Microsoft Word - 1. Abdul Rahman - 12026-37317-3-ED.docx Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 76 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Development in Pakistan Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Development during Education in Pakistan Abdul Rahman1, Rabia Ali Hundal2 1Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Pakistan 2Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Pakistan DOI: 10.23917/ijolae.v3i2.12026 Received: September 1st, 2020. Revised: December 21st, 2020. Accepted: December 27th, 2020. Available Online: January 11st, 2021. Published Regularly: May 1st, 2021. Abstract Extracurricular activities (ECA) are, nowadays, considered as an essential part of any school system of any level. The present study reveals the relation of ECA with student’s performance, academic achievements, career selection and, last but not the least, professional development (PD) of students in Pakistan. The research was carried out by developing a questionnaire. It consists of five comprehensive questions relating the ECA with PD. The validity and reliability of questions were checked. The research population consisted of students, with some managerial and leadership experience, from different institutes of Pakistan. The sample consist of majorly all the members of the respective population. After purposively selection, the questionnaire was dis- tributed among 110 selected members of populations for research. Response rate was 90.9% as 100 members filled the form and all the responses was considered valid for the statistical study. Different statistical methods were used to carry out the research consisting of standard deviation, arithmetic means etc. It was clearly ob- served the respondent’s consideration of ECA as tool for PD of students is high. It was also observed that consideration of ECA for cultivation of interpersonal skills is high and same rate was high for ECA’s impact on career selection. In addition to this, the consideration rate of ECA for improving of managerial skills and self-efficacy is high. So, it is concluded that educational institutes should motivate their students to participate in ECA for better a career. Keywords: career development, extracurricular activities, interpersonal skills, professional exellence educa- tion, professional development Corresponding Author: Abdul Rahman, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Pakistan Email: rahman.abdul1453@gmail.com 1. Introduction Success story of an educational institu- tion does not depend entirely on the quantity of students but more on the quality of students that are graduating. Alumni is an important source of recognition of their institutes in in- dustries or respective work fields. The profes- sional development of students for practical life entirely depends upon the environment provided by their educational institutes. Students, during their studies, do face many problems which can negatively or in some cases positively affects their produc- tivity and competency (Ji & Zhang, 2011). A student faces various stresses which may be because of workload or of emotions. Identifi- cation of such problems and addressing them timely will enable them to give their best for their prosperous future as by limiting the stu- dents to study only may result in psychologi- cal stress and anxiety among them. Some- times, counselling is not the only approach to address those problems for better career and professional development (PD) of a student. Nowadays, most of the organizations seek a person who excels in both science and Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education http://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/ijolae Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 77 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan arts. For a person to be polymath (Dalrymple & Evangelou, 2006), it is important to have diverse professional experience that is only possible via communicating and interacting with society. Interaction can result in raising of confidence or it might cause depression to someone depending upon the scenario. Pro- fessional development of a person for his/her career is crucial as working environment of any organization is competitive. For someone to make his/her place in their respective or- ganization, it is important to have multiple skills on hand. Rubin et. al summarizes that a well- rounded candidate is more appealing for an organization. A student with wide experience and exposure, is emotionally stable (van Loon et al., 2020) and strong, intelligent and ex- pected to be efficient too. The nature of activ- ity in which the student is participating is not important as the nature of students’ experi- ence in that particular activity is considerable. Basically, ECA is one of many categorization tools for identifying the skills, attitude and amplitude of student for a particular profes- sional working environment. (Staff, Messer- smith, & Schulenberg, 2009). Extracurricular Activities (ECA) plays an important role in reducing stresses or anxie- ties (van Loon et al., 2020). A polymath stu- dent actively participates in ECA for en- hanced skills set. Many institutes have en- couraged and appreciated students for active participation in ECA as this experience is con- sidered as an important part for PD of any stu- dent (Ji & Zhang, 2011). The researchers of current study strongly believe that a student having an active partic- ipation in ECA with a good academic back- ground is capable of responding to most of the problems, effectively while working in any professional firm or organization. Such a stu- dent is competent enough to complete task(s) with perfection and confidence. The same person is capable to marketing the organiza- tion before many stakeholders for better col- laboration (Jackson & Bridgstock, 2020). ECA provide students with many oppor- tunities. ECA benefits the students by improv- ing his/her response to competitive environ- ments. ECA extemporizes leadership and teamwork in them along with other skills (Perjuangan, 2020), ECA also reduces drug addiction and other related problems. These activities induce better rate of self-esteem and a concept of being at the top by giving the best. In order to have good standings, a stu- dent must keep a balance between academics and ECA. According to Massoni et. al, ECA plays an important role for polishing the skill set of students. ECA improves student’s behaviour to work in a professional environment. The students try to find something while partici- pating in ECA that will help them in their ca- reer. These activities have a positive impact on students’ attitude, attire, performance and ultimately in making them a successful adult (Massoni, 2011). Keeping in view the abovementioned as- pects of ECA, it is the time to identify the role of ECA for better career and PD of student. ECA affects one behaviour and character in both positive and negative ways. The im- portance and need of present study are the identify the need of ECA for students in an in- stitution and how these activities are fruitful for an individual in their professional life and for the society as well. Professional development (PD) is a term with a wide spectrum of domains. PD is a way of achieving the academic degrees and the credentials linked with professional earning. This learning method constitutes of a numer- ous path for achieving the goals by attending workshops or conferences, completing the formal coursework or may be by taking ad- vantage from the informal learning Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 78 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan opportunities through various platform. PD is a collaborative approach for better results by the employees of any organization and the op- portunities linked with that organization. Mentoring, technical support, consultation, counselling, guidance and supervision and learning lessons are some of many ways of approaching PD (Kirsch, Aleksić, Mortini, & Andersen, 2020). Holloway et. al links the PD to gains in student learning. He concludes his study with an argument that student achievement and the overall effectiveness of a school can be im- proved by more effective and research-based PD methods. The active involvement of in- structors and leaders of a certain school di- rectly enhance the student learning, produc- tivity and their efficacy as well (Holloway, 2006). Extracurricular Activities (ECA) are con- sidered to be well-integrated part of education in any school. These activities include, but not limited to, performing arts, contests and com- petitions, athletics, debating, literary contests, blogging, student societies, student clubs and councils along with numerous social events. Well, these activities add no credit to gradua- tion in terms of academics but due to involve- ment of these activities, a student develops a multitude of work experience in his/her per- sonality (Abizada, Gurbanova, Iskandarova, & Nadirzada, 2020). These activities are mostly voluntary and supported and super- vised by officials of that school or any leader. The impact of these activities on student’s ac- ademic achievements provides a room for de- bate. Participation in ECA is stemmed from the intrinsic interest of a student. ECA de- velop sense of competitive spirit among stu- dents. ECA makes students fit to achieve their future goals. Co-operation, leadership skills, social interaction, self-confidence, punctual- ity and team-working spirit are some other major attributes provided by ECA (Dhanmeher, 2014; Oberle, Ji, Guhn, Schon- ert-Reichl, & Gadermann, 2019). Lunenburg et. al moderates that ECA serves same as elective courses serves in aca- demics. The experience acquired by these are not included in the formal course work and they help students to apply the acquired knowledge through formal studies for better democratic life. By working in clubs, the learning is reinforced as well. ECA supple- ments the elective course work and being in- volved in leisure-time activities, it enriches the overall learning experience of a student (Guilmette, Mulvihill, Villemaire-Krajden, & Barker, 2019). ECA ties up many aspects of experience and knowledge hence integrating the knowledge as it is considered to be the most important objective of overall learning process. And last but not the least by partici- pating in the administrative tasks of student societies and clubs, a student learns the way of handling administrative issues, planning, organizing and managing many different as- pects which are very beneficial for his/her democratic life (Green, 1987). A relation between academic and activi- ties like ECA has been studied by Huang et. al. The study shows a positive and linear growth in the affective as well as cognitive growth of student. The schools that encour- ages their students to participate in ECA though means of student affairs department by initiating clubs, societies and student lead- ership platforms, produces most well-rounded and productive students for industries (Huang & Chang, 2004). For a student to work effectively in an or- ganization, his/her professional development (PD) is very important. PD is not limited to good grade point average (GPA) but ECA plays a vital role in it. Educational organiza- tions are responsible for producing such grad- uates which are well professionally developed to meet expectations of any organization. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 79 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan ECA, being a source of enhancing communi- cation skills and confidence, affects the work- ing performance of students in a very positive and progressive way (Fitriansyah, R., Fatinah, L., & Syahril, M. (2020: 109-119). It is suggested by many researchers to participate in ECA as it has positive impact on one’s behaviour. The reason behind it is the observation of one’s response towards prob- lem solving and project managing. The fol- lowing questions addresses the problem of this study: (a) extracurricular activities are one of the many tools for professional devel- opment of students; (b) extracurricular activi- ties assists a student for the cultivation of in- terpersonal skills; (c) extracurricular activities helps a student for selection of career based on one's interests, competency and capability; (d) extracurricular activities guides a student regarding time, project, risk, resources and fi- nancial management for professional life; and (e) extracurricular activities has a significant impact on domestic and social work of a stu- dent for skill set development and improve- ment for democratic life. The main objective of present research is the study of (a) importance of ECA for stu- dents; (b) importance of ECA for PD of stu- dents; and (c) impact of ECA on personal and professional skills development of students. The present research on theoretical as well as practical levels. The first is the present research is theoretically significant as it iden- tifies the impact of ECA on personal and pro- fessional development of a student for any professional firm or organization and tt will be a vital addition to the literature regarding effect of ECA on students’ career and person- ality. The second is to present research is prac- tically significant as it will motivate the edu- cational institutions to encourage their stu- dents to participate in ECA for better repute among professional firms or organizations by producing well-rounded, well-mannered and productive students that can be easily adjusted to any competitive environment. 2. Method a. The Approach of Research The approach for this research was a cor- relative descriptive one. Data collection was fulfilled by reviewing the relevant literature and a questionnaire. Many researchers do have adopted this approach by offering their readers a little and precise description of items. The acceptance of the adopted attrib- utes can be done by using it (Lawless & Hey- mann, 2010). b. The Population and Sample of Re- search The population for this research repre- sents students, studying in different institutes having an interest in participating in ECA and have some leadership background. The popu- lation consisted of 110 students consisting of 80 male and 30 female students. The selected purposive sample represented the research’s population. The developed questionnaire was distributed among the sample. 100 question- naires out of 110 was retrieved and were con- sidered to be valid for our statistical analysis. Yet the response rate was 90.9%, which is quite accepted and appreciated for the re- searchers for continuation of research. c. The Research’s Instrument In order to accomplish the research’s goals, a five problems-based questionnaire was developed along with the adaptation of five-point Likert scale. The mentioned scale constitutes five different categories of strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. The represented categories follow the scores respectively: 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 80 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan The validity of the instrument was meas- ured by checking the validity of content. Sev- eral experts and teachers having expertise and knowledge, checked the questionnaire. After reviewing, the recommendation was to keep the questionnaire with some minor changes with respect to available literature. d. Criteria for Means Classification The below-mentioned equation was used in order to set a criterion for classification of means: Gap between two criteria = Maximum Value − Minumim Value Number of required criteria Gap between two criteria = 5 − 1 3 = 𝟏.𝟑𝟑 The criteria, as used by Al-tarawneh et. al, were finalized by adding the resultant gap in each value as listed below (Al-tarawneh & Battah, 2020): (a) low, Greater than or equal to 1.00 – Less than 2.33; (b) moderate, Greater than or equal to 2.33 – Less than 3.66; and (c) high, Greater than or equal to 3.66 – Less than 5.00. 3. Result and Discussion a. First Question Question 1: Extracurricular Activities are one of the many tools for professional devel- opment of students can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 Statistical Calculations of First Question Gender Arithmetic Mean Standard Devition Degree Male 4.45 0.66 High Female 4.67 0.47 High Total 4.53 0.70 High Based on Table 1, it was observed that consideration of ECA as a tool for PD of stu- dent is high as total mean is 4.53 and the standard deviation in 0.70. It was also ob- served that consideration of ECA as a signifi- cant tool is relatively high in female students than that of male students as mean is 4.67 and 4.45 respectively. For a young graduate, the transition phase from university to work is critically im- portant. This is the point where many student faces difficulties in finding first job and more likely to face mismatch and other problems like that of underemployment. In job market, the supply of job seekers is more than the de- mand. it is difficult to select an employee from a pool of candidates. Therefore, emplo- yers place higher criteria of selection. Hence, the student who participates in ECA posi- tively is considered to be a better option for the job as he/she is capable to putting extra ef- fort in order to complete a particular task. The participation in ECA imparts decision mak- ing, teamwork in a student, hence improving the professional ethics and practices of how to deal with staff members, coaches, head and adjustment in a new environment in oneself (Nuijten, Poell, & Alfes, 2017). The research- ers of latter study stated that recruiters appre- ciate students to participate in ECA as it fos- ters different value-added qualities in them. According to Stephens and Schaben, students who actively participate in ECA have good GPA, low absenteeism and higher edu- Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 81 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan cational ambitions (Stephens & Schaben, 2002). b. Second Question Question 2: Extracurricular Activities as- sists a student for the cultivation of interper- sonal skills (see Table 2). Table 2 Statistical Calculations of Second Question Gender Arithmetic Mean Standard Devition Degree Male 4.48 0.70 High Female 4.70 0.46 High Total 4.56 0.64 High Based on Table 2, it was observed that consideration of ECA for cultivation of inter- personal skills of a student is high as total mean is 4.56 and the standard deviation in 0.64. It was also observed that consideration rate is relatively high in female students than that of male students as mean is 4.70 and 4.48 respectively. Interpersonal skills mainly comprise of communication skills like listening, under- standing and the way of interaction. By par- ticipating in ECA, student meets different people. By interacting with ones from differ- ent backgrounds, they share ideas and re- spects each other’s opinion. In this way they learn how to work in groups regardless of gender stereotypes (Massoni, 2011). By or- ganizing workshops or interactive sessions, organizations can provide a platform to ado- lescents to socialize and share their success stories, abilities and achievements that en- courages the fellows or listeners to participate in ECA for fruitful future endeavour (Huang & Chang, 2004). Rubin et al. concludes ECA as a vital indicator of interpersonal skills as they are directly linked with the abilities of teamwork, decision making and initiating as well as with communication skills (Staff et al., 2009). Student participation in ECA have al- ways shown a positive impact on their person- ality and success. Participation in extracurric- ular activities always help students to learn about the valuable qualities linked with the hidden curriculum of ECA. Such activities build the spirits of teamwork, dedication, and positivity among students and their commu- nity (Craft, 2012). c. Third Question Question 3: Extracurricular Activities helps a student for selection of career based on one's interests, competency and capability (see Table 3). Table 3 Statistical Calculations of Third Question Gender Arithmetic Mean Standard Devition Degree Male 4.39 0.74 High Female 4.44 0.61 High Total 4.41 0.69 High Table 3 reflects that consideration of ECA as an assistance for selection of career is high as total mean is 4.41 and the standard de- viation in 0.69. It was also observed that con- sideration rate is relatively high in female students than that of male students as mean is 4.44 and 4.39 respectively. By participating in ECA, students expect to expand their social circle, improve their personal skills and development, improve Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 82 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan their position in society, finding ways of earn- ing money and scavenging employment op- portunities (Lindsey van der Lans, 2012). Par- ticipation in activities enables students to get the chance of learning group and individual responsibilities, other than building stamina and patience these activities help students to perform well in academics. These activities boost student attachment to the school, and it leads to less risk of failure (BAHDI, 2014). In addition to this, by motivating student to par- ticipate in ECA, enables them to explore one’s interests, talents and skills and the envi- ronment where they can work with dedication by utilizing all their capabilities (Denault, Ratelle, Duchesne, & Guay, 2018). ECA al- ways pay a positive effect on the student aca- demics especially when they are linked with a balanced life and self-confidence (Tanner, 2017). By engaging effectively in career de- velopment programs during studies results in many fruitful outcomes among them the most important one is satisfaction in job and em- ployment (Staff et al., 2009). d. Fourth Question Question 4: Extracurricular Activities guides a student regarding time, project, risk, resources and financial management for pro- fessional life (see Table 4). Table 4 Statistical Calculations of Forth Question Gender Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation Degree Male 4.39 0.80 High Female 4.57 0.66 High Total 4.45 0.75 High Based on the calculations in Table 4, is was found that consideration of ECA for help- ing a student regarding management of differ- ent aspects is high as total mean is 4.45 and the standard deviation in 0.75. It was also ob- served that consideration rate is relatively high in female students than that of male stu- dents as mean is 4.57 and 4.39 respectively. ECA imparts different hidden qualities like time management, leadership skills, pro- ject and risk management, utilization of re- sources in a useful way, resilience etc. Time management is one of the lifelong lessons by ECA. ECA enable student to keep time bal- ance between school/college, sports, friends and family and other activities in which they are participating. By participating in ECA, one can learn the ways to motivate their team to work efficiently, simply called as leader- ship. In this way they learn conflict manage- ment and ultimately, they found these skills as very useful tool to survive in a professional working environment (Craft, 2012). A student leader who knows how to manage time, risk factor, finances and resources eventually has better project management skills. Project management depends on how someone man- ages everything for a better result. The one who have managerial background knows the way to complete the project by prioritizing the tasks. Better management of time, tasks, re- sources, conflicts and finances ultimately completes the project in a very perfect way (King, McQuarrie, & Brigham, 2020). e. Fifth Question Question 5: Extracurricular Activities has a significant impact on domestic and social work of a student for skill set development and improvement for democratic life (see Ta- ble 5). Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 83 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan Table 5. Statistical Calculations of Fifth Question Gender Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation Degree Male 4.39 0.67 High Female 4.54 0.56 High Total 4.44 0.64 High Based on Table 5, it was observed that consideration of ECA for improving self-effi- cacy of a student is high as total mean is 4.44 and the standard deviation in 0.64. It was also observed that consideration rate is relatively high in female students than that of male stu- dents as mean is 4.54 and 4.39 respectively. ECA allows students to become a part of administrative teams of different student clubs or societies, advisory or mentoring groups or may be of different well-organized activities. ECA fulfils the vital and actual ob- jective of today’s democratic life. The living of actual democratic life should not be re- stricted to the formal setting of a classroom. The sense of cooperation and teamwork is necessary to work in a democratic society (Green, 1987). Saibovich et. al suggested that ECA are an essential source of development of an individual life to survive in democratic society. ECA helps to improve leadership skills, command on communication skills and develop strategic thinking among students (Saibovich, 2019). ECA have always been emphasized by its supporters to enable youth so they can socialize with peers and adults. It helps them to get determined enough to set goals and compete for them, power to recover from defeat and resolve issues amiably (Rees, 2008). Present study shows high degree of all five mentioned indicators, which is due to the careful selection of audience for study. The scrutiny of audience was done after critical checking of their active participation in ECA. The high degree corresponds to the inclina- tion of audience towards positive results in PD through active participation in ECA. 4. Conclusion After statistical analysis of the data, it is clear that participation in ECA results in pos- itive impact on performance and achieve- ments of a student. Research showed that par- ticipation in ECA enables a student to learn notable qualities linked with ECA’s hidden curriculum. Participation in ECA adds on to the student personal and professional devel- opment in order to build a positive relation with society for their better democratic life. From the results of aforementioned research, it has been concluded that ECA participation helps in attaining the outcomes of academic learning which is a preparation indictor of a student to work in professional environment, hence ultimately contributes to the profes- sional development of a student. The practical implications is to improve employment chances of a fresh graduate and for better PD of a student, they should be en- couraged to participate in ECA. From the re- sults of aforementioned study, it is clear that a student who participates in ECA positively have better time, project, risk, conflict, re- sources management skills, along with lead- ership and teamwork skills and good profes- sional ethics. Their connection with school, classroom behaviour and their GPA will also improve. Educational institutions should play their part to motivate students towards active participation in ECA for their prosperous fu- ture. Our study provides a gateway for re- searchers to study impact on student’s person- ality who actively participates in ECA. PD of faculty in educational institutions and profes- sionals in firms or organizations has been Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE)| p-ISSN 2655-920x, e-ISSN 2656-2804 Vol. 3 (2) (2021) 76-85 84 Inclination of Students towards Active Participation in Extracurricular Activities as an Effective Tool for Professional Excellence Education Development in Pakistan focused. The study emphasis on PD of stu- dents for their future. The present study has been limited due to selected audience how- ever the room for study is to examine the im- pact on student’s personality and attitude by further classifying ECA into different types like literary, technical, fine as well as per- forming arts. The study can be further ex- tended by selecting a wide spectrum of audi- ence from different backgrounds. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the re- spondents who participated in this research. 5. 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