between adsus and zao having the same types of materials with different levels of comfort and innovation in product manufacturing. adsus and zao products are in demand by consumers so that many product orders from various regions are able to meet consumer order requests. indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 39 c) sales aspect: in terms of sales, both have implemented a plan according to consumer needs. when viewed from the monthly income adsus gets rp. 30,000,000 and zao gets rp. 25,000,000. d) marketing: zao and adsus are equally successful in marketing their products with their respective advantages. in his marketing, zao uses social media and relationships, while adsus uses relationships and participates in events. the company has a fairly good management system because it fulfills the four management functions, namely planning, organizing, implementing and supervising. conclusion based on the results of existing research and discussion, the researchers suggest that taekwondo equipment companies in the city of semarang maintain their existence in the business world of the taekwondo sports equipment industry, and continue to develop and improve all components of industrial business such as management, finance, human resources, operations, marketing and company information system so that later the company can create higher quality products and be able to compete with all similar companies in indonesia and abroad. with the development of the taekwondo equipment industry business, it is hoped that it can contribute to the growth and development of the world of taekwondo sports in indonesia and abroad and can improve the welfare of the indonesian people. acknowledgement our gratitude goes to zao and adsus companies for being the sample in this research references bloch, p. h., black, w. c., & lichtenstein, d. (1989). involvement with the equipment component of sport: links to recreational commitment. leisure sciences: an interdisciplinary journal, 11(3), 187-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490408909512219. compos, j. (2015). information systems development aspects for the mobile web technologies. social technologies, 5(1), 62–73. contreras, f. l., & ramos, m. l. z. (2016). what is marketing? a study on marketing managers’ perception of the definition of marketing. fórum empresarial, 21(1), 4969. cvitanović, p. l. (2018). managing accounting and financial aspects of marketing. journal of accounting and management, 8(2), 83–94. de brito, r. p. & de oliveira, l. b. (2016). the relationship between human resource management and organizational performance. brazilian business review, 13(3), 90110. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2016.13.3.5 ponto, j. (2015). understanding and evaluating survey research. journal of the advanced practitioner in oncology, 6(2), 168-171. indonesian journal of sport management prima ganda saputra, et al., 1(1), 2021, 30-41 40 priyono, b. (2012). pengembangan pembangunan industri keolahragaan berdasarkan pendekatan pengaturan manajemen pengelolaan kegiatan olahraga. jurnal media ilmu keolahragaan indonesia, 2(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.15294/miki.v2i2.2651. putri, b. r. t. (2017). manajemen pemasaran. denpasar schwab, k. a., legg., e, tanner, p., timmerman, d., dustin, d., & arthur-banning, s. g. (2015). career paths in sport management. schole: a journal of leisure studies and recreation education, 30:2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18666/schole-2015-v30-i26633 ratten, v. (2016). sport innovation management: towards a research agenda. innovation management, policy & practice, 18:3, 238-250. doi: 10.1080/14479338.2016.1244471 raymond e. g, r.steade, and j.r lowry. 1996. business: its nature and environment. cincinati: south western robert, t. (2012). understanding survey research: applications and processes. british journal of midwifery, 20(2), 114-120. downloaded from magonlinelibrary.com by 052.064.078.187 on may 30, 2020. rusdi, m. (2019). strategi pemasaran untuk meningkatkan volume penjualan pada perusahaan genting ud. berkah jaya. jurnal studi manajemen dan bisnis, 6(2), 49-54. undang-undang republik indonesia nomor 20 tahun 2008 tentang usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah. 4 juli 2008. lembaran negara republik indonesia tahun 2008 nomor 93. jakarta undang-undang republik indonesia nomor 3 tahun 2005 tentang sistem keolahragaan nasional. 23 september 2005. lembaran negara republik indonesia tahun 2005 nomor 89. jakarta undang-undang republik indonesia nomor 3 tahun 2005 tentang sistem keolahragaan nasional. 23 september 2005. tambahan lembaran negara republik indonesia nomor 4535. jakarta wobowo, d. h., arifin, z., & sunarti. (2015). analisis strategi pemasaran untuk meningkatkan daya saing umkm (studi pada batik diajeng solo). jurnal administrasi bisnis, 29(1), 59-66. zhan, x. (2016). from budding to developing: the history of china’s sport industry policy. the international journal of the history of sport, 33(18), 2238-2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1361409 copyright holder: ©(2021) ganda saputra, tri nurharsono, heny setyawati, endro puji purwono first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: https://doi.org/10.18666/schole-2015-v30-i2-6633 https://doi.org/10.18666/schole-2015-v30-i2-6633 28 indonesian journal of sport management original article the development of sports management research in indonesia in the early twenty-first century: a bibliometric analysis authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: march 2, 2022 revision: april 5, 2022 accepted: april 5, 2022 published: april 10, 2022 davi sofyan1a-e* 1*department of physical education, universitas majalengka, indonesia corresponding author: davi sofyan, department of physical education, faculty of teacher training and education, universitas majalengka, indonesia (45418); e-mail: davisofyan@unma.ac.id how to cite: sofyan, d. (2022). the development of sports management research in indonesia in the early twenty-first century: a bibliometric analysis, indonesian journal of sport management, 2(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2248 abstract. sports scholars should pay more attention to the advancement of sports management research in indonesia. the purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive elaboration by describing the descriptive parameters of the publication and extracting the author's keywords in the field of sports management. this study includes a primer for researchers to better understand advances in scientific publications related to exercise management. a thorough examination of the 220 documents found in the scopus database was carried out from 2003 to 2022 (as of march, 7 2022). according to the findings, the number of publications fluctuated, with the most publications occurring between 2018 and 2020, with a total of 111 documents. furthermore, with a total of 26 documents, the journal of physics conference series is the title of the most productive scientific source. overall, this topic's research is evolving, with new methods and directions being established. as a result, a thorough examination of sports management in a variety of research areas such as sport marketing, sport policy, sport entrepreneurship, and sport industry, can help researchers and practitioners advance prospective knowledge in these fields. keywords: sport management; development of sport; indonesia; bibliometric analysis copyright© (2022) davi sofyan https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2248 indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 29 introduction sport is an important aspect of indonesian culture (moser, 2010). pancasila was described by soekarna, the country's first president, as five principles: nationalism, humanity, democracy, social justice, and monotheism. by forming the majority of the dutch east indies youth through local sports clubs, soekarno began to establish mechanisms for developing national unity and integration. during the colonial period, these clubs became opponents of the dutch government. sports, in some ways, foster the independence and nationalism of indonesian youth (adams, 2002). a poll conducted by the jakarta-based center for strategic and international studies (csis) with 600 millennials (ages 17 to 30) and 851 non-millennials (ages 30 and up) in 34 provinces from august 23 to 30, 2017 revealed that millennials (30.8 percent) prefer to exercise (irawanto, 2019). this explains why sport has become such an important part of indonesian culture (sofyan et al., 2021). sport development faces challenges in the areas of sports policy, sports funding, and sports infrastructure that are essential for sustainable sports, with the overarching goal of providing peace, quality lifestyles, and the impact of sport on the country's economy (oluwatoyin et al., 2021). people have tended to pay attention to primary things such as the economy and job opportunities as a result of socioeconomic conditions and those that have not yet recovered from the multidimensional crisis, so sports have not become a top priority for the indonesian people (febrianta, 2014). however, when one considers the potential of the indonesian people's human and natural resources, there are numerous opportunities to establish sports as a leading sector. indonesia, which has tremendous potential in the sports industry, should be able to capitalize on this potential by utilizing sports industry marketing strategies (lismadiana, 2017). the potential for tourism sports in indonesia is enormous, including aerospace (air), marine (sea), and land sports such as mountain climbing and river/rafting (irfandi & rahmat, 2017). the sports system is the entire interconnected and long-term sports subsystem for achieving national sports goals (kristiyanto, 2007). in indonesia, sports policy continues to favor achievement sports that prioritize the development of the sport itself (muhlisin et al., 2021). indonesia's role in the sports development process is more visible in terms of government support, stakeholder support, and university academics (lumintuarso et al., 2021). indonesians have attempted to profit from the performance of sporting events, and w e have gained not only pride but also popularity (nopembri, 2004). the main concerns of the olympic movement around the world are good governance and the management of national federations and sports organizations (saputra & sumarno, 2021). with the appeal of international sports competitions (adams, 2002), the indonesian national sports committee (koni) was formed in 1966, which encouraged the formation of an organization that played a direct role in sports achievement in indonesia. scholars have increasingly urged sports management researchers to incorporate more critical social sciences into their work over the last two decades (amis & silk, 2005; chalip, 2006; skinner & edwards, 2005). sports management as a discipline is expanding at a rapid pace, as evidenced by the body of knowledge produced by the field, among other things (ciomaga, 2013). recently, several articles published in management journals by sports management researchers have reinterpreted the relationship between sports management and management, arguing that sport and sports organizations have the potential to enhance organizational studies due to idiosyncratic characteristics such as the relative ease of measuring performance in sports organizations (day et al., 2012; wolfe et al., 2005). this bibliometric study is an objective and trustworthy resource that provides a mapping of research areas, allowing for a broader range of selected studies (hernández-torrano et al., 2020). this is due to the fact that librarians and researchers are at the forefront of developing innovations and providing policymakers with ideas (nurhasan et al., 2022). the authors are indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 30 particularly interested in research aspects related to sports management in this bibliometric review, to (1) describe the descriptive parameters of the publication such as the evolution of publications, leading sources, influential institutions, and active authors, and (2) extract keywords. this research helps academics interested in sports management, policymakers create more effective and efficient sports development, and individuals consider research patterns in sports management activities to identify potential future research opportunities. method the main objective of this study was to look into the trend of sports management publications in indonesia from in the early 21st century. this study focused on the entire data collection and data filtering process for sports management publications in indonesia. an important step that must be taken at the start of this bibliometric review investigation is to determine and clarify the objectives of the research to be conducted. figure 1 depicts the procedure for gathering scopus documents, which will then be analyzed. figure 1. flowchart of data collection procedures the primary goal of this bibliometric review is to examine the trend of publications in the scopus database related to sports management in indonesia. using the document checking approach in the scopus database, the investigation was completed in the context of descriptive analysis. in this descriptive analysis, to get the scopus database, keyword searc hes title abs ("sport*" or "athletic*" or "sport* entrepreneur*" or "sport* marketing*" or "sport* management" or "sport* event*" or "athleti* event*") and (limit -to (affilcountry, "indonesia"), to retrieve scopus data was carried out on march 7, 2022. the scopus database was chosen because it contains more documents than web of science and pubmed (sweileh et al., 2017) and has been frequently cited in previous research (khiste & paithankar, 2017). this review employs data in comma-separated values (csv) and research information systems (ris) formats exported to microsoft excel, publish or perish (abdullah, 2021). the data topic: sport management scope and coverage: 1. database scopus 2. search field: by title, abstract, keyword, citation information, bibliographical information, funding detail, other information 3. time frame: 2003 until march 7, 2022 4. language: all t o p ic , s c o p e a n d e li g ib il it y s cr e e n in g in cl u d e d keyword and search strin g: ("sport*" or " athletic*" or "sp ort* entrepreneur*" or "sport* marketin g*" or "sport* management" or "sport* even t*" or "athleti* ev ent*") and (limitto (affilcountry, "indonesia") date of retrieval: march 7, 2022 publication identified and screened: n = 220 publication removed: n = 3 publication included: n = 217 publication based on title: n = 220 indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 31 collected includes the author's name, the source of the document, the year of publication, the title of the publication, the scientific source, the subject area, and the type of publication. the sum of metadata that must be met in order to be analyzed varies greatly in bibliometric analysis. the number of metadata numbers for bibliometric analysis is not specified, nor are the minimum and maximum metadata standards that are eligible to be analyzed. the total number of papers to be taken for any document is the same, and each paper can only be chosen once. the paper sample sizes were 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2000 (rogers et al., 2020). to analyze bibliometrics, a minimum of 50 documents is required (bornmann et al., 2014; lehmann et al., 2008; sjöstedt et al., 2015); 50-100 documents (glänzel & moed, 2012; seglen, 1994); 300 documents (donthu et al., 2021); 100-300 documents (snyder, 2019). this means that no specific number of metadata has been assigned to it. as a result, the 217 metadata in this study are deemed adequate for conducting a bibliometric analysis on the topic of sports management in indonesia. result and discussion table 1 displays the 217 published documents discovered in the scopus database between 2003 and 2022. (macrh, 7 2022). 128 (58.98%) of these publications are article, 82 (37.78%) are conference paper, 3 (1.36%) are book chapter, 2 (0.91%) are review article, and 1 (0.45%) are editorial and letter. by language, 217 (98.63%) of these articles have been publ ished in english, while 3 (1.37%) have been published in indonesian. table 2 also describes the areas of active research on sports management in indonesia. table 1. distribution of document type from 2003-2022 (macrh, 7 2022) year article conference paper book chapter review editorial letter 2003-2005 2 1 2006-2008 1 2009-2011 2 1 2012-2014 8 1 2015-2017 9 16 2018-2020 57 54 1 2021-2022 49 10 3 1 1 total 128 82 3 2 1 1 source: database scopus table 2. distribution of subject area subject areas rc % subject areas sc % social sciences 73 16.04 energy 13 2.85 engineering 52 11.42 mathematics 12 2.63 medicine 43 9.45 earth and planetary sciences 10 2.19 computer science 39 8.57 decision sciences 9 1.97 health professions 36 7.91 psychology 7 1.53 business, management and accounting 32 7.03 chemistry 3 0.65 physics and astronomy 28 6.15 multidisciplinary 3 0.65 materials science 22 4.82 agricultural and biological sciences 2 0.43 biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology 20 4.39 chemical engineering 2 0.43 arts and humanities 15 3.29 nursing 2 0.43 indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 32 economics, econometrics and finance 15 3.29 pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics 2 0.43 environmental science 15 3.29 source: database scopus sources of active scientific research table 3 lists the top nine active journals with the most sports management publications. with 26 documents, the journal of physics conference series has the most publications. the international journal of human movement and sports sciences had the second highest number of publications, with 19, and the iop conference series materials science and engineering had the third highest number of publications, with 17. table 3 lists additional scientific sources. table 3. top nine active scientific sources related to sports management source status document publisher country journal of physics conference series coverage 2005-2020 26 iop publishing ltd. united kingdom international journal of human movement and sports sciences coverage 2019-2020 19 horizon research publishing united states iop conference series materials science and engineering discontinued in scopus as of 2021 17 iop publishing ltd. united kingdom asian social science discontinued in scopus as of 2015 7 canadian center of science and education canada iop conference series earth and environmental science coverage 2010-2020 6 iop publishing ltd. united states cakrawala pendidikan coverage 20182020 4 yogyakarta state university indonesia international journal of innovation creativity and change discontinued in scopus as of 2020 4 primrose hall publishing group united kingdom international journal of scientific and technology research discontinued in scopus as of 2020 4 international journal of scientific and technology research india journal of physical education and sport coverage 20112020 4 editura universitatea din pitesti romania active institutions the highest number of publications was from the university of education indonesia, bandung (33; 9.26%), the second highest number of publications was from yogyakarta state university, yogyakarta (24; 6.74%), and the third highest number of publications was from jakarta state university (19; 5.33%). other institutions are presented in table 4. table 4. top 12 active institutions related to sport management institution city record count % universitas pendidikan indonesia bandung 33 9.26 universitas negeri yogyakarta yogyakarta 24 6.74 universitas negeri jakarta jakarta 19 5.33 universitas negeri semarang semarang 11 3.08 universitas indonesia depok 9 2.52 universitas gadjah mada yogyakarta 9 2.52 bina nusantara university jakarta 9 2.52 indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 33 universitas negeri padang padang 9 2.52 institut teknologi bandung bandung 7 1.96 universitas sriwijaya palembang 6 1.68 universitas negeri surabaya surabaya 6 1.68 universitas negeri medan medan 6 1.68 active authors because of the wide scope of this field, the most active authors in publishing manuscripts related to sport management have contributed to readers' understanding that sport management is an interesting scientific discipline to study more deeply. based on the number of publications, the most active authors in sports management related publications are shown in table 5. table 5. top five authors related to sport management auhtor affiliation document h-index citation burhaein, e. universitas ma'arif nahdlatul ulama kebumen 4 13 528 ma’mun, a. universitas pendidikan indonesia 4 10 676 ndayisenga, j. yogyakarta state university 4 4 41 pratama, k.w. institute of advanced science, engineering, and education (iasee) 4 3 34 suherman, a. universitas pendidikan indonesia 4 13 1641 top-cited articles o. troynikov and w. wardiningsih (2011) received the highest citation in their article entitled “moisture management properties of wool/ polyester and wool/bamboo knitted fabrics for the sportswear base layer” with 83 citations. the second most cited publication is a study entitled “using an extended technology acceptance model to understand students' use of e-learning during covid-19: indonesian sport science education context”, written by sukendro, et al., (2020), with a total of 36 citations. the third most cited publication is a study entitled, “sports activities during any pandemic lockdown”, written by m.a. lim, r. pranata (2021), with a total of 25 citations. these three publications can be considered by a researcher in particular to conduct research in the future. table 6. top citation cite author title year publisher 83 o. troynikov, w. wardiningsih moisture management properties of wool/ polyester and wool/bamboo knitted fabrics for the sportswear base layer 2011 textile research journal 36 s. sukendro, a. habibi, k. khaeruddin, b. indrayana, s. syahruddin, f.a. makadada, h. hakim using an extended technology acceptance model to understand students' use of e-learning during covid19: indonesian sport science education context 2020 heliyon 25 m.a. lim, r. pranata sports activities during any pandemic lockdown 2021 irish journal of medical science 23 j.d. goodway, r. famelia, s. bakhtiar future directions in physical education & sport: developing fundamental motor competence in the early years is paramount to lifelong physical activity 2014 asian social science indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 34 23 m.c.-h. wang, j.m.-s. cheng, b.m. purwanto, k. erimurti the determinants of the sports team sponsor's brand equity: a cross-country comparison in asia 2011 international journal of market research 21 m. ruslin, p. boffano, y.j.d. ten brincke, t. forouzanfar, h.s. brand sport-related maxillofacial fractures 2016 journal of craniofacial surgery 14 r. lutan indonesia and the asian games: sport, nationalism and the 'new order' 2005 sport in society 14 d. hoedaya, m.h. anshel use and effectiveness of coping with stress in sport among australian and indonesian athletes 2003 australian journal of psychology 13 m.f. nasution, r.i.i. putri, zulkardi rowing sport in learning fractions of the fourth-grade students 2018 journal on mathematics education 13 e.h. baur, r.b. mcnab, l.e. williams, v.h. ramos, j. radachowsky, m.r. guariguata multiple forest use through commercial sport hunting: lessons from a community-based model from the petén, guatemala 2012 forest ecology and management 11 f. nurwanto, i. ardiyanto, s. wibirama light sport exercise detection based on smartwatch and smartphone using knearest neighbor and dynamic time warping algorithm 2017 8th international conference on information technology and electrical engineering, icitee 2016 author keywords table 7 lists the 30 most frequently used keywords in sports management abstracts. the keyword that appears the most frequently is "sports," which appears 93 times. table 7 contains additional keywords. table 7. top 30 most used keywords in abstracts related to sports management keyword n keyword n keyword n sports 93 male 9 achievement 4 health 16 adult 8 competition 4 education 15 female 8 design 4 human 15 sport science 8 development 4 indonesia 15 commerce 6 information systems 4 physical education 15 exercise 6 information use 4 athlete 14 adolescent 5 management 4 students 14 evaluation 5 observational study 4 article 13 information management 5 research methods 4 covid-19 12 sport tourism 5 social networking (online) 4 according to table 1, the growth and development of publications related to sports management in indonesia occurred between 2018 and 2020, with a total publication of 111 documents. this demonstrates that sports scholars are interested in studying the role and function of sports management in indonesia for the advancement of sports achievement in indonesia. the indonesian government's efforts to improve sports achievement include the formation of organizations and the holding of sports championships (uu no 3 tahun 2005, 2005). indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 35 according to table 3, the journal of physics conference series is the most productive scientific source in terms of publishing manuscripts related to sports management by indonesian authors, with a total of 26 documents published. eight of the nine scientific sources used by indonesian writers to publish their work come from outside the country, while only one scientific source is used for publication. cakrawala pendidikan, an indonesian journal affiliated with yogyakarta state university, became the destination. the educational horizon is not a specific journal in the study of sports science, particularly in sport management. due to the scarcity of reputable sports science scientific sources in indonesia, foreign scientific sources are the primary focus for publication. unfortunately, four of the eight foreign scientific sources in table 3 have been declared discontinued by the scientific source indexing agency, scopus. it is hoped that in the future, indonesian writers will be more selective in their select ion of scientific sources for publication. the next hope is that there will be many scientific sources related to sports science, specifically in the field of reputable sports management, so that indonesian writers will have a publication channel to write their monumental works. with 33 documents, universitas pendidikan indonesia is the most productive institution. nine of the 12 institutions have a sports faculty or a sports science study program. the other three institutions do not have athletic departments. the extraordinary magnetism in the field of sports management, on the other hand, has piqued the institution's interest in studying more deeply related to sports management. universitas indonesia, universitas gadjah mada, and universitas bina nusantara are among them. table 5 shows the five most active authors in the field of sports management publishing, with a total of four documents. this also demonstrates that many authors focus on sports management research in schools, universities, communities, and government. their studies also include sports management in schools, sport marketing, sporting events, sporting tourism, and the sports industry. with 93 appearances, the keyword "sport" is frequently used. this demonstrates the importance of sport in the advancement of research in the field of sports management. furthermore, it is critical for future research to use the keywords in table 7 as a foundation for discovering new concepts in sports management research. keyword examples include commerce, sports tourism, information systems, and social networking (online). conclusion as new trends emerge, this bibliometric review encourages the examination and integration of established directions in higher exercise management research. researchers discovered that the information below provides readers, educational practitioners, sports practitioners, and researchers with a more realistic reality based on a bibliometric review of 19 years of sports management research. indeed, bibliometric studies can project or provide insight into the state of the art in a specific field or subject. aside from the useful information provided by this paper, some limitations should be highlighted to assist future readers and researchers in better understanding. there are several limitations to this study. although researchers only use one database, other databases, such as pubmed, google scholar, or web of science (wos), may be able to include more documents than scopus. researchers prefer the scopus database because it publishes articles in high-impact journals. references abdullah, k. h. (2021). publication trends of leadership excellence: a bibliometric review using vosviewer. advances in business research international journal, 7(1), 1–11. adams, i. (2002). pancasila: sport and the building of indonesia ambitions and obstacles. international indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 36 journal of the history of sport, 19(2–3), 295–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/714001759 amis, j., & silk, m. (2005). rupture: promoting critical and innovative approaches to the study of sport management. journal of sport management, 19(4), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.4.355 bornmann, l., bowman, b. f., bauer, j., marx, w., schier, h., & palzenberger, m. (2014). standards for applying bibliometrics to the evaluation of research institutes in the natural sciences. zeitschrift fur evaluation. chalip, l. (2006). toward a distinctive. journal of sport management, 20(1), 1–21. ciomaga, b. (2013). sport management: a bibliometric study on central themes and trends. european sport management quarterly, 13(5), 557–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.838283 day, d. v., gordon, s., & fink, c. (2012). the sporting life: exploring organizations through the lens of sport. academy of management annals, 6(1), 397–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2012.678697 donthu, n., kumar, s., mukherjee, d., pandey, n., & lim, w. m. (2021). how to conduct a bibliometric analysis: an overview and guidelines. journal of business research, 133(march), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070 febrianta, y. (2014). manajemen-olahraga-abad-21.pdf. prosiding seminar nasional "optimalisasi peran pendidikan dalam membangun karakter anak untuk menyongsong generasi emas indonesia, 217– 221. glänzel, w., & moed, h. f. (2012). opinion paper: thoughts and facts on bibliometric indicators. scientometrics, 96(1), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0898-z hernández-torrano, d., ibrayeva, l., sparks, j., lim, n., clementi, a., almukhambetova, a., nurtayev, y., & muratkyzy, a. (2020). mental health and well-being of university students: a bibliometric mapping of the literature. frontiers in psychology, 11(june), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01226 irawanto, b. (2019). young and faithless : wooing millennials in indonesia ’ s 2019 presidential election. iseas yusof of ishak institute, 1, 1–10. irfandi, & rahmat, z. (2017). manajemen penjas dan olahraga. yuma pustaka. https://repository.bbg.ac.id/bitstream/453/1/manajemen_penjas_dan_olahraga.pdf khiste, g. p., & paithankar, r. r. (2017). analysis of bibliometric term in web of science. international research journal, 01(32), 78–83. kristiyanto, a. (2007). an analysis on sport fund collection in indonesia (an academic study on sport economics-sport industries in indonesia). international conference on sport industry, 170–177. lehmann, s., jackson, a. d., & lautrup, b. e. (2008). a quantitative analysis of indicators of scientific performance. scientometrics, 76(2), 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1868-8 lismadiana. (2017). dasar-dasar manajemen olahraga. in uny press. lumintuarso, r., suharjana, widiyanto, & ndayisenga, j. (2021). sports management of indonesian sports athletics preparations in asian games 2018. international journal of human movement and sports sciences, 9(1), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090108 moser, s. (2010). creating citizens through play: the role of leisure in indonesian nation-building. social and cultural geography, 11(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360903414577 muhlisin, m., paramitha, s. t., purnama, y., qomarullah, r., & ramadhan, m. g. (2021). sport of policy analysis and evaluation: a systematic literature review. jp.jok (jurnal pendidikan jasmani, olahraga dan kesehatan), 5(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.33503/jp.jok.v5i1.1677 nopembri, s. (2004). the development of sport facilities management to support sport tourism in yogyakarta (pp. 1–19). yogyakarta state university. indonesian journal of sport management sofyan, d, 2 (1), 2022, 28-37 37 nurhasan, n., prahani, b. k., suprapto, n., setiawan, b., deta, u. a., & ardha, m. a. a. (2022). sports research trends in the last 10 years : information to librarians , researchers , and policy makers. tem journal, 11(1), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem111 oluwatoyin, i. m., olanrewaju, i. t., & sofyan, d. (2021). sports indices predicting sustainability of sports development in kwara state. kinestetik : jurnal ilmiah pendidikan jasmani, 5(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v5i1.14573 rogers, g., szomszor, m., & adams, j. (2020). sample size in bibliometric analysis. scientometrics, 125(1), 777–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03647-7 saputra, a. f. ., & sumarno. (2021). an exploration study of indonesian national sports committee management in tuban regency. proceedings of the 6th international conference on science, education and technology (iset 2020), 574(iset 2020), 505–512. seglen, p. o. (1994). causal relationship between article citedness and journal impact. journal of the american society for information science, 45(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)10974571(199401)45:1<1::aid-asi1>3.0.co;2-y sjöstedt, e., aldberg, h., & jacobsson, c. (2015). guidelines for using bibliometrics at the swedish research council. vetenskapsradet, 113. skinner, j., & edwards, a. (2005). inventive pathways: fresh visions of sport management research. journal of sport management, 19(4), 404–421. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.4.404 snyder, h. (2019). literature review as a research methodology: an overview and guidelines. journal of business research, 104(july), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039 sofyan, d., saputra, y. m., nurihsan, a. j., & kusmaedi, n. (2021). sports in indonesian islamic community culture. proceedings of the 1st paris van java international seminar on health, economics, social science and humanities (pvj-ishessh 2020), 535, 357–360. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210304.079 sweileh, w. m., al-jabi, s. w., abutaha, a. s., zyoud, s. h., anayah, f. m. a., & sawalha, a. f. (2017). bibliometric analysis of worldwide scientific literature in mobile health: 2006-2016. bmc medical informatics and decision making, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-017-0476-7 uu no 3 tahun 2005. (2005). undang-undang republik indonesia nomor 3 tahun 2005 tentang sistem keolahragaan nasional dengan. presiden ri, 1, 1–53. wolfe, r. a., weick, k. e., usher, j. m., terborg, j. r., poppo, l., murrell, a. j., dukerich, j. m., core, d. c., dickson, k. e., & jourdan, j. s. (2005). sport and organizational studies exploring synergy. journal of management inquiry, 14(2), 182–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492605275245 135 indonesian journal of sport management original article literature review on the relationship between artificial intelligence technologies with digital sports marketing and sports management authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: july 8, 2022 revision: september 20, 2022 accepted: september 20, 2022 published: october 25, 2022 kemal gökhan nalbant1acd* sevgi aydin2abd 1*software engineering department, beykent university, turkey 2business department, beykent university, turkey corresponding author: kemal gökhan nalbant, software engineering department, faculty of engineering and architecture, beykent university, istanbul (34000), turkey; e-mail: kemalnalbant@beykent.edu.tr how to cite: nalbant, k. g. & aydin s. (2022). literature review on the relationship between artificial intelligence technologies with digital sports marketing and sports management. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2876 abstract. in recent years, artificial intelligence has shown its supremacy in various domains in a wide range of amusement games and has increased its utilization in the sports industry. the computer vision program used for matches provides a complete analysis of the matches that have happened, gathers and categorizes the data so that the coach or teams may make better strategic planning decisions, and displays the study results. they can make assessments that individuals ordinarily cannot do because of applications of artificial intelligence. the players' performance on their teams may be evaluated in this manner, allowing coaches to devise optimal game-play techniques for their respective squads. analysis performed using artificial intelligence is also applied in the sporting arena, namely in motorsports racing. follow-up on fouls committed is accomplished with artificial intelligence, and a chance to get an advantage over one's rivals in terms of strategy is investigated and pursued. the advent of new digital technologies has brought about a revolution in sports marketing, as in every other industry. it has led to the development of digital sports marketing. in this study, an examination employing artificial intelligence and digital technology was carried out, with the primary emphasis on digital sports management and digital sports marketing studies. there has been an investigation into the potential for many technologies, including artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, the metaverse, virtual reality, and augmented reality, to be used in competitive sports. keywords: artificial intelligence; digital marketing; artificial neural networks; metaverse; digital sports marketing copyright ©(2022) kemal gökhan nalbant, sevgi aydin https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 136 introduction the phrase "artificial intelligence" (ai) refers to a more comprehensive concept that describes the use of a computer to simulate intelligent behaviour with just minimum involvement from humans. it is widely agreed that the development of robots marked the beginning of artificial intelligence. the word "robot" originates from the czech language and refers to artificial organisms exploited to do forced work (hamet & tremblay, 2017). the discipline of artificial intelligence is now the subject of the most rigorous and indepth research being conducted anywhere in the world. advancements have significantly impacted the realm of sports in artificial intelligence, which have also permeated practically every other facet of our life. the term "artificial intelligence" refers to a collection of computer programs and hardware systems that can perform various tasks, including mimicking human behaviour, performing arithmetical thinking, moving, speaking, and perceiving sounds. in a nutshell, artificial intelligence makes it possible for computers to think like people do (nalbant, 2021a). when searching for research on computer vision, it has been noticed that there are not many due to the phrase "metaverse" being a recently developing concept. as a result, the purpose of this work is to conduct a review study. a hypothetical artificial environment connected to the real world is called the "metaverse." this name comes from the combination of the prefix "meta," which means "transcending," with the term "universe." in neal stephenson's futuristic fiction titled snow crash, published in 1992, the term 'metaverse' was introduced for the first time. in this book, neal stephenson portrayed it as a threedimensional virtual world, where individuals live in the form of avatars and interact with various software agents (joshua, 2017; nalbant & uyanik, 2021). in recent years, new augmented reality (ar) technology has arisen and is now being used in various industries. the ability of a gadget to recognize real-world things as virtual ones enables the process known as "augmented reality," which combines computer-generated content with actual photographs. adding new items on top of the ones already there makes the world seem even more genuine. to put it another way, the physical and virtual worlds are not fully independent; instead, they coexist inside a single reality that they share. it is necessary to have internet connectivity and the appropriate equipment (smartphones, smart glasses, or tablets) to use this technology and define augmented reality in the surrounding world (nalbant & uyanik, 2022). some implementations of machine learning, in particular deep learning, which seeks to model the activity that occurs in the human brain to identify patterns, can do a wide range of tasks, including recognizing pictures and voices. the availability of new data for improved analytics is another benefit of machine learning. machine learning can now find probabilistic matches across databases, which refers to data that is likely to be linked with the same person or firm but in somewhat different forms. in the past, the task of data curation required a significant amount of manual effort (davenport & ronanki, 2018). deep learning models are a kind of neural network that is more complicated than traditional neural networks. these models "train" networks, which are then used to detect and categorize situations depending on the input data. the data often comprise not only the depth of the problem (millions or billions of data items) but also the breadth of the problem (each element can have thousands of features). voice or picture recognition are two common examples of applications that often make use of deep learning. the models are often effective in these applications; yet, because of the intricacy of their structure and the abstract character of the characteristics or variables it contains, it is difficult for human analysts to grasp them (davenport, 2018). an investigation was conducted using artificial intelligence and digital technology, focusing on studies of digital sports marketing and sports management. the literature has indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 137 received attention due to the shortage of research in this field. bartlett (2006) investigated recent advancements in using artificial intelligence (ai) in sports biomechanics, which has occurred during the last ten years. he discussed the potential applications of expert systems as diagnostic tools for analyzing flaws in athletic motions (also known as "techniques"). his discussion included some sample knowledge rules for such an expert system. he then contrasted the study of sports tactics, in which expert systems have found a limited place to far, to the analysis of gait, in which they are commonly utilized. following this, consideration is given to applying artificial neural networks (anns) in sports biomechanics, emphasizing kohonen's self-organizing maps and multi-layer networks. kohonen self-organizing maps have been the most widely used method for technique analysis, while multi-layer networks have been utilized more frequently in biomechanics in general. ratiu et al. (2010) examined recent breakthroughs using artificial intelligence (ai) in sports biomechanics. they gave some sample knowledge rules for such an expert system and discusses the potential applications of expert systems as diagnostic tools for analyzing flaws in sports motions. also, a comparison is made between the study of sports tactics, in which expert systems have found a limited place to date, and gait analysis, which is commonly used. the application of artificial neural networks (anns) in sports biomechanics is discussed, particularly on kohonen self-organizing maps and multi-layer networks. the educational conversations now taking place concerning digital media are driven by digital games' immersive and engaging qualities. continued efforts are being made by game scientists, researchers in (pedagogical) settings, and practitioners to incorporate digital games into educational environments (kretschmann, 2012). an essential topic for kretschmann's (2012) study is whether a virtual game focused on sports management may be helpful to aspiring sports managers and students of sports management. he addressed that it is crucial to research the occupation of sports managers in "real" life and compare the gameplay of a digital sports management game and their experiences. as a result, ea sports’ commercial off-theshelf (cots) game fifa manager 09, widely considered the best-selling and most well-known of its kind, has been chosen as the object of this study. the abilities of "virtual" sports managers were compared to those of "real-world" sports managers to see whether there was any overlap. consequently, there is an extremely high degree of unity between the sport-management competence models and the gameplay of the digital game. artificial neural networks, often known as anns, are a technology that has been successfully used in a variety of scientific, industrial, and commercial fields to extract information from massive volumes of data. on the other hand, there hasn't been much use of ann approaches in the athletic world. in sports at the professional level, teams, games, practices, and individual players have saved data (mccullagh & whitfort, 2013). mccullagh and whitfort (2013) trained and tested artificial neural networks (anns) using player data from the premier australian football league (afl) competition to predict the beginning of injuries. based on the results, artificial neural networks (anns) seem to have the potential to aid athletic teams in predicting injuries. fok et al. (2018) created a human action recognition (har) system for use in the surveillance system to decrease the number of human resources required to protect the population through public safety and crime prevention. in their study, a deep learning network that employs recurrent neural networks (rnn) with long short-term memories (lstm) is utilized to assess the dynamic video motion of sports movements to identify the various sorts of acts and how well they perform. for efficiency and the conservation of memory, it could categorize the many kinds of human movements using a limited amount of video frames. tanaka (2018) provided an overview of the digital sports services system that fujitsu has commercialized and analysed the prospects for digital enterprises in the market beyond 2020. indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 138 claudino et al. (2019) aimed to determine whether ai methods have been used to explore sports performance and injury risk and which ai strategies each sport has been using up to this point. rajšp and fister (2020) aimed to give a comprehensive literature evaluation of smart sports training, presenting 109 additional research. methods of intelligent data analysis that are presently applied in smart sports training (sst) are discussed in their study. in their study, sports fields in which sst is already being used are described, and stages of training are outlined, in addition to the level of development of sst methodologies. finally, suggestions are made on potential lines of inquiry for further exploration in the burgeoning discipline of sst. mamo and andrew (2021) aimed to highlight diverse data sources and modern analytical techniques that will leverage bd to advance scholarship in sports management. big data is becoming increasingly important for managers and researchers to transform sports management practices. big data (bd) is becoming increasingly important for managers and researchers to transform sports management practices. powell et al. (2021) presented insights into sports-related concussion (src) clinical evaluation methodologies and the translational value of digital approaches, emphasizing off-field digital tools to identify important src metrics/biomarkers. they also offered insights and recommendations regarding digital approaches' expected benefits and challenges. they aimed to transition from novel technologies to an effective, valid, reliable, and integrated clinical assessment tool for src. this is done in the context of the transition from novel technologies to an integrated clinical assessment tool. in conclusion, they underlined the potential prospects that digital techniques provide in terms of src evaluation and management, including digital twinning and the "digital athlete." digital sports marketing over the last several decades, digital technology has significantly influenced the sporting business. in sports, organizations are always looking for new ways to promote their brand or engage with their followers, and technical advancements are often at the center of these new strategies. despite the widespread usage of such technologies in the sector, there is a shortage of academic studies about the efficacy of scenarios like these in sports marketing (ratten & thompson 2021). in the sports industry, "sports marketing" may be described as a linked set of operations aiming at "planning, pricing, product distribution, and service, or sporting activities that fulfill the requirements and wishes of the beneficiaries or customers, both existing and future." sports marketing utilizes sports in any form to assist in selling products and services. when it comes to this specific kind of marketing, it is less about using a singular plan and more about utilizing sports content to support marketing efforts. the ability of businesses to identify their brands and goods with the thrill, delight, and admiration consumers have for sportspeople and games is made possible by sports marketing (jovanovska, 2020). the term "digital sports marketing" refers to how a business or brand communicates and interacts with customers via the internet. the marketing of sports has two primary characteristics. a method of marketing sports activity (marketing of sport) and using participant sport as a marketing tool for other goods and services is known as sports marketing (gaffar et al., 2016). the use of social media marketing, often known as smm, has been particularly influential in the realm of sports marketing. the use of social media in sports has essentially produced a new mode of communication, which has significant ramifications for the playing field. the fans' relationship with sports is evolving, and social media is offering a whole new channel for the fans to communicate with one another and participate in the activity. this goes beyond what the fans would expect to accomplish by physically being there at the indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 139 stadium or the ballpark. today's sports organizations are dependent on social media for their continued success and development to compete effectively (mohammadkazemi, 2015). the marketing of sports is undergoing profound changes as a result of the rise of the internet and social media. throughout much of television's history, the primary income generator for professional sports leagues, federations, and teams has been television broadcasting. this is starting to change due to the new opportunities presented by the internet regarding the distribution and consumption of athletic events. new channels of contact are being opened between fans, players, teams, and sponsors due to the rise of social media. the way that sports fans consume sports material in general and during live events is also being impacted by technological advancements in mobile devices. these shifts open a wide variety of strategic doors and windows for exploration. therefore, in sports, sports marketing refers to the social and managerial processes by which fans, sports organizations, and other sportsrelated companies, such as media and technology companies, create and exchange products and services with each other. these processes are increasingly taking place through digital media such as set-top boxes, the internet, mobile devices, and social media, in addition, to live sporting events (holland, 2015). digital technologies for digital sports marketing there are many different uses for artificial intelligence. the fields of gaming and computer vision are both significant application areas. in recent years, the game of chess has shown its excellence in various domains, including video games and quizzes, and has extended its fields within the sporting arena. computer vision is the process of giving computers the capacity to differentiate between what they see; it allows computers to perceive and differentiate between items and group them. the usage of computer vision software during matches enables teams or coaches to organize their strategies more effectively. in addition to that, these systems compile and categorize the data, as well as provide an in-depth analysis of the matches that were played. using applications of artificial intelligence, they can do assessments that are ordinarily beyond their capabilities. the players' team performance may be evaluated in this manner, allowing coaches to devise game methods that are most effective for their squads. analysis based on artificial intelligence is also applied in sports, namely in motorsports races. follow-ups on fouls are executed with the assistance of artificial intelligence, and opportunities to gain an advantage over the competition by analysing their strategies are looking for as they are uncovered. artificial intelligence technologies are also being employed to cut down on the risk of fatalities, which is the negative aspect of racing. artificial neural networks are being utilized to detect malfunctions and malfunctions in automobiles to lessen the danger factor for drivers. the use of artificial intelligence contributes to an improvement in the level of protection provided to motorists. the public and sporting teams now have easier access to wearable performance gadgets and sensors than before. because of advances in technology, it is now possible for individual endurance athletes, sports teams, and medical professionals to monitor functional movements, workloads, and biometric indicators to optimize performance and reduce the risk of injury. pedometers, accelerometers/gyroscopes, and global positioning satellite (gps) devices are all examples of devices that can measure movement. monitors for the heart rate, sensors for measuring temperature, and integrated sensors are all examples of physiologic sensors (li et al., 2016). because the games of the twenty-first century are so much more complicated and so much richer than the games of the first generation that came before them, we can't seek to examine their influence correctly, meaning, or effects in a generic fashion. given the options to manage the game or alter parts of the game surroundings, as well as the potential to be indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 140 another person and express oneself, contemporary games cannot be compared to the first generation of electronic games. the diversity of games has also significantly risen in terms of the current aspects of sports that are being merged and translated into virtual gaming settings. this has led to an increase in the number of available options for players. this not only pertains to the simulation of well-known sporting acts (such as tossing a ball or swinging a golf club), but it also contains characteristics of social engagement and being a part of a gaming community, for example, throwing a ball or swinging a golf club. one may argue that the worlds of virtual and non-virtual sports are getting closer and will eventually merge due to the growing number of uses of digital technology in conventional sports (van hilvoorde, 2016). injuries are prevalent in sports, and they may have significant physical, psychological, and financial repercussions. it may be possible to utilize machine learning (ml) techniques to enhance injury prediction and make it possible to take the appropriate steps to prevent injuries. (van eetvelde et al., 2021). van eetvelde et al. (2021) researched to carry out a comprehensive analysis of ml techniques utilized in the field of sports injury prediction and prevention. athletes and teams are subject to a significant amount of stress when injuries occur. this is notably visible in the professional soccer league, where there is a discernible detrimental influence on the performance of teams and significant expenditures associated with the rehabilitation of players. existing research give a rudimentary knowledge of which elements are most connected with injury risk; nevertheless, there is still a lack of scientific systematic examination of the capability of statistical models in forecasting injuries. there are aspects that predispose players to sports injuries, but there are other characteristics that elevate the danger of sustaining an injury while participating in a sport. there is a lack of understanding regarding the biochemical mechanisms that are involved in non-contact musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. there is some evidence that genetic risk factors relate to injury susceptibility and may have a significant impact on the amount of time needed for recovery. athletes are complex systems that are dependent on both the internal and exterior environments in which they compete to achieve and maintain a level of health and performance stability. when components inside a dynamic system undergo change, the organisms, participants, and features included within that system adapt and undergo change. scientists often estimate risk in a wide variety of dynamic systems, such as the weather, political forecasting, and the projection of traffic deaths. in addition, the human health business has just recently begun to implement predictive models (kakavas et al., 2020). kakavas et al. (2020) argued that the application of artificial intelligence may prove useful in predicting the incidence of sports injuries as well as assisting in the evaluation of risks. when a person engages in virtual reality, they are whisked away from their actual surroundings and transported into a computer-generated world. this environment contains simulated items of many kinds, such as virtual objects. the visuals and sounds that may be experienced in the virtual world are accurate representations. virtual reality may be shared with spectacles designed explicitly for the purpose. the gaming industry, the entertainment industry, and the education industry all employ this technology somewhat regularly (nalbant, 2021b). the proliferation of digital technologies, including blockchain, fiber optic internet access, and 5g wireless connectivity, to mention just a few examples, has contributed to increased complexity within the sporting goods business. these improvements have caused a change in the quantity of data created and the kind of data accessible for analysis by sporting organizations. despite this, the front offices of sporting organizations are still a long way behind front offices in other industries (such as retail and communications) when it comes to indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 141 handling, processing, and analyzing the amount and diversity of data necessary to accomplish corporate goals (naraine & wanless 2020). from a commercial perspective, "sports" may refer to various activities, including competitive, recreational, and entertainment. around the globe, the sporting industry is regarded as one of the most important economic sectors (running commentary). the introduction of digital technology has significantly impacted each of these spheres. over the last three decades, the field of study known as sports informatics has developed into a more prominent area. the usage of wearable technology, big data analytics, social media, and sensor technologies have all altered the way sports are played, evaluated, and improved in today's connected world. professional athletes may acquire a deeper insight into their performance, enhance their training techniques, and boost their talents by using new technological breakthroughs and mobile applications (ráthonyi et al., 2018). artificial intelligence of things (iot) technology is seldom applied in most athletic performance improvement methods used today, such as weight training and bachelor in medical laboratory technology (bmlt) facilities. this is even though aiot technology may significantly improve accuracy and precision. when designing training techniques and performing analyses, coaches and physicians generally depend on their own previous experiences, which are often imprecise and may lead to improper and unsuccessful instruction or therapy. during the training process, it is common to observe athletes' bodily states being recorded manually, which might result in conflicting data. in addition, the conventional training procedures do not use the predictive analytical power that mathematical modeling offers. an integrated platform that can successfully assist sports informatics and analytics is required if one wants to support the research efforts of aiot in the field of sports science. data collection, representation, consolidation, storage, and computation are part of the sports informatics process. data may be collected either via direct observation of athletes or through sensors. data visualization, predictive modeling, and machine learning are all methods and tools that may be used to assist in this endeavor. in the realm of athletics, this might include enhancing the performance of athletes or teams, growing the number of people participating in sports, boosting the level of fan involvement, or coming up with novel approaches to recruiting or coaching. this platform combines multimodel intelligence to draw conclusions about prospective injuries or weariness based on data collected from internet of things sensors, 3d modeling tools, artificial intelligence, and big data analysis (chu et al., 2019). there is an element of artificial intelligence (ai) in many machines. still, most of their success versus humans comes from brute-force computation—looking at hundreds of thousands of possible places. to be able to defeat a world champion using just brute force and known solid algorithms, you need to have the ability to examine 200 million places every second. the world is made up of three-dimensional things, yet the inputs received by the human eye and by computer tv cameras are only two-dimensional. some helpful programs are only able to operate in two dimensions. still, true computer vision needs information that is at least partially three-dimensional and is not just a collection of two-dimensional images. there are now only a few indirect ways of three-dimensional encoding information, and these methods are not nearly as effective as what people seem to employ (mccarthy, 2004). conclusion the administration of sports and the sports industry are analysed broadly. after the epidemic, there has been a noticeable shift toward a greater emphasis on digital sports marketing. however, this aspect of sports marketing requires more focus and consideration. analyses are conducted on various digital technologies used in the sporting industry. research has been conducted into using technologies such as artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, the indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 142 metaverse, virtual reality, and augmented reality in sports. it has been observed that only a tiny portion of the area of sports management makes advantage of the available tools and technologies. these technological advancements should be given a higher priority, and the number of research conducted in this area should be expanded. artificial intelligence technology should be the primary focus of investment for businesses, producing various projects. acknowledgement there is no acknowledgements. references bartlett, r. (2006). artificial intelligence in sports biomechanics: new dawn or false hope?. journal of sports science & medicine, 5(4), 474. chu, w. c. c., shih, c., chou, w. y., ahamed, s. i., & hsiung, p. a. (2019). artificial intelligence of things in sports science: weight training as an example. computer, 52(11), 52-61. claudino, j. g., capanema, d. d. o., de souza, t. v., serrão, j. c., machado pereira, a. c., & nassis, g. p. (2019). current approaches to the use of artificial intelligence for injury risk assessment and performance prediction in team sports: a systematic review. sports medicine-open, 5(1), 1-12. davenport, t. h. (2018). from analytics to artificial intelligence. journal of business analytics, 1(2), 73 80. davenport, t. h., & ronanki, r. (2018). artificial intelligence for the real world. harvard business review, 96(1), 108-116. fok, w. w., chan, l. c., & chen, c. (2018, november). artificial intelligence for sport actions and performance analysis using recurrent neural network (rnn) with long short-term memory (lstm). in proceedings of the 2018 4th international conference on robotics and artificial intelligence (pp. 40-44). gaffar, v., ridwanudin, o., & rudiani, y. p. (2016). the role of digital marketing in sport tourism destination. growth, 101(108.952), 99-882. hamet, p., & tremblay, j. (2017). artificial intelligence in medicine. metabolism, 69, s36-s40. holland, c. p. (2015). internet and social media strategy in sports marketing. joshua, j. (2017). information bodies: computational anxiety in neal stephenson's snow crash. interdisciplinary literary studies, 19(1), 17-47. jovanovska, s. r. (2020). sports marketing-products and customers. research in physical education, sport & health, 9(1). kakavas, g., malliaropoulos, n., pruna, r., & maffulli, n. (2020). artificial intelligence: a tool for sports trauma prediction. injury, 51, s63-s65. kretschmann, r. (2012). digital sport-management games and their contribution to prospective sportmanagers’ competence development. advances in physical education, 2(04), 179. li, r. t., kling, s. r., salata, m. j., cupp, s. a., sheehan, j., & voos, j. e. (2016). wearable performance devices in sports medicine. sports health, 8(1), 74-78. mamo, y., su, y., & andrew, d. p. (2021). the transformative impact of big data applications in sport marketing: current and future directions. international journal of sports marketing and sponsorship. mccarthy, j. (2004). what is artificial intelligence. url: http://www-formal. stanford. edu/jmc/whatisai. html. indonesian journal of sport management nalbant & aydin, 2(2), 2022, 135-143 143 mccullagh, j., & whitfort, t. (2013). an investigation into the application of artificial neural networks to the prediction of injuries in sport. international journal of sport and health sciences, 7(7), 356360. mohammadkazemi, r. (2015). sports marketing and social media. in handbook of research on integrating social media into strategic marketing (pp. 340-358). igi global. nalbant, k. g. (2021a). the applications and position of artificial intelligence in health and medicine: a short review. journal of management and science, 11(4),4954. http://jms.eleyon.org/index.php/jms/article/view/508. nalbant, k. g. (2021b). the importance of artificial intelligence in education: a short review. journal of review in science and engineering, 2021, 1-15. nalbant, k. g., & uyanik, ş. (2021). computer vision in the metaverse. journal of metaverse, 1(1), 9-12. nalbant, k. g., & uyanik, ş. (2022) a look at the new humanity: metaverse and metahuman. international journal of computers, 7, 7-13. naraine, m. l., & wanless, l. (2020). going all in on ai: examining the value proposition of and integration challenges with one branch of artificial intelligence in sport management. sports innovation journal, 1, 49-61. powell, d., stuart, s., & godfrey, a. (2021). sports related concussion: an emerging era in digital sports technology. npj digital medicine, 4(1), 1-8. rajšp, a., & fister, i. (2020). a systematic literature review of intelligent data analysis methods for smart sport training. applied sciences, 10(9), 3013. ráthonyi, g., müller, a., & rathonyi-odor, k. (2018). how digital technologies are changing sport?. apstract: applied studies in agribusiness and commerce, 12(1033-2019-3296), 89-96. ratiu, o. g., badau, d., carstea, c. g., badau, a., & paraschiv, f. (2010, february). artificial intelligence (ai) in sports. in proceedings of the 9th wseas international conference on artificial intelligence, knowledge engineering and data bases (pp. 93-97). ratten, v., & thompson, a. j. (2021). digital sport marketing. in developing digital marketing (pp. 75 86). emerald publishing limited. tanaka, y. (2018). fujitsu’s technologies and solutions contributing to development of sports. fujitsu scientific & technical journal, 54(4), 2-7. van eetvelde, h., mendonça, l. d., ley, c., seil, r., & tischer, t. (2021). machine learning methods in sport injury prediction and prevention: a systematic review. journal of experimental orthopaedics, 8(1), 1-15. van hilvoorde, i. (2016). sport and play in a digital world. sport, ethics and philosophy, 10(1), 1-4. http://jms.eleyon.org/index.php/jms/article/view/508 64 indonesian journal of sport management original article predictors of sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: march 12, 2022 revision: april 5, 2022 accepted: april 8, 2022 published: april 11, 2022 dauda olajide rofiat olusola1a-d* 1*department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria. corresponding author: dauda olajide rofiat olusola, department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria. e-mail: rofiatd@gmail.com how to cite: olusola, d. o. r. (2022). predictors of sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state, indonesian journal of sport management, 2(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2251 abstract. sports organization at the grass root sport competitions among primary school pupils plays a significant role in giving recognition to sports through identification and scouting of raw materials in nigeria. this study investigated the predictors of sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. the objectives of the study were to determine if a knowledgeable and certified personnel influence on the sports organization, determine if availability of sports infrastructures has influence on sports organization, and determine if availability of sports resources has influence on sports organization. descriptive research design of survey method with total population of 197 (100%) from 50 primary school pupils in kwara state was adopted. stratified, simple random and proportionate sampling techniques were employed to select 108 males and 72 females which comprised of principals, vice principals, physical education teachers and sport officers which were (91%) proportionately done with the help of research advisor. a researcher -developed questionnaire was used to gather data, validated experts in the field. the findings from the study were that knowledgeable and certified personnel has a significant influence on sports organization, availability of sports infrastructures has a significant on influence sports organization, and availability of sports resources has a significant influence on sports organization. the study recommended that having enough and qualified physical education teachers, quality infrastructures and sufficient sports resources, will greatly improve and enhance grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwarastate. keywords: sport, school sport programmes, facilities, equipment, personnel copyright ©(2022) dauda olajide rofiat olusola https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2251 indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 65 introduction the organization of intramural sports in secondary schools in nigeria can be traced to the colonial era and establishment of secondary schools in nigeria. intramural sports are sporting activities that are organized and carried out within four-wall of an institution. intramural programmes are extracurricular activities organized within school, college or tertiar y institutions involving registered students or staffs in such institution or establishment (oyeniyi, 2014). organized sports programme is an integral part of total educational process that is used to promote wellness among school community. according to a desoye and ajibua (2015), intramural sports were primarily termed extracurricular activities; which implies that they are something voluntary engaged in during leisure or free time. intramural sports programme in school includes organized sports activities such as: sports clubs, inter-house athletics competition, inter class, dance line or cheer teams, scouts, drama or theater arts, youth groups, student council among others. on the other hand, extramural sports are competitions one organized among different schools, competition that involves two or more schools or institutions. examples of extramural sports are universities games, polytechnic games, world university games and others. there is substantial interest in how students are spending their leisure time inside and outside the school environment and what types of activities are important to their development. intramural sports programme has a lot of benefits to offer the students according to babatunde and ogundipe (2006), stated that participation in intramural sports has many beneficial consequences such as enhancing upward social mobility, providing a healthy outlet for aggression and development of specialist skills and performances. others are promotion of happiness and self-actualization, tolerance, concern for others, respect for authority and cooperation among others. alla and ajibua (2012) observed that, in most of the early seco ndary schools in nigeria, established by the missionaries were adequately involved in both extramural and intramural sports programmes. intramural sports programmes then were highly organized because most of the students were living in hostels. then, the a dministrators believe in sports as unifying factor which could be used to bring all students together not minding the different levels or classes, ethical, religion beliefs the students were. according to alla and ajibua (2012) sport is one of the unifying instruments that unites human being irrespective of age, sex or colour. awosika (oyeniyi, 2012) and wilfred (2015) posited that the growth of intramural sports in america and england inspired college and university administrators in nigeria to embrace intramural sports programme and the programming of this laudable phase of the total physical education programme. it is imperative to state that participation in intramural sports make students to adequately make use of their leisure time wisely. asagba (oyeniyi, 2012) and aluko and adodo (2013) observed that the specific aim of athletics is to help all students take part in most physical education programmes and recreation according to their needs and wholesome interests. the major ingredients for having well organized intramural sporting programmes include scheduling, provision of facilities and equipment, funding and personnel. ekuri, et al. (2014) opined that finance is critical to the success and effective planning and organization of the resources in any organization as its availability necessitates the purchase of every material required for the attainment of its goals. ekuri, et.al (2014) further stated that extracurricular programmes in the schools’ settings are regarded as integral parts of the total educational process that contribute to the intellectual growth and human development of youths. its contribution to the social, physical, emotional, and cognitive development of youths cannot be overemphasized. intramural sport programs finances are those contribute to the attainment of educational objectives; they should be financed out of the boards of education and administration center fundings, just as other phases of the program are financed. according to awosika (2009) indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 66 reported that it might be impossible to achieve satisfactory results in an organization whose training facilities and equipment are inadequate or of sub-standard. the scarcity of physical education facilities, supplies and equipment constitute a big challenge in the successful organization and management of physical education and sports in nigeria. it is good to have strong financial support for intramural sport programme. the finance involved in intramural sports programs could be raised in various ways. according to andreff (2006) contr ibuted that, these programs have many contributions to make to educational objectives as other parts of education programs, they should be financed via board of education and central administration funds as other phases of the programs are financed.” they should therefore be included in the physical education budget and supported through regularly budgeted school or college income. scheduling has to do with planning and proper management of time allocated for intramural sports. awosika (adegun & oyeniyi, 2010; orunaboka & ojulu, 2015), observed that most of the intramural programmes are not properly organized because of little involvement of the teachers. it was also observed that most of the sports masters usually focus on inter house athletics competition while others like inter class football matches, inter house games competitions are usually left out. awosika (adegun, et.al., 2015) posited that after school, lunch and evening hours may be the appropriate time for intramural sports programme. they stated further that other possible time include weekend, nights, during vocations and special one day event. the observation of these scholars showed that all these periods are adequately utilized by private schools but are difficult to be executed by public schools due to the fact that most of the schools operates day schools. provisions of facilities and equipments are essential and are of vital importance in the conduct of sports programmes. provision of standard facilities and equipment are essential prerequisite to participation and good performance in sporting activities at all levels (society of health and physical educators, 2013). affirming the importance of facilities and equipment in the organization of intramural, ituh (oyeniyi, 2012) stated that there must be availability of quantitative and qualitative facilities and equipment to aid an effective organization of sports programme. in the light of this, it is therefore imperative to conclude that provision of facilities and equipment is quintessential to facilitating better participation in sporting programmes of which intramural is inclusive. however, in spite of the importance of facilities and equipment in the organization of intramurals, observation by the researchers showed that many private schools in asa local government area have inadequate sporting facilities but make use of government facilities like stadium, recreational centers and other available open spaces. also, in the organization of intramural sports, there is need for availability of well trained and qualified personnel that are to organize and supervise students’ programmes. the researchers observed that only few schools have trained physical education specialists to teach physical education subject as well as to organize intramural sports programme. a curious look at the staff list showed that only (30%) public schools have trained specialist while only (20%) private schools have trained personnel expected to handle intramural sports. others served as sport officials are not trained and therefore have little knowledge of intramural sports. alla and ajibua (2012) opined that supervision will be effective if sound leadership is provided for physical education and sports programmes in school. in the light of all the problems associated with the organization of intramural sports programme in asa local government area, the study is therefore intended to examine the assessment of sports organization on intramural programmes among secondary school students in asa local government area, kwara sta te. the study discovered that scheduling is a significant problem of intramural sports among secondary schools in asa local government area, kwara state since most of the programmes were planned by the students, most especially in the public schools with l ittle inputs from the teachers. most of the programmes are done during break and lunch periods. few sports indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 67 facilities and equipment that are available for the students are grossly inadequate for the students’ population. personnel are available for intramural sports programme but not all are trained specialists while those available for public schools were not evenly distributed among public secondary schools. intramural sports in the government owned secondary schools in asa local government area have been on the decline. students with outstanding performance in some organized sports programmes oftentimes are not rewarded, facilities and equipment are either inadequate or not provided perhaps, because the school sports administrators do not take into cognizance the importance of the significant of intramural sports programmes in secondary schools. the researcher observed that most secondary schools in the study area have good students who are potential athletes and have keen interest in sports, yet there hav es always been poor motivation through several challenges militating organization on intramural sports programmes such as sports facilities and equipments, organization and management pattern of intramural sports programme in the school. although, other fact ors may add to these situations, but the way and manner intramural sports programme are organized and managed in the various secondary schools may have been the most significance of the factors affecting the organization of intramural sports among secondary schools in asa local government area, kwara state. lawal (2013) identified poor planning, organization, lack of sports facilities and equipment as the major inhibitor of sports programme, especially intramural sports programme in secondary schools. ineffective management in sports as that which is entirely responsible for failures experienced in sports programmes, today as it concerns intramural sports programme in secondary schools. the researcher also observed that most secondary school sports lack adequate sports personnel to handle the various sporting events in sports. in most secondary schools, nonprofessionals are assuming position of the sports unit, due to “god fatherism” among principals of schools. this prevailing circumstance mentioned above has prohibited a successful intramural sports programme among secondary schools in asa local government area, kwara state. very little research has been done on how intramural sports programme is organized among secondary schools in asa local government area, kwara state and whether facilities and equipments, personnel, scheduling and funding play a part. it is upon this premise that this study is being conducted, which prompted the researcher to embark on the challenges of sports organization on intramural programmes among secondary school students in asa local government area, kwara state. the main objective of the study is to examine the predictors of sports organization has influence on grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. first, to determine whether trained and certified personnel has influence on the s ports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. second, to determine whether availability of sports facilities has influence on the sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. third, to determine whether inadequate funds influence on the sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. the following research questions were raised to guide to the study; 1) is there a significant influence of knowledgeable and certified personnel on sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state? 2) is there a significant influence of availability of sports infrastructures on sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state? 3) is there a significant influence of availability of sports resources on sports organization at the grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state? indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 68 the study will be delimited the predictors of sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. the study will help to sports stakeholders such as sports administrators, sports coaches, student–athletes and sports officers in the study area. it will be of great importance to improve organizational skills of the sports administrators in tackling challenges facing proper way of organizing sports programmes at their domain. sports coaches and sports officers will benefit immensely by being more proactive in the application of their expertise into play by not indulged in any form of biased, sentimental god fatherism when discharging their responsibilities. it will be of great help to students-athletes who are learning physical education and sport to acquire appropriate tools in becoming a great sports enthusiast. method descriptive research design of the survey method was adopted found useful in gathering data about the belief, opinion, attitude, behavior and records of events that can be analyzed and interpreted, to measure relationship between variables. the study considered it appropriate to collect personal and general information for the purpose of describing and providing an understanding of the predictors of sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. other useful tools are as follows; population of the study, sample and sampling techniques, research instrument, validity of the instr ument, reliability of the instrument, procedure for data collection, procedure for data analysis. the population for this study will made up of principals and physical education teachers in secondary schools in ilorin south local government area of kwara s tate. population was 50 secondary schools. this was made up of 32 public and 18 private primary schools situated in the various districts of the region (ministry of education ilorin, 2020). this constituted 122 physical education teachers and 75 administrators, totaled 197. a sample size of 180 respondents was used for the study with the help of research advisor. this represented 91% of the accessible population. the stratified sampling procedure will be used to put the secondary schools into the five sporting zones in the region. orunaboka and ogulu, (2015) found the stratified technique to be superior to simple random sampling techniques. he observed that the technique ensures important characteristics of the population are fairly represented in the sample and not left to chance. this reduces sampling error that may occur due to the particular factors. the simple random technique will be adopted to select 10 schools each from the 5 zones. in each school, the principals and the physical education teachers were census sampled to be part of the study. a researcher-developed questionnaire was employed for collection of data for the study. orunaboka and ogulu (2015 indicated that the questionnaire is used to collect information about people’s views, opinions, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviors mostly in surveys. the questionnaire comprised of two sections; section a requested for personal information on the background characteristics of respondents such as age, gender, teaching experience, educational qualification, and position in school. while section b was made up of 25 items using five-point likert scale format of strongly agreed (sa), agreed (a), disagreed (d), neutral (n) and strongly disagreed (sd). this section was composed into four subdivisions bordering on personnel in sports (n = 5), facilities (n = 5), equipment (n = 5), schedules and intramurals (n = 5), availability of funds (n = 5). in all a total of 25 items were listed for the required responses. the questionnaire will demand respondents to tick responses that best applied to them. it will be anticipated that the caliber of respondents involved would supply true, genuine and reliable responses devoid of extraneous influences. the close ended items were aimed at ensuring uniformity in the responses and thereby preventing subjectivity of any kind. indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 69 both face and content validity of this instrument was ascertained. comments, corrections and suggestions were incorporated to beautify the final draft of the instrument. the reliability of the instrument was carried out using pearson product moment correlation and coefficient of .79 was obtained. the researcher assured the respondents that all the information collected was save and served purely for only research. administration of qu estionnaire was executed by the researcher and two experts in the field in ensuring maximum recovery of the instrument. the data collected was subjected appropriate to statistical instrument using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage to examine demographic information of the respondents and to answer the research questions. all the sub-hypotheses formulated were tested using pearson product-moment correlation of statistical package. the decision criterion was set at .01. partial correlation was used to determine the relationships among the variables of study. this was carried out to measures the degree of linear relationship between two variables at 0.05 level of significance. result and discussion this chapter deals with the data analysis, interpretation of the data collected, results and discussion of findings on the predictors of sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. a summary of the personal characteristics of the respondents was presented in the table i using frequency and percentage. the five hypotheses formulated to guide the study were tested using chi-square statistical analysis. the acceptance level was based on 0.05 level of significance. table 1. demographic data of respondents variable frequency percentage gender male 108 60 female 72 40 total 180 100 work experience 1-5 years 37 20.6 6-10 yrs 79 43.9 11-15 yrs 49 27.2 16 yrs and above 15 8.3 total 180 100.00 table 1 shows the demographic information reveals unequal number of participants from the two gender groups. the males constitute 60% (n = 108) of the respondents and the females constitute 40% (n = 72) out of the total 180 participants. this unequal sampling could be attributed to the fact that sport is a male dominated field. in-order to reduce or prevent any form of biases that might arise due to gender difference or motivation, it is usually assumed that different gender groups might be motivated by different needs and factors. ther efore, personal views as a result of their gender might not necessarily have much significant impact. in any case, both gender groups were dully represented in the sampling. the years of work experience is very important in this study as it gives an indication as to the level of knowledge respondents’ have concerning sports activities in the selected schools. table 1 indicates that 43.9% (n = 79) have been teaching in the selected schools for over 5 years. only 27.2% (n = 49) had taught for 1-5 years. these percentages give the indication that the sampled respondents have the needed experiences and knowledge in giving their opinions about the topic under study. this is mainly because much of the information the study sought to examine was historic data of sporting activities in the schools. this information is only available to teachers who have been teaching in the selected schools for some time. indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 70 table 2. chi-square (x2) analysis showing knowledgeable and certified personnel has influence on sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state items sa a d sd row total df cal. value table value remark we have physical education teachers who are in charge of all sporting activities in the school. 85 (47.2%) 90 (50.0%) 5 (2.8%) 0 (0%) 180 apart from physical education teachers, we also have coaches that train students during sports competitions. 77 (42.8%) 99 (55.0%) 4 (2.2%) 0 (0%) 180 i normally coach the students during inter house competitions. 64 (35.6) 111 (61.7%) 4 (2.2%) 1 (0.6%) 180 9 231.104 16.92 ho rejected the principal always bring some experts to organize and supervise our sporting competitions. 69 (38.3%) 102 (56.7%) 9 (5.0%) 0 (0%) 180 total 295 402 22 1 720 p < 0.05 alpha level the findings from the analysis in the table two indicated that calculated chi-square value of 231.104 is greater than the table value of 16.92 with 9 df at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this implies that knowledgeable and certified personnel significant influenced sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. table 3. chi-square analysis showing the significant availability of sports infrastructures on the sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state p < 0.05 alpha level items sa d d sd row total df cal. value table value remark classroom buildings have been erected on our sporting facilities. 90 (50.0%) 86 (47.8%) 3 (1.7%) 1 (0.6%) 180 during sports, we always find it difficult to train due to inadequate facilities. 99 (55.0%) 73 (40.6%) 7 (3.9%) 1 (0.6%) 180 there are some games we do not do during our inter houses, due to lack of facilities. 79 (43.9%) 88 (48.9%) 13 (7.2%) 0 (0%) 180 9 170.003 16.92 ho rejected we normally go to other schools or stadium for our inter house competitions. 78 (43.3%) 83 (45.6%) 19 (10.6%) 1 (0.6%) 180 total 346 330 42 3 720 indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 71 the findings from the analysis in the table three indicated that calculated chi-square value of 170.003 is greater than the table value of 16.92 with 9 dfat 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this implies that availability of sports infrastructures significant influence on sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. table 4. chi-square analyses on availability of sports resources are not significantly influencing the sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state p < 0.05 alpha level the findings from the analysis in the table six indicated that calculated chi-square value of 113.012 is greater than the table value of 16.92 with 9 df at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this implies that availability of sports resources has significant influence on the sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. discussion the result of hypothesis one revealed that trained and certified personnel are not significantly influencing the organization of intramural sports programme among secondary schools in asa local government area, kwara state. the findings implies that traine d and certified personnel significantly influenced the organization of sound procedures and systems to ensure that sports in all aspects are well organized within the school programmes and by physical education personnel. this according to him shows the ba sis for all performing physical education personnel in the school sports setting. the result was consistent with aluko and adodo (2013) explanation of administration of sports that technical personnel managed sports organization. this supported omolawon and adisa (2009) asserted that sports personnel have the ability to control and blend the different structures, resources and efforts available with minimum loss. moreover, school, and supervised by experts in the field adesanya, et al. (1992) . the hypothesis two showed that availability of facilities significantly determines effective organization of intramural sports programme among secondary schools in asa local government area, kwara state. this supported adegun and oyeniyi (2010) contention that if provided for, facilities would enhance quality training and produce good performance items sa a d sd row total df cal. value table value remark we do not always organize inter house sports due to lack of funds. 82 (45.6%) 88 (48.9%) 9 (5.0%) 1 (0.6%) 180 the cost of organizing inter house sports is very expensive for the school to bear. 98 (54.4%) 79 (43.9%) 3 (1.7%) 0 (0%) 180 the school solicits for funds from individuals and corporate bodies to organize sports. 74 (41.1%) 104 (57.8%) 2 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 180 9 113.012 16.92 ho rejected government should dedicate some funds for sports competitions annually. 85 (47.2%) 80 (44.4%) 14 (7.8%) 1 (0.6%) 180 total 339 351 28 2 720 indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 72 outcomes. this is consistent with babatunde and ogundipe, (2006) opined that, facilities should be planned and constructed with an eye to the future. too often, facilities ar e constructed and out-grown their use within a very short time. most facilities constructed in secondary schools, ilorin metropolis are very difficult to expand or exchange. it is noticed in today’s schools that the increased population, rising school enrolments, city life, limited space, and sky-rocketing laboratory and material costs, are all altering sports facilities production and management. to this end, bucher and krotee (2002) concluded that equipment and facilities should always be maintained in a serviceable condition. the hypothesis three revealed that funds are not significantly influencing the organization of intramural sports programme among secondary schools in asa local government area, kwara state. sport is more than ever before, commanding global attention. its influence on world peace, economy and the development of social relationships cannot be underestimated. it is against this background that most nations have come to appreciate the need to invest heavily on it. this is consistent with akintunde (2000) assertion that sports today cost money to administer effectively. thus, funding is an important aspect of sports and root of all administrative successes or failures. the result also agreed with omolawon and adisa (2009) that success of any sports programme depends largely on finance. the same has been contended by adesoye and ajibua, (2015) that on average community sports trusts receive a significant proportion of income from grant funding whilst sponsorship income is relatively small. the study result implies that funding school sports is a major issue that requires adequate implementation of funding policy for positive results. nothing will be achieved if funding is not channeled properly to achieve the set objectives. it therefore behooves on school authorities to adequately look for funds through sponsorship deals and from ngos to adequately fund sports activities in their schools. conclusion based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. significant relationship existed between knowledgeable and certified personnel and sports organization on grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. 2. availability of sports infrastructures enhances the relationship between availability of sports resources and the sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state 3. there was a significant influence between availability of sports resources and the sports organization at grass root sports programmes among primary school pupils in kwara state. based on the findings of this study, the following were recommended: 1) the school heads should have a strong synergy with the federal ministry of education for periodic refreshers courses, seminars, workshops for the physical education teachers, sports officers at the grass root level in ensuring proper teaching of skills and techniques of the subject and standard way of organizing sports programmes in ilorin south local government area, kwara state ; 2) head of schools should make adequate budgetary allocations for the provision of sport infrastructures in primary schools in ilorin south local government area, kwara state ; 3) standard sports facilities need to be provided by the school authority and mai ntained in order to have a smooth organization of intramural sport programmes in secondary schools. references adegun j. a. & oyeniyi, p.o. (2010). sports policy as a source of unity for national development. in f.o. omotoso, a.a. agagu and o.a. abegunde, eds. governance, politics and policies in nigeria, porto novo: sonoud’afrique, pp 224-230. indonesian journal of sport management olusola, 2 (1), 2022, 64-73 73 adesanya, o. a. et al. (1992). journal of nigeria academy of sports administration, nigeria academy of sports administration, pp. 1-6. adesoye, a. a & ajibua, m.a (2015) exploring the concept of leisure and its impaction quality of life american journal of social science research 1(2) 77-84 alla j. b. and ajibua m. a. (2012). administration of physical education and sports in nigeria. higher education studies, 2(1), pp. 88-96. aluko, k. and adodo, c.m. (2013). a conceptual analysis of school sports development in nigeria. international multidisciplinary journal, ethiopia, 5(5), pp. 394-403. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v5i5.31 andreff, w. (2006) sport and financing, handbook on the economics of sport 271-281. awosika, y. b. (2009). the phenomenology of spectatorship in nigeria soccer administration. journal of sport management, 3, 35-39. awosika. (1992). hosting of the 1995 fifa, cocacola youth world soccer c hampionship. the implications to nigerian youths. journal of nigeria academy of sports administration, 1(1&2), 26-33. babatunde, s. o. & ogundipe f. (2006). enhancing quality of life through recreation. journal of international council for health, physical education, recreation, sports and dance “ichper-sd african region. ibadan 1(2), 146-151. ekuri, p. k., edi, m. e. & odok, e. a (2014). predictive variable influencing students participation in combative sports in nigeria. international journal of secondary education; 2 (2), 48-51. lawal, y. i. (2013). psychology and motivation a good weapon for a coach. issn 1118–616 (13) 70– 78. omolawon, k. o. & adisa, o. (2009). budget planning, allocation and implementation a sindices for intramural sports programme among osun state owned tertiary institution. nigeria journal of sports management. 3 (4), 24-31 orunaboka, t.t. and ogulu, c.b. (2015). the impact of administration and sports programme implementation on the achievement of sports council at the 17th national sports festival competition: a case study of rivers state sports. journal physical education and sport management, 6(5), pp. 32-37. oyeniyi, p.o. (2012). facilities and equipment as determinant of sports participation by persons with disabilities in south western nigeria. journal of nigeria association of sports science and medicine, 13, pp. 49-52. oyeniyi, p.o. (2012). facilities and equipment as determinant of sports participation by persons with disabilities in south western nigeria. journal of nigeria association of sports science and medicine, 13, pp. 49-52. oyeniyi, p.o. (2014). organisation and administration of physical education. lecture material of national open university of nigeria. abuja: noun publications. times higher education. (1999). all data you need at the local hub. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/10-december-1999/10201.issue indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 115-127 115 assessment of knowledge and physical activity pattern of civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state, nigeria adeoye sikiru adewale1*, yusuf naimat aderonke2, abubakar nurudeen ojo3 1*department of human kinetics education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria 2federal college of education (technical), gusau, zamfara state, nigeria 3kogi state university, anyingba, kogi state, nigeria article history: received: 6 june 2021 accepted: 29 september 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract if regular physical activity can be packaged into a pill, it will be the commonest drug on the counter. therefore, this study assessed the knowledge and physical activity pattern of civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state, nigeria. descriptive research design of survey method was used for this study. the population for this study comprised civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state, nigeria. multi-stage probability sampling technique was conducted to select 259 respondents. adapted gpaq was used as instrument for data collection. the instrument was validated and tested for reliability. a correlation co-efficient of 0.84 was obtained through test re-test method using pearson product moment correlation. socio-demographic data of the respondents was analysed using descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation and to answer the research questions; inferential statistics of pearson’s product movement correlation (ppmc), oneway analysis of variance (anova) and independent sample t-test were used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 significance. it was concluded in the study that there is significant relationship on knowledge and pattern of physical activity of civil servants in ilorin south local government kwara state among others. recommendation this study; experts in the field of physical activity and fitness in conjunction with the management of various ministries and commissions in the study locale should organise workshops and seminars to improve the knowledge of the civil servants on the benefits of regular participation in physical activity. also, an official hour should be earmarked for staff to encourage participation by all. keywords: regular physical activity, physical activity pattern, civil servants, participation how to cite: adewale, a. s., aderonke, y. n., & ojo, a. n. (2021). assessment of knowledge and physical activity pattern of civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state, nigeria. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1129 corresponding author: adeoye, s. a, department of human kinetics education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria email: sayhi2wale001@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1129 indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 116 introduction advancement in medicine in the 21st century has reduced the risk of communicable diseases by producing vaccines and drugs that are effective in treating certain infectious diseases such as poliomyelitis, cholera, tuberculosis among others. therefore, this laudable achievement in medicine has helped humanity in reducing morbidity and mortality rate. the advancement witnessed in the present era is not limited to medical profession but also technology where virtually all human tasks can be performed using machines. the use of these modern machines, tools and devices to perform certain tasks have continued to render man physically inactive for most of the hours spent daily. physical activity is defined as any bodily movement (physical exertions) produced by skeletal muscles contraction which leads to energy expenditure beyond resting level (ryan, et al., 2017). the early epidemiological studies demonstrated a clear dose-response relationship between physical activity (pa) and the risks for all-cause mortality with the least physically active individual having the highest risk (ryan et al, 2017). on a similar note, warburton (2010) compared relative risk reduction of active and inactive individuals and the author’s report was as follows; 31% risk reduction and 45% if aerobic fitness is assessed for premature all-cause mortality, 33% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease, 31% risk reduction for stroke, 50% risk reduction for hypertension if aerobic fitness is assessed, 30% risk reduction for colon cancer, 20% reduction for breast cancer, 40% risk reduction was set for type 2 diabetes and improved bone health was assured if routine physical activity is performed. these figures simply indicate that for every regular participation in pa, there is a large reduction in risk of non-communicable diseases (ncds). contrarily, world health organisation (2018) non-communicable disease country profile for nigeria reported that; ncds accounted for 29% of all deaths and physical inactivity related deaths was set at 22% for males and 27% for females aged 18years and above. a similar study by adewale, et al., (2018) also reported that physical inactivity related non-communicable diseases were responsible for about 3 million deaths in sub-saharan africa, a region where nigeria belongs. it was also suggested in the study that these deaths will increase up to 80% if appropriate actions are not taken. in nigeria, physical activity related non-communicable disease is responsible for at least one quarter and one third of all deaths in males and females respectively (abegunde, et al., 2007; who, 2014). this revelation is worrisome, because, despite the various campaigns and sensitisation programmes on the dangers of physical inactivity, the situation has continued to worsen based on the figures in these reports. the major causes of death and diseases in our society are related to lifestyle choices and achieving wellness requires that an individual makes lifestyle choices that will reduce disease risk factors and promote health. these choices include being physically active on regular basis, taking time for relaxation and managing stress effectively (wuest & bucher, 2006). conversely, physical inactivity and sedentary living have been identified as major independent modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases, the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality associated with mental health injuries, falls and obesity (who, 2009). there are international guidelines and recommendations for physical activity participation and majority of these bodies or organisations set a minimum of 150 indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 117 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity involvement weekly to confer health benefits to the participants. surprisingly, who (2018a) estimates that up to 60% of the global population fail to complete the recommended amount of pa required to induce health benefits. in africa, kolbe-alexander, draper and lambert (2010), observed that there are indications of high levels of physical inactivity among adults and children. according to quintiliani (2008), stated that workplace offers several advantages for promoting physical activity because a substantial number of the workforce can be reached and multiple levels of influence on behaviour can be targeted. civil servants constitute a large percentage of a nation’s workforce and majority of them are at high risk of obesity due to the lifestyle of physical inactivity (isaac et al, 2017). considering the key role played by the civil servants in the economy of a nation, it will be highly risky to ignore them as physical inactivity could lead to consortium of diseases which will ultimately affect their health leading to absenteeism from work, low productivity and ultimately take a toll on the nation’s economy. in workplaces, researchers have identified certain factors which influence participation in regular pa. these factors include knowledge of about pa, job satisfaction, occupational demand and provision of sport facilities and equipment (omolawon & sanusi, 2006; olorunsola, 2012). similarly, lack of time due to responsibilities related to family and environment and level of awareness of pa benefits accounts for low participation in pa among the working population. (daskapan, 2006; umeifekwem, 2011). akindutire and adegboyega (2012) reported that chronic diseases associated with inactivity and sedentary living are on the increase in workplaces, and suggested the need to gain better insight into the dynamics of pa pattern and behaviour in such environments. improving physical activity level is one of the golden strategies for controlling physical inactivity related communicable disease (pratt, et al., 2015), however, for positive pa behaviour to be effectively promoted and entrenched among diverse working population, researchbased evidence on staff knowledge of physical activity and their patterns has to be given attention. to our knowledge, no study has been conducted on physical activity pattern of the study population. hence, the need for this study. method the population for this study comprised all the five hundred and eighteen (518) civil servants in ilorin south local government in the ministry of works and transport, civil service commission and teaching service commission in kwara state, nigeria. stratified sampling was conducted to classify the ministries into three namely; ministry of works and transport, civil service commission and teaching service commission. proportionate sampling method was used to select fifty per cent (50%) of the workers across the ministries. finally, simple probability sampling technique was conducted to select two hundred and fifty-nine (259) respondents which formed the sample for this study. however, five (5) questionnaires were not retrieved during data collection. therefo re, a total of two hundred and fifty-four (254) questionnaires were retrieved and used for analysis. adapted global physical activity questionnaire (gpaq) was used to collect data for this study. the questionnaire was validated by experts in the related field and was indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 118 tested for reliability using pearson’s product moment correlation (ppmc); it was found reliable at 0.84. informed consent of the respondents was obtained and the questionnaire were then distributed among the study participants and retrieved after completing it. the socio-demographic data was analysed with descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of independent samples t-test, ppmc and analysis of variance (anova) were used to test the null hypotheses. the significance level was set at 0.05 alpha. result and discussion result table 1. demographic characteristics of civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state variables frequency percentage age range 18 22 yrs. 51 20.1 23 27 yrs. 71 28.0 31 35 yrs. 36 14.2 36 40 yrs. 24 9.4 41 45 yrs. 8 3.1 46 50 yrs. 21 8.3 51 55 yrs. 13 5.1 56 60 yrs. 14 5.5 61 65 yrs. 16 6.3 total 254 100.0 gender male 130 51.2 female 124 48.8 total 254 100.0 ministry/commission civil service commission 48 18.9 works 138 54.3 teaching service commission 68 26.8 total 254 100.0 marital status single 86 33.9 married 143 56.3 widow 12 4.7 divorced 9 3.5 separated 4 1.6 total 254 100.0 educational qualification o'level 12 4.7 nd/nce 82 32.3 b.sc/hnd 117 46.1 master 36 14.2 ph.d 7 2.8 total 254 100.0 table 1 shows demographic characteristics of the respondents in this study (n = 254) who are civil servants in ilorin south local government of kwara state. result for age indicate that majority of them 71 (28.0%) are within the age range of 23 – 27 years, the next to this group are 51 (20.1%) of them who are within the age range of 23 – 27 years and the fewest age group is 8 (3.1%) of them within the age range of 41 – 45 years. for gender, the result shows majority of them 130 (51.2%) are male and rest of them 124 (48.8) are females. the result indicates that majority indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 119 of the civil servants 138 (54.3%) work in the ministry of works, 68 (26.8%) of them work in the teaching service commission and the remaining 48 (18.9%) of them work in the civil service commission. for marital status, it was revealed that majority of them 143 (56.3%) are married, 86 (33.9%) of them are single, 12 (4.7%) of them are widowed, 9 (3.5%) of them are divorced and 4 (1.6%) of them are separated. result for their qualification reveals that majority 117 (46.1%) of them are b.sc./hnd holders, 82 (32.3%) are nce holders, 36 (14.2%) of them are master holders, 12 (4.7%) of them are o’level holders and 7 (2.8%) ph.d. holders. table 2. physical activity knowledge of civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state s/n variables of physical activity knowledge response frequency percentage 1. duration of physical activity required weekly 150 minutes 51 20.1 160 minutes 65 25.6 180 minutes 75 29.5 200 minutes 15 5.9 220 minutes and above 48 18.9 total 254 100.0 2. sufficient physical activity for health benefits in adults 30 minutes of vigorous intensity pa at least 2 days per week 45 17.7 30 minute of moderate intensity pa on 5 or more days per week 86 33.9 40 minutes 53 20.9 50 minutes 10 3.9 1 hour and above 60 23.6 total 254 100.0 3. sufficient physical activity for health benefits in youths 30 minutes of vigorous intensity pa at least 2 days per week 49 19.3 30 minute of moderate intensity pa on 5 or more days per week 65 25.6 40 minutes 19 7.5 50 minutes 18 7.1 1 hour and above 103 40.6 total 254 100.0 4. sufficient repetition of physical activity for an individual daily 3 repetitions 72 28.3 4 repetitions 65 25.6 5 repetitions 41 16.1 6 repetitions 20 7.9 7 repetitions and above 56 22.0 total 254 100.0 5. type of physical activity individuals should engage in jogging 85 33.5 walking 68 26.8 cycling 35 13.8 running 44 17.3 brisk walking 22 8.7 total 254 100.0 table 2 shows result of descriptive analysis of physical activity knowledge of civil servants in ilorin south local government, area of kwara state. their knowledge on minimum duration of physical activity requirement per week is not indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 120 adequate as only 51 (20.1%) selected the correct option of 150 minutes while the rest selected wrong options. majority of them 75 (29.5%) selected 180 minutes per week, 65 (25.6%) of them selected 160 minutes, 48 (18.9%) of them selected 220 minutes and the remaining 15 (5.9%) of them selected 200 minutes. table 3. physical activity pattern of civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state s/n variables of physical activity knowledge response frequency percentage 1. how often engage in physical activity per week every day of the week 42 16.5 3 time per week 65 25.6 2-3 time per week 19 7.5 2 times per week 43 16.9 1-2 time per week not at all 56 29 22.0 11.4 total 254 100.0 2. time spent participating in physical activities less than 20 minutes 77 30.3 20-30 minutes 76 29.9 40-50 minutes 33 13.0 50-60 minutes 12 4.7 1 hour and above 56 22.0 total 254 100.0 3. regular means of transportation trekking 39 15.4 bicycle 35 13.8 motor cycle 57 22.4 car 119 46.6 other 4 1.6 total 254 100.0 4. confident to be in physical activity next three month confident 66 26.0 high confident 97 38.2 extremely confident no confident 69 20 27.2 5 2 7.9 .8 total 254 100.0 5. regular engagement in physical activity to minimise stress never 37 14.6 seldom (1-2days) 109 42.9 sometimes (3-4days) 74 31.1 often (5-7days) 5 24 5 9.4 2.0 total 254 100.0 6. time spent while sitting in a weekday less than 20 minutes 83 32.7 20-30 minutes 79 31.1 40-50 minutes 31 12.2 50-60 minutes 1 hour and above 26 35 10.2 13.8 total 254 100.0 table 3 shows result of descriptive analysis of physical activity pattern of civil servants in ilorin south local government, area of kwara state. their pattern on physical activity per week, majority of them selected 3 times per week, 65 (25.6%) while the rest selected as followed 1-2 times per week, 56 (22.0.5%), of them selected 2 times per week, 43 (16.9%) of them selected every day, 42 (16.5%) of indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 121 them selected not at all, 29 (11.4) and the remaining 19 (7.5%) of them selected 2 3 times per week. table 4: screen-based activity for civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state s/n variables of physical activity knowledge response frequency percentage 1. how many hours spend watching tv per day not at all 1 .4 less than 1 hour 39 15.4 1 hour 73 28.7 2-3 hours 94 37.0 4 hours and above 47 18.5 total 254 100.0 2. how many hours spend on smart phone per day less than 1 hour 33 13.0 1 hour 48 18.9 2-3 hours 94 37.0 4 hours and above 79 31.1 total 254 100.0 3. how many hours do you spend on computer system daily less than 1 hours 80 31.5 1 hour 50 19.7 2-3 hours 88 34.6 4 hours and above not at all 34 1 13.4 .4 total 254 100.0 4. how many hours spend on playing computer game per day less than 1 hour 65 25.6 1 hour 47 18.5 2-3 hours 30 11.8 4 hours and above 20 7.9 not at all 92 36.2 total 254 100.0 table 4 shows result of descriptive analysis of screen-based activity of civil servants in ilorin south local government, area of kwara state. their sedentary life choice after working hour as only 1 (.4%) selected not engaged in screen-based activity, majority of them selected 2-3 hours, 94 (37.0%) while the rest selected as follows; 1 hour, 73 (28.7%), of them selected 4 hours and above, 47 (18.5%) of them selected less than hour, 39 (15.4%). table 5: pearson correlation showing the relationship between knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government of kwara state s/n variables n df r sig r2 1. knowledge of physical activity 254 252 .191 .002 .036 2. physical activity pattern p ≤ 0.05 table 5 shows ppmc analysis of the relationship between physical activity knowledge and physical activity pattern of civil servants in ilorin south local government of kwara state (n = 254). the result reveals a significant low positive relationship between their knowledge of physical activity and their pattern of physical activity participation r (252) = .191, p < .002. the level of significance (sig.) for this result is within the set alpha level of p ≤ 0.05. therefore, the tested null indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 122 hypothesis is rejected. the result had a coefficient of determination (r2) 0.36, which indicates that the respondent knowledge of physical activity accounts for only 3.6% variation in physical activity pattern. this implies that due to the participants’ poor knowledge of physical activity it contributes very little to their participation in physical activity. table 6: one-way anova for influence of age on knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state variables sum of squares df mean square f sig. knowledge of physical activity between groups 351.348 8 43.919 2.139 .033 within groups 5031.191 245 20.535 total 5382.539 253 pattern of physical activity between groups 174.581 8 21.823 1.099 .364 within groups 4845.095 244 19.857 total 5019.676 252 p ≤ 0.05 table 6 shows the result of one-way anova for the influence of age on physical activity knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government of kwara state (n = 254). the result indicated that there is a significant difference in their knowledge due to age variations f (8, 245) = 2.139, p < .033 and no significant difference in their physical activity pattern due to their age variations f (8, 252), =1.099 p < .364. table 7. t-test analysis showing influence of gender on knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government of kwara state variables gender n mean std. deviation mean diff t df sig knowledge of physical activity male 130 17.085 4.592 .375 .647 252 .518 female 124 16.710 4.643 pattern of physical activity male 129 27.217 4.541 .677 1.207 252 .229 female 124 26.540 4.372 p ≤ 0.05 table 7 shows result of t-test analysis for the influence of gender on physical activity knowledge and physical activity pattern of civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state (n = 254). the result indicates average knowledge of mean 17.085, sd 4.592 for male (n = 130) and mean 16.710, sd 4.643 for female; which reveals no significant difference in physical activity knowledge between male and female t (252) = .647, p > .518. on average the score of physical activity pattern of male is mean 27.217, sd 4.541and that of female is mean 26.540, sd 4.372; this showed no significant difference between physical activity pattern of male and female t (252) = 1.207, p > .229. based on this, the tested null hypothesis is not rejected. indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 123 table 8: one-way anova for influence of work environment on knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state variables sum of squares df mean of squares f sig. knowledge of physical activity between groups 10.085 2 5.042 .236 .790 within groups 5372.455 251 21.404 total 5382.539 253 pattern of physical activity between groups 92.993 2 46.496 2.359 .097 within groups 4926.683 250 19.707 total 5019.676 252 table 7 shows the result of one-way anova for the influence of work environment on physical activity knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government, area of kwara state (n = 254). the result indicated that there is no significant difference in their knowledge due to work of environment variations f (2, 253) = .236, p < .790 and no significant difference in their physical activity pattern due to their work of environment variations f (2, 252), =2.359 p < .097. based on this, the tested null hypothesis is not rejected. table 9: one-way anova for influence of marital status on knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government area of kwara state variables sum of squares df sig. f sig. knowledge of physical activity between groups 58.552 4 14.638 .685 .603 within groups 5323.987 249 21.381 total 5382.539 253 pattern of physical activity between groups 60.521 4 15.130 .757 .554 within groups 4959.155 248 19.997 total 5019.676 252 table 9 shows the result of one-way anova for the influence of marital status on physical activity knowledge and pattern of physical activity among civil servants in ilorin south local government, area of kwara state (n = 254). the result indicated that there is no significant difference in their knowledge due to marital status variations f (4, 253) = .685, p < .603 and no significant difference in their physical activity pattern due to their marital status variations f (2, 252), =.757 p < .554. based on this, the tested null hypothesis was retained. discussion of findings this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and pattern of physical activity of civil servants in ilorin south local government, area of kwara state. two hundred and sixty samples participated in the study and five research hypotheses were postulated for the study. hypothesis one revealed that there is a significant relationship between knowledge and pattern of physical activity of civil servants in ilorin west local government of kwara state. this finding supports the assertion of arobonlo (2007), moderate amount of physical activities can be achieved in a variety of ways. people can select activities that they enjoy and that fit into their lives. he recommended that nigerians should avail themselves of the numerous cheap and easy to perform indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 124 physical activities: such as jogging, walking, brisk walking, continuous running, cycling among others to keep obesity and overweight under check. the report of who (2003), on aerobic activity should be performed in episode of at least 10 minutes, and preferably, it should be spread through the week. for additional and more extensive benefits, adults should increase their aerobic physical activity to 30 minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity, or 150 minutes a week of vigorousintensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. moderate physical activities lasting for at least 30 minutes for most days of the week is recommended. hypothesis two revealed that there is a significant difference in their knowledge due to age variations and no significant difference in their physical activity pattern due to their age variations. this finding supports the assertion of arongbonlo (2007), four out of five people who die from coronary heart disease are aged 65 or older. the risk of stroke doubles with each decade after the age of 55. arongbonlo (2007) further added that death rate of women from heart disease and stroke is twice as high as those for all forms of cancer. the risk for women increases as they approach menopause and continues to rise as they get older, possibly due to the loss of the natural hormone oestrogen. who (2003) physical activity is beneficial to people of all ages and of different sex. however, there are some barriers that are against people’s full participation in physical activities to improve their health and fitness. hypothesis three revealed that there is no significant difference in physical activity knowledge between male and female and no significant difference between physical activity pattern of male and female. this finding supports the assertion of myers et al (2002), reported in a study on physical activity capacity and mortality among men referred for physical activity testing that men who were sedentary were 4 times more likely to die than men with regular physical activity capacity. this was true for men with and without cardiovascular disease, suggesting that physical activity capacity may even offset some of the risks associated with cardiovascular diseases. as physical activity capacity decreased the risk of death increased in males. who (2005), reports on women and physical activities has it that regular physical activities and good eating habits can improve women’s health and prevent many of the diseases and conditions that are major causes of death and disability for women around the world. it also added that regular physical activities helps reduce stress, anxiety, depression and loneliness, this is particularly important for women as rates of depression for women almost double those of men in developed countries. physical activities also help build self-esteem, confidence, promote psychological wellbeing and social integration in women. hypothesis four revealed that there is no significant difference in their knowledge due to work of environment variations and no significant difference in their physical activity pattern due to their work of environment variations. this finding supports the assertion of roemmich (2008) increased access to reinforcing sedentary behaviours within the home increases time people allocate for watching television. thus, people may be more likely to stay home and be sedentary if watching television or other sedentary activities are more accessible and more reinforcing than physical activity, (roemmich, et al. 2004). conversely, if people live in a community with more sidewalks, greater number of parks and more connecting indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 125 streets this greater access to physical activity may positively impact of people participation in physical activity. such studies not only take into consideration the characteristics of individuals, but also those of the environment in which they live. even more recently studies have been carried out into the influence of the physical environment. in the literature the concept of physical environment has been defined as the existence of and physical accessibility to centre such as gyms, swimming pools and leisure centre’s informal spaces that form part of a neighbourhood’s facilities such as open public spaces, and the layout and use of buildings; or aspects regarding traffic, safety and attractiveness of neighbourhoods and local areas (ewing, 2005). hypothesis five revealed that there is no significant difference in their knowledge due to marital status variations and no significant difference in their physical activity pattern due to their marital status variations. these findings are also supported by the (koeneman, et al, 2011) review on determinants of participation in physical activity and physical activity. another demographic determinant of participating in health promotion activity is marital status as identified by (pender et al, 2002). regular participation in physical activity can prolong health by offsetting the development of chronic diseases and conditions, however, many older adults are inactive (dipietro, 2001). the health, aging, and body composition (health abc) study offers a distinct opportunity to explore the relationship between marital status and physical activity, not only using the entire cohort, but specifically through a sub group of married couples that were enrolled together in the study. in health abc, both physical activity and non-physical activity were measured, providing an estimate of total physical activity participation. furthermore, for some participants, both members of the spousal pair underwent the same enrolment procedures and all measured variables were assessed using the same methods. this provides the unique opportunity to exa mine the relationship of physical activity participation in individual members of a married couple and contrasts previous work where spousal pair data were collected by proxy from a single member of the married couple, (schone & weinick, 2005). moreover, a notable relationship between members of a married couple may suggest a novel approach to utilize when attempting to increase physical activity levels in older individuals. conclusion based on the findings of the study, following conclusions were drawn. there is significant relationship on knowledge and pattern of physical activity of civil servants in ilorin south local government kwara state. there was significant difference on the knowledge and pattern of physical activity based on age of civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state. there was no significant difference on the knowledge and pattern of physical activity based on gender of civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state. there was no significant difference on the knowledge and pattern of physical activity based on working environment of civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state. there was no significant difference on the knowledge and pattern of physical activity based on marital status of civil servants in ilorin south local government, kwara state. indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 126 based on the conclusion, the following recommendations were made: 1) experts in the field of physical activity and fitness in conjunction with the management of various ministries and commissions should organise workshops and seminar to improve the knowledge of the civil servants on the benefits of regular participation in physical activity, 2) gender, marital status and educational qualifications should be considered while planning physical activity intervention for the workers, 3) management of various ministries and commissions should create an official hour for all the staff to participate in physical activities such as jogging, trekking and brisk walking. acknowledgement this study was not receive any support. there is no conflict of interest in this study. references abegunde, d.o, mathers c.d, adam, t, ortegon,m, strong, k. the burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. lancet. 2007; 370(9603): 1929-38. adewale, l. o, adetoyeje,y. o, babatunji, a. o, aliyu, l, kingsley, k. a, rufus, a. andrea, r. (2018). physical activity profile of nigeria: implications for research, surveillance and policy. the pan african medical journal.; 30:175. doi:10.11604/pamj.2018.30.175.12679 arongbonlo, s. (2007). the rescue mission of physical activities to heart conditions and related health problems among the nigerian populace. journal of sports management and educational research, 1(3). dipietro, l. physical activity in aging: changes in patterns and their relationship to healthy and function. journal of gerentolology a: biol. sci.med. sci. 56a:12–22, 2001. isaac, a, oladele, v. a, olufunmilayo, f. m, daniel, t. g, anthony, i. a. & eyitayo, o.o. (2017). pattern and correlates of obesity among public service workers in ondo state, nigeria: a cross-sectional study, south african family practice, 59:6, 195-200, doi: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1333784 pratt m, ramirez, a, martins, r, bauman a, heath, g, kohl 3rd h, et al. 127 steps toward a more active world. journal of physical activity and health; 12(9): 1193-4. psychology & health, 32:8, 942-975, doi: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1325486 quintiliani, sattelmair & sorensen (2008), the workplace offers several advantages for promoting physical activity in that a substantial number of the working population can be reached and multiple levels of influence on behaviour can be targeted review of the evidence for canada’s physical activity guidelines for adults. international journal of behavioural nutrition and physical activity, 7, 39. doi:10.1186/1479-58687-39 roemmich et al., 2007; people live in a community with more sidewalks, greater number of parks and more connecting streets this greater access to physical activity may positively impact of people participation in physical activity sci.med. sci. 56a:12–22, 2001. ryan e. rhodes, ian janssen, shannon s.d. bredin, darren e.r. warburton & adrian bauman (2017). physical activity: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions, https://doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2017.1333784 indonesian journal of sport management adewale, et al., 1(2), 2021, 115-127 127 united nations, department of economic and social affairs, population division (2015). world population prospects: the 2015 revision, key findings and advance tables. working paper no. esa/p/wp.241 warburton, d. e. r., taunton, j., bredin, s. s. d., & isserow, s. (2016). the risk-benefit paradox of exercise. bc medical association journal, 58, 210–218. warburton, d. e., charlesworth, s., ivey, a., nettlefold, l., & bredin, s. s. (2010). a systematic who press. world health organization, (2012). "young and physically active: a blueprint for making physical activity appealing to youth." in.http://www.euro.who.into/ data/assets/pdf file/0005/175325/e96697.pdf?ua=1. world health organization noncommunicable diseases (ncd) country profiles, 2018. world health organization (2014) global status report on non-communicable disease 2014. geneva: world health organization (who) (2010). global recommendations on physical activity for health. geneval, switzerland: world health organization (2014) global status report on non-communicable disease 2014. geneva: world health organization (who). world health organization (2014). global status report on noncommunicable diseases geneva.;switzerland. world health organization. global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014, geneva. wuest, d.a. and butcher, c.a. (2006). foundations of physical education, physical activity science, and sport 16th ed. mcgraw hill boston pp.21-23. copyright holder: ©(2021) adeoye sikiru adewale, yusuf naimat aderonke, abubakar nurudeen ojo first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm vol. 1, no. 2, october (2021), 138-151 138 comparıson of some motoric characteristics of 1113 years old sedentary and alpine ski athletes emrah yılmaz 1*, mahmut özdinç2, mehmet kumartaşlı3, mesude sazak4 1*23 faculty of sport sciences, süleyman demirel university, isparta, turkey 4sports management department, faculty of sport sciences, süleyman demirel university, isparta, turkey article history: received: 10 september 2021 accepted: 1 october 2021 published: 1 october 2021 abstract the aim of this study is to compare the physical and motoric characteristics of two groups selected from 11-13 age group alpine skiers and sedentary children. a total of 140 children, 70 (35 boys-35 girls) athletes and 70 (35 boys-35 girls) sedentary, engaged in the ski branch in the province of kayseri, participated in the study. some tests selected from the euro-fit test battery were applied to the children participating in the study. spss statistic package program was used in the evaluation of data. independent samples t test was u sed to compare the data between male athletes and sedentary men, female athletes, and sedentary girls. statistical significance level was taken as p<0.05. according to the findings of some tests selected from the euro-fit test battery of male athletes and sedentary children, there were no statistically significant differences in the right hand grip strength test, while statistically significant differences were found in the findings of other motoric tests. according to the findings of some tests selected from the same euro-fit test battery, no statistically significant differences were found in the sit-and-reach and reach flexibility test of female athletes and sedentary children, while statistically significant differences were found in the findings of other motoric tests. as a result, as a result of the extra land training included in the training programs of boys and girls in alpine skiing in their developmental age, and when these training programs combine with the characteristics of alpine skiing, the development of the muscular system, skeletal bone system and motoric features of the athletes. it is thought to contribute. keywords: ski; alpine discipline; physical properties; motorical specificies. how to cite: yilmaz, e., özdinç, m., kumartaşlı, m., & sazak, m. (2021). comparıson of some motoric characteristics of 11-13 years old sedentary and alpine ski athletes. indonesian journal of sport management, 1(2), 138-151. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v1i2.1480 corresponding author: emrah yılmaz, faculty of sport sciences, süleyman demirel university, isparta, turkey email: emrahyilmaz@sdu.edu.tr indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 139 introduction in recent years, sports have been practiced by large masses with the aim of getting away from stress, correcting their body composition, increasing their quality of life and making use of their free time. nowadays, skiing, which is among the popular sports, is also highly preferred. skiing is now one of the sports branches that appeal to large masses of people (kumartaşlı et al., 2019). besides being preferred as a popular sport, skiing also has great importance as a competition sport (taş et al., 2008). with the increase in its popularity, it is also a popular and preferred sport among children. in addition to physical and motor development in children, sport is a very important social factor. due to sports, children's interaction with their environment increases, they become social, their communication skills develop, they gain selfconfidence, and they play an important role in gaining acceptance in society. psychologically, it shows positive developments in many aspects such as focusing ability, self-control, and decision-making ability (sevim, 2002). in sedentary children, it causes many chronic diseases, especially obesity, to appear at an early age (çetinkaya & i̇mamoğlu, 2018b). physical and physiological tests applied to children are important criteria for deciding which sports branch they are prone to by determining their body composition, growth rate and age. it should be known what skills children have, and they should be directed to sports branches that are physically and physiologically appropriate (can and polat, 2004). skiing is a sport branch that physiologically requires aerobic power for moderate to high level performances and anaerobic power for high level performances. in terms of motor features, skiing requires versatile features such as speed, flexibility, balance, quickness, and coordination (andrea et al., 1993). in addition, skiing requires fast, irregular, variable, short-term, high-intensity efforts made in cold weather conditions (turnbull et al., 2019). technical and tactical studies (türkay, 2019) are necessary for the success of the child in the ski branch, and ski education and training should be given to children at a young age. there is a relationship between children's physical characteristics and their technical and tactical well-being. alpine skiing also requires versatile features, and the high level of technical, tactical and biomotoric features in this branch greatly affects the performance. studies on the physical and conditional characteristics of skiers in the world and in our country are very limited. in studies on the subject, it has been explained that physical competence and muscle strength are needed for athletes who do alpine skiing (neumayr et al., 2003). in alpine skiing, a high level of balance is needed according to the condition of the ground, the type of race, the slope and the muscle strength of the athlete. because when the ground where the competitions are held is covered with ice, while the descents from the hill continue rhythmically and fluently, high speeds are reached on 2 mm ski steels and the athlete's displacement from one side to the other is expressed in milliseconds, so the ability to balance must be at a high level (i̇lçin et al., 2017). in alpine skiing, the endurance characteristics of the athletes are of great importance in terms of performance in the slalom where the distance between the doors is short and the downhill races where the distance between the doors is the indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 140 highest. quick turns during competitions, speed and agility, jumps, flexibility and balance while descending and ascending between slaloms are the determining factors in the race performance of the athletes. developing hand grip strength while holding poles can provide an advantage to the athlete. these factors, which directly affect competition performance, should be studied and developed, especially starting from an early age (güneş et al., 2019). in the current direction, the aim of this study is to compare the physical and motoric characteristics of two groups selected from 11-13 age group alpine skiing athletes and sedentary children. method research group a total of 140 children, 35 boys (age 12.09±.81, height 143.51±8.43, body weight 41.51±8.98, bmi 19.93±2.87) and 35 girls (age 12.11±.79, height 155.49±6.33, body weight 47.11±5.01, bmi 19.43±1.04) 70 sedentary in total, with a total of 70 athletes, 35 boys (age 11.91±.81, height 147.43±10.75, body weight 39.06±10.46, bmi 17.78±3.64) and 35 girls (age 11.89±.75, height 154.14±5.93, body weight 43.71±5.64, bmi 18.32±1.34), who did alpine skiing between 1-3 years in kayseri participated in the study voluntarily. some tests selected from the euro-fit test battery were performed on the children participating in the study. data collection methods euro-fit test battery in line with the decision no. r (87) 9 of the committee of ministers of the council of europe of 19 may 1987, it was decided to use the 'european physical fitness tests' to determine and evaluate the physical fitness of children aged eight and sixteen (eurofit, 1998). it has been suggested to the member states, including turkey, to take measures regarding this practice. uzuncan (1991) stated that the eurofit tests applied since 1987 were developed for 3 main purposes. if we list these purposes; 1. it is aimed to develop physical education, which is one of the in-school sports activities of children, with the euro-fit test battery and to perform it in a controlled manner, in the development of physical health and personal ability. 2. it is aimed to ensure that children gain confidence by protecting their bodies. 3. euro-fit tests are intended to be used as an educational tool. euro-fit test battery; height, balance test with body weight measurement, weight ball throwing, vertical jump test, sit and reach tes t, sit-up test, 20 m. speed, touching the discs and 20 m. consists of reach (endurance) tests (erikoğlu et al., 2009). in our study, some of these euro-fit test battery measurements (age, height, weight measurement, flamingo balance test, sit-reach reach flexibility test, standing two-legged long jump, grip strength test, 20m sprint) were applied to the children. indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 141 euro fit test battery physical measurements age: the ages of the children were determined by looking at the birth dates on the turkish republic identity documents. the ages of all children participating in the study are between 11-13 years old. height measurement: in this measurement, measurements were made in cm. with the height scale of 0,001 precision, the feet of the children close to each other, the head straight and the eyes facing forward. weight measurement: measurements were made with a digital scale measuring with 100 gr. precision, with the children without shoes and wearing light clothes that would not affect the weight measurement. care was taken to ensure that the child who climbed the scales for measurement was immobile and did not receive support from anywhere. measurements were recorded in kg. some motoric tests from the euro fit test battery flamingo balance test: measurements were made on the flamingo balance test platform. during this measurement, the children were asked to balance on the platform using their dominant feet. as soon as they regained their balance, their 1 minute period was started. every fall from the platform and situations such as touching the other foot to the ground to provide balance were recorded as error points. sit and reach flexibility test: after the children sat on the flexibility table and rested their feet on the lower part, they tried to move the bar on the table forward by reaching forward and without bending their knees, and the last point they could reach was recorded as cm. standing long jump with two legs forward : children were asked to stand with their toes behind the line and their feet shoulder-width apart. the children were asked to jump forward as far as they could jump, in a position parallel to the floor, with the arms in front of the body, with the knees slightly bent, with the swinging movement of the arms. the distance from the heel closer to the line was recorded as cm. after both feet landed simultaneously with the jump. the test was administered twice, and the best jump was recorded. hand grip strength test: measurements were taken using a holtain brand hand dynamometer. the children were asked to hold the dynamometer first with their right hand and then with their left hand and squeeze it with all their strength so that the arm-body angle was approximately 30 degrees. the test was applied twice. the highest grade was recorded in kg. 20m sprint: measurements were made using a photocell. when the child is ready, he is asked to exit the photocell without giving a command, and he is asked to run forward at maximum speed and pass quickly through the arrival photocell 20 m ahead. the test was administered twice, and the highest grade was recorded. after the arrival photocell, protective measures (cushion, soft material, etc.) were taken to protect the health and safety of the child. measurement results are recorded in seconds. indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 142 analysis of data spss statistical package program was used to evaluate the data. the independent samples t-test was used to compare the data between athletes and sedentary boys and girls participating in the study. the statistical significance level was taken as p<0.05. findings table 1. demographic information of male athletes and sedentary children participating in the study when table 1 is examined, the age of male athletes is 11.91±.81, their height is 147.43±10.75, their body weight is 39.06±10.46, bmi is 17.78±3.64, and the age of sedentary boys is 12.09± 81, height 143.51±8.43, body weight 41.51±8.98, bmi 19.93±2.87. table 2. demographic information of girl athletes and sedentary children participating in the research when table 2 is examined, the age of the female athletes is 11.89±.75, their height is 154.14±5.93, their body weight is 43.71±5.64, bmi is 18.32±1.34, the age of the sedentary girls is 12.11 ±.79, height 155.49±6.33, body weight 47.11±5.01, bmi 19.43±1.04. table 3. comparison of test results of male athletes and sedentary children participating in the study variables group n x±sd t p flexibility (cm) athlete 35 18,77±3,66 2,727 ,008 sedentary 35 16,34±3,78 variables group n x±sd min. max. age (year) athlete 35 11,91±,81 11 13 sedentary 35 12,09±,81 11 13 height (cm) athlete 35 35 147,43±10,75 127 168 sedentary 143,51±8,43 129 158 body weight (kg) athlete 35 39,06±10,46 23 55 sedentary 35 41,51±8,98 25 55 bmi (kg/m2) athlete 35 17,78±3,64 12,62 25,33 sedentary 35 19,93±2,87 14,92 24,84 variables group n x±sd min. max. age (year) athlete 35 11,89±,75 11 13 sedentary 35 12,11±,79 11 13 height (cm) athlete 35 154,14±5,93 145 164 sedentary 35 155,49±6,33 146 168 body weight (kg) athlete 35 43,71±5,64 36 55 sedentary 35 47,11±5,01 38 55 bmi (kg/m2) athlete 35 18,32±1,34 15,79 20,89 sedentary 35 19,43±1,04 17,09 21,76 indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 143 standing long jump (cm) athlete 35 142,31±7,58 10,680 ,000 sedentary 35 115,00±13,09 flamingo (point) athlete 35 6,89±1,64 -4,382 ,000 sedentary 35 8,57±1,57 right grip force (kg) athlete 35 16,20±2,18 ,420 ,676 sedentary 35 16,00±1,78 left grip force (kg) athlete 35 16,54±1,66 2,639 ,010 sedentary 35 15,46±1,77 20 meter sprint (sec) athlete 35 4,37±,17 -3,628 ,001 sedentary 35 4,61±,34 p<0,05 when table 3 is examined, statistically significant differences were detected between the flexibility, standing long jump flamingo balance test, left hand grip strength and 20 meters speed tests of the competing male athletes and sedentary boys, but no significant differences were found according to the results of the righthand grip strength test. table 4. comparison of test results of girl athletes and sedentary children participating in the study variables group n x±sd t p flexibility (cm) athlete 35 4,68±,21 -1,594 ,116 sedentary 35 4,78±,26 standing long jump (cm) athlete 35 18,77±3,05 2,584 ,012 sedentary 35 16,94±2,85 flamingo (point) athlete 35 136,00±7,19 10,441 ,000 sedentary 35 107,77±14,28 right grip force (kg) athlete 35 7,60±1,03 -4,453 ,000 sedentary 35 9,34±2,07 left grip force (kg) athlete 35 15,71±1,87 3,142 ,002 sedentary 35 14,37±1,69 20 meter sprint (sec) athlete 35 15,80±2,32 2,656 ,010 sedentary 35 14,46±1,88 p<0,05 when table 4 is examined, statistically significant differences were detected between the standing long jump, flamingo balance test, right hand claw strength, left hand claw strength and 20-meter speed tests of female contestants and sedentary girls, but no significant differences were found according to the results of flexibility test. result and discussion in this study, which aims to compare the results of selected tests from the euro -fit test battery applied to sedentary children in the 11-13 age group, who have been involved in alpine skiing for 1-3 years, while no statistically significant differences were found in the right-hand claw strength test of male athletes and sedentary children, statistically significant differences were found in the findings of other motoric tests (flexibility, standing long jump, flamingo, left hand claw strength, 20 indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 144 m. speed test). the same tests were also applied to female athletes and sedentary children, and while no statistically significant differences were found in the sit-reach flexibility test between the groups, statistically significant differences were found in the findings of other motoric tests (standing long jump, flamingo, left hand claw strength, left hand claw strength, 20 m. sprint test). güneş et al. (2019) examined the effect of 8-week alpine skiing training on some variables in children aged 8-10 years, statistically significant differences were determined in the sit-reach and reach test values of girls, and in the preand posttest findings. the findings of the study do not show parallelism with the flexibility test measurements of female athletes and sedentary children in our study. the reason is in the study conducted by güneş et al., the pre-test and post-test measurements of the children who trained for 8 weeks with a technical focus were compared, and it was seen that the applied training program contributed to the development of the flexibility characteristics of the children. however, in our study, the flexibility differences between the children who are engaged in alpine skiing and apply regular training programs and sedentary children were compared, and it is thought that the alpine skiing trainings do not contribute to the extra development of the flexibility values of female athletes. yarım et al. (1998), which aimed to compare some physiological characteristics of alpine (n=13) and northern (n=13) male skiers, when the flexibility values of the skiers participating in the research were compared, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups of alpine and northern skiers. the findings of this study show parallelism with the findings of the flexibility test of boys in our study. in the study of yarım et al., it is seen that the training programs applied by the male nordic athletes improve the flexibility values of the skiers more than the training programs applied by the male alpine athletes. in our study, it was concluded that alpine skiing training positively affected the flexibility values of the athletes and caused an increase in the flexibility values compared to sedentary children. in the study of bilim et al., (2016) in which they examined the flexibility values of sedentary and sporting men in the 12-13 age group, it was stated that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups, which supports the findings of our study. in another study, polat et al. (2005), that aimed to examine the relationship between high box test and hexagon hurdle test results and giant slalom performance time, as well as to compare the findings of elite turkish skiers and athletes from other countries in the literature, a negative relationship was found between giant slalom performance times and flexibility. in addition, when the literature is examined, there are also studies that have studied the flexibility motoric feature with the same age group skier athletes and children from different sports branches (kocakulak et al., 2018; hamurcu et al., 2006; sasa, 2019; i̇biş et al., 2004; saygın et al., 2015; koçyiğit et al. 2018). standing long jump is one of the parameters that develop as explosive power between genders and in all age groups (yılmaz, 2014). in the study conducted by bilim et al., (2016), it was determined that the standing long jump test values of the 12-13 age group female athletes, who had a minimum of 1 year of sports history and participated in regular training at a sports course or any sports club at least 2 days indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 145 a week, was found to be higher than to the sedentary group. as yılmaz (2014) stated, the result that the standing long jump and explosive strength characteristics develop in all age groups is in line with the study conducted by bilim et al., (2016) and the standing long jump findings of female athletes and sedentary children in our study. andersen et al. (1990) found statistically significant differences in double-leg jump test findings between club skiers and senior skiers at the provincial level. in the same study, they found a statistically significant relationship between the giant slalom performance times of the skiers and the hexagonal obstacle test, high box test and double leg jump test, and they stated that an on-site test battery could be used to distinguish giant alpine skiers in line with these data. in another study on the subject in the literature, the euro -fit test findings were compared by kızılakşam (2006) in primary school students in edirne city center who were actively engaged in sports and were sedentary and only attended physical education classes. in the study in which 25 girls and 25 boys who are actively engaged in sports and 25 girls and 25 boys who are sedentary but only attend physical education classes voluntarily participated, signif icant differences have detected in the standing long jump values of both groups, actively engaged in sports and sedentary girls and boys. the standing long jump findings of male and female athletes in the literature and in our study also support the view o f yılmaz (2014) and it is thought that, like other sports branches, alpine skiing training also improves children's standing long jump and explosive strength motoric features. in the literature, there are different studies (polat et al., 2005; kızılet bozdoğan, t., kızılet, a. 2017; okudur, 2012; cinthuja et al., 2015; işıldak, 2020) from the results related to the standing long jump motoric characteristics of the children in our study. the flamingo balance test, created in line with the euro-fit test battery norms, is a test method in which the level of balance needed in the athlete and the strength of the muscle groups involved in balance are determined (eurofit, 1988). in the study conducted by bilim et al., (2016), it was found that the flamingo balance test values of 12-13 age group female athletes, whose sports history is at least 1 year, or who participated in regular training at any sports club, at least 2 days a week, were determined to be higher than the sedentary group. significant differences were also found between the flamingo balance test findings of alpine skiing female athletes and the findings of sedentary girls in our study, which supports the study of bilim et al. it is thought that due to the close distances between the gates in alpine skiing, such as slalom racing, it improves the balance characteristics of the athletes, and the extra balance performance of the athletes greatly affects their race success. güneş et al. (2019) examined the effect of 8-week alpine skiing training on some variables in children aged 8-10 years, statistically significant differences were found in the flamingo test data of boys in the preand post-tests. in the study of saka and polat (2009) aiming to determine and compare the balance test results of alpine ski athletes, balance characteristics of alpine skiers (n=15/male) and sedentary (n=10/male) children were compared. in all static and dynamic functional balance tests, the athlete group achieved more successful results than the control group. significant differences were found between the athlete and indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 146 the sedentary group in the test of standing on one leg for both legs, right and left legs separately. significant differences were found between the athlete and the sedentary group in the right leg three-step bounce test. elite level alpine skiers participated in the study conducted by aktaş (2009) and examined and evaluated the effect of balance on performance in the study. in the comparisons made within the group, statistically significant differences were found between the balance tests of the skiers in the experimental (n=15/male) and control (n=15/male) groups. the researcher thinks that as a result of balance training, the balance performance of the skiers in the experimental group increased higher and faster. erikoğlu et al., (2015) found statistically significant differences in flamingo balance findings between active football players and their sedentary counterparts in a study they aimed to compare the physical fitness parameters of male adolescent football players with the eurofit test battery and their sedentary counterparts. studies in the literature on the balance test of children who are engaged in different sports and alpine skiing show that it is thought that the sports that children do develop the muscle groups involved in the balance motor feature (eurofit, 1988) and increase their balance performance. according to the flamingo balance test findings of our study, it is thought that due to the characteristic feature of alpine skiing, balancing on skis requires extra strength and effort, and therefore, small age group children who do alpine skiing develop the muscle groups and balance characteristics necessary for balance. in the literature, the balance motoric feature is included in different studies (suna et al., 2016; malliou et al., 2004; hintermeister et al., 1997) on the children in our study, with similar age groups, in different sports branches, and on athletes engaged in skiing. in the study conducted by bilim et al., (2016), it was found that the hand grip strength of girls in the 12-13 age group, who had a minimum of 1 year of sports history and participated in regular training at least 2 days a week in a sports course or any sports club, was higher than the sedentary group. in the same study, it was determined that the hand grip strength of the 12-13 age group boys who do sports is higher than the sedentary group. both rightand left-hand grip strength test findings of female athletes in our study show significant differences compared to the findings of sedentary children. it is thought that the extra force applied by the athletes to the pole grips as the speed increases during skiing and during the transitions between the doors improves the hand grip muscle groups of the athletes. çiçek et al., (2018) conducted a study on 16 male swimmers aged 10-13 and 17 boys who did not do sports, and they found that the hand grip strength of the group doing sports was higher than the sedentary group. the researcher thinks that this difference is due to regular exercise. while the findings of the study do not show parallelism with the findings of the right-hand grip strength of male athletes and sedentary children in our study, the findings of the left-hand grip strength show parallelism. while a difference was found in the left-hand grip strength of male athletes and sedentary children in our study, it is thought that the reason why no difference could be detected between the indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 147 right-hand grip strength was due to the fact that the children generally use their right hands. in another study on the subject in the literature, yarım et al. (1998), which aimed to compare some physiological characteristics of alpine (n=13) and northern (n=13) male skiers, no statistically significant differences were found between the rightand left-hand grip strength test findings of alpine skiers and northern skiers. in the study of hekim et al., (2012), which aimed to compare some motoric characteristics of 10-12 age group athlete (n=22) and sedentary (n=22) girls, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the 30meter running performances of sports and sedentary children. the 20 m. sprint test findings of our study do not support this study in the literature. the reason why it does not show parallelism is thought to be due to the fact that the female skiers in our study, who do alpine skiing, have done extra land training in their training programs for the development of their speed performance, improving the speed motoric characteristics of the athletes. in the study of kürkçü and güler (2019), 20 male handball players aged 1012 and 14 boys participated voluntarily as the control group. in the study, statistically significant differences were found between the handball players and the control group according to the 20 m. sprint test results. aydın (2019) applied a 30-meter speed test to determine the speed characteristics of 11-13 age group football players in his study. statistically significant differences were determined in the preand post-test findings of the study group and the control group in the 30-meter speed test applied. according to the 20 m. sprint test results of our study, significant differences were found between the alpine ski athletes and the 20 m. sprint test results of sedentary children. in our study, it is seen that the land training applied extra in the training of the male skiers, as in the alpine girl skiers, improves the 20 m speed characteristics. as seen in the research of kürkçü and güler (2019) and aydın (2019) on the sports branches performed on land, it is seen that the training done on the land improves the 20 m. speed motoric feature. in order for skiers who are engaged in skiing to develop these motoric features, they need to include extra speed training on land in their training programs, and it is thought that these trainings will increase their performance. in the study titled "comparison of flexibility, endurance and speed parameters of national team level male (n=16) and female (n=16) athletes and ski athletes" by sasa (2019), significant differences were found between the gender variable and the speed parameters. it was determined that there was no significant difference between the type of sport being played, the body mass index variable, the age variable, and the speed parameters. in addition, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between endurance and flexibility parameters and speed parameter. diallo et al. (2001) found statistically significant differences between the 20meter, 30-meter and 40-meter sprint test results of exercises performed 3 days a week in children aged 10-12. in addition, there are different studies in the literature that study the speed motor feature (kıyıcı & kishalı 2010; kıyıcı & kishalı 2006; seifert et al., 2017; koçyiğit & şahinler, 2019) and related to our study. indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 148 conclusion as a result, it is thought that the land training, which is included in the training programs of the developmental girls and boys who do alpine skiing, in addition to their training programs on snow, when combined with the characteristic features of alpine skiing, contributes to the development of the athletes' muscle system, skeletal system and motoric features. it is considered that the eurofit test battery is of great importance in the skill selection studies applied to children in the developmental age for alpine skiing. acknowledgement thank you to all the participants who are willing to complete this research. references aktaş, s. (2009). elit düzeydeki alp disiplini kayakçılarda dengenin performans üzerine etkisi, niğde üniversitesi, sosyal bilimler enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, ss.1-65. andersen re, montgomery dl, turcotte ra. (1990). an on-site test battery to evaluate giant slalom skiing performance. the journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, sep;30(3):276-282. andrea t, white and stephen c, johnson., (1993). physiological aspects and injury in elite alpine skiers. sports medicine 15 (3):170-178 aydın, m. (2019). 11-13 yaş gruplarında futbola özgü fonksiyonel antrenmanların fiziksel uygunluğa etkisinin incelenmesi. adnan menderes üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, aydın. bilim, a.s., çetinkaya, c., dayı, a. (2016). 12-17 yaş arası spor yapan ve spor yapmayan öğrencilerin fiziksel uygunluklarının incelenmesi. spor ve performans araştırmaları dergisi, 7(2), 53-60. can, y, polat, m. (2004). kayseri ili ilköğretim öğrencilerinde kayak sporuna yönelik fiziksel uygunluk normlarının araştırılması. sağlık bilimleri dergisi, 13 (1), 48-54. cinthuja p, jayakody j.a.o.a, perera m.p.m., weerarathna w.v.d.n., nirosha s.e., indeewari d.k.d.c., kaethieswaran t, adikari s.b. (2015). physical fitness factors of school badminton players in kandy district. european journal of sports and exercise science, 4(2): 14-25. çetinkaya g., i̇mamoğlu g. (2018b). investigation of the effect of plates-aerobic exercises on body composition and body image in obesıty female. the journal of international social research, volume:11 issue: 59:1451-1456. çiçek, g., güllü, a. ve güllü, e. (2018). yüzücü ve sedanter çocukların vücut kompozisyonu ve bazı fizyolojik parametrelerinin karşılaştırılması. gaziantep üniversitesi spor bilimleri dergisi, 3(2): 85-97. diallo o, dore e, duche p, van praagh e. (2001). effects of plyometric training followed by a reduced training programme on physical performance in prebubescent soccer players. j sports med phys fitness. 41 (3): 342–8. indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 149 erikoğlu ö, güzel n, pense m, erikoğlu örer g. (2015). fiziksel uygunluk parametrelerinin erkek ergen futbolcuların eurofıt test bataryası ve hareketsiz muadilleriyle karşılaştırılması. international journal of sport culture and science, 3:43-52. erikoğlu, g., özkamçı, h., golmoghanı, n., suveren, c., tuğçe, t. o. t., şahin, n., & güzel, n. a. (2009). 7–12 yaş çocuklarda cinsiyet ve yaş gruplarına göre eurofit test bataryası ile performans parametrelerinin değerlendirilmesi. gazi beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 14(4), 49-64. eurofit, (1988). handbook for the eurofit tests of physical fitness, council of europe, committee for the development of sport. rome. falls c, harold b, ann m, rod k. (1980). essentials of fitness. philadelphia: holt, rinehart and winston inc. gronmo sj. augestad lb. augestad. (2000). physical activity, self-concept, and global selfworth of blind youths in norway and france. j visual impair blind, 94: 522527. güneş s, koca f, & i̇mamoğlu o. (2019). 8 haftalık alp disiplini temel kayak eğitiminin 8-10 yaş grubu çocuklarda denge, esneklik, çabukluk ve dayanıklılık üzerine etkisi. electronic turkish studies, 14(1). hamurcu, z., koca, f., polat, y., & çoksevim, b. (2006). 10-13 yaş grubu kayak yapan çocukların fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametrelerinin incelenmesi. 9. uluslararası spor bilimleri kongresi, muğla, s. 3-5. hekim, m., tokgöz, m., reyhan, s., yıldırım, y., ad, ö., & kulübü, h. (2012). spor yapan ve yapmayan 12-14 yaş grubu kız çocuklarının bazı motorik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması. uluslararası hakemli akademik spor sağlık ve tıp bilimler dergisi; 3 (2): 31-38. hintermeister ra, o’connor dd, lange gw, dillman cj, steadman jr (1997). muscle activity in wedge, parallel, and giant slalom skiing. med sci sports exerc 29: 548-53, 1997. houwen s. (2006). testretest reliability of eurofit physical fitness items for children with visual impairments. pediatiric exercise science; 18, 300-313. işıldak, k. (2020). plyometrik antrenmanların çabukluk, dikey sıçrama ve durarak uzun atlama performansı üzerine etkisi. akdeniz spor bilimleri dergisi, 3 (1), 36-44. i̇biş, s., gökdemir, k., i̇ri, r. (2004). 12-14 yaş grubu futbol yaz okuluna katılan ve katılmayan çocukların bazı fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametrelerinin incelenmesi. kastamonu eğitim dergisi, 12 (1), 285-292. i̇lçin, m. m., ruçhan, i̇. r. i̇., & i̇lçin, t. (2017). kayak milli takımlarında yer alan alp disiplini ve kuzey disiplini kayakçılarının denge ve reaksiyon zamanı özelliklerinin incelenmesi. muş alparslan üniversitesi uluslararası spor bilimleri dergisi, 1(1), 61-72. kıyıcı, f., & kishalı, n. f. (2006). alp disiplini kayakçılarında sürat egzersizleri sonrası serum süperoksid dismutaz, katalaz ve malondialdehit düzeylerinin incelenmesi. atatürk üniversitesi, sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, erzurum, ss.1-76. kıyıcı, f., & kishalı, n. f. (2010). alp disiplini kayakçılarında sürat egzersizleri sonrası kan antioksidan düzeylerinin incelenmesi. atatürk üniversitesi, beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 12(1), 1-9. kızılakşam, e. (2006). edirne il merkezi ilköğretim okullarındaki 12–14 yaş grubu aktif olarak spor yapan ve yapmayan beden eğitimi dersine giren öğrencilerin eurofit test bataryaları uygulama sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması. trakya üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü beden eğitimi ve spor anabilim dalı, yüksek lisans tezi, edirne. indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 150 kızılet bozdoğan, t, kızılet, a. (2017). gelişim çağındaki (11-13 yaş) badminton oyuncularında sırt ve bacak kuvvetinin çeviklik yeteneği ile ilişkisi. gaziantep üniversitesi spor bilimleri dergisi, 2 (3), 69-82. kocakulak, n. a., polat, y., hamurcu, z., pepe, o., & çoksevim, b. (2018). comparison of physical and physiological parameters of children skier and volleyball players. natural & applied sciences journal, 2(1), 26-30. koçyiğit, b., çimen, e., karakuş, s. (2018). 12-14 yaş grubu hentbol ve tenis performans sporcuların fiziksel antropometrik ve motorik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması . spor ve performans araştırmaları dergisi, 5 (1),14-25. koçyiğit, b., şahinler, y. (2019). 12-14 yaş tenisçilerde teknik antrenman programlarının bazı biyomotorik ve teknik gelişimleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması. beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 21(3), 85-95. kubilay i̇. t. (2019). antrenman, kişisel antrenman ve kişisel antrenör, spor bilimleri alanında araştırma makaleleri, gece akademi, ankara, 8;129. isbn: 978-625-7958-257. kumartaşlı, m., başyiğit, f. e., akıncı, y. (2019). a2 ligi alp disiplini kayak sporcularının, spora karşı beklenti ve memnuniyet düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. 25-28 nisan 2019 antalya-alanya 2. uluslararası herkes i̇çin spor ve wellness kongresi, tam metin bildiri kitabı; s. 532-541. kürkçü r, güler d. (2019). hentbol antrenmanlarının 10–12 yaş çocuklarda sürat ve anaerobik güç gelişimine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 21(2), 52-58. malliou p, amoutzas k, theodosiou a, et al. (2004). proprioceptive training for learning downhill skiing. percept mot skills 99: 149-54. neumayr, g., hoertnagl, h., pfister, r., koller, a., eibl, g., & raas, e. (2003). physical and physiological factors associated with success in professional alpine skiing. international journal of sports medicine, 24(08), 571-575. okudur a, sanioğlu a. (2012). 12 yaş tenisçilerde denge ile çeviklik ilişkisinin incelenmesi. selçuk üniversitesi beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi; 14 (2):165-170. pense, m., & serpek, b. (2010). 14–16 yaş arası basketbol oynayan kız öğrencilerin fizyolojik ve biyomotorik özelliklerinin eurofi̇t test bataryası ile belirlenmesi. selçuk üniversitesi beden eğitimi ve spor bilim dergisi, 12(3), 191-198. polat, m., süer c., can y., & koca f. (2005). alp kayağına yönelik alan testleri ile büyük slalom performans zamanı arasındaki ilişki. gazi beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 10(4), 41-48. saka t, polat m. (2009). alp disiplini kayak sporcularının denge testleri sonuçları. spor hekimliği dergisi, 44(2), 041-049. sasa, d. (2019). milli takım düzeyindeki bay ve bayan atletlerin ve kayak sporcularının esneklik, dayanıklılık ve sürat parametrelerinin karşılaştırılması. i̇stanbul gelişim üniversitesi, sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, i̇stanbul, ss.1-79. saygın, ö., polat, y., karacabey, k. (2005). çocuklarda hareket eğitiminin fiziksel uygunluk özelliklerine etkisi. f.ü. sağlık bil. dergisi, 19(3), 205-212. seifert j, stöggl t, scheiber p, heizinger e, müller e. (2017). grade and speed have greater influence on hr and rpe than ability, sex, and age in alpine skiing. j sports sci. mar;35(5):419-425. indonesian journal of sport management yilmaz, et al., 1(2), 2021, 128-151 151 sevim y. antrenman bilgisi. ankara. nobel yayınevi. 2002 suna, g., beyleroğlu, m., alp, m., & yalçın, s. (2016). investigating the effects of coordination training on velocity, balance and agility features of tennis kids. international refereed academic journal of sports, health and medical sciences, issue:20, s. 13-23. taş m, kıyıcı f, kishalı n. f. (2008). alp disiplini kayakçılarda 4 haftalık sürat egzersizlerinin nitrik oksit (no) seviyesine kronik etkisi. beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi; 10:3441. turnbull j, kilding a. e, keogh j., (2019). physiology of alpine skiing: a review, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24247534_physiology_of_alpine_skiing:136. uzuncan h. (1991). eurofit testleri ile 10-12 yaşları arasındaki erkek öğrencilerin aerobik güç ve fiziksel uygunluklarının ölçülmesi. yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. selçuk üniversitesi. sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü. konya. yarım, i̇., aydos, l., & cicioğlu, i̇. (1998). alp ve kuzey disiplini kayakçılarının bazı fizyolojik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması, gazi beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 3(4), 1-8. yılmaz m. (2014). haftalık kuvvet antrenmanının 13-16 yaş arası çocuklarda bazı fiziksel uygunluk parametrelerine etkisinin incelenmesi. yüksek lisans tezi konya: selçuk üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri enstitüsü. konya. ziyagil ma. (1996). eurofit test bataryası ile 10-12 yaşları arasındaki erkek ilkokul öğrencilerinin fiziksel uygunluk ve antropometrik özelliklerinin yaş gruplarına ve spor yapma alışkanlıklarına göre değerlendirmesi. gazi beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 4, 25-27. copyright holder: ©(2021) emrah yılmaz, mahmut özdinç, mehmet kumartaşlı, mesude sazak first publication right: indonesian journal of sport management this article is licensed under: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24247534_physiology_of_alpine_skiing:1-36 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24247534_physiology_of_alpine_skiing:1-36 180 indonesian journal of sport management original article primary school playground and pupils physical skill acquisition authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: july 8, 2022 revision: september 20, 2022 accepted: october 18, 2022 published: october 24, 2022 hafees tosin sulyman1a-d* akinola sgun olaosebikan2bc jawad olayemi olosunde3bd ebenezer oladipupo oladoye4cd 1*department of early childhood and primary education faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria 2department of early childhood and primary education faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria 3department of early childhood and primary education faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria 4department of early childhood and primary education faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria corresponding author: hafees tosin sulyman, department of early childhood and primary education faculty of education, kwara state university, malete, nigeria; e-mail: htsulyman@gmail.com how to cite: sulyman, h. t., olaosebiken, a. s., olosunde, j. o., & oladoye, e. o. (2022). primary school playground and pupils physical skill acquisition. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2875 abstract. primary school playground and pupils’ physical skill acquisition is a crucial issue that needs urgent attention because empirical studies have shown that primary school playground can go a long way in influencing pupils’ holistic development and pupils’ physical skill acquisition need to be fully involve in the educational setting. the instrument used was checklist titled primary school playground, material, qualities and activities (pspmqa); another instrument used was rating scales named pupils physical skill acquisition (rspa); t-test was used to determine the reliability and index obtained from the instrument were 0.75. the findings revealed that the primary school playgrounds in ilorin west local government area, kwara state have enough space for children to play, it is free from dangerous object, it is safe and secure and also it has grasses. activities that are always done on playground includes running, hide and seek, passing of ball and kicking of ball. available playground materials are swings, play sand and natural grass. the level of pupils’ physical acquisition is low (weighted mean= 1.57), primary school playground qualities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition (f (1,375) = .719, p < 0.05), primary school playground activities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition (f (1, 375) = 0.11, p < 0.05), there was no significant difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state based on gender (t = -2.698; df = 374; p > 0.05), the finding revealed that there was no significant difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state school type (t = -2.444; df = 374; p > 0.05). teacher should allow the pupils to make use of playground to develop their holistic development. it was recommended that the ministries and other concerned agencies should set workshop, seminar and conference on the important of playground on physical skill acquisition on the development of the pupils’. keywords: primary school; playground; physical skill acquisition copyright ©(2022) hafees tosin sulyman, akinola sgun olaosebikan, jawad olayemi olosunde, ebenezer oladipupo oladoye mailto:htsulyman@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 181 introduction playground by nature is capable of stimulating all areas of children development and improve their senses and emotions as much as their skills. during playground activities some physical skill might be acquire which may help the child to grow and develop holistically, playground may develop children's for social life and give them opportunities to cooperate among themselves. research has demonstrated that regular playground activities by children make them healthier, stronger and happier than those who do not (meckison, 2014). playground activities are essential in childhood as it give young children opportunities to use their whole body when they are playing among themselves. children that are more physically engaged in school are likely to explore energetic activities at home, unlike those that are not physically active who mostly engage in sedentary activities like computer games and watching television (dale et al., 2000). brown (2001) suggests that as children interact with the playground equipment, they experience different opportunities to stimulate age appropriate physical development. the physical interaction of children in playground will improved their physical skill and will enable them to take turns and exercise self-control. as they play on playground facilities they converse and imitate one another (the voice of play, 2016). when children play with peers they improve oral skills, deal with feelings and ideas (hernandez, 2001). according to marie, as cited in landscape structure incorporated (lsi, 2022), 75 percent of the brain develops after a baby is born in the years between birth and early 20s and play is needed for healthy brain development. play stimulates the brain connections between nerve cells helping a child develop both gross motor skills like walking, running, jumping and coordination along with fine motor skills like writing, manipulating small tools and detailed hand work. according to world health organization (who) (2014), physical skill is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure including activities undertaken while working, playing, carrying out household chores, travelling, and engaging in recreational pursuits. a playground, well-designed and administered, gives the children opportunity to improve their motor senses, social development, learning, giving decision, fantasy games (alqudah, 2003). there has been an enduring and widespread expectation that pupils will improve or expand their movement capabilities in much performance and skill acquisition are context dependent (smith, 2011; tinning, 2010). however, smith (2011) points out that skill performance and skill acquisition are context dependent and as much a social act as a physical activities. playground provide the opportunity for children to practice skills that will ultimately play a role in adult competencies such as the ability to collaborate with others, develop decision making skills and successfully take on leadership roles, preserve in the face of distractions and generate creative ideas (lsi, 2022). when children are physically active at school playground, they are building critical development skills, playgrounds provide them with a perfect opportunity to explore different things and express their creativity without fear of being reprimanded (lsi, 2022). according to kate townshend 2009 most primary schools remain havens of childhood innocence; skipping ropes, clapping games and a sense of gender blind comradery. traditionally, physical development has been considered from maturational theory perspective; this view point is based on information about when children reach development milestones in such functions as sitting, standing, and walking, tasks that are largely determined by the maturation of the nervous system (shonkoff & phillips, 2000). but in more recent years, piaget’s theory has led to the perpetual motor model of physical development, a more integrative view proposing that motor behaviours are a prerequisite for and lead to cognitive abilities (williams & monsma, 2006). physical activities in childhood is important for many reasons and a variety of sources indicate a direct relationship between physical activity and children’s health (hope, 2007). indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 182 playground has been seen to be space for children to develop their skills, parent, and school owner should working hand in hand for their children holistic development not only the government. it will be of great opportunity if teacher can focus more on playground and physical skills in the academic performance of children in public and private schools in the state, particularly in ilorin west local government. research has being carried out on primary school playground and pupils physical skill, still there is no enough playground equipment that will develop their physical skill and for this reason the researcher carried out the influence of primary school playground and pupils physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state and whether or not there would be difference in primary school pupils physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government based on gender (male and female) and school type (private and public). according to a study carried out by maksimović and osmanovic (2019) on physical education accomplishments in secondary schools. the study emphasizes on the important place that physical education and sport have in the system of education, as well as the significance of health, physical and functional abilities and interests for physical activities. this research examines the attitudes of secondary schoolchildren towards sport and physical activities. the methods used are descriptive and the likert-type scale (sass-fas) containing 28 items. the research was conducted with the sample of 1013 secondary schoolchildren on the territory of the nišava district. the obtained results show that school children have positive attitudes towards physical education and sport. however, their responses prove that they spend their free time doing some other, non-physical activities. the secondary schoolchildren’s responses are characterized by a high level of consistency with no statistically significant difference evident regarding the school grade they attend, p>0.05. statement of the problem in nigeria, pupils’ physical skill acquisition has been on a dwindling fall as a result of lack of playground and physical skill not been properly handle in school. poor pupils’ physical skill acquisition has been a serious problem for both the pupils’ and teacher right from preschool. most school doesn’t have playground and if they do, the playground may not have been equipped with necessary equipment that will develop the pupils’ physical skill acquisition. the researcher observed from literature that pupils are left to wander around and there is no single resemblance of any physical activities in the class, if not for pupils’ picking balls and playing around while they are on playground. pupils are left during break time to play on the playground. based on these, this study intends to check primary school playground, playground activities and pupil’s physical skill acquisition. research questions: 1. what are the qualities of primary school playgrounds in ilorin west local government area, kwara state? 2. what are the playground activities in ilorin west local government area, kwara state? 3. what is the level of pupils’ physical skill in ilorin west local government area, kwara state? theoretical review affordance theory by james gibson (1977) this study was guided by affordance theory. according to james gibson, affordance is the possibility of an action on an environment. this theory is on the relationship between an environment and an organism. the environment affords the opportunity for the organism to perform an action. it is independent of an individual’s ability to recognize them. this is dependent on the meaning given to the object by the person who perceives them. it is also dependent on their capabilities of the agents. in this case the agents are preschool children. preschool children develop a perceptual understanding of the world with a focus on the indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 183 functional use of space and objects. the affordance of an environment is what the equipment offers the children. the playground gives an opportunity of a relationship between the preschool children and the playground facilities. for instance, a monkey bar affords climbing, swinging, jumping off, and hanging while a swing affords swinging, pumping legs and propelling. this makes a well-equipped playground a rich play environment for young children to learn as they play on. 9 in this study, the theory brings a link between action and perception. the theory further illustrates that the action is related to perception of what the physical environment furnishes. the behavior of one depends on their perception of the environment. children’s involvement in outdoor play activity is a graphic enactment of this theory. actions like balancing, jumping, climbing sliding, and swinging need attention. one has to pay attention on the environmental elements in this case the playground facilities. for instance, the preschooler perceives the structure of the climber such as a monkey bar and notes its important features: like height, is the facility too high, too short or of manageable height. the nature of the ladder in terms of presence of side barriers and angle of inclination is it steep or a gentle slope. presence of hanging bars and the surfacing beneath it does it give a safe landing. this information gives them a basis of making a decision on whether to anchor on the bars or not. this important information gives meaning to the children about affordance of the playground facilities. affordance theory is appropriate for this study because it gives an understanding on children’s participation in outdoor play activities. the teacher who is also a supervisor on the playground guides young children on the correct use of the playground facilities. learners may use the potential of the playground facilities to determine their participation. upon seeing playground facilities, a child will interact and play on it. concept of education the term education as a concept is quite elusive and not easy to define. the complexity of the discipline is necessitated by the functions education has to perform in society as one of its institution. for the purpose of this paper, we shall therefore have a look at few definitions of education. from the etymological point of view, the word ‘education’’ is derived from two latin words “educere” which means “to lead out” and “educare” which means ‘to bring up’’. this means that education bring out skills in someone and build them up. okoorosaye-orubite (2019) defined education as a social creation, designed to meet the specific needs of the society at any particular point in time. its form, content, methodology and clientele are determined by the society. structure of educational system in nigerian the nigerian educational system comprises of four levels of organization. the first is informal and the remaining three make up the formal system of education. they includes: 1. pre-primary education: this is regarded as early child care and development education, although informal, this level of education is meant for children of the age range of 2 to 5 years. these schools were established under degree no.16 of 1985 (national minimum standards and establishment of institutions) it is being run as day care centers and nursery/kindergarten schools by private agencies and individuals. the major objectives are to cultivate and inculcate appropriate schooling attitude and awareness into the young child. 2. primary education: this is the first level of the formal system of education. it provides a six-year course for children of age range of 6-12 years. this level is regarded as the officially recognized starting point of education, as the key to success or failure of the entire system. the objective includes the preparation for a broad-based education with indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 184 emphasis on the attainment of permanent and functional literacy, numeracy and effective communicative skills. 3. secondary education: this is the type of education that children receive after primary school. the secondary school has two stages covering six years duration. the first stage run classes from j.s.s 1 to j.s.s 3. at the end of j.s.s 3, the students are required to sit for and pass the junior secondary school certificate examination (jssce). most of the students are within the age range of 12-15 years. those that could not cope with formal education are expected to acquire some vocational skills. 4. tertiary education: here, a post-secondary education is given to successful students into either university, college of education, polytechnics and other related institutions. a. university education: the university is the highest level of tertiary education in nigeria. two sets of university exist-namely, the federal and state. admission is open to all student that passes joint admission and matriculation board examination, with a minimum of five (5) credit passes in o-level examination. the student’s age range is between 18-22 years. the university award first degree, master’s degree and ph.d degree in various disciplines as well as diploma in education and other professional courses. b. college of education: the colleges of education form part of teacher training institutions which are attached or afflicted to universities. they offer three years programme for the award of nigerian certificate in education. some of them are degree awarding institutions. c. polytechnics education: the polytechnics provides middle level manpower and vocational skills in different areas of specialization. polytechnics courses are in two phases, each of two years duration leading to the award of national diploma (nd) and higher national diploma (hnd), respectively for another two years. we also have inter university centres, monotechnic , specialized institutions such as school of health technology, colleges of agriculture, national teachers institutions (nti) etc. concept of primary education primary education is one of the tripods of nigeria education system, the others, are the secondary and the tertiary levels of the three, the primary level is the most critical being the base of the whole system and the key to the success or failure of the whole system. the national policy on education (2004:14) describes primary education as '"the education given in institutions for children aged 6 to 11 plus" stipulating 6 years to be the duration. goals of primary education the federal government of nigeria in the npe (2004:14), identified seven goals which form the basis of the six year primary education in a!! the states of" the federation, the goals as identified are: a. inculcate permanent literacy and numeracy and ability to communicate effectively; b. lay a sound basis for scientific and reflective thinking; c. give citizenship education as a basis for effective participation in and contribution to the life of the society; d. mould the character and develop sound and morals in the child; e. develop in the child the ability to adapt to the child's changing environment: f. give the child opportunities for developing manipulative skills that will enable the child function effectively in the society within the limits of the child's capacity; g. provide the child with basic tools for further educational advancement, including preparation for trades and crafts of the locality. indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 185 in pursuance of the identified goals, primary education shall be tuition free, universal and compulsory. these arc lofty propositions that would be cost-intensive in terms of infrastructure, instructional equipment/materials, leaching staff in quality and quality, sustained payment of salaries and allowances, provision of educational services, sustained routine supervision/inspection etc. the main focus of this discussion would be on public schools or government schools established and managed by the federal, state and local governments in nigeria. reference would however be made to schools established and managed by voluntary agencies, communities and private individuals and all other such schools that meet the minimum standards laid down by the federal government. concept of playground playground area is a place designed to provide an environment for children that facilitates play, typically outdoors. while a playground is usually designed for children, some are designed for other age groups, or people with disabilities. a playground might exclude children below a certain age (wikipedia 2022). importance of primary school playground schools are not only tasked to prepare kids for their future careers but also teach them essential life skills, attitudes, and habits that may help them overcome adulthood challenges; to achieve this objective, teachers and learners must think beyond the classroom and incorporate outdoor play into the curriculum has identified by crossfit (2022) are: social and emotional development, physical benefits, school playgrounds promote imagination and creativity, learning through play. a. social and emotional development: the numerous interactions that happen at a school playground help kids develop emotionally and socially. these interactions usually take many different forms and are uncontrolled. in most cases, children will engage each other when playing group games such as tag or simply talk to each other as they enjoy swinging side-by-side. other collaborative tasks they may engage in include pushing one another on the swing sets or working together to rotate playground equipment such as the spinner. there may also be several instances where the older kids help the younger ones navigate playground equipment both physically and psychologically. b. physical benefits: whenever you watch kids at a playground, you may think they are having fun and enjoying themselves. while this is true, one thing you may not know is that they are also getting a workout. child development experts recommend that children have at least one hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day. the school playground remains the perfect place to get this exercise. when children get into the habit of working out and see it as a fun experience, it encourages them to remain physically active even as they get older. when kids spend quality time at a school playground and test their limits, they learn diverse skills by trying out different playground equipment. swings, slides, climbers, and even monkey bars encourage children to develop their strength, agility, balance, coordination, and speed. c. school playgrounds promote imagination and creativity: school children do much more than sliding, swinging, and climbing while at the playground. if you listen to their conversations keenly, you will realize a wide range of other make-believe games taking place. imaginary play is always at the center stage whenever children are at a playground. when their imaginative and creative skills are triggered, they become superstars and learn a lot of things. they learn their social roles and put their problem-solving skills to practice. they develop great personalities in the process and become better individuals. by using their creativity, kids can also try out different ideas and analyze the outcome critically. this helps them develop a strong sense of self-esteem and self-confidence and discover their likes, dislikes, and beliefs. indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 186 d. learning through play: typically, you can’t have a school playground without play. in simple words, play is a spontaneous activity that kids engage in to enjoy themselves and have fun together. experts in different fields, including biology, psychology, education, and even health sciences, have conducted a wide range of studies on the concept of childhood play, and they all agree on one thingplay is an essential part of learning. when kids play, they develop a wide range of skills, including cognitive abilities, social awareness, motor skills, coordination skills, language skills, teamwork, and much more. good play is usually fueled by a kid’s curiosity. as the kid grows, their play activities become more complex. without good play, a child’s ability to learn and develop is hugely impeded. just as a good diet and enough sleep are essential to a kid’s health, so is natural play. qualities of playground according to (kaboom, 2007) indicated that playground should possess some qualities, motion play space should encourage kids to run, jump, toss, throw, hop, slide, swing, climb and move; playground equipment should have moving parts: swings, activity panels and balance activities with movable parts. a great play space should incorporate the natural world around it, a lot of green space is key for activity and elements such as sand and water give kids a dynamic environment that allows them to use their manipulative skills (kaboom, 2007). according to kaboom (2007) the local playground should look, sound and feel interesting, sound, colorful and texture excite the senses and ignite your child's imagination; this is a fancy term for anything that makes kids use their upper bodies, monkey bars, monorails, chain ladders and a whole lot more are all play components that encourage upper body development. balance is an important skill for children to develop and what's more, they usually have fun doing it! playgrounds should have unusual balance elements, which test their participants balancing savvy (kaboom 2007). a great play space should be appealing to the entire family; everyone should want to go and use the facility, an ideal playground has plenty of shade elements, picnic tables as well as benches, children will be stimulated by friendly competition with their peers; playground should be rich with subtle opportunities for a competition -be it parallel climbing bars where children can see who climbs across the fastest or a double slide are good additions; also, look for additional areas for traditional games like basketball or tether ball (kaboom, 2007). playground should be accessible to everyone, a great play space will provide play at ground level; multi-sensory play opportunities (sight, sound, touch) and a safe surface for everyone; looking for soft ground cover that can cushion a child's fall; avoid equipment that stands on dirt, concrete, asphalt or artificial grass (kaboom, 2007). playground facilities a playground is a space designed and equipped for children to play. a variety of factors determine the quality of a playground. these include playground facilities, safety, adult supervision and accessibility (johnson et al., 2005). playgrounds are characterized by protective surfacing, fencing, signs, internal routes and play equipment (wadell, 2011). therefore, playground facilities have a role in children’s involvement in play. ecd professionals appreciate the prospects of outdoors for class work extension. time spent outdoor is an opportunity to promote children’s development. it should not be limited to improvement of physical skills but also cognitive social, creative and emotional abilities (essa, 2010). it is important for a playground to be equipped to allow learners an opportunity to have fun and learn at the same time. indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 187 methodology the study adopted descriptive survey research design to investigate primary school playground and pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. the populations used for this study comprised all private and public pupils in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. there were fifty-four public schools and two hundred and thirty-eight private schools making a total of two hundred and ninety-two schools public and private schools (annual school census report, 2018-2019). simple random sampling technique was adopted to allow every school in the sample to have equal opportunity of being selected for the study. a total number of twenty schools (public and private) and three hundred and seventy-six pupils were sampled. the researcher developed two research instruments, checklist and rating scale for preschool children, the checklist was used to obtain data on primary school playground in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. while the rating scale was used to rate pupils’ physical skill acquisition. the instrument was title checklist on primary school playground and playground activities (cpsppa) and rating scale pupils’ physical acquisition skills (rsppas). the two instruments were given to experts in early childhood and primary education for validity, the corrections and observations were strictly adhered to before administration. to achieve the reliability of the instrument test re-test method was used to test for reliability of the instrument. the instrument was administered and re-administered; pearson product moment correlation (ppmc) was used by the researcher to compare the two scores. the researcher collected letter of introduction from the department of early childhood and primary education, kwara state university malete, addressing the head of the school where the study will take place to give their cooperation by allowing the researcher obtain information from some of the selected schools in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentage for demographic data and research questions while inferential statistic of t-test was used for the hypotheses at0.05 level of significance. decision rule: 2.5 and abovehigh, 2.02.49 – average and 1.9 belowlow. result and discussion data in table 1 shows the distribution of schools based on types in ilorin west local government, kwara state. 8 of the respondents representing 41.2% were public schools while 10 of them, representing 58.8% were private school. it is apparent that private schools were more in number than public schools. table 1. distribution of schools based on types in ilorin west local government area, kwara state school type frequency percentage public 8 41.2% private 10 58.8% total 18 100 % table 2. distribution of the respondents based on gender in ilorin west local government area, kwara state gender frequency percentage male 174 46.3% female 202 53.7% total 376 100 % data in table 2 shows the distribution of respondents based on gender in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. 174 of the respondents representing 46.3% were male indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 188 while 202 of the respondents representing 53.7% were female. it is apparent that female respondents were more in number. table 2. summary of estimated marginal means with the groups group mean std. error 95% confidence intervals for difference lower bound upper bound outdoor sports 18.378 .290 17.796 18.961 control 12.247 .367 11.511 12.983 table 3. frequency on the qualities of primary school playgrounds in ilorin west local government area of kwara state s/n qualities of primary school playgrounds yes no 1. is there enough space for children to play 18(100.0) 0(0.0) 2. it is free from dangerous object 14(77.8) 4(22.2) 3. is there waterlogged 0(0.0) 18(100.0) 4. it is safe and secure 16(88.9) 2(11.1) 5. it may have grass 14(77.8) 4(22.2) data in table 3 shows the frequency on the qualities of primary school playgrounds in ilorin west local government, kwara state. the following are the qualities of primary school playground in ilorin west local government area, kwara state: playgrounds have enough space for children to play, it is free from dangerous object, it is safe and secure and also it has grasses. table 4. frequency on playground activities in ilorin west local government area of kwara state s/n playground activities often always never 1. they run 4(22.2) 11(61.1) 3(16.7) 2. they play rainbow tag 10(55.6) 2(11.1) 6(33.3) 3. they do hide and seek 6(33.3) 10(55.6) 2(11.1) 4. they pass ball 4(22.2) 11(61.1) 3(16.7) 5. they dodge ball 6(33.3) 3(16.7) 9(50.0) 6. they kick ball 8(44.4) 9(50.0) 1(5.6) data in table 4 shows the frequency on playground activities in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. activities that are always done on playground in ilorin west local government area, kwara state includes running, hide and seek, passing of ball and kicking of ball. table 5. frequency on playground materials in ilorin west local government area of kwara state s/n playground materials yes no 1. is there swings? 10(55.6) 8(44.4) 2. is there slides? 3(16.7) 15(83.3) 3. is there playground climbers? 2(11.1) 16(88.9) 4. is there see saws? 1(5.6) 17(94.4) 5. is there merry-gorounds? 1(5.6) 17(94.4) 6. is there spring riders? 0(0.0) 18(100.0) 7. is there tubes? 0(0.0) 18(100.0) 8. is there spinners? 2(11.1) 16(88.9) 9. is there play sand? 11(61.1) 7(38.9) 10. is there pea gravel 3(16.7) 15(18.3) 11. is there poured rubber and rubber tiles? 0(0.0) 18(100.0) 12. is there natural grass? 14(77.8) 4(22.2) 13. is there artificial grass? 5(27.8) 13(72.2) 14. is there wood chips and mulch? 1(5.6) 17(94.4) 15. is there giant stride? 0(0.0) 18(100.0) 16. is there monkey bars? 2(11.1) 16(88.9) indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 189 data in table 5 shows the frequency of playground materials in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. available playground materials in ilorin west local government area, kwara state are swings, play sand and natural grass. table 6. frequency on the level of pupils’ physical acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state s/n pupils physical skill acquisition always sometimes never mean 1. the child is able to climb on and off things 198(52.7) 131(34.8) 47(12.5) 1.60 2. the child is able to jump on and off things 181(48.1) 182(48.4) `13(3.5) 1.55 3. the child is able to swing on and off 178(47.3) 135(35.9) 63(16.8) 1.69 4. the child is able to practice with fine motor skills (gripping the chain) 192(51.1) 108(28.7) 76(20.2) 1.69 5. the child is able to put things all together 208(55.3) 158(42.0) 10(2.7) 1.47 6. the child is able to skip 147(39.1) 124(33.0) 105(27.9) 1.89 7. the child is able to stand and balance on one leg 177(47.1) 165(43.9) 34(9.0) 1.62 8. the child is able to throw objects 222(59.0) 144(38.3) 10(2.7) 1.44 9. the child is able to catch 252(67.0) 110(0.0) 14(3.7) 1.37 10. the child is able to catch up and balance 258(68.6) 94(25.0) (100.0) 1.38 weighted mean 1.57 decision rule: 2.5 and abovehigh; 2.02.49 – average; 1.9 belowlow data in table 6 shows frequency on the level of pupils’ physical acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. the finding revealed the level of pupils’ physical acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. the weighted mean is 1.57 which is a clear indication that the level of pupils’ physical acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state is low. table 7. summary of regression analysis showing the influence of primary school playground qualities on pupils’ physical skill acquisition of primary school pupils in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. model n r r square adjusted r square f sig 1 376 .207 .043 -.017 .719 .000 table 7 showed the regression analysis of the influence of primary school playground qualities on pupils’ physical skill acquisition of primary school pupils in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. the result indicated that there was positive relationship between primary school playground qualities and pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state (r = .207) while the r-square is .043 which means that the independent variable (primary school playground qualities) explained 4.3% variation of the dependent variable (physical skill). this indicates a good fit of the regression equation. thus, it is a reflection that primary school playground qualities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state (f (1,375) = .719, p < 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore rejected in the light of the result. table 8. summary of regression analysis showing the influence of primary school playground activities on pupils’ physical skill acquisition of primary school pupils in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. model n r r square adjusted r square f sig 1 374 .026 .001 -.062 0.11 .000 table 8 showed the regression analysis of the influence of primary school playground activities on pupils’ physical skill acquisition of primary school pupils in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. the result indicated that there was positive relationship between primary school playground activities and physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state (r = .026) while the r-square is .001 which means that indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 190 the independent variable (primary school playground activities) explained 0.1% variation of the dependent variable (physical skill). this indicates a good fit of the regression equation. thus, it is a reflection that primary school playground activities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state (f (1, 375) = 0.11, p < 0.05). the hypothesis is therefore rejected in the light of the result. table 9. summary of t-test analysis on the significance difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state based on gender. gender n mean std. deviation t df sig. remark male 174 15.24 3.075 -2.698 374 .007 not significant female 202 16.09 3.040 table 9 shows significance difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state based on gender. the finding revealed that there was no significant difference (t = -2.698; df = 374; p > 0.05). the hypothesis was therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value is greater than 0.05. this implies that male physical skill acquisition (mean= 15.24) is not significantly higher than that of female (mean= 16.09). table 10. summary of t-test analysis on the significance difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state based on school type. school type n mean std. deviation t df sig. remark public 155 15.24 2.921 -2.444 374 .015 not significant private 221 16.02 3.156 table 10 shows significance difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state based on school type. the finding revealed that there was no significant difference (t = -2.444; df = 374; p > 0.05). the hypothesis was therefore not rejected in the light of the result since the significant value is greater than 0.05. this implies that public school pupils’ physical skill acquisition (mean= 15.24) is not significantly higher than that of private school pupils’ physical skill acquisition (mean= 16.02). discussion of findings this study examines the qualities of primary school playgrounds in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. the findings revealed that primary school playgrounds in ilorin west local government area, kwara state have enough space for children to play, it is free from dangerous object, it is safe and secure and also it has grasses. which is in contrary to the study conducted by o'hara (2022) result shows that associations between playground space and measures of pa and fitness were mostly non-linear and moderated by loose equipment. students in schools with no loose equipment showed a weak association between space and meeting physical activities recommendations. this study also examines the playground activities in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. the findings revealed that activities that are always done on playground in ilorin west local government area, kwara state includes running, hide and seek, passing of ball and kicking of ball. this is in line with the study carried out by (baines & blatchford, 2012) reveals the role of school playground games in children's development. games and play take place in a range of settings, both in and outside of the home, in gardens, parks, on the streets, designated playgrounds, or other locations. they also take place and are often studied on the school playground and this will be the main context in which the role of games and other playground activities will be discussed here. indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 191 this study also examines the level of pupils’ physical skill in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. the findings revealed that the level of pupils’ physical acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state is low (weighted mean= 1.57). this study furthermore examines the significant influence of primary school playground qualities on pupils’ physical skill in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. the findings revealed that primary school playground qualities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state (f (1,375) = .719, p < 0.05). this study also examines the significant influence of primary school playground activities on pupils’ physical skill in ilorin west local government area, kwara state. the findings revealed that primary school playground activities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state (f (1, 375) = 0.11, p < 0.05). this study also examines the significant difference in primary school pupils’ physical skill in ilorin west local government area based on gender. the findings revealed that there was no significant difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state based on gender (t = -2.698; df = 374; p > 0.05). this study finally examines the significant difference in primary school pupils’ physical skill in ilorin west local government area based on school type. the study revealed that the finding revealed that there was no significant difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state school type (t = -2.444; df = 374; p > 0.05). conclusion the study shed light on primary school playground and pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. the findings of the study revealed that primary school playground and pupils’ physical skill acquisition is low, primary school playground qualities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. primary school playground activities have significant influence on pupils’ physical skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area of kwara state. there was no significant difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state based on gender. the finding revealed that there was no significant difference in pupils’ skill acquisition in ilorin west local government area, kwara state school type. based on the findings and the conclusions drawn in this study, it is recommended that: 1) teacher should allow the pupils to make use of playground to develop their holistic development; 2) school head / owner should employ competent teacher that will be able to make use of the playground equipment; 3) it is recommended that the ministries and other concerned agencies should set workshop, seminar and conference on the important of playground on physical skill acquisition on the development of the pupils. references amanda morin. (2022). playground activities that can boost your child’s development anero, n. (2013). introduction to primary education studies. lecture note. department of primary education studies, ignatius ajuru university of education, port harcourt. aybuke d, zekiye b. (2017). effect of school yard playgrounds on development and school attachment levels of children universal. journal of educational research, http://www.hrpub.org doi: 10.13189/ujer. indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 192 becton l. (2022). physical skills that are important for kindergarten: https://www.educationcorner.com/physical-skills-for-kindergarten.html berk, l. (1994). vygotsky's theory: the importance of make-believe play. young children, 50(1), 30-38. retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42728322 crossfit 2021. types of physical skills, https://www.crossfitsouthie.com/10-components physical-fitness/ dada o.c., sulyman h. t. (2021) teachers' knowledge of pupil with learning disability in ilorin south local government area, kwara state: ife psychologia: an international journal, 2021: https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/ejc-ifepsyc_v29_n2_a10 duruamaku-dim, j. c and anero, n. (2011). the role of childhood educators in teaching values. port harcourt: rodi printing and publishing company. fafunwa, a. b. (1974). history of education in nigeria. london: george allen unwin. federal republic of nigeria. (2004). national policy on education. lagos: nerdc press. federal republic of nigeria. (2004b). national policy on education. lagos: nerdc press. hope, g. (2007). wild woods or urban jungle: playing it safe or freedom to roam. education, kaboom. (2007). what makes a great playground https://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/18282 sulyman h. t. & oladoye e.o. (2022). covid 19 pandemic: a shift in pedagogical approach as a means in improving children learning in today’s classroom: https://www.kije.com.ng/index.php/kije/article/view/24 sulyman h. t. & oladoye e.o. (2022). effect of hands-on activities on pupils’ academic performance in basic science in ilorin east local government area, kwara state: journal of the department of early childhood educational foundations, university of ibadan, ibadan: vol. 4 kate, townshend. (2009). gender in the playground, https://thefword.org.uk/2009/10/self_esteem landscape structure, 2022. why should schools have playgrounds? https://www.playlsi.com/en/playground-planning-tools/resources/schoolplaygrounds/benefits-of-school-play/ lindon, j. (2007). understanding children and young people: development from 5 to 18 years. london: hodder arnold. little tikes. (2022). important of playground. https://littletikescommercial.com/blog/importance-of-playgrounds-forchildren/?lang=can merve unal 2009, the place and importance of playgrounds in child development. https://www.researchgate.net/publication miracle (2022). common playground equipment names and terms. https://www.miraclerecreation.com/blog/common-terms-for-playground-equipment/?lang=can nnamdi, anero . (2014). relevance and challenges of primary education to the overall development of the child and the nigerian society. global journal of educational research vol 13, 2014: 55-62 odigie, v., 2003. a philosophical approach of nursery and primary education. port harcourt: pearl publishers. https://www.educationcorner.com/physical-skills-for-kindergarten.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/42728322 https://www.crossfitsouthie.com/10-components%20physical-fitness/ https://www.crossfitsouthie.com/10-components%20physical-fitness/ https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=1350810631158599331&btni=1&hl=en https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=1350810631158599331&btni=1&hl=en https://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/18282 https://www.kije.com.ng/index.php/kije/article/view/24 https://thefword.org.uk/author/kate-townshend/ https://thefword.org.uk/2009/10/self_esteem https://www.playlsi.com/en/playground-planning-tools/resources/school-playgrounds/benefits-of-school-play/ https://www.playlsi.com/en/playground-planning-tools/resources/school-playgrounds/benefits-of-school-play/ https://littletikescommercial.com/blog/importance-of-playgrounds-for-children/?lang=can https://littletikescommercial.com/blog/importance-of-playgrounds-for-children/?lang=can https://www.researchgate.net/publication https://www.miracle-recreation.com/blog/common-terms-for-playground-equipment/?lang=can https://www.miracle-recreation.com/blog/common-terms-for-playground-equipment/?lang=can indonesian journal of sport management sulyman et al., 2(2), 2022, 180-193 193 shonkoff, j. p. and phillips, d. a. (2000). from neurons to neighbourhoods: the science of early childhood development. washington, dc: national academic press. singer, j. (1994). imaginative play and adaptive development. in j. goldstein (ed.). toys, play and child development. cambridge university press. smith (2011). skill acquisition in physical education: a speculative perspective. quest-lllinoisnational association for physical education in higher education 63(3):265-274. doi:10.1080/00336297.2011.10483680 twinkl. (2021). physical skills https://www.twinkl.com.ng/teaching-wiki/physical-skills understood. (2022). for all incmedia inquiries: media@understood.org, https://www.understood.org/articles/en/5-playground-activities-that-can-help-yourchilds-development wayne smith. (2022). skill acquisition in physical education: a speculative perspective william, h. g. & monsma, e. v. (2006). assessment of fine motor development. in b. a. bracken and r. j. nagle (eds.) the psychoeducational assessment of preschool children (pp. 397-434). mahwah, nj: lawrence eribaum associates. https://www.twinkl.com.ng/teaching-wiki/physical-skills mailto:media@understood.org, https://www.understood.org/articles/en/5-playground-activities-that-can-help-your-childs-development https://www.understood.org/articles/en/5-playground-activities-that-can-help-your-childs-development https://www.researchgate.net/profile/wayne-smith-30 the author(s). 2022 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 52 case study: money management in kosovo sports enver tahiraj 1a-d* , iber alaj 2bc 1ubt-higher education institution, pristina, kosova 2kosovo olympic committee, pristina, kosova abstract sport in the country is supported through program policies and is also supported in its development, even with the difficulties that our society and the sports activity of the country have gone through. the management of sports clubs, federations, and sports organizations in general develops their activities while facing difficulties of a material nature when it comes to participation in international competitions. therefore, this paper presents the management of money in sports organizations, infrastructure, and other stakeholders. this paper is presented as a model that has to do with the management, sports, and infrastructural capacities that exist at the moment, as well as the distribution of the budget for federations, clubs, sports infrastructure, and other organizations that perform these activities. the management of money for sports in the country has been executed for about 35 sports federations with about 867 sports clubs, where in total approximately 81.041 people participate in sports activities, of which 67.583 are men and 13,458 women, and their amount spent was about 14,247,919 euros from the revenues of 18.489.005 euros that were from the country’s government. the management of money for sports in the country would open the way if appropriate measures were taken to increase the budget by engaging serious investors in terms of sports infrastructure in public-private partnerships, where this would then affect the addition of sports facilities and their management as rationally as possible, where sports activities would then be increased, and then this would also bring incomes. meanwhile, sports organizations should be further supported in the operationalization of fiscal facilities for companies that are helping clubs and federations that wish to enter sports sponsorship, where this would also be a driving force in the development and improvement of sports and its conditions for the progress of sports activities. keywords: management; sports; money; sports department; kosovo corresponding author: *enver tahiraj, u.b.t higher education institution, pristina, kosova; e-mail: envertahiraj@live.com article history: received: february 9, 2023 accepted after revision: march 27, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: tahiraj, e. & alaj, i. (2023). case study: money management in kosovo sports. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4596 introduction the department of sports within the division of federations, sports infrastructure, and school sports is maximally engaged in fulfilling the objectives and tasks of the ministry of sports, which belong to the resources for the realization of the foreseen plan and are implemented in accordance with the program policies and the implementation strategy of objectives. sport in the country is a specific category of society that is financed by the country’s budget (alaj et al., 2018). therefore, there has been an increase in activities, development, and functionality, and in this direction, the development of organizational structures in the pillar of the reform of federations, associations, and sports clubs has also been evident. whereas, in the hierarchical plan, institutional reports, tasks, and responsibilities are defined according to the regulations (administrative instructions) in force, while a great deal of work has been done in mailto:envertahiraj@live.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4596 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-990x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-990x indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ tahiraj & alaj, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 52-56 53 terms of drafting, processing, defining, and processing the sports law in parliament sufficiently (tahiraj et al., 2011). the current state of the sports infrastructure in the country is not at the required level by international criteria; therefore, this minimizes the opportunities for athletes and those who do competitive activities, etc., which affects the development of qualitative sports (alaj et al., 2018). the state of sports in the country in terms of organizational structure and resources is that there are 35 registered sports federations with 867 sports clubs, where about 67.583 male athletes and 13,458 female athletes participate (alaj et al., 2018), for a total of about 81.041 athletes who do their activities in the country. the activities of the central level of sport within the ministry of sports are based on several program policies that are in relation to the needs and trends of sport as well as development planning for different periods, and all of these condition the insufficient budget (tahiraj et al., 2011). as far as money management is concerned, the central level within the framework of the ministry of sports, respectively the department of sports, supports projects that fall within the framework of program policies according to priorities in the advancement of school, competitive, and infrastructural sports. purpose the essence of this study is in the information and knowledge about the management of money in sports in the country where, through program policies, management is done to raise the level and create infrastructural conditions, including all those who perform regular sports activity in the country where they find ways to sensitize, make it popular, and support it in professional, organizational, and leadership work from clubs to federations. this case study aims at a summary analysis related to the implementation of the foreseen programs and procedures, the advancement of policies and legislation in the field of sports, the regulation of important legal fields in sports according to the foreseen plan, the approval of the regulation for the categorization of athletes and coaches, and the regulation for the categorization of sports, which previously did not exist. research methodology this study was based on the organizational structures of sport in the country of those who perform activity based on the statistics agency of kosovo, and from this information, the methodology will reflect in particular the financial management of the federations and the sports infrastructure in the country. through the data below, we will have the current state of financial resources in their distribution of money in the country from the central level, which state was based on the period of 2018. results the management of financial resources for the year 2018 was done at the central level, namely by the ministry of sports, for the needs of sports organizations (federations) and sports infrastructure, as well as clubs participating in domestic and foreign competitions, which were mainly assisted by the central level, respectively from the department of sports within the ministry of sports. we will present all these numerical data below, along with the type of organization, level, and competition. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ tahiraj & alaj, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 52-56 54 table 1. funding of federations and sports infrastructure for the year 2018 in euro designation budget 2018 department of sports programs staff 2018 salaries and payments goods and services municipal expenses subsidies and transfers sports infrastru. total 2018 30 198,187 21,800 8,600 2,770,418 10,690,000 18,489,005 sports organiza. 23 134,872 21,800 8,600 2,770,418 2,935,690 sports infrastr. 7 63,315 10,690,000 15,553,315 expenditure 19,947 6,155 3,577,401 10,644,415 total expenditure total 14,247,919 euro table nr. 1 shows the funding with the amount of 18,489,005 million euros for sports organizations and sports infrastructure, where sports organizations (federations, olympic committee) and which expenses are included for international competitions, making it popular, various seminars and camps, tournaments, elite sports, school and university sports, and sports-recreational activities, where a total of 2,935,690 million euros were distributed by the ministry of sports, respectively by the department of sports, figure of 2018, whereas the amount distributed to sports infrastructure was 10,644,415 million euros. the sports infrastructure includes expenses for stadiums, sports polygons, sports gyms, tools and requisites, and other technical items. with the financing of sports organizations for each year, the annual narrative report, the audit report, and the closing of the open advances of the previous period are sent; therefore, payments for the next year can also be made without submitting the above-mentioned documentation approved by the work assembly of the sports organization and the closing of advances. while, in sports infrastructure, the procedures that are led by the respective municipality are based on the procurement law, the municipalities submit the situations from the joint investments that have been recommended by the budgetary organizations benefiting from the grants for the municipalities, and they are processed in accordance with the management of the relevant contract. while informing them about the procedure for the implementation of joint projects, i mentioned that the payment execution procedure includes procedures such as the appointment of the project supervisor from the central level, respectively from the ministry of sports, and the submission of the file from the relevant municipality for the project. whereas the obligations of the municipality are:  relevant situation with an invoice approved by the supervisory body;  technical report with the description of the works carried out by the supervisory body and the decision designated by the municipality as the supervisory body of the works for the relevant project;  contract with the economic operator with premeasures and pre-calculations, according to contracting;  a covering letter from the mayor of the municipality as a signatory of the memorandum, etc. all the actions of the sports department in support of sports organizations and capital investments have been carried out in compliance with the programs approved indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ tahiraj & alaj, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 52-56 55 according to the budget law, as well as with procedures in compliance with the laws and regulations in force. construction, maintenance, and renovation of gyms and stadiums (in table 1) do not meet current needs, but this amount is increasing from year to year for investments and needs. in addition to this amount given by the ministry of sport, the budget is also reviewed after six months, and depending on needs and investments, this figure may change, but from the central level (tahiraj et al., 2011). conclusion the users of the budget, respectively, federations, clubs, sports infrastructure, and other organizations whose activity is the country’s own interest in the inclusion, advancement, and creation of the most favorable conditions for athletes and those engaged in recreational-sports activities, and these conditions are created by the budget, therefore the revenues of the central level are still insufficient, then the support in the public-private relationship and separately from the sports infrastructure should be identified as a pillar with what we need to alleviate the current situation. the presence of investors in public-private partnerships would have an impact on the addition of sports objects and the regulation of sports activities, which would continuously bring in income either from the surrounding premises, viewership, or concerts that could be held (tahiraj and others, 2011). whereas, regarding the functionality of the law for fiscal facilities for companies that are helping clubs and federations, this pillar would further push the development and sport in the country, where it would then increase the competition and the results would be even better. conflict of interest all author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references alaj, i., arifi, f., & metaj, z. (2018). structural characteristics of sport organizations in kosovo. sport mont, 16(1), 45-47. doi: 10.26773/smj.180210 alaj,i. (2016) strategic plan for sport in the republic of kosovo, faculte des sciences de la motricite, universite catholique de louvain, belgique. executive masters in sports organization management. alaj,i. (2019). putting in place the first government’s national strategic plan for sport in kosovo 2017-2021, 16th annual scientific conference of montenegrin sports academy “sport, physical activity and health: contemporary perspectives” to be held in dubrovnik cavtat, croatia, 4th 7th april 2019. bartoluci, m. & cavlek, n. (1998). turizam i sport. zagreb. bartoluci, m. & skoric, s. (2009). menadment u sportu. zagreb bartoluci, m. (1997). ekonomika i menagment sporta. zagreb. llagjevic-govori, a., tahiraj, e., llagjaj, d., grajqevci, f., & shkodra, a. (2019). organizing manage of international half marathon “run for peace and tolerance”. sport mont, 17(1), 97-100. doi: 10.26773/smj.190219. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ tahiraj & alaj, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 52-56 56 novak. i. (2006). sportski marketing i industrija sporta, maling d.o.o zagreb. rizvanolli, v. & shyti, a. (2011). organizimi institucional dhe juridik i sportit, shtepia botuese e librit universitar8. tahiraj, e,. shatri, f., & fazlija, a. (2011). raspodela sportskih sredstava u kosovo, sport mont 31:33/ix, 128-131 tahiraj, e. (2008): upravljanje sportskog kluba, naučna i stručna časopisa sporta "eurosport”, pristina. tahiraj, e., berisha, m., alaj, i. (2017). financial management results of the “sportmarketing” company in kosovo, zbornik radova medimurskog veleucilista, cakovec, hrvatska, god 8, broj 2, 133-13 tomic, m. (2001). menadzent u sportu. ip„astimbo, beograd. the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 121 management of volleyball extracurricular sports coaching at high school sahabuddin 1a-d*, herman h 2acd , nur windiana 3ab 1sports coaching education, faculty of sports sciences, universitas negeri makassar, indonesia 2sports coaching education, faculty of sports sciences, universitas negeri makassar, indonesia 3sports coaching education, faculty of sports sciences, universitas negeri makassar, indonesia abstract the purpose of this study is to ascertain how volleyball extracurricular sports coaching is managed at smk negeri 5 makassar. this study, which is of the descriptive variety, included a total of 20 participants in volleyball extracurriculars as its population. using spss version 22.00, the descriptive analysis technique, validity, and reliability of the data were examined. based on the results of the study, the criteria for the management of volleyball extracurricular sports at smkn 5 makassar were obtained, including 1 (5%) with very high criteria, 8 (40%) with high criteria, 5 (25%) with very high criteria for medium, and as many as 6 (30%) with a low category. the average value of 27.45 lies in the 75– 83 interval, and the highest frequency is also found in the 75–83 interval at 40%, so the management of volleyball extracurricular sports development at smkn 5 makassar as a whole gets the high category. keywords: management; extracurricular coaching; volleyball corresponding author: *sahabuddin, 1sports coaching education, faculty of sports sciences, universitas negeri makassar, indonesia; e-mail: sahabuddin@unm.ac.id article history: received: december 28, 2022 accepted after revision: april 20, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: sahabuddin, herman, h., windiana, n. (2023). management of volleyball extracurricular sports coaching at high school. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4168 introduction sports are used as one of the tools to achieve national glory in some countries. sport is seen as an effective medium for positioning a country in international forums (he, 2021; polyak & sokolova, 2022). sport can be used to boost a country's soft power (jevtić, 2021; quan-wei, 2013; zhu, 2020). this strategic position ensures that sport is taken seriously in various countries, that it is integrated into education, crosssectoral studies, or that it has already used sports science and that there is clear coordination. however, in indonesia, sports are still being worked on in a limited capacity. coordination between institutions and parent organizations is still lacking. the marketing of sports, which is a strong basis for building sports in indonesia, is still not optimal. sport is only seen as a mere routine, not yet a necessity for every person, region, or country. the development of sports tourism in indonesia, highlighting the potential of sports events to attract tourists and generate economic benefits for the country (mackowiak, 1978). mailto:sahabuddin@unm.ac.id https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4168 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ sahabuddin et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 121-127 122 there are many pillars supporting the national sports building. starting from athletes, facilities, the use of sports science, and the integration of sports activities into academic activities at school. the management of extracurricular programs in schools is a means of forming the next generation with the skills they practice. extracurricular activities at schools that are carried out or held with purpose through the school curriculum are required to organize three activities (priharsari, 2022). the three activities that must be held by the school include: 1. the curricula; 2. the cocurriculars; and 3. the extracurriculars. in the curriculum, there are programs that come into contact with the educational process as core programs, which are then called curricular programs. the curricular program is the core program of the educational process in schools. the curricular program is carried out according to the national education calendar and is carried out on a definite schedule by the school. to participate in an educational program, all students must adhere to the curriculum. according to the search results, extracurricular activities are part of the behavioral engagement facet of student engagement (arguello, 2018). they are activities that students participate in outside of regular classroom instruction and are often voluntary. extracurricular activities can include sports teams, clubs, music groups, theater productions, and community service projects. the purpose of extracurricular activities is to provide students with opportunities to develop skills, interests, and relationships outside of the classroom. extracurricular activities can also contribute to the socialization of students in a pedagogical institution of higher education, helping to develop their personal qualities (mukhina, 2019). in addition, there are supporting programs that help achieve curricular or core program objectives, which are then called extracurricular programs. even though the extracurricular program is only a supporting program, it has a very important function and role in achieving educational goals. extracurricular programs have an equally important role as curricular programs because extracurricular programs can reach goals that curricular programs cannot. thus, it is appropriate that extracurricular programs be managed as well as possible by the school in an effort to achieve educational goals. so far, the implementation of extracurricular activities at smkn 5 makassar has not been properly programmed. extracurricular activities are not managed systematically in the sense that they run unsupervised without proper management. in this case, schools often carry out extracurricular activities that are not properly planned and organized, and their implementation is carried out soberly without the support of adequate facilities and infrastructure. schools rarely carry out evaluations of the implementation of extracurricular activities. based on observations made at smk negeri 5 makassar regarding volleyball extracurriculars, there were several problems encountered, such as students who were less enthusiastic, inadequate funds, and control in the form of reports. students who participate in volleyball extracurriculars appear to be unmotivated to make volleyball extracurriculars a means of achieving success because coaches or teachers do not provide encouragement and insight into volleyball in general. there are also many schools that admit to having financial difficulties, so many of the facilities available at schools are inadequate, and they cannot hire trainers from outside the scope of the school because funds only depend on government assistance. the implementation of extracurricular activities requires a large amount of money; for this reason, it is necessary to have good management by the school so indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ sahabuddin et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 121-127 123 that the implementation of extracurricular activities can support the development of students' talents and interests in certain matters. in addition, extracurricular activities are really able to support activities in the curricular program. one of the extracurricular programs that exists in almost all schools is volleyball. this sport has been in indonesia for a long time since the colonial era, but its development was not so fast because at that time it could only be played by certain circles or people. however, as time goes by, volleyball is growing in indonesia, as evidenced by the many events that are held, both small and large. volleyball itself is one of the most popular choices in extracurricular sports, almost parallel to extracurricular sports in football. so not only must curricular activities be managed, but so must extracurricular activities. everything from planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling/evaluating needs to be managed properly so that goals can be achieved. in extracurriculars, it is very necessary to have planning in various aspects in order to smooth things out and achieve goals. research conducted by nugroho (2001) entitled "management of badminton clubs in the city of yogyakarta in 2001" with a sample of 12 clubs the results showed that planning was in the "good" category at 69.23%; organizing was in the "pretty good" category at 79.16%; implementation was in the "good" category at 84.52%; and supervision was in the "pretty good" category at 71.42%. some schools still heed the function of this management. the school organizes extracurriculars in moderation without providing a way for students to excel in nonacademic fields. planning is the basic chart of a sports extracurricular, which consists of planning goals, infrastructure, finance, trainers, and programs to be carried out. after the plan is formed, it will be implemented thoroughly and in an organized manner. the study's goal is to discover the management of the development of the volleyball extracurricular sport program at smk negeri 5 makassar. methodology this research is qualitative descriptive research with a survey method, so in this research step there is no need to formulate hypotheses. arikunto (2010) states that descriptive research is research that is intended to investigate circumstances, conditions, or other matters whose results are presented in the form of a research report. in taking this sample, the researcher will use a saturated sampling technique. this is because the population is too small, meaning that it is less than 30 people, so the saturated sampling technique used in this study used a sample of 20 people. data were collected using observation sheets. the instrument for collecting data in this study was a questionnaire in the form of statements. to make it easier to make statements, a grid was prepared based on existing indicators. according to arikunto (2005), there are three steps in preparing the instrument: defining the construct, examining the function, and compiling the items. data collection is a systematic and standard procedure for obtaining the data needed for a study (sunarno & sihombing, 2011). the data collected in this study is in the form of data on the management of volleyball extracurricular sports development at smkn 5 makassar. in collecting data using a closed questionnaire, respondents only choose answers that are already available. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ sahabuddin et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 121-127 124 according to sunarno and sihombing (2011: 73), the questions contained in the questionnaire were not intended to test the ability of the respondents but to record and dig up information that was relevant and that could be explained or explained by the respondents. questionnaires were used in this study because, based on the following considerations: (a) limited personnel; (b) limited time and costs; (c) it is more practical because it can reach quite a lot of respondents. data collection procedures in research can be carried out in accordance with the data to be collected through sufficient preparation, implementation, and resources (sunarno and sihombing, 2011). the scale used is a likert scale with four alternative answers: always, often, rarely, and never. score on each answer is: strongly agree (ss) = 4, agree (s) = 3, disagree (ts) = 2, and strongly disagree (sts) = 1. in this study, data from the research will be analyzed using descriptive techniques with percentages, namely, data from questionnaires that have been collected and then analyzed using percentages. results the following will be described as a whole and as a description based on the functions that form the basis of volleyball extracurricular sports management at smkn 5 makassar. the overall management of volleyball extracurricular sports development at smkn 5 makassar was measured using a questionnaire consisting of 25 statements. the results of the research from 20 respondents in this case will later be included in the assessment table. the following is the overall data obtained from respondents: table 1. score data obtained from all respondents n 20 mean 75,45 median 74,00 mode 72 a std. deviation 4,347 minimum 70 maximum 86 based on descriptive data obtained from the management of volleyball extracurricular sports coaching at smkn 5 makassar with a sample size of 20, the mean was 75.45, the median was 74.00, and the mode was 72. standard deviation: deviation is 4.347, with a minimum of 70 and a maximum of 86. then the data will be categorized into 5, namely very low, low, medium, high, and very high categories based on the mean and standard deviation values. referring to the categorization of these tendencies, the frequency distribution of volleyball extracurricular management at smkn 5 makassar based on the responses of the research subjects can be identified. table 2 below shows the frequency distribution of the management survey for volleyball extracurricular sport development at smkn 5 makassar. table 2. the frequency distribution interval category frequency percentage >84 very high 1 5% 75-83 tall 8 40% 73-74 currently 5 25% indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ sahabuddin et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 121-127 125 70-72 low 6 30% <69 very low 0 0% total 20 100% from the table above, it was obtained that management of volleyball extracurricular sports at smkn 5 makassar as much as 1 (5%) had very high volleyball extracurricular sports management, obtained management of volleyball extracurricular sports at smkn 5 makassar as many as 8 (40%) had management of extracurricular sports development 5 (25%) have management of volleyball extracurricular sports development, 5 (25%) management of extracurricular volleyball sports development at smkn 5 makassar have management of low volleyball extracurricular sports development and management volleyball extracurricular sports coaching at smk 5 makassar as many as 0 (0%) had very low volleyball extracurricular sports coaching management. the average value of 27.45 lies in the 75–83 interval, and the highest frequency is also found in the 75–83 interval at 40%, so the management of volleyball extracurricular sports development at smkn 5 makassar as a whole gets the high category. a complete description of the results relating to the management of volleyball extracurricular sports development at smkn 5 makassar is in the appendix. to clarify the description of the data, the following is a presentation of the bar chart image obtained: figure1. management histogram of volleyball extracurricular sports development source: personal data discussion extracurricular activities are activities carried out outside of school hours. in this regard, schools and physical education teachers need to reconsider efforts to increase extracurricular activities, especially sports extracurriculars. volleyball is one of the many extracurriculars that almost every school organizes, and the students' interest in volleyball is not small. extracurricular activities can provide a platform for students to achieve their goals by hosting a variety of championships and events, both small and large. sport is not just a place to make the body healthy or fit, but it 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 1 2 3 4 5 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ sahabuddin et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 121-127 126 can also be an event where achievements can be achieved, and extracurricular activities are one way to shape students to achieve achievements in sports. management is a way for a group of people who have the same goal to achieve that goal by utilizing all available resources effectively and efficiently. success in achieving sports achievements in a school cannot be separated from good extracurricular management. the achievements and numerous trophies or certificates of appreciation as proof of a school with good volleyball extracurricular management can be seen. conclusion based on the results of the study, 1 (5%) of the volleyball extracurricular sports managers at smkn-5 makassar obtained management of volleyball extracurricular sports development, and at smkn-5 makassar, as many as 8 (40%) had management of extracurricular sports coaching. management of volleyball extracurricular sports development at smkn 5 makassar as many as 5 (25%) have moderate volleyball extracurricular sports development management; management of volleyball extracurricular sports development as many as 6 (30%) have low volleyball extracurricular sports development management. volleyball extracurricular sports coaching had a very low management rate at smk 5 makassar; as many as 0 (%) had very low volleyball extracurricular sports coaching. overall, the management of volleyball extracurricular sports development at smkn 5 makassar is included in the high category, namely 40%. the limitation of this research is that it is only carried out in school extracurricular activities, so more comprehensive information related to optimal management and governance is not obtained. it is recommended to conduct research in sports organizations and professional clubs with professional management governance in order to obtain valuable input related to the development of sports management, especially in the sport of volleyball. acknowledgement thank you to the principal of smkn 5 makassar for giving permission to conduct this research. conflict of interest all author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references arguello, m. (2018). student engagement: what is the best way to motivate students in the secondary classroom?. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/713?utm_source=scholarworks.g vsu.edu%2fhonorsprojects%2f713&utm_medium=pdf&utm_campaign=pdfc overpages he, n. (2021). construction of sports information service system for the disabled from the perspective of national fitness. 2021 3rd international conference on https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/713?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2fhonorsprojects%2f713&utm_medium=pdf&utm_campaign=pdfcoverpages https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/713?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2fhonorsprojects%2f713&utm_medium=pdf&utm_campaign=pdfcoverpages https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/713?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2fhonorsprojects%2f713&utm_medium=pdf&utm_campaign=pdfcoverpages indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ sahabuddin et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 121-127 127 internet technology and educational informization (itei), 286-291. https://doi.org/10.1109/itei55021.2021.00073 jevtić, b. (2021). predrag manojlović: national mission of a sports visionary: contribution to management of olympic development. fizicka kultura. https://doi.org/10.5937/fizkul2101007j mackowiak, c. (1978). the use of virus vaccines to control animal diseases. in viruses and environment (pp. 497-505). academic press. mukhina, v. (2019). criterion-level basis of studying socialization of student youth by means of folk art. гуманізація навчально-виховного процесу, (6 (98)). https://doi.org/10.31865/2077-1827.6(98)2019.197466 polyak, d., & sokolova, v. (2022). analysis of the activities of the department for physical culture and sports of the administration of the city of yekaterinburg using modern information technologies. scientific and educational basics in physical culture and sports. https://doi.org/10.57006/2782-3245-2022-8-4-7681 priharsari, d. (2022). sistem informasi sebagai keilmuan yang multidisipliner. jurnal sistem informasi, teknologi informasi, dan edukasi sistem informasi. https://doi.org/10.25126/justsi.v3i1.85 quan-wei, d. (2013). research on theoretical system construction of national folk sports. journal of beijing sport university. zhu, c. (2020). research on the characteristics and realization mechanism of national traditional sports fitness under the background of healthy china. herpetologica, 5, 167. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20200505.11 https://doi.org/10.1109/itei55021.2021.00073 https://doi.org/10.5937/fizkul2101007j https://doi.org/10.31865/2077-1827.6(98)2019.197466 https://doi.org/10.57006/2782-3245-2022-8-4-76-81 https://doi.org/10.57006/2782-3245-2022-8-4-76-81 https://doi.org/10.25126/justsi.v3i1.85 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20200505.11 the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 101 interaction of management and economics in improving the efficiency of the development of the sports industry lianna samvel abrahamyan a-e* armenian state institute of physical culture and sport, yerevan, armenia abstract summing up, the conducted research outlines the major role of interdisciplinary approach towards enduring efficient development in sports sector. such an approach is rooted in modern challenges of fast-changing environment in both exogenic and endogenic aspects of sport industry. consequently, such a situation needs an adequate toolkit in the form of interdisciplinary organizational model aimed at supporting value-focused development. keywords: sport; factors interdisciplinary approach; sports entrepreneurship; sport development model; sports industry; micro and macro level corresponding author: *lianna samvel abrahamyan, armenian state institute of physical culture and sport, yerevan, armenia; e-mail: lianna.abrahamyan@sportedu.am article history: received: february 2, 2023 accepted after revision: march 7, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: abrahamyan, l.s. (2023). interaction of management and economics in improving the efficiency of the development of the sports industry. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4535 introduction challenges of the current exogenic environment condition for more efficient approaches in developing sectors and industries, including sports sector. industryspecific barriers and need to incorporate vast groups of stakeholders requires for a interdisciplinary approach based both on management and economics aspects. the article studies essence and peculiarities of interdisciplinary approach in sport sector, in particular a need for multi-discipline approach in tackling modern challenges in sport organizations. benefits of interdisciplinary approach are analyzed in terms of forming an adequate solution to the purpose of stimulating efficient growth in sports sector taking into consideration the barriers and development goals of both micro and macro level. the toolkit supporting sport industry development in terms of interdisciplinary approach is analyzed. sport entrepreneurship is outlined as a key organizational model for this purpose. sport entrepreneurship is studied as an enabler for higher efficiency in managing and developing sport industry on microlevel due to its specifics. article stresses the benefits of sport-entrepreneurship allowing the incorporation behavioral drivers and socio-economic goals, specific to mailto:lianna.abrahamyan@sportedu.am https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4535 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-860x indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ abrahamyan, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 101-107 102 sports sector. in this light, article outlines the need of a comprehensive organizational model for value-centered development in sports sector. as a result, specific stakeholder value-focused approach towards managing sports industry is proposed, encompassing a complex of national priorities (i.e. socio-economic goals for sports sector), drivers of micro-level (i.e. sport entrepreneurship), drivers of macro-level (i.e. sport development model), which are of interdisciplinary nature specific to sports industry. this article may be used by professionals and researchers in the field of organizational structures aimed at efficient growth in sports sector, professional associations, public authorities, international sport institutions. further research lies in the direction of developing approaches for stimulating stakeholders to adopt the proposed organizational model in sport industry. the key factors influencing the sports development are the state sport-related policies, the existence and activities of sports clubs, sports federations and sport management. there are some scientific studies related to the article, analyzing the institutional entrepreneurship as an organizational structure and economic leverage for development at micro and macro levels (smets & reihlen, 2012; tracey et al. 2011). moreover, from the problem solving perspective, the study of the issues of interection between management and the economy, also the contribution results in the context of sports development are also crucial. the latter highlights the relevance and the necessity of this research. indentify the essence of the interdisciplinary approach in the field of sports, analyze the tools supporting the development of the sports industry. literature review issues of management and economics interaction in enhancing sports sector efficiency is studied in a vast body of research. article research advanced organizational and governance models aimed at stimulating which is rooted both in management and economics leverages. in particular, altman et al. (2019) research ecosystem paradigm in accelerating the development of industries and sectors. in turn, skelcher and smith (2015), analyze hybrid institutional logics in developing nonprofit organizations, including sports sector. a body of research is dedicated to institutional entrepreneurship as an innovative paradigm based both on management and economics aspects, which purpose is to support accelerated socio-economic growth in traditional sectors and industries. in this context, smets and reihlen (2012) and tracey et al. (2011), analyzed institutional entrepreneurship as an organizational structure and economic leverage for development at micro and macro level, study institutional entrepreneurship approach towards supporting socio-economic growth. additionally, woratschek et al. (2017) research issue of value creation in sport industry through usage of behavioral and economic leverages. the authors of this collection of works are used in the conducted research to analyze organizational models of modern entrepreneurship aimed at increasing the efficiency of the sports industry in various aspects, in particular sport entrepreneurship. strategies of micro-level based on both management and economics drivers are researched in a number of articles. in particular, funk et al. (2016) study strategies at intersection of management and economics oriented at micro-level (namely, sport consumer behavior). article ratten (2011) the researches peculiarities of using indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ abrahamyan, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 101-107 103 consumer-centered technology in developing business models for sports organizations. the following article are employed in the conducted research for studying ways of accelerating sport industry’s development at micro-level through usade of management and business toolkits. strategies of macro-level in the form of sport-for-development model are researched on the intersection of management and economics drivers in a sizeable body of research. wright et al. (2018; ratten, 2011) analyze socio-economic benefits of sport-for-development model based both on management and economics leverages (based on example of coach education programme in belize. in turn, whitley et al. (2018) study issues of stimulating socio-economic development of disadvantaged communities through sport. additionally, svensson and loat (2019) research role of sports sector in social transformation and its place in the peace process. this body of articles is used in the conducted research in analyzing macrolevel models aimed at supporting higher efficiency in sports sector, i.e. sport-fordevelopment model. however, issues of interdisciplinary solutions in the form of organizational models for efficient development of sports sector not studied sufficiently. methodology challenges of the modern environment are formed under significant volatility of both exogenous and endogenous nature. the specifics of this particular situation is an influence of multiple drivers, various economic agents and vast groups of stakeholders. thus, industries and sectors nowadays are developing under influence of drivers formed in a interdisciplinary paradigm. sport industry, in turn, is not an exception to this trend. under modern environment sports sector is evolving under causes of both economic and management origin. for this reason, the outlined issues induce need for researching an aspect of interaction of economics and management within the framework of efficient development of sports sector under modern challenging environment. research results and analysis current challenges of sport industry condition a need for innovative and technological change. pwc (svensson & loat; 2019) outlined top-5 sport industry threats, which require significant transformative capabilities both from individuals and organizations (figure 1). figure 1. top-5 sport industry threats (compiled based on data 10) 57% 47% 29% 27% 22% change in consumer behavior for… low trust in sport governence bodies competition on behalf other… high-speed technological change fixing results of sport competitions indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ abrahamyan, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 101-107 104 in the context of the key outlined threats for sport industry there is an alarming number of sport organizations (39% of respondents as of 2021) who are prepared on an average or below average level to respond to those threats (svensson & loat, 2019). hence, there is a significant risk of inadequate response on behalf of large portion of sport industry to future challenges – resulting in lower efficiency, stakeholder value destruction, need for excessive financing, wasteful usage of available resources. such a change is enabled by collaborative interdisciplinary solutions lying at intersection of economics and management fields. in particular, both innovations and structural change require collaborative effort on behalf of researchers and professionals in multiple fields, namely, sport management science, economic science, medical science and psychology, engineering science, materials science, etc. [1-8]. in general, such a model is defined by oecd as interdisciplinary approach. in more detail, oecd (tracey et al., 2011) outlines a prerequisite for a need for interdisciplinary approach. since there is a growing level of complexity in sectors and industries (both in operational and strategic aspects), a need for greater specialization is rising to combine theoretical and practical knowledge in order to achieve efficient results at short-term and long-term. as a result, organizations have to combine body of knowledge from different discipline – first of all, management and economics – to find efficient solutions and support operational and strategic activities in the field (tracey et al., 2011). in particular, research (tjonndal, 2016) outlines a number of benefits of interdisciplinary approach in sports sector: 1) higher validity of the proposed recommendations; 2) simplified process for research and data analysis; 3) enhanced results of data analysis – through usage of advanced techniques and crossreferences; 4) increased credibility of the obtained research results. we could expand this list of benefits of interdisciplinary approach in sports sector on the part of planning and implementing advanced solutions on both operational and strategic levels. such complex tasks are enabled only by a comprehensive solution of interdisciplinary nature encompassing vast groups of stakeholders on both microand macro-level. additionally, the major research topics for modern sport management are the following: 1. outcomes of strategy and innovations in sports sector; 2. strategic and innovation process in sport management; 3. entrepreneurship in sports sector; 4. organizational structures for sport industry; 5. stimulating socio-economic development through sports sector, especially in disadvantaged areas. from organizational point, efficient development of sport industry requires innovative organizational approaches of interdisciplinary nature, namely sportentrepreneurship, which encompasses both management and economics analysis fields. sport entrepreneurship enables higher efficiency in managing and developing sport industry on micro-level due to its specifics. such an organizational model allows the incorporation of behavioral drivers and socio-economic goals, specific to sports sector. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ abrahamyan, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 101-107 105 sport entrepreneurship model deals with a vast variety of tasks of business, managerial, economic nature (figure 2). hence, that reflects a complex interdisciplinary nature of organizational model used for supporting long-term growth and enhanced efficiency in sports sector. figure 2. exposure of sport entrepreneurship (compiled based on data 14). in this respect, interdisciplinary concept of sport entrepreneurship allows the nanagement of multiple complex industry-specific drivers at both micro and macro level. in more detail, such an organizational model enables both efficient management of the sport entity in various aspects, namely: 1) business management (product management, project management, business administration (marketing, finance, hr), etc.): 2) operational (performance management) and strategic (crisis management, strategy planning and implementation) management; 3) public relations management (promoting campaigns); 4) innovation management (technological, social); 5) social issues management (youth engagement, physical inactivity tackling); 6) socio-economic development (disadvantaged areas’ accelerated development). as a result, sport entrepreneurship model has to be incorporated into stakeholder value-focused approach in terms of sport industry development (figure 3). under such an approach aspects on national priorities (i.e. socio-economic goals for sports sector), micro level (sport entrepreneurship) and macro level (sport development model) enablers and organizational models are incorporated. hence, modern sport industry develops in a interdisciplinary environment, i.e. intersection of management and economic fields. aspects of both micro and macro level have to be incorporated in order to ensure long-term and efficient development of sports sector with a special focus on specific barriers and national priorities. s p o rt e n tr e p re n e u rs h ip business strategy crisis management performance management product management promoting campaigns sustainability social issues technological innovations social innovations indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ abrahamyan, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 101-107 106 figure 3. stakeholder value focused approach towards managing sports industry conclusion summing up, the conducted research outlines the major role of interdisciplinary approach towards enduring efficient development in sports sector. such an approach is rooted in modern challenges of fast-changing environment in both exogenic and endogenic aspects of sport industry. consequently, such a situation needs an adequate toolkit in the form of interdisciplinary organizational model aimed at supporting value-focused development. for this purpose stakeholders require a toolkit encompassing both management and economics aspects aimed at tackling various issues on both micro and macro level. the key focus of such a toolkit has to be on overcoming the key barriers through value-added solution with a consideration for achieving higher efficiency of sports sector. in these terms a specific stakeholder value-focused approach towards managing sports industry is proposed. this approach encompasses a complex of: 1. national priorities (i.e. socio-economic goals for sports sector), 2. drivers of micro level (i.e. sport entrepreneurship); 3. drivers of macro level (i.e. sport development model), which, in turn, are cross-disciplinary enablers for efficient long-term development in sport industry. further research lies in the direction of stimulating external and internal stakeholders in sports sector to adopt the proposed change in terms of new organizational models which are designed on a interdisciplinary basis. conflict of interest author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references altman, e. j., nagle, f., & tushman, m. (2019). managed ecosystems and translucent institutional logics: engaging communities. cambridge, ma: harvard business school. https://www.hbs.edu/ris/publication%20files/19096_125b2e6e-dce7-40cb-9ebf-b07657148953.pdf socio-economic goals for sports sector sportentrepreneurshop sportdevelopment model https://www.hbs.edu/ris/publication%20files/19-096_125b2e6e-dce7-40cb-9ebf-b07657148953.pdf https://www.hbs.edu/ris/publication%20files/19-096_125b2e6e-dce7-40cb-9ebf-b07657148953.pdf indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ abrahamyan, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 101-107 107 development. working group on innovation, technology policy, development. committee for scientific, & technological policy. (1999). mobilising human resources for innovation: proceedings from the oecd workshop on science and technology labour markets, 17 may 1999 (vol. 7, no. 93). oecd. funk, d. c., alexandris, k., & mcdonald, h. (2022). sport consumer behaviour: marketing strategies. taylor & francis graham, d. j., & hipp, j. a. (2014). emerging technologies to promote and evaluate physical activity: cutting-edge research and future directions. frontiers in public health, 2, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00066 lv, c., wang, y., & jin, c. (2022). the possibility of sports industry business model innovation based on blockchain technology: evaluation of the innovation efficiency of listed sports companies. plos one, 17(1), e0262035. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262035 pwc sports survey. url: https://www.pwc.ch/en/publications/2021/pwc-sportssurvey-2021.pdf (date of access: 28.12.2022) ratten, v. (2011). sport-based entrepreneurship: towards a new theory of entrepreneurship and sport management. international entrepreneurship and management journal, 7, 57-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0138-z skelcher, c., & smith, s. r. (2015). theorizing hybridity: institutional logics, complex organizations, and actor identities: the case of nonprofits. public administration, 93(2), 433-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12105 smets, m., & reihlen, m. (2012). institutional entrepreneurship: a literature review and analysis of the maturing consulting field. handbook of research on entrepreneurship in professional services, 297-317. svensson, p. g., & loat, r. (2019). bridge-building for social transformation in sport for development and peace. journal of sport management, 33(5), 426-439. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0258 tracey, p., phillips, n., & jarvis, o. (2011). bridging institutional entrepreneurship and the creation of new organizational forms: a multilevel model. organization science, 22(1), 60-80. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0522 tjonndal, a. (2016). sport, innovation and strategic management: a systematic literature review. brazilian business review, 13 (special ed), 38-56. woratschek, h., durchholz, c., maier, c., & ströbel, t. (2017). innovations in sport management: the role of motivations and value cocreation at public viewing events. event management, 21(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599516x14786350337262 wright, p. m., jacobs, j. m., howell, s., & ressler, j. d. (2018). immediate outcomes and implementation of a sport for development coach education programme in belize. journal of sport for development, 6(10), 51-65. whitley, m. a., massey, w. v., & wilkison, m. (2018). a systems theory of development through sport for traumatized and disadvantaged youth. psychology of sport and exercise, 38, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.004 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00066 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262035 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0138-z https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12105 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0258 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0522 https://doi.org/10.3727/152599516x14786350337262 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.004 the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 93 the contribution of leadership behaviour to the performance of selected ethiopian sports federations samson wondirad 1a-d* , tesfaye asgedom 2bd , aschenaki taddese 3ac 1department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia 2department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia 3department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia abstract the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership behaviour and performance of selected ethiopian sports federations. the researcher used a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. the population of the study from sport federations employee aimed to fill questionnaire was (n = 126) and selected using availability sampling technique. leaders from both federation for the purpose of interview was (n = 6) selected using snowball sampling technique. the quantitative data analysis was processed using ibm spss amos 23.0 software. structural equation modelling (sem) has been used to study this relationship. confirmatory factory analysis (cfa) was used to test the hypothesis between leadership behaviour and performance observed variables and their underlying latent constructs exist. the finding of study found that there was a positive correlation between leadership behaviour and performance of selected sport federations. the selected ethiopian sports federations was recommended to provide the performance appraisal of their employees that aimed to improve the organization performance. keywords: leadership behaviour; performance leadership; transformational leadership. corresponding author: *samson wondirad, department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia; e-mail: smwonde@gmail.com article history: received: february 19, 2023 accepted after revision: april 17, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: wondirad, s., asgedom, t., & taddese, a. (2023). the contribution of leadership behaviour to the performance of selected ethiopian sports federations. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4673 introduction leadership is a burning issue in every walk of life (celestine, 2015), an integral part of the literature on management and organizational behaviour for several decades (asrar-ul-haq&kuchinke, 2016) and without leadership, it is unthinkable to run an organization (harsh &nayana, 2020). perceived leadership behaviour in italy, greece, portugal and spain results in different sports federation outcomes and international swimming federation ranked them depending on different parameters (madella, bayle, & tome, 2005). other studies reveal that need-based leadership facilitates a favourable working environment; however other non-profit sports organizations did not consider the existing reality of their organizations (owolabi&chukwuma, 2007). in the same vein, another study suggested that organizational effectiveness has different quadrants or dimensions to be identified and measured (shilbury & moore, 2016). confirming that leadership was used in public and private sectors enhances the performance (pushpanathan, 2016). other study reported that which type of leadership style improves organizational performance was unknown (joseph & mailto:smwonde@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4673 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-9274 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-1266 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3207-1164 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-9274 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-1266 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3207-1164 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-9274 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-1266 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3207-1164 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 93-100 94 idisape, 2016). a similar study suggested that fair resource allocation to all working staff improves organizational performance (marjan, reza, akbar, & farideh, 2021). in the same scenario, using transactional and transformation helps to improve organizational performance, however, laissez-faire couldn’t improve organizational performance (alfonso, francisco, & arturo, 2021). ireland athletics federation confirmed that 32% of organizational performance was determined by unknown variables (asrar-ul-haq & kuchinke, 2016). ethiopian football national team didn’t qualify in the last 20 years, it didn’t qualify for 2002 and 2006. moreover, ethiopian football national team was disqualified in 2010. furthermore, didn’t qualify for 2014 and 2018, finally, today ranked 146 in the world, the lowest in the decade. ethiopian national football is losing its position and credibility continuously in the last decade and there was a strong issue with managing sports and performance sustainability in the ethiopian national football team at the continental level as well as international level in the last decade. it might be happened due to some socio-political issue in the ethiopian football federation (kanhaiya, 2018). other local literature reveals that the ethiopian football team was found poor in the statistics of possession, passing, passing effectiveness and on-target shots. it was not possible to have a saying about which style and formation of ethiopian football national team was side used (belayneh, 2017). this study focused to identify the relationship between leadership behaviour and performance of selected ethiopian sports federations. methodology study area in this study, addis ababa city administration city was selected, because it has been the heart of work and business, and all national sports federation, especially ethiopian athletics and football federation were found in addis ababa city administration. for the research purpose, it was convenient to investigate the problem severity and to collect the data from respondents. due to the aforementioned rationales, the researcher has chosen addis ababa as the study area to conduct the research entitled the relationship between leadership behaviour and performance of selected ethiopian sports federations. study design the mixed-methods sequential explanatory design consists of two distinct phases: quantitative followed by qualitative (creswell et al. 2003). in this design, a researcher first collects and analyses the quantitative data. the data were collected and analyzed second in the sequence and helped explain, or elaborate on, the quantitative results obtained in the first phase. the second, qualitative, phase builds on the first, quantitative phase, and the two phases were connected in the intermediate stage of the study. having this in mind, the researcher used a mixedmethods sequential explanatory design for this study purpose. population of the study the population of the study includes both ethiopian football federation and ethiopian athletics federation. ethiopian football federation (n = 59) and ethiopian athletics federation (n = 67). the total target population (n = 126). in this context, indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 93-100 95 the sports organization employees including sports experts, supportive staff, coaches, and referees were part of this study. the population of this study was selected using available sampling technique. leaders from ethiopian football federation (n = 3) and the ethiopian athletics federation (n = 3) were selected using the snowball sampling technique. variables of the study in this study, ethiopian athletics and football federation performance with subscales of flexibility, resources, planning, productivity, information, stability, and skilled workforce was the dependent variable of the study. this enables the respondents to fill the perception using a measured by 5-likert scale questionnaire (shilbury& moore, 2016). leadership behaviour was the independent variable of the study which was measured using a structured questionnaire. this research instrument is a compilation of structured questions which was given to respondents for their completion or responses. the questions were close-ended multiple-choice questions giving respondents a choice from a range of answers based on the 5point likert-scale style of rating. the participants had choices either to agree or disagree with the statements made within the range. this is to ensure that the choice of answers is directly addressed which makes data analysis very simple. on the scale 1, is the lowest score and 5 is the highest. before the administration of the questionnaire, the importance of the research was explained to the respondents, and respondents were encouraged to be truthful and diligent with their responses to make the research worthwhile (celestine, 2015). source of data this study used primary data collection instruments such as standardized questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. among standardized questionnaires, ethiopian athletics and football federation leadership behaviour was measured by a standardized questionnaire which was developed (celestine, 2015), and ethiopian athletics and football federation performance was measured by a standardized questionnaire developed by (shilbury& moore, 2016). besides this, a semi-structured interview was made with the ministry of culture and sport of ethiopia (n = 7), and a focus group discussion (n = 1) was conducted with ethiopian athletics and football federation staff. methods of data analysis the quantitative data analysis was processed using ibm spss amos 23.0 software. sem assumptions were fulfilled. cfa was used to test the hypothesis between leadership behaviour and performance observed variables and their underlying latent constructs exist. path analysis was used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables. in addition to this, the qualitative data obtained from field notes recorded semi-structured interviews and fgd were entered into nvivo, version # 12. the data were transcribed immediately right after data collection. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 93-100 96 results demographic characteristics of participants in this study, respondents from 18-54 years respondents’ were filled out the questionnaire; the majority of them were male, while few of them were female; their monthly income ranges from 2500 to more than 10,000birr; working experience swings from less than 5years to greater than 21 years old; had different coaching licence in football as well as in athletics coaching having minimum of national-level certificate to international level licence and in the same way, respondents had different officiating licence level in football and athletics from national to international level. figure 1. sem relationship between leadership behavior and performance of selected sports federation a structural equation model generated through amos was used to test the relationships. a good fitting model is accepted if the value of cmin/df is < 5, the goodness-of-fit (gfi) indices (hair et al.,2010); the tucker and lewis (1973) index (tli); the confirmatory fit index (cfi) (bentler,1990) is > 0.90 (hair et al, 2010). n addition, an adequate-fitting model was accepted if the amos computed value of the standardized root mean square residual (rmr) < 0,05, and the root mean square error approximation (rmsea) is between 0,05 and 0.08 (hair et al.,2010). the fit indices for the model shown in table fell within the acceptable range: cmin/df = 2.64, tli = 0.93, cfi = 0.95and rmsea = 0.18. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 93-100 97 the squared multiple correlation was 0.19 for sports federation leadership behaviour, this shows that 3.61% variance in sports federations’ performance. the covariance between performance and leadership behaviour was estimated as the impact of sports federation leadership behaviour on sports federations’ performance. he impact of sport federation leadership behaviour on sport federations’ performance was positive and significant (b = .19), t = 5.35, p < 0.05), supporting h1. model fit indices and hypothesis results were presented in the below table. table 1. the impact of leadership behavior on sport federations’ performance hypothesized relationship standardized estimates t-values p-values decision leadership behavior .>performance 0.19 5.35 0.00 rejected r-squared performance 0.036 model fit cmid/df =2.64, tli = 0.93, cfi =0.95, and rmsea =.0.018 discussion the finding of this study shows that there was a positive between leadership behaviour and performance of the selected ethiopian sports federations. this indicates that positive leadership enhances the performance of selected ethiopian sports federations. in agreement with this finding, another study confirms that transactional leadership behaviour is usually negatively related to long-term performance. transformational leadership has a positive influence on employee organizational performance (asrar-ul-haq&kuchinke, 2016). research conducted by international olympic committee identified objective organizational performance. the problem was how much organizational performance was contextualized and implemented in the worldwide national federation (winand et al., 2010). in addition to this, appropriate leadership enhances performance, every step adding value to leadership improves organizational performance (abdikarin, hussein, &aliibrahim, 2013). few studies reveal that there exists a significant relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance outcomes. however, the laissez-faire leadership style showed a negative relationship with employee performance outcomes in terms of effectiveness, and employee satisfaction (asrarul-haq&kuchinke, 2016). in combination, transformational, transactional and laissezfaire leadership explain 68% of the variation in rated effectiveness, 66% of satisfaction, and 71% of subordinates’ extra effort. transformational and transactional leadership are both positively associated with effectiveness and transformational leadership shows a larger effect size than transactional leadership. laissez-faire leadership was negatively associated with the effectiveness variables (farshad, mahboub, & ali, 2011). contrary to this finding, another study reveals that an organization that focused on a very little or minimal employee-centred style of leadership negatively impacts performance (abdikarin et al., 2013). indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 93-100 98 conclusion the study finding suggests that there was a positive relationship between leadership behaviour and performance of selected ethiopian sports federations, so leadership behaviour among selected sports federations positively influences the performance of selected ethiopian sports federations. furthermore, consecutively organizational performance quadrants were explained from the smallest to the largest value by their plans, resources, flexibility, workforce, productivity, stability and information. from lowest to highest selected federations leadership behaviour was explained by authoritative, management, influence, reward, simulations, considerations and motivation respectively. the manager of the selected ethiopian sports federations has to focus on effective leadership behavior toward their employee that will improve their performance of employees. in addition, the manager of the selected ethiopian sports federations should provide the performance appraisal of their employees based on the system of their promotion to better satisfaction. the managers have to give more emphasis to the unachievable plan, the scarce resources utilized, and less flexibility in sports federations' performance. finally, the managers better give attention to authoritative, management, and influence of leadership behavior of sports federations. leadership behavior and performance dimensions contracts on a five-point likert scale have been used for the present study but a seven-point likert scale could have given the data more of a continuous nature. a survey study with subjective measurement of the constructs has its limitations as far as generalizability is concerned. the incoming researchers could focus on these limitations while designing their research. acknowledgement the author thanks jimma university for their ph.d. scholarship award and addis ababa university sport science department advisors for their multiple stages of advice and feedback on the study. conflict of interest all author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references abdikarin, a., hussein, e., & aliibrahim, m. (2013). the effect of leadership behaviours on staff performance in somalia. educational research international, 2(2). alfonso, m., francisco, c., & arturo, d. (2021 ). leadership style in amateur club sports: a key element in strategic management. journal of sustainability, 13. doi:10.3390/su13020730 asrar-ul-haq, m., & kuchinke, k. p. (2016). impact of leadership styles on employees’ attitude towards their leader and performance: empirical evidence from pakistani banks. future business journal, 2(1), 54-64. doi:10.1016/j.fbj.2016.05.002 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 93-100 99 azagew, s., & worku, h. (2020). accessibility of urban green infrastructure in addisababa city, ethiopia: current status and future challenge. environmental systems research, 9(1). doi:10.1186/s40068-020-00187-0 belayneh, c. (2017). statistical performance of ethiopian football national team and its success prediction capacity (the 4th africans championship (chan): rwanda 2016. international journal of physical education, sports and health, 4(1), 151154. celestine, a. a. (2015). effects of leadership styles on employee performance at boa kenya limited. (a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of masters of human resources management of the open university of tanzania), open university of tanzania, tanzania. debrah, k. p. (2012). the effect of strategic planning on the performance and operations of the agricultural development bank. (a thesis submitted to the institute of distance learning, kwame nkrumah university of science and technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of commonwealth executive masters of business administration ), kwame nkrumah university of science and technology, zimbabwe. farshad, t., mahboub, s. h., & ali, z. (2011). structural equation modeling analysis of effects of leadership styles and organizational culture on effectiveness in sport organizations. african journal of business management, 5(21), 86348641. doi:10.5897/ajbm11.1156 harsh, k., & nayana, n. (2020). effective leadership style in a sport organization annals of tropical medicine & public health, 23(17). doi:10.36295/asro.2020.231722 joseph, b., & idisape, i. (2016). leadership styles and staff performance in sports organizations. european journal of physical education and sport science, 2(5). doi:10.5281/zenodo.192157 kanhaiya, k. (2018). a performance analysis study of ethiopian football during 20082018. international journal of physical education, health and social science, 7(1). kizito, o., & schumacher, u. (2021). determinants of caesarean section rates in private-not-for-profit healthcare facilities: st. joseph’s hospital_ kitovu. cogent medicine, 8(1). doi:10.1080/2331205x.2021.1928939 madella, a., bayle, e., & tome, j. (2005). the organisational performance of national swimming federations in mediterranean countries. a comparative approach, european journal of sport science, 5(4), 207-220. doi:10.1080/17461390500344644 marjan, h., reza, n., akbar, a., & farideh, s. (2021). correlation of distributive justice, procedural justice, organizational embeddedness with job performance in the ministry of sport and youth journal of health promotion management, 10(2). owolabi, y., & chukwuma, k. (2007). evaluation of leadership and organizat ional performance in small scale industries in nigeria; a case of selected small scale indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 93-100 100 industries in aba, abia state, nigeria. (a thesis submitted in partial fulfil lment of the requirements for the degree of mba (master of business administration)), blekinge institute of technology, sweden pushpanathan, a. (2016). a review of leadership and organizational performance vavuniya campus of the university of jaffna, . sri lanka. shilbury, d., & moore, k. a. (2016). a study of organizational effectiveness for national olympic sporting organizations. nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 35(1), 5-38. doi:10.1177/0899764005279512 winand, zintz, t., bayle, e., & robinson, l. (2010). organizational performance of olympic sport governing bodies: dealing with measurement and priorities. managing leisure, 15(4), 279-307. doi:10.1080/13606719.2010.508672 the author(s). 2022 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 44 the contribution of social media promotion towards participants' interest to join the permata sakti national virtual run 2020 ilman zuda septiawan 1a-d* , rumini rumini 2a-c , billy castyana 3a-e 1department of physical education, faculty of sports science, universitas negeri semarang, indonesia 2department of physical education, faculty of sports science, universitas negeri semarang, indonesia 3department of physical education, faculty of sports science, universitas negeri semarang, indonesia abstract this is descriptive quantitative research using survey methods. the researchers took data from a questionnaire filled out by participants in the permata sakti national virtual run 2020. respondents filled out a questionnaire in google form with a 4-point likert scale that has variables, namely, social media as a promotional medium, interaction between social media users, social media as brand equity, social media as a brand attitude, and the participant's decision to take part in the championship. data from 39 respondents was then analyzed using spearman rank in the ibm spss statistics 25 application, and these results were also supported by a swot analysis of related scientific articles. based on the data obtained, it can be seen that participants have an age range of 14–65 years, with the majority of social media used being whatsapp and instagram. data also shows that promotion using social media in the event has a significance value of 0.749, which means it has a strong relationship, and the level of influence is 69.8%. these results are also supported by the results of the swot analysis, where the use of social media is considered efficient and flexible in spreading promotions because it is easy and fast. keywords: sports marketing; virtual sports event; social media corresponding author: *ilman zuda septiawan, department of physical education, faculty of sports science, universitas negeri semarang, semarang (50229), indonesia; e-mail: ilmanzuda30@students.unnes.ac.id article history: received: december 21, 2022 accepted after revision: march 22, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: septiawan, i. z, rumini, r., & castyana, b. (2023). the contribution of social media promotion towards participants' interest to join the permata sakti national virtual run 2020. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4085 introduction the covid-19 virus outbreak has occurred since 2019 and spread so fast that indonesia implemented a lockdown to avoid crowds, which resulted in the transmission of the virus (hasanah et al., 2020). to overcome the current conditions, the government implements a clean and healthy lifestyle (phbs) policy, keeps a distance, and reduces crowds (zukmadini et al., 2020). this has had a significant impact on the world of sports. the postponement of major event matches and races in indonesia is very detrimental to the parties concerned, especially athletes who are supposed to compete and are forced to postpone this opportunity. apart from that, economic income from the business value of event organizers has decreased due to the sports industry not operating normally. to minimize this, mailto:ilmanzuda30@students.unnes.ac.id https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4085 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-990x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-3654 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-990x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-3654 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-990x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-3654 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ septiawan et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 44-51 45 event organizers changed event activities that were originally offline directly to online indirectly through social media. the permata sakti national virtual run is a sporting event that is held online. organizing events online intends to accommodate or increase the flight hours of athletes who rarely participate in competitions due to the corona virus outbreak. participants have the distinct advantage of not being required to gather in one place because they can take part in a running championship anywhere, including in their respective regions. sports activities can be used as a community effort by paying attention to the involvement of the committee, spectators, and sponsors who have carried out the event (marwan et al., 2018). however, organizing the event this time is different from the previous year; the committee does not require quite a lot of costs, such as renting a place, but what is needed is good communication, marketing, and promotion using social media to attract participants (prastiani et al., 2020). in carrying out the course of the event, the organizer must also have a marketing strategy, namely in the form of publicizing and promoting events that aim to attract participants (kustiawan, 2018). there are several promotional activities that can be carried out, namely advertising, sales promotion, public relations, publicity, and direct marketing (hanida et al., 2020). event suitability, sponsorship targets, and financial performance also need to be considered by sports event organizers and sports sponsors (jung & kim, 2015). apart from that, promoting activities also require good communication to expedite delivery and carry out promotional relationships with audiences (jacqueline & kusniadji, 2019). this is, of course, inseparable from the role of social media as a promotional medium during events (merek et al., 2016). the development of the use of social media in indonesia is increasing every year, for children, teenagers, and even parents, because accessing it using smartphones is more efficient and cheap. therefore, participants can access sports event information anywhere by using a smartphone (semuel & setiawan, 2018). in promoting using social media, you also have to use proper ethics, such as chat forms and even uploading posters on social media. many people get information using social media, such as facebook, whatsapp, instagram, and so on. one of them was that the use of the instagram application in indonesia at the age of 18–29 reached 83%, aged 30-49 years, 18%, and at the age of 50–64 years, as much as 6% (indika & jovita, 2017). whatsapp, which has various features such as sending messages, sending files and documents, video calls, and group chats, has also been noted to use this medium, with a total of 1.5 billion users worldwide (riadi et al., 2018). there are quite a number of facebook users in indonesia, reaching 65 million, and twitter users reach 30 million (aryansyah et al., 2020). promotion with social media has the advantage of providing information about events with a wider scope (puspitarini & nuraeni, 2019). in the current situation, people also spend a lot of time on social media, and even the information provided is not only word of mouth but can also be shared through posts, instagram stories, or the distribution of group links (fadly & wantoro, 2019). event organizers must also communicate well and ensure that the championship is interesting (jacqueline & kusniadji, 2019). based on online observations via whatsapp with the chief executive of the permata sakti national virtual run 2020, akbar tanjung (2021) said that this time the event was almost fully organized using social media, promoting this event by indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ septiawan et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 44-51 46 using several social media, such as whatsapp, by disseminating information through stories and groups, and posting information about the championship via facebook and instagram, targeting all indonesian people. however, how effective this is in attracting participants to participate in the 2020 permata sakti national virtual run needs to be discussed further. later, through this research, it can become a reference for increasing promotions through social media in virtual championships. research methodology this research method uses a quantitative survey approach to take the research method. the survey was conducted online using the google form with a 4-point likert scale questionnaire with the independent variables in the form of social media as promotional media, interaction between social media users, social media as brand equity, and social media as brand attitude, while the dependent variable was the participant's decision to participate. permata sakti virtual run 2020. the population in this study were all 50 participants in the permata sakti virtual run 2020 and used purposive sampling as a sampling technique. respondents who become the sample must meet the requirements, namely registered as participants and willing to become respondents. after the data was obtained, the data was processed using the ibm spss statistics 25 program. in addition, this study also collected literature that was used as supporting data for conducting a swot analysis on social media. results based on the results of the rank spearman test, it shows that the contribution of social media to promote the virtual sports event on the level of interest of participants in participating in championships produces a value of 0.749. this shows that the two are correlated and have a strong relationship. table 1. spearman rank correlation analysis results correlations social media participants spearman's rho social media correlation coefficient 1.000 .749 ** sig. (2-tailed) . .000 n 39 39 participants correlation coefficient .749 ** 1.000 sig. (2-tailed) .000 . n 39 39 **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). these results are then tested with the r square test to determine the effect between the two variables being tested. the r square test results show a value of 0.69, which means that the two variables have an effect of 69.8%. table 2. r square coefficient test analysis results measures of association r r squared eta eta squared participant * social media .835 .698 .956 .914 from these results, researchers also conducted a swot analysis to support the existing results. it should be noted that in this study participants were dominated by indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ septiawan et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 44-51 47 using social media in the form of whatsapp with a percentage of users by 36%, then instagram users by 32%, then 18% facebook users, 13% youtube users, and 1% twitter users. the following are the results of the swot analysis on each social media: table 3. swot analysis on whatsapp strength -the spread of promotions via whatsapp is easy -people use whatsapp a lot weakness -promotion via whatsapp is only for people who know the business owner's personal number -the duration of promotional uploads in the form of videos is limited -promotions tend to be monotonous because the whatsapp feature is just like that opportunity -the spread of promotions via whatsapp can be arranged for anyone through the available features -price competition threat -products easily imitated by other business owners table 4. swot analysis on instagram strength -efficient and flexible use of instagram -promotion via instagram is easy and fast to spread weakness -less promotion of products that are being marketed -business owners don't know much about instagram -use of instagram in society is not evenly distributed opportunity -add hashtags to posts to make it easier to search for a product -price competition threat -products imitated by others if they do not have distinctiveness -less attractive in promotions so consumers are not interested table 5. swot analysis on facebook strength -the spread of promotions via facebook is considered easy -people use facebook a lot weakness -less promotion of the product being promoted -business owners lack mastery of the field they are currently working on -not all people use facebook opportunity -additional hashtags to posts can be added to make it easier to search for a product -price competition threat -products are very easy to imitate by others if they do not have different advantages -less attractive in promotions so consumers are not interested table 6. swot analysis on youtube strength -promotional deployment through youtube is easy to do -people use youtube a lot -business owners are free to express themselves using youtube with unlimited features in it weakness -less product promotion -business owners are less creative in making interesting work indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ septiawan et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 44-51 48 opportunity -add hashtags to posts to make it easier to search for a product -price competition threat -products imitated by others -less attractive in promotions so consumers are not interested table 7. swot analysis on twitter strength -use of twitter is efficient and flexible -the spread of promotions through social media is easy and fast weakness -less promotion of products that are being marketed -use of twitter in society is not evenly distributed opportunity -adding the hashtag feature to posts makes it easier to search for a product -price competition threat -products imitated by others -less attractive in promotions so consumers are not interested discussion from the results of the data analysis presented above, it can be seen that the contribution of promotion using social media to the permata sakti virtual run 2020 online championship has a strong relationship. and there are the results of the swot analysis in this study, including the use of social media, which is considered efficient and flexible in spreading promotions because it is considered easy and fast to be supported by the large number of people who use social media a lot in their daily lives. the use of social media during a pandemic is very helpful in spreading news. lockdown activities during the covid-19 pandemic were not a very big problem because activities could be shifted from offline to online. it cannot be denied that these results are also supported by research that has been carried out previously, where the explanation in previous research is that promotion using social media can attract interest in potential participants (lukito & d, 2020). this explanation is also based on other research that shows that the use of social media has a significant influence on purchasing decisions (william & aripradono, 2020). this is because most consumers use social media in their daily lives. consumers use social media a lot because they feel they have advantages in the form of a flexible and efficient usage model (puspasari & adawi, 2020). choosing social media as a promotional medium is necessary to grow a business with a broad reach; however, the lack of effort in the field of promotion usually becomes an obstacle to the dissemination of information regarding the product being promoted (puspasari & adawi, 2020). in the research data that has been presented by researchers at the permata sakti virtual run 2020 online championship with an age range of 14–65 years, it can be seen that the youth category dominates the use of social media, with a percentage of 36% of whatsapp users, 32% of instagram users, 18% of facebook users, 13% of youtube users, and 1% of twitter users. in this case, it is in line with the statement that indonesian youth are included in the group of high social media users (rafi et al., 2020). with the following, researchers have a basis on which the promotion of the permata sakti virtual run 2020 online championship uses social media. in the current era, it cannot be denied that the use of social media is very high for many people, regardless of age (adhitomo, 2017). at this time, consumers tend to go through social media to find what they want rather than through print media indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ septiawan et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 44-51 49 such as newspapers and magazines because social media is considered more practical in terms of how to access it (nugraha, 2017). the growing marketing industry can be used as a turning point to reverse the economic downturn in recent years affected by the pandemic. the use of social media has great opportunities as a promotional medium, including by way of competitive prices (puspasari & adawi, 2020). plus, at this time, people cannot be far from social media as a medium to find information and other things; it is a breath of fresh air for business owners (soeswoyo et al., 2018). in the promotion used by the permata sakti virtual run 2020 online championship, the promotional media used is instagram. it can be suggested to the championship organizers to add hashtags with the aim of potential participants to see posts uploaded on instagram such as #permatasakti, #kejuaraanpermatasakti, and others. conclusion from the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between the contribution of social media promotion and capturing participants, so it can be concluded that the contribution of promotion through social media in capturing participants in the permata sakti virtual run 2020 online championship can be categorized as strong. and there are the results of the swot analysis in this study, including the use of social media, which is considered efficient and flexible in spreading promotions because it is considered easy and fast to be supported by the large number of people who use social media a lot in their daily lives. however, this research still has limitations because only one sporting event was carried out online; therefore, further research is needed. conflict of interest all author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references adhitomo, f. n. (2017). analisis segmen remaja berdasarkan perilaku dalam menggunakan media sosial. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412950589.n774 aryansyah, j. e., mirani, d., & martina. (2020). strategi bertahan usaha mikro kecil dan menengah sektor kuliner di masa pandemi covid-19. semnas avoer xii 2020 palembang, november, 323–329. http://ejournal.ft.unsri.ac.id/index.php/avoer/article/view/165 fadly, m., & wantoro, a. (2019). model sistem informasi manajemen hubungan pelanggan dengan kombinasi pengelolaan digital asset untuk meningkatkan jumlah pelanggan. 46–55. hanida, vitria, a., & mayvita, p. a. (2020). analisis kebijaksanaan bauran permasaran dalam meningkatkan penjualan di masa pandemi covid 19 studi kasus pada ponsel informatik di muara halayung kabupaten banjar. eprintsuniska, 1(1), 2–3. hasanah, a., sri lestari, a., rahman, a. y., & danil, y. i. (2020). analisis aktivitas belajar daring mahasiswa pada pandemi covid-19. karya tulis ilmiah (kti) indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ septiawan et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 44-51 50 masa work from home (wfh) covid-19 uin sunan gunung djati bandung tahun 2020, 4–8. http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/id/eprint/30565 indika, d. r., & jovita, c. (2017). media sosial instagram sebagai sarana promosi untuk meningkatkan minat beli konsumen. jurnal bisnis terapan, 1(01), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.24123/jbt.v1i01.296 jacqueline, j., & kusniadji, s. (2019). pengaruh komunikasi pemasaran melalui event dan iklan terhadap citra merek shopee. prologia, 2(2), 363. https://doi.org/10.24912/pr.v2i2.3713 jung, j. h., & kim, i. g. (2015). relationship between brand perception, brand identification, brand emotion and brand loyalty for sports event sponsor company. indian journal of science and technology, 8(24). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i24/80018 kustiawan, a. a. (2018). memajukan olahraga rekreasi dan event olahraga sebagai upaya meningkatkan penjualan produk industri olahraga. journal of chemical information and modeling, 1(1), 74–82. lukito, w. a., & d, a. f. (2020). pengaruh promosi dengan media sosial terhadap keputusan pembelian sepatu olahraga ortuseight pada masyarakat tanjung morawa. 1(2), 90–95. marwan, i., rahmat, a. a., & rohyana, a. (2018). pelatihan pengelolaan manajemen event pertandingan olahraga. jurnal pengabdian siliwangi, 4(2), 179–185. merek, p., produk, k., & promosi, d. a. n. (2016). pengaruh merek, kualitas produk dan promosi terhadap keputusan pembelian peralatan olahraga tenis meja oke sport di kecamatan wonosari. 24(1), 33–42. nugraha, a. (2017). fenomena meme di media sosial: studi etnogragi virtual posting meme pada pengguna media sosial instagram. 237–245. prastiani, n., zuhriya, r., & pratiwi, b. (2020). promosi dan pemasaran pariwisata objek wisata tirta sinongko dalam upaya menarik wisatawan. 5(1), 38–57. puspasari, a., & adawi, p. r. (2020). strategi penjualan sepatu dengan metode analisis swot di era pandemic covid-19. akuntabel, 17(2), 270–276. puspitarini, d. s., & nuraeni, r. (2019). pemanfaatan media sosial sebagai media promosi ( studi deskriptif pada happy go lucky house ). 3. rafi, r., fajrian, m. r., & jayawardhana, i. (2020). optimalisasi sistem social media marketing untuk membangun awareness d engan membuat konten online. riadi, i., sunardi, s., & rauli, m. e. (2018). identifikasi bukti digital whatsapp pada sistem operasi proprietary menggunakan live forensics. jurnal teknik elektro, 10(1), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.15294/jte.v10i1.14070 semuel, h., & setiawan, k. y. (2018). promosi melalui sosial media , brand awareness , purchase. 12(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.9744/pemasaran.12.1.47 soeswoyo, d. m., dewi, l., & asaparini, p. s. (2018). promosi melalui media sosial berbasis partisipasi masyarakat dan peranannya dalam pariwisata kota. jurnal pariwisata, 5(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.31311/par.v5i2.4429 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ septiawan et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 44-51 51 william, & aripradono, h. w. (2020). faktor keputusan pembelian konsumen online marketplace indonesia. teknika, 9(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.34148/teknika.v9i1.269 zukmadini, a. y., karyadi, b., & kasrina, k. (2020). edukasi perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (phbs) dalam pencegahan covid-19 kepada anak-anak di panti asuhan. jurnal pengabdian magister pendidikan ipa, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29303/jpmpi.v3i1.440 152 indonesian journal of sport management original article influence of management structure on performance of kwara united football club in nigeria premier league authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: july16, 2022 revision: september 21, 2022 accepted: october 1, 2022 published: october 25, 2022 ajadi memunat tunrayo1a-d* 1*department of human kinetics education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria. corresponding author: ajadi memunat tunrayo, department of human kinetics education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria; e-mail: mtajadi2014@gmail.com how to cite: tunrayo, a. m. (2022). influence of management structure on performance of kwara united football club in nigeria premier league. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 152158. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2932 abstract. the study investigated influence of management structure on performance of kwara united football club in nigeria premier league. descriptive research design of survey type was used. the population comprised of all coaches, management staff and players of kwara united. purposive sampling technique was used to select 115 respondents. researcher structure questionnaire was adopted for the study. the instrument was validated by experts and tested for reliability using pearson product moment correlation (ppmc). correlation coefficient of 0.68 was obtained. the administrator of instrument was done by the researcher and three trained research assistants. the data collected were analysis using inferential statistics of chi-square (x2) to test the formulated hypotheses set for the study at 0.05 alpha level. the result revealed that internal crisis, leadership style and appointments of people into the board have significant influence on performance of kwara united in nigeria premier league. the study therefore recommends that management should not give room for conflict of interest to generate into internal crisis that would affect club performances. moreso appointment into the board should be based on merit so as to enhance effective performance of football clubs in the league. keywords: management structure; performance; premier league; internal crisis; football club copyright ©(2022) ajadi memunat tunrayo mailto:mtajadi2014@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management tunrayo, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 153 introduction sport is a medium through which competition, friendship, tolerance, unity, discipline, endurance and diplomacy are promoted. sports as a social event that is the civilizing and socializing process of gathering boys and girls, men and women of a goal will who come together to take part in athletics and sporting events for physical material, social and political development. more importantly in a football club, it is very important to transfer power from time to time to avoid reckless use of the money which came about as a result of various sports achievements to the whole activity areas in the club in a balanced manner and to substructure various investments strategies to develop and grow and create economic magnitude and transform this magnitude to contribute to sportive achievement again (samur, 2018). according to robbin (2018), management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently with and through other people. the process, according to him, represents the functions or primary activities engaged in by the managers. he further said that management has several generic properties and regardless of level in an organization, all managers perform the same job and functions regardless of the type of organization. management involves clear, definable functions, such as planning, organizing, staffing, leading, communicating and controlling. massie and douglass (2016) pointed out that management involves the cooperation of individuals and thus deals with the behavioural components of how people in groups can best work together. management is working with and through individuals and groups to efficiently accomplish organizational goals. it is imperative, therefore, that sports personnel thoroughly understand the importance of effective and efficient management. the management structure is very vital to the success of any organization or team, it could be described as the official line of authority and control within an organization (babatunde, 2015). management structure describes the relationship work in a particular organization, in this setting the goal setting depends on the environment and nature of work. effective management requires a design structure that ensures that the various component is integrated so that their efforts contributes to the overall aim set for the club or team (john, 2018). it is the responsibility of the management to set up and support the governance structure before any activities is been initiated to ensure all key decisions are made right, the management defines the team governance in the document that outlay the role and responsibilities for decision making among team and stakeholders which may include the creation of a committee and its high-level operating rules. in sports management, athletes and coaches levels of performance depend largely on the cooperation and efficiency of the sports manager in attending to their needs. all these individuals are regarded today, as practitioners in the field of sport management. sports management is the bedrock or cornerstone for sports development in virtually all nations. this is the aspect that is responsible for the smooth running of various sports in terms of planning, organizing, directing and controlling all essentials inputs in sports. a significant concern of management in helping a football team is how to motivate and improve the performance of the players towards desired output, but motivating the players requires making effort to influence individuals and groups in an organization to willingly exert high-level effort to achieve organizational goals (moronfolu & adewunmi, 2017). samur (2018) suggested that the main processes or structure of football management and units covering football are the economic-finance, logistic support, football transfer, team management and team intelligence, and all these must be transformed into a well structured functioning horizontal system, which makes it possible to make the right decisions with the information pool formed by this structure and also been able to prepare itself by meeting the teams demand and ensuring the smooth running of the day to day activities of the team even as the press forward in the professional league table. indonesian journal of sport management tunrayo, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 154 the ability of a professional football club such as kwara united football club which is the official football club for kwara state in creating its strength depends on the effective management of various sub-processes that motivates the players to perform at their peak and these structures related to the main processes of management of football that are strictly and meticulously followed. a football club can become the favourite club of the sponsor market and can increase its brand awareness through sustainable success in as much as the players are highly motivated towards success by the management structure or the people who manage the academy (mohammed, 2017). ugwueze (2010) also opined that sports crisis within the management is described as behaviours exhibited by every involved in the day to day activities of a football club which includes the athletes, official, spectators and even fans who cause harm that occur outside of the rules of the sport and is unrelated to the competitive objectives of the sport. it is also a negative aggressive behaviour that can result to harm, injury or death as well as property damage not by the rules of the sport. crisis management is seen as a process of predicting and preventing the prevalence of crisis, coping and intervening in crisis and purifying after the occurrence of the problem (ali, 2014). crisis management also views to mean the provision of an organization’s pre-planned, rapid response capability supported by leadership, information management and communication capability in an intergraded fashion to ease fast decision making thereby allowing for effective protection of an organization and survival. crisis management is a term often used to describe the way which crisis is handled in an organization. leadership is key in sports management, as it allows organizations to endure over time. leadership style determines how an organization or sports club works (are, 2019) leadership mixes tangible and intangible elements within organizations. a leader must create a positive emotional environment, which has an impact on work efficiency. leaders such as coaches use words and actions as tools to lead organizations to success and use their influence, abilities and knowledge to help teams and groups achieve the objective. leadership is the result of an intersectional process in which the objectives, the leader and the followers must be taken into account. in the literature on types of leadership, there is no clear consensus on how to measure the leadership capacity or the types of leadership that exist alfonso, garcía & arturo, (2021). (lópez, 2021) opined that a good leader or good leadership style used in a football club is the one that puts their strategic, tactical, operational and human knowledge at the service of the team and it ensures all the organizational effort between the managers and the players goes on smoothly. there must be a person who stimulates and encourages players individually and collectively through participation and focusing on commitment and responsibility to respond to the complex changes taking place in the football club. leaders need to motivate followers to make changes and contribute to the desired outcomes. today's managers and club leaders provide responsible guidance for players and are be willing to play more proactive roles and initiate multi-stakeholder initiatives and technological innovations in sports. however, the manager of a smaller club is often required to take additional administrative roles, so having a player that is used to an aspect, now been transferred to a new team where things are done differently can affect the performance of the players (bridgewater, 2017). statement of the problem it has been revealed through so many studies that one of the major problems that undermine the performance of players within the sports circle in nigeria is that of bad management and lack of adequate structure within the management or board of trustees. lack of good and favourable leadership style, corruption, internal crisis, succession of indonesian journal of sport management tunrayo, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 155 management and lack of qualified personnel to direct the affair of football club in nigeria. most nigerian sports managers have found it difficult to rise to their responsibilities due to the fact that they often get themself involved in corruption of all sorts and fail to show themselves as good leaders and practical examples to be emulated, which is the hallmark of leadership (duru, 2001). the researcher observed that kwara united football club has been in existence since 1997. although for the past decade, as much as other football clubs around the country experience lots of challenges such as relegation and they keep fighting back. kwara united football continues to experience various setbacks and challenges in the performance of its players in professional football as most times they are been relegated to the bottom of the table. various coaches have been employed and fired for the past two decades to create the much-needed turnaround for the football club especially in the performance of the players to spring back to the top of the league in nigeria. method and material descriptive research design survey type was employed. this method was considered to be appropriate for this study because its give room for the researchers to collect information and describes the study in detail to the respondents. the population for the study comprises of all players, coaches and management staff of kwara united football club. with approximately 115 respondents that make up the population were sampled for this study. a researcher structured questionnaire was used to gathered information from the respondents. the instrument was validated by two (2) lecturers in the department of human kinetics education, university of ilorin and two (2) lecturers in the department of human kinetics & health education, kwara state university malete (kwasu). the reliability level of the instrument was established through test re-test method using pearson product moment correlation (ppmc). a correlation coefficient of 0.68 was obtained. the instrument was administered by the researcher and three (3) trained research assistants. the data collected were analysis using inferential statistics of chi-square (x2) to test the postulated hypotheses set for the study at 0.05 alpha level. result and discussion table 1. chi-square (x2) analysis of internal crisis on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club p < 0.05 alpha level items sa a d sd row total df cal. value table value remark i discover that anytime there is a problem in the management, players are usually affected 48 (41.7%) 44 (38.3%) 16 (13.5%) 7 (6.1%) 115 3 193.356 16.92 ho rejected scores to settle within the management always result in the players' performance 34 (29.6%) 59 (51.3%) 17 (14.8%) 5 (4.3%) 115 internal crisis hindered player performance 51 (44.3%) 41 (35.7%) 17 (14.8%) 6 (5.2%) 115 poor performance affects players 35 (30.4%) 56 (48.7%) 16 (13.9%) 8 (7.0%) 115 column total 168 200 66 26 460 indonesian journal of sport management tunrayo, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 156 the findings from the analysis in table 1 indicated the calculated chi-square value of 193.356 and the table value of 16.92 with the degree of freedom of 3 at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this means that internal crises have a significant influence on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club. table 2. chi-square analysis of leadership style on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club p < 0.05 alpha level the findings from the analysis in table 2 indicated the calculated chi-square value of 166.226 and the table value of 16.92 with the degree of freedom of 3 at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this means that leadership style has a significant influence on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club. table 3. chi-square analysis of appointment of people within the board on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club items sa a d sd row total df cal. value table value remark a democratic leader will always bring out the best in the players 30 (26.1%) 55 (47.8%) 27 (23.5%) 3 (2.6%) 115 3 166.226 16.92 ho rejected autocratic leadership style brings out the best in players 33 (28.7%) 52 (45.2%) 24 (20.9%) 6 (5.2%) 115 laizer faire leadership style impedes the performance of players 32 (27.8%) 49 (42.6%) 29 (25.2%) 5 (4.3%) 115 leadership style affects players performance. 24 (20.9%) 57 (49.6%) 28 (24.3%) 6 (5.2%) 115 column total 119 213 108 20 460 items sa a d sd row total df cal. value table value remark the appointment of qualified management is important as it affects the performance of the players 30 (26.1%) 60 (52.2%) 22 (20.9%) 3 (2.5%) 115 3 211.032 16.92 ho rejected unqualified management personnel slows the management process that sees to the affairs of the players thus affecting their performance 25 (21.7%) 68 (53.9%) 17 (6.1%) 5 (4.3%) 115 giving appointments to the right people without fear or favour is in recognition that players performance relies solely on it. 41 (35.7%) 37 (20.8%) 29 (27.0%) 8 (7.0%) 115 team members perform best when they are well motivated. 59 (51.3%) 35 (30.4%) 19 (4.5%) 2 (1.0%) 115 column total 155 200 87 18 460 indonesian journal of sport management tunrayo, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 157 the findings from the analysis table 6 indicated the calculated chi-square value of 211.032 and the table value of 16.92 with the degree of freedom of 3 at 0.05 alpha level. since the calculated value is greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected. this means that the appointment of board members have a significant influence on the management structure and performance of the players of kwara united football club. discussion of findings hypothesis one revealed that internal crises have a significant influence on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club. this finding supported the assertion of reid (2017), crisis management role in dealing with sports crises can be viewed from three perspectives. firstly, it is an anticipatory practice and can assist sports organizations in crisis planning. in this case , the effort is made by the team to predict and prepare for a possible crisis. secondly, it is an important part of the overall sports management task at the time of crisis. finally, it has a contribution to make in dealing with the aftermath of the crisis. the finding from tested hypothesis two revealed that leadership style has a significant influence on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club. the result of this finding agreed by are( 2019) leadership style determines how an organization or sports club works (are, 2019) leadership mixes tangible and intangible elements within organizations. a leader must create a positive emotional environment, which has an impact on work efficiency. (lópez, 2021) opined that a good leader or good leadership style used in a football club is the one that puts their strategic, tactical, operational and human knowledge at the service of the team and it ensures all the organizational effort between the managers and the players goes on smoothly the finding from tested hypothesis three revealed that the appointment of a new board member has a significant influence on the management structure and performance of players of kwara united football club. the result of this finding revealed that there is little consistency in how we understand the role of the football manager (morrow, 2018). the ways managers and head coaches operate depend on their specific working environments and the cultures surrounding them which have their way of affecting the performance of players and in the long and short term. for example, a club size may be put under the influence of the managerial functions; while a manager in a big club will often concentrate solely on football matters (similar to a head coach). however, the manager of a smaller club is often required to take additional administrative roles, so having a player that is used to an aspect, now been transferred to a new team where things are done differently can affect the performance of the players (bridgewater, 2017). conclusion management should not give room for conflict of interest to generate into internal crisis that would affect club performances, also appropriate leadership styles should also be adopted by sport administrators and this would enhance the better performance of nigeria clubs in their respective league, more so appointment into the board should be based on merit so as to enhance effective performance of football clubs in the league. acknowledgement special appreciations goes to the sports administrators, coaches and other technical officials for their mutual understanding and assistance during the collection of data for this study. the management of university of ilorin was also acknowledge for supporting and creating enabling environment to conduct this study. indonesian journal of sport management tunrayo, 2(2), 2022, 152-158 158 references aliu. (2017). age and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with arterial stiffening and left ventricular remodelling. journal of human hypertens, 24:197–206 morounfolu and adewum. (2017). what is eating you? stress and the drive to eat. appetite, 58: 717– 721. amuchie. (2017) impact of fundamental influence on sustained involvement in sports and physical activity. international journal of the 13th west africa university game, 1 (1). 129-134. avila-palencia. (2018). "the effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study". environment international. 120: 199–206. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002. babatunde. (2015). adolescents participation in organized activities and developmental success 2 and 8 years after high schoool, no sponsorship duration, and intensity matter. developmental psyc. barki. (2017). administration indices as correlates of sports participation by the disabled duru. (2001). benefits of exercises. international journal of physical education, sports and health. 1(4):105106 ewalt. (2016). sedentary time, physical activity, and adiposity: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in cardia. am j prev med, 53, 764–771. john. (2018). building green sports facilities. journal of current and contemporary issue in sports management 6, 55-67. liberato, s. c., marple-brown, l., bressan, j., hills, a. p. the relationship between body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in young australian men. nutrition journal. 2013, no 12(108), pp. 1 – 10. massie and douglass (2016) senior high school students perception of the effect of sports participation on an academic performance in central region ghana. a research paper presented at the 2013 cefwa international conference and the university of caps coast ghana. mohammed, (2017) sports experience enhance neutral processing of action language proceeding of national academy of sciences. oloruntoba & achugbu, (2018). public and private sectors imports in development of facilities for sports programmes in two selected nigeria state journal of physical and health education and recreation (jopher) 1, 17-20. robbin (2018)physical education handwork for teachers college in nigeria. ogun state university ago-iwoyeeductional research and safety group publishers. samur, (2018). administration and organization of physical and health education sport and recreation. journal of physical and health education 7 (1). 142-149 ibadan, new printer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2fj.envint.2018.08.002 45 indonesian journal of sport management original article interaction effect between sports participation and elite sports development authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: march 27, 2021 revision: march 30, 2022 accepted: april 4, 2022 published: april 11, 2022 saeed khanmoradi1a-e* shirin zardoshtian2a-d shahram fatahi3b-c geoff dickson4d 1*phd of sport management, faculty of sports sciences, razi university, kermanshah, iran 2assistant professor of sport management, faculty of sports sciences, razi university, kermanshah, iran 3associate professor of econometrics, faculty of economics and entrepreneurship, razi university, kermanshah, iran 4associate professor of sports management and director of research partnerships, business school, latrobe university, melbourne, australia corresponding author: saeed khanmoradi, phd of sport management, faculty of sports sciences, razi university, kermanshah, iran e-mail: khanmoradisaeed@gmail.com how to cite: khanmoradi, s., zardoshtian, s., fatahi, s., & dickson, g. (2022). interaction effect between sports participation and elite sports development, indonesian journal of sport management, 2(1), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2261 abstract. elite athlete success in international events and sports development promotes sports participation and this is main concern for many researchers to develop the elite sport. if the economic conditions are not desirable, it is not possible to develop elite sport and promote sports participation to achieve this goal. economic crises have made the managers employ a deep insight into the effect of the economic conditions of the country on the sport. therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction effect of sports participation and elite sports development with an emphasis on macroeconomic variables using an econometric model with a simultaneous equation approach based on the 2sls method in iran. the results showed that inflation and unemployment rates have significant and negative effects on sports participation. rural household income has a significant and positive effect on sports participation but urban household income has a significant and negative effect on sports participation. standard of living has a significant and positive effect on sports participation. the effects of sports media, sports budget, and non athlete participants on elite sports development are significant and positive. finally, the interaction effect of sports participation and elite sports development is positive and significant. keywords: elite sports development, sport economics, sports participation. copyright ©(2022) saeed khanmoradi, shirin zardoshtian, shahram fatahi, geoff dickson https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i1.2261 indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 46 introduction there is a common perception that elite athlete success in international events increases sports participation in a country (downward, et al, 2009). sport development systems aim to increase the number of participants who actively work in sport and employ measures to enhance the quality of sports performance (kumar et al., 2017). therefore, it is important to investigate the interaction effect of sports participation and elite sports development. iran is a novel context to study the relationship between sports participation and elite sports development. in iran, government influence of sport is very strong. in 1979, the new government mandated that all clubs must have names reflecting an association with the armed services, the security forces, government departments or the trade unions. the iranian government provides funding through the physical education organization (dousti, et al., 2013). the ministry of youth and sport is the central administrative agency for sport and recreation in iran. in terms of sports, the stated objectives and functions of the ministry of youth and sport are to increase the number of people participating in an active and healthy lifestyle and to increase excellence in sports at the national and international levels (dousti et al., 2013). the iranian governments interest in sport is also predicated on preparing young people for military service. sport has also historically been used to distract "the attention of the people from pressing social problems of authoritarian social control" (dousti et al., 2013). in recent years, iran has been able to achieve sports success in some sports such as volleyball and football and introduce many elite athletes to the world at the international level. these successes have increased the interest of teenagers and promoted sports participation. also, in recent years, iran, as a developing country, has faced many economic problems. these problems are mostly due to international sanctions on iran. these problems have had a great impact on iran's economy and livelihood and sport. elite sports and sports participation have suffered due to problems such as rising prices, rising exchange rates, and so on. therefore, this study investigates the interaction effect of sports participation and elite sports development with an emphasis on macroeconomic variables. within this approach, we also measure the impact of inflation rate, unemployment rate, both rural and urban household income and standard of living on sport participation levels. finally, the study also measures the impact of sport media, sport budget, and non-athlete participants on elite sport development. the study uses an econometric model with a simultaneous equation approach based on the 2sls method. in the next section, the theoretical foundation and hypotheses are outlined. theoretical foundation and hypothesis development sports participation and elite sports development around the world, sport is increasingly emphasized by developed and non-governmental and governmental organizations and is considered as a strategic tool to achieve so cial development, cultural, physical, educational, and economic goals (hoekman, et al., 2018). one of the significant features of contemporary sport development is the interest of the government in elite sports development. as houlihan (2011) states, elite sport success is an undeniable goal for many governments. in this context, many researchers have investigated the management of elite sport policies (bernard & busse, 2004; de bosscher, et al., 2015; green & houlihan, 2005; zheng, et al., 2017). there are a significant number of empirical evidences that teens choose famous athletes as role models (biskup & pfister, 1999; bromnick & swallow, 1999; buford may 2009; duck, 1990; vescio, et al., 2005). various studies on the effect of professional sport on sports participation are found around the world. for example, membership in rugby in australia is increased after the world cup 2003. also, in germany, 23% of the populat ion reported that the victories of national athletes in the olympics have increased their motivation for sports participation (breuer & hallmann, 2011). indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 47 in many countries, there are clearly designed pathways. for example, the chinese system is structured according to three levels sport schools for children, sport schools at the city level and then national and provincial teams (zheng, et al., 2017). but in iran, there is not elite sport system and athletes who are active in various sports, after a while, due to various reasons that the most important one is economic and financial issues, get far from sport fields. based upon this collective evidence, we propose hypothesis 1: there is a positive and significant interaction effect between sports participation and elite sports development inflation and unemployment rate and sports participation inflation reduces the value of the currency and this effect can be significant (urminsky & zauberman, 2014). decision-makers should be sensitive about inflation rates (frederick, et al., 2002). some countries have a high inflation rate such as venezuela that in 2016 has an inflation rate of 800% and zimbabwe in 2008 that experienced an inflation rate of 100% (macchia, et al., 2018). it can be expected that sports participation decreases with high inflation rates. other studies show that unemployment has a negative impact on sport participation. gough (2017) concluded that unemployment for men is not associated with changes in physical activity time. however, for women, their unemployment is associated with increases in physical activity, whereas a partner's unemployment is associated with decreases in physical activity. unemployment and the associated lack of income reduced leisure participation for both males and females (roberts, et al., 2013). aizawa, et al. (2018) studied the long-term effect of 1964 tokyo olympics on sports participation, concluding that that unemployment had a significa nt positive effect on sports participation. in contrast, rowe, et al. (2013) consider employment as an important determinant of sports participation. unemployment in the uk (0.50) has a more negative impact than spain (0.73) on sport participation and the unemployed probably have a longer time but less income to sports participation (kokolakakis, et al.). ultimately, unemployment limits both motivation and the financial capacity to sports participation. therefore, in the present study, the effects of the inflation rate and unemployment on sports participation were investigated and based upon this collective evidence, we propose: hypothesis 2: there is a negative relationship between inflation rate and sports partic ipation. hypothesis 3: there is a negative relationship between unemployment rate and sports participation. household income and sports participation the research literature provides evidence that low income may be considered as an obstacle to sports participation (breuer & wicker, 2008; farrell & shields, 2002; humphreys & ruseski, 2007; lera-lopez & rapun-garate,2007; wicker, et al., 2009; garcia, et al., 2011). governments subsidies can make sport more accessible for low-income households (thibaut, et al., 2017). low-income families are often excluded from sports because they face more difficult financial problems (bittman, 2002; thibaut et al, 2016). therefore, the effect of household income on sports participation is very important. based upon this collective evidence, we propose hypothesis 4: there is a positive relationship between (urban and rural) household income and sports participation. standard of living and sports participation standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or geographic area. shin (2007, p. 3) wrote that "economic conditions and standards of living have influenced the development of sp orts in terms of both direct participation for physical fitness and competition and participation as fans and spectators of the sporting events for entertainment”. poverty is synonymous with a lack of resources. poverty is a specific form of social exclusion. poverty and social exclusion are seen indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 48 as social problems that warrant public policy intervention (vandermeerschen & scheerder, 2017). poverty and social exclusion are linked to the inability to participate (ferragina , et al., 2013). based on these explanations, this paper examines the standard of living using gdp per capita on this basis we propose hypothesis 5: there is a positive relationship between standard of living and sports participation sports media and elite sports development the relationship between sport and media is symbiotic. sport is a key area of national and cultural property of the world and is an important product of media. in the analog era, the media industry formed a set of relatively discrete markets (i.e., tv, radio, and newspaper, magazine) that each of them was covering the content generated by sport in unique ways (sanderson, 2011). national sports agencies and sport governing bodies should be informed of changes in youth consumption habits and respond to new pla tforms such as programs, digital media, and social networks to provide people with sport content better (funahashi et al., 2019). engaged participants in different sports (action, extreme, alternative, or ‘‘lifestyle) have a long history of creating and consuming media content (smith, 2020). dawson and downward (2011) concluded that participation in professional sports events and watching sports on mass media are positively related to increased active participation in sport. both andersen and ronglan (2012) and wijk’s (2012) believe that promotion and exposure of tennis in the media in sweden are closely linked to the popularity of tennis in sweden and the success of their elite players. the media also plays an important role in promoting the hosting of big events. according to the explanations and examples, investigating the effect of sports media on elite sports development is very important. based upon this collective evidence, we propose hypothesis 6: there is a positive relationship between sports media and elite sports development. sports budget and elite sports development one of the key discussions about elite sport competition is to what extent medals can be “bought”. there is mounting evidence that the countries that invest most money in elite spo rt are also the most successful nations in major international sport events (de bosscher, 2018; de bosscher, de knop, et al., 2009; de bosscher, shibli, et al.; 2010). based upon this collective evidence, we propose hypothesis 7: there is a positive relationship between sports budget and elite sports development. non-athlete participants and elite sports development sports coaching and youth sports in industrial countries in the past decade have experienced major transformations. for example, in several e uropean countries, health programs are created to provide qualitative opportunities for children to engage in sports activities after school. this has increased the budget for sports coaching (côté, et al., 1995; kidd & donnelly, 2000; macphail, et al., 2003; taylor & garratt, 2010; kjær, 2019). in the united states, it is suggested that competitive youth sport should be converted into an industry that is influenced by money, long-term objectives, parents, and coaches (kjær, 2019). debosscher et al. (2006) divided elite sport development factors and international sport success into three groups group 1 includes human and financial resources. group 2 includes training facilities, coach, competitions, and scientific studies. group 3 includes the results of championship sport development and is characterized by medals, athletes, and ranks. coaching is critical to the growth and excellence of elite athletes and the coach has to be able to co -ordinate and manage different sections (referees, supervisors, coaches, sports scientists and sports medicine personnel) (green & oakley, 2001). therefore, in this study, we hypothesized hypothesis 8: there is a positive relationship between non-athlete participants and elite sports development. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 49 method data this study, a simultaneous equations approach (sea) was used to investigate the interaction effect of elite sport development and sports participation. the data in this study are of the panel data type. therefore, panel data for these variables was so urced from the iranian statistics center (isc), iranian ministry of youth and sport (imys), iranian national olympic committee (inoc), iranian ministry of economy and finance (imef), the iranian central bank (icb), and iranian broadcasting organization (ibo) from 2004 to 2017 for each of iran’s 28 provinces. the variables in the model are inflation (ir), unemployment rate (ur), income rural household (irural), income urban household (iurban), standard of living (sl), sports media (sm), sports budget (sb), non-athlete participants (nap), sports participation (sp) and elite sports development (esd). table 1 provides a definition for each variable, whilst also indicating the measure and source. table 1. variable, definition, measure, and source source definition variable isc increase in the level of prices of the goods and services that households buy inflation rate (ir) isc, imef ratio of unemployed to employed people unemployment rate (ur) isc average combined household income within rural communities income rural (irural) isc average combined household income within urban communities income urban (iurban) icb, imef level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or a certain geographic area. measured using gdp per capita. standard of living (sl) ibo duration of radio and television sports programs broadcast sports media (sm) imsy government’s financial allocation to sport-related programs sports budget (sb) inoc coaches, referees, supervisors, and associates of sports teams with a sports insurance card non-athlete participants (nap) inoc, imsy, isc athletes with insurance card sports participation (sp) inoc, imsy, isc the use of the facilities and infrastructure of a country to obtain international medal and success elite sports development (esd) principal component analysis (pca) there is no single data to calculate the development of elite sports in iran and many time series can include the development of elite sports in iran. elite sports development (esd) in this study was estimated using the pca method by considering proxies such as 1.the population of iran, 2. the number of indoor and outdoor sports facilities, 3.the number of capacities of sports facilities includes ground, square, runway, gym, and pool,4. medals of iran in the olympics and asian games 5. organized athletes engaged in inter-provincial and national sports competitions with a sports insurance card. measurement of a variable only using a proxy may lead to unreliable results. therefore, the natural idea is to integrate these proxies and control different errors. one of the methods that is used for this purpose is principal component analysis (pca). pca is a statistical technique to reduce the number of variables in a dataset without losing too much information (groth, et al., 2013). pca is a method to identify patterns on raw data and expresses data and highlights differences and similarities. this method follows the use of linear combination of the main variables to obtain an index from multivariate data while the variable receives maximum variance (shlens, 2005; zhang, et al., 2015). assume that indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 50 x is a set of input data (x= [x1, x2, …., xn]) while each column is one of d-dimensionals of the input pattern. moreover, assume that the means in each data set are zero (e(x)=0). orthonormal conversion of a can be used to insert x into y: y = ax assume that e(x) = 0 and e(y) = 0 and y is covariance matrix. ry = arxat where rx is a covariance matrix of x. if rows of a are specifically from rx, this conversion can be used. in this condition, samples in the new space become irrelevant. this shows that samples in the space are two-dimensional. however, the purpose of pca conversion is to create k < d conditions and mapped samples that are close to x. therefore, x can be converted as x=aty and instead of x generation using special vector devices, it is possible to estimate it with lower special values. therefore, x = a t¦ky where k is special value. in this condition, we have the following relationship: 𝑒𝑟𝑟 = ∑ 𝑑 𝑖 = 1 𝜆𝑖 − ∑ 𝑘 𝑖 = 1 𝜆𝑖 = ∑ 𝑑 𝑖 = 𝑘 + 1 𝜆𝑖 in this relationship, 𝜆𝑖 is a special value of covariance matrix x and d is a number of special values. if 𝑥 is reconstructed using the largest special value, the least error is created (jafarzadegan, et al., 2019). model specification the main objective of this study is to investigate the interaction effect of sports participation and elite sports development. also, both variables are influenced by a series of economic and sports variables. therefore, according to these explanations, a conceptual model can be considered for this study (fig.1). in this model, econometric equations are investigated. in the first equation, sp is a function of the ir, ur, irural, iurban, sl, and esd. also, in the second equation, esd is a function of sm, sb, nap, and sp. figure 1. research conceptual model 1) spit = δ0+ δ1 esdit + δ2 irit + δ3 urit + δ4 iruralit + δ5 iurbanit + δ6 slit+ εit 2) esdit = β0 + β1 spit + β2 smit + β3 sbit + β4 napit + εit therefore, according to the mentioned model and equations, the research hypotheses are as follows: h1: sports participation (sp) and elite sport development (esd) have interactive, significant, and positive effects on each other (δ1, β1>0). h2: inflation rate (ir) has a significant indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 51 and negative effect on sports participation (sp) (δ2 <0). h3: the unemployment rate (ur) has a significant and negative effect on sports participation (sp) (δ3<0). h4: rural and urban household incomes (irural and iurban) have a significant and positive effect on sports participation (sp) (δ4, δ5>0). h5: standard of living (sl) has a significant and positive effect on sports participation (sp) (δ6 >0). h6: sports media (sm) has a significant and positive effect on elite sports development (esd) (β2 >0). h7: sports budget (sb) has a significa nt and positive effect on elite sports development (esd) (β3 >0). h8: non-athlete participants (nap) has a significant and positive effect on elite sports development (esd) (β4 >0). econometric methodology (simultaneous equations approach) this study used panel data and a simultaneous equations approach. before estimating the simultaneous equations model, it is necessary to test the reliability of the variables. in this study, we followed the advice of baltagi (2005) to test the reliability of variables using the levin, lin & chu (llc) test. this is because if the variables are not reliable, pseudo -regression is possible and subsequent regression estimates may be ambiguous (engle & granger, 1987). then, to determine whether the model is pool or panel, the f-limer test is used (baltagi, 2005). to make a distinction between the use of a fixed-effects or random effects model, the hausman test will be used. therefore, the best model should be selected (wooldridge, 2001). despite the use of the ordinary least squares (ols) method, the results may be inconsistent. therefore, a regression model needs to control the correlation among variables. to solve this problem, several regression models exist that use tools to limit the effects of correlation between independent variables and residuals (wang, et al., 2018). one of these methods is the twostage least squares (2sls) method. therefore, in the simultaneous equations model, the explanatory variable is related to a disturbing sentence. in this condition, ols is not suitable and 2sls is used. result and discussion result the descriptive statistics for the ten variables are summarized in table 2. the elite sports development averaged 1543409 in each of iran’s 28 provinces from 2004 to 2017. the sports participation mean is 88513.71. the average ir was 16.01% but had maximum and minimum values of 86.9 and 6.9% respectively. average unemployment rate was 12.63%, with a maximum value 39.9%. the average rural income of irr98.64 was much lower than the urban income average of irr153.97. standard of living mean was irr88667.76. the sm mean was 1046.24. sb mean was irr43435.34. the nap mean was 10010.93. table 2. summary statistics variables mean median standard deviation max. min. elite sports development 1543409 973201.9 1777396 18469960 298270.8 sports participation 88513.71 55664.00 87341.97 566235 10453 inflation rate 16.01 13.19 8.01 86.95 6.93 unemployment rate 12.63 11.60 5.13 39.90 4.10 rural income 98.64 73.33 81.04 589.19 0.30 urban income 153.97 111.98 129.03 922.33 5.91 standard of living 88667.76 67198.00 81713.05 6832.00 481100.0 sports media 1046.24 445.00 2968.88 25546.00 32 sports budget 43435.34 24289.00 73794.86 960251.0 140 non-athlete participants’ 10010.93 7585.50 10484.70 86401 492 indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 52 the llc test was used to determine the reliability of the variables. the results showed that all research variables are reliable according to the significance level smaller than 0.05 (table 3). table 3. llc test: summary statistics variables prob. statistics elite sports development 0.0000 -41.17 sports participation 0.0000 -4.98 inflation rate 0.0000 -6.78 unemployment rate 0.0000 -4.82 rural income 0.0006 -3.23 urban income 0.0000 -6.50 standard of living 0.0044 -2.61 sports media 0.0000 -8.37 sports budget 0.0000 -13.70 non-athlete participants 0.0000 -5.35 before estimating equations, f-limer test determined whether data should be used as pool or panel. the results showed that the significance level in both equations for f -limer (chow) test is smaller than 0.05 (table 4). therefore, in this study, panel data are used. in the next step, hausman test is used to determine fixed or random effects model. in both equations, the significance levels were less than 0.05, which permits rejection of the null hypothesis. therefore, we elected to use a fixed effects model (table 4). equations were estimated with 2sls method estimation. also, ols results are presented for comparisons but the analysis criterion is 2sls estimation. table 4 .f-limer and hausman tests: summary statistics test equations statistics df prob. result f-limer equation 1 46.97 27.31 0.0000 estimation by panel equation 2 9.41 27.34 0.0000 estimation by panel hausman test equation 1 109.85 6 0.0000 estimates with fixed effects equation 2 40.40 4 0.0000 estimates with fixed effects ols and 2sls results related to equation 1 are presented in tables 5 and 6. 1) spit = δ0+ δ1 esdit + δ2 irit + δ3 urit + δ4 iruralit + δ5 iurbanit + δ6 slit+ ε3it the results showed that the estimation obtained from ols regression are not reliable (table 5). table 5. equation 1 estimation (sports participation) based on ols variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. result elite sports development 0.03 0.003 10.71 0.0000 positive inflation rate -2097.75 548.29 -3.82 0.0002 negative unemployment rate 1728.25 895.30 1.93 0.0544 not significant urban income -422.90 84.02 -5.03 0.0000 negative rural income 750.47 120.34 6.23 0.0000 positive standard of living 0.12 0.04 2.75 0.0061 positive therefore, we utilized 2sls method (table 6). table 6 .equation 1 estimation (sports participation) based on 2sls method variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. result indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 53 elite sports development 0.06 0.002 27.43 0.0000 positive inflation rate -3291.04 400.82 -8.21 0.0000 negative unemployment rate -1292.73 650.10 -1.98 0.0477 negative urban income -468.76 65.14 -7.19 0.0000 negative rural income 505.36 94.41 5.35 0.0000 positive standard of living 0.09 0.03 2.70 0.0072 positive the results showed that the esd coefficient is significant and positive (β =0.06, prob.: 0.0000). this shows that esd leads to increased sp, and that for every 1 unit increase in esd, sp increases by 0.06. also, the ir coefficient is significant and negative (β= 3291.04, prob. = 0.0000). this shows that increased ir is associated with decreased sp. the ur coefficient is significant and negative (β= -1292.73, prob. =0.04). this shows that increased unemployment leads to decreased sp. the irural coefficient is significant and positive (β=505.36, prob. =0.0000) but the iurban coefficient is significant and negative (β= -468.7651, prob. = 0.0000). this shows that increased rural household income increases sp but increased urban household income reduces sp. the sl coefficient is significant and positive (β= 0.09, prob. =0.007). this shows that increased sl is associated with increased sp (table 6). then, according to eq.2 that is addressed here, the ols and 2sls results related to this equation are presented in tables 7 and 8. 2) esdit = β0 + β1 spit + β2 smit + β3 sbit + + β4 napit + ε1it estimations obtained from ols regression are not reliable (table 7). table 7 .equation 2 estimation (elite sports development) based on ols method variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. result sports participation 6.72 1.71 3.91 0.0001 positive sports media 216.30 18.36 11.77 0.0000 positive sports budget 2.64 1.11 2.37 0.0179 positive non-athlete participants 19.87 6.83 2.90 0.0039 positive therefore, we utilized 2sls method (table 8). table 8. equation 2 estimation (elite sports development) based on 2sls method variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. result sports participation 8.55 1.25 6.83 0.0000 positive sports media 204.47 30.56 6.69 0.0000 positive sports budget 2.13 0.66 3.21 0.0015 positive non-athlete participants 12.36 5.45 2.26 0.0241 positive the results showed that sp coefficient is significant and positive (β =8.55, prob. =0.0000). in other words, when sp increases, esd also increases. for every unit increase in sp, esd increases by 8.55. also, the sm coefficient is significant and positive (β =204.74, prob. =0.0000). this means that as sm increases, esd also increases. the sb coefficient is significant and positive (β =2.13, prob. = 0.001). finally, the non-athlete participants (nap) coefficient is significant and positive (β =12.36, prob. = 0.02). (table 8). according to the results of equation 1, esd leads to increases sp (table6). the results of equation 2 indicate that sp increases as a result of esd increases too (table 8). therefore, the results of both equations show a significant and positive interaction effect between sp and esd. the effect of sp on esd (8.55) is larger than the effect of esd on sp (0.06). indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 54 discussion this study aimed to investigate the interaction effect of sport participation and elite sport development. the study used an econometric model based on simultaneous equations approach with 2sls method to analyze panel data. the empirical results show inter esting and new findings. consistent with hypothesis 1, there is an interaction, significant, and positive effect between sports participation and elite sports development. in other words, increased sports participation increases elite sports development and increased elite sports development increases sports participation. this finding is consistent with mutter and pawlowski (2013) who related the successes of german soccer team to increased demand for sports participation. also, this study is consistent with the studies of other researchers that showed successes influence active participation (fedderson et al, 2009, humphreys, et al., 2012). motivational effects from professional sport successes on sports participation are inherent (mutto & pawlowski, 2013). also, the motivational effects for the youth sports participation are stronger (frawley & cush, 2011). this issue is reassuring, because the youth constitute is small group who are interested in more efforts for sports participation. however, elite and professional sports successes can create motivation for sports participation. other parameters such as sport infrastructures and local and national measures are required (mutter & pawlowski, 2013). in australia, the consequences of elite athlete’s development include increased finance and public profile for sport and creating paths to increase interest in sport (sotiriadou & shilbury, 2009). on the other hand, in many countries, is hierarchical system exists for elite sport development where sports participation is at the lowest level and this participation leads to elite sports development. for example, in china, a pyramid of elite sport development (juguo tizhi) exists at three levels and extra-curricular sports schools are at the first level and sport schools at the city level are at the second level and national and provincial teams are at the third level and the athletes start from the lowest level to achieve elite sport development (hong, 2008; liang, et al., 2006; tan & green, 2008; yang, 2012, zheng et al, 2018). according to martin et al. (2009), elite athlete development in australia is based on a systematic way that selects and develops people. the australian sport institute that is a model company is responsible to produce and create champions based on facilities, training, and sport science programs (hooton, 2008, sotiriadou & shilbury, 2009). therefore, more sports participation opportunities increase international success ways and at the same time, elite sports development increases motivation and facilities for higher sports participation. hypothesis 2 was supported. the results showed that increased inflation decreases sports participation. this finding is consistent with calabuig, et al. (2014) who showed that increases costs has direct negative effect on future interests of sport users. one of the fundamental factors in increased inflation rate in iran is increased costs in recent years in different sectors. according to consuegra et al. (2007), costs should follow a fixed and reasonable strategy, because there should be a strategy to be perceived and accepted by users and increased costs should create a good feeling. to carry out a reasonable cost strategy, the user should receive information about the main reasons for increased costs (homburg, et al., 2005; kyle, et al., 2003; calabuig et al, 2014). therefore, sport managers, increased costs plan leads to decreased future demands of sport users (homburg, et al., 2010). accordingly, the primary solution to control inflation rate and prevent decreased sport participation, increased costs should be prevented, or a fixed costs strategy designed. in support of hypothesis 3, the results showed that increase d unemployment leads to decreased sports participation. this finding is consistent with kokolakakis et al. (2012) but inconsistent with aizawa et al. (2018). according to gough (2017), for men, unemployment does not have any effect on sports participation but for women, it influences sports participation and spouse unemployment influences decreases sport participation, too. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 55 unemployment provides more time for sports participation but at the same time, gives lower income for sports participation (oliveira-brochado et al., 2017). hypothesis 4 was supported. yhe results showed that increased rural household income increases sports participation but increased urban income could not increase sports participation. the results of several studies are consistent with this finding. these researchers concluded that income has a positive effect on decision-making for sports participation and at the same time, the number of family members and urban or rural lif e can influence sports participation (humphreys & ruseski, 2011, 2015, garcia et al, 2011). but in another study that is consistent with this finding, thibaut et al. (2014) concluded that decision for sports participation is influenced by many factors that one of these factors is household income. also, this finding is consistent with studies indicating that that parents with higher incomes are more likely to have children with sport expertise (post et al, 2018). economic condition is one of the effective factors in achieving opportunities in sport, because of families have lower income, and they will have fewer opportunities to join a sport club or do particular sports such as skiing and boating, because money and equipment are needed for these sports. in these cases, people have to prefer public sports or choose sports with lower costs (cost provision with governmental budget or with lower costs) (laker, 2002). in sum, about the relationship between socioeconomic base and sports participation, income is an important factor in explaining sports participation (berger & reily, 2008). in support of hypothesis 5, the results showed that increased standard of living leads to sports participation. this finding is consistent with zhou and kaplanidou (2018), prins et al. (2012) and lindstorm et al. (2001). zhou and kaplanidou (2018) concluded that participation in sport leads to social capital development. social capital leads to supportive behavior and positively influences others and social behaviors and these positive results among participants indicates that social capital resulted from sport participation leads to standard of living. prins et al. (2012) in a study on dutch teens concluded that the highest participation in sport is when the social status of families is high. in a study by lindstorm et al. (2001) it was concluded that the socioeconomic based has a considerable effect on sports participation. in the present study, gdp per capita was used to indicate standard of living. since gdp per capita and income are directly related, in many countries, gdp per capita indicates a level of standard of living. also, several researchers concluded that gdp is related to sport participation (ruseski &maresova, 2014, van toyckom, 2014). according to hypothesis 6, the results showed that sports media increases the elite sports development. this finding is consistent with korzynskia and paniagua (2015) who concluded that mass media and sport performance are necessary. different studies have identified different professional sport motivations such as the impacts of famous athletes, international championships, events, and behavioral role of sport media. the watching professional sport events and elite athletes on tv increases sport participation (mutter & pawlowski, 2013). the results showed that the success of elite athletes is a potential factor to increase media covering and demonstrate sports and athletes. the success of elite athletes attracts media and coverage of common sports. this intense interest is creating very favorable advertising throughout the country and as biskup and pfister (1999) believe, outstanding people (stars) are introduced through mass media (sotiriadou & shilbury, 2009, sanderson, 2011). on the other hand, live sport events that are covered by tv, create a legal personality that tries to transfer marketing messages to the customers (cianfrone et al., 2006; brockinton, 2001). other researchers have concentrated on the role of media as a significant dimension to support olympics (kim et al, 2015, konecke et al, 2016, ritchie et al, 2010). therefore, with these explanations, it can be stated that the relationship between media and elite sport development is confirmed. according to the seventh hypothesis, the results showed that sport budget has a positive and significant effect on the elite sports development. this finding is consistent with brouwers indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 56 et al. (2014) who introduce financial supports as an important factor for international success. in many countries, dedication and budget increase are important factors in elite sports development. for example, elite sports development in australia was a political priority in the early 21th century, so that stewart et al. (2004), believe that each political party who decreases sport budget is exposed to a high risk in elections (greens & collins, 2008). the australian elite sport budget is mostly from the budget dedicated to sport participation (pedr as et al., 2019). also, in finland, during 1995-2003, the budget dedicated to municipalities and sport facilities constituted 60% of the whole budget and in 1995, the budget dedicated to elite sport constituted 6% of the whole budget (greens & collins, 2008). therefore, by investigating the budget dedicated to sport in many countries, the importance of budget in elite sports development is clarified. finally, according to the eighth hypothesis, the results showed that non-athlete participants a positive and significant effect on the elite sports development. non-athlete participants in this study included coaches, referees, supervisors, and associates of sports teams. this finding is consistent with brouwers et al. (2014) who show the importance of the private sector and their budgets, coaches, and facilities for the progress of elite athletes in tennis. de bosscher et al. (2006) believed that sufficient facilities with easy access, high-quality coaches and a good national competitive structure with trai ning opportunities for athletes to participate in international events allow elite athletes achieve development. moreover, the role of sport and competitions for elite sport development are undeniable and promote skills and advances of athletes. therefore, competitions and planning are emphasized (sotiriadou & shilbury, 2009). accordingly, the importance of high-quality coaches, referees, supervisors, and associates in elite sports development and national and international sports competitions of each country is undeniable. conclusion the results of this study showed that sports participation leads to elite sports development and at the same time, elite sports development provides sports participation context. but before that, a country should have infrastructures and sport and cultural spaces for these developments. iran is suffering from international sanctions and in recent years, people do not have facilities for elite sports development. in many countries such as china and australia, a hierarchical system exists for elite athlete development where the athlete passes sports participation levels through a bottom-up procedure. iran lacks such elite sport system but before implementing an elite sports development system, economic conditions should be desirable. inflation and unemployment rates are the most important factors that influence sports participation to achieve elite sports development and if these rates are high, sports participation opportunity is eliminated. high inflation rate increases costs and teens may avoid sports due to lack of financial power. also, high unemployment rate, although increases sports participation opportunities from one aspect, at the same time, due to lack of income, eliminates sports participation opportunity. household income and stan dard of living are other variables that influence sports participation. socioeconomic bases determine sports participation, so that high level of socioeconomic base increases financial power and opportunities for sports participation and at the same time, weak socioeconomic base brings low financial power and lower sports participation. the findings showed that sports media, sports budget, and non-athlete participants provide the context for elite sports development. showing international successes of athle tes on tv and radio and other mass media increases motivation to create elite athletes, provides many financial opportunities for the country that are manifested in advertisements, sponsorship, etc. elite sports development in all countries is not possible without sports budget. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 57 the presence of coaches and referees in different competitions are essential for elite sports development. if the mentioned economic factors in a country are at desirable levels, elite athlete development pyramid construction is acceptable, and it is possible to achieve elite sports development. therefore, authorities should plan consistent with the economic conditions of the country and consider the factors that are addressed in this study and then, concentrate on sport planning. references aizawa, k., wu, j., inoue, y., & sato, m. (2018). long-term impact of the tokyo 1964 olympic games on sport participation: a cohort analysis. sport management review, 21(1), 86-97. andersen, s. s., & ronglan, l. t. (2012). nordic elite sport: same ambitions, different tracks. copenhagen: copenhagen business school press. baltagi, b. h. (2005). econometric analysis of panel data. new york: john wiley. berger, e., & reilly, n. (2008). determinants of sport participation among canadian adolescents. sport management review, 11, 277-307. bernard, a. b., & busse, m. r. (2004). who wins the olympic games: economic resources and medal totals. the review of economics and statistics, 86(1), 413-417. biskup, c., & pfister, g. (1999a). i would like to be like her/him: are athletes role-models for boys and girls? european physical education review, 5, 199-218. bosscher, v., shibli, s., westerbeek, h., & bottenburg, m. v. (2015). successful elite sport policies: an international comparison of the sports policy factors leading to international sporting success (spliss 2.0) in 15 nations. maidenhead: meyer & meyer sport breuer, c., & hallmann, k. (2011). die gesellschaftliche relevanz des spitzensports in deutschland. koln: sportverlag strauß. breuer, c., & wicker, p. (2008). demographic and economic factors concerning the inclusionin the german sport system. a micro-analysis of the years 1985 to 2005. european journal for sport and society, 5, 35-43. bromnick, r. d., & swallow, b. l. (1999). i like being who i am: a study of young people’s ideals. educational studies, 25(2), 117-128. brouwers, j., sotiriadoua, p., & bossche, v. d. (2014). sport-specific policies and factors that influence internationalsuccess: the case of tennis. sport management review, 18(3), 343-358. bittman, m. (2002). social participation and family welfare: the money and time costs of leisure in australia. social policy & administration, 36(4), 408-425. buford may, r. (2009). the good and bad of it all: professional black male basketball players as role models for young black male basketball players. sociology of sport journal, 26, 443-461. calabuig, f., núñez-pomar, j., prado-gascó, v., & v.añó. (2014). effect of price increases on future intentions of sport consumers. journal of business research, 67(5), 729-733. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 58 cianfrone, b. a., & zhang, j. j. (2006). differential effects of television commercials; athlete endorsements and venue signage during a televised action sports event. journal of sport management,, 20, 322-344. côté, j., salmela, j., trudel, p., baria, a., & russell, s. (1995). the coaching model: a grounded assessment of expert gymnastic coaches' knowledge. journal of sport and exercise psychology, 17(1), 1-17. dawson, a., & downward, p. (2011). participation, spectatorship and media coverage in sport: some initial insights. cheltenham/northampton, ma: edward elgar. de bosscher, v. (2018). a mixed methods approach to compare elite sport policies of nations. a critical reflection on the use of composite indicators in the spliss study. sport in society, 21(2), 331355. de bosscher, v., de knop, p., van bottenburg, m., shibli, s., & bingham, j. (2009). explaining international sporting success: an international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries. sport management review, 12(3), 113-136. de bosscher, v., shibli, s., van bottenburg, m., de knop, p., & truyens, j. (2010). developing a method for comparing the elite sport systems and policies of nations: a mixed research methods approach. journal of sport management, 24(5), 567-600. dousti, m. goodarzi,m., asad, h., khabiri, m (2013). sport policy in iran. international journal of sport policy and politics, 5(1), 151-158. downward, p., dawson, a., & dejonghe, t. (2009). sports economics. amsterdam, boston: heidelberg: butterworth-heinemann/elsevier. engle, r. f., & granger, c. w. j. (1987). cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. feddersen, a., jacobsen, s., & maennig, w. (2009). sport heroes and mass participation: the (double) paradox of the ‘german tennis boom. working paper no. 29 hamburg. ferragina, e., tomlinson, m., & walker, r . (2013). poverty, participation and choice. the legacy of peter townsend. joseph rowntree foundation: new york frawley, s., & cush, a. (2011). major sporting events and participation legacy: the case of the 2003 rugby world cup. managing leisure, 16(1), 65-76. frederick, s., loewenstein, g., & o‟donoghue, t. (2002). time discounting and time preference: a critical review. journal of economic literature, 40, 351-401. funahashi, h., shibli, s., sotiriadou, p., mäkinen, j., dijk, b., & bosscher, v. d. (2019). valuing elite sport success using the contingent valuation method: a transnational study. sport management review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.008 frederick, s., loewenstein, g., & o‟donoghue, t. (2002). time discounting and time preference: a critical review. journal of economic literature, 40, 351-401. g.post, e., e.green, n., schaefer, d. a., m.trigsted, s., brooks, m. a., a.mcguine, t., . . . r.bell, d. (2018). socioeconomic status of parents with children participating on youthclub sport teams. physical therapy in sport, 32, 126-132. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 59 garcia, j., lera-lópez, f., & suárez, m. j. (2011). estimation of a structural model of the determinants of the time spent on physical activity and sport: evidence for spain. journal of sport economics, 12(5), 515-535. gough, m. (2017). a couple-level analysis of participation in physical activity during unemployment. ssm population health, 3, 294-304. green, m., & houlihan, b. (2005). elite sport development: policy learning and political priorities. abingdon: routledge. greens, m., & collins, s. (2008). policy, politics and path dependency: sport development in australia and finland. sport management review, 11(3), 225-251. green, m., & oakley, b. (2001). elite sport development systems and playing to win: uniformity and diversity in international approaches. leisure studies, 20, 247-267. groth, d., hartmann, s., klie, s., & selbig, j. (2013). principal components analysis. computational toxicology, 930, 527-547. hidson, a. b., gidlow, b., & peebles, c. (1994). the trickle-down’ effect of top-level sport: myth or reality? a case-study of the olympics. australian journal of leisure and recreation, 4, 16-24. hoekmana, m. j., schulenkorfb, n., & peacheyc, j. w. (2018). re-engaging local youth for sustainable sport-for-development. sport management review, 17, 1-13. homburg, c., hoyer, w. d., & koschate, n. (2005). customers' reactions to price increases: do customer satisfaction and perceived motive fairness matter? journal of the academy of marketing science, 33(1), 36-49. homburg, c., koschate, n., & totzek, d. (2010). how price increases affect future purchases: the role of mental budgeting, income, and framing. psychology & marketing, 27(1), 36-53. hong, f. (20008). china. in b. houlihan, & m. green (eds.), comparative elite sport development: systems, structures and public policy (pp. 26–52). oxford: butterworth-heinemann. hooton, a. (2008). great expectations. sydney morning herald. good weekend (sydney, aust.; 17, may 2008, pp. 30-32 and 34-39. humphreys, b., maresova, k., & ruseski, j. (2012). institutional factors, sport policy, and individual sport participation: an international comparison. working paper no. 2012-2001. humphreys, b. r., & ruseski, j. e. (2007). participation in physical activity and governmentspending on parks and recreation. contemporary economic policy, 25, 538-552. humphreys, b., & ruseski, j. e. (2011). an economic analysis of participation and time spent in physical activity. the b.e. journal of economic analysis & policy, 11(1), 1-38. humphreys, b., & ruseski, j. e. (2015). the economic choice of participation and time spent in physical activity and sport in canada. international journal of sport finance, 10(2), 138-159. jafarzadegan, m., safi-esfahani, f., & beheshti, z. (2019). combining hierarchical clustering approaches using the pca method. expert systems with applications, 137, 1-10. kidd, b., & donnelly, p. (2000). human rights in sport. international review for the sociology of sport, 35(2), 131-148. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 60 kim, a., choi, m., & kaplanidou, k. (2015). the role of media in enhancing people’s perception of hosting a mega sport event: the case of pyeongchang’s winter olympics bids. international journal of sport communication, 8, 68-86. kjær, j. b. (2019). the professionalization of sports coaching: a case study of a graduate soccer coaching education program. journal of hospitality, leisure, sport & tourism education, 24, 50-62. kokolakakis, t., lera-lópez, f., & panagouleas, t. (2012). analysis of the determinants of sports participation in spain and england. applied economics, 44(21), 2785-2798. kokolakakis, t., lera-lópez, f., & ramchandani, g. (2019). did london 2012 deliver a sports participation legacy? sport management review, 22(2), 276-287. konecke, t., schubert, m., & preuss, h. (2016). (n)olympia in germany? an analysis of the referendum against munich 2022. sportwissenschaft, 46, 15-24. korzynskia, p., & paniagua, j. (2016). score a tweet and post a goal: social media recipes for sports stars. business horizons, 59(2), 185-192. kumar, h., manolib, a. e., hodgkinsona, i. r., & downward, p. (2017). sport participation: from policy , through facilities, to users’ health, well-being, and social capital. sport management review, 21(5), 549-562. kyle, g. t., kerstetter, d. l., & agnolo, f. b. (2003). manipulating consumer price expectations for a 10k road race. journal of sport management,, 17(2), 142-155. laker, a. (2002). the sociology of sport and physical education: an introductory reader. routledge falmer, london and new york. liang, x., bao, m., & zhang, l. (2006). juguo tizhi’ [the whole country support for elite sport system]. beijing: people’s sports publishing house of china lincoln, y. s., & guba, e. g. (1985). naturalistic inquiry. beverly hills, ca: sage. lindstrom, m., hanson, b., & ostergern, p. (2001). socioeconomic differences in leisure-time physical activity: the role of social participation and social capital in shaping health related behaviour. social science and medicine, 52, 441-451. løyland, k., & ringstad, v. (2009). on the price and income sensitivity of the demand for sports: has linder’s disease become more serious? journal of sport economics, 10(6), 601-618. lera-lopez, f., & rapun-garate, m. (2007). the demand for sport: sport consumption andparticipation models. journal of sport management, 21, 103-122. macchia, l., plagnol, a. c., & reimers, s. (2018). does experience with high inflation affect intertemporal decision making? sensitivity to inflation rates in argentine and british delay discounting choices. journal of behavioral and experimental economics, 75, 76-83. macphail, a., gorely, t., & kirk, d. (2003). young people's socialisation into sport: a case study of an athletics club. sport, education and society, 8, 251-267. martín-consuegra, d., molina, a., & esteban, a. (2007). an integrated model of price, satisfaction and loyalty: an empirical analysis in the service sector. journal of product & brand management, 16(7), 459-468. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 61 martin, s. g., arin, k. p., palakshappa, n., & chetty, s. (2005). do elite sports systems mean more olympic medals? retrieved july 15 from: http://commerce.massey.ac.nz/research_outputs/2005/2005031.pdf. mutter, f., & pawlowski, t. (2014). role models in sports – can success in professional sports increase the demand for amateur sport participation? sport management review, 17(3), 324-336. oliveira-brochado, a., brito, p. q., & f.oliveira-brochado. (2017). correlates of adults’ participation in sport and frequency of sportcorrélats de la participation des adultes en sport et de la fréquence avec laquelle ils le pratiquent. science & sports, 32(6), 355-363. pedras, l., taylor, t., & frawley, s. (2019). responses to multi-level institutional complexity in a national sport federation. sport management review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.001 piotrowska, m. (2017). the impact of consumer behavior on financial security of households in poland. contaduría y administración, 62(2), 461-504. post, e., green, n., schaefer, d., trigsted, s., brroks, m., mcguine, t., watson, a.m., & bell, d.r. (2018). socioeconomic status of parents with children participating on youth club sport teams. physical therapy in sport, 32, 126-132 prins, r., mohnen, s., lenthe, f. , brug, j., & oenema, a. (2012). are neighbourhood social capital and availability of sports facilities related to sports participation among dutch adolescents? international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 9(90), 2-11. ritchie, b. w., shipway, r., & chien, m. p. (2010). the role of the media in influencing residents’ support for the 2012 olympic games. international journal of event and festival management, 1, 202219. roberts,k., brodie, d. & dench, s (1987). youth unemployment and out-of-home recreation. society and leisure, 10(2), 281-294. rowe, k., shilbury, d., ferkins, l., & hinckson, e. (2013). sport development and physical activity promotion: an integrated model to enhance collaboration and understanding. sport management review, 16(3), 364-377. ruseski, j. e., & maresova, k. (2014). economic freedom, sport policy, and individual participation in physical activity: an international comparison. contemporary economic policy, 32, 42-55. ryan, c. (2015). factors impacting carded athlete's readiness for dual careers. psychology of sport and exercise, 21, 91-97. sandardos, s. s., & chambers, t. p. (2019). “it’s not about sport, it’s about you”: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of mentoring elite athletes. psychology of sport & exercise, 43, 144154. sanderson, j. (2011). it's a whole new ballgame: how social media is changing sports. new york: hampton press shilbury, d., sotiriadou, k., & green, b. c. (2008). sport development systems,policies and pathways : an introduction to the special issue. sport management review, 11, 217-223. shin, e.h. (2007). state, society, and economic development in sports life cycles: the case of boxing in korea, east asia, 24(1), 1–22. http://commerce.-massey.ac.nz/research_outputs/2005/2005031.pdf http://commerce.-massey.ac.nz/research_outputs/2005/2005031.pdf indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 62 shlens, j. (2005). a tutorial on principal component analysis. chichilnisky neural computation, 17, 15311576. sotiriadou, k. p., & shilbury, d. (2009). australian elite athlete development: an organisational perspective. sport management review, 12(3), 137-148. stewart, b., nicholson, m., smith, a., & westerbeek, h. (2004). ustralian sport: better by design? the evolution of australian sport policy. london: routledge. smith, w. r. (2020). organizing participation of a lifestyle sport: the constitutive power of new media discourse. discourse, context & media, 33, march 2020, 100368. tan, t. c., & green, m. (2008). analysing china’s drive for olympic success in 2008. the international journal of the history of sport, 25(3), 314-338. taylor, w. g., & garratt, d. (2010). the professionalisation of sports coaching: relations of power, resistance and compliance. sport, education and society, 15(1), 121-139. thibaut, e., eakins, j., vos, s., & scheerder, j. (2017). time and money expenditure in sports participation: the role of income in consuming the most practiced sports activities in flanders. sport management review, 20(5), 455-467. thibaut, e., vos, s., & scheerder, j. (2014). hurdles for sports consumption?the determining factors of household sports expenditures. sport management review, 17(4), 444-454. urminsky, o., & zauberman, g. (2014). the psychology of intertemporal preferences. in g. wu & g. keren (eds.), the wiley blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making. wiley-blackwell. vandermeerschen, h., & scheerder, j. (2017). sport managers’ perspectives on poverty and sport: the role of local sport authorities. sport management review, 20(5),510-521 vescio, j., wilde, k., & crosswhite, j. j. (2005). profiling sport role models to enhance initiatives for adolescent girls in physical education and sport. european physical education review, 11(2), 153-170. wang, z., danish, zhang, b., & wang, b. (2018). renewable energy consumption, economic growth and human development index in pakistan: evidence form simultaneous equation model. journal of cleaner production, 184(20), 1081-1090. wooldridge, j. m. (2001). econometric analysis of cross section and panel data (1 ed. vol. 1). michigan state university. wicker, p., c breuer, c., & pawlowski, t. (2009). promoting sport for all age-specific targetgroups. the impact of sport infrastructure. european sport management quarterly, 9, 103-118. wijk, j. (2012). the swedish ‘golf and tennis miracle’ – two parallel stories. in s. s. andersen & l. t. ronglan (eds.), nordic elite sport: same ambitions, different tracks (pp. 109–130). copenhagen: copenhagen business school press. yang h. (ed.). (2012). theory and practice of china’s olympic preparation and participation. beijing: china legal publishing house. zhang, d., shi, x., & sheng, y. (2015). comprehensive measurement of energy market integration in east asia: an application of dynamic principal component analysis. energy economics, 52(part b), 299-305. indonesian journal of sport management khanmoradi, et al., 2 (1), 2022, 45-63 63 zheng, j., lau, p. w. c., chen, s., dickson, g., bosscher, v. d., & peng, q. (2018). interorganisational conflict between national and provincial sport organisations within china’s elite sport system: perspectives from national organisations. sport management review, 22(5), 667-681. zhou, r., & kaplanidou, k. (2018). building social capital from sport event participation: an exploration of the social impacts of participatory sport events on the community. sport management review, 21(5), 491-503. the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 113 improving the development of delinquents with a sport extracurricular approach at the kupang children's correctional institution salmon runesi 1ab, al ihzan tajuddin 2abc*, ronald dwi ardian fufu 3bce , michael johannes hadiwijaya louk 4dce , jurdan martin siahaan 5e , i nyoman wahyu esa wijaya 6bc , fera ratna dewi siagian 7bd 1-7physical education, health and recreation department, faculty of teacher training and education,nusa cendana university, indonesia abstract physical education in public schools and children's correctional institutions, especially in extracurricular sports activities, functions as an activity to fill children's free time and is expected to reduce child delinquency. the problems in this study are included in the type of correlational quantitative research, namely research that aims to see the relationship between two or more symptoms that can be measured in high and low relationships using data in the form of numbers. this research uses a descriptive method with quantitative analysis. while the data collection technique for research uses a structured questionnaire based on the research variables. from the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship between extracurricular sports activities and the success of fostering naughty children at the kupang children's penitentiary. this can be seen from the value of r o obtained which is greater than the value of the r table. so, in the future, teachers and staff fostering children should further increase the effectiveness of extracurricular sports activities in fostering naughty children at the kupang penitentiary. keywords: extracurricular activities; child development; coaching bad children corresponding author: *al ihzan tajuddin, physical education, health and recreation department, faculty of teacher training and education, nusa cendana university, indonesia , kupang (85111), indonesia; e-mail: al.tajuddin@staf.undana.ac.id article history: received: february 5, 2023 accepted after revision: april 16, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: runesi, s., tajuddin, a.i., fufu, r.d.a., louk, m,j.h., siahaan, j.m., wijaya, i.n.w.e., siagian, f.r.d. (2023). improving the development of delinquents with a sport extracurricular approach at the kupang children's correctional institution. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4554 introduction when man is born into this world, he is in a state of helplessness and needs help from others. the first form of assistance is provided by an adult—in this case, a family member. through the family, the child will grow and develop, both physically and spiritually. the family occupies the most important place for the formation of the child's personality as a whole, which will be carried throughout his life. this is following what was stated, that the formation of this personality and character can be carried out by family members through providing a basic sense of religion and cultivating traits and habits. with the development of science and the development of this era, parents are no longer able to provide what the child wants in his growth, mailto:al.tajuddin@staf.undana.ac.id https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4554 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ runesi et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 113-120 114 both in the form of knowledge, values, and attitudes, as well as skills. seeing this fact, they finally sent the children to educational institutions so that what they wanted and needed in their development process could be fulfilled. the problem of juvenile delinquency in indonesia is considered to have reached a level that is quite disturbing for the community. this condition gives a strong impetus to the parties responsible for this problem, such as educational groups in the school environment and groups of judges and prosecutors in the environment of counselling and enforcing group life. likewise, the government is a public policy maker in fostering, creating, and maintaining security and public order. another factor that cannot be ruled out is the role of society and the family in supporting this. if the problem of family education is considered, children can fall into negative behaviours. if there are negative actions that are often committed by a child, it is better if the family, which is the first social group in the child's life, immediately examines what factors cause these delinquencies. sport is an activity that is liked by everyone, and also by the children in the institution. these sports activities are carried out continuously because all activities are an effort to foster children to have additional knowledge and skills in the field of sports, as well as physical development activities. in this way, it is hoped that they can be cured of their habits of committing mischief so that they can soon be back among their families and society. by being given sports activities, it is hoped that they will not have too much free time. if after they attend general education there is still a lot of free time, not filled with positive activities, it will open up opportunities for them to commit mischief as they did. in addition, by being involved in sports activities, it is hoped that will provide provisions for discipline, to live in the future in family and society, if they are free from this penitentiary. as stated above, many factors can cause children to fall into negative things. the factors in question are family factors and community environmental factors. family factors often result in children doing negative things, for example, socio-economic status, less harmonious parent-child relationships, and family integrity. meanwhile, social environmental factors that have a negative influence on its development include the influence of culture and associates. apart from receiving general education, in this correctional institution, children also receive additional activities or extracurricular activities to fill their free time after attending general education. these additional activities are very useful and positive for fostering and improving the self-skills of children in these institutions. the activities in question are motorcycle repair activities, and handicrafts, namely weaving, making items from clay, and others. aside from skills-based activities, some activities foster intelligence and self-confidence, such as sports, arts, and religion. the number of children in the kupang children's penitentiary totaled 60 people consisting of 14 people at the elementary level, 16 people at the junior high school level, and 30 people at the high school level. all of these children took part in extracurricular activities according to their talents and interests where 17 people played volleyball, 29 football and football, 7 takraw, 3 badminton, 3 table tennis, and physical fitness exercises with all children which are held every friday. extracurricular means additional activities outside the lesson plan, or additional education outside the curriculum. thus, extracurricular activities are activities carried out outside the classroom and outside class hours (curriculum) to develop the indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ runesi et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 113-120 115 potential of human resources owned by students, both related to the application of the knowledge they get and in a special sense to guide students in developing their potential. and talents that exist within him through mandatory and optional activities. extracurricular activities are learning activities that are held outside of regular school hours. this activity is carried out in the afternoon for schools that enter in the morning and is carried out in the morning for schools that enter in the afternoon. these extracurricular activities are often intended to develop one of the subject areas that are of interest to a group of students, for example, sports, the arts, and various skills and scouting activities. thus, what is meant by extracurricular activities are various school activities carried out to provide opportunities for students to be able to develop their potential, interests, talents, and hobbies which are carried out outside normal school hours. as for what is meant by management of extracurricular activities are all processes that are planned and managed in an organized manner regarding school activities carried out outside the classroom and outside class hours (curriculum) to develop the potential of human resources owned by students, both related to the application of knowledge obtained or in a special sense to guide students in developing the potential and talents that exist within them through mandatory and optional activities. problems that arise can be identified as follows: services and guidance provided by the prison staff to make their students aware, efforts made by correctional institutions to foster these children, factors that cause children to fall towards delinquency, sports activities given to them students, as a coaching effort for their survival in the future after being released from correctional institutions, the success rate of extracurricular sports as an effort to foster students while in the kupang children's prison and for preparation for life in society after being released from correctional institutions. methodology according to the nature of the problem, this research is included in the type of correlational quantitative research, namely research that aims to see the relationship between two or more symptoms that can be measured in high and low relationships using data in the form of numbers. this research uses a descriptive method with quantitative analysis. while the data collection technique for research uses a structured questionnaire based on research variables (margono 2010). this questionnaire is made up of 20 questions, which are submitted to 1. teachers or supervising staff of student coaching groups, 2. students. the population in this study were all staff and supervisors totaling 26 people, who were included in the coaching group as well as students totaling 15 people namely junior high school students grades i, ii, and iii in the kupang children's correctional institution. samples were taken randomly from each class, and the supervisors or staff in the penitentiary totaled 30 people. materials and apparatus used for data collection in this study 1. structured questionnaire, namely a list of questions that have been offered answers for each question consisting of three answer choices, namely: a, b, and c, 2. ballpoints, 3. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ runesi et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 113-120 116 examination board. respondents filled out the questionnaire by choosing one of the answers consisting of answers a, b, or c whose answers have their points. data was obtained from respondents' responses to the two research questionnaires, both the supervisory group or staff and student groups. structured questionnaire answers are given a value, and the value of the respondent's answer is determined based on the weight of the question. each question has three choices, namely, for a positive answer it is given a value of 3, if the answer is positive and negative it is given a value of 2, and if the answer is negative it is given a value of 1. in this study, the questionnaire used consisted of 20 questions for student respondents, and for supervisory or staff respondent questionnaires there were also 20 questions. and each question has its dimensions or aspects, for student respondents (variable x) has the following dimensions: 1. sports extracurricular activities, 6 questions, 2. extracurricular activities of interest 2 questions,3. implementation of sports extracurricular activities 6 questions, 4. actions taken in extracurricular activities 3 questions, 5. benefits after participating in extracurricular activities 1 question, 6. cooperation between teaching staff and students 2 questions. while the question questionnaire for teaching staff respondents (variable y) aspects are: 1. changes in the attitude of students 6 questions, 2. education and coaching 2 questions, 3. affection and attention 3 questions, 4. cooperation with associates 2 questions, 5 awareness, and tolerance 3 questions, 6. enjoyment and entertainment 4 questions. data analysis techniques used in this study are: 1. structured questionnaires, namely: a collection of information by submitting many written questions accompanied by many alternative answers provided in writing as well, 2. observation, defined as systematic observation and recording of symptoms that appear on the research object, 3. documentation. that is, this technique is used as a tool to obtain images taken at the time of researching people who are the objects of this study. after the data results from filling out the questionnaire from both students and supervisors, each value of each question item is then entered into the list of results for each respondent's answers and divided into two groups according to the variable. if all the necessary data is collected, from the results of each respondent's answers, the next step is to process the data. the steps are as follows: 1. the process variable for extracurricular sports activities is called the x variable and the success of the extracurricular sports activities business is called the y variable, 2. find the mean of the two variables, 3. make ha and ho in sentence form, 4. make ha and ho in statistical form, 5, multiply each variable x to get x2, 6. multiply each variable y to get y2, 7. multiply column x by column y to get xy, 8. find r count, then compare it with the pearson interpretation table, 9. find the contribution or contribution of variable x to y with the formula (terminal coefficient): kp = r^2 x 100% , 10. find t arithmetic, 11. make conclusions. table 1. pearson's interpretation coefficient intervals relationship level 0,80 1,000 very strong 0,60 – 0,799 strong 0,40 – 0,599 strong enough 0,20 – 0,399 low 0,00 – 0,199 very low indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ runesi et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 113-120 117 results the relationship between extracurricular activities and coaching naughty children is 0.614, a strong category based on pearson's interpretation table (table 2). table 2. pearson's interpretation coefficient intervals relationship level 0,80 1,000 very strong 0,60 – 0,799 strong 0,40 – 0,599 strong enough 0,20 – 0,399 low 0,00 – 0,199 very low donations or contributions to extracurricular activities by fostering naughty children: kp = r2 x 100% = 37.69%. this means that sports and extracurricular activities contribute 37.69% to efforts to develop naughty children and the remaining 62.31% is determined by other variables. there is a significant relationship between extracurricular activities and efforts to foster naughty children. it turns out that t count is greater than t table or 2.805≥2.160, then ho is rejected, meaning that there is a significant relationship between sports and extracurricular activities and efforts to foster naughty children. testing the analysis on the results of the student group questionnaire trial and the results of the staff/supervisor group questionnaire trials by calculating the product moment coefficient correlation. from the above calculations, it can be seen: r o ≥ r table or 2.805≥ 2, 160. analysis testing on the results of the study by calculating the product moment coefficient correlation. from the calculation above it can be seen: r o ≥ r table or 2.805≥ 2.160. testing the hypothesis, because the value of r o obtained is 2.805 from the value of r t (2.805 ≥ 2.160), the conclusion that can be drawn from processing this data is that there is a positive relationship between sports extracurricular activities and the success of efforts to foster naughty children in correctional institutions kupang child. table 3. distribution table t α one tail test dk 0,25 0,10 0,05 0,025 0,01 0,005 α two tail test 0,50 0,20 0,10 0,05 0,02 0,01 1 1,000 3,078 6,314 12,706 31,821 63,657 2 0,816 1,886 2,920 4,303 6,965 9,925 3 0,765 1,638 2,353 3,182 4,541 5,841 4 0,741 1,533 2,132 2,776 3,747 4,604 5 0,727 1,476 2,015 2,571 3,365 4,032 6 0,718 1,440 1,943 2,447 3,143 3,707 7 0,711 1,415 1,895 2,365 2,998 3,499 8 0,706 1,397 1,860 2,306 2,896 3,355 9 0,703 1,383 1,833 2,262 2,821 3,250 10 0,700 1,372 1,812 2,228 2,764 3,169 11 0,697 1,363 1,796 2,201 2,718 3,106 12 0,695 1,356 1,782 2,179 2,681 3,055 13 0,692 1,350 1,771 2,160 2,650 3,012 14 0,691 1,345 1,761 2,145 2,624 2,977 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ runesi et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 113-120 118 15 0,690 1,341 1,753 2,131 2,602 2,947 16 0,689 1,337 1,746 2,120 2,583 2,921 17 0,688 1,333 1,740 2,110 2,567 2,898 18 0,688 1,330 1,734 2,101 2,552 2,878 after explaining the steps of research data analysis, the results are interpreted as follows: a. more than half of the children in correctional institutions are interested in sports and extracurricular activities provided in the development of these institutions, b. in the coaching and education provided, it is an activity that is considered successful, c. more than half of the children in this penitentiary are children who need love and attention, d. less than half of the children in this penitentiary, every behavior and action is based on the influence of friends. e. less than half of the children in this penitentiary, in terms of entertainment and preferences in daily interactions, are positive, which is still considered a favorite of children in general. discussion based on the results of product moment quantitative data analysis. from the results of variables x and y, there is a very strong relationship between sports and extracurricular activities and coaching naughty children. this can be seen from the relationship between extracurricular activities and coaching naughty children of 0.614, a strong category when compared to table 1. donations or contributions to extracurricular activities by fostering naughty children: kp = r2 x 100% = 37.69%. this means that sports and extracurricular activities contribute 37.69% to efforts to develop naughty children and the remaining 62.31% is determined by other variables. there is a significant relationship between extracurricular activities and efforts to foster naughty children. it turns out that t count is greater than t table or 2.805≥2.160, then ho is rejected, meaning that there is a significant relationship between sports and extracurricular activities and efforts to foster naughty children. testing the analysis on the results of the student group questionnaire trials and the results of the staff/supervisory group questionnaire trials with the calculation of the product-moment coefficient correlation. from the above calculations, it can be seen: r o ≥ r table or 2.805≥ 2, 160 testing the analysis on the research results by calculating the product-moment coefficient correlation. from the calculations above it can be seen: r o ≥ r table or 2.805≥ 2.160. the value of r o obtained was 2.805 from the value of r t (2.805 ≥ 2.160), so the conclusion that can be drawn from processing this data is that there is a positive relationship between sports extracurricular activities and the success of efforts to foster naughty children at the kupang children's correctional institution. from the analysis of the data above, it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship between sports and extracurricular activities and the success of efforts to foster naughty children at the kupang children's penitentiary. conclusion there is a positive relationship between extracurricular sports activities and the success of fostering naughty children at the kupang children's penitentiary. this can be seen from the value of r o obtained which is greater than the value of r t (2.805 ≥ indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ runesi et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 113-120 119 2.160). extracurricular sports activities in the effort to foster naughty children at the kupang children's correctional institution have not reached the maximum level, namely, they have not succeeded well. this can be seen from the results of the questionnaire test for student groups and supervisory staff groups with the calculation of the product-moment coefficient correlation, namely: r o ≥ r table or 2.805 ≥ 2.160. so it can be said that the more active the child, the less activity in a negative direction. uvenile delinquency is usually carried out by children who fail to undergo the processes of developing their souls, both during their youth and in their childhood. childhood and adolescence are very short, with rapid physical, psychological, and emotional development. sociologically, juvenile delinquency is a form of conflict that is not resolved properly in the childhood or youth of the perpetrators. it is often found that there is trauma in his past, harsh and unpleasant treatment from his environment, as well as trauma to environmental conditions, such as economic conditions that make him feel inferior, and so on. from the analysis of the data above, it can be interpreted that there is a positive relationship between sports and extracurricular activities and the success of efforts to foster naughty children at the kupang children's penitentiary. acknowledgement special thanks to all students and staff at the kupang children's penitentiary, east nusa tenggara for your understanding and cooperation during the process of collecting data for this study. i also appreciate all the lecturers of the department of physical education, health and recreation, and the teaching and education faculty of nusa cendana university who have helped so that this research can be carried out. this research is expected to be a contribution of thought and input in the process of teaching and learning physical education in public schools and children's correctional institutions in particular, and also specifically in extracurricular sports activities which function as activities to fill children's free time and are expected to reduce child delinquency. conflict of interest all author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references amin, s. (2016). pengantar psikologi umum (syahrizan & t. h. yasin (eds.); 3rd ed.). yayasan pena banda aceh. http://repository.unimal.ac.id/id/eprint/7132 area, u. m. (2003). psikologi sosial i. psikologi sosial, 1–64. arikunto, s. (2010). prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktik-revisi ke x. arisena, g. m. k. (2018). buku ajar pengantar statistika. 2018, 1–46. asep, k. (2018). buku metodologi-min.pdf (p. 401). http://repository.syekhnurjati.ac.id/3334/ dahliyana, a. (2017). penguatan pendidikan karakter melalui kegiatan indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ runesi et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 113-120 120 ekstrakurikuler di sekolah. sosio religi: jurnal kajian pendidikan umum, 15(1), 54–64. dandi, m., & nurhidayat, n. (2022). analisis tingkat kedisiplinan siswa dalam mengikuti kegiatan ekstrakulikuler. jurnal porkes, 5(1), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v5i1.5739 danuri, & maisaroh, s. (2019). metodologi penelitian. darmika, i. (2019). pembaharuan sistem peradilan pidana anak di indonesia. de rechtsstaat, 5(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.30997/jhd.v5i2.2046 dayakisni, t. (2009). psikologi sosial. dr. ari wibowo kurniawan, m. p., dr. adi wijayanto, s.or., s, kom., m. p., fahrial amiq, s.or., m. p., & muhammad hafiz n.h, s. p. (2021). psikologi olahraga: vol. i (mu’arifin (ed.)). akademia pustaka. hadiyanto, syahril, arwildayanto, & t, s. w. (2018). bidang ilmu: pendidikan dan ilmu pendidikan. 0015117807, 1–36. hamzah, a. (2015). (kuhp) kitab undang-undang hukum pidana & (kuhap) kitab undang-undang hukum acara pidana. 1(rineka cipta), 143. lestari, r. y. (2016). peran kegiatan ekstrakurikuler dalam mengembangkan watak kewarganegaraan peserta didik. untirta civic education journal, 1(2), 136–152. https://doi.org/10.30870/ucej.v1i2.1887 lumowa, h. b. (2017). hak pendidikan bagi narapidana anak ditinjau dari undangundang nomor 35 tahun 2014 tentang perlindungan anak. lex privatum, 3(1), 103–111. pusat bahasa : departemen pendidikan nasional. (2008). kamus bahasa indonesia (16th ed.). pusat bahasa. https://www.ptonline.com/articles/how-to-get-bettermfi-results syakir, m., hasmin, & sani, a. (2017). analisis kegiatan pendidikan ekstrakurikuler untuk pembentukan karakter disiplin siswa di sma negeri 1 sinjai borong. jurnal mirai management, 2(2), 108–125. syamsul arifin, b. (2015). bambang psikologi sosial (1st ed., vol. 1). cv pustaka setia. widari, t. m. (2012). pemenuhan hak pendidikan anak didik pemasyarakatan di lembaga pemasyarakatan anak. dih: jurnal ilmu hukum, 8(15). https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v8i15.261 yul kamra. (2019). pelaksanaan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler dalam upaya mengembangkan lingkungan pendidikan yang religius di smp n 13 kota bengkulu. al-bahtsu, 4(2), 159–165. the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 84 leadership behaviour and human resource management practice mediation between strategic plan and performance of selected ethiopian sports federation samson wondirad 1a-d* , tesfaye asgedom 2bd , aschenaki taddese 3ac 1department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia 2department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia 3department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia abstract the purpose the study was to identify the relationship between strategic plan and performance through leadership behaviour and human resource management practice (hrmp) of selected ethiopian sports federation. for this study's purpose, the researcher used quantitative research and cross-sectional research design. a sample size of ninety-five (n = 95) respondents was used in this study. the quantitative data analysis was processed using ibm spss amos 23.0 software. structural equation modelling has been used to study this relationship. confirmatory factory analysis (cfa) was used to test the hypothesis between strategic plan and performance through leadership behaviour and human resource management practice of selected ethiopian sports federation. the result of the study shows leadership behaviour and hrmp plays an important mediating role between strategic plan and performance of sport federations with (β= .86, p=0.00). the finding of the study confirms that leadership behaviour and hrmp partially mediates the relationship between strategic plan and performance of both federations. the study recommended that it is advisable if selected ethiopian sports federations work on capacity development program on human resource development and take up-to-date leadership training frequently, this will enable to enhance the performance of both federations. keywords: federation; human resource; leadership; performance; sports corresponding author: *samson wondirad, department of sport science, addis ababa, ethiopia; e-mail: smwonde@gmail.com article history: received: january 29, 2023 accepted after revision: april 10, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: wondirad, s., asgedom, t., & taddese, a. (2023). leadership behaviour and human resource management practice mediation between strategic plan and performance of selected ethiopian sports federation. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4507 introduction ethiopia won its first olympic medal in athletics in 1960, when abebe bikila won the marathon at the rome olympic games, an accomplishment he duplicated 4 years later in the tokyo olympics (randall & yannis, 2012). the athlete is also symbolic of ethiopian patriotism. bikila and ethiopia are inextricably tied together. he is recreated as a saintly person: extremely humble, modest, patient, very polite and a family man (ashagrie, 2013). the world particularly ethiopian got a lesson and follows the foot step of him from his olympic participation. keeping the legacy of olympic game participation through identification managerial determinants in ethiopian sport organization helps ethiopians to improve the olympic game status. mailto:smwonde@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4507 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 85 the degree to which sport organization can meet its strategic objectives depends on its managers and the leadership styles of those managers. managers who adopt appropriate leadership styles can impact organizational services in a positive way. studies have shown that an organization’s performance is directly correlated to the leadership styles of its leaders (abdulrahman, 2014). any organization can survive only if it fulfils all its goals. if organization cannot achieve its targets than it may loss its existence. to achieve goals, plans, targets, objectives the only tool is people (naimisha, 2015 ). hr practices can only be a source of sustained competitive advantage when they support resources or competencies that provide value to a firm (christopher & kevin, 2003). successful leaders should eschew their own personal style and instead try to involve everyone in leadership, and combining leadership style with a hrm strategy will create suitable strategies over time (abdulrahman, 2014). human resource (hr) function for enhancing organizational performance (alagaraja, cumberland, & choi, 2015). there was study investigated on the effect of human resource strategies as a mediator between leadership style and organizational performance in the context of saudi arabia. furthermore, to explore the effects of the interaction of both the human resource management strategy and leadership style towards the organizational (abdulrahman, 2014). employee performance can be improved through strengthening organizational climate, servant leadership and compensation (usman, sri, eka, billy, & muhamad, 2020). there are many variables namely team work, leadership, compensation, work culture, commitment that affect engagement level of the employees in an organization (ravikumar, 2013).the total quality management practice mediates the relationship between the organizational culture's and the readiness for change (qais et al., 2020). the findings revealed leadership styles positively affect employee job satisfaction and negatively affect decision-making self-efficacy (stanley & zgrzepski, 2022). therefore, the study aimed to find out the serial mediation effect of strategic plan on performance selected ethiopian sports federation through leadership behaviour and human resource management practice. methodology study area in this study, addis ababa city administration city is the preferred city due to its environmental suitability, the heart of work and business, and all national sports federation, especially ethiopian athletics and football federation were found in addis ababa city administration, ethiopia. study design for this study's purpose, the researcher used quantitative research and cross sectional research design. in a cross-sectional study, the investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time. in this design, a researcher first collects and analyses the quantitative data. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 86 population of the study ethiopian football federation (n = 59) and ethiopian athletics federation (n = 67). the total target population (n = 126). in this context, the sports federation employees including sports experts, supportive staff, coaches, and referees were part of this study. the population of this study was selected using a stratified sampling technique. sample of the study the formula for calculation of sample size (n) when population size (n) is known was used to determine the sample size. this is called taro yamane formula (1967:886) and it provides a simplified formula to calculate sample sizes (israel, 1992; polonia, 2013). assuming a 95% confidence level and maximum degree of variability of the attributes in the population, p = 5% (0.05), the sample size was calculated (kizito & schumacher, 2021). given n = total population = 126 e = sampling error = 0.05 e2 = 0.0025 alpha level = 95% total sample size determination n=n/(1+n(e)^2 ) total sample size n=126/(1+126(0.05)^2 ) total sample size n=95 stratified random sampling for each group=(total sample size x population of sub-group)/(entire population) ethiopia football federation=(95 x 59 )/125 = 44 ethiopian athletics federation=(95 x67 )/125 = 51 table 1. sample size determination of studied population s.n sport federations population sample 1 ethiopian football federation 59 44 2 ethiopian athletics federation 67 51 total 126 95 variables of the study in this study, sport federations’ performance with subscales of flexibility, resources, planning, productivity, information, stability and skilled workforce will be the dependent variable of the study. this enables the respondents to fill the perception on sport federations’ effectiveness. this will be measured by 5-likert scale questionnaire (shilbury & moore, 2016). the first mediation variable was leadership styles – namely, transformational, transactional, laissez faire and autocratic. the scale used for leadership styles in order to measure them are the multi-factor leadership questionnaire developed by avolio and bass modified to fit the context of the study as cited in (celestine, 2015). the second mediation variable was human resource management practice which was measured by structured questionnaire developed by (heng & chan, 2012). this 5likert scale in which the respondents put their agreement or disagreement on the choices provided to them. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 87 strategic planning was independent variable of the study which was measured using structured questionnaire. this research instrument was a compilation of structured questions which was given to respondents for their completion or responses. the questions were close-ended multiple choice questions giving respondents a choice from a range of answers based on the 5point likert-scale style of rating. the participants had the choices either to agree or disagree with the statements made within the range. this was to ensure that the choice of answers directly addressed which makes data analysis very simple. on the scale 1, was the lowest score and 5 was the highest score. prior to the administration of the questionnaire, the importance of the research was explained to the respondents then respondents were encouraged to be truthful and diligent with their responses to make the research worthwhile (debrah, 2012). source of data this study used primary data collection instrument was standardized questionnaires. among standardized questionnaires, ethiopian athletics and football federation human resource management practice was measured by a standardized questionnaire which was developed (celestine, 2015), and ethiopian athletics and football federation performance was measured by a standardized questionnaire developed by (shilbury & moore, 2016). methods of data analysis the quantitative data analysis was processed using ibm spss amos 23.0 software. sem assumptions were fulfilled. cfa was used to test the hypothesis the serial mediation effect of strategic plan on performance selected ethiopian sports federation through leadership behaviour and human resource management practice. path analysis was used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables. results demographic characteristics of participants in this study, respondents from 18-54 years respondents’ were filled out the questionnaire; the majority of them were male, while few of them were female; their monthly income ranges from 2500 to more than 10,000birr; working experience swings from less than 5years to greater than 21 years old; had different coaching licence in football as well as in athletics coaching having minimum of national-level certificate to international level licence and in the same way, respondents had different officiating licence level in football and athletics from national to international level. table 2. the direct relationship among the variables hypothesis relationship std. beta se ci p ho1 strategic plan ---> leadership behaviour .28 .019 14.55 0.00 ho2 leadership behaviour---> hrm practice .33 .019 17.70 0.00 ho3 hrm practice---> performance .05 .014 3.76 0.00 ho4 strategic plan---> performance .72 .014 51.60 0.00 ho5 leadership behaviour---> performance -.07 .014 -5.25 0.00 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 88 the result demonstrates positive and significant association (β= .28, p=0.00) between strategic plan and sport federations leadership behaviour. similarly, positive and significant association (β= .33, p=0.00) between leadership behaviour and hrm practice. there was positive and significant association (β= .05, p=0.00) between hrm practice and performance. there was positive and significant association (β= .72, p=0.00) between strategic plan and performance. there was negative and significant association (β= -.07, p=0.00) between leadership behaviour and performance. hence hypotheses 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are supported. figure shows the path coefficients along with the p-values. table 3. the indirect effect of variables on performance of sport federations hypothesis relationship std. beta se ci p ho7 strategic plan ---> leadership behaviour--> performance -.08 .139 6.15 0.00 ho8 strategic plan ---> hrm practice---> performance .05 .107 9.30 0.00 ho9 strategic plan ---> leadership behaviour--> hrm practice---> performance .86 .66 5.34 0.00 the result for the mediation shows that strategic plan has significant indirect effect on performance of sport federations through leadership behaviour. hence, leadership behaviour practice plays an important mediating role between strategic plan and performance of sport federations with (β= -.08, p=0.00). similarly, strategic plan has significant indirect effect on performance of sport federations through hrm practice. hereafter, hrm practice plays an important mediating role between strategic plan and performance of sport federations with (β= .05, p=0.00). correspondingly, strategic plan has significant indirect effect on performance of sport federations through leadership behaviour and hrm practice. hence, leadership behaviour and hrm practice plays an important mediating role between strategic plan and performance of sport federations with (β= .86, p=0.00). discussion in agreement with this finding, similar studies suggests that human resource strategies as a mediator between leadership style and organizational performance (abdulrahman, 2014). employee soft skills improves organizational performance, however employees psychometric domain impacts performance (yang & lin, 2009). in addition to this, enhancing hrm capital ensures the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance (weichun, irene, & william, 2005). similar study suggested that entrepreneurial orientation improves organizational performance (zehir, gurol, karaboga, & kole, 2016). hrm practice indirectly affects organizational performance through employee skills, attitude and behavioural play (park, mitsuhashi, fey, & björkman, 2003). the study reveals that the motivation of an employee significantly mediates the association between intrinsic rewards and the performance of the employee (manzoor, wei, & asif, 2021). the other study vividly shows that hr at individual and firm level from top to down had interrelationship organization performance (do, budhwar, & patel, 2018). hr enhance the organizational performance (mitchell, obeidat, & bray, 2013). employee indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 89 good character improve organizational performance (sabiu, ringim, mei, & joarder, 2019). other study recommends that the organization needs strategic hrm rather than occasionally hiring or firing their employee (abdulrahman, 2014). another study confirmed that leadership was used as mediating variable to enhance the performance of organization (alagaraja et al., 2015). the job done based on social cohesion among leaders through their top managers’ social networks rather than guided by organization rules and regulation (christopher & kevin, 2003). another study confirms that there was the relationship between leadership and organizational performance (para-gonzález, jiménez-jiménez, & martínez-lorente, 2018). ethical leadership has positively related to all outcomes, but organisational trust fully mediates the influence on work-life balance in public sector (jarrod, peter, & patricia, 2020). there was transformational leadership between hrm and firms performance (surabhi & venkat, 2013). total quality management in organization improves organizational performance (sawaean & ali, 2020). similar study shows that there was mediation role of strategic planning flexibility between organizational performance and hr practice (xiu, liang, chen, & xu, 2017). conclusion the study concludes that preparation and implementation of both ethiopian football federation and ethiopian athletics federation plays a significant role for the improvement of federations’ effectiveness. in this study, strategic plan, leadership behaviour and human resource management practice had strong association with the performance of both ethiopian football federation and ethiopian athletics federation. furthermore, strategic plan, leadership behaviour and human resource management practice affects the performance of both ethiopian football federation and ethiopian athletics federation. both federations’ leadership behaviour and human resource management practice assists the federations in connecting strategic plan with federations’ effectiveness. the study recommended that it is advisable if selected ethiopian sports federations work on capacity development program on human resource development and take up-to-date leadership training frequently, this will enable to enhance the performance of both federations. acknowledgement the researcher acknowledges addis ababa university's sport science department advisers for their guidance and feedback on the study throughout its many stages, as well as jimma university for awarding a ph.d. scholarship and their support. conflict of interest all author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references abdulrahman, a. (2014). human resource strategies as a mediator between leadership and organizational performance international business research, 7(3). doi:10.5539/ibr.v7n3p91 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 90 alagaraja, m., cumberland, d. m., & choi, n. (2015). the mediating role of leadership and people management practices on hrd and organizational performance. human resource development international, 18(3), 220-234. doi:10.1080/13678868.2014.997139 ashagrie, a. (2013). the athlete: a movie about the ethiopian barefooted olympic champion. journal of african cultural studies, 25(1), 119-121. doi:10.1080/13696815.2013.767192 celestine, a. a. (2015). effects of leadership styles on employee performance at boa kenya limited. (a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of masters of human resources management of the open university of tanzania), open university of tanzania, tanzania. christopher, j., & kevin, d. (2003). strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: the role of human resource practices in creating organizational competitive the academy of management journal, 46(6), 740-751. debrah, k. p. (2012). the effect of strategic planning on the performance and operations of the agricultural development bank. (a thesis submitted to the institute of distance learning, kwame nkrumah university of science and technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of commonwealth executive masters of business administration ), kwame nkrumah university of science and technology, zimbabwe. do, h., budhwar, p. s., & patel, c. (2018). relationship between innovation-led hr policy, strategy, and firm performance: a serial mediation investigation. human resource management, 57(5), 1271-1284. doi:10.1002/hrm.21903 heng, c., & chan, w. (2012). human resource practices and organizational performance in smes in klang valley. (this survey is conducted as a partial requirement for the research project for the master of management, university of malaya.), university of malaya kuala lumpur, malaya. jarrod, h., peter, m., & patricia, g. (2020). ethical leadership and employee mental health: comparing private and public sector employees. new zealand journal of employment relations, 47, 1. kizito, o., & schumacher, u. (2021). determinants of caesarean section rates in private-not-for-profit healthcare facilities: st. joseph’s hospital_ kitovu. cogent medicine, 8(1). doi:10.1080/2331205x.2021.1928939 manzoor, f., wei, l., & asif, m. (2021). intrinsic rewards and employee's performance with the mediating mechanism of employee's motivation. front psychol, 12, 563070. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.563070 mitchell, r., obeidat, s., & bray, m. (2013). the effect of strategic human resource management on organizational performance: the mediating role of highperformance human resource practices. human resource management, 52(6), 899-921. doi:10.1002/hrm.21587 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 91 naimisha, j. (2015 ). a significant incorporation for the success of organization: employee and organizational goalsa conceptual study. international journal of research and analytical reviews, 2(1). para-gonzález, l., jiménez-jiménez, d., & martínez-lorente, a. r. (2018). exploring the mediating effects between transformational leadership and organizational performance. employee relations, 40(2), 412-432. doi:10.1108/er-10-20160190 park, h. j., mitsuhashi, h., fey, c. f., & björkman, i. (2003). the effect of human resource management practices on japanese mnc subsidiary performance: a partial mediating model. the international journal of human resource management, 14(8), 1391-1406. doi:10.1080/0958519032000145819 qais, a., mujeeb, a., tamer, a., mahmoud, r., manar, a., & janaki, b. (2020). the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between total quality management practices and individual readiness for tqm implementation at yemen oil unit. palarch’s journal of archaeology of egypt, 17(4). ravikumar, t. (2013). a study on impact of team work, work culture, leadership and compensation on engagement level of employees in msmes in india international journal of advanced research in management and social sciences, 2(8). sabiu, m. s., ringim, k. j., mei, t. s., & joarder, m. h. r. (2019). relationship between human resource management practices, ethical climates and organizational performance, the missing link. psu research review, 3(1), 5069. doi:10.1108/prr-12-2016-0022 sawaean, f. a. a., & ali, k. a. m. (2020). the mediation effect of tqm practices on the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and organizational performance of smes in kuwait. management science letters, 789-800. doi:10.5267/j.msl.2019.10.018 shilbury, d., & moore, k. a. (2016). a study of organizational effectiveness for national olympic sporting organizations. nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 35(1), 5-38. doi:10.1177/0899764005279512 stanley, j., & zgrzepski, i. (2022). examining the relationships between leadership styles, employee job satisfaction, and employee decision making self-efficacy during a crisis in the mid-atlantic hotel industry. (doctoral dissertation submitted to the faculty of saint leo, university donald tapia, school of business in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of business administration), university donald tapia, surabhi, l., & venkat, r. (2013). strategic human resource management and firm performance: mediating role of transformational leadership. journal of strategic human resource management, 2(1). usman, h., sri, s., eka, s., billy, t., & muhamad, r. (2020). improving teacher performance through strengthening organizational climate, serving leadership and compensation (empirical study using correlational approach and sitorem analysis on public elementary school teachers in bekasi city). psychology and education, 57. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ wondirad et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 84-92 92 weichun, z., irene, k., & william, d. (2005). ceo transformational leadership and organizational outcomes: the mediating role of human–capital-enhancing human resource management. the leadership quarterly, 16, 39–52. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.06.001 xiu, l., liang, x., chen, z., & xu, w. (2017). strategic flexibility, innovative hr practices, and firm performance. personnel review, 46(7), 1335-1357. doi:10.1108/pr-09-2016-0252 yang, c.-c., & lin, c. y.-y. (2009). does intellectual capital mediate the relationship between hrm and organizational performance? perspective of a healthcare industry in taiwan. the international journal of human resource management, 20(9), 1965-1984. doi:10.1080/09585190903142415 zehir, c., gurol, y., karaboga, t., & kole, m. (2016). strategic human resource management and firm performance: the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 235, 372-381. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.045 144 indonesian journal of sport management original article utilization of social media platforms on the organization of sports authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: july16, 2022 revision: august 1, 2022 accepted: october 17, 2022 published: october 25, 2022 abdulraheem yinusa owolabi1a-d* 1*department of human kinetics education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria. corresponding author: abdulraheem yinusa owolabi, department of human kinetics education, faculty of education, university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria; e-mail: mailamezil67@gmail.com how to cite: owolabi, a. y. (2022). utilization of social media platforms on the organization of sports. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 144-151. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2933 abstract. this study investigated utilization of social media platform on organization of sports in north-central zone, nigeria. descriptive research design of survey type was used for this study. the population for this study comprises of officials of sports council in the study area. purposive, stratified and random sampling technique were used to select 806 respondents. researcher structured questionnaire was used for the study. the instrument was validated by lecturers in the department of human kinetics education. the reliability level of the instrument was established through test re-test method using pearson product moment correlation ppmc with 0.86r result. the administration of instrument was done by the researcher and three trained research assistants. the data collected were analysed using pearson product moment correlation to test the hypotheses formulated for the study at 0.05 alpha level. the result revealed that digital media are effective to organization of sports, uses of blog and microblogs play a vital role in the organization of sports. the study recommends that the management staff, coaches, association secretaries and clerks of the state sports council in the north central zone should be encouraged to acquire skills in the use of mobile application tools for their administrative operations. keywords: utilization; social media platform; organization; blogs; microblogs copyright ©(2022) abdulraheem yinusa owolabi mailto:mailamezil67@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management owolabi, 2(2), 2022, 144-151 145 introduction organizations are concerned with making a profit for those in the public sector. nevertheless, every sports organization must have a boundary that helps distinguish members from nonmembers, but also must have a various communication method to disseminate their messages these boundaries are not fixed and may change over time (akintunde, 2001). according to micheal (2007), the goals of the company are to produce athletic footwear and to sell it at a profit. as nike has grown and more people have been hired, activity systems have consciously structured to effectively and efficiently achieve the goals of the organization. the people hired identified themselves as employees and managers of nike, which creates for them an identifiable boundary to differentiate their company from its competitors in the athletic footwear industry. sport is a multibillion dollar industry and several countries around the world are devising means to utilize this powerful tool for economic prosperity. it has been documented in different literatures the potency of sports in social cohesion, political re-engineering, economic development and at recreational level, the health outcome of participation among other benefits inherent in sports. given the benefits associated with sports participation, organizing/organization of sports should be given adequate planning, to ensure the purpose for which sporting event is realized. part of the key components of sport organization is information and communication channels. the present era is witnessing a rapid advances in information and communication technology as there are so many platforms available for utilization to disseminate information and also communicate with stakeholders of the sporting event. among those platforms are; digital media and micro blogs. thibault, and babiak, (2005) viewed the structural characteristics of sport organization and considered various kinds of organizations among those existing in the world of sport; but stressed most of them can be classified as dedicated to the promotion and development of sport, e.g., federation, national associations, leagues, clubs or local department of sporting bodies. all these sport organization are associated to sport activity and, though different in their goals and means, they all respond to the superior mission of promoting and developing sport in the society. caya and bourdon (2016) asserted that the sports industry is also going through the waves of digitalization. recent advances in digital technologies have prompted massive change to the sports industry, one which has traditionally been labelled as conservative (deuze, 2006). the onset of social media can be traced back to the telephone, which allowed people to connect on a one-to-one basis. following the telephone, broadcast media allowed media companies to connect with groups on a one-to-many basis by broadcasting or pushing content. consequently, the internet started a new form of media that empowered people to produce and consume media on a many-to-many basis. although the internet was started by tim burner lee in 1989, the use of internet technology for a form of popular media coined social media did not really take off until the creation of social networking sites myspacein 2003 and facebook in 2004.as the term social media is heavily associated with platforms like myspace, facebook, and youtube, some may consider it to be tantamount to the term social network sites. sport development through the use of social media is defined as the process whereby the use of electronic media as a system or structure to enable and encourage provision of sports facilities, personnel development funding of sports, sports awareness, participation and sports sponsorship in a particular group or area to improve their performance, the role of social media is significant in achieving the objectives of sports development in nigeria (sports development policy, 2009). this new medium called social media has proved to be a gamechanger in the way that people communicate with other people. it has given organisations indonesian journal of sport management owolabi, 2(2), 2022, 144-151 146 some unique opportunities to enhance and extend positive customer engagement (manish, 2012). according to zarrella (2010), social media is best defined in the context of the previous industrial media paradigm. traditional media, such as television, newspapers, radio, and magazines, are one-way static broadcast technologies and the use of social media has changed the narrative of traditional media. coyle and vaughn (2008), pointed out that the increased in use of digital media is changing people’s everyday lives and the way they connect and collaborate in the broader societal context, at work and in civil society. a significant part of the effect of this increased use is helpful to both people and society. the creators further expressed that empowering exceptional dimensions of correspondence, social communication and network working crosswise over limits of time, spot and social setting. it is empowering people and accelerating the democratization of information. accordingly, the effects of expanded utilization of advanced media are sure (golder, wilkinson &huberman, 2007). similarly, digital media facilitates social interaction and empowers people in the organization and administration of sports. sarita (2016) affirmed that digital media connects players, coaches and fans in ways that never possible before which enable users to maintain friendships across time and distance. it empowers the individuals who are socially disconnected or by one way or another set apart from their quick physical network to associate with similarly invested or like-arranged individuals. advanced media additionally encourages association crosswise over social, monetary, social, political, religious and ideological limits, taking into consideration improved comprehension among individuals, sports partners comprehensive (sarita 2016). many sports stakeholders (such as coaches, association secretaries, clerks, directors, players and sports fans) access social media platforms to express empathy and receive support from sports fans and family, including in times of emotional distress. this enriches people’s relationships and their ability to stay in touch. digital media served as a vehicle to mobilize resources, organize programmes and draw sports stakeholders’ attention to the events (barker, 2008). the author further stressed that digital media has also enhanced information sharing across the sports organization, giving sports stakeholders much greater access to facts, figures and statistics about the upcoming or present event and allowing such information to circulate much faster. this not only enables people to respond in real time as events unfold but also helps to expose political corruption and unfair sports practices in any sports organizations (barker, 2008). nevertheless, study of paul (2018) affirmed that digital media and other online communication are associated with developing addictive behaviour especially if it is not managed properly that sometimes result to decline in employee productivity. it also poses privacy issues and poses security risks such as identity fraud during the accreditation of teams and players. in his own view, jordan (2018) concluded that digital media and other online communication may result in secondary data collection (i.e. indirect derivation of data from existing sources). it may lead to social networking spam (i.e. propagation of unsolicited messages). digital media and other online communication hold the risk of corporate espionage/spying (i.e. organizations’ information can expose their intellectual property and other proprietary information to the outside world or to people within the organization) with the negative result which is detrimental to sports organizations (sarita, 2016). mark (2017) affirmed that of all the web contents that sports organization produce, blogs are probably the most under-utilized or improperly utilized. that does not have to be the case, though. with a strong blogger and a clear objective, one can produce engaging and highly shareable content thereby gain loyal following readers. blogs a common story in a sport organization creates a blog because they feel they should have one. however, everyone gets busy and forgets to update it, or the summer student who was running it leaves, or the indonesian journal of sport management owolabi, 2(2), 2022, 144-151 147 athlete-blogger gets swamped with training and stops returning e-mails. the blog starts to collect dust, or it morphs into a collection of news articles. patrick (2014) observed that sport blogs are part of a new free resource whereby sports administrators can raise fund due to continued slash in athletic budgets and as the average cost of participating in a youth sports program increases. ayla (2016) also affirmed that there is no better way to share your blog wins with your audience than by starting up a blog on your sports team website. he further stated that apart from the wins and losses or transfers happening on the field, people want to know what happening off-field is. fans will love to have a clue behind the scenes and a glimpse of what is happening in the lives of their teams’ players. ayla (2016) concluded that a good blog site needs to stand out in a way that makes it easy for visitors to digest every bit of information within the first few seconds and the following are the ways to make this happen, organisation/team logo, identity, keep the visitors updated with news and blogs, photos and videos speak volume, current team roster, schedules to show upcoming events, leader boards, top scores and standing, social profiles, player profiles, contact information and team and player statistics. the internet is the most important innovations since the printing press. blogs eventually complete the work that gutenberg started by making reproduction not merely possible but universal (steins &stephen, 2008). blogs are perhaps the most known form of social media and are commonly referred to as online journals. they actually represent the beginning of this technology revolution. blogs are an open-source intelligent gathering (friedman, 2007) having millions of people writing and uploading their own content with no obstacles, making any kind of information flow freely. now, blogging has entered the mainstream and had reached businesses. used as another business tool, some businesses have adopted blogs both to get corporate messages to the public and as an internal medium for staff. experts considered it a low-cost, high-return tool that can handle marketing, public relations, and raise a company’s profile but those business bloggers are still a distinct minority (alboher, 2007). statement of the problem it is no more a fact but truism that sports has become a universal language that promote peace, tolerance and understanding by bringing people together across boundaries, cultures and religion. sports language must be clear and unambiguous for easy interpretation and understanding. suffice to note that before now the sporting world as being making used of one way communication (traditional media) in disseminating sports information. definitely, this one static nature of communication (traditional media) has its inherent weaknesses i.e. lack of feedback, delay in delivery messages, loss of massages in transit among others. this apparent shortcomings of traditional media has made social media a welcome development to the sporting communities globally. the world is technologically driven, therefore, there is need for sports organizers and administrators to tap into utilizing social medial platform (digital media and micro blogs) that could enhance prompt and accurate information dissemination in other to improve on service delivery (abdulraheem 2019). apart from the fact that these devices gives two way communication, it is also relatively cheap and faster compared to traditional means (radio, television, post office, bus delivery) which has been hitherto being used by sports stakeholders. similarly, it is researcher observation that in more than two instances coaches, players, managers and spectators get to the match venue only to be informed that the match has been postponed. furthermore, paucity of information on this nascent field of communication (social media) prompted the study on utilization of social media on organization of sports in the north central zone sports councils of nigeria. indonesian journal of sport management owolabi, 2(2), 2022, 144-151 148 method and material the study design was a descriptive research of survey method. the population for this study are the officials of all the states sports councils in the north central states of nigeria. they are 856 in number. (states sports councils in north central zone, 2018). specifically, the target population are the management staff, coaches, association secretaries and clerical officers in the six (6) sports councils states of benue, kogi, kwara, nasarawa, niger, plateau and federal capital territory (fct) abuja. purposive and stratified sampling technique was used to select 806 respondents as follows 49 management staff, 273 coaches, 264 association secretaries and 220 clerks across the sports councils in six (6) states and federal capital territory abuja. researcher’s structured questionnaire was the instruments used for data collection. to ensure the validity of the instrument, draft copies of the questionnaire was presented to 3 expert in human kinetics education and communication information science departments, university of ilorin for content and construct validation. a pilot study of the test-retest method of reliability was conducted; the researcher administered the questionnaire to a group of respondents in oyo state sports council who were not part of the study after the period of two weeks, the researcher re-administered the same items to the same respondents for the second time. the researcher then compared the relationship between the first and second tests using pearson’s product moment correlation at 0.05 alpha level. the coefficient/index obtained was 0.86r. the researcher and 3 trained research assist administered the questionnaire. inferential statistics of pearson product moment correlation (ppmc) statistical methods were also used to analyze the hypotheses to determine the level of significance of 0.05. alpha result and discussion findings table 1. summary of pearson product moment correlation on analysis of digital media (photo showing) on the organisation of sports in north central zone sports councils, nigeria. variables n x + sd df cal. r-value p-value decision digital media 806 25.28 7.896 804 0.76 0.001 h0 rejected organisation of sports 806 36.89 12.62 table 1 above revealed the calculated r-valueof 0.76 andp-value of 0.001 with 804 degree of freedom at 0.05 alpha level, since the p-value of 0.001 is less than 0.05. thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. this reveals that digital media (photo showing) have a significant relationship on organization of sports in north central zone sports councils, nigeria. this implies that sports administrators in the north central zone sports councils, nigeria uses sports photography and photo sharing to disseminate information relating to sporting activities to their staff and the general public, hence it assists ineffective organization of sports in the north central zone sports councils, nigeria. table 2. summary of pearson product moment correlation on analysis of blogs and micro-blogs on the organisation of sports in north central zone sports councils, nigeria. variables n x + sd df cal. r-value p-value decision blogs and micro-blogs 806 22.61 6.821 804 0.89 0.000 h0 rejected organisation of sports 806 36.89 12.62 table 2 above shows the calculated r-value of 0.89 and p-value of 0.000 with 804 degree of freedom at 0.05 alpha level, since the p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.05. therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. this shows that blogs and micro-blogs have a significant relationship on organization of sports in the north central zone sports councils nigeria. this means that indonesian journal of sport management owolabi, 2(2), 2022, 144-151 149 sports administrators in the north central zone sports councils uses blogs and microblogs to get corporate messages to the public and it also serves as internal medium for staff in the north central zone sports councils, nigeria. thus it assists greatly in the organization of sports in the study area. discussion of findings table 1 result revealed that of digital media (video showing and photo sharing) have a greater influence on the organization of sports in the north central zone sports councils, nigeria. this is in line with ivy (2015) who affirmed that digital media connects players, coaches and fans in ways that never possible before which enable users to maintain friendships across time and distance. it enables those who are socially isolated or set apart from their immediate physical community to connect with like-minded or like-situated people. digital media also facilitates interaction across social, economic, cultural, political, religious and ideological boundaries, allowing for enhanced understanding among people, sports stakeholders inclusive (sarita 2016). acquaah (2008) also noted that digital media helps to foster relationship and facilitates the formation of supports networks among coaches administrators, players, fans and other stakeholders. these distinct characteristics are not clearly noted not until the advent of this new line of communication. in his own contribution, barker (2008) observed that digital media serves as a vehicle to mobilize resources, organise programmes and draw sports stakeholders attention to any impending events. despite inherent benefits of digital media to sports organizations and administration, studies (hathi, 2008; perkins, 2008; violino, 2008) have identified some risks involved in digital media and other online communication that associated with developing addictive behaviour especially if it is not managed properly. for instance, digital media poses privacy issues and poses security risks such as identity fraud during the accreditation of teams and players. while perkins (2021) concluded that digital media and other online communication may result in secondary data collection(i.e. indirect derivation of data from existing sources) which may lead to social networking spam (i.e. propagation of unsolicited messages). the findings in hypothesis two (ho2) equally revealed that blogs and microblogs (instagram sites) have a positive relationship on organisation of sports in north central zone sports councils, nigeria. this finding is supported by nick (2016) who observed that instagram create a lot of opportunities for a sports organization to market their teams and attract fans and followers because it has grown from a trendy teen hangout to a marketing heavyweight and is by now the second most used platform after facebook. he concluded that studies have shown that humans respond to visual much more than text and also the fact that mobile traffic is increasingly important to underscore the imperativeness of instagram in a sports organization. in addition, mark (2017) also noted that instagrams demographic skews younger than other platforms. he said only 13% of the users are over 35years which makes it than a perfect avenue to reach athletes, volunteers and other young sports enthusiasts. sport experts considered blogs as a low-cost and high return tool that can be used to handle sports marketing, public relations, and rise sports organization profile. in addition, these online discussion portals offer a fantastic opportunity for the organization to engage with their clients by inviting clients or discussing relevant issues or just highlighting some useful information that might be relevant for their customers and their market place. blogs are not a place for the hard sell; these online portals should be used to communicate with sports fans, spectators in a ‘social’ way that encourage interaction (ivy, 2015). nevertheless, another concern of blogs’ risk as expressed by wallace, robert and susan (2006) was that sports organizations also need to be aware of their legal liabilities for unmodulated content when patronizing blog. as blogs may put a sports organization’s assets, indonesian journal of sport management owolabi, 2(2), 2022, 144-151 150 reputation and future at risk. without strategic blog-related policies, rules and procedures, sports organizations would face the potential for workplace lawsuits. on an equal note, baker and green (2017) concluded that great risk has to be the entries to the blog which made by players, fans and coaches outside the sports organizations and administrations councils. as there is no monitoring, editing or verification of posted information, players, fans or coaches can post anything they like, even false or malicious information. for instance, a fan could post that they had a terrible experience with the officiating and facilities used for a past match. conclusion based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn that digital media (video showing and photo sharing) assists in effective organization of sports programmes in north central zone sports councils, nigeria. blogs and microblogs plays a vital role in organisation of sports programmes in north central zone sports councils, nigeria. acknowledgement special thanks to all sports administrators in all the sports council in north-central state for your understanding and cooperation during the process of gathering data for this study. i also appreciate all the lecturers of my department of human kinetics education university of ilorin, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria for providing enabling environment to carried out this study references abdulraheem, y. o. (2019). impact analysis of social media platforms on the organization of sport in north central zone sports councils. nigeria. akintunde, p. (2001). administration and organization of physical and health education, sports and recreation. ibadan, nigeria: yew printers. alboher, m. (2007). the encore career handbook, workman publishing company, incorporated. ayla, w. (2016). 10 features all sports websites need to make an impact. retrieved from retrieved from http://www.themeboy,com. baker, s., & green, h. (2017). six tips for corporate bloggers, business week. retrieved 12 25, 2017, from six tips for corporate bloggers, businhttp://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_18/b39331001_mz001.htm caya, o., & bourdon, a. (2016). “a framework of value creation from business intelligence and analytics in competitive sports,”. in 2016 49th hawaii international conference on system sciences (hicss), january, 1061–1071. doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.136 coyle, c., & vaughn, h. (2008). social networking: communication revolution or evolution? bell labs technical journal, 13(2), 13-17. deuze, m. (2006). “participation, remediation, bricolage: considering principal components of a digital culture,”. the information society, 22(2), 63–75 . doi:10.1080/01972240600567170 friedman, t. l. (2007). the world is flat: a brief history of the twenty-first century. mason, d.s. & slack, t. (2001). industry factors and the changing dynamics of the player-agent relationship in professional ice hockey. sport management review, 4(2), 165-191. indonesian journal of sport management owolabi, 2(2), 2022, 144-151 151 golder, s. w. (2007). golder, s.a., wilkinsrhythms of social interaction: messaging within a massive online network. in: c. steinfield, c., pentland , b., ackerman, m. and contractor, n. (e ds.). proceedings of third international conference oncommunities and technologies. hathi, t. (2008). digital object deposit. retrieved 03 10, 2021, from https://www.hathitrust.org. ivy, w. (2015). what is social media journal of communication management. 2(2), 16-28. jordan, b. (2018). what are the advantages and disadvantages of digital media. retrieved 07 12, 2018, from https://www.quora.com. manish, p. (2012). social media: the frontier in customer experience management. nicom-2012/mkt30. mark, t. (2017). instagram-101 for sport organization. retrieved from http://www.viasport.ca. micheal, w. (2007). how to create brand engagement on facebook. . mit sloan management review, 54(2), 18-20. nick, s. (2016). how to use instagram for your sports team marketing. retrieved 12 3, 2017, from https:// www.themeboy.com patrick, c. (2014). top sports fundraising blogs for 2015. retrieved from http://www.bluesombrero.com paul, g. (n.d.). 17 disadvantages of digital technology. retrieved 06 20, 2018., from https://www.turbofuture.com. perkins, m. (2008). taking a big leap. retrieved 10 3, 2021, from https://www.gigaom.com policy, s. d. (2009). retrieved 11 12, 2017, from http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org sarita, n. (2016). digital media and society: implications in a hyperconnected era. world economic forum project report, 6-13. steins, c., & stephens, j. (2008). building cities in the virtual world: it’s time for web 2.0 planning, chicago. journal of administrative science., 74(4), 245-259. thibault, l., & babiak, k. (. (2005). organizational changes in canada’s sport system: toward an athlete-centered approach. european sport management quarterly, 5(2), 105-132. violin, s. (2009). digital media: a double-edged sword for representative democracy. retrieved 03 10, 2021, from https://www.20years.idea.int. wallace, e., robert, b., & susan, h. (2006). blogs and business: opportunities and headaches. issues in information systems, 7(2), 312-316. zarrella, d. (2010). the social media marketing book. o’reilly media inc., ca, u.s.a. 99 indonesian journal of sport management original article the role of a performance coach on athlete's loyalty: a case study of youth soccer players in san diego and orange county authors’ contribution: a. conception and design of the study b. acquisition of data c. analysis and interpretation of data d. manuscript preparation e. obtaining funding article history: received: june 5, 2022 revision: september 19, 2022 accepted: september 19, 2022 published: october 25, 2022 daniel o. jones1a-e ejiro u. osiobe2*a-e davi sofyan3b-d 1college of business administration, university of saint katherine, san marcos, united states 2*department of business and economics, baker university, baldwin city, united states 3department of physical education, faculty of teacher and training education, universitas majalengka, majalengka, indonesia corresponding author: ejiro u. osiobe, department of business and economics, baker university, baldwin city, united states e-mail: jiji.osiobe@bakeru.edu how to cite: jones, d. o., osiobe, e. u., & sofyan, d. (2022). the role of a performance coach on athlete's loyalty: a case study of youth soccer players in san diego and orange county. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 99-122. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2566 abstract. the definition of coach effectiveness is ambiguous, with several perceptions on creating an engaging learning environment. thus, understanding why athletes remain with their respective organizations and recognizing the impact of their coach is essential to increasing retention rates. this study will review existing literature on coach effectiveness and the coach-athlete relationship impacting athlete engagement while mining primary data from elite academy soccer clubs in san diego and orange county. the results provide valuable information on athletes' and parents' decision(s) on what club they want to join based on the coaches' behaviors using a qualitative analysis approach. in addition, the results highlight correlations between the athletes' and parents' views of events. the study contributes' to providing practical information for youth sports organizations, who will be able to implement the recommendations of this study to enhance their coaches' education and create a positive coach-athlete experience. keywords: coach-athlete relationship; coach effectiveness; athlete engagement; coach education copyright ©(2022) daniel o. jones, ejiro u. osiobe, davi sofyan mailto:jiji.osiobe@bakeru.edu https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 100 introduction over the years, questions like what is coach effectiveness? what differentiates successful coaches from unsuccessful coaches in creating an engaging learning environment for their athletes? what can we learn to increase player loyalty within a youth sports organization? have been frequently asked in the coaching field. studies investigating coach effectiveness began as early as 1976, which has guided many other researchers in the quest to define the terminology and approach (tharp & gallimore, 1976). cote & gilbert (2009) investigated 113 articles on coaching expertise to present an integrated definition of coach effectiveness and expertise; this integrated definition is specific and conceptually grounded in the coaching, teaching, positive psychology, and athlete development literature. in this study, aligned with the context of existing phenomenology, coach effectiveness is defined as creating an opportunity to implement knowledge and skills to maximize athletes' learning and performance through prioritization technique, kano prioritization, outcome-driven innovation, or idea-model approaches. today, over 38 million kids are currently involved in youth sports each year in the united states (williams, 2016), illustrating the significance of creating an engaging learning environment that motivates athletes to compete and instill a passion for sports. however, various sports psychologists, youth development scholars, and researchers announced that youth participation rates drop by the time they reach 12 to 13 years old; it is a serious concern (o'sullivan, 2015; wallace, 2016; diffley, 2021). diffley (2021) reports that an estimated 70 percent of youth sports participants drop out of physical activity by 13. according to alvarez et al. (2009), the primary dropout rate between the ages of 10-13 is due to a lack of an enjoyable sports environment, disinterest, and a lack of pleasure when participating in a sports environment. moreover, guvener (2020) reports that 49 percent of parents believe their children will be less likely to participate in youth sports due to the financial factors in working-class families. in addition, the transition from high school to collegiate soccer shows a distrust, where the probability of competing in college soccer after high school is a minuscule percentage of 5.6% for men and 7.2% for women (the national collegiate athletic association, 2020). therefore, this study's theoretical and qualitative significance will contribute to the existing literature on coach effectiveness and provide practical recommendations to enhance organizational effectiveness to increase athlete retention rates within youth soccer organizations. according to (alvarez et al., 2009), engagement is heavily influenced by the coachathlete relationship's quality and interests. for coaches, athletes sharing confidence in their capabilities to organize and perform collective tasks is an essential indication of whether they feel motivated to participate in a sports setting. therefore, coaches need to learn from past experiences with different individuals and groups to understand coach effectiveness to improve the overall experience comprehensively. this is supported by previous research stating that the coaching process is inevitably related to the constraints and opportunities of human interaction (potrac et al., 2002). this reinforces why coaches need to engineer positive practice environments to ensure athletes remain engaged. although several considerations to factor in, such as age, skill level, and maturity, can impact the coach's delivery methods (potrac et al., 2007). still, it needs to be considered broadly as the athlete's perception of the coaching behaviors, highlighting a crucial link between coach leadership behavior and trust. according to previous research, trust has been predominantly conceptualized as a psychological phenomenon (kao et al., 2017). while (mayer et al., 1995, p. 712) state that "trust is the willingness of a party [or parties] to be vulnerable to the action[s] of another party based on the expectation[s] that the other[s] will perform a particular action[s] important to the trustor[s], irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party [or parties]." based on this definition, trust is a positive expectation and desire of an indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 101 individual to be vulnerable. in the context of direct and repeated interactions, athletes regard their relationship with their coach as part of the process of trusting in fulfilling their commitments to the coach-athlete relationship. this impacts an athlete's performance in any sport, from professional athletes to youth athletes, building confidence in what they do. numerous questionnaires or scales have been created to determine leadership behavior in industry or business (i.e., leadership models based on organizational settings). for example, the path-goal theory by (house & dessler, 1974) states that leadership effectiveness is related to how a leader can provide sufficient rewards to achieve effective and satisfying performance. in other words, effective leadership is based on the satisfying behavior of the leader. however, small existing studies have successfully or appropriately adapted to a sports context using various methods. as a result, (chelladurai & saleh, 1980) developed the leadership scale for sports (lss). the lss quantified the multidimensional model of leadership (mml), so the leadership behavior of coaches could be measured. it consisted of a 40-item lss designed to assess leadership behavior by evaluating the hypothesized relationships within the mml. through their research, five distinct coaching dimensions of leadership behavior in sports were identified: (a) training and instruction, (b) democratic behavior, (c) autocratic behavior, (d) social support, and (d) positive feedback. chelladurai & saleh (1980) suggested that these five coaching dimensions of leadership represent a unique dimension. training and instruction involve an individual coach who exhibits behavior that provides the roles and responsibilities in a training environment that concentrates on technical and tactical instructions to improve athletes' performances. through this dimension, the coach will help maximize the physical potential by providing instruction on aligning the necessary tools within the sport to be successful. thus, coaches must be clear and concise in their communication when coaching. democratic behavior involves a coach who allows the athletes to partake in the decisionmaking process, which includes preparing for practices and games, strategies, and the variety of exercises to be performed in the training sessions. according to (chelladurai & saleh, 1980), it reflects why a coach permits participation that pertains to the team to maximize the alignment between athletes and goal setting and how they will be accomplished. on the other hand, autocratic behavior is when a coach demonstrates an apparent demand for authority. this is the coaching style that a coach exhibits to their athletes that can assess the freedom of whether a coach will allow his athletes to be strategic thinkers and involve them in the process of each decision. social support indicates coaching behaviors that are personal and independent of athlete performance. you need to establish a relationship between the athlete and coach that provides personal attention in any sport. thus, this dimension emphasizes the positive relationship between the athlete and coach. finally, coaches must involve themselves in meeting their athletes' interpersonal needs either through a direct approach or by creating a culture where trust is built. chelladurai & saleh (1980) implies this will measure the coaches' abilities to satisfy the interpersonal needs of the athletes, either directly or indirectly, by creating a supportive environment. the theoretical significance is to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the definition of coach effectiveness and a conceptual coaching process from the perspective of players and their parents. for example, how can youth soccer coaches, who are essentially leaders, make practices more efficient for the athletes while promoting individual development and improving retention rates in the sport? addressing these questions will benefit organizations, athletes, and coaches because a greater understanding of the relationship between these factors can lead to more enhanced training strategies. study limitation indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 102 during the distribution of the questionnaires to participants, google forms (jones & osiobe, 2022) was an effective tool and provided participants with an opportunity to participate using their phones, computers, or laptops easily. however, email correspondence was not frequently read, and multiple reminders had to be sent. in addition, there was an assumption that parents would provide the questionnaires directly to the athletes; this can become problematic for the athlete if they do not want to participate in the questionnaire. thus, a parent might force them to do it, which could impact the results and speed of their responses. also, the following two questions came to mind while analyzing the results that would have helped in understanding the club selection choices. 1. what is the approximate distance from the club to your residence? 2. what is your reservation distance between a club and your residence? these two questions would have helped analyze population density concerning the set questions using the gravity model methodology, and a more quantitative approach in compiling the data may lead to an extensive understanding of future studies. literature review existing literature suggests that effective coaches prominently use more praise than other behaviors (black & weiss, 2013; høigaard et al., 2008; lacy and darst, 1985; & potrac et al., 2007). according to (potrac et al., 2002), high levels of praise are invaluable in reinforcing specific player behaviors desired by the coach and enhancing players' self-efficacy and confidence levels. the authors' findings reinforce the phenomenon that coaches can achieve more by using positive-instead-of-negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement nurtures the athletes' environment to believe in themselves and their abilities. however, some studies have indicated that positive reinforcement does not instill confidence; high levels of praise can have the opposite effect (black & weiss, 2013; høigaard et al., 2008; & lacy and darst, 1985). furthermore, (høigaard et al., 2008) noted that the effectiveness of 'praise' is a function of its appropriateness. in contrast, praise can be seen as an effective tool for the coach (potrac et al., 2002) report that its overuse could be regarded as a sign of non-specific feedback, diluting its motivational effects. additionally, (cushion & jones, 2002) consequently raised a question, not about the aims of coaches in providing a supportive and positive learning environment, but about such a strategy's success if the feedback is repeated, non-specific, and somewhat meaningless to the players (cushion & jones, 2001). høigaard et al.'s (2008) findings suggest a greater desire for positive feedback, which encompasses expressions of appreciation such as recognizing athletes for their work ethic and contribution to their overall performances. however, coaches who do not effectively use questioning with their athletes do so because they do not want to be perceived as lacking expertise. as a result, the coach might use more of a command approach when delivering their instruction without allowing the athletes to problem solve or learn how to be autonomous. consequently, coaches might tend to adopt a command approach due to their coaching education, previous experiences, and when their accountability for success is a high priority for the team. therefore, it is essential to identify the concepts coaches need to apply to support and engage their athletes. otherwise, it can be detrimental to the individual athlete's experience and does not reflect the value of their time spent with the coach. gearity (2009) states that more successful coaches questioned their players more frequently, about 2.8% more than less successful coaches who questioned their athletes, 1.3 % less than the successful coach on average. based on these findings, parents could consider it as a return of investment for the financial aspect of participating in youth sports, especially across the us. moreover, (balaguer et al.'s, 2005) study found that soccer coaches who provided autonomy support to their athletes demonstrated a positive link to the satisfaction of coach indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 103 autonomy support and perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness; and identified a positive link to the self-determined motivation of athletes. the implications of motivational regulations on athletes' emotional responses have shown a positive relationship between the more self-determined motivated students and having an enjoyable learning environment and a negative relationship between the less self-determined students and enjoyable learning environment. the authors also discussed the central concept of the basic psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. indicating that when the coach takes on the athletes' viewpoint, offers them a choice; considers their feelings, and explains to them why the coach demands certain behaviors, athletes feel more competent, more autonomous in their actions, and better relate to impact others from their environment significantly. the results illustrate that psychological need satisfaction produces the essential piece for selfdetermined motivation; when young soccer players feel satisfied with their psychological needs, they report a higher self-determination motivation (balaguer et al., 2005). høigaard et al. (2008) also suggested that prolonged failure, while not directly impacting individual characteristics such as their experience, can de-motivate the athlete making them less confident in their abilities, self-efficacy, and engagement, which translates to an overall decrease in performance levels. this provides implications for organizations and how they can enhance their coach effectiveness, such as their leadership style. in this study, leadership will be defined "as a process that unifies a diverse group of people to work effectively as a team toward a common goal under varied and often [challenging circumstances] (northouse, 2019)". therefore, it is essential to understand the complexities of the process and how athletes perceive the coach's application. høigaard et al. (2008) suggest within the context of sports coaching. the actual coach behavior is influenced not only by individuals' characteristics, such as experiences but by the coaching behavior that is required and preferred by the organization. antecedent situational characteristics and individual characteristics determine this. potrac et al. (2007) state that the leadership power can fluctuate in line with the expertise portrayed by the coach within the training environment. while results are consistent with previous research discussions on coach responsibilities for the outcome of teams, and individual performance is a significant determinant in understanding a coache’s effectiveness and determination to be in control of their athletes and coaching situations; also, arguing that the demonstration and acquisition of 'informational power' are essential for coaches to gain the respect of their athletes. this power is determined by the knowledge provided to the coach to influence a behavior change. this supports high levels of instruction, which could represent the effort of coaches to prove their knowledge and expertise to their athletes in an attempt to sustain or enhance the environment. although, many athletes tend to experience stress and pressure in competitive sports from various avenues. as a result, social support from coaches is imperative. the self-determination theory (sdt) is a motivational theory that focuses on the factors that motivate choice[s]. the sdt proposes that social factors within an environment influence motivation while the satisfaction levels explore how the interpersonal behavior of a teacher or coach influences the student or player's motivation, well-being, and satisfaction (deci & ryan, 1985; gillet et al., 2010). the sdt reinforces the [assertion] that the social environment can impact outcomes. the theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation (bandura, 1989). athlete-centered learning and a question-based approach to coaching improve player development and motivation and provide a positive learning environment (light & harvey, 2017). the process of athlete-centered learning includes questions, purposeful dialogue, and social interactions created by the coach. game-based approaches such as teaching games for understanding, game sense, play practice, and the tactical-decision indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 104 learning model exemplify athlete-centered approaches that encourage positive learning experiences (light, 2013; light & harvey, 2017). in addition, athlete-centered methods provide coaches with practical tools for improving technical abilities and increasing player motivation through reflection and dialogue to assist in the learning process and therefore are related to positive pedagogy (cassidy & kidman, 2010; kidman, 2005; kirk, 2005; mitchell et al., 1995; pope, 2005,). four core features of game sense pedagogy can be utilized to promote positive learning experiences for players in practice: (a) highlighting the physical environment or experience, (b) asking questions to facilitate discussion and player thinking as opposed to continuing telling the players what to do, (c) providing opportunities to solve problems, (d) creating a safe and supportive environment in which mistakes are acceptable and deemed a natural part of the learning process (light, 2013). in addition, as players progress through the positive pedagogy learning process, they are encouraged to take ownership of the practice, team activities, and team progress. consequently, players tend to rely less on their coach and take more responsibility for their learning, which leads to empowered learners with a deep understanding of the sport (light & harvey, 2017). an essential facet of the game sense approach, and positive pedagogy in general, is questioning, which fosters communications, debate, and reflection through open-ended questions that generate thinking about a range of possible solutions (light & harvey, 2017). an environment is continuously created where mistakes are an expected part of the learning process, and a coach's role is to be encouraging, not critical. instead of being critical, the coach can ask a player to reflect upon and formulate a solution that may produce a better outcome. this player-centered approach fosters active learning through problem-solving. the solutionbased approach focuses on the goals of a practice session and what the player can do to devise solutions to help the team accomplish a goal (light & harvey, 2017). again, a collaborative, positive, and supportive environment is fostered to encourage players to speak up since the effective use of questioning can stimulate thinking and improve learning. these game-based methods challenge the traditional approach and put the player at the center of the learning process. the traditional practice method is orderly, organized, and typically follows a progressive pattern. on the other hand, the athlete-centered game-based practice is more free-flowing and creative. overall, the positive pedagogy approach encourages learning through social interactions and joyful experiences (harvey, 2009; renshaw et al., 2012), while also positive pedagogy embraces purposeful dialogue, discussion, compromise, and embracing democratic processes while making learning enjoyable (light & harvey, 2017). one response to dissatisfaction is when an individual player first learns a skill. it is learned through positive coaching environments as a coach emphasizes skills; without consideration of the game, it can lack technical mastery (hastie, 2003). for example, a player who performs well at practice that emphasizes technique and skills first may achieve little in the game portion of practice. thus, it is essential to educate and demonstrate the application to the game scenario. this is due to the players' perceived lack of understanding of the rationale for practicing specific skills (turner & martinek, 1995). game-centered teaching emphasizes decision-making and game awareness. skills are practiced and developed as needed when critical to the game's success. growing research demonstrates that children report games to be more fun than drills in organized sports (benegoechea et al., 2004; strean & holt, 2000). the achievement goal theory (agt) has asserted that three factors determine an individual's motivation: achievement goals, perceived ability, and achievement behavior (nicholls, 1984). the theory's application is ascertained that the main achievement goal of every individual is maximizing the ability for skills and minimizing the portrayal of low ability indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 105 (hood, 2009). furthermore, the theory asserts that individuals assess their ability by demonstrating task mastery or personal improvement and comparison to peers. therefore, those who assess their ability through personal improvement are more likely to exhibit elevated levels of intrinsic motivation (nicholls, 1984) will lead to higher participation rates. on the contrary, when individuals assess their ability through social comparisons, it is predicted that they may develop negative expectations, which may lead them to leave the sport. two distinct environmental factors have different implications for motivation and achievement-related behaviors (ames,1992; nicholls, 1984). it has been suggested that coaches create a more task-oriented environment when they focus on participation and teamwork and when players feel they have an essential role in the team. coaches create a more task-oriented environment when they emphasize effort and personal improvement. when individuals assess their ability through a task orientation, they experience increased levels of intrinsic motivation (nicholls, 1984). it is detrimental when a coach pays the most attention to their best players; it can cultivate a rivalry between teammates, creating an egocentric climate; this can create a hostile environment leading to a dropout in participation (newton et al., 2000). method this study will utilize a quantitative (jones & osiobe, 2022) approach to examine the relationships between parent and athlete perceptions of coach effectiveness and the retention rates in youth soccer organizations. questionnaires are frequently used as a research instrument for obtaining information about opinions, perceptions, and attitudes. this will help us better understand the coach-athlete experience's perceptions in creating an engaging learning environment. therefore, the coach-athlete experience questionnaire for the study was shared with the youth soccer parents, guardians, and athletes from the san diego and orange county area in california. this included background questions to identify the demographic characteristics and questions specific to coach-athlete relationships, trust, communication, projected retention rates, enthusiastic practice, and games. as a research design method, the questionnaire enabled a more expansive outreach to collect responses, assured participants' confidentiality, and effectively provided insight into the field of study. the sampling method reasoned that participant were accessible, local, and demonstrated a representation of southern california competitive soccer organizations from recreation to elite level. participants included athletes aged 10 16 years old. the process included sending formal letters explaining the study via email to local club directors and coaches to recruit parents and players to participate (jones & osiobe, 2022). the sample population consisted of various levels of competition and time frames competing in organized soccer organizations. the primary youth sports groups that participated in the questionnaire included city soccer club, express soccer club, and laguna united football club. the questionnaire was created via google form with 28-questions, with the coachathlete section having 21 questions (jones & osiobe, 2022). clear and concise words were used, with only a couple of written answers to make it easy to complete. participants had a choice in the first section to choose whether they were a parent/guardian or athlete responding to the questionnaire. this proceeded to the consent information page, where they were required to click next once they read through the form. thus, these methods helped obtain 222 respondents who participated in this study ((157 (70.7%) were parents or guardians, and 65 (29.3%) were athletes) see figure 1, tables 1 & 2). in addition, the sample represented a wide range of levels of competition, with 35% of respondents categorizing themselves as playing on a team classified as mls next or girls academy, 29.2% categorizing themselves as elite academy members, and 26.2% competing within the socal development indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 106 soccer league platform (see table 1). the leadership scale for sports was the foundation for the questionnaire because it was designed to examine coaches' behaviors, their coaching style preferred by athletes, and specific sports (chelladurai & saleh, 1978), and it was shortened to help reduce potential participant fatigue and time constraints. after securing approval for the research through the university of saint katherine's institutional review board (irb), the directors of the soccer clubs in san diego and orange county were emailed the study questionnaire and then sent it to their directory list. participants had a couple of weeks to complete the questionnaire; data were stored in a google drive and will be deleted upon the completion of the study (jones & osiobe, 2022). the return rate will be ambiguous as it is uncertain how many of the coaches or directors were able to reach out to all their club members. diffley (2021) reported that an 8-12% return rate is the average. with an estimated 2500 email invitations sent out by the clubs' directors, our study is within the (8%-12%) response range. figure 1. number of participants this study aimed to investigate the influence of coaches' behaviors on the parent and athlete experiences and the retention rates in youth soccer organizations. the assumption of a good experience comes from positive participation with a good coach. thus, the study examines their expectations and the likelihood of continuing to play soccer after their experiences. in addition, whether parents have had any previous experience coaching or players would determine their expectations within the specific environment. the qda miner software codified, analyzed, and visualized our findings. result and discussion table 1 shows the athletes' age, gender, ethnicity, playing experience, and league categorization. table 1 group a shows the participants' age distribution; 55% of athletes in the study were between the ages of 13 to 15, 23% between ages 10-12, 17% between ages 1619, and 5% were older than 19 years. table 1 group b presents the gender distribution of the participants; 85% identified as male, 14% as female, and 2% as non-binary. (table 1 group c) shows the ethnicity distribution of the participants; where 62% identified as caucasian, 14% as hispanic or latino, 9% as asian, 5% as black or african american, 2% as native hawaiian or other pacific islander, american indian, or alaskan native, egyptian, american italian, filipino, and mixed race. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 107 table 1. demographic characteristics for the athletes group category n % a age level 10-12 13-15 16-19 20< 15 33 11 3 23 55 17 5 b gender male female other 55 9 1 85 14 2 c ethnicity caucasian; non-hispanic hispanic or latino black or african american american indian or alaskan native asian native hawaiian or other pacific islander egyptian mixed raced american italian filipino 40 9 3 1 6 1 1 2 1 1 62 14 5 2 9 2 2 3 2 2 d years playing soccer 1-4 5-8 9-12 13< 4 35 23 3 6 53 35 5 e level of competition mls next girls academy elite academy development player league socal soccer league recreational league 20 3 19 4 17 2 31 5 29 6 26 3 source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) table 1 group d presents the athletes' playing experience; 53% have between 5-8 years of playing experience, 35% have between 9-12 years of playing experience, 6% have between 1-4 years of playing experience, and 5% between 13 or more years of playing experience. table 1 group e shows what competition level our participants are currently playing in. 31% of our athletes play in the mls next, 29% play in the elite academy, 26% play in the socal soccer league, 6% play in the development player league, and 5% play in the girls academy, and 3% play at the recreational league level. table 1 group e information is valuable because it provides a more profound understanding of the variety of levels and experiences the athletes were receiving from their coaches. the higher the level of competition an athlete participates in, the more demanding the commitment levels of the athlete and the coach. in addition, the parents' expectations of receiving more qualified coaches or a higher level of development increase whether you participate in the mls or ga level compared to recreational where athletes are more likely to be happy to participate with their friends vs. the level of competition. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 108 table 2. demographic characteristics ror parents or guardians category n % a gender male female 81 76 52 48 b ethnicity caucasian; non-hispanic hispanic or latino black or african american american indian or alaskan native asian native hawaiian or other pacific islander mixed raced american italian filipino serbian bi-racial 108 24 3 1 13 1 3 1 1 1 1 69 15 2 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 c parents played soccer yes no 86 71 55 45 d years playing soccer 0 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41< 41 85 18 3 5 5 25 51 11 2 3 3 e level of competition parent played professional semi-professional collegiate competitive recreational none 1 7 11 47 41 50 1 5 7 30 26 32 source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) table 2 shows the parents' or guardians' gender, ethnicity, soccer pedigree, years of experience, and competition level. (table 2 group a) shows the participants' gender distribution, where 52% identify as male and 48% identify as female. (table 2 group b) shows the ethnicity of our participants, where 69% identified as caucasian, 15% as hispanic, 8% as asian, 2% as [black or african american and mixed race], and 1% as [american indian or alaskan native, native hawaiian or other pacific islander, american italian, filipino, serbian, and bi racial]. these results (table 1 group b and table 2 group a) show similarities between parents and athletes, with over two-thirds identifying as caucasian, following suit for the remaining ethnicities in the study with a (+/2%) error difference. (table 2 group c) inquires the parents' or guardians' soccer pedigree; 55% had played soccer, and 45% had not played soccer. this information is significant because there is a positive correlation between prior sports experiences (soccer) and higher expectations from the clubs and their coachs' (see table 3). (table 2 group d) shows the parents' or guardians' soccer playing experience; where indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 109 51% had between 1-10 years of playing experience, 25% had no playing experience, 11% had 11-20 years of playing experience, 2% had 21-30 years of playing experience, and 3% had [31-40; 40+] years of playing experience. our results show somewhat of a discrepancy between (table 2 group c and table 2 group d) as 45% of the participants answered no to playing soccer growing up (table 2 group c), which [can/maybe] be interpreted as potentially an error in the question or defining the maximum age of growing up (between the participants and the researcher). (table 2 group e) shows the maximum level the participants' played. 32% did not identify in any group, 30% played at the competitive level, 26% at the recreational level, 7% at the collegiate level, 5% at the semi-professional level, and 1% at the professional level. table 3. expectations from the club category description n % participants data sample parents or guardians data sample athletes total far exceeds expectations exceeds expectations meets expectations improvement needed does not meet expectations total far exceeds expectations exceeds expectations meets expectations improvement needed does not meet expectations total 11 36 80 21 9 157 7 26 21 11 0 65 222 7 22.9 51 13.4 5.7 100 10.8 40 32.3 16.9 0 100 70.7% 29.3% 100% source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) table 3 shows the correlation between the participants' experiences and expectations. based on our study, 51% of the parents' or guardians' participants said that the club where their child/children are playing met their expectations, 22.9% said it exceeded their expectations, 13.4% said it somewhat met their expectations, but it needs some improvement, 7% said it far exceeded their expectation, while 5.7% said it did not meet their expectations. on the other hand, according to the athletes, 40% stated that the club exceeded their expectations, 32.3% stated it met their expectations, 16.9% stated it somewhat met their expectations, but some improvements are needed, and 10.8% stated that the club far exceeded their expectations. our findings support previous literature (adie & jowett, 2010) that athletes are more concerned about meeting their parents' expectations versus being intrinsically motivated to play sports. figure 2 shows the results from both the parents’ or guardians’ and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question one (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 0.5% – 4.5%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. according to our findings, {36.9%} <1.5%> [35.4%] of {parents or guardians} [athletes] found the relationship to be excellent, {31.2%} <1.1%> [32.3%] found it to be very good, {21.7%} <4.5%> [26.2%] found it good, {5.7%} <0.5%> [6.2%] said it was fair, while {4.5%} <4.5%> said the relationship was poor. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the coach-athlete relationship positively at the aggregate level with {89.8%} <4.1%> [93.9%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 110 figure 2. child’s coach-athlete relationship: athletes’ responses source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 3 shows the results from both the parents’ or guardians’ and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question two (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 1.9% – 6.5%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. per the findings, {35%} <6.5%> [41.5%] of {parents’ or guardians} [athletes] found the trust levels to be in an excellent state, {31.2%} <5%> [26.2%] said it was very good, {19.1%} <5.5%> [24.6%] deemed it good, {9.6%} <1.9%> [7.7%] said it was fair, while {5.1%} <5.1%> viewed the trust levels to be poor. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the trust level of the coach positively at the aggregate level with {85.3%} <7%> [92.3%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 3. level of trust from the coach source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 111 figure 4 shows the results from both the parents’ or guardians’ and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question three (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 1.1% – 3.2%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. from our study, {24.2%} <2%> [26.2%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] strongly agree that their practice environment prepares them to compete at the highest level, {44.6%} <1.6%> [46.2%] agree, {20.4%} <1.1%> [21.5] are neutral, {7.6%} <1.4%> [6.2%] disagree, and {3.2%} <3.2%> strongly disagree. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the practice environment as highly competitive while preparing them to compete at the highest level with an aggregate level of {68.8%} <3.6> [72.4%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 4. practice environment and readiness source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 5 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question four (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 0.3% – 6.9%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. based on our questionnaire, {40.8%} <6.9%> [47.7%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] assert that the coach is always committed to facilitating a learning environment that produces results, {38.2%} <0.3%> [38.5%] said the coach is often committed, {15.9%} <6.7%> [9.2%] said the coach is sometimes committed, {3.8%} <0.8%> [4.6%] said the coach is rarely committed, while {1.3%} <1.3%> said the coach is never committed to facilitating a learning environment that produces results. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the coach's commitment to facilitate a learning environment that produces results to be highly effective at the aggregate {79%} <7.2%> [86.2%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. figure 6 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question five (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 2.1% – 4.2%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. according to our findings, {28.7%} <2.1%> [30.8%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] rated the coach as having excellent communication skills in influencing the athletes, {36.3%} <2.2%> [38.5%] rated the coach to have very good communication skills, {22.3%} <2.3%> [20%] rated to coach to have good communication skills, {7%} <2.2> [9.2%] rated the indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 112 coach to have fair communication skills, and {5.7%} <4.2%> [1.5%] rated the coach to have poor communication skills. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the coach's communication skills very positively and to be highly effective in influencing the athletes at the aggregate {87.3%} <2%> [89.3%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. figure 5. facilitating learning and results source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 6 coaches' communication skills source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 7 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question six (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 1.7% – 10.8%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. our results show that {36.9%} <10.8%> [47.7%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] agree that the coach always clearly stated the roles and responsibilities of the athletes, {42.7%} <7.3%> [35.4%] said the coach often, {14%} <3.2%> [10.8%] said the coach sometimes, {4.5%} <1.7%> [6.2%] said the coach rarely, while {1.9%} <1.9%> said the coach never clearly stated indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 113 the roles and responsibilities of the athletes. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the coach's communication skills in stating the athletes' roles and responsibilities clearly to be effective at the aggregate {79.6%} <3.5%> [83.1%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 7. coach clearly states the athletes' roles and responsibilities source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 8 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question eight (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 0.6% – 6.9%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. based on our results, {40.8%} <6.9%> [47.7%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] believe that the coach motivates the athletes to the best of their ability, {36.3%} <0.9> [35.4%] confirmes the statement, {17.2%} <3.4%> [13.8%] says the coach sometimes motivates the athletes, {2.5%} <0.6%> [3.1%] say the coach rarely motivates the athletes, while {3.2%} <3.2%> says the coach never motivates athletes to the best of their abilities. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the coach's motivational skills to be effective at the aggregate level {77.1%} <6%> [83.1%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. however, other results indicate other reasons why they are motivated to practice, such as being with friends, and they do it because it makes them feel good about themselves (see table 4). figure 9 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question eleven (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 0.8% – 13.2%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. our analysis shows that {26.8%} <13.2%> [40%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] were always satisfied with the coach, {46.5%} <9.6%> [36.9%] were often satisfied with the coach, {21%} <2.5%> [18.5%] were sometimes satisfied with the coach, {3.8%} <0.8%> [4.6%] were rarely satisfied with the coach, {1.9%} <1.9%> were never satisfied with the coach regardless of the failure or success of the team. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes were satisfied [on aggregate] with the coach regardless of the results {73.3%} <3.6%> [76.9%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. and somewhat of an inverse relationship between "always & often" with the percentage share. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 114 parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 8. coachs' motivation of athletes' source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 9. the satisfaction rate of coach source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 10 shows the results from both the parents’ or guardians’ and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question fourteen (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 1% – 5.9%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. based on our study, {43.3%} <5.9%> [49.2%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] say the athlete is always enthusiastic, {34.4%} <3.6%> [30.8%] say the athlete is often enthusiastic, {14.6%} <3.9%> [18.5%] say the athlete is sometimes enthusiatic, {5.1%} <5.1%> say the athlete is rarely enthusiatic, {2.5%} <1%> [1.5%] say the athlete is never enthusiatic when attending practice or games. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes rated the athlete enthusiatic when attending practice or games to be positive on aggregate {77.7%} <2.3%> [80%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 115 parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 10. athletes are enthusiastic level when attending practice or games source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 11 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question fifteen (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 1% – 3.8%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. our research shows, {38.9%} <2.6%> [41.5%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] felt the coach always trusted the athlete decision making process, {37.6%} <3.8%> [33.8%] felt the coach often trusted the athlete decision making process, {15.9} <1%> [16.9%] felt the coach sometimes trusted the athlete decision making process, {4.5%} <1.7%> [6.2%] felt the coach rarely trusted the athlete decision making process, and {3.2%} <1.7%> [1.5%] felt the coach never trusted the athlete decision making process during practices and the game. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes, on aggregate, rated the coach's trust level in the athlete to be very high {76.5%} <1.2%> [75.3%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. figure 12 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question sixteen (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 0.8% – 4.5%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. our research shows, {38.2%} <1.8%> [40%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] said they got excellent instruction from their coach, {35.7%} <1.2%> [36.9%] said they got very good instruction from their coach, {14.6%} <2.3%> [16.9%] said they got good instruction from their coach, {7%} <0.8%> [6.2%] said they got fair instruction from their coach, while {4.5%} <4.5%> said they got poor instruction from their coach. this correlates with the other results in figure 7, where both parents and athletes rated the coach's communication skills in stating the athletes' roles and responsibilities clearly to be effective {79.6%} <3.5%> [83.1%], the findings from figure 12 shows that there is consistency between the results. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes, on aggregate, rated the coach's level of instruction to be effective {88.5%} <5.3%> [93.8%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 116 parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 11. coach trusts level of athlete source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses parents' or guardians' responses athletes' response figure 12. rating the coach's level of instruction source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 13 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question seventeen (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 0.4% – 16.8%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. the responses show, {40.1%} <16.8%> [56.9%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] said they always respected the coach’s decisions and efforts, {43.3%} <11%> [32.3%] said they often respected the coach’s decisions and efforts, {12.7%} <3.5%> [9.2%] said they sometimes respected the coach’s decisions and efforts, {1.9%} <0.4%> [1.5%] said they rarely respected the coach’s decisions and efforts, {1.9%} <1.9%> said they never respected the coach’s decisions and efforts in games and practices. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes, on aggregate, respected the coach's decision and effort with an aggregate level of {83.4%} <5.8%> [89.2%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 117 parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 13. respect levels of the coach's decisions and efforts source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses figure 14 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question nineteen (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 0.1% – 10%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. the responses shows, that {40.8%} <10%> [30.8%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] said they’re extremely likely to recommend, {37.6%} <8.6%> [46.2%] said they’re likely to recommend, {15.9%} <2.6%> [18.5%] said they’re neutral to recommending, {3.2%} <0.1%> [3.1%] said they’re unlikely to recommend, {2.5%} <1%> [1.5%] said they’re extremely unlikely to recommend their club to a 1st2nd-and-3rd proximate party. this finding is significant because any individual likely to recommend an organization to a third party is also likely to renew their membership or return the following year. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes, on aggregate, said they are likely or more to recommend their current club to others {78.4} <1.2%> [77%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 14. club yelp rating source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 118 figure 15 shows the results from both the parents' or guardians' and athletes' responses to the questionnaire based on question twenty (jones & osiobe, 2022). the views were somewhat the same, with a ((+/-) 1.9% – 6.2%) variation in the aggregate responses of the groups. the responses show, that {61.1%} <4.2%> [56.9%] of {parents or guidance} [athletes] said they’re extremely likely to continue playing soccer, {26.1%} <6.2%> [32.3%] said they’re likely to continue playing soccer, {8.9%} <2.7%> [6.2%] said they’re neutral about the situation, {1.9%} <2.7%> [4.6%] said they’re unlikely to continue playing soccer, while {1.9%} <1.9%> said they’re extremely unlikely to continue playing soccer based on their current coach's experience. in conclusion, the findings show that both parents and athletes, aggregately, said they are likely or more to allow the athlete to continue with the sport in the future based on their current coach's experience {87.2} <2%> [89.2%], highlighting a positive relationship between the responses. parents' or guardians' responses athletes' responses figure 15. likelihood to continue with the sport source: (jones & osiobe, 2022) where: { } = shows the results of parents’ or guardians’ [ ] = shows the results of the athletes' < > = shows the percentage difference between the parents' or guardians' responses and the athletes' responses conclusion it is noteworthy that alliteration on coaching methods suggests that coaches' experiences demonstrate a different coach-athlete relationship in managing the expectations of the parents and athletes. furthermore, it should be clear that creating an environment that is both positive and challenging for athletes to enjoy. this is an essential component of coaching, promoting the holistic development of an individual. this study implies that athletes and parents need more opportunities to remain satisfied with their current roles within the organization. thus, turning the focus of youth development into honest conversations with parents and providing more chances for athletes to compete at a higher level seems essential. it should be emphasized by the coaches what the player can do to develop and create an open dialog to assist in the learning phase. this is because parents feel they are at times restricted from being able to get feedback or having honest conversations with their coaches. specific recommendations for coaches would be to promote positive learning experiences in their environments to include a sense of enjoyment or fun within the practice environment; be open-minded for growth and provide more opportunities to solve problems, play with a higher team, or more training sessions. without question being open-minded, any individual must grow. however, educating the coaches to deal with specific situations, especially parent conflict resolution, would be highly beneficial in dealing with the parents' indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 119 demands of their athlete. coaches are more likely to enhance their engagement with the athletes when they have more knowledge to provide instruction and an upbeat feedback style because it plays a significant role in the retention and enjoyment of the team. coaches are there to develop individuals, and using soccer as a vehicle provides an excellent opportunity to impact an individual's life. this includes the support they provide in understanding the individual and their background. coaches who show genuine concern for their welfare will create a more positive environment and interpersonal relationships with athletes (chelladurai, 1990). this study contributes to the existing literature on coach effectiveness and provides practical recommendations to enhance organizational effectiveness to increase athlete retention rates within youth soccer organizations. the study explored the coach-athlete relationship between coaching behaviors and retention rates in youth soccer organizations through: (a) the parents' and athletes' perceptions of their coach-athlete experience, and (b) the likelihood of athletes continuing to play soccer based on their coaches' behaviors and experiences (see figures 2 – 15). the ground for better coaches is represented by athlete and parent perceptions of coaching behaviors as they relate to their previous experiences. for example, our study shows that parents or guardians were more assertive in their responses than the athletes. figures (2, [parents were 4% more likely to use or select "poor" than the athletes]; 3 [parents were 7% more likely to use or select "poor" than the athletes]; 4 [parents were 4.6% more likely to use or select "strongly disagree" than the athletes]; 5 [parents were 0.5% more likely to use or select "never" than the athletes]; 7 [parents were 0.2% more likely to use or select "never" than the athletes]; 8 [parents were 2.6% more likely to use or select "never" than the athletes]; 9 [parents were 1.1% more likely to use or select "never" than the athletes]; 12 [parents were 5.3% more likely to use or select "poor" than the athletes]; 13 [parents were 2.3% more likely to use or slecet "never" than the athletes]; 15 [parents were 0.8% less likely to use or select "extremly unlikely" than the athletes]). on the other hand, figures 6, 10, 11, and 14 showed some assertiveness when selecting their choices. explaining coach effectiveness is inevitably complex, and the need for a comprehensive understanding remains. however, the information provided can help organizational effectiveness improve youth sports retention rates beyond 13 by enhancing coach education. on the contrary, this would require the coach to be open to understanding the importance of meeting the athlete's expectations. thus, using the information to develop a better coachathlete relationship improves the experience for all participants. conflict of interest the authors of this work do not declare any conflicts of interest references alvarez, m. s., balaguer, i., castillo, i., & duda, j. l. (2009). coach autonomy support and quality of sport engagement in young soccer players. the spanish journal of psychology, 12(1), 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001554 balaguer, i., castillo, i., alvarez, m. s., & duda, j. l. (2005). importance of social context in the prediction of self-determination and well-being in athletes of different levels. paper presented at 9th european congress of psychology bandura, a. (1989) regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. developmental psychology, 25(1), 729-735. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729 baxter, k. (2018, august 4). here's how screwed up the state of u.s. soccer is right now. los angeles times. retrieved may 30, 2021, from https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-soccerbaxter-20180804-story.html https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001554 https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729 https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-soccer-baxter-20180804-story.html https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-soccer-baxter-20180804-story.html indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 120 bennett, b., & culpan, i. (2014). the coach as educator: content and pedagogical frameworks. journal of physical education and health, 3, 5-18 black, s. j., & weiss, m. r. (2013). the relationship among perceived coaching behaviors, perceptions of ability, and motivation in competitive age-group swimmers. journal of sport and exercise psychology, 14(3): 309-325. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.3.309 bloom, g., a., falcão,w., r., & caron, j., k. (2018). coaching high-performance athletes: implications for coach training. department of kinesiology and physical education. mcgill university. bowers, d.g. and seashore, s.e. (1966). predicting organizational effectiveness with a four-factor theory of leadership. administrative science quarterly, 1(1), 238-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2391247 breitbarth, t., & harris, p. (2008). the role of corporate social responsibility in the football business: towards the development of a conceptual model. european sport management quarterly, 8(2), 179-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802024484 brinton, c. s., hill, b. j., & ward, p.j. (2017). authoritative coach: building youth through sport. journal of park and recreation administration, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i1-7296 brooker, r., kirk, d., braikua, s., & bransgrove, a. (2000). implementing a game sense approach to teaching junior high school basketball in a naturalistic setting. european physical education review, 6(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336x000061003 burns, r. b., (2000). introduction to research methods. sage publications. chelladurai, p., & carron, a.v. (1983). athletic maturity and preferred leadership. journal of sport psychology, 5(1), 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.5.4.371 chelladurai, p., imamura, h., yamaguchi, y., oimnuma, y., & miyauchi, t. (1988). sport leadership in a cross-national setting: the case of japanese and canadian university athletes. journal of sport & exercise psychology, 10(1), 374-389. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.4.374 chelladurai, p., & riemer, h. a. (1998). measurement of leadership in sport. in j. l. duda (ed.), advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. fitness information technology. 1(1), 227-253. chelladurai, p., & saleh, s. d. (1978). preferred leadership in sports. canadian journal of applied sport sciences, 3(1), 85-92. chelladurai, p., & saleh, s. d. (1980). dimensions of leader behavior in sports: development of a leadership scale. journal of sport psychology, 2(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.2.1.34 cushion, c. j., armour, k. m., & jones, r. l. (2003). coach education and continuing professional development: experience and learning to coach. journal of sport behavior, 55(3), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2003.10491800 cushion, c. j., & jones, r. l. (2001). a systematic observation of professional top-level youth soccer coaches. journal of sport behavior, 24(4), 354-376. coskun, a., dinc, m.s., & tetik, d. (2021). strategic performance management for soccer clubs: a quantitative model proposal. journal of human sport and exercise, 16(4), 836-852. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.164.08 côté, j., & gilbert, w. (2009). an integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. international journal of sports science & coaching, 4(3) 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623892 gill, d. l., gross, j.b. & huddleston, s. (1983). participation motivation in youth sports. international journal of sport psychology, 14(1), 1-14. gomes, r., sousa, s., & cruz, j. (2006). charismatic, transitional, and visionary dimensions in sport leadership toward new paths for the study of coach-athlete relationships. the james macgregor burns academy of leadership, 1(1), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.3.309 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2391247 https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802024484 https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i1-7296 https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336x000061003 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.5.4.371 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.4.374 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.2.1.34 https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2003.10491800 https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.164.08 https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623892 indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 121 guvener, ahmet. (2020, may 30). the $19.6 billion youth sports market, soccer, and the pandemic. soccer america, off the post. retrieved november 24, 2021, from https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/85760/the-196-billion-youth-sportsmarket-soccer-and.html?verified=1 hoigaard, r., jones, g. w., & peters, d. m. (2008). preferred coach leadership behavior in elite soccer in relation to success and failure. international journal of sports science & coaching, 3(2), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408785100581 horn, t. s. (2002). coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. in t. s. horn (ed.)., advances in sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 309-354). human kinetics. jones, o. d., & osiobe, u. e. (2022, 1 21). coach-athlete experience questionnaire. retrieved from coach-athlete experience questionnaire/responses: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1kjh6bxbqr6bzqqyoxnda5rjphugsgjnsx0nrtrwtk9m/edit #responses jones, d. o., & osiobe, e. u. (2021). creating an engaging coaching learning environment. american international journal of business management, 25-26. jowett, s. (2005). the coach-athlete partnership. the psychologist, 18(7), 412-415. kao, s., hsieh, m., & lee, p. (2017). coaching competency and trust in coach in sports teams. international journal of sports science & coaching, 12(3), 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710508 keathley, k., himelein, m., srigley, g. (2013). youth soccer participation and withdrawal: gender similarities and differences. journal of sport behavior, 36(2). 171-188. lacy a. c., & darst, p. w. (1985). systematic observation of behaviors of winning high school head football coaches. journal of teaching in physical education. 4(4), 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.4.4.256 lange, david. (2021). share of children aged 6 to12 who participate in outdoor soccer on a regular basis in the united states from 2008 to 2020. statista, sports & recreation, sports & fitness. retrieved on 11/24 https://www.statista.com/statistics/982274/participation-kidssoccer/#statisticcontainer light, r. l., & harvey, s. (2015). positive pedagogy for sport coaching. sport, education and society, 22(2), 271-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1015977 lippitt, e. (2012). motivation, need support, and need satisfaction in youth soccer players. [master's thesis, georgia southern university.] electronic theses and dissertations. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1013 mayer, r. c., davis, j. h., & schoorman, f. d. (1995). an integrative model of organizational trust. the academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734. https://doi.org/10.2307/258792 mottaghi, m., atarodi, a., & rohani, z. (2013). the relationship between coaches' and athletes' competitive anxiety and their performance. iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 7(2), 68-76. o'sullivan, j. (2015). why kids quit sports. changing the game project. retrieved may 21, 2021, from http://changingthegameproject.com/why-kids-quit-sports/ northouse, p. g. (2019). leadership: theory and practice (8th ed.). sage publications, inc. poczwardowski, a., barott, j., & jowett, s. (2006). diversifying approaches to research on athlete-coach relationships. psychology of sport and exercise, 7(2), 125-142. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.002 potrac, p., jones, r. l., & armour, k. (2002). it's all about getting respect: the coaching behaviors of an expert english soccer coach. sport education and society, 7(2), 182-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357332022000018869 https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/85760/the-196-billion-youth-sports-market-soccer-and.html?verified=1 https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/85760/the-196-billion-youth-sports-market-soccer-and.html?verified=1 https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408785100581 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1kjh6bxbqr6bzqqyoxnda5rjphugsgjnsx0nrtrwtk9m/edit#responses https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1kjh6bxbqr6bzqqyoxnda5rjphugsgjnsx0nrtrwtk9m/edit#responses https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710508 https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.4.4.256 https://www.statista.com/statistics/982274/participation-kids-soccer/#statisticcontainer https://www.statista.com/statistics/982274/participation-kids-soccer/#statisticcontainer https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1015977 https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1013 https://doi.org/10.2307/258792 http://changingthegameproject.com/why-kids-quit-sports/ https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.002 https://doi.org/10.1080/1357332022000018869 indonesian journal of sport management jones et al., 2 (2), 2022, 99-122 122 potrac, paul., jones, robyn., & cushion, c. (2007). understanding power and the coach's cole in english professional soccer: a preliminary investigation of coach behavior. soccer and society, 8(1), 3349. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970600989509 tharp, r., & gallimore, r. (1976). what a coach can teach a teacher. psychology today, 9(8), 75-78. the national collegiate athletic association. (2020). research. retrieved november 14, 2021, from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-collegeathletics wallace, k. (2016). how to make your kid hate sports without really trying. cnn. retrieved june 30, 2021, from http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/21/health/kids-youth-sports-parents/ weiss, m.r. & petlickhoff, l.m. (1989). children's motivation for participation in and withdrawal from sport: identifying the missing link. pediatric exercise science 1(1), 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.1.3.195 williams, t. (2016). reasons why kids drop out of sports. our everyday life. retrieved may 15, 2021, from http://oureverydaylife.com/reasons-kids-drop-out-sports-10440.html https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970600989509 http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/21/health/kids-youth-sports-parents/ https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.1.3.195 http://oureverydaylife.com/reasons-kids-drop-out-sports-10440.html the author(s). 2023 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 57 examining the marketing effectiveness of sports team sponsorship on consumer behaviour: a cross-cultural comparison between low and high context cultures nasser alshawaaf a-d* arab open university kuwait abstract sports sponsorship is a marketing activity that requires huge budget where companies seek to achieve business objectives. the study compares between low and high context cultures to understand the effect of football team sponsorship on consumer behaviour. an online survey was conducted through qualtrics with 380 responses. results show that culture affects the outcome of football team sponsorship on brand image, purchase intention, and brand loyalty. football team sponsorship leads to higher marketing effectiveness in low context culture. low context culture has either the same outcome of high context culture or better and vice versa. high context culture tends to have some negative attitudes toward the brands that are sponsoring football teams. it is recommended for marketers to allocate football team sponsorship budget to low context culture for better outcome. future work should aim to compare cultural effect on sports sponsorship in other sports such as basketball, tennis, golf, etc. keywords: sponsorship marketing; sports sponsorship; sponsorship effects; international marketing; cultural marketing corresponding author: *nasser alshawaaf, arab open university-kuwait; e-mail: nalshawaaf@aou.edu.kw article history: received: january 19, 2023 accepted after revision: april 17, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: alshawaaf, n. (2023). examining the marketing effectiveness of sports team sponsorship on consumer behaviour: a crosscultural comparison between low and high context cultures. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 57-83. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4438 introduction sponsorship is the financial support of an activity in order to achieve specific business objectives (friedman, 2015). the involvement of a second party, that is the sponsee, differentiates sponsorship from advertising. sponsorship of sports, arts or events is a powerful form of marketing communication for businesses and organisations (cornwell, 2014). it offers the possibility of achieving multiple business goals at once. the intention is to use a cost effective method and the ability to communicate with their target market without being overly intrusive (levin et al., 2001). cultural differences raise the importance of understanding the cultural context as they significantly influence consumer behaviour (maheswaran & shavitt, 2000). the edward hall culture theory identifies important cultural factors and dimensions to understand the differences between cultures, namely low and high contexts cultures. mailto:nalshawaaf@aou.edu.kw https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-7409 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 58 understanding the customer targeted by the brand is the first step of sponsorship for effective marketing. it is essential for sponsored teams and sponsors to understand their fans (kaynak et al., 2007). as sports sponsorship is a huge industry with billions of pounds at stake, this raises the importance of effective marketing. marketing effectiveness is the measure of how effective marketing strategy is to maximise spending that achieves positive results (kotler & keller, 2006). marketing effectiveness is maximised by understanding the customer. understanding the customer behaviour and decision making process helps marketers improve resources allocation decisions, and therefore the return. marketing activities decisions should be based on the understanding of the consumer behaviour. the aim of the study is to investigate the impact of team sponsorship on consumer behaviour across different cultures based on hall & hall cultural contexts. sponsorship marketing effectiveness will be measured using consumer behaviour metrics: 1) brand recall, 2) brand image, 3) purchase intention, and 4) brand loyalty. the study compares consumer groups from low context culture uk and high context culture gulf states. the research represents an endeavour to extend current studies on sponsorship marketing by finding the depth of impact of team sponsorship and the difference between two different cultures within international marketing context. the outcome should assist marketers to develop their understanding of marketing effectiveness from the budget spent on sponsorships internationally, hence improving marketing decisions that lead to more efficient resources allocation. drawing on analysis of a survey, the study combines sports sponsorship, consumer behaviour, and cultural perspectives to understand the effectiveness of sports team sponsorship. the study finds that football team sponsorship leads to an overall higher marketing effectiveness in low context culture than high context. low context culture has either the same outcome of high context culture or better and vice versa. high context culture tends to have some negative attitudes toward the brands that are sponsoring football teams. the study contributes by identifying the effectiveness of sports team sponsorship that explain the consumer behaviour of consumers in low and high context cultures. the study is structured as follows. first, describes the theoretical framework. second, describes the methodology and data. third, presents data analysis and findings. fourth, discusses the findings, proposes managerial implications, and make recommendations for international marketers. theoretical framework sponsorship and consumer behaviour corporations spend multimillion marketing budgets on event sponsorships in order to achieve specific corporate objectives. the objectives of any sport marketing industry can be classified as one of four goals: exposure, processing, communication effects, and consumer action (smolianov & aiyeku, 2009). sponsorship is considered as an element of the promotional mix that contributes to an integrated marketing strategy (seguin, 2007). it creates synergy of efforts to maximise the investment in marketing (chebli & gharbi, 2014). sponsorship is a major driver of brand strategy to add value to the brand through leveraging functional and non-functional brand values with extending customer experience (cliffe & motion, 2005). furthermore, it differentiates a brand and offers a sustainable competitive advantage (cornwell et indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 59 al., 2001). when brand advertising is used during a sport event, it is effective for the brand to be both official sponsor of the event or the provider of products integrated in the event (carrillat & d’astous, 2012). brand exposure is when the recipient is exposed to the brand logo or products through media such as brand or product placement, shop sign, television, or internet banner ad (gamble, 2016). brand related measures such as brand recall, brand image, purchase intentions, and brand loyalty are influenced by many factors including exposure to the brand (hansen & christensen, 2007). interestingly, not all brand stimuli lead to the same result. celebrity endorser brand stimuli has decreased effect on consumer behaviour than unknown but equally attractive endorser (erfgen et al., 2015). this provides insight of the important to create brand stimuli in appropriate conditions. consumers who are exposed to high fit sponsorship develop stronger link between sponsor and sponsored than low fit (zdravkovic & till, 2012). exposure during an event sponsorship influences the variables that measure effectiveness (dubois & jolibert, 2005). various aspects of sport sponsorship package such as exposure of the brand are perceived to contribute differently to the impact on brand equity (henseler, 2011). therefore, the following hypothesis can be drawn: h0. higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has the same impact on consumer behaviour. h1. higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has greater impact on consumer behaviour. brand recall is the basic dimension of brand equity (shimp, 2008). it is established through exposure to fast moving consumer goods (baumann et al., 2015). brand recall is higher for brands exposed through logos than for brands exposed through traditional ads (levin et al., 2001). there is a strong power association between brand names among consumers and sponsored sports (aitken et al., 1986). consumers are likely to learn about connections between brands and sports by attending the event. there are implicit associations between popular sports and sponsors (pettigrew et al., 2013). however, on-site direct audiences show better recall and recognition of brands than the television audiences (carrillat et al., 2015). furthermore, when the consumer selects to watch a particular event, brand recall is stronger due to higher attention (siemens et al., 2015). when the exposure is prominent, it leads to better brand recall (lehu & bressoud, 2009). repeated exposure to the brand results in not only better recall of the brand, but also impair recall of competitors’ brands (alba & chattopadhyay, 1986). therefore, in the context of sports team sponsorship, the following hypothesis can be drawn: h1a. higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has greater impact on brand recall sponsorship allows targeted actions to improve positioning of the brand and its image (derbaix & lardinoit, 2001). appropriate fit between sponsor and sponsored party leads to enhancement in brand loyalty and customer equity by positively influencing attitude towards the sponsor brand image (liu et al., 2015). on the other hand, grohs & reisinger (2014) found that higher sponsorship exposure leads to less effects on sponsor image from respondents that perceived overwhelming levels of commercialisation. sponsor image after the event is significantly more positive for respondents who had followed the event (grohs, 2016), than those who did not follow the event. increased exposure leads to more positive attitude towards the indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 60 brand (grinsven & das, 2014). moreover, higher frequency of exposure to the brand can have a positive effect on brand evaluations even if consumers do not recall the brand (matthes et al., 2007). h1b. higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has greater impact on brand image purchase intention is the likelihood of a consumer to purchase a product or service from the brand. the relationship between sponsorship and consumer purchase intentions remains not clear. an empirical study by smith et al. (2008) to explain the mechanism of the relationship between sport sponsors and sport consumers. they found the key pathway to purchase intentions is associated with fan passion and a perception of sponsor integrity. the implication is that activities that boost both perception of the sponsor integrity and passion for the team are the best mechanism for sponsor return on investment. lower exposure to a brand promotion was found to be associated with decreased consumption over time (english et al., 2016). sponsoring in sports leads to a higher level of purchase intention (tanvir & shahid, 2012). sponsorship not only enhance brand awareness and recall, but creating perceptions of scale adoptions among fans (bennett, 1999). h1c. higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has greater impact on purchase intention marketers are increasingly seeking to develop and enhance brand loyalty through sponsorship activities (mazodier & merunka, 2012). positive attitude towards a brand increases trust in the brand and hence brand loyalty (nagar, 2014). sponsorship affects positively perceived quality and awareness which, in turn, stimulates brand loyalty (ha et al., 2011). event sponsorship has a positive influence on brand loyalty when customers are aware of the firm sponsoring the event and when customers are involved with the event (sirgy et al., 2008). repetitive brand exposure impacts purchasing volume that is meditated by brand loyalty (tellis, 1988). brand exposure stimulates demand for a brand which leading to frequent purchases thus enhancing brand loyalty. brand associations with celebrities or teams are positively related to higher loyalty behaviour (romaniuk & nenycz-thiel, 2013). h1d. higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has greater impact on brand loyalty culture and consumer behaviour from cultural perspectives, consumers from different cultures have different reactions to marketing messages. there is a relationship between attitudes to corporate social responsibility with the cultural dimensions identified by hofstede (williams & zinkin, 2008). consumers’ tendency to punish firms for bad behaviour varies in ways that relate to cultural characteristics. han and shavitt (1994) state that cultural differences emerge strongly for advertised products that tend to be purchased and used with others. culture affects perception and cognition that result in behavioural differences (kastanakis & voyer, 2014). such differences influence perception of emotions, environment, and aesthetic preferences. it is the gateway by which external stimuli received. while cognitive orientation influences the way of processing information. independent people retrieve self-related memory and interdependent people retrieve other relational memories. however, there is a indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 61 universal preference for the divine proportion in logos design across cultures (pittard et al., 2007). h0. culture doesn’t affect the impact level of sports team sponsorship on consumer behaviour. h2. culture affects the impact level of sports team sponsorship on consumer behaviour. h2a. culture affects the impact level of sports team sponsorship on brand recall. h2b. culture affects the impact level of sports team sponsorship on brand image. h2c. culture affects the impact level of sports team sponsorship on purchase intention. h2d. culture affects the impact level of sports team sponsorship on brand loyalty. horizontal/vertical cultural orientations represent how hierarchy and power affect consumer behaviour (shavitt & cho, 2016). these orientations influence how consumers react to advertisements, brands, and service providers, and how they respond to their needs. cultural orientation associated with higher probability to choose a brand promoting an openness brand concept (torelli et al., 2012). consumers with collectivistic mindset tend to think about ad information relationally, while individualist mindset consider the sponsor and sponsored as independent ad information thus less sensitive to their fit (kwon et al., 2015). culture impacts shopping behaviour as suggested by gentina (2014) where the process by which adolescents satisfy universal need differ across cultures. in individualistic country like united states consumers seek distinctiveness while in collectivistic culture like france consumer shopping style depends on social assimilation. independent self-construal implies stronger reliance on feelings in making decisions about brands while interdependent self-construal implies stronger reliance on reasons (hong & chang, 2015). culture influences consumer impulsive buying behaviour (kacen, 2002) where consumers make unplanned buying decision and it accounts for majority of purchases. western culture encourages impulsive buying behaviour while eastern cultures discourage it. cultural context affects the prevalence of advertising appeals in vertical versus horizontal cultures (shavitt et al., 2011). cultural orientation influences country of origin effects on brand evaluations (gurhan-canli & maheswaran, 2000). h0. sports team sponsorship impact on consumer behaviour is the same in low and high context cultures. h3. sports team sponsorship has higher impact on consumer behaviour in low context culture. h3a. sports team sponsorship has higher impact on brand recall in low context culture. h3b. sports team sponsorship has higher impact on brand image in low context culture. h3c. sports team sponsorship has higher impact on purchase intentions in low context culture. h3d. sports team sponsorship has higher impact on brand loyalty in low context culture. methodology research methodology is the plan of how the research questions will be answered, specify sources to collect data, and analysis techniques (saunders et al., 2012). to investigate and collect data that achieve research objectives, appropriate research methods are proposed in order to ensure credible and accurate results. the methodology for the project based on research objectives, nature, and successful approaches taken by previous researchers in this area. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 62 table 1. research methodology brief method quantitative method strategy survey sample and size united kingdom gulf states 190 190 380 analysis descriptive  mean  mode  median  standard deviation inferential  confidence interval  pearson correlation  t-test  chi-square test modelling spss quantitative method was chosen for this study. the reason for choosing quantitative over qualitative is because this study examines the relationships between variables and comparison between two groups, therefore, this method uses measurable values to formulate facts by establishing statistics that generate significant conclusions about a population. quantitative method is better at establishing causality because of the precise measurements. the appropriate reporting of population is through data statistical analysis where quantitative method serves that purpose (hedges et al., 2014). this study combines descriptive and explanatory analysis. descriptive to gain data of sponsorship events, consumers, and the situation of exposure to sponsorship. explanatory to establish a relationship between exposure to team sponsorship independent variable and consumer behaviour dependent variables which are brand recall, brand image, purchase intentions, and brand loyalty. a deductive research is employed where there is a set of hypothesis to be tested through analysis of data. this research is explanatory as it aims to test the relationship between variables of exposure to sports sponsorship and the impact on consumer behaviour in multiple cultures. survey is associated with deductive research approach (hakim, 2000). it is used for exploratory and descriptive research. it allows to collect quantitative data which can be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. survey data can be used to find reasons for relationships between variables and test hypothesis. because this research is quantitative, descriptive and explanatory purpose, deductive and tests hypothesis as well as aims to answer research questions, then survey is chosen as a primary source for data collection. explanatory research to be applied by collecting data to test a theory. the theories this research aims to test are sponsorship and consumer behaviour. the scope is team sponsorship within cultural contexts. the independent variable is exposure to sports team sponsorship, while dependent variables are brand recall, brand image, purchase intentions, and brand loyalty. the moderating variables are cultural contexts which are low context culture and high context culture. the types of indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 63 data variables that will be collected include opinion, behavioural, and attribute variables. table 2. relationship variables independent variable exposure to sports team sponsorship moderating variables low context culture high context culture dependent variables brand recall brand image purchase intention brand loyalty the survey design consists of category questions, ranking questions, and likert scale questions. the questionnaire consists of four parts: 1) culture question, 2) exposure question, 3) brand recall question, 4) likert scale questions to determine their perception of brand image, purchase intention, and brand loyalty, and 5) demographic questions to increase gain more in-depth insights. the sampling method of the research is convenience sampling, where participants are selected based on their availability and willingness to respond (gravetter & forzano, 2015). one of the goals of the research is to compare findings from multiple cultures, therefore respondents from two different populations: 1) united kingdom as a low context culture and 2) gulf states as a high context culture. united kingdom consists of england, wales, scotland, and northern ireland. uk population 64.1 million (bbc, 2015). gulf states consist of uae, kuwait, saudi arabia, qatar, bahrain, and oman. gulf states council countries population 43.2 million (bakr, 2012). the sample size calculated based on 95% confidence level and +/-5 confidence interval. therefore, 380 respondents from both cultures that are representative of these two populations size (barlett et al., 2001). the conceptual framework of the study is depicted by the diagram below: figure 1. conceptual framework indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 64 in the data analysis, descriptive and inferential analysis were employed. descriptive analysis to describe general patterns from survey results such as the average impact rate of sponsorship on consumer behaviour. determining the highest impact from the two dependent variables. relationships to be examined using statistical significant tests such as parametric statistics. inferential statistics include confidence interval, pearson correlation, t-test, and chi-square tests (rumsey, 2007). confidence interval to estimate the score in population based on participated sample with targeted confidence of 95%. pearson correlation to find if there is a relationship between independent and dependent variables. data to be recorded using numerical codes to enable entry in statistical software and analysis. developing coding prior collecting data and can be amended after collecting in some cases to improve. each variable will have code to avoid missing data and errors. results demographics population survey conducted through the period from 1st june 2016 to 15th july 2016 in uk and gulf council countries (gcc). a total of n = 380 surveys completed, a 95% confidence interval with 189 participants from uk and 191 from gulf countries. table 3. country of participants % count uk 49.74% 189 gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) 50.26% 191 total 100% 380 in terms of gender, the majority of participants are males from all locations. a total of 262 males representing 69% of the sample and 118 females or 31%. breaking down gender further to countries, in uk a slight majority of males of 65% while in gcc an overwhelming majority of males of 73%. regarding females, in uk they represent 35% of the sample while in gcc 27%. this reflects the fact that football is less popular sport within females than males (kluger, 2016). table 4. gender by country male female total uk 64.6% 122 35.4% 67 189 gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) 73.3% 140 26.7% 51 191 the majority of participants from all locations are young adolescents. their age between 15 – 25 representing 42% in uk and 53% in gcc. the second largest age group are adults in middle age between 26 – 40. the small difference in representation size in the two cultures reflects the fact that low context cultures has larger ageing population than high context cultures (christensen et al., 2009). frequency of watching football figure 2 displays respondent’s football watching behaviour, and reveals the discrepancy of the behaviour between uk and gcc. in uk, 54.7% majority of population watch football once or more a week while 45.3% watch occasionally. in gcc, quite opposite where 41.8% minority watch football once or more a week while indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 65 a majority of 58.2% watch football occasionally. football is almost addicted by respondents from uk while it is less popular in by gcc respondents. figure 2. frequency of watching football by country bar chart brand recall consumers’ memory and ability to recall brands were tested by asking them to mention how many brands they are able to remember that are sponsoring football. in uk, out of 189 respondents, 25 (13%) didn’t recall any brand and were dismissed from analysis. uk consumers were able to recall over 3 brands which is the largest group of 35.3%. followed by 34.8% recalled 1 brand. the remaining group of 29.9% recalled 2 brands. in gcc, out of 191 respondents, 53 (28%) didn’t remember any brand and were removed from analysis. gcc consumers were able to recall 1 brand only the largest group of 48.6%. followed by 26.8% recalled over 3 brands, and smallest group of 24.6% recalled 2 brands. figure 3. brand recall by country line chart indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 66 table 5. t-test results comparing uk and gcc watching football frequency and brand recall levene's test for equality of variances t-test for equality of means f sig. t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference std. error difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper how frequently do you watch football? equal variances assumed .641 .424 -2.497 376 .013 -.152 .061 -.272 -.032 equal variances not assumed -2.497 375.996 .013 -.152 .061 -.272 -.032 how many brands can you remember that are sponsoring football teams? equal variances assumed 1.172 .280 4.065 355 .000 .438 .108 .226 .650 equal variances not assumed 4.063 352.696 .000 .438 .108 .226 .650 in the t-test shown on table 5, there are two results from two different t-tests, one assuming equal variance and the other unequal variance. the result to consider depends on levene’s test. for watching frequency, sig. (p-value-) is .424 less than 0.5, then we have to use unequal variance from sig. 2-tailed. since p-value is 0.013 less than 0.05, therefore, we conclude that country affects the frequency of watching football. applying same interpretation to brand recall, as sig. (p-value) is 0.280 less than 0.5, then we have to use unequal variance from sig. 2-tailed. since p-value is 0.000 is less than 0.05, therefore, we reject null hypothesis and accept h2a that culture affects the level of brand recall. table 6. chi-square test between watching football frequency and brand recall how frequently do you watch football? * how many brands can you remember that are sponsoring football teams? crosstabulation how many brands can you remember that are sponsoring football teams? total 0 1 2 3+ how frequently do you watch football? once or more a week/frequen tly count 1 19 73 79 172 expected count 26.6 59.4 40.1 45.9 172.0 less than once a week/occasio nally count 54 104 10 16 184 expected count 28.4 63.6 42.9 49.1 184.0 total count 55 123 83 95 356 expected count 55.0 123.0 83.0 95.0 356.0 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 67 table 7. chi-square test between country and watching football frequency crosstab how frequently do you watch football? total once or more a week/frequ ently less than once a week/occa sionally never country uk count 98 81 9 188 expected count 85.5 91.5 10.9 188.0 gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) count 74 103 13 190 expected count 86.5 92.5 11.1 190.0 total count 172 184 22 378 expected count 172.0 184.0 22.0 378.0 table 8. chi-square test between country and brand recall crosstab how many brands can you remember that are sponsoring football teams? total 0 1 2 3+ countr y uk count 16 57 49 58 180 expected count 27.7 62.5 41.8 47.9 180.0 gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) count 39 67 34 37 177 expected count 27.3 61.5 41.2 47.1 177.0 total count 55 124 83 95 357 expected count 55.0 124.0 83.0 95.0 357.0 tables 6, 7, and 8 have crosstabs, observed count, cross count, and expected count. the expected count is what would we expect to observe of there was no association. it can be noticed that observed count are different than expected and chi-square test helps determine if this observed count are different enough for the test or association to be significant. looking at chi-square test tables from table 6, 7, and 8, the following was found. on table 6, pearson chi-square value is 199.233, 3 degrees of freedom, and asymptotic significant which is the significance value is 0.000. as the value is 0% less than alpha value of 5%, that means our result would be statistically significant, and hence accept alternate hypothesis h1a that higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has greater impact on brand recall. on table 7, pearson chi-square value is 6.696, 2 degrees of freedom, and asymptotic significant which is the significance value is 0.035. as the value is 3.5% less than alpha value of 5%, that means our result would be statistically significant, and hence accept alternate hypothesis h2a that culture affects brand recall from sports team sponsorship. on table 8, pearson chi-square value is 17.754, 3 degrees of freedom, and asymptotic significant which is the significance value is 0.000. as the value is 0% less than alpha value of 5%, that means our result would be statistically significant. the crosstab results from table 7 and table 8 indicate that uk sample has an overall higher brands recall, and as the results are statistically significant, indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 68 therefore, accept alternate hypothesis h3a that low context culture has higher positive impact on brand recall than high context culture. brand image successful the following illustrates the perception and attitude of consumers towards the brands sponsoring football teams. table 9 shows whether consumer think the brand is successful or not. in uk, the majority think the brand is somewhat successful. in gcc, different results but same conclusion. however, more people in gcc think the brand is unsuccessful than uk. table 9. perception towards brand successfulness by country i think the brand is successful uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 1.2% 2 0.7% 1 somewhat disagree 12.8% 21 21.7% 30 neither agree nor disagree 4.9% 8 10.9% 15 somewhat agree 48.2% 79 39.9% 55 strongly agree 32.9% 54 26.8% 37 total 164 138 for enhanced interpretation, let’s look at the relationship between frequency of watching and success perception. the results show a positive relationship where consumers who watch football frequently tend to think the brand is successful in both cultures. figure 4. the relationship between frequency of watching football and perception of brand successfulness in uk and gcc indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 69 exciting a large proportion of respondents from both cultures agreed that the brand sponsoring football teams are exciting. in uk a majority of 48% think the brand is exciting, while in gcc a majority of 39% think the same. however, more consumers in gcc of 23% disagree and think the brand is not exciting, while in uk 14% disagree. figure 5 illustrates that trend where very few respondents strongly disagree to the level they think the brand is boring. table 10. perception towards brand excitement by country i think the brand is exciting uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 1.83% 3 0.73% 1 somewhat disagree 14.02% 23 22.63% 31 neither agree nor disagree 10.37% 17 13.14% 18 somewhat agree 48.17% 79 38.69% 53 strongly agree 25.61% 42 24.82% 34 total 164 13 7 figure 5. perception towards brand excitement by country line chart cheerful it is revealed in table 11 that in both cultures there is an agreement that brands sponsoring football are cheerful with 48% in uk and 37% in gcc. however, larger group in gcc disagrees. figure 6 clarify that in uk stronger perception the brand is cheerful with larger divergence while in gcc more people think the brand is not cheerful than uk. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 70 table 11. perception towards brand cheerfulness by country i think the brand is cheerful uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 1.83% 3 0.72% 1 somewhat disagree 14.02% 23 22.46% 31 neither agree nor disagree 10.37% 17 13.77% 19 somewhat agree 48.17% 79 36.96% 51 strongly agree 25.61% 42 26.09% 36 total 164 13 8 figure 6. perception towards brand cheerfulness bar chart charming regarding brand charming perception. respondents from uk and gcc reported similar findings to cheerfulness. as illustrated in table 12 both cultures agree the brand is charming while larger group in gcc disagrees than uk. the same for brand cheerfulness as well. table 12. perception of brand charming by country i think the brand is charming uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 1.83% 3 0.73% 1 somewhat disagree 14.02% 23 21.90% 30 neither agree nor disagree 10.37% 17 14.60% 20 somewhat agree 48.78% 80 37.96% 52 strongly agree 25.00% 41 24.82% 34 total 164 13 7 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 71 intelligent uk respondents view the brand as intelligent with 41% agree, while gcc consumers think the opposite with 41% disagree. gcc consumers think the brand is not intelligent. this perception can be justified by the fact that football in uk is flourished (fifa, 2016), while in gcc football is a third world country activity that doesn’t reflect intelligence or developed like it is seen in developed countries such as uk. table 13. perception of brand intelligence by country i think the brand is intelligent uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 3.05% 5 2.90% 4 somewhat disagree 17.07% 28 41.30% 57 neither agree nor disagree 17.68% 29 21.01% 29 somewhat agree 41.46% 68 18.12% 25 strongly agree 20.73% 34 16.67% 23 total 164 138 reliability the perception of consumers towards brand reliability is important factor of consumer loyalty (koksal & dema, 2014). table 14 shows that there is no decisive result in both cultures. the majority in uk and gcc are not sure whether the brand is reliable or not. this can be interpreted that consumers got little confused about the question and that factor. it can be concluded that football team sponsorship is not the optimal method to deliver perception about brand reliability and it doesn’t affect consumers’ reliability perception towards the brand. table 14. perception towards brand reliability by country i think the brand is reliable uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 1.84% 3 0.72% 1 somewhat disagree 15.34% 25 31.16% 43 neither agree nor disagree 36.81% 60 31.88% 44 somewhat agree 31.29% 51 20.29% 28 strongly agree 14.72% 24 15.94% 22 total 163 138 figure 7. perception towards brand reliability by country bar chart indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 72 toughness table 15 shows that 37% of respondents in uk which represent the majority neither agree not disagree with the statement that the brand is tough. the second largest group agreed with 30%. in gcc, there is an equal majority of 31% for neither agree nor disagree and disagree. this result can be interpreted that it is difficult to deliver this perception through football team sponsorship. however, there is higher chance to succeed in delivering that perception in low context culture rather high context culture. table 15. perception towards brand toughness by country i think the brand is tough uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 1.83% 3 0.73% 1 somewhat disagree 15.24% 25 31.39% 43 neither agree nor disagree 37.20% 61 31.39% 43 somewhat agree 30.49% 50 21.17% 29 strongly agree 15.24% 25 15.33% 21 total 164 137 old fashioned data presented in table 16 reveals that a significant proportion of uk respondents disagreed with the statement that a brand is old fashioned. over 50% think the brand is modern. in gcc, the opposite is true where a majority of 47% agree the brand old fashioned. this result can be justified by the fact that football is uk is developed and the association with it is modern, while in gcc football is not so popular with population having other interests. table 16. perception the brand is old fashioned by country i think the brand is old fashioned uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 20.12% 33 17.39% 24 somewhat disagree 38.41% 63 25.36% 35 neither agree nor disagree 8.54% 14 5.07% 7 somewhat agree 24.39% 40 47.10% 65 strongly agree 8.54% 14 5.07% 7 total 164 138 table 17. t-test results comparing uk and gcc consumer behaviour, purchase behaviour, loyalty on sports sponsorship levene's test for equality of variances t-test for equality of means f sig. t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference std. error difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper i think the brand is successful equal variances assumed 10.563 .001 2.342 300 .020 .285 .122 .045 .524 equal variances not assumed 2.321 279.155 .021 .285 .123 .043 .527 i think the brand is exciting equal variances assumed 5.468 .020 1.416 299 .158 .175 .123 -.068 .418 equal variances not assumed 1.406 280.675 .161 .175 .124 -.070 .419 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 73 i think the brand is cheerful equal variances assumed 6.141 .014 1.333 300 .183 .165 .124 -.078 .408 equal variances not assumed 1.324 281.589 .187 .165 .125 -.080 .410 i think the brand is charming equal variances assumed 5.393 .021 1.373 299 .171 .169 .123 -.073 .410 equal variances not assumed 1.364 280.939 .174 .169 .124 -.075 .412 i think the brand is intelligent equal variances assumed 1.450 .230 4.244 300 .000 .554 .131 .297 .811 equal variances not assumed 4.216 282.393 .000 .554 .131 .295 .813 i think the brand is reliable equal variances assumed 1.267 .261 1.871 299 .062 .222 .118 -.012 .455 equal variances not assumed 1.857 280.543 .064 .222 .119 -.013 .456 i think the brand is tough equal variances assumed 1.012 .315 1.950 299 .052 .231 .118 -.002 .464 equal variances not assumed 1.936 279.941 .054 .231 .119 -.004 .466 i think the brand is old fashioned equal variances assumed .415 .520 2.318 300 .021 -.343 .148 -.634 -.052 equal variances not assumed 2.319 291.593 .021 -.343 .148 -.634 -.052 i will buy from the brand in the next three months equal variances assumed 26.433 .000 3.738 300 .000 .434 .116 .206 .663 equal variances not assumed 3.659 255.953 .000 .434 .119 .201 .668 i buy regularly from the brand equal variances assumed 18.729 .000 5.384 300 .000 .574 .107 .364 .784 equal variances not assumed 5.295 264.981 .000 .574 .108 .360 .787 in the t-test shown on table 17, all sig. (p-value) are less than 0.5 except old fashioned more than 0.5. for those less than 0.5 we have to use unequal variance from sig. 2-tailed for interpretation and for old fashioned we will use equal variance. sig. 2-tailed for brand success, intelligent, old fashioned, purchase intention, and loyalty are less than 0.05. therefore, we conclude that country affects these variables significantly. we reject null hypothesis and accept h2c and h2d that culture affects the level of purchase intention and brand loyalty. before making a conclusion about culture effect on brand image, we have to look at the other variables. sig. 2-tailed is more than 0.05 for brand exciting, cheerful, charming, reliable, and tough. therefore, we conclude that country doesn’t affect these variables significantly. for overall brand image, we have 3 variables that are affected significantly and 5 variables that are affected insignificantly. the weight average is higher for insignificant effect, thus, rejecting alternative hypothesis h2b. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 74 table 18. pearson correlations between country and brand image correlations country successful exciting cheerful charming intelligent reliable tough old fashioned country pearson correlation 1 -.134* -.082 -.077 -.079 -.238** -.108 -.112 .133* sig. (2tailed) .020 .158 .183 .171 .000 .062 .052 .021 n 380 302 301 302 301 302 301 301 302 sig. (2tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 n 302 302 301 302 301 302 301 301 302 *. correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). from table 18, it can be seen that the correlation coefficient (r) between country and all aspects of brand image (except old fashioned) is negative and close to 0. therefore, it can be concluded that country or culture affects brand image leading us to accept h2b that culture affects the impact of sports team sponsorship on brand image. furthermore, low context culture has higher positive impact on brand image, therefore, accepting hypothesis h3b. table 19. pearson correlations between watching football frequency and brand image how frequently do you watch football? successful exciting cheerful charming intelligent reliable tough old fashioned how frequently do you watch football? pearson correlatio n 1 -.612** -.681** -.680** -.682** -.604** -.640** -.640** .647** sig. (2tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 n 378 301 300 301 300 301 300 300 301 from table 19, it can be seen that the correlation coefficients (r) between frequency of watching football and all aspects of brand image (except old fashioned) is negative and close to 1. these results indicate that there are negative relationships and strongly correlated. however, as the order of watching frequency is in descending order, then it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship between watching football frequency and brand image. thus, accepting h1b. purchase intention in response to the question of purchase intention (table 20), around half of respondents in uk (48%) expressed their intention to buy from the brand in the next three months. the second largest group is not sure with 24% neither agree nor disagree. a small minority of 12% disagree. in gcc, the results are close with a majority of disagreement (36%). around 30% agree that they are intending to buy in the next three months. the combined results of agree and strongly agree (47%) still doesn’t represent a majority of overall. this indicates that in gcc, a high context culture, has lower chance of consumers purchase as a result of football team sponsorship. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 75 table 20. purchase intention by country i will buy from the brand in the next three months uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 0.00% 0 0.72% 1 somewhat disagree 11.59% 19 35.51% 49 neither agree nor disagree 23.78% 39 17.39% 24 somewhat agree 48.17% 79 29.71% 41 strongly agree 16.46% 27 16.67% 23 total 164 138 figure 8. purchase intention by country bar chart brand loyalty in term of respondents’ loyalty towards the brand, table 21 shows that in low context culture such as uk, consumers are more likely to stay loyal to the brand (35%). however, the largest group (40%) was confused and neither agree nor disagree with loyalty statement. on the other hand, in high context culture such as gcc countries, the largest group that represents the majority of 62% disagrees. the second largest group is loyal with 28% agree. overall, it can be concluded that in low context culture, maintaining a long-term football team sponsorship agreement yields positive result of keeping customers loyal, while it doesn’t produce the same result in high context culture. table 21. loyalty towards the brand by country i buy regularly from the brand uk gcc (bahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, uae) strongly disagree 0.00% 0 2.17% 3 somewhat disagree 19.51% 32 61.59% 85 neither agree nor disagree 40.24% 66 5.07% 7 somewhat agree 34.76% 57 27.54% 38 strongly agree 5.49% 9 3.62% 5 total 164 138 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 76 table 22. pearson correlations between watching football frequency with purchase intention and brand loyalty correlations country how frequently do you watch football? i will buy from the brand in the next three months i buy regularly from the brand country pearson correlation 1 .128* -.211** -.297** sig. (2-tailed) .013 .000 .000 n 380 378 302 302 how frequently do you watch football? pearson correlation .128* 1 -.613** -.519** sig. (2-tailed) .013 .000 .000 n 378 378 301 301 i will buy from the brand in the next three months pearson correlation -.211** -.613** 1 .781** sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 n 302 301 302 302 i buy regularly from the brand pearson correlation -.297** -.519** .781** 1 sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 n 302 301 302 302 *. correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). from table 22, it can be seen that the correlation coefficients (r) between frequency of watching football, and purchase intention and brand loyalty equal -.613 and -.519 respectively and close to 1. these results indicate that there are negative relationships and strongly correlated. however, as the order of watching frequency is in descending order, then it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship between watching football frequency and purchase intention and brand loyalty. thus, accepting h1c and h1d. the correlation coefficients (r) between country, and purchase intention and brand loyalty equal -.211 and -.297 respectively and close to 0. these results indicate that there are negative relationships and not strongly correlated. uk’s low context culture is correlated with higher purchase intention and brand loyalty. while gcc’s high context culture is correlated with lower purchase intention and brand loyalty. this leads us to accept hypothesis h2c and h2d that culture affects the impact of sports team sponsorship on purchase intention and brand loyalty. additionally, hypothesis h3c and h3d are accepted that low context culture has higher impact. in summary, the results of the research lead to accept all hypothesis except one was rejected. thus, accepting h1 that higher exposure to sports team sponsorship has greater impact on consumer behaviour. accept h2 that culture affects the impact level of sports team sponsorship on consumer behaviour except brand image (h2b) that is rejected. accept h3 that sports team sponsorship has higher impact on consumer behaviour in low context culture. discussion the objectives of this research were to assess the role of culture on marketing effectiveness, particularly in sports team sponsorship, determine which culture yields higher marketing effectiveness, and provide recommendation for international marketers on where to invest their marketing budget. previous studies (e.g. dubois and jolibert, 2015; siemens et al., 2015; derbaix & lardinoit, 2001; smith et al., 2008; and kaynak et al., 2008) have shown that sports team sponsorship affects consumer behaviour through exposure to the brand. in essence, it influences brand recall, brand image, and purchase intention, and brand loyalty. this study adds to these findings by comparing between cultures. within uk, a low context culture, brand recall is strong and increases as exposure to the brand increases. on the other hand, within gcc countries, a high indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 77 context culture, brand recall is limited for one brand. additionally, consumers in uk tend to be more football addict than gcc. the findings suggest that sponsoring football teams in uk has higher chance of the brand being exposed to consumers, hence more likely to be remembered, and vice versa for gcc. the eight elements that constitute brand image which are successful, exciting, cheerful, charming, intelligent, reliability, toughness, and old fashioned vary in effect. brands that sponsor football teams are considered successful both in uk and gcc. however, there is a larger group that thinks otherwise in gcc. as watching football increases, brand success perception increases in both cultures. this study extends the finding of (grinsven & das, 2014) that increased exposure leads to more positive attitude towards the brand by showing it applies to all cultures. as football is the most exciting sport in the world (ben-naim et al., 2005), establishing a correlation of excitement with brands associated with that event is an objective of marketers. a similar attitude to brand success found in other brand elements where both cultures agree brands are exciting, cheerful, and charming with larger group in gcc thinks otherwise than uk. the influence on positive brand attitudes is stronger in low context culture. however, the difference in the effect of culture on brand image is insignificant. brands that are sponsoring football teams in uk are considered intelligent while in gcc they think otherwise. therefore, brands sponsoring football teams in high context culture may not be viewed positively in term of intelligence while they will be looked as intelligent in low context culture. there is no decisive judgment regarding brand reliability and toughness. agreement and disagreement both less than half of population, while indecisive group that neither agree nor disagree is the largest with over a third of the population. it can be concluded that sponsoring football team sponsorship will not affect reliability and toughness perception significantly. uk consumers think the brand is not old fashioned by a significant portion, while in gcc consumers think the brand is old fashioned. this different view may be affected by development of football as a sport in the country. however, it can be said that in low context culture the brand will be viewed as modern while in high context culture it will be viewed as old fashioned. a critical aspect that enables marketers to assess the success of their sponsorships is purchase. it was found that uk consumers more likely to purchase with over half of population stated explicitly their intention to buy. on the other hand in gcc countries, a large proportion are intending to purchase, however, they represent less than half of population as over third of the population stated they don’t have intention to purchase. thus, football team sponsorship has higher probability of purchase and conversion in low context culture while in high context culture it still has a high probability of purchase but lower return. this is consistent with hall & hall (1990) high context culture commitment where people tend to be extremely cautious and reluctant to begin something. therefore, if the primary objective of marketers is sales, it is recommended they direct their sponsorship investment to low context countries such as uk. the last aspect is the loyalty towards the brand. surprisingly, uk consumers indicated a neutral attitude towards brand loyalty. this is consistent with hall & hall (1990) theory that low context culture has weak ties with others, so people move away or withdraw if things are not going well. from the perspective of gcc indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 78 consumers, they were decisively not loyal to the brand sponsoring the team. overall, sports team sponsorship is unlikely to be the optimal mean to nurture brand loyalty. another way to enhance our understanding of the two cultures is by looking at the demographic differences. football tends to be a masculine sport for both uk and gcc with the latter prevailed, while in uk around third of females watch football. this is consistent with alanezi & alansari (2016) that high context cultures have a significant gender differences where males have higher score than females on masculinity, highlighting hofstede (1998) theory. regarding age, football is most watched by young people but in uk there are huge fans from the elderly age group. thus, sports team sponsorship has better fit for products targeting males who are young. however, in low context culture such as uk, it is possible to reach more females and senior consumers. conclusion the current level of sponsorship industry, wherein companies spend hundreds of millions of pounds on sponsoring teams, makes it critical for marketers to enhance their understanding of the outcome from football team sponsorship. the differences in the outcome imposed by the differences between consumers is a major factor that influences reaction to the sponsoring brands. one of the major factors that affects consumer behaviour is their culture. the result of the study indicates that football team sponsorship leads to an overall higher marketing effectiveness in low context culture than high context in terms of brand recall, purchase intention, and brand loyalty. in terms of consumer behaviour elements, it can be argued that low context culture results in the same outcome of high context culture or better and vice versa. high context culture tends to have some negative attitude towards the brands that are sponsoring football teams. this study successfully establishes differences in the outcome between consumers of different cultures. however, it is limited by the fact that the study conducted in specific countries to represent the culture. future studies that include consumers from more countries to represent cultures would be useful to generalize the results. furthermore, it is important to apply current study on other sports by comparing consumer behaviour between different cultures in other sports such as basketball, tennis, golf, etc. finally, it would be interesting to examine other marketing aspects like the relationship between sports sponsorship and digital marketing metrics such as increasing traffic to website or followers of social media account. conflict of interest author declares that this manuscript has no conflict of interest with any party. references aitken, p. p., leathar, d. s., & squair, s. i. (1986). children's awareness of cigarette brand sponsorship of sports and games in the uk. health education research, 1(3), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/1.3.203 https://doi.org/10.1093/her/1.3.203 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 79 alanezi, a., & alansari, b. (2016). gender differences in hofstede's cultural dimensions among a kuwaiti sample. european psychiatry, 33(s1), s503-s504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1853 alba, j. w., & chattopadhyay, a. (1986). salience effects in brand recall. journal of marketing research, 23(4), 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378602300406 bakr, a. (2012) 'factbox: gulf arab countries' population, economy, military', [online], reuters. available: <http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-unionfact-idusbre84d19b20120514> [accessed 3/3/2016]. barlett, j. e., kotrlik, j. w. and higgins, c. c. (2001). organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research. information technology, learning, and performance journal, 19 (1) p. 43. baumann, c., hamin, h. and chong, a. (2015). the role of brand exposure and experience on brand recall—product durables vis-à-vis fmcg. journal of retailing and consumer services, 23 pp. 21-31. bbc (2015) 'london's population hits 8.6m record high', [online], available: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941> [accessed 17/2/2016]. ben-naim, e., vazquez, f. and redner, s. (2007). what is the most competitive sport? journal of the korean physical society, 50 (1) pp. 124-126. bennett, r. (1999). sports sponsorship, spectator recall and false consensus. european journal of marketing, 33 (3-4) pp. 291-313. carrillat, f. a., bellavance, a. & eid, f. (2015). a comparison of the effectiveness of sporting event sponsorship among direct and indirect audiences", european journal of marketing, 49 (3-4) pp. 621-642. carrillat, f. a. and d'astous, a. (2012) "the sponsorship-advertising interface: is less better for sponsors?", european journal of marketing, 46 (3-4) pp. 562574. chebli, l. and gharbi, a. (2014) "the impact of the effectiveness of sponsorship on image and memorizing: role of congruence and relational proximity", procedia social and behavioral sciences, 109 pp. 913-924. christensen, k., doblhammer, g., rau, r., et al. (2009) "ageing populations: the challenges ahead", lancet, 374 (9696) pp. 1196-1208. cliffe, s. j. and motion, j. (2005) "building contemporary brands: a sponsorshipbased strategy", journal of business research, 58 pp. 1068-1077. cornwell, b. t. (2014) sponsorship in marketing: effective communications through sports, arts, and events, london: routledge. cornwell, t. b., roy, d. p. and steinard, e. a. (2001) "exploring managers' perceptions of the impact of sponsorship on brand equity", journal of advertising, 30 (2) pp. 41-51. derbaix, c. and lardinoit, t. (2001) "sponsorship and recall of sponsors", psychology and marketing, 18 (2) pp. 167-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1853 https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378602300406 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-union-fact-idusbre84d19b20120514 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-union-fact-idusbre84d19b20120514 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 80 dubois, p. l. and jolibert, a. (2005) le marketing, fondements et pratiques, paris: economica. english, l. m., hsia, j. and malarcher, a. (2006) "tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (taps) exposure, anti-taps policies, and students' smoking behavior in botswana and south africa", preventive medicine. erfgen, c., zenker, s. and sattler, h. (2015) "the vampire effect: when do celebrity endorsers harm brand recall?", international journal of research in marketing, 32 (2) pp. 155-163. fifa (2016) 'history of football britain, the home of football', [online], fifa.com: fifa. available: <http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/britainhome-of-football.html> [accessed 3/8/2016]. friedman, s. (2015) 'sponsorship: a key to powerful marketing', [online], about.com. available: <http://marketing.about.com/od/eventandseminarmarketing/a/sponsorship.htm > [accessed 14/1/2016]. gamble, s. (2016) visual content marketing: leveraging infographics, video, and interactive media to attract and engage customers, wiley. gentina, e., butori, r., rose, g., et al. (2014) "how national culture impacts teenage shopping behavior: comparing french and american consumers", journal of business research, 67 (4) pp. 464-470. gravetter, f. j. and forzano, l.-a. b. (2015) research methods for the behavioral sciences, 5th edition. stamford, ct, usa: cengage learning. grohs, r. (2016) "drivers of brand image improvement in sports-event sponsorship", international journal of advertising, 35 (3) pp. 391-420. grohs, r. and reisinger, h. (2014) "sponsorship effects on brand image: the role of exposure and activity involvement", journal of business research, 67 pp. 1018-1025. gurhan-canli, z. and maheswaran, d. (2000) "cultural variations in country of origin effects", journal of marketing research, 37 (3) pp. 309-317. hakim, c. (2000) research design: successful designs for social and economic research, 2nd ed., routledge. hall, e. t. and hall, m. r. (1990) understanding cultural differences, yarmouth: intercultural. han, s. and shavitt, s. (1994) "persuasion and culture: advertising appeals in individualistic and collectivistic societies", journal of experimental social psychology, 30 pp. 326-350. hansen, f. and christensen, s. r. (2007) emotions, advertising and consumer choice, copenhagen business school press. hedges, l. v. and olkin, i. (2014) statistical methods for meta-analysis, academic press. http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/britain-home-of-football.html http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/britain-home-of-football.html http://marketing.about.com/od/eventandseminarmarketing/a/sponsorship.htm http://marketing.about.com/od/eventandseminarmarketing/a/sponsorship.htm indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 81 henseler, j., wilson, b. and westberg, k. (2011) "managers' perceptions of the impact of sport sponsorship on brand equity: which aspects of the sponsorship matter most?", sport marketing quarterly, 20 pp. 7-21. hofstede, g. (1998) masculinity and femininity: the taboo dimension of national cultures, sage publications. hong, j. and chang, h. (2015) ""i" follow my heart and "we" rely on reasons: the impact of self-construal on reliance on feelings versus reasons in decision making", journal of consumer research, 41 pp. 1392-1411. kacen, j. j. (2002) "the influence of culture on consumer impulsive buying behavior", journal of consumer psychology, 2 (2) pp. 163-176. kastanakis, m. and voyer, b. (2014) "the effect of culture on perception and cognition: a conceptual framework", journal of business research, 67 (4) pp. 425-433. kluger, j. (2016) 'the scientific reason men like sports more than women', [online], time.com: time. available: <http://time.com/4322947/men-womensports-evolution/> [accessed 3/8/2016]. koksal, y. and dema, o. (2014) "an investigation of the essential factors on customer loyalty in banking sector: a case of albanian retail bank", yonetim ve ekonomi, 21 (1) pp. 357-368. kotler, p. and keller, k. l. (2006) marketing management, boston: pearson prentice hall. kwon, m., saluja, g. and adaval, r. (2015) "who said what: the effects of cultural mindsets on perceptions of endorser-message relatedness", journal of consumer psychology, 25 (3) pp. 389-403. lehu, j.-m. and bressoud, é. (2009) "recall of brand placement in movies: interactions between prominence and plot connection in real conditions of exposure", recherche et applications en marketing (english edition), 24 (1) pp. 7-26. levin, a. m., joiner, c. and cameron, g. (2001) "the impact of sports sponsorship on consumers' brand attitudes and recall: the case of nascar fans", journal of current issues and research in advertising, 23 (2) pp. 23-31. liu, h., kim, k. h., choi, y. k., et al. (2015) "sports sponsorship effects on customer equity: an asian market application", international journal of advertising, 34 (2) pp. 307-326. maheswaran, d. and shavitt, s. (2000) "issues and new directions in global consumer psychology", journal of consumer psychology, 9 (2) pp. 59-66. matthes, j., schemer, c. and wirth, w. (2007) "more than meets the eye", international journal of advertising, 26 (4) pp. 477-503. mazodier, m. and merunka, d. (2012) "achieving brand loyalty through sponsorship: the role of fit and self-congruity", academy of marketing science. journal, 40 (6) pp. 807-820. http://time.com/4322947/men-women-sports-evolution/ http://time.com/4322947/men-women-sports-evolution/ indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 82 nagar, k. (2014) "an empirical investigation into the influence of green advertising on brand loyalty", journal of services research, 13 (2) pp. 71-94. pettigrew, s., rosenberg, m., ferguson, r., et al. (2013) "game on: do children absorb sports sponsorship messages?", public health nutrition, 16 (12) pp. 2197-2204. pittard, n., ewing, m. and jevons, c. (2007) "aesthetic theory and logo design: examining consumer response to proportion across cultures", international marketing review, 24 (4) pp. 457-473. review, w. p. (2015) 'kuwait population 2015', [online], world population review. available: <http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/kuwait-population/> [accessed 17/2/2016]. romaniuk, j. and nenycz-thiel, m. (2013) "behavioral brand loyalty and consumer brand associations", journal of business research, 66 (1) pp. 67-72. seguin, b. (2008) "sponsorship in the trenches': case study evidence of its legitimate place in the promotional mix", the sport journal, 10 (1). shavitt, s. and cho, h. (2016) "culture and consumer behavior: the role of horizontal and vertical cultural factors", current opinion in psychology, 8 pp. 149-154. shavitt, s., johnson, t. p. and zhang, j. (2011) "horizontal and vertical cultural differences in the content of advertising appeals", journal of international consumer marketing, 23 (3-4) pp. 297-310. siemens, j. c., smith, s. and fisher, d. (2015) "investigating the effects of active control on brand recall within in-game advertising", journal of interactive advertising, 15 (1) pp. 43-53. sirgy, m. j., lee, d.-j., johar, j. s., et al. (2008) "effects of self-congruity with sponsorship on brand loyalty", journal of business research, 61 pp. 10911097. smith, a., graetz, b. and westerbeek, h. (2008) "sport sponsorship, team support and purchase intentions", journal of marketing communications, 14 (5) pp. 387-404. smolianov, p. and aiyeku, j. f. (2009) "corporate marketing objectives and evaluation measures for integrated television advertising and sports event sponsorships", journal of promotion management, 15 (1-2) pp. 74-89. 'social, economic & demographic characteristics of gcc population', [online], gcc stat. available: <http://gccstat.org/en/statistics/demographic-andsocial/population-and-migration/2010-census/social-economic-anddemographic-characteristics-of-gcc-population> [accessed tanvir, a. and shahid, m. (2012) "impacts of sports sponsorship on brand image and purchase intention", interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 4 (2) pp. 659-667. tellis, g. j. (1988) "advertising exposure, loyalty, and brand purchase: a two-stage model of choice", journal of marketing research, 25 (2) pp. 134-144. http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/kuwait-population/ http://gccstat.org/en/statistics/demographic-and-social/population-and-migration/2010-census/social-economic-and-demographic-characteristics-of-gcc-population http://gccstat.org/en/statistics/demographic-and-social/population-and-migration/2010-census/social-economic-and-demographic-characteristics-of-gcc-population http://gccstat.org/en/statistics/demographic-and-social/population-and-migration/2010-census/social-economic-and-demographic-characteristics-of-gcc-population indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ alshawaaf, volume 3, number 1, 2023, 57-83 83 torelli, c. j., ozsomer, a., carvalho, s. w., et al. (2012) "brand concepts as representations of human values: do cultural congruity and compatibility between values matter?", american marketing association, 76 pp. 92-108. van grinsven, b. and das, e. (2014) "logo design in marketing communications: brand logo complexity moderates exposure effects on brand recognition and brand attitude", journal of marketing communications, pp. 1-15. wilson, b. (2009) 'premier league 'defies downturn'', [online], bbc news. available: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8078533.stm> [accessed 14/1/2016]. zdravkovic, s. and till, b. d. (2012) "enhancing brand image via sponsorship", international journal of advertising, 31 (1) pp. 113-132. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8078533.stm the author(s). 2022 open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0 international (cc by-sa 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 1 the financial effect(s) and analysis of coach-athlete educational relationship: a case study of youth soccer players in san diego and orange county ejiro uriri osiobe 1a-e* , daniel o. jones 2b-d , davi sofyan 3c , nate houser 4b-d 1department of business and economics, baker university, baldwin city, kansas, united states 2college of business administration, university of saint katherine, san marcos, california, united states 3department of physical education, universitas majalengka, majalengka, indonesia 4baker university, baldwin city, kansas abstract the coach-athlete relationship and its educational effectiveness are ambiguous, with several perceptions of creating an engaging learning environment. thus, understanding this relationship and analyzing its impact is essential to increasing enrollment and retention rates within institutions that associate with youth athletes. the study reviews existing literature on coach effectiveness and youthathlete relationship and analyses primary datasets from elite academy soccer clubs in the san diego and orange county area. the results provide valuable information on athletes' and parents' decision(s) on what club they want to join based on the coach-athlete educational relationship and behaviors using a qualitative analysis approach. the assertions made in the study are based on our primary data and qualitative analysis using the theories of past authors'. our findings serve as an archetype of behavioral-performance-and-sport-management tool(s) in providing the sports industry with a data-driven analysis of coachathletes' educational and recreational relationship while understanding what drives retention. the study's primary contribution is that it offers information for youth sports organizations, adds to the existing literature on coach effectiveness, and provides practical recommendations to improve organizational effectiveness in youth athlete enrollment and retention rates within organizations affiliated with youth athletes and emphasizes these questions: what is the approximate distance from the club to your residence, and what is your reservation distance between a club and your residence. keywords: athlete enrollment, athlete retention, coach-athlete educational relationship, performance management, coach effectiveness corresponding author: *ejiro u. osiobe, department of business and economics, baker university, baldwin city, ks 66006 e-mail: jiji.osiobe@bakeru.edu article history: received: february 12, 2023 accepted after revision: april 20, 2023 first published online: april 30, 2023 authors’ contribution: a) conception and design of the study; b) acquisition of data; c) analysis and interpretation of data; d) manuscript preparation; e) obtaining funding. cite this article: osiobe, e. u., jone, d. o., sofyan, d., & houser, n. (2023) a qualitative review of coach-athlete relationship from a performance management perspective: a case study of youth soccer players in san diego and orange county. indonesian journal of sport management, 3(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4618 introduction despite the rigorous research and discussion to define coach effectiveness, there is an ambiguous definition and conceptual understanding of the coaching process. nonetheless, we understand that coaches are role models for athletes who significantly impact their lives in and outside sports activities. lippitt (2012) argues it is based on the importance of coaches paying attention to individual differences to create optimal practice and game environments to achieve success. some studies argue it is defined by an athlete's level of achievement (win-loss percentage) or personal satisfaction (cote & gilbert, 2009). cote & gilbert (2009) imply that the research field will continue to be limited until a clear, articulate conceptual understanding of coach effectiveness is presented and accepted by the field of study. mailto:jiji.osiobe@bakeru.edu https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v3i1.4618 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-6620 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-7123 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-6620 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-7123 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-6620 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-7123 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-6620 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-7123 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 2 the theoretical significance is to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the definition of coach effectiveness and a conceptual coaching process from the perspective of players and their parents. for example, how can youth soccer coaches, essentially leaders, make practices more efficient for the athletes while promoting individual development and improving sports retention rates? addressing these questions will benefit organizations, athletes, and coaches because a greater understanding of the relationship between these factors can lead to more enhanced training strategies. therefore, this study's theoretical and qualitative significance will contribute to the existing literature on coach effectiveness and provide practical recommendations to improve organizational effectiveness to increase athlete retention rates within youth soccer organizations. this is related to teaching and physical education, where studies recognize this as an issue, and we must learn from experiences. it is also important to acknowledge other variables such as cultures, backgrounds, beliefs, and government policies that will play a significant role in how an individual will guide their teaching principles. still, existing research supports the assertion that coaches significantly influence athletes' development on multiple levels: including but not limited to physical, technical, psychological, and loyalty to a specific organization. jowett (2005) describes coach-athlete relationships using terms such as commitment, cooperation, communication, bonds, respect, friendship, power, dependence, dislike, and distrust. poczwardowski et al. (2006) suggest that reducing a coach's role to solely focusing on increasing athletic performance proposes a risk of misjudging other areas of influence that coaches have on their athletes. in addition, the quality of experience concerning the quality and dynamics of the coach-athlete relationship plays an essential role in the athletes' performance (poczwardowski et al., 2006). another study highlights that if coaches do not attend to all dimensions, it will handicap efforts to understand the interpersonal coach-athlete dynamic processes (gomes at el. 2006). kao et al. (2017) argue that it positively relates to perceived justice and performance and alleviates the relationship between appreciation and self-esteem. the success and failure of sports teams can directly be linked to the coach's ability to maximize their athletes' potential. mottaghi et al. (2013) argue that each organization can achieve its expected or predetermined goals with expert and skilled coaches. although, some different factors, including expectations from parents, directors, and supervisors, might have a different reaction for them to be successful, making the coach anxious. mottaghi et al. (2013) suggest reaching a set goal within the context of a club. a coach should be able to make the appropriate decision(s) based on their experiences. furthermore, lippitt's (2012) findings indicate that players want to be on teams that meet the needs of feeling a level of control within the practice environment, being technical within soccer, and having the support of teammates. this correlates with their perceptions of coaches meeting the needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which encourages player participation; thus, they are more likely to feel engaged in an environment where they feel supported and valued (mottaghi et al., 2013). this supports the authors' framework with coach leadership style. positive feedback involves a coach that recognizes and awards athletes' performances, efforts, and attitudes, where the coach to the players gives positive reinforcement during either practice or games (chelladurai & saleh, 1980). positive feedback is an indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 3 essential component of an athlete's development. it is evident that athletes' confidence directly results from positive reinforcement to build self-esteem. therefore, the maximization of effort or performance can be exerted without necessarily getting the desired results where the coach can express appreciation and compliment the athletes' contributions. this is crucial in maintaining athletes' motivational levels, which might contribute to their continued participation in sports. study limitation: while distributing the questionnaires to participants, google forms was an effective tool and allowed participants to participate using their phones, computers, or laptops easily. however, email correspondence was not frequently read, and multiple reminders had to be sent. in addition, there was an assumption that parents would provide the questionnaires directly to the athletes; this can become problematic for the athlete if they choose not to participate. thus, a parent might force them to do it, which could impact the results and speed of their responses. knowing how many athletes did it voluntarily without their parents' influence would be valuable. literature review chelladurai and saleh (1980) established foundational work in sports leadership and proposed the mastermylife (mml). the mml is positioned on the premise that athlete performance and satisfaction are functions of the congruency between the required coach behavior as imposed by the situation and the actual behavior of the coach. this is one of the highly accepted models of sports leadership. this model integrates different approaches to leadership and reinforces the importance of coaches' ability to balance and incorporate three types of behaviors. these behaviors include those preferred by the athletes, those in context, and those effectively applied to everyday practice (chelladurai & saleh, 1980). according to the mml, there are three antecedents to leader behavior: situational, leader, and member characteristics. these antecedents present three [primary] types of leader behavior: required, actual, and preferred. group performance and player satisfaction are based on the congruent nature of three leadership behavior types: required, actual, and preferred (chelladurai & saleh, 1980; fletcher & roberts, 2013). burdette (2018) suggests that satisfaction and performance increase as the congruence between the three types of leader behavior increases. the mml is based on the proposition that, to a large extent, group performance and player satisfaction depend on the congruence of these three leader behaviors. group performance and player satisfaction are enhanced when there is a similarity in specific leader behaviors as required by the situation, as preferred by the followers, and perceived by the followers. conversely, group performance and player satisfaction are compromised when these behaviors are contradictory. researchers have established a link between leadership behavior congruency, athlete satisfaction, and group performance (chelladurai, 1978; 1984; chelladurai et al., 1988; home & carton, 1985; riemer & chelladurai, 1995; schliesman, 1987; weiss & friedrichs, 1986). collectively, these studies provide initial support for the leadership behavior mentioned. nonetheless, strong support has been shown to link member characteristics and coaching indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 4 behaviors (chelladurai & carron, 1983; chelladurai et al., 1988; chelladurai et al., 1987). the mml is one of the most significant sporting leadership models developed and has generated extensive empirical attention. chelladurai (1980) originally proposed that the congruence between preferred, required, and perceived leadership behavior determines variable member satisfaction and group performance (fletcher & roberts, 2013). successful outcomes include high performance and high athlete satisfaction, but these outcomes only happen when congruence exists between these three aspects of leader behavior. the quality of both team and individual performance and athlete satisfaction results from the coaching behavior appropriate for the sport (chelladurai & saleh, 1980). according to chelladurai and saleh (1980), combining leadership elements emphasizes being a leader and a group member. they ascertained that group performance and team member satisfaction are the functions of the interaction between the three different forms of leadership behavior. fletcher & roberts (2013) list the three functions of leadership behavior: the leader's characteristics, members' characteristics, and situational factors. the authors state that when there is synergy between a coach's actual behavior and the players' preferred behavior, it is more likely that the athletes will have a positive experience and perform better. potrac et al. (2002) noted that specific leader behaviors are more relevant to some situations. continually, a particular measurement was needed to assess leadership behavior relative to athletics. when a coach changes their behaviors based on athletes' preferences, there are positive effects on players' performances (potrac et al., 2002). the leadership scale for sport (lss) was developed by studying the behaviors of coaches relating to player preference, coach perceptions, and coach behavior. player satisfaction in sports is often a direct result of coaching behavior and not always a result of the team's performance. positive coaching behavior is a critical component that correlates to athletic performance and success (iso-ahola & hatfield, 1986). chelladurai and saleh (1980) recognized that previous leadership theories for sports did not contain adequate models to measure and test the mml theory, nor were their sufficient attempts to develop reliable and valid scales to assess and describe leadership concerning coaching behaviors. according to chelladurai and saleh (1980), each of these five lss sub-scales represents a unique dimension of leadership behavior. training and instruction involve a coach who exhibits behavior that clarifies the player's role and provides an intensive training environment focused on skill instructions to improve performance. the training and instruction sub-scale represents the explicit tasks of the coach, such as assisting athletes in the development of skills and learning tactics of the sport, and reflects one of the essential functions of a coach: to improve the athlete's performance level. through training and instruction, the coach helps athletes reach their maximum physical potential by providing education on how to acquire the skills, techniques, and tactics of the sport. coaches of team sports also coordinate team members' activities. this construct is similar to the instrumental leadership dimension outlined by house and dessler (1974), consisting of role clarification, coaching, and coordination. additionally, positive feedback involves coaching behaviors that recognize and award players' performance, effort, and attitude through positive reinforcement by the coach during practice and games (chelladurai & saleh, 1980). positive feedback is an essential component in all competitions and practices. when a team competes, the members are there for one reason: to win. thus, maximum effort or indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 5 performance can be exerted without necessarily winning. in team sports, individual player contributions can go unnoticed and unrecognized. therefore, a coach must express appreciation and compliment the athletes for their performance and contribution. positive feedback from the coach is crucial in maintaining the motivational level of athletes. renshaw et al. (2012) found that one of the motivational strategies is predicted leader effectiveness. positive reinforcement is also one of the preferred leadership behaviors favored by athletes. athletes' perceptions of leader behavior are similar to required leader behavior. likewise, coaches' perception of themselves relates to their leadership behavior. in conclusion, the lss is used to analyze the effectiveness of coaching behavior. it includes a single direct task factor, two decision-style factors (democratic behavior (db)) and autocratic behavior (ab)), and two motivational factors (social support (ss)) and positive feedback (pf)). together, these five factors (including training and instruction) serve as a helpful tool consistent with the path-goal theory of leadership, which has distinct advantages over other proposed factor structures (house & dessler, 1974). moreover, these dimensions represent five conceptually distinct, relatively reliable categories of coaching behavior. nonetheless, traditional coaching methods emphasize drills to improve fundamental skills; most often, the focus is on reducing errors and negative aspects, such as what the player cannot do (light & harvey, 2017). players must practice skill development before their peers, and negative feelings toward sports participation may arise or exacerbate. the coach-centered approach focuses on technical mastery, which can deprive students of the opportunity for self-discovery and increased selfconfidence. in contrast, a game-based approach provides opportunities for players to learn from their mistakes without the feeling that they are being criticized or under a microscope. this approach is based on the construct of positive pedagogy. positive pedagogy is a type of teaching meant to foster the active acquisition of knowledge by creating a positive learning experience, turning the focus away from the learner's mistakes, and building self-confidence, autonomy, engagement, and motivation (george, 2006; kirk, 2005). skills are built by emphasizing what a learner can do, which helps develop inquisitive and active learners instead of passive learners. as george (2006) suggests, teaching based on positive pedagogy creates positive learning experiences that foster a love of learning, creativity, and problemsolving skills with an emphasis on error correction, which leads to reductions in focus, concentration, and motivation. coaches can use positive pedagogy to create a more positive and effective environment (light & harvey, 2017). this paper asserts that this approach is also relevant to individual player satisfaction. when using positive pedagogy and a game-centered approach, coaching focuses on player development; the learning process can create positive and enjoyable experiences (light, 2003). significantly, positive pedagogy improves morale, social, and personal development (light & harvey, 2017). this type of learner-centered holistic approach contrasts with behaviorist theory, where coaches focus on instruction and demonstrations, believing that more direct feedback and greater levels of intervention lead to more learning (douge & hastie, 1993; williams & hodges, 2005). according to (høigaard et al., 2008; potrac et al., 2007), athletes desire several factors from their coach's leadership behavior, resulting from the age and level of playing experience, and in times of success and failure, the authors found that younger athletes' preferred higher levels of coach indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 6 support with clear communication while the older and more experienced athletes' needed less. in addition, potrac et al. (2007) state that coaches utilize behaviors they believe correlate with the coaching role, providing specific goals to accomplish, such as positive feedback to ensure their athletes learn the correct behaviors. while (høigaard et al., 2008) state there is no 'one best way' to coach, coaches must adapt their styles to the environment as it relates to the athletes. potrac et al. (2002) findings show that one of the most effective approaches to fulfilling the needs of players. the emphasis on outcomes sees professional coaches strive to control as many variables of the complex coaching process as possible as they conduct high levels of instruction to the athletes to achieve specific objectives. in contrast, a guided discovery method of coaching has been illustrated as an approach that reflects poorly on the learning engagement process, as coaches want to avoid being regarded as indecisive and lacking in knowledge. the consequences of this approach are that the players are increasingly socialized into expecting instructional behaviors from coaches and are not as coachable as in other coaching methods. it is reported that those players, which take the path toward coaching, will be heavily influenced by their experiences when coaching themselves (cushion et al., 2003). in the context of coaching, previous experiences and education of coaches and their core values regarding effective coaching behaviors would influence such aspirations or goals accomplished. furthermore, the behaviors utilized by coaches may reflect their core values regarding effective and appropriate coaching accumulated from previous playing, coaching, and educational experiences. according to alvarez et al. (2009), the social and personal factors of the experience are positively related to athletes' intrinsic motivation and enjoyment, which have been studied from different perspectives. the self-determination theory is currently one of the most relevant tools to examine this theory. however, the authors also imply much more work is needed before defining an effective coaching practice. potrac et al.'s (2002) study reports that coaching science was primarily underpinned by bio-scientific injury, which addresses an athlete's psychological, physiological, tactical, and technical development. coaches are technicians involved in the transfer of knowledge to their athletes. moreover, potrac et al. (2002) suggest that successful coaches are competent in adapting their instructional behaviors to meet the particular needs of their athletes. additionally, stating the importance of reflecting on the leadership style and the appropriateness of coach behaviors for developing desired outcomes to identify and understand effective coaching behaviors (potrac et al., 2007). this leads to identifying the best practices used to motivate individual players' needs. albert bandura's self-determination theory (sdt) is a motivational theory that focuses on the factors that motivate choice. sdt proposes that social factors within an environment influence motivation and satisfaction levels (deci & ryan, 1985). sdt explores how a teacher's or coach's interpersonal behavior influences the student or player's motivation, well-being, and satisfaction (gillet et al., 2010). this theory is sometimes called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation (bandura, 1989). the theoretical framework, and the four sources of efficacy beliefs, are also relevant to this study. helping to develop social skills and confidence is essential to the learning process, and self-efficacy plays a critical role in an individual's chance for indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 7 success. bandura analyzed his social learning theory stating that people learn from each other through processes that include but are not limited to observation, imitation, and modeling. bandura also proposed that individuals learn attitudes and behaviors by observational learning and social reinforcement, and his social learning theory has been used to develop models for sports participation. self-efficacy plays an essential role in player development. research methodology model the percentage difference seeks to understand the percentage point(s) of difference when compared to the average between two or more numbers. our paper exploits the percentage difference equation, which equals the absolute value of the change in weight, divided by the average sum of the values multiplied by 100. [ ] [ ] various types of research have been conducted using the lss and demographic factors such as nationality and gender. for example, one study found that norwegian soccer players had the highest appreciation for training and instructing behavior, democratic style, and positive feedback from coaches (høigaard et al., 2008). regardless of whether the season was successful, more social support was desired in unsuccessful seasons. it is also interesting to note that perceived social support may be related to satisfaction. players who win may feel more social support than others who do not. other research has illustrated that male athletes prefer technical instruction and autocratic decision-making, while females desire coaches who exhibit democratic and participatory leadership to provide high levels of positive feedback (beam et al., 2004; lam et al., 2007; weinberg & gould, 2007). this suggests that coaches should adapt leadership behaviors based on gender. despite considerable research on mml and gender, results have conflicted, and the factor of race has been largely ignored. a performance coach plays a significant role in creating an engaging environment to maximize the athletes' full potential through motivating, performance feedback, and developing practices that align the team. it is in creating a positive environment and culture that athletes want to be a part of and create good habits on and off the field. a literature review on coach effectiveness in youth soccer indicates a correlation between educational practice, theories, methodologies, and performance outcomes. thus, youth soccer coaches need to have the ability to go beyond any methods and create a learning environment that will cultivate an appreciation and deeper understanding of the sport. this will undoubtedly provide a valuable experience for the athletes and families involved in the youth game. therefore, understanding these factors was the goal of this research on athletes in high-level competitive soccer organizations in san diego and orange county. this indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 8 supports previous research that identified that educating coaches about the importance of team relationships and understanding time demands and pressure may result in fewer athletes dropping out of the sport (keathley et al., 2013). it is clear from the research that coaches often rely on more traditional methods characterized by specific intrusion and exercises and the need for the coach to maintain control during the process. organizations provide coaching curriculums that restrict their authenticity in the coaching process and suggest that the coach's role is merely to instruct and guide the athletes toward their ideal model. although, it is within the strategic plan for organizations to predict the future player. thus, how can organizations create curriculums to make athletes adaptable to what the future game will look like in 5, 10, or 20 years? the coaching process must be considered more than just the physical and technical skills instruction. coaching is, in fact, a very complex process, socially significant and engaging (bennett & culpan, 2014). this study will demonstrate how coaches can create more valuable relationships with their athletes to maximize their performances as individuals, align them as a team, and provide insight into how coaches can use various tools and resources to develop holistic athletes; who will be prepared to compete for the highest level. methods: this study will utilize a quantitative approach to examine the relationships between parent and athlete perceptions of coach effectiveness and retention rates in youth soccer organizations. it has been highlighted that athletes may prefer specific coaching methods or styles, but its correlation with retention rates is a growing concern in youth sports. this research will help us understand better, and according to burns (2000), a quantitative approach to research will allow for definitions and comparisons of various variables. therefore, questionnaires are frequently used to obtain information about opinions, perceptions, and attitudes. this will help us better understand the coach-athlete experience's perceptions in creating an engaging learning environment. therefore, the coach-athlete experience questionnaire for the study was shared with the youth soccer parents, guardians, and athletes from the san diego and orange county area in california. this included background questions to identify the demographic characteristics and questions specific to coach-athlete relationships, trust, communication, projected retention rates, enthusiastic practice, and games. method justification: as a research design method, the questionnaire enabled a more expansive outreach to collect responses, assured participants' confidentiality, and effectively provided insight into the field of study. participants: the research focused on local youth soccer parents and athletes drawn mainly from san diego and orange county. the sampling method reasoned that participants were accessible and local and demonstrated a representation of southern california, competitive soccer organizations from recreation to the elite level. participants included athletes aged 10 16 years old. the process included sending formal letters explaining the study via email to local club directors and coaches to recruit parents and players to participate. the sample population consisted of various levels of indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 9 competition and time frames competing in organized soccer organizations. the primary youth sports groups participating in the questionnaire included city soccer club, express soccer club, and laguna united football club. research design: the questionnaire was created via google form with 28 questions, with the coach-athlete section having 21 questions. clear and concise words were used, with only a couple of written answers to make it easy to complete. participants had a choice in the first section to choose whether they were a parent/guardian or athlete responding to the questionnaire. this proceeded to the consent information page, where they were required to click next once they read through the form. the questionnaires collected data regarding the gender, age, ethnicity, number of years playing in soccer, current league/level the athlete is participating in, and whether the parents or guardians had previously participated in soccer. thus, these methods helped obtain 222 respondents who participated in this study ((157 (70.7%) were parents or guardians, and 65 (29.3%) were athletes). in addition, the sample represented a wide range of levels of competition, with 35% of respondents categorizing themselves as playing on a team classified as mls next or girls academy, 29.2% categorizing themselves as elite academy members, and 26.2% competing within the socal development soccer league platform. the leadership scale for sports was the foundation for the questionnaire because it was designed to examine coaches' behaviors, the coaching style preferred by athletes, and specific sports (chelladurai & saleh, 1978). it was shortened to help reduce potential participant fatigue and time constraints. the questionnaire had a mixture of response categories: excellent, very-good, good, fair, poor; strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree; always, often, sometimes, rarely, never; and extremely likely, likely, neutral, unlikely, extremely unlikely. procedure: after securing approval for the research from the university of saint katherine's institutional review board (irb) to conduct the study, the directors of elite soccer clubs in san diego and orange county were emailed the study questionnaire, and they sent it to their directory list. participants had a couple of weeks to complete the questionnaire; data were stored in a google drive and will be deleted upon the completion of the study. the responses were compiled in real-time, and using google forms was very functional. however, the return rate will be ambiguous as it is uncertain how many coaches or directors could reach out to all their club members. diffley (2021) reported an average 8-12% return rate. with an estimated 2500 email invitations sent out by the clubs' directors, our study is within the (8%-12%) response range. results this study aimed to investigate the influence of coaches' behaviors on the parent and athlete experiences and the retention rates in youth soccer organizations. the assumption of a good experience comes from positive participation with a good coach. thus, the study examines their expectations and the likelihood of continuing to play soccer after their affairs. in addition, whether parents have had any previous indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 10 experience coaching or players would determine their expectations within the specific environment. finally, zero prior training sessions would leave room for a coachathlete relationship to grow and have no other experience with other coaches. on the other hand, coaches who provide effective instruction and praise are more likely to react to the coach-athlete relationship positively. data interpretation: the qda miner software codified, analyzed, and visualized our findings. the study identified the athletes' perception and willingness to perform specific actions required by their coach. their categories were based on their intrinsic motivation or type of commitment. table 1. willingness to perform a specific task table one analyzes the athlete's willingness to perform a specific task prescribed by their coach during games or practice sessions. according to the responses, (15.2%) of parents and [16.8%] of athletes participate in the specific task given by the coach based on a legal and contractual obligation to the club contract; (66.5%) and [75.2%] based on the athlete's self-interest; (0%) and [1%] was based on the club's conference or division; (1.3%) and [0%] was based on the training effectiveness on game results. while (16.8%) and [5.9%] were based on how challenging sessions are during the season. (0.3) and [1%] were based on the club's camaraderie level. one can infer from the table that parents had zero interest in the club's division level, while the athletes had zero interest in the training's effectiveness. the zero interest results could be attributed to their athletes being still at the beginner's level. the clubs mostly play with other clubs at par with their skill level and region, with zero exploration. it is recommended that these west coast clubs arrange more division-friendly games with clubs in the mid-west and eastern regions. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 11 figure 1. parents’ experience with the club expectation ratio source: personal data figure one analyzes the athlete's parents' experience with their expectation ratio. based on their playing days' experiences and expectations from their athletes' current club. based on the responses, reporting the counts out of the 157 answers, one played at the professional level, 41 at the recreational level, seven at the semiprofessional level, 11 at the collegiate level, 47 at the competitive level, and 50 didn't play the sport. based on the participation ratio, .64% of the parents played at the professional level, 26.11% at the recreational level, 4.46% at the semi-professional level, 7.01% at the collegiate level, 29.94% at a competitive level, 31.85% were not involved in sport (see table 2a). table 2a. parent's participation ratio. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 12 table two-a builds on figure one, giving a more detailed analysis of the parent's participation ratio. based on their playing days' experiences and expectations from their athletes' current club. according to our findings, 100% of parents that played at the professional level said the club met their expectations. for parents who played at the recreational level, 12.20% said the club needed improvement, 58.54% said it met their expectations, and 4.88% said it far exceeded their expectations. in comparison, 24.39% said it exceeded their expectations. on the other hand, of parents who played at the semi-professional level, 71.43% of them said the club met their expectations, and 28.57% said the club exceeded their expectations. for parents that played at the collegiate level, 18.18% said the club needed improvement, 45.45% said the club met their expectations, 9.09% said the club didn't meet their expectations, and 27.27% said the club exceeded their expectations. with parents who played at the competitive level, 8.51% said the club needed an improvement, 53.19% said the club met their expectations, 14.89% said the club far exceeded their expectations, 8.51% said the club didn't meet their expectations, and 14.89% said the club exceeded their expectations. finally, while parents who didn't play the sport, 20% said the club needs an improvement, 40% said the club met their expectations, 4% said it far exceeded their expectations, 8% said it didn't meet their expectations, and 28% the club exceeded their expectations (see table 2a). table 2b. the athlete's parents' relationship table two-b builds on figure one and table two-a, giving a more detailed analysis of the athlete's parents' relationship as it relates to improvement needed (in), participation percentage (pp), participation index (pi), meets expectations (me), far exceeds expectations (fee), does not meet expectations (dne), exceed expectations (ee). based on their playing days' experiences and expectations from their athletes' current club. in comparison with the pp converted to an index pi, according to the data. with parents who said the club needed improvement, 20.71% played the game at a recreational level, 30.88% played at the collegiate level, 14.45% played at a competitive level, and 33.96% didn't play the game. of parents who said the club met their expectations, 27.13% played at the professional level, 15.88% at the recreational level, 19.38% at the semi-professional level, 12.33% at indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 13 the collegiate level, 14.43% at the competitive level, and 10.85% didn't play the sport at all. of parents who said that the club far exceeded their expectations, 20.52% played at the recreational level, 62.65% at the competitive level, and 16.83% didn't play the sport. of parents who said the club didn't meet their expectations, 35.51% played at the collegiate level, 33.24% at the competitive level, and 31.25% didn't play the game. of parents who said the club exceeded their expectations, 19.81% played at the recreational level, 23.20% at the semiprofessional level, 22.15% at the collegiate level, and 12.10% at the competitive level. in comparison, 22.74% didn't play the sport at all. table 3. motivating factors that will result in changing to a different club code parents' responses athletes' responses code(s) meaning n % n % personal interest 34 7.1 9 5.6 based on the athlete's self-interest to grow as a player. competition 8 1.7 3 1.9 athletes join a club to compete in a particular conference or division; hence if the club drops off a division (relegated), a top athlete in the club is more likely to move to a more competitive club to play at the highest level possible. challenge 33 6.9 26 16 athletes join a club because of challenges placed before them during the training sessions but not limited to the competition sessions during the gaming season(s); a club that fails to meet this requirement will result in a highly competitive athlete moving to a more challenging club. cooperation 1 0.2 athletes join clubs for camaraderie; a lack of connection within the team is a significant factor in why athletes change clubs. wins 11 2.3 16 9.9 the (win-to-draw, win-to-loss, and draw-to-loss) ratio plays a significant role in an athlete staying with a club; this is not to say winning is all that matters when choosing a club but the structure of growth trajectory is what counts when analyzing this ratio. effective 4 0.8 athletes join a club based on how effective their training sessions have improved their playing skills. lack of commitment 1 0.2 athletes will leave a club due to a lack of commitment from the players and coaches. enhanced training 61 12.8 athletes join a club to get enhanced training programs that, at the aggregate level, improve the player's skills during training and game sessions. poor communication 42 8.8 10 6.2 an athlete will leave a club if they believe or perceive that a poor communication environment impedes their training and playing sessions; hence, it may negatively impact the players' growth and development. communication channels 2 0.4 an athlete will leave a club if they believe or perceive a long and bureaucratic chain of command in getting anything done or making suggestions within the club. encourages 1 0.2 an athlete will leave a club if they believe they don't provide the encouragement needed to develop the necessary skills to compete at the highest levels. negative feedback 18 3.8 8 4.9 an athlete will leave a club if they believe that the coach's feedback is primarily negative and give/makes little or no effort to help the athlete improve their skills during the training sessions and game season. new—f&t 66 13.9 30 18.5 an athlete will leave a club if they believe another club has better and newer facilities and training systems to ensure the athletes develop their skills as the sport progresses. opportunities 96 20.2 38 23.5 athletes' will leave or join a club due to the opportunities on and off the soccer field. lack of opportunities 63 13.2 16 9.9 athletes' will leave or join a club due to zero opportunities on and off the field. resources 2 0.4 the resource(s) in the club provides enough support to the athlete that ensures growth and maintains their skills. reputation 3 0.6 athletes' will stay with a club if the club's reputation is very indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 14 significant in boosting the athlete's career. finances 18 3.8 2 1.2 an athlete will join a club if they have some form of financial support to help with the cost of their training. geographic area 4 0.8 parents are more likely to join a club that is geographically convenient for their commute to training and games. unknown 8 1.7 4 2.5 the parents or the athlete can't explain the factors associated with this decision. total 476 100 162 100 n/a source: (question 10 athlete's and parents' versions: jones & osiobe, 2022) coded by doj; analyzed & interpretations by euo where: n = counts % = percent doj = daniel o. jones euo = ejiro u. osiobe f&t = facilities and training ( ) = parents' responses [ ] = athletes' responses table three analyzes the motivating factors resulting in switching clubs. according to the (476) parents' and [162] athletes' responses: (7.1%) and [5.6%] would change clubs to grow personally; (1.7%) and [1.9%] to compete at a higher level; (6.6%) and [16%] for the challenge; (0.2%) for the camaraderie; (2.3%) and [9.9%] for the success associated with the club; (0.8%) for the effective routine; (0.2%) commitment level of the club; (12.8%) for the enhanced training routine; (8.8) and [6.2%] due to poor communication; (0.4%) due to poor communication channel; (0.2%) if there is few motivating engagements happening; (3.8%) and [4.9%] if there are more negative feedbacks than positive; (13.9%) and [18.5%] would change clubs for they don't have state of the art equipments; (20.2%) and [23.5%] for thr opportunities on and off the court by joining another club; (13.2%) and [9.9%] for the lack of opportunities in their club; (0.4%) lack of needed resources to grow the club and the athletes; (0.6%) not having the reputation to make the news or be invited to make new connections; (3.8%) and [1.2%] due to lack of financial support to pay staff and hire experts to train their atheletes; (0.8%) the convenient to access or drive to the club affects the decision of joioning a club; (1.7%) and [2.5%] are unexplained factors to joining a club. figure 2a & 2b. parents' expectations of the athlete's continuity ratio indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 15 figure two-b analyzes the athlete's expectations of their athlete's continuity ratio based on the probability of the athlete's continuity in the sport. based on the responses, reporting the counts out of the 64 answers; (6.25%) were neutral about the club, hence neutral about the athlete's continuity with the sport based on their expectation needs being met. with the following counts of respondents, {#2} stated that the club needs improvement and meets their expectations. (4.69%) were unlikely that the athlete would continue with the sport based on their expectation needs being met. with the following counts of respondents, {#1} stated that the club needs improvement, and {#2} said the club met their expectations. (57.81%) were likely that the athlete would continue with the sport based on their expectation needs being met. with the following counts of respondents, {#5} stated that the club needs improvement, {#6} said the club met their expectations, {#20} far exceeded their expectations, and {#6} didn't meet their expectations. (31.25%) were highly likely that the athlete would continue with the sport based on their expectation needs being met. with the following counts of respondents, {#3} stated that the club needs improvement, {#11} said the club met their expectations, and {#6} far exceeded their expectations (see table 4c). table 4a. the parent's expectations of the athlete's continuity ratio table four builds on figure two-a, giving a more detailed analysis of the parent's expectations of the athlete's continuity ratio. based on their expectations before enrolling their athlete in the club. according to our findings, (8.92%) are neutral about their athlete's continuity ratio based on their club expectations, with {#3} stating that the club needs improvement, {#7} stating the club met their expectation, {#2} saying that the club didn't meet their expectations and exceeded their expectations. (1.91%) are unlikely that their athlete will continue in the club based on their expectations, with {#2} stating that the club needs improvement and {#1} saying the club met their expectations. (26.11%) are likely about their athlete's continuing with the club based on their expectations, with {#7} stating that the club needs improvement, {#26} stating the club met their expectation, {#1} saying that the club far exceeded their expectations and didn't meet their expectations, and {#6} say the club exceeded their expectations. (61.15%) are extremely likely about their athlete's continuing with the club based on their expectations, with {#9} stating that the club needs improvement, {#46} stating the club met their expectation, indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 16 {#10} saying that the club far exceeded their expectations, {#3} saying the club didn't meet their expectations, and {#28} say the club exceeded their expectations. (1.91%) are extremely unlikely about their athletes continuing with the club based on their expectations, with {#3} stating that the club didn't meet their expectations. table 4b. the athlete's parents' relationship table four-b builds on figure two-a and table four-a, giving a more detailed analysis of the athlete's parents' relationship as it relates to improvement needed (in), participation percentage (pp), participation index (pi), meets expectations (me), far exceeds expectations (fee), does not meet expectations (dne), exceed expectations (ee). based on the parent's expectations of the club and the athlete's continuity ratio. in comparison with the pp converted to an index pi, according to the data. with neutral parents, 18.71% said the club in, 25.69% said me, 11.92% said dne, and 24.59% ee. with the unlikely-to-continue parents, 58.20% said in, and 17.12% said me. with the likely-to-continue parents, 14.91% said the club in, 32.58% said me, 18.97% said fee, 2.04% said dne, and 25.19%. with the extremely likely to continue parents, 8.18% said in, 24.61% said me, 81.03% said fee, 2.61% said dne, and 50.21% said ee. with the extremely likely to continue parents, 83.44% said dne. table 4c. the athlete's expectations of their continuity ratio indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 17 table four-c builds on figure two-b, giving a more detailed analysis of the athlete's expectations of their continuity ratio. based on their expectations before enrolling in the club. according to our findings, (6.25%) are neutral about their athlete's continuity ratio based on their club expectations, with {#2} stating that the club needs improvement and the club met their expectation. (4.69%) are unlikely that their athlete will continue in the club based on their expectations, with {#1} stating that the club needs improvement and {#2} saying the club met their expectations. (57.81%) are likely about their athlete's continuing with the club based on their expectations, with {#5} stating that the club needs improvement, {#6} stating the club met their expectation, {#20} saying that the club far exceeded their expectations, {#6} didn't meet their expectations. (31.25%) are extremely likely about their athlete's continuing with the club based on their expectations, with {#3} stating that the club needs improvement, {#11} stating the club met their expectation, and {#6} saying that the club far exceeded their expectations. table 4d. the athlete's parents' relationship table four-d builds on figure two-b and table four-c, giving a more detailed analysis of the athlete's parents' relationship as it relates to improvement needed (in), participation percentage (pp), participation index (pi), meets expectations (me), far exceeds expectations (fee), does not meet expectations (dne), exceed expectations (ee). based on the athlete's expectations of the club and their continuity ratio. in comparison with the pp converted to an index pi, according to the data. with neutral parents, 44.70% said the club in, and 26.61% said me. with the unlikely-to-continue parents, 29.80% said in, and 35.48% said me. with the likelyto-continue parents, 12.08% said the club in, 8.63% said me, 64.31% said fee, and 100% said dne. finally, with the extremely likely to continue parents, 13.14% said in, 29.27% said me, and 35.69% said fee. table 5. describing the practices environment parents' responses athletes' responses code n % n % code(s) meaning effectiveness 71 16.9 29 17.5 athletes join a club based on how effective their training section has been in improving the athlete's playing skills. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 18 personal interest 1 0.2 34 20.5 based on the athlete's self-interest to grow as a player. competition 2 0.5 athletes join a club to compete in a particular conference or division; hence their willingness to perform a specific task is highly correlated to the club's competitive level or skill level of other clubs in their conference or division. challenge 1 0.2 athletes join a club because of challenges placed before them during the training sessions but not limited to the competition sessions during the gaming season(s). cooperation 94 22.4 2 1.2 athletes join clubs for camaraderie. enhanced training 1 0.2 athletes join a club intending to get enhanced training programs that, at the aggregate level, improve the player's skills during training and game sessions. poor communication 2 0.5 an athlete will leave a club if they believe or perceive a poor communication environment that impedes their training and playing sessions; hence may negatively impact the players' growth and development. encourages 76 18.1 an athlete will leave a club if they believe that they don't provide the encouragement needed for an athlete to develop their skills to compete at the highest levels. positive feedback 154 36.7 93 56.1 the practice environment and game timeout time have an encouraging and positive setting. negative feedback 13 3.1 8 4.8 an athlete will leave a club if they believe that the coach's feedback is primarily negative and give/makes little or no effort to help the athlete improve their skills during the training sessions and game season. lack of opportunities 1 0.2 an athlete will leave or join a club due to the opportunities for athletes. resources 1 0.2 the club's resource(s) provides enough support to the athlete that ensures growth and maintains their skills. player attitudes 1 0.2 the players' attitude during practices, games, and off the field has a direct, indirect, and induced impact on the club. reputation 1 0.2 the club's reputation is very significant in boosting the athlete's career. total 419 99.6 166 100 n/a source: (question 13 athlete's and parents' versions: jones & osiobe, 2022) coded by doj; analyzed & interpretations by euo where: n = counts % = percent doj = daniel o. jones euo = ejiro u. osiobe ( ) = parents' responses [ ] = athletes' responses table five analyzes the athlete's practice environment. according to the responses, (16.9%) of parents and [17.5%] of athletes describe the practice environment as effective; (0.2%) and [20.5%] describe it as catering to their interests; (0.5%) for its competitiveness; (0.2%) for the club challenge; (22.4) and [1.2%] camaraderie; (0.2%) enhanced training equipment and techniques; (0.5%) had a poor communication environment; (18.1%) it has an encouraging environment; (36.7%) and [56.1%] environment having positive feedback; (3.1%) and [4.8%] environment having negative feedback; (0.2%) environment is lacking opportunities, resources, player attitudes, and reputation. one can infer from the table that parents had zero interest in the club's division level. at the same time, the athletes cared more about developing their skill interests than getting opportunities outside the club, like modeling and endorsement deals. the zero interest results could be attributed to their age, likewise, the parents who may not know how to secure these endorsements. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 19 figure 3. parents' satisfaction as it affects the athlete's continuity ratio based on the probability of the athlete's continuity in the sport figure three analyzes the athlete's parents' satisfaction as it affects the athlete's continuity ratio based on the probability of the athlete's continuity in the sport. based on the responses. (8.92%) were neutral about the club, hence neutral about the athlete continuity with the sport based on their satisfaction with {#1} were rarely satisfied, {#7} were sometimes satisfied, {#3} were often satisfied, {#1} were always satisfied, and {#2} were never satisfied. (1.91%) were unlikely that the athlete would continue with the sport based on their satisfaction level with {#2} were rarely satisfied and {#1} were sometimes satisfied. (26.11%) were likely that the athlete would continue with the sport based on their satisfaction level with {#1} were rarely satisfied, {#12} were sometimes satisfied, {#26} were often satisfied, and {#2} were always satisfied. (61.15%) were extremely likely that the athlete would continue with the sport based on their satisfaction level with {#1} were rarely satisfied, {#11} were sometimes satisfied, {#44} were often satisfied, {#39} were always satisfied, and {#1} were never satisfied. (1.91%) were extremely unlikely that the athlete would continue with the sport based on their satisfaction level with {#1} were rarely satisfied and {#2} were sometimes satisfied. table six-a builds on figure three, giving a more detailed analysis of the parents club satisfaction as it relates to their athlete's continuity ratio. based on their satisfaction after enrolling in the club. according to our findings, (8.92%) are neutral about their athlete's continuity ratio based on their club satisfaction, with {#1} stating that they are rarely satisfied, {#7} saying they are sometimes satisfied, {#3} saying they were often satisfied, {#1} were always satisfied, and {#2} were never satisfied. (1.91%) are unlikely that their athlete will continue with the sport based on their club satisfaction, with {#2} stating that they are rarely satisfied and {#1} indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 20 saying they are sometimes satisfied. (26.11%) are likely that their athlete will continue in the sport based on their club satisfaction, with {#1} stating that they are rarely satisfied, {#12} saying they are sometimes satisfied, {#26} saying they were often satisfied, and {#2} were always satisfied. (61.15%) are extremely likely that their athlete's will continue with the sport based on their club satisfaction, with {#1} stating that they are rarely satisfied, {#11} saying they are sometimes satisfied, {#44} saying they were often satisfied, {#39} were always satisfied, and {#1} were never satisfied. (1.91%) are extremely unlikely that their athlete will continue in the sport based on their club satisfaction, with {#1} stating that they are rarely satisfied and {#2} saying they are sometimes satisfied. table 6a. parents club satisfaction table 6b. parents club satisfaction table six-b builds on figure three and table six-a, giving a more detailed analysis of the parents club satisfaction as it relates to their athlete's continuity ratio. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 21 based on their satisfaction after enrolling in the club as it relates to rarely (r), participation percentage (pp), participation index (pi), sometimes (st), often (o), always (a), never (nr). in comparison with the pp converted to an index pi, according to the data. with neutral parents, 6.46% said the club r, 26.22% said st, 16.40% said o, 13.57% said a, and 93.20% said nr. with the unlikely-to-continue parents, 60.26% said the club r, and 17.48% said st. with the likely-to-continue parents, 2.20% said the club r, 15.35% said st, 48.53% said o, 9.27% said a, and 93.20% said nr. with the extremely likely-to-continue parents, 0.94% said the club r, 6.01% said st, 35.07% said o, 77.17% said a, and 6.80% said nr. with the extremely unlikely to continue parents, 30.13% said the club r and 34.95% said st. table 7. reason for choosing the club parents responses' athletes' responses code n % n % n % code(s) meaning personal interest 33 10.5 9 9.4 2 6.1 based on the athlete's self-interest to grow as a player. wins 4 1.3 the (win-to-draw, win-to-loss, and draw-to-loss) ratio plays a significant role in an athlete staying with a club; this is not to say winning is all that matters when choosing a club but the structure of growth trajectory is what counts when analyzing this ratio. enhanced training 1 0.3 11 11.5 2 6.1 athletes join a club to get enhanced training programs that, at the aggregate level, improve the player's skills during training and game sessions. helps support 2 0.6 athletes and parents will choose a club because of the support resources available to the parents and, most notably, the athletes. negative feedback 1 0.3 an athlete will leave a club if they believe that the coach's feedback is primarily negative and give/makes little or no effort to help the athlete improve their skills during the training sessions and game season. new—f&t 10 3.2 an athlete will leave a club if they believe another club has better and newer facilities and training systems to ensure the athletes develop their skills as the sport progresses. opportunities 107 34.1 21 21.9 10 30.3 an athlete will leave or join a club due to the opportunities on and off the soccer field. lack of opportunities 1 0.3 1 3 an athlete will leave a club due to the lack of opportunities on and off the soccer field. reputation 95 30.3 22 22.9 2 6.1 the club's reputation is very significant in boosting the athlete's career. finances 1 0.3 an athlete will join a club if they have some form of financial support to help with the cost of their training. geographic area 59 18.8 28 29.2 5 15.2 parents are more likely to join a club that is geographically convenient for their commute to training and games. resources 2 2.1 2 6.1 the club's resource(s) provides enough support to the athlete to ensure growth and maintain their skills. new coach 1 1 athletes and parents are more likely to follow a coach if they believe that the coach positively influences the athlete, especially if the athletic skills have significantly improved. schedules 1 1 parents are likely (sometime) to select a club that is close to them for convenience unknown 1 1 1 3 the parents or the athlete can't explain the factors associated with this decision. obligation 1 3 based on an athlete's moral and legal duty, signs into a club to train, participate and play with the team. effective 5 15.2 athletes join a club based on how effective their training section has been in improving the athlete's playing skills. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 22 challenge 2 6.1 athletes join a club because of challenges placed before them during the training sessions but not limited to the competition sessions during the gaming season(s). total 314 100 96 100 33 100 n/a source: (questions 18 and 12 athlete's and parents' versions: jones & osiobe, 2022) coded by doj; analyzed & interpretations by euo where: n = counts % = percent doj = daniel o. jones euo = ejiro u. osiobe f&t = facilities and training ( ) = parents' responses [ ] = athletes' responses table seven analyzes the factors that attracted their clients to join the clubs. according to the ((476)) parents' who answered the same question twice in two <different> structures and [162] athletes' responses: ((19.9%), <9.4%>)and [6.1%] would choose their current clubs to grow personally; (1.3%) because of the club winning record; ((0.3%), <11.5%>) and [6.1%] for their enhanced training technic; (0.6%) for their structured support system; (0.3%) they grow better when people are direct with them; (3.2%) the new training facilities; ((56%), <21.9%>) and [30.3% for the opportunities the club brings the players]; (0.3%) and [3%] regardless of the lack of opportunities; ((53.2%), <22.9%>) and [6.1%] because of the club's public reputation; (0.3%) financial support or wealth of the club; ((48%), <29.2%>) and [15.2%] geographical location of the club; (<2.1%>) and [6.1%] club resiources; (<1%>) new coach and convienent scheduling; (<1%>) and [3%] unknown factors; [3%] contractual obligations; [15.2%] club and team effectiveness; and [6.1%] level of challenge. table 8. areas for improvement parents' responses athletes' responses code n % n % code(s) meaning obligation 1 0.5 based on the moral and legal duty of an athlete who signs into a club to train, participate, and play. lack of commitment 1 0.5 the athletes and parents believe the club needs to be more committed both in training sessions and winning games personal interest 1 0.5 1 1.4 based on the athlete's self-interest to grow as a player. technique 1 0.5 2 2.8 based on the athlete and the parent's responses, the club they're currently in needs to improve their technique training sessions for the athletes in the club. enhanced training 16 8.4 3 4.2 athletes join a club to get enhanced training programs that, at the aggregate level, improve the player's skills during training and game sessions. fitness 1 0.5 1 1.4 based on the athlete and the parent's responses, the club they're currently in needs to improve their fitness training sessions for the indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 23 athletes in the club. poor communication 3 1.6 an athlete will leave a club if they believe or perceive a poor communication environment that impedes their training and playing sessions; hence may negatively impact the players' growth and development. communication channels 28 14.7 2 2.8 the club's communication channel needs to be less bureaucratic, more transparent, and have easy access to managing the body. encourages 1 0.5 an athlete will leave a club if they believe that they don't provide the encouragement needed for an athlete to develop their skills to compete at the highest levels. helps supports 2 1 1 1.4 athletes and parents will choose a club because of the support resources available to the parents and, most importantly, the athletes. positive feedback 8 4.2 1 3.8 the practice environment and game timeout time have an encouraging and positive setting. negative feedback 1 0.5 an athlete will leave a club if they believe that the coach's feedback is primarily negative and give/makes little or no effort to help the athlete improve their skills during the training sessions and game season. accountability 1 0.5 3 4.2 the club and management team need to take more responsibility for the success and failure of the club during its seasons of competition. new—f&t 1 0.5 1 1.4 an athlete will leave a club if they believe another club has better and newer facilities and training systems to ensure the athletes develop their skills as the sport progresses. opportunities 49 25.7 17 23.6 an athlete will leave or join a club due to the opportunities on and off the soccer field. resources 12 6.3 9 12.5 the club's resource(s) provides enough support to the athlete that ensures growth and maintains their skills. players attitudes 5 2.6 2 2.8 the players' attitude during practices, games, and off the field has a direct, indirect, and induced impact on the club. new coach 5 2.6 athletes and parents are more likely to follow a coach if they believe that the coach positively influences the athlete, especially if the athletic skills have significantly improved. schedules 14 7.3 parents are likely (sometime) to select a club that is close to them for convenience reputation 11 5.8 1 1.4 the club's reputation is very significant in boosting the athlete's career. finances 11 7.9 1 1.4 an athlete will join a club if they have some form of financial support to help with the cost of their training. geographic area 3 1.6 1 1.4 parents' are more likely to join a club that is geographically convenient for their commute to training and games. unknown 15 7.9 7 9.7 the parents or the athlete can't explain the factors associated with this decision. effective 4 5.6 athletes join a club based on how effective their training section has been in improving the athlete's playing skills athletes join a club to compete in a particular indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 24 competition 3 4.2 conference or division; hence their willingness to perform a specific task is highly correlated to the club's competitive level or skill level of other clubs in their conference or division. challenge 3 4.2 athletes join a club because of challenges placed before them during the training sessions but not limited to the competition sessions during the gaming season(s). cooperation 1 1.4 athletes join clubs for camaraderie. wins 4 5.6 the (win-to-draw, win-to-loss, and draw-to-loss) ratio plays a significant role in an athlete staying with a club; this is not to say winning is all that matters when choosing a club but the structure of growth trajectory is what counts when analyzing this ratio. lack of opportunities 1 1.4 an athlete will leave a club due to the lack of opportunities on and off the soccer field. reference 2 2.8 the club needs to provide the athletes with better references that will help with the placements of the athletes after their time with the club, especially with the athletes that intend to go pro. total 191 100 72 100 n/a source: (question 21 athlete's and parents' versions: jones & osiobe, 2022) coded by doj; analyzed & interpretations by euo where: n = counts % = percent doj = daniel o. jones euo = ejiro u. osiobe f&t = facilities and training ( ) = parents' responses [ ] = athletes' responses table eight analyzes the club's areas that need improvement to get to the next level. according to the (476) parents' and [162] athletes' responses: (0.5%) state that the club needs to improve on giving more obligations and commitments to its athletes; (0.5%) and [1.4%] show how their athletes can personally benefit; (0.5%) and [2.8%] needs to improve the training technique; (8.4%) and [4.2%] needs to improve its enhanced training process; (0.5%) and [1.4%] helping athletes work on their fitness; (1.6%) need to improve their communication skills; (14.7%) and [2.8%] need to improve and reduce the communication channels with the club between parents and coaches and athletes; (0.5%) improve the motivational support department; (1%) and [1.4%] need to improve the help support from reactive to proactive; (4.2%) and [3.8%] work on delivering positive feedback; (0.5%) work on providing negative feedback or areas of improvement to the athletes and parents; (0.5%) and [4.2%] improve on hold responsible parties accountable for their actions and results; (0.5%) and [1.4%] improve the club's facilities and equibments; (25.7%) and [23.6%] need to improve the opportunities available to their athletes; (6.3%) and [12.5%] needs to improve on it available resources; (2.6%) and [2.8%] need to hold players accounables per their behaviors during games and pactices indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 25 sessions; (2.6%) ineffective coaches need to be changed; (7.3%) schedule should be updated to work with athletes academic calendar; (5.8%) and [1.4%] the club needs to work on it online reputation; (7.9) and [1.4%] needs to add more benfits to its financial supports for its athletes; (1.6%) and [1.4%] needs to move to a geographical safe areas; (7.9%) and [9.7%] needs to generally improve the statue queo of the club; [5.6%] needs to improve its effectiveness; [4.2%] needs to improve its competiveness and challenge intensity both during games and pacticiteies; [1.4%] needs to improve cooperative level of the club and the level of opportunities available to the athletes ; [5.6%] needs to improve its wins to losses ratio every season; [2.8%] improve it statff quality to help with references and recommendation letters for their athletes. table 9. the service of the club table nine analyzes the service of the club. according to the responses, (72.1%) of parents and [26.3%] of athletes describe the club services as good; (20.6%) and [5.3%] said the club is lacking opportunities; (1.5%) said the club was mostly negative with their feedback; (5.9%) and [26.3%] they weren't sure of any opportunities that that club provided; [5.3%] said the club provided some form of opportunity to their athlete; [26.4%] said the club had excellent service; and [10.5%] said the services were fair. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 26 conclusion the dropout rates in youth sports continue to increase, specifically in youth soccer, which has been declining recently (difflley, 2021). it is a competitive sport with high family demands, such as financial and time commitments. in addition, the introduction of new leagues competing for the best of the best clubs to participate in and attract the organizations is becoming more stretched. teams must travel further distances and play in out-of-state showcases or tournaments to compete against each other. however, less than 5% of athletes get to the next level, whether professional, semi-professional, or collegiate. this alone should be vital information to ensure we provide a positive learning experience using soccer to teach life lessons and prepare them for adulthood. the results show that a coach's influence is significant in creating an engaging learning environment and impacting enjoyment, retention, and skill development. these findings provide additional support for specific organizations to focus on coach development and methodologies to provide effective instructional methods within youth soccer. coaches can learn from this research, apply the results to their practices, and create a more holistic approach to give a great learning environment. coaching should be conducted through various methods as an art. they should acknowledge the benefits of providing a positive, engaging environment through positive reinforcement and feedback and providing realistic expectations of each of their performance outcomes. nonetheless, it is critical to understand each individual and their personality. this will determine how you approach each individual to maximize their potential as an athlete. thus, creating an overall positive environment reduces the adverse outcomes through fear or loss of confidence or commitment. our results provide insight into how to improve retention rates in youth soccer. this is based on the positive experience of both parents and athletes with their coaches' behaviors. also, athletes' responses highlight the significance of personal interest through their intrinsic motivation as a critical determining factor. this supports previous research (difflley, 2021), where collectively, training and instruction, social support, democratic, autocratic behavior, and positive feedback explained 21% of the positive impact on retention rates within their organizations. in addition, his results also indicate that strong relationship between athletes who find their practice challenging and are more likely to continue playing soccer. however, coach behaviors can directly impact an individual's likelihood to continue within a sport. it should be noted that several variables, such as playing with friends, geographic area, and finances play a significant role in a parent's decision to participate within a specific organization. the results indicated that they probably would not participate in the club if it were not for their athletes' association with friends who play for the club. in addition, it was highlighted that some athletes had been with the club for several years, so it would be hard to change to a new organization where they feel settled. this study revealed that coaches play a significant role in the retention rates of athletes within sports. it is important to note that their coach's behaviors can impact the athletes' motivation and the likelihood of participating in performing skills because the athletes have the desire compared than feeling obliged to complete the task. furthermore, a coach's positive feedback and reinforcement during technical practices significantly increase the enjoyment and satisfaction of the athletes. indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 27 therefore, it may also increase the retention of athletes. nonetheless, it adds to the growing body of research surrounding youth sports and how coaches should behave to engage their athletes in creating a positive learning environment. coaching is a complex, multifaceted, and socially significant process (diffley, 2021). although depending on the organization, it can be restricted if they follow specific guidelines to meet the needs of their parents and athletes. this can limit the creativity and the coach's personality in creating a more comprehensive coach-athlete relationship. one implication for coaches is ensuring they understand the holistic approach to coaching and acknowledge it is more than just a sport. a coach plays a more significant role in influencing individuals to believe in themselves and create confidence outside of sports. coaches will benefit from understanding how to utilize specific methodologies, such as the player-centered theory, to enhance training and overall athlete experience. thus, they must provide a constructive and challenging environment to succeed. a coach who appreciates this role will truly leave a lasting impression on the athletes they teach. a coach should use this research to guide a growth mindset and how the related alliteration can improve their knowledge and strategies to maximize individual performance. overall, as a coach who loves the game of soccer and has experience coaching in various settings, from recreational to professional-level teams, i have learned a fantastic amount from this research. i have learned the value of athlete loyalty and providing more opportunities to help individuals grow. i believe that it's essential to understand the value of your communication and how it impacts an athlete. the message you create and the importance of knowing your athletes' backgrounds will give you a deeper understanding and relationship with the coachathlete. the success will be noticed in the performances of those individuals regardless of the results on whether they have the confidence to play under the specific coach who provides more positive feedback and technical instruction. conflict of interest all authors declare no conflict of interest in this manuscript. references alvarez, m. s., balaguer, i., castillo, i., & duda, j. l. (2009). coach autonomy support and quality of sport engagement in young soccer players. the spanish journal of psychology, 12(1), 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001554 balaguer, i., castillo, i., alvarez, m. s., & duda, j. l. (2005). importance of social context in the prediction of self-determination and well-being in athletes of different levels. paper presented at 9th european congress of psychology. bandura, a. (1989) regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. developmental psychology, 25(1), 729-735. https://doi.org/10.1037/00121649.25.5.729 baxter, k. (2018, august 4). here's how screwed up the state of u.s. soccer is right now. los angeles times. retrieved may 30, 2021, from https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-soccer-baxter-20180804story.html https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001554 https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729 https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729 https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-soccer-baxter-20180804-story.html https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/la-sp-us-soccer-baxter-20180804-story.html indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 28 bennett, b., & culpan, i. (2014). the coach as educator: content and pedagogical frameworks. journal of physical education and health, 3, 5-18 black, s. j., & weiss, m. r. (2013). the relationship among perceived coaching behaviors, perceptions of ability, and motivation in competitive age-group swimmers. journal of sport and exercise psychology, 14(3): 309-325. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.3.309 bloom, g., a., falcão,w., r., & caron, j., k. (2018). coaching high-performance athletes: implications for coach training. department of kinesiology and physical education. mcgill university. bowers, d.g. and seashore, s.e. (1966). predicting organizational effectiveness with a four-factor theory of leadership. administrative science quarterly, 1(1), 238-263. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391247 breitbarth, t., & harris, p. (2008). the role of corporate social responsibility in the football business: towards the development of a conceptual model. european sport management quarterly, 8(2), 179-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802024484 brinton, c. s., hill, b. j., & ward, p.j. (2017). authoritative coach: building youth through sport. journal of park and recreation administration, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i1-7296 brooker, r., kirk, d., braikua, s., & bransgrove, a. (2000). implementing a game sense approach to teaching junior high school basketball in a naturalistic setting. european physical education review, 6(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336x000061003 burns, r. b., (2000). introduction to research methods. sage publications. chelladurai, p., & carron, a.v. (1983). athletic maturity and preferred leadership. journal of sport psychology, 5(1), 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.5.4.3 chelladurai, p., imamura, h., yamaguchi, y., oimnuma, y., & miyauchi, t. (1988). sport leadership in a cross-national setting: the case of japanese and canadian university athletes. journal of sport & exercise psychology, 10(1), 374-389. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.4.374 chelladurai, p., & riemer, h. a. (1998). measurement of leadership in sport. in j. l. duda (ed.), advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. fitness information technology. 1(1), 227-253. chelladurai, p., & saleh, s. d. (1978). preferred leadership in sports. canadian journal of applied sport sciences, 3(1), 85-92. chelladurai, p., & saleh, s. d. (1980). dimensions of leader behavior in sports: development of a leadership scale. journal of sport psychology, 2(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.2.1.34 cushion, c. j., armour, k. m., & jones, r. l. (2003). coach education and continuing professional development: experience and learning to coach. journal of sport behavior, 55(3), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2003.10491800 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.3.309 https://doi.org/10.2307/2391247 https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802024484 https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i1-7296 https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336x000061003 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.5.4.3 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.4.374 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.2.1.34 https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2003.10491800 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 29 cushion, c. j., & jones, r. l. (2001). a systematic observation of professional toplevel youth soccer coaches. journal of sport behavior, 24(4), 354-376. coskun, a., dinc, m.s., & tetik, d. (2021). strategic performance management for soccer clubs: a quantitative model proposal. journal of human sport and exercise, 16(4), 836-852. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.164.08 côté, j., & gilbert, w. (2009). an integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. international journal of sports science & coaching, 4(3) 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623892 gill, d. l., gross, j.b. & huddleston, s. (1983). participation motivation in youth sports. international journal of sport psychology 14(1), 1-14. gomes, r., sousa, s., & cruz, j. (2006). charismatic, transitional, and visionary dimensions in sport leadership toward new paths for the study of coach-athlete relationships. the james macgregor burns academy of leadership 1(1), 84-94. guvener, ahmet. (2020, may 30). the $19.6 billion youth sports market, soccer, and the pandemic. soccer america, off the post. retrieved november 24, 2021, from https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/85760/the-196billion-youth-sports-market-soccer-and.html?verified=1 hoigaard, r., jones, g. w., & peters, d. m. (2008). preferred coach leadership behavior in elite soccer in relation to success and failure. international journal of sports science & coaching, 3(2), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408785100581 horn, t. s. (2002). coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. in t. s. horn (ed.)., advances in sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 309-354). human kinetics. jones, o. d., & osiobe, u. e. (2022, 1 21). coach-athlete experience questionnaire. retrieved from coach-athlete experience questionnaire/responses: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1kjh6bxbqr6bzqqyoxnda5rjphugsgjnsx0nr trwtk9m/edit#responses jones, d. o., osiobe, e. u., & sofyan, d. (2022). the role of a performance coach on athlete's loyalty: a case study of youth soccer players in san diego and orange county. indonesian journal of sport management, 2(2), 99-125. https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2566 jones, d. o., & osiobe, e. u. (2021). creating an engaging coaching learning environment. american international journal of business management, 25-26. jowett, s. (2005). the coach-athlete partnership. the psychologist, 18(7), 412-415. kao, s., hsieh, m., & lee, p. (2017). coaching competency and trust in coach in sports teams. international journal of sports science & coaching, 12(3), 319327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710508 keathley, k., himelein, m., srigley, g. (2013). youth soccer participation and withdrawal: gender similarities and differences. journal of sport behavior, 36(2). 171-188. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.164.08 https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623892 https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/85760/the-196-billion-youth-sports-market-soccer-and.html?verified=1 https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/85760/the-196-billion-youth-sports-market-soccer-and.html?verified=1 https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408785100581 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1kjh6bxbqr6bzqqyoxnda5rjphugsgjnsx0nrtrwtk9m/edit#responses https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1kjh6bxbqr6bzqqyoxnda5rjphugsgjnsx0nrtrwtk9m/edit#responses https://doi.org/10.31949/ijsm.v2i2.2566 https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710508 indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 30 lacy a. c., & darst, p. w. (1985). systematic observation of behaviors of winning high school head football coaches. journal of teaching in physical education. 4(4), 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.4.4.256 lange, david. (2021). share of children aged 6 to12 who participate in outdoor soccer on a regular basis in the united states from 2008 to 2020. statista, sports & recreation, sports & fitness. retrieved on 11/24 https://www.statista.com/statistics/982274/participation-kidssoccer/#statisticcontainer light, r. l., & harvey, s. (2015). positive pedagogy for sport coaching. sport, education, and society, 22(2), 271-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1015977 lippitt, e. (2012). motivation, need support, and need satisfaction in youth soccer players. [master's thesis, georgia southern university.] electronic theses and dissertations. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1013 mayer, r. c., davis, j. h., & schoorman, f. d. (1995). an integrative model of organizational trust. the academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734. https://doi.org/10.2307/258792 mottaghi, m., atarodi, a., & rohani, z. (2013). the relationship between coaches' and athletes' competitive anxiety and their performance. iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 7(2), 68-76. o'sullivan, j. (2015). why kids quit sports. changing the game project. retrieved may 21, 2021, from http://changingthegameproject.com/why-kids-quit-sports/ osiobe, e. u. (2021). a literature review and overview of performance management: a guide to the field. sumerians journal of business management and marketing, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.47752/sjbmm.41.1.11 northouse, p. g. (2019) leadership: theory and practice (8th ed.). sage publications, inc. poczwardowski, a., barott, j., & jowett, s. (2006). diversifying approaches to research on athlete-coach relationships. psychology of sport and exercise, 7(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.002 potrac, p., jones, r. l., & armour, k. (2002). it's all about getting respect: the coaching behaviors of an expert english soccer coach. sport education and society, 7(2), 182-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357332022000018869 potrac, paul., jones, robyn., & cushion, c. (2007). understanding power and the coach's cole in english professional soccer: a preliminary investigation of coach behavior. soccer and society, 8(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1466097060098950 tharp, r., & gallimore, r. (1976). what a coach can teach a teacher. psychology today, 9(8), 75-78. the national collegiate athletic association. (2020). research. retrieved november 14, 2021, from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimatedprobability-competing-college-athletics https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.4.4.256 https://www.statista.com/statistics/982274/participation-kidshttps://www.statista.com/statistics/982274/participation-kidshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1015977 https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1013 https://doi.org/10.2307/258792 http://changingthegameproject.com/why-kids-quit-sports/ https://doi.org/10.47752/sjbmm.41.1.11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.002 https://doi.org/10.1080/1357332022000018869 https://doi.org/10.1080/1466097060098950 http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics indonesian journal of sport management https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/ osiobe et al., volume 3, number 1, 2023, 1-31 31 wallace, k. (2016). how to make your kid hate sports without really trying. cnn. retrieved june 30, 2021, from http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/21/health/kidsyouth-sports-parents/ weiss, m.r. & petlickhoff, l.m. (1989). children's motivation for participation in and withdrawal from sport: identifying the missing link. pediatric exercise science 1(1), 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.1.3.195 williams, t. (2016). reasons why kids drop out of sports. our everyday life. retrieved may 15, 2021, from http://oureverydaylife.com/reasons-kids-dropout-sports-10440.html http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/21/health/kids-youth-sports-parents/ http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/21/health/kids-youth-sports-parents/ https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.1.3.195 http://oureverydaylife.com/reasons-kids-drop-out-sports-10440.html http://oureverydaylife.com/reasons-kids-drop-out-sports-10440.html